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PELE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL, XXII.

MAY, 1908, to APRIL, 1909.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. PILsBry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences,

PHILADELPHIA.

C, W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,

BOSTON,

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XXII

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acharax Dall, n. gen. of Solemya , ; A MIN

Achatinellidz, Description of new species of ; 67

Acteon “esailiine var. multannulatus Aldr., n. var. (Pl. v,

feeb) : : ‘ 3 t ; 206

Alabama, A week at eiboce ; d . : F n98

Alcadia pusilla intermedia Pils.,n. var. : ! . 96

Amnicolide from Alabama ; : : : : . 85

Ampulla Bolten, Type of . : : 5 : : . 83

Ancey, C. F. (obituary, portrait) : : : ’ Hoe

Andrews, Mrs. George (obituary) i : 60

Arca (Barbatia) lignitifera Aldr. (Pl. V, figs. 6 1) A a

Ashmunella kochii Clapp, n. sp. (PI. VIII, fig. i 5 ue TT

Bifidaria armifera Say . F : : et 108, 110

Bifidaria bilamellata Sterki & pidppyni sp. (Pl. VIII, fig. 7). 126

Bifidaria (Chzenaxis) tuba intuscostata Clapp, n. suis sp.

(Pl VID) : : 3 76, 96

Bifidaria clappi Storki, n. ay (PIL. VIII, fig. 4), : . 108

Bittium hiloense Pils. & Van., n. sp. (fig. 1) I : - 66

Brachiopods, Some new, F . : ‘ , et.)

Czcum johnsoni Winkley, n, sp. : : : ‘ oh be

Californian Mollusks, Miscellaneous notes on j peas 17

Cancellaria ? sotoensis Aldr., (Pl. V, fig. 3) : ; Male:

Chloritis tosanus okiensis Pils. & Hir, , , q . 44

Clappia clappi Walker, n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 1,4,7) . . 89

(iii )

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Clappia, n. gen. . : . 89

Corbula clarksana Ma n. a (PL. V; fee Ai 5) y te

Celocentrum hinkleyi Pils. a Mie) Cem t * : : : . 138

Ceelocentrum ischnostele Pils.,n. sp. |. . : : . 139

Coryphella mananensis Stimp. . : : f ; Pat >

Cratena gymnota (Couth.) . : ‘ : ~ MS

Cuban notes 3 ‘ : ; : : of oie

Cyprea annette Dall, n. n. ; : : : 3 . 125

Cyprea californiana Gray . ; : : : ; . 126

Cyprea caputdraconis Nielv. : ; ; i . 126

Cyprea costispunctata Gask.. : : ; : . 126

Cyprea gracilis, Notes on . : : ; 5 -

Cyprea miliaris var. nivea Preston, n. var. - { ‘138

Cyprea robertsi Hid. : F ‘ 5 : : . 125

Cyprea sowerbyi aca ; : . 125

Cyprea xanthodon var. cemediae Prenton, nis pvr. | Ht 121

Danish Molluscan fauna, A small addition to the knowledge

ofthe. : } ; S E : : ae

Dendronotus coaeene ; . : : : he

Diplommatina okiensis Pils. & Hir: L . : i jt

Euglandina liebmanni (Pfr.) ‘ ! i E i . 114

Epitonium (Acrilla) atwoodi Dall.,n. sp. . ; : . 80

Erato albescens Dall. : : : , . 126

Euconulus fulvus and E. pace teenie: : i : ee

Exotic Vivipara in California. : : ; , » 138

Facelina bostonensis Couth. ; ; : : : . 16

False shells g : : , ! pare

Ferguson, David W. (obinuars) : . 124

Ganesella ferruginea okiensis Pils. & Hir., n: subsp. i . 44

Ganesella myomphala euomphala Pils. & Hie. : q 44

Helicostyla ae togolandensis Pils., n. paar

CPL TY, fis. 5, 6) ¢ : : ; ; \ . AT

Helix eepnstenan var. rocco : : : : . 72

Helix hortensis, A note on : : : ‘ : 30, 52

Heron held prisoner by aclam . 82

Holospira bartschi Pils. & Clapp, n. = (Pi. ‘VIII el 5, 6). 114

Holospira goldmani Bartsch. ; : J [ . 115

Homalogyra atomus in New England) : ! : . 95

Hyriine and Unionine, Remarks on the subfamilies . . 106

THE : NAUTILUS. Vv

Ianthina globosa in California . ! ! ; Y J

Japan, Land shells of the Oki Islands : : t . 41

Kaliella okiensis Pils. & Hir.,n. sp. . : i . 45

Kaliella geetanoi Pils. & vane n. sp. (fig. 1) : \ Wut

Kellia interstriata Aldrich, n. sp. (Pl. V, iy Ra Pat te 0:

Kendig, Rev. A. B. (onan) : ‘ : ; od Le

Lamellidoris aspera . : : F : , V5

Laminella aspersa Baldwin, n. ap. : : : , W168

Laminella duoplicata Baldwin, n. sp. . : ; : . 68

Lampsilis iridella Pils. & irietson 1, Sp-. 2 : : pres) |

Laqueus morsei Dall, n. sp. 4 : : 3/0/29

Lepton vaughani tte n. spo (el Mi fig. 12) : ‘ Le CRG

Leptopoma fe eprendence Pils. n. sp. (Pl. FV, fig: 13,2) . 46

Leptopoma tagolandense var. Pamala Pils., n. var. . 46

Limax flavus. : : : é : . 66

Littorina, The festlinmens Oe : : . 83

Lymnea bakeri Walker, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. as 12) : Weta is

Lymnea cubensis Pfr. : : 7, 19

Lymnea cyclostoma Walker, n. om (PL. 1g ies 4) J 7,19

Lymnea davisi Walker, n, sp. (Pl. II, figs. 9, 10) s yin

Lymnea desidiosa (Pl. 11; Pl. IID) . ; : PULSE ZO

Lymnea desidiosa var. Bae Walker, n. var. (Pl. II,

1 ee : : : , 9, 16

Lymnea florissantica Gocneree n. a : : A . 69

Lymnea hendersoni Baker, n. sp. ; : : , . 140

Lymneza marginata . ; : : : . t 5,18

Lymneza obrussa Say . : ; f . 22

Lymnea palustris, Formation of ovtanesean by . E wl Sa

Lymnea petoskeyensis Walker, n. sp. (Pl. I, figs. 3, 5, 7). 6,18

Lymnea pilsbryana Walker, n. sp. (Pl. I, ee 2, 85 Ube as

Lymnea stagnalis var. perampla Walker, n. var. (Pl. II,

figs. 5, 6) : . : ck ‘ d : ’ 8,19

Lymnea umbilicata . : : ; : : : 1,19

Lymneas, New Michigan . ‘ q ; 4,16

Maine, Additional shells found in iosetaae County VR

Maine, Fossil and living shells found in Little Mud Lake,

Westland (Aroostook County) ; : : : . 105

Martyn’s Universal Conchology . 4 ; : : sola

Meseschiza grosvenorii Lea . : : ‘ j . 56

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Mexico, Notes on shells collected at Balsas 114

Minnesota Mollusks, Records of 119

Mitramorpha eocenensis Aldrich, n. ap (fig.) 13

Mollusca of Keene, New Hampshire 32

Nason collection : : 10

Nassa perpinguis var. pimorints Berne n. var. 39

New England fauna, Shells new to the 95

New Mexico, Mollusks from around Albuquerque 103

Nitidella hendersoni Dall., n. sp. i 31

Notes and news : : Ay git LP 33, 59, (ly 89, 95, 122

Nudibrauch records, Two interesting New England 13

Opisthobranchiata, Northern 5 Eas

Palio lessonii 15, 16

Paludestrina salsa Pils. 53, 82

Partulina mutabilis Baldwin, n. sp. 68

Partulina winniei Baldwin, n. sp. 67

Pearl hunting in the Fox River, Illinois 122

Petrasma Dall., n. subgenus of Solemya Lee

Pholadomya pacifica Dall., n. sp. 115, 142

Physa sayi . ; ; 19

Pisidium in Massauhnsetton Als

Planorbis bicarinatus . . 122

Planorbis bicarinatus feqisasies Baker n. var. 45

Pleurobema tombigbeanum Frierson, n. sp. (PI. TID). 27

Polygyra matermontana Pils. 114

Polygyra mooreana : : : . 66

Publications received . : ; : : 34, 47, 83, 96, 122

Pyrgulopsis wabashensis 56

San Diego, Mollusca dredged at . 134

Scala, Apounes large miocene 80

Shells collected at Balsas, Guerrero, Mesice: ie Walter E.

Koch in Dec., 1908 . . 114

Showalter collection eb

Sicily, Shells of . ‘ . 128

Sigaretus (Eunaticina) breeedes Adee ni. We (PL. V, figs:

8, 9) 5 : , s d i PaaS. 5,

Solemya a ee

Solemya (Aches er fecha Dall. wns ap 61

Solenomyacide, A revision of the 1

THE NAUTILUS. vil

Somatogyrus decipiens Walker, n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 10,11). 86

Somatogyrus hendersoni Walker, n. sp. (Pl. VI, fig.2) . 87

Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walker, n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 8,9) . 87

Somatogyrus pygmeus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. VI, fig. 3) 501/88

Spherium pilsbryanum Sterki, n. sp. . : ; ; . 141

Strange shells. : ; : ; ; : LL

Strobilops, Notes on the ane: : : E ‘ A aa fe

Strobilops quadrasi and S. trochospira , shh ae

Stylommatophora, Some notes on the feeoeee ice of . 49

Tagolanda, Land shells of . 3 d . 46

Terebratula (Liothyris) sakhalinensis Dall., n. . i iets)

Texas, List of the shells from Amarillo 4 : uate,

Texas, Mollusca of McLennan County : 21( 63

Torinia discoidea sterkii Pils. & Van., n. subsp. (fig: 9) ane

Trishoplita cretacea pergranosa Pils. & Hir., n. subsp. . 43

Trivia galapagensis, Notes on . : : ; nll

Trivia mangeriz, Note on . ; . 3 : ie

Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) eran : 39

Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) thaanumi Pils. & va ee aban

(fig. 3). : 58

Unionide, Samplemmertany Cte on the breeding seasons

ofthe. - : : ny

Unionide in eres leans The trecding season of . 91, 99

Unioninz and Hyriine, Remarks on the sub-families . 106

Valvata humeralis californica Pils.,n. subsp... 4 a4 re

Verrill collection : ; : i

Verticordia (Haliris) nent dRAse atae ils op. (PI. Vj fig: 10). 7

Vertigo nylanderi Sterki, n. sp. . : f : : : i

Vesicomya ticaonica Dall., n. sp. : : : t 2) 63

Vivipara lecythoides Bens. in California. , 4 . 33

Waldheimia raphealis var. albida : ; : é . 80

Yates, Dr. Lorenzo G. (obituary) : ; : : . 124

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Aldrich, T. H. : , 5 : , f , ma 3407 (|

Baker, F.C. . 3 g ‘ : : ‘ : 20, 45, 140

Balch, Francis N. . : : : . A : ~ | 1359

Baldwin, D..D:.. . : : ; : : ; d GY

Berry, 8.5... ; : : : : : : .) Share

Bryant, Owen : : Seg! : I ; : |

Button, Fred. L. . ; 3 : : , ; : 10, 11

Clapp, Geo. H. : : : : ; : . | 76a

Cockerell, T. D. A. ; : : . : : ne

Conner, Chas. H. . : : : : : ; : Ape WE

Coolidge, Jr., Wm. H. 5 : : eee

Dall W. H.. E : : i 28, 31, 51, $0, 116, 125, 142

Daniels, L. E. : : : : : | ALES

Ferriss, J. H. : ; ; ; 3 : : : . 108

Frierson, L. 8. : ; : ! ; 2) SRA Bi aie

Gripp, C. W. : ‘ : ; : Z ; A . 134

Hannibal, Harold . , : , , J i : 8s

Henderson, Jr., J.B... : : ‘ : L : 3,9

Hinkley, Anson A, 5 : ; ; : : t . 56

Hirase, Y. . ; ! : ; , 4 ; ae

Johnson, C. W. . : : c , ‘ : . 70, 123

Keene, L. A. 5 : , ‘ ; : , : . 122

Macfarland, F. M. : : : : ; : ; aS

Morse, Edward §8. : : 4 : 4 95

Nylander, Olof O.. : : : ; : 19, 30, 105, 143

Ortmann, A. EK... ; 4 . | Sep

Pilsbry, H. A., 25, 41, 46, 56, 73, 78, 81, 83, 96, 103, 115, 123, 138

Preston, H. B. : : : : , : . 121

Bonleseh, Hans. . . : , ; L : . 54

Smith, Maa el : ‘ : : L 4 f { . 128

Smith, H. H. ; : 5 : [ : : me Eh

Sterki,; V. “. : : ‘ ‘ é : 49, 107, 126, 141

Strecker, Jr., John K. . : ! E : 5 ae

Vanatta, E.G... : 5 ‘ A; : . . Bb as

Walker, Bryant . : : f 3 ; : - 4,16, 85

Walker, R. D. - : ; : : 5 ; : : oe

Wheeler, Rev. H. E. q : ‘ : : : 97

Winkley, Rev. Henry W. . ‘ : 2 oy OSs 5A, 113

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Vou. XXII.

MAY, 1908. No. 1.

A REVISION OF THE SOLENOMYACIDZ.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Having recently to review the species of the Lamarckian genus

Solemya, and having nearly all the known species for study it was a

surprise to find that the group contains three well marked subgenera

and several subordinate sections. A full account is in preparation,

meanwhile the following synopsis may serve to call attention to the

subject :

Genus SoLeMyA Lamarck, 1818.

I. Subgenus Solemya s. s.

Ligament amphidetic, chiefly internal. Type S. australis La-

marck.

Ligament appearing on the internal face of the valve in advance

of the chondrophore.

A. Proximal part of the chondrophore prolonged as a thickened

ridge part way across the interior surface of the valve, S. australis

Lam.

B. Base of the chondrophore divided, anterior part extended as a

narrow ridge ; posterior part forming a thickened prop to the chon-

drophore ; exposed ligament linear. S. parkinsonti Gray.

C. Chondrophore thickened, without props or extended rib. 8S.

solen v. Salis.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

II. Subgenus Petrasma Dall, nov. Ligament not exposed inter-

nally in front of the chondrophore ; type S. borealis Totten.

A. Chondrophore supported by two strong props with a deep

cavity between them.

1. S. borealis Totten.

2. S. velum Say.

B. Chondrophore with an anterior prop extended as a slender rib

in front of the adductor scar; no posterior prop.

1. S. occidentalis Deshayes.

2. S. pusilla Gould.

3. S. panamensis Dall, n. sp.

C. Chondrophore without props. 4S. valvulus Carpenter.

III. Subgenus Acharazx Dall, nov.

Ligament opisthodetic, wholly external, visible internally only

where it crosses the gap between the margins of the valves. Nymphs

without props. Type S. johnsoni Dall.

1. S. johnsoni Dall.

2. S. patagonica E. A. Smith.

3. S. agassizii Dall, n, sp.

4, S. ventricosa Conrad, fossil.

5. S. grandis Verrill and Bush.

Nores.—S. togata (Poli) auct., and S. mediterranea Lamarck, are

synonyms of S. solen. SS. japonica Dunker, is the adult of S, pusilla

Gould. 8. macrodactyla Rochebrune and Mabille is probably identi-

cal with S. patagonica, though the unique type of the latter seems

pathologically callous dorsally.

S. protecta Conrad, if not the young of S. ventricosa Conrad, from

the Miocene of Oregon, probably belongs to Petrasma.

S. occidentalis Deshayes, is common to the Mediterranean, West

Indies and Gulf of Mexico. S. panamensis extends from off Santa

Barbara, Cal., to Panama Bay; S. valvulus Carpenter, from San

Pedro, Cal., to the Gulf of California; S. agassizizi from off Tilla-

mook Bay, Oregon, south to Aguja Point, Peru, in 1036-1800

fathoms, and S. johnsoni Dall, from Puget Sound to Panama Bay

in 60 to 1740 fathoms.

The rarity of these species, and the fact that they usually break up

into fragments in drying, are probably the reasons why the remark-

able differences between the hinges of the different species have not

previously attracted attention.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

CUBAN NOTES.

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

Mr. C. T. Simpson and the writer this winter yielded to the call

of the wild, and we have just concluded another of our collecting

orgies in the Antilles. This time we descended upon Cuba, and all

of those delights of the chase formerly experienced together in the

mountains of Jamaica and Haiti we renewed in this island of con-

chological joys.

Now the collector with two months at his disposal can pretty well

clean up Jamaica, barring, of course, the rareties and the elusive small

fry, but Cuba is an altogether different proposition. The island be-

comes surprisingly large after leaving Havana, and then it is only in

the mountains that the really good picking is to be found. Then,

too, the mountains seem always to be far away from the railroad or

the towns where accommodations are to be found. If all the exten-

sive plains and lowlands of Cuba could be eliminated by some Alad-

din’s lamp process and the mountain systems shoved up together, as

they are in Jamaica, then indeed Cuba would present a field to the

snail-hunter that no other place on earth could equal. The moun-

tains are excessively rich in molluscan life, and the species found are

for the most part of exceptional beauty and interest. The lowlands

are not wholly without their mollusks, only there they are more

scattered and difficult to find. The range of the lowland species

seems to be much greater than that of the mountain forms. In fact

one may travel all day by train and still find quite the same species

of land shells. In the moutains, however, the distribution of species

is often very restricted, sometimes to one side only of one particular

hill. But as a rule a species occurring typically at a certain spot in

a range of mountains gradually changes through varietal forms as

one follows the range until it acquires a new name, and perhaps still

another one later on. Thus it is in Cuba there are so many species

of Urocoptis, of Chondropoma, of Helicina, Eutrochatella, etc., which

belong to strongly-defined groups having a central typical form.

One is constantly trying to verify a suspicion that the central typical

form represents the ancestor that lived upon the higher land and sur-

vived a subsidence of the lower country, and that the other forms of

the group are the descendants that have wandered away into new

4 THE NAUTILUS.

surroundings and conditions as the island was raised to its present

altitude.

There is need for much study on the distribution and evolutionary

history of the Cuban land shells, and perhaps right here will be found

the answers to some Cuban geological problems that fairly call aloud

to the traveler. There is evidence, for instance, that Cuba was not

very Jong ago divided and separated into several islands—a large

east and a large west one—with several smaller islands lying between

and projecting high above a shallow sea. Almost beyond question

there has been a considerable exchange of species between Florida

and that portion of Cuba lying directly south of Florida. This may

be accounted for most plausibly by the migrating water fowl which

divide their seasons between the great swamps of this portion of Cuba,

the Everglades in Florida and the more northern waters of the United

States.

If the editors of the Nautiius can afford me space later on I

would like to give accounts of some of our personal experiences in

the field, particularly about the southern edge of the great Zapata

swamp, at Vignales in the Organ Mountains of Pinar del Rio, and

finally of our race to catch those two most astonishing shells, Uro-

coptis elliott? and U. dautzenbergiana, which live only upon the lofty

cliffs of two isolated mountains near Guane.

NEW MICHIGAN LYMNZAS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

A careful review of the Lymnzas of Michigan, incident to the

preparation of Part II of the Michigan Catalogue, has increased the

number of species represented in the state fauna from 18 as recorded

in 1894 (Rev. Mich. Moll., p. 11), to 28 at the present time.

In the material examined, the following forms occurred, which

seem worthy of specific or varietal recognition :

Lymnea pilsbryana n. sp., Pl. I, figs. 2, 8-11.

Shell ovate-conic, slightly perforate; dark brownish-yellow, fre-

quently tinged with purple, with a light line just below the suture ;

whorls 5, convex, with a deeply impressed suture, the three apical

whorls small, forming a short conical apex, penultimate whorl twice

THE NAUTILUS. 5

as long as the three preceding, inflated and convex, body-whorl large

and well rounded ; lines of growth strong and regular, cut by numer-

ous fine spiral lines giving a shagreened appearance to the surface,

in some specimens the last half of the body whorl is obsoletely mal-

leated ; aperture broadly oval, somewhat more than one-half of the

entire length of the shell, dark brownish-yellow within, with a liver

colored band just within the lip; lip sharp, regularly rounded and

slightly expanded toward the basal margin ; columella thick, white

with a strong fold, broadly reflected over and appressed to the axial

region, leaving only a very small perforation, and connected with the

upper insertion of the lip by a broad white and rather thick (for the

genus) callus; axis thick, solid, twisted.

Alt. (Fig. 8) 22; diam. 134; length of ap. 13; width 10 mm.

Alt. (Fig. 11) 24; diam. 14; length of ap. 14; width 10 mm.

Type (No, 21345, coll. Walker) from Washington Harbor, Isle

Royale, Lake Superior, Mich. Cotypes in the collection of the

Philadelphia Academy and Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Immature specimens of this species were first taken by the Uni-

versity of Michigan expedition of 1904, and in the report of that trip

(Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, Separate, p. 97) was stated to be

‘related to L. sumasst Bd., but probably undescribed.”

The expedition of 1905 was fortunate in securing fully-matured

specimens. And a comparison of these with a photograph of cotypes

of sumassi from the British Museum, kindly furnished by Mr. F. C.

Baker, of Chicago, showed that the two forms were entirely dis-

similar.

The affinities of pilsbryana are entirely with L. emarginata Say,

a species of general distribution through the Great Lakes from

Saginaw Bay northward.

It differs from that species in its darker color, more inflated whorls,

especially those of the spire, and the entire absence of the emargina-

tion characteristic of that species.

L. emarginata was also found on Isle Royale, and there main-

tained the acute conical spire with a less impressed suture charac-

teristic of the usual form of that species. The axis of the Isle Royale

emarginata (fig. 1) is more slender, more curved and less twisted

than that of pilsbryana (fig. 2). Both of these figures are made from

immature specimens.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

Lymneza petoskeyensis n. sp., Pl. I, fig. 3, 5-7.

Shell elongate oval, acutely conic, perforate; thin, pale horn-

color, almost white, translucent ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, con-

vex, with a well impressed suture ; spire elongated, acutely conical,

apical whorl minute ; body whorl somewhat inflated, elongate oval ;

lines of growth fine and regular, cut by numerous very fine revolv-

ing, spiral lines, surface more or less malleated ; aperture oval, sub-

angulate above and rounded below, slightly more than one-half the

entire length of the shell; lip thin and sharp; columella nearly

straight without any fold, inner lip expanded and reflected over the

round deep umbilicus and continued as a thick white callus over the

parietal wall; where this callus passes over the umbilicus toward the

basal margin it is abruptly depressed into the umbilical opening,

forming a well marked furrow between the columella and the parietal

wall, and giving the appearance of a twist to the face of the columellar

enlargement, but the columella itself is scarcely affected by it; the

axis is large for the size of the shell, without any trace of a fold,

and nearly cylindrical, the base of the preceding whorl abruptly

flattened around the insertion of the upper end of tke pillar.

Alt. (Fig. 5) 23.5, diam. 11.25, ap. length 13, width 8 mm.

Alt. (Fig. 6) 24.5, diam. 11, ap. length 13.5, width 7.5 mm.

Alt. (Fig. 7) 25, diam. 10.5, ap. length 12, width 7 mm.

Types (No. 14347 coll. Walker) from a small spring-brook flow-

ing into Little Traverse Bay, near Petoskey, Mich. Cotypes in the

collections of the Philadelphia Academy and the Chicago Academy

of Sciences.

This species was at first supposed to be a very thin, fragile form

of the elongate variety of L. catascopium, characteristic of the lake

region. But upon cutting into the shell, the peculiar shape of the

axis forbade its reference to that species.

Under Dr. Dall’s arrangement of Lymnea (Harr. Exp. XIII, p.

64) it would belong to the section Galba. Compared with L. desi-

diosa Say, (Fig. 4) the axis of petoskeyensis (Fig. 3) is proportion-

ately much larger, more elongated and more cylindrical, but the

general features of both are the same. The peculiar contraction of

the base of the whorl around the upper end of the pillar, so remark-

ably developed in petoskeyensis, is present, but not at all marked, in

desidiosa. ‘The umbilicus in petoskeyensis is round and deep, and is

more conspicuous in the immature shells, as the expansion of the

broadly reflected columella nearly covers it in the adult.

THE NAUTILUS, XXII. PLATE I.

NEW MICHIGAN LYMNAS@AS.

THE NAUTILUS, XXII PLATES:

NEW MICHIGAN LYMNAZAS

THE NAUTILUS. 7

The little brook, only a few hundred feet long, in which the

species lives, is also the type locality for Physa walkert Crandall.

Lymnea cyclostoma n. sp. PI. II, fig. 4.

Shell ovate conic, turreted, umbilicate, light yellowish horn-

colored, shining ; lines of growth fine, irregular, subobsolete on the

body whorl, stronger on the apical whorls, reticulated by indistinct

revolving, impressed spiral lines. Spire elongated, apex subacute ;

whorls 5, very convex, those of the spire somewhat shouldered,

suture deeply impressed ; body whorl large, inflated, very convex.

Aperture broad oval, subcircular, rounded above and below. Colu-

mella broadly reflected over the round, deep umbilicus, convex,

smooth with no fold, parietal wall with a thin transparent callus.

Lip sharp, but thickened within by a heavy white callus.

Alt. 7.5, diam. 3.25 mm.

Types (No. 13599 Coll. Walker) from Indian Creek, Kent County,

Mich. Also from Alma, Gratiot County, Mich.

This very distinct little species was first collected by Dr. R. J.

Kirkland, of Grand Rapids, Mich., and was listed as L. cubensis Pfr.

(umbilicata C. B. Ads.) in my Review of the Moll. Fauna of Michi-

gan (1894). Through the courtesy of Mr. E. A. Burt, curator of

the Museum of Middlebury College, I have been able to examine the

specimen of L. umbilicata deposited in that museum by Adams, and

for comparison have figured it (fig. 1). The two species are so

obviously distinct that verbal comparison is hardly necessary. L.

cyclostoma differs in its more elevated, turreted spire, more broadly

reflected columella and thickened white lip. It resembles wmbilicata,

however, in the sculpture, and is no doubt derived from the same

stock.

In this connection it may not be out of place to add that the

inspection of the authentic specimen of ZL. wnbilicata confirms Dr.

Pilsbry’s reference of that species to L. cubensis Pfr. It is evidently

distinct from ZL. caperata Say, and its reference to that species as a

synonym by Haldeman, Tryon, Binney and others is quite erroneous.

The Middlebury specimen is not quite mature. It has 44 whorls

and measures 6 mm. in height and 4 mm. in diameter. For further

comparison I have figured (Fig. 2) a Rhode Island specimen, which

is apparently typical; the dimensions (6.5 x 4.25) agreeing almost

precisely with those given by Adams. It is however, somewhat

8 THE NAUTILUS.

more inflated than the Middlebury specimen. The apparent fold on

the columella is evidently an individual malformation, as it does not

appear in any of the other specimens in the same lot. Compared

with typical cubensis (Fig. 3), umbilicata is more globose, with a

shorter and more obtuse spire. If the difference holds good for the

northern form, wmbilicata would be entitled to varietal rank.

A single small specimen from Otter Lake (Lapeer? County),

Fie.1. Michigan, (Text Fig. 1.) collected by the late Dr. Manly

- Miles, seems referable to umbilicata. It is smaller than

the Rhode Island specimens (3.5x 2) and differs some-

what in shape, the body whorl being somewhat shoul-

dered and the spire more acute and slightly more elevated.

But the characteristic axial (longitudinal) sculpture is

present although there is no trace of any spiral lines. The lip is

decidedly thickened within, and both it and the columella are pink.

The umbilicus is not as large as in the Rhode Island form.

Lymnea stagnalis v. perampla n. var. PI. II, figs. 5 and 6.

This variety differs from the usual North American form, var.

appressa Say, by its shorter, rapidly acuminating spire and larger,

strongly shouldered body whorl; the first three whorls of the spire

are slender and increase regularly in size; the penultimate whorl is

disproportionately enlarged, swollen and subangulated by the flatten-

ing of the upper part of the whorl, which in the body whorl develops

into a prominent shoulder.

Alt. (fig. 5) 45.5, diam. 26, length ap. 28, width 18 mm.

Alt. (fig. 6) 45, diam. 23.75, length ap. 26, width 17 mm.

Types (No. 1834 coll. Walker) from Houghton Lake, Roscom-

mon County, Michigan. Cotypes in the collections of the Philadel-

phia Academy and the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Also from

Douglas Lake near Petoskey, Michigan. All the specimens of

stagnalis from Houghton Lake that I have seen, more than 30, are

of this peculiar form, which apparently a well-marked local race.

I have been informed by the late Dr. W. H. DeCamp that the late

A. O. Currier of Grand Rapids, who was the first to make known

the peculiar Lymnzids of Houghton Lake, intended to describe this

form under the very appropriate name which I have adopted for it.

An elevated, almost scalariform example of this variety was

figured in the Naurixus, Vol. VI, pl. 1, fig. 6. It is interesting to

THE NAUTILUS. 9

note that in Marl Lake a small enlargement of Marl River, which

connects Higgins and Houghton Lakes, the typical LZ. stagnalis

appressa was the only form found.

Lymnea desidiosa var. peninsula, n. var. Pi. II, fig. 7.

Shell slender, elongated, spire long and acute, subturreted, whorls

of the spire very convex, with a very deeply impressed suture, body-

whorl elongated, subcylindrical, aperture oval, not very much ex-

panded.

Alt. 13.50, diam. 6.25 mm.

(To be continued.)

LIST OF MOLLUSKS FROM AMARILLO, TEXAS.

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

The ‘‘ Pan Handle” of Texas is a flat, treeless plain where the

traveler could make good use of nautical instruments. I could find

no vestige of molluscan life there except in the deep cafions, a few

of which are encountered on a journey across the “ Handle.” The

following is a list of species taken from one of these canons at a point

about 15 miles S. E. of Amarillo. All were found in drift debris—

none actually alive and crawling about. The identifications are by

Pilsbry and Vanatta.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say.

Pupoides marginatus Say.

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria tappaniana C. B. Ad.

Bifidaria armifera Say.

Bifidaria procera cristata P. & V.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

A few specimens of Physa, Lymnza and Pisidium too young for

identification were also found.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES AND NEWS.

THe Nason Co.tiection.—The University of Illinois has lately

acquired the collection of shells of Dr. Wm. A. Nason, of Algonquin,

Illinois. The collection numbers approximately 50,000 specimens,

representing 10,000 species. Among these are large series of the

species found in Illinois, together with many beautiful specimens

from various parts of the world.

Tue Ancey Lisrary.—The books and many of the papers of

the late C. F. Ancey can be obtained from Mr. Gerat, 76 rue du

Faubourg St. Denis, Paris, France.

Nore on Cypr#A GRACILIS, Gask.—A few months ago, among

some small shells from unknown localities which came into my

hands, there appeared a small cowry which fora time puzzled me

exceedingly, being very different from any of the species then known

to me. Upon careful study, however, in connection with the var-

ious monographs of the Cypreide, it has proven unmistakably to

be the very rare Cyprea gracilis, Gask, the type of which was

brought from the China Seas by the ‘* Samarang”’ and which has

since been found only at Mauritius and Reunion I. ( Weinkauff,

Hidalgo). Although the coloration of the back has been obliterated,

the specimen being beach-worn, it has the peculiar lip, the narrow,

bent aperture, sparsely scattered reddish-brown dots and fine teeth

called for in the Gaskoin description, and it also corresponds, as to

base and contour, to the figure in the Sowerby monograph, probably

copied by Weinkauff and Roberts. Length, 10 mm.

Frep L. Bourton.

NoTE oN TRIVIA MAUGERI4Z, Gray.—Of this very rare species

—sometimes also known as Tr. ‘‘ Maugeri,” (Roberts, Hidalgo) and

thus far found only at the Galapagos Is.—I have known but three ex-

amples in all the West American collections. The first which ap-

peared was a badly bleached one which I detected among the molluscan

material brought back by the Stanford University expedition of

1898, the specimen being now in the University collection. The

second, a fine one in the Arnheim collection at San Francisco, was

unfortunately destroyed in the great fire of 1906; while my own

specimen, although beach-worn, is in fair condition and color.

Length, 13 mm.—F rep L. Burton.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

Norte on TRIVIA GALAPAGENSIS Metvy.—Upon examination of

the molluscan material brought back by the Stanford University ex-

pedition to the Galapagos Is. in 1898, I noticed this novelty and

sent it to Mr. Melvill for description (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

Aug., 1900.) Although the small type lot of this interesting species

were all jet black and shiny, I have since then obtained from the

same locality another specimen which is clearly referable to this

species but which is of a reddish-brown color, while all the other

specific characteristics, including the two whitish spots on the back,

are well marked. As already noted by me (Jour. of Conch., Oct.,

1902) this species proves to be ribbed throughout when perfect, in-

stead of smooth on the back, as described.—F rep L. Button.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A SuRVEY OF THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF PupA DRAPAR-

NAUD, OccurRING IN Soutu Arrica. By James Cosmo MEL-

viILt and JoHn Henry Ponsonpy (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., I,

ser. 8, pp. 70-86, pl.i, ii, 1908). The paper is based on a collection

made by Mr. Henry C. Burnup, to whom credit is given for two

new forms. ‘The figures are excellent. In all 28 species are re-

corded, with several varieties.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NINE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA FROM SOUTH

Arrica. By James Cosmo Metvitit and Joun Henry Pon-

SONBY, INCLUDING ANATOMICAL DeEscRIPTIONS OF Two PRrRo-

POSED New GENERA (Afrodonta M. & P. and Peltatus G.-A.).

By Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen (Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., I,

ser. 8, pp. 129-136, pl. 7 and 8, 1908).

C. F. ANCEY. }

César-Marie-Felix Ancey, administrator at Mascara, Algeria, was

born in Marseilles, November 15, 1860. His father, well known

1Taken in part from the obituary by Mr, H. Fischer (Jour, de Conch., LV,

pp. 404-496), to whom we are also indebted through Mr. Geret for the accom-

panying portrait. A complete list of Mr, Ancey’s writings will be found in the

above publication, pages 406-412.—EpirTors,

12 THE NAUTILUS.

for his publications on entomology and author of valuable work on

malacology, encouraged his well-developed inclination for zodlogical

studies. At the age of twenty-three he was appointed conservator

of the fine Oberthur entomological collection at Rennes. This posi-

tion not promising material success, he returned to Marseilles, where

he studied law, and obtained his diploma in 1885. He then entered

the government administration in Algeria; was married in 1889,

and the same year was appointed deputy administrator, and filled

successively positions at Fort National, Boghari and Dra-el Mizan.

After thirteen years spent in that locality he was promoted to acting

administrator at Mascara. It was a just reward for his great quali-

fications and for the esteem which he had been able to win amidst

duties that were frequently of a difficult character.

Mr. Ancey hoped shortly to fill a State mission to the Cape Verde

Islands, which was sure to furnish opportunities for malacological

studies. After a brief illness he died at Mascara, October 10, 1906.

His death was a painful surprise to his scientific correspondents.

Most of his writings were on conchology, and his many papers,

some 140 in all, give an idea of the importance of his work, devoted

principally to the malacological fauna of Hawaii, Central Africa,

Polynesia, Central Asia, etc. He was especially interested in the

study of the smaller land shells, of which he had a large collection.

As his appointment to Mascara promised to be permanent, he ex-

pected to be able to work up his large accumulation of undetermined

species, still packed just as he had received them. It was his pur-

pose some day to study the land mollusks of Algeria; although

thoroughly competent for the work, he hesitated to undertake it on

account of the difficulties arising from the many doubtful species,

which made the study of the Algerian fauna a most ungrateful task.

Mr. Ancey is authority for many generic or subgeneric names,

among which may be mentioned: Boysidia, Parabalia, Haplotrema,

Pseudomphalus, Monomphalus, Micromphalia, Platystoma, Rhytidt-

opsis, Pararhytida, Microphyura, Ochroderma, T omostele, Mabilliella,

Thomsonia, Lechaptoisia, Thaanumia, Baldwinia and Armandiella.

The genus Anceyia was dedicated to him by Bourguignat. Re-

markably gifted and thoroughly acquainted with the bibliography of

the subject, he leaves behind him work which marks a real progress

in our knowledge of the terrestrial mollusks. His untimely death is

a great loss to science.

ee NSO TILUS:

Vou. XXII.

JUNE, 1908. No. 2.

A NEW EOCENE FOSSIL FROM CLAIBORNE.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

MITROMORPHA EOCENENSIS, 0. sp.

Shell small, but five whorls remaining (the em-

bryonic whorls are broken off), sulcate, the longi-

tudinals close set and prominent, the spirals the

same on the smaller whorls, but on the body whorl

more prominent at the suture and the base; suture

distinct and rather deep; outer lip denticulated ;

pillar lip with two tubercles, the one nearest the

canal long and tapering. Canal short, slightly

widened and slightly twisted.

Length 7 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Locality: Claiborne Sand Bed, Claiborne, Alabama.

Remarks: In Mitromorpha pygmaea Dall and others examined,

the spiral sculpture seems to predominate, but in the species de-

ecribed above the longitudinal is the stronger.

TWO INTERESTING NEW ENGLAND NUDIBRANCH RECORDS.

BY FRANCIS N. BALCH.

The absolutely lamentable state of our present knowledge (or

rather ignorance) of the New England Nudibranchs is in no small

part due to the capricious and baffling occurrence of that interesting

14 THE NAUTILUS.

group. Here to-day and gone to-morrow, perhaps abundant one

year and not observed again for decades, even on shores where they

are in most years common if rightly sought at the right season, they

remain practically unknown to many whose collecting is done only

in summer.

A good deal of evidence has accumulated to show that many of

the forms, chiefly Aeolidians, have a peculiar life-history, somewhat

as follows: Coming on the shore in early spring they breed in the

rock-pools or not far below low-water mark, and almost immediately

die. The young, growing slowly at first and escaping observation

by reason of their minute size and often marvelously “ protective ” (?)

coloration, work their way slowly off shore with the coming of

warmer weather, migrating still further out as the cold sets in, and

attain their growth over winter in comparatively deep water, only to

perform the reverse migration, breed and die the next spring. They

are thus annuals. This is supposed to be the case particularly with

Aeolidian forms, but not even for them is the theory universally

accepted. There are certainly grave objections to it. It has been

urged that neither the on-shore nor the off-shore migration has been

followed ; that the young ought not to escape observation over sum-

mer even though minute and inconspicuous ; that they occasionally,

though rarely, occur in summer adult or nearly so; that the dredge

fails to reveal them of nearly adult size in winter when they should

occur. On the other hand it is a fact that many of the species have

a fairly definite season (usually early spring, more rarely late

autumn, and still more rarely at other times) when in most years

they are with us in fair numbers and of full size, and thereafter—

and suddenly—thence depart and are seen no more till the next year

at the same season or perhaps many years later at the same season.

This holds good of the rocky shores in the neighborhood of Boston,

and I imagine few of us have ever seen there, except in spring, more

than very scant and scattering examples of the Aeolid type.

The following captures, therefore, have a distinct interest, even

though, by the fault of the writer, it is much less than it should be,

On November 15, 1905, Owen Bryant, Esq., of Cohasset, Mass.,

took from kelp dislodged by a storm from water of moderate (but

uncertain) depth more than sixty Nudibranchs of at least eleven

different species practically in company at that one spot. Not one

was very young (less than say 3-4 mm.) Not one was adult.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

He very kindly notified me and gave a Sunday to a trip to

Cohasset where I saw the remarkable haul still alive. The early

darkness of a November afternoon, the absence of apparatus and

books and my absorption in professional work which precluded the

possibility of my attempting to transport and preserve the living

creatures for further study, may be held sufficient excuse for my

failure to identify the species at the time fully and reliably, but not

for my apparent failure to preserve some of the more interesting

forms for later working over. To my great regret, however, the

single Dorid form is the only one I am now able to find.

The species identified were as follows according to my notes:

Cratena gymnota (Couth.). ‘1 specimen quite juv., cores of cerata

very dark.”

? Cratena veronicae Verrill. ‘1 specimen, abt. 2? in., cerata very

green, very like viridis A. & H.” *

Coryphella mananensis (Stimps.) ‘1 specimen, abt. $ in., juv.”

? Coryphella salmonacea (Couth.). ‘> diversa Couth., 1 nearly

adult spec., abt. 1 in.” Unfortunately sa/monacea (Couth.,)

[now Bergh] does not include diversa (Couth.), as I then sup-

posed, and both species are in utmost need of further elucidation.

Wherefore I much regret my failure to preserve this specimen

as a consequence of which I am now quite unable to say what I

really had before me—at all events something wholly distinct

from mananensis.

Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius). ‘* 3 specimens, abt. 1 in.”

Dendronotus robustus Verrill. ‘*1 specimen, abt. ? in.”

Palio lessonti (d’Orb.) ‘*2 specimens, abt. } in., like A. & H’s.

figures of adult but anal tubercles very conspicuous and white

instead of yellow.”

Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.) > pallida A. Ag. ‘1 specimen,

juv., abt. 4 in.”

The above enumeration certainly includes all the species (and like-

wise all the specimens) of all except the Aeolid forms. But of the

Aeolid species enumerated there were in all likelihood many more

specimens, while I noted that there were at least three obviously

different Aeolid species which I did not undertake to name.

Quite probably there were more. The whole enumeration only

*T had Alder & Hancock’s figure before me in making the comparison,

16 THE NAUTILUS.

accounts for eleven specimens out of more than sixty. I only had

time to note the larger and more conspicuous ones.

On September 19, 1907, Mr. Bryant made a somewhat similar

haul, although less interesting. He most kindly brought the mate-

rial to me still alive, and I was able to study it more adequately.

There were twenty-nine specimens of three species, and all were

taken together from the bottom of a floating clam-car.

The species were as follows:

Facelina bostoniensis (Couth.) now Coryphella bostoniensis (Couth.).

Bergh et auct. al. Europ., “7 specimens, 4 to 10 mm.”

Coryphella mananesis (Stimps.). ‘2 specimens, 8 mm., 14 mm.”

Palio lessonit (d’Orb.). ‘+20 specimens, 1 abt. 12 mm., the rest

abt. 5 mm. Seem browner in coloration and much more

sparsely tuberculated, with relatively more conspicuous circum-

anal tubercles than the European type as figured.”

It will be noted that here again not one is adult, while not one is

very young.

It seems to me that these two captures suggest strongly an au-

tumnal condensation of the half-grown Nudibranch population (of

certain groups) in moderate depths, just off the shore perhaps, best

explained tentatively as a ‘“‘ wave of migration” to deeper water for

the winter. It is clear enough how a population, which would be

very sparse if spread over the whole area from three fathoms, let us

say, to extreme low-water mark, might be much condensed if the

cooling waters or failing food supply set them all moving off shore

about the same time, only to check and bank up at the edge of some

particular deep channel or cold current or on some specially favor-

able hunting-ground which all hitherto living anywhere inshore of it

must cross.

NEW MICHIGAN LYMNZAS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

( Concluded.)

Lymnexa desidiosa peninsulz

Types (No. 20040 Coll. Walker) from the headwaters of the

Union River, Ontonagon County, Michigan. Cotypes in the collec-

tions of the Philadelphia Academy and the Chicago Academy of

Sciences. Also from Little Iron River, Ontonagon Co., Salmon

THE NAUTILUS. 17

Trout River, Marquette Co., and the St. Mary’s River at Saulte

Ste. Marie, Mich.

This variety differs from the usual and more typical form (pl. I,

fig. 4 and pl. II, fig. 8) of general distribution in the lower Penin-

sula, by its slender, elongated form. It is apparently characteristic

of the small rivers tributary to Lake Superior. With the exception

of a few specimens from Saulte Ste. Marie, the typical form of

desidiosa has not been as yet found in the Upper Peninsula at all.

Peninsulez is very similar in shape to a small form of general distri-

bution through the State, which is probably referable to some one of

Lea’s indefinite species, but differs by its much greater size, being

twice as long with the same number of whorls. As a characteristic

local form of a large region, it seems worthy of a name.

Lymnea davisi n. sp. Pl. II, fig. 9-10.

Shell of medium size, globose-conic ; perforate ; light horn-color ;

whorls 5; the spire about one-third of the entire length of the shell,

rapidly acuminating and with a minute, sharp apex ; the whorls of

the spire are flattened and but slightly convex, with a distinct, but

not deeply impressed, suture; body whorl large, inflated, ovate,

flattened above and rounded below; lines of growth distinct, fine and

regular, minutely decussated with revolving spiral lines; aperture

large, pear-shaped, acutely angled above and broadly rounded below,

about three-fifths of the entire length, lip sharp, slightly thickened

within, straight above, somewhat expanded below, broadly reflected

over and nearly covering the small umbilical perforation ; columella

with a very slight fold; axis rather thick, round, scarcely if at all

folded.

Alt. (Fig. 9) 15.2, diam. 7.5 mm.

Alt. (Fig. 10) 15, diam. 7.5 mm.

Types (No. 20092 coll. Walker) from Fish Point, Tuscola

County, Mich. This species is well characterized by its large, ovate

body whorl and its very acute spire; the apical whorls are flattened

and the straight line of spire is prolonged over the upper part of the

body, giving a ‘ pot-bellied ” appearance to the shell.

Named in honor of Prof. Charles A. Davis of Ann Arbor, its dis-

coverer, in recognition of the many valuable contributions he has

made to our knowledge of the distribution of the mollusca in Michi-

gan.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Lymnea bakeri n. sp. Pi. I, figs. 11-12.

Shell slender, elongate, perforate ; whorls 5; spire elongated, tur-

reted ; apex acute; body whorl narrow, elongated, compressed below ;

suture deeply impressed ; lines of growth fine and regular with fine

subobsolete, revolving, spiral lines ; aperture narrow, elongated, within

the flare of the lip, the sides are nearly parallel, and about equally

rounded above and below; lip thin, sharp, suddenly and broadly

expanded, subreflected, continuous, not appressed to the parietal wall,

and roundly reflected over the perforation, columella straight, with-

out a fold; axis round and smooth.

Alt. (fig. 12) 16.5, diam. 7.5, length ap. 8.5, width 4.5 mm.

Types (No. 9353 Coll. Walker) from Pine Lake, Charlevoix

County, Mich.

This remarkable species was dredged from the marl bottom of

Pine Lake. No living specimens were found, and in all prob-

ability it is extinct. In its external characteristics it is more

nearly related to L. gayi Dunker (gracilis Jay) than to any other of

the described species, but the resemblance is a general one only, the

two species differing in nearly every detail. The continuous, free lip

and straight columella are exceedingly like those of jay’, and would

naturally cause it to be referred to the subgenus Acel/la. But the

axis is not gyrate, as in that group, but is rounded and without a

fold, as in Galba.

The young shell (fig. 11) is subcylindrical, and with its heavily-

shouldered, turreted whorls and narrow aperture reminds one of the

curious ZL. contracta Currier from Houghton Lake. I take pleasure

in dedicating this very peculiar species to Mr. Frank C. Baker, of

the Chicago Academy of Sciences, who has made a special study of

the North American Lymneas.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Figures 1—4 inclusive are enlarged. The remainder are of natural

size.

Fig. 1. L. emarginata Say (immature), Isle Royal, Mich.

Figs. 2, 9 and 10. ZL. pilsbryana Walker (immature), Isle Royal,

Mich.

Fig. 3. L. petoskeyensis Walker, Petoskey, Mich.

Fig. 4, L. desidiosa Say, Ann Arbor, Mich.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Figs. 5, 6 and 7. L. petoskeyensis Walker (types), Petoskey,

Mich.

Figs. 8 and 11. L. pilsbryana Walker (types), Isle Royal, Mich.

PLATE II.

Figures 1 to 4 inclusive are enlarged on the same scale. Figures

7 and 8 are also equally enlarged, but on a smaller scale. Figures

5, 6 and 9 to 12 inclusive are natural size.

Fig. 1. LZ. umbilicata C. B. Ads. (ex auct.), New Bedford, R. I.

Fig. 2. L. umbilicata, Rhode Island.

Fig. 3.° LZ. cubensis Pfr., Enterprise, Fla.

Fig. 4. L. cyclostoma Walker (types), Indian Creek, Kent County,

Mich.

Figs. 5 and 6. L. stagnalis perampla Walker (types), Houghton

Lake, Mich.

Fig. 7. L. desidiosa peninsule Walker (types), Union R., Onton-

agon, County, Mich.

Fig. 8. L. desidiosa Say, Oakland County, Mich.

Figs. 9 and 10. LZ. davist Walker (types), Fish Point, Tuscola

County, Mich.

Fig. 11. L. bakeri Walker (young) Pine Lake, Charlevoix, Mich.

Fig. 12. L. bakeri (type), Pine Lake, Charlevoix, Mich.

ADDITIONAL SHELLS FOUND IN AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE.

BY OLAF O. NYLANDER.

Circinaria coneava Say, one small living shell of this species found

at Sherman, in 1904.

Physa sayti, Tappan, very fine, large specimens found in Callen’s

mill pound, Caribou stream, Caribou, Maine, at Salmon brook, Lake

Perham and in the dead water on Salmon brook in Woodland.

Lymnexa palustris Mull., a large colony of this species was found

in asmall brook on G. C. Hall’s farm 3 miles south of Caribou

village.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. The carinations on this are extremely

developed; Portage Lake, Square Lake and Cross Lake all on Fish

River.

Volvata sincera var. nylanderi Dall., Portage Lake, Square Lake

and Cross Lake, dredged at various depths to 25 feet.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON LYMNAEA DESIDIOSA SAY.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

An examination of Say’s specimens of L. destdiosa in the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia reveals the fact that all subse-

quent naturalists have misunderstood this species and have given the

name to a species belonging to a different group of Lymnaeas. The

true desidiosa is a member of the palustris group, as shown by Say’s

specimens and by a close study of Say’s descriptions. The two

specimens in the Philadelphia Academy may be described as follows:

Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, color pale horn; surface dull,

lines of growth crowded, conspicuous, crossed by impressed spiral

lines; whorls 54, convex; the body whorl is quite convex; spire

acutely conic, about as long as the aperture ; sutures well impressed ;

apex of 14 whorls, brownish horn; aperture long ovate; outer lip

thin, with an internal rib or varix; inner lip reflected over and

appressed to the parietal wall, leaving a small umbilical chink ;

columelar axis with a distinct plait.

Length 15.00, breadth 7.50, aperture length 8.00, breadth 3.00

mill.

Length 14.25, breadth 7.50, aperture length 7.75, breadth 3.50

mill.

The specimens bear the following label in the original hand-

writing :

Lymnaea desidiosa Say, Journ. Acad., vy. 2, p. 169. T. Say,

Penn. ? (No. 58731).

The figure in Binney (fig. 68) is said to be from an authentic

specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, but no such specimen is

now in existence, nor are the specimens mentioned from Cayuga

Lake to be found. In the absence of any other authentic material

Say’s specimens must be taken as typical of desidiosa. A close

analysis of Say’s description would seem to indicate that he did not

have the shell before him which has so long borne the name of

desidiosa. He says ‘* It is closely allied to elodes, but the whorls are

more convex, one less in number, and the two terminal ones are

proportionately smaller.’’’ This statement is repeated in the Amer-

ican Conchology. This statement of its relation to elodes would

1 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 169.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

scarcely have been made by Say, who possessed a peculiarly dis-

criminating sense of minute differences between shells, if he had

been describing the shell now known as desidiosa. The size of the

Philadelphia specimens (15 mill.) also corresponds pretty well with

the size given by Say (x5 of an inch = about 17 mill.). The most

convincing fact to the writer is the presence of a specimen of

‘‘desidiosa”’ of authors in the Philadelphia Academy marked

“Lymnaea ....- , Canandaigua Lake, T. Say” (No. 58782),

showing that the form usually called destdiosa is not the one so

called by Say. Prof. Edward S. Morse, who made the drawings for

Binney’s work, has been unable to give any information concerning

the specimen figured by Binney.

Last summer the writer made three trips to Cayuga Lake, one to

_-— the-south end at Ithaca and two to the north end at the town of

Cayuga, with the hope of securing specimens which would cor-

respond with Say’s specimens. Three whole days were spent in

exploring several miles of the shore and the small creeks, and while

specimens of both palustris and obrussa were obtained, not a single

specimen was found which agreed with Say’s desidiosa, The palus-

tris were the large, thin-shelled form and the obrussa were rather

small specimens, not at all like the description or specimens of

desidiosa. As Say gave no particular part of Cayuga Lake as the

identical spot in which the types were collected, it renders the task

of tinding locotypes well nigh impossible, since the lake is 88 miles

in length.

Recently, Miss Mary Walker, of Buffalo, New York, sent the

writer a number of shells from Young’s Quarry, Williamsville, New

York, which are identical with Say’s specimens of destdiosa, having

the same number of whorls and almost the same measurements.

These are given for comparison:

Say’s specimens:

Length 15.00, breadth 7.50, aperture length 8.00, breadth 3.00

mill.

Length 14.25, breadth 7.50, aperture length 7.75, breadth 8.50

mill.

Miss Walker’s specimens:

Length 15.00, breadth 8.00, aperture length 8.00, breadth 4.00

mill.

Length 14.00, breadth 8.00, aperture length 8.00, breadth 3.50

mill.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

Say’s'figure in the American Conchology (plate 55, fig. 3) cor-

responds with the specimens from Williamsville, all having the

peculiar obese body whorl. Say himself identifies desidiosa from

western New York in Long’s expedition, II, p. 263, where he says,

“« Lymneus desidiosus nob. Falls of Niagara.”

The history of des¢diosa in the American monographs is interesting

and clearly indicates that since Say’s time little attention has been

given to closely analyzing this species. In all of his references Say

distinctly indicates a shell of the palustris type.

Haldeman describes and figures the form now distinguished as

obrussa and not the true des¢diosa (compare his plate with Say’s

figure 3). Many of Haldeman’s figures are abnormal and do not

represent obrussa as it is usually developed. Tryon, in his contin-

uation of Haldeman’s work, (p. 104) states that many of the figures

on this plate are not desidiosa but a form of columella (macrostoma).

In this statement Tryon is wrong and could scarcely have seen

Haldeman’s specimens, for a recent examination proved them all to

be referable to obrussa (desidiosa of authors) although as stated

above several of the specimens are abnormal. The writer has col-

lected many specimens similar to those figured on Haldeman’s plate.

Binney, in his Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America,

Part II, makes obrussa a synonym of desidiosa, thus showing that

he considered the latter the small, smooth form and not the true

desidiosa of Say and his figure 68 is questionable for the reason and

is probably of a long-spired obrussa. In Baker’s Mollusca of the

Chicago Area obrussa is described and figured as desidiosa.

Recently Dr. W. H. Dall, in his Alaska Mollusks (p. 73, fig. 51)

figures Say’s obrussa under desidiosa, but also refers in his synonymy

to Binney’s figure 68. The European monographs have given

figures referable to obrussa rather than to desidiosa.

Amidst the uncertainties caused by the absence of Say’s types we

must look for a shell which is closely allied to elodes, but is smaller,

with more convex whorls, and possesses 5 instead of 6 full whorls.

Such a shell is found in the autotypes of desidiosa in the Philadel-

phia Academy, and this type of shell occurs in several localities in

the eastern part of the United States, and is easily separable from

any other known species or variety. The spire varies considerably,

being short, or long, or even scalariform. ‘There are from 2 to 5

rest varices on the whorls.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

Desidiosa, then, differs from obrussa (desidtosa of authors) in its

generally larger and more solid shell, longer and more turreted

spire, more pronounced and heavier sculpture and more convex

whorls, with deeper sutures; in having an internal rib inside the

outer lip and in the presence of a fold on the columella. Compared

with palustris, desidiosa is smaller, usually more solid and with a

more obese body whorl and a more dilated aperture. The spire, too,

is more sharply conic and the whorls are more tightly coiled, pro-

ducing a deeper suture. The inner lip is also more expanded,

producing a heavier callus. The shells called elodes by Say are

larger, more flat-sided, with a longer spire, and the whorls are not

so rounded and are more oblique.

If we accept the evidence afforded by Say’s specimens (and there

seems to the writer to be no other course), then the shells usually

called destdiosa must bear the name of ohbrussa, which is the first

available name, and deszdiosa must be used for the shells so-called

by Say.

EXPLANATION OF PriaTE III.!

Fig. 1. Lymnea desidiosa Say, Williamsville, Erie Co., N. Y.

(from collection of Miss Mary Walker, Buffalo, N. Y.)

Fig. 2. Say’s figures of Lymnzxa desidiosa in Amer. Conch., pl.

55, fig. 3.

NORTHERN OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

BY F. M. MACFARLAND.

NortTHERN AND ARCTIC INVERTEBRATES IN THE COLLECTION

OF THE SWEDISH STATE Museum (RiksmMuseum). IIT. Opts-

THOBRANCHIA AND PreropopA. By Nils Odhner ( Kungl. Svenska

Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, Band 41, No. 4, pp. 1-118, pl.

I-III, 1907).

The above work will be welcomed by American zodlogists as a

valuable contribution to our knowledge not only of the Opistho-

branch fauna of Scandinavian waters, but also as of great conveni-

ence in studying the quite similar fauna of our own North Atlantic

shores. The classic Index Molluscorum Scandinavie of Lovén, 1846,

and the Mollusca Regionis Norvegizx of Sars, 1878, have been for

' Plate III will appear in the July number.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

many years the principal extended sources of information upon this

subject. The paper of Mr. Odhner is based upon the large collec-

tion of Northern and Arctic forms which the Swedish State Museum

has accumulated from various expeditions and other sources since its

foundation, and which have been studied in part only by scientists.

The geographical area represented is a wide one, nearly completely

circumpolar in its extent. It includes principally the Arctic Ocean

off Siberia, the Kara and White Seas, the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans

off the coast of Norway, the waters surrounding the whole Scandi-

navian peninsula, and to a less extent the coasts of Spitzbergen,

Iceland and Greenland, the North Atlantic, Davis Strait, Baffin Bay

and Bering Sea.

The first section of the paper gives a useful systematic synopsis of

the Opisthobranchs and Pteropods studied, based largely upon the

well-known works of Fischer, Bergh and Pelseneer. Following

this is a detailed summary of the geographical and bathymetrical

distribution.

The third section of the work is devoted to a description of the

new forms found in the collection. These are Diaphana hyalina

Turton var. sprrata, Diaphana glacialis, Gonieolis lobata, Archi-

doris nobilis Lovén MS., Jssa villosa, Doridunculus pentabranchus,

Idalia pulchella A. & H. var. fusca, and Cumanotus laticeps, the last

named being the type of a new genus of Aeolidiadae.

Of especial interest and value to students of this group of Mollusea

are the three excellent plates, the second and third being especially

welcome. These two present artistic reproductions in the natural

colors of sixty-one figures of forty-one different species, prepared

under the direction of Professor Lovén by the artists W. and F. v.

Wright, but never yet published. These form a valuable supple-

ment to Lovén’s Index, the original numbers assigned by him being

given in parentheses upon the plates. Those who have studied these

beautiful animals in life and compared them with even the very best

museum specimens, in which original color and body form have

alike disappeared, will fully appreciate this preservation in a perma-

nent manner of these important records.

The usefulness of the paper is further enhanced by a chronolog-

ical bibliography and a very complete index. The convenience of

the former might have been increased somewhat by the addition of

abbreviated titles of all the papers cited, which are omitted in most

cases, the date, author, journal and place alone being given.

THE NAUTILUS, XXII. PLATE III,

4, 2. LYMNAA DESIDIOSA SAY.

. PLEUROBEMA TOMBIGBEANUM FRIERSON.

Toe NAGTILUS:

Von. X XPT; JULY, 1908. No. 3.

ON EUCONULUS FULVUS AND E. TROCHIFORMIS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Yelix fulva as described by Miiller (1774) was a composite of two

spocies: (1) adult Helix fulva of Draparnaud and later authors, and

2) immature Helix bidentata Gmelin. Muller's idea exactly re-

versed the age-relations of the two forms; he considered (1) to be

the young stage of (2), and while he described both forms satisfac-

torily, and gives the measurements of both, a fuller description is

naturally given of the form he considered adult. The somewhat

unusual conic shape, etc., rendered it easy for subsequent authors to

reccgnize both forms from Muller’s description. Indeed it would

be hardly possible to mistake any other snail of the region for either.

The next notice of the forms was by Gmelin (1791), who admits

Miiller’s H. fulva without recognizing its composite nature, his ac-

count being merely compiled from Miiller. Gmelin moreover de-

scribed and named the adult stage of Helix bidentata, referring to

unmistakable figures in the Conchylien Cabinet of Chemnitz. There

has never been any controversy about the validity of Gmelin’s H.

bidentata.

Ten years later (1801), Draparnaud, in his Tableau des Moll.

terr. et fluv. de la France, p. 72, restricts Helix fulva to the Huconu-

lus, giving an excellent description. He also recognized and de-

scribed H. bidentata, the two being quite rightly placed in different

groups. Up to the present time this arrangement has been followed

almost universally,

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Two years later, in 1803, Montagu described and figured Helix

trochiformis ( Testacea Britannica, p. 427). The account agrees

well with our Huconulus fuleus except in the number of whorls,

Montagu giving it six, which is one more than Z#. fulvus usually has.

Montagu did not recognize Muller’s snail in his new species. His

knowledge of the work of continental authors seems to have been

extremely restricted.

So far as I know, the name trochiformis has been adopted only by

Beck, in his catalogue of 1837, and by Dall, 1905." No description

of the snail under Montagu’s name has been published since the

original one in 1803.

So much for the evidence from original documents. I am acutely

aware that on any question of nomenclature there may be from two

to a dozen opinions, each supported by arguments which to some

will appear conclusive, yet in a case like this, where the concholo

gists of a century have been practically of one mind, a reversal of

their judgment should not be made without full consideration of all

aspects of the question. It might reasonably be argued that Muller’s

description, covering the adult stage of one species (fulva auct.) and

the immature stage of another (b¢dentata Gmel.), should be restricted

to the former, even though Miiller himself mistook the real relations

of the forms. It is hardly necessary to discuss the inexpediency

of discarding all composite species, since everybody admits that

either with species or genera some member of the original melange

must conserve the original name unless all be synonymous with

earlier names. It seems to me that the case may be summarized

thus:

1774. Miuiller described as H. fulva a composite of two species

(Hygromia bidentata plus Euconulus fulvus of modern authors).

1791. Gmelin eliminated H. bidentata from the composite by his

unmistakable diagnosis and reference.

1801. Draparnaud recognized the composite nature of Miuiler’s

H. fulva and restricted that name to the Huconulus, which he well

described and later figured.

I venture to submit the opinion that no action by Montagu or any

other subsequent author should affect the status of either of the two

species in question. Huconulus fulvus therefore should stand.

1Land and Fresh Water Mollusks of Alaska and adjoining regions, Harri-

man Alaska Expedition, Vol. xiii, p. 40.

THE NAUTILUS. FAR

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PLEUROBEMA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

PLEUROBEMA TOMBIGBEANUM n. sp. Plate III, figs. 3, 4.

Shell short, triangular, thick, solid and heavy; truncated in

front, roundly pointed behind at the post-base. Beaks high and in-

curved, their sculpture not seen. Post ridge rounded, and close to

the post margin. The sides are slightly flattened just in front of

the post-ridge, and an inflated, raised area extends from the beaks

to the anterior base. This area is to a considerable degree concen-

trically sulcated, the sulci becoming obsolete behind, where it be-

comes striated; epidermis rayless, dark reddish brown or having

faint greenish rays near the beaks. Lunule triangular, and mem-

branaceous. The shell is markedly flattened in front, half way from

beaks to base, showing a sort of so-called “secondary lunule.”’

Nacre white, to rose color, and iridescent. Muscle scars well im-

pressed, and separate. Beak cavities shallow. In the left valve

there are two low, thick curved laterals, somewhat striate, and a

stout, upright, bifid, striate, acuminate cardinal. In the right valve

a single low, stout curved lateral upon a very wide heavy plate, or

shelf, and a single wedge-shaped cardinal arising from a pit sur-

rounded by a semicircular, low ridge. Cardinal plate thick, on the

inner surface of which may be noted the dorsal muscle scars.

Length 48, alt. 40, diam. 32.3 mm.

Length 41, alt. 39, diam. 27.5 mm.

Tombigbee river. Types from Demopolis, Marengo Co., Ala-

bama, in coll. Frierson and A. N. S. Phila. Also found at Colum-

bus, Mississippi.

The shell may be mistaken by the casual observer, for a small

Quadrula pyramidata, Lea, but may easily be distinguished by its

smaller size, and especially its shallower beak cavities, lower beaks,

and less pronounced sulcus from beak to post base. It seems a

rather rare shell in the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. Four

and a half specimens were received in three ‘‘envois” from the

former river. Mr. Bryant Walker informs me that he has two

specimens, from the Alabama River. One from the collection of

Dr. Lewis, and labeled by him “ UJ. plenus,”’ and the other received

28 THE NAUTILUS.

from Mr. R. E. Call, and placed among his ‘“‘pyramidata.” Mr..

William A. Marsh has examples, which have been labeled

‘southern variety of pyramidata.”’ Mr. Walker thinks the shell

is however a Pleurobema, rather than a Quadrula and he places it in

the scheme of classification next to Pleurobema tattianum, Lea.

Compared with that species, ours is less convex, with a more or less

distinct sulcus back of the convexity. Uniologists having southern

pyramidata, may perhaps find specimens of P. tombigbeanum in the

lots.

SOME NEW BRACHIOPODS.

BY WM. H. DALL.

During the researches of the U. S. S. Albatross party in 1906 a

good many brachiopods were obtained, and the range of some known

species much extended. The examination indicates that two species

of those obtained are undescribed. Diagnoses are now given and

figures are in preparation.

Terebratula (Liothyris) sakhalinensis n. sp.

Shell large, solid, of a rather dark and ruddy brown color and

nearly smooth surface which bears faint concentric lines of growth

and usually fainter, irregularly radial impressed lines on the anterior

portion of the shell; valves moderately convex, the anterior margins

slightly flexuous, the middle of the ventral valve is slightly squarely

impressed and produced, the extension fitting into an analogous

excavation in the dorsal valve; beak stout, moderately recurved,

usually much eroded, with a large, entire foramen; the deltidial

plates form a solid arch with no mesial groove; internally a thick-

ened collar or short tube surrounds the peduncle, and an evident,

but not prominent, short septum extends mesially about 2 mm. from

the collar forward, in one specimen. Hinge of the ventral valve

solid, with no props to the dental processes; in this valve the pallial

sinuses exhibit two strong parallel trunks which extend nearly to the

anterior margin before they begin to bifurcate; the genital glands

extend as a fine, brown, irregular reticulation over the main cavity

of the sinuses outside the inner line of the respective trunks on either

side ; dorsal (or hemal) valve with a small.but evident cardinal

THE NAUTILUS. 29

process ; the dental processes small and narrow; the loop is peculiar,

the two supporting arms are appressed and soldered to the wall of

the valve for a distance of 8 or 9 mm., so that the loop appears to

spring from the valve and not from the hinge; it abruptly bends

upward at a point about 12 mm. in front of the beak, forming a very

wide, slender, frail, almost flattened loop with short triangular crura ;

the width of the loop is about 12.5 mm., the height of its arch about

3 mm., while the crura, which are curved inward parallel with the

limb of the arch, are about 3 mm. long. A mesial septum, low and

narrow but distinct, extends forward as far as the anterior edge of

the adductor scars ; the pallial margin carries minute sete, which do

not project beyond the edge of the valve. Length of ventral valve

45, breadth 34.5, max. diam. of shell 26 mm.

Dredged on the southeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea,

in 64 to 100 fathoms, bottom temperature 30° F. Type, U.S. N.

Mus., 110, 786.

The remarkable loop of this species is sufficient to distinguish it

from any other of the genus; the characters mentioned are found in

all the specimens.

Laqueus morsei 0. sp.

Shell thin, smooth, polished, ruddy brown, rounded lozenge-

shaped, somewhat attenuated in front up to a 10 mm. wide trunca-

tion; ventral valve with a short beak, entire foramen and short,

wide, flattened area; deltidial plates united, but showing a groove

at the junction ; dental processes short, triangular, strong, supported

by strong props with deep funnel-shaped cavities behind them; pal-

lial sinuses with two inner trunks bifurcating at the anterior third of

the valve, and two outer ones branched on the outer side from the

beginning; genital glands in two longitudinal lines on each side

extending along the middle of the main trunks of the sinuses and

barely distally bifurcated ; dorsal valve with a small but well devel-

oped hinge-plate, but no cardinal process or cavities under the dental

processes; the septum is short and delicate; the loop normally

formed but extremely slender, except the bight of the recurved por-

tion, which is much wider than the rest; the valves meet in a nearly

uniform plane, an extremely faint indication of a truncation in front

forms the only approach to a flexuosity. Length of ventral valve

32.5, of dorsal valve 29.0, breadth 30,5, diameter of shell 18.0 mm.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

Dredged at station 4,860 in the Japan Sea, in 122 fathoms, mud

and stones, bottom temperature 84° 1 F. U.S. N. Mus. 210,800.

The species is named in honor of Prof. E. S. Morse of Salem,

whose work on the brachiopods is well known. The most nearly

related species is Lagueus mariz, A. Adams, which is more ovate,

with a narrower and more recurved beak, the genital glands differ-

ently distributed, and the mesial septum of the dorsal valve, long,

high, and prominent; reaching to the anterior fourth of the valve,

while in Z. morse? it barely reaches the middle of the valve.

A white variety (albida) of Waldheimia (= Eudesia) raphaelis

Dall, was also dredged, the specimens being more compressed

laterally and with sharper anterior flexures than in the type. A

dwarf form of the same species with all the characteristics of the

adult, except that it measures 17 mm. long instead of 37, was

dredged in Kagoshima Gulf. The normal adults of the species show

little or no flexuosity anteriorly, until nearly full grown, but the

dwarf referred to possessed them in perfection.

A NOTE ON HELIX HORTENSIS.

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER,

I have been much interested in your articles on Helix hortensts in

America. When a small boy they were among my choicest play-

things and I gathered large numbers of them together with H.

nemoralis in south-eastern Sweden.

In 1899 among a lot of marine shells collected at Grand Manan,

and given to me for identification were three land shells. One

specimen had five narrow, dark brown bands on a light yellow

ground, a common form of Helix hortensis; both were of larger

size than any specimens in my collection from Sweden, Germany

and England. One specimen is of a rich yellow color, comparing in

every way with European specimens in my collection. The third

specimen was a young shell, light yellow in color and like the plain-

colored Helix hortensis of the Maine coast. Mrs. S. Page who col-

lected the specimens, informed me that they were plentiful on

the Island of Grand Manan, her native home. As there is so much

THE NAUTILUS. 31

speculation relative to the origin and distribution of Helix hortensis,

in America, I will state that in my opinion they were introduced by

the early French settlers in Canada, at Gaspé and along the St.

Lawrence River; and that their distribution only along the coast is

due to the more favorable conditions. The long cold winters—

sometimes commencing in September and lasting into the middle of

May in Canada and Maine, are too severe and long for Helix hor-

tensis to spread over the interior. Along the coast, and on the

islands, the winters are not as long or as intensely cold as in the

interior. I have gone over a very large part of northern Maine and

a good part of New Brunswick and have never seen #7. hortensis.

I have collected Helix hortensis at Horte and Sherlotenlund on

the south coast of Sweden within a few steps of the water edge of

the Baltic Sea.

A NEW WEST INDIAN NITIDELLA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

During a recent visit to Cuba Mr. John B. Henderson, Jr., col-

lected a few marine shells from the rocks along shore, between tides,

at Ensenada de Cochinas, on the south side of the island. Among

them was the following species which I have been unable to identify

among the described forms of the genus.

Nitidella hendersoni n. sp.

Shell thin, fusiform, with an elongate, very acute spire, and about

eight whorls; nucleus minute, white, smooth; subsequent whorls

flattish with an appressed suture, pinkish near tke nucleus, later be-

coming translucent with dark chestnut-brown lineolations, zigzags or

dots, frequently with white, protractive, oblique flammulations at the

suture of which the anterior margins are bordered with a dark

chestnut line; also on the periphery is often a narrow articulated

band, of white and brown spots; the surface is covered with a con-

spicuous greenish periostracum, which on the body whorl is elevated

in axial lamellz not close enough to give a velvety effect but sep-

arated by wider polished spaces; surface nearly smooth under the

periostracum, polished, with faint indications of fine axial or revolv-

ing stri#; on the base there are numerous spiral grooves which

32 THE NAUTILUS.

become stronger and channeled near the end of the nearly straight

canal; aperture white, within purplish ; outer slightly thickened, not

reflected, smooth within; posterior angle of the aperture grooved

and produced. a little, with a subsutural obscure callosity on the

body which elsewhere has the surface smoothly erased, edge of the

pillar with one faint and one very strong marginal fold; operculum

normal. Alt. of shel] 19, of last whorl 13.5, of aperture 10, max.

diam. 8.0 mm. Found in crevices of the rocks a little below low-

water mark.

MOLLUSCA OF KEENE, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

BY R. D. WALKER AND WM. H. COOLIDGE, JR.

The shells that comprise this list were found in Keene, N. H., by

the late George Alexander Wheelock, and form a small part of the

extensive general collections which he made. ‘The list is perhaps

worth publishing as local data in regard to the shells of Keene and

the surrounding regions. Mr. Wheelock spent almost his entire life

in Keene (1816-1906) investigating the natural history of Monad-

nock. The determination of the species is through the kindness of

Mr. Charles W. Johnson.

Planorbis parvus Say. Lyogyrus granum Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Amnicolu limosa Say.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Unio complanatus Sol.

Segmentina armigera Say. Alasmodonta undulata Say.

Lymnea humilis Say. Lampsilis nasutus Say.

Physa heterostropha Say. Anodonta cataracta Say.

Aplexa hypnorum. Sphaerium rhomboideum Say.

Succinea ovalis Say. Sphaerium secure Prime.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Sphaerium partumeium Say.

Polygyra fraterna Say. Sphaerium simile Say.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Pisidium variabile Prime.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pisidium compressum Prime.

Pils.

These specimens are in the Thoreau Museum of Natural History,

Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts.

THE NAUTILUS. 38

NOTES.

Tue VERRILL Cottection.—Prof. A. E. Verrill of Yale Uni-

versity has sold to the University his great collection of marine

invertebrates, acquired during his work for the United States Fish

Commission in the 16 years from 1873 to 1887. The collection is

the duplicate of one secured at the same time and since transferred

to the National Museum of the Smithsonian Institution at Wash-

ington,

FORMATION OF EPIPHRAGM BY LyMN&ZA pPaALustrRis (Muller).

—A few days ago while collecting fresh-water shells in the dry bed

of a pond near Alum Rock Park, San José, the author found several

live specimens of a form of Lymnea palustris Miiller lying on the

dry mud surface with the aperture sealed down by thick dried

mucous and withdrawn into their shells halfa whorl. The pond

usually contains water at least half the year but on account of the

dry spring has contained none since April Ist at least. The bed is

thinly covered with tall tulas so that the shells were not in the direct

rays of the sun. ‘This form is the only one which occurs in the lake

and dead shells up to barely mature are abundant, and some larger.

—Haro_p HANNIBAL, San Jose, Cal.

Exotic Vivieara IN CALirornisA.—Amongst the fresh-water

molluscan fauna of the ‘“‘ Artesian Belt,” between San José and San

Francisco Bay, is a large operculate edible snail introduced by the

Chinese fifteen or twenty years ago. 4 mm. when born, carinate

till mature, 6 months 20 mm. Occasionally in sub-brackish water,

grows as large as a duck’s egg. Plain yellow-green or with spiral

fringes of epidermis.

Specimens were sent to Dr. Dall, who identified it as Vivipara

lecythoides Bens.

It is very common where planted, but spreads slowly.

In the Nautitus XV, p. 91, is a reference to Vivapara stelma-

phora Bgt., from a dry bed of a lake or pond “at the foot of Mt.

Hamilton.’”’ The author has been over the San José, Mt. Hamilton

road collecting, and of the four lakes and ponds on the route only

one, on the Grant ranch in Hall’s Valley, appears to answer the de-

scription, as it had been dry at the time that article was written for

34 - THE NAUTILUS.

several years. The fauna was exactly the same as in the neighbor-

ing parts of Santa Clara Valley, except extremely large, and con-

tained not a sign of an operculate snail of any kind, nor did the son

of a neighboring rancher know of any such form, though be knew

the other species by sight. The other ponds were no better. Either

the locality given was incorrect or the species was killed out by the

drying-up of the lake while the other forms were not for some rea-

son. Certainly it does not occur there at present for no traces could

be found.—Haroitp HANNIBAL, San José, Cal.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A New Species oF CavoLiniaA, wiTH Norres on OTHER

Preropops. By Wm. H. Dau (Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 50,

Jan., 1908). Cavolinia couthouyi, n. sp., from Fiji Is, and New

South Wales.

GONIDEA ANGULATA Lea, wiItTH DeEscripTION OF A NEW

Variety. By Wm. H. Day (Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 50, Jan.,

1908). G. a. haroldiana is a new form from Guadalupe Creek,

between San José and San Francisco Bay, ‘‘remarkable for the

almost total absence of lateral angulation,” ete.

NOTES ON THE FreEsH-WATER MOLLUSK PLANORBIS MAGNIFI-

cus AND Descrirtions oF Two New Forms. By Paut

Bartscu (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 83, pp. 697-700). Planorbis

magnificus Pilsbry occurs in Greenfield Pond, near Wilmington,

N. C., where it is rather scarce and local. P. ewcosmius, n, sp., was

found in the same pond. It is very close to P. bicarinatus striatus,

but distinguished by having two chestnut bands. P. eucosmius

vaughant, n. subsp., is from Burke’s Place, La. All are illustrated

with photographic figures.

Tue PuysioLtocy or tHE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE Razor-

SHELL CLAM, Ensis pirectus Conrap. By Gitman A. DREW

(Journal of Experimental Zoédlogy, V, No. 3, March, 1908).

Among other interesting conclusions, Dr. Drew finds that ‘the

THE NAUTILUS. 35

pedal ganglia are apparently dependent upon the cerebral for initi-

ative.’ When isolated, stimulation causes only local responses.

Impulses may pass in both directions through any of the commis-

sures and connectives. Impulses may be sent by roundabout con-

nections when the usual connections are destroyed.

First AppITIONAL CATALOGUE OF LAND SHELLS OF JAPAN.

By Y. Hrrase, Kyoto, 1908. In this list of 24 pages Mr.

Hirase catalogues the species and varieties from Japan, the Bonin

and Loochoo Islands and Formosa, obtained since the publication of

his former list. It is interesting as showing the results of the latest

work on these wonderfully rich faunas. Copies of the catalogue

will be sent free, we believe, to those interested in the collection of

Japanese shells. A handsome plate illustrates various new or inter-

esting species.

ZooLocicaL Recorp, Vol, xliii, pt. viii, Mortusca.—By E.

R. Sykes, completed by S. Paceand R. M. Pace. This complete

record of all that has been published on Mollusca for the year 1906

together with every generic and specific name used, is indispensable

to all working conchologists. The part containing 103 pages can

be obtained for 4 shillings of Harrison & Sons, 45 St. Martin’s Lane,

London, Eng.

Tue WiLiiAMs CoLLectTion or SHELLS.—By GerorGe Hat-

cott CHapwick, Chicago, Ill., 1905. A brief account of the con-

chological cabinet of Mrs. Alice L. Williams, which contains so

many rare and beautiful shells. It is undoubtedly the finest private

collection in America. The collection contains 26,000 shells, ‘*a

number unexceeded, I believe, by any private shell cabinet in

America since the day of John Jay. While the collection is rich in

species representing almost every family, one naturally turns to

those gems of the sea, the Cypreide. Here we find Cyprea

broderip?, the only one in America, C. nivosa, castanea, chrysalis,

coxent, crosset, similis, etc., etc., while species considered by many

rare are represented by series to show variation. There are 10 C.

aurantia, 10 decipiens, 10 thersites, 7 scotti, 4 umbilicata, etc.

Among the Conide is enthroned Conus gloria-maris while the rare

36 THE NAUTILUS.

cervus isalso there. The beautiful Volutide are represented by many

species one scarcely sees in a lifetime. Pleurotomaria beyrichit is also

among the treasures, but space will not permit us to go into details.

It has been admirably described by Mr. Chadwick, who says:

‘My desire in this writing is to make this remarkable collection

better known. It has been a labor of love, and I can wish for those

who read no greater pleasure than to come under the fascinating

spell of this great collection. It deserves a place in some great hall

of science, and it is Mrs. Williams’s hope that it may some day be

thus installed through public or private Fo

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MULLUSKS FROM THE

Paciric Coast OF THE UNITED STATES, with notes on the other

mollusks from the same region. By William Healey Dall (Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 34, pp. 245-257. Numerous new species and

subspecies chiefly discovered by Dr. R. H. Tremper, Messrs. Herbert

W. Lowe, F. W. Kelsey, and the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, are de-

scribed, with notes on previously known forms.

SMELL THE DOMINANT SENSE IN DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA

AND Limax MAxiIMuUS. By Robert E.C. Stearns. (Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington xxi, pp. 137-140). JLimazx is guided to its food by

smell. Salt liberally strewed on the floor is recommended as a

check to their depredations.

ON THE SYNONYMIC HISTORY OF THE GENERA CLAVA MARTYN

AND CERITHIUM BrueuieRE. By W. H. Dall. (Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. 1907, pp. 363-369). The history of these old names

is fully exposed and various errors in matters of fact in M. Coss-

mann’s review of the Cerithiacea are pointed out.

NEw AND CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES OF FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM

THE OIL-BEARING TERTIARY FORMATIONS OF SANTA BARBARA

Co., Cat. By Ralph Arnold. (Smith’s Misc. Coll. vol. 50, pt. 4.

1907). Numerous interesting fossils from Eocene, Miocene and

Pliocene horizons are described and well illustrated. Among them

are Venericardia planicosta Lam., from Little Falls, Washington,

‘‘the most widespread and characteristic eocene species in the

world,” Lymnea alamosensis n. sp., from the pliocene of Los

Alamos Valley.

PEE -NeQRErLUS:

VoL. XXII. AUGUST-SEPTEMBBER, 1908. No. 4-5.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSKS.

BY S. S. BERRY.

A specimen of Cyprea spadicea Gray has recently been brought

to the writer’s notice by Mrs. C. H. Fackenthall, of Pacific Grove,

who some years ago found it alive on Chinatown Point, Monterey

Bay. This extends the known range of the species many score of

miles beyond the most northern locality which has previously been

recorded.

Mrs. Fackenthall also collected in March, 1907, over sixty speci-

mens of Janthina exigua Lam. where they had been washed ashore

near Point Pinos. This is a new locality for this species likewise.

Another /anthina, which is apparently the J. globosa of Swainson,

and is new to the Californian fauna, was found in considerable num-

bers at Oceanside, San Diego county, by Mrs. T. E. N. Eaton and

Miss Grace Eaton in the summer of 1906. This species was found

in company with J. exigua and another undetermined form of the same

genus (J. communis?) cast up on the sandy beach, and for the most

part still retained the animals.

5 * * * *x * *

In July, 1903, the writer made a small collection of fossils from

the pleistocene deposit which forms the cliff just west of the bath-

house at Santa Barbara, among which many of the species are of

interest because not included by Arnold in his lists’ of the mollusks

of the Santa Barbara pleistocene. Such species are marked with

an asterisk. One or two forms are likewise entirely new to the

formation.

1 Paleontology and Stratigraphy of San Pedro, p. 52 q. v.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

Margarita pupilla Gld. Several.

* Margarita optabilis knechti, Arnold. One specimen.

* Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. Several juv.

Leptothyra bacula Cpr. Not rare.

* Leptothyra carpenteri Pils. Not rare.

Leptothyra paucicostata Dall. Not rare.

* Acmaea mitra Esch. Two juv.

* Acmaea (sp.). One juv.

Natica clausa B. and S. Young specimen and opercula.

Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. One specimen.

Crepidula adunca Sby. Two examples.

Rissoa acutilirata Cpr. Two specimens.

*Rissoa (sp?). One example.

*Diala marmorea Cpr. Several.

Lacuna compacta Cpr. The most abundant form.

Bittium asperum Gabb. Common.

Bittium (quadrifilatum Cpr.?). Common.

Bittium (sp.). Common.

*Epitonium (Opalia) borealis Gld. One specimen.

Ocinebra perita Hds. Several.

*Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. One specimen.

*Ocinebra lurida Midd. var. tending toward Carpenter’s var.

munda. Several.

*Ocinebra (sp.). One specimen.

Boreotrophon gracilis Perry. One example.

*Boreotrophon stuarti Smith. One example.

*Boreotrophon stuarti praecursor Arnold. Several.

Amphissa corrugata Rve. Common.

Columbella tuberosa Cpr. Common.

*Nassa mendica cooperi Fbs. One example.

Fusus robustus Trask? One example.

Fusus (sp.). Several.

*Mitramorpha filosa intermedia Arnold.

[ Note: This form was likewise found in a living condition by the

writer at Pacific Grove, Cal., in April, 1908. ]

Clathurella conradiana Gabb. Two specimens.

*Tornatina cerealis Gld. Two examples.

*Dentalium indianorum Cpr. One perfect adult specimen.

*Psephidea (ovalis Dall?). One valve.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

Venericardia ventricosa Gld. Abundant.

Pecten jordani Arnold. Fragments and two juv.

Pecten caurinus Gld. Fragments.

Pecten (sp.). Fragments.

Pecten hastatus Sby. Several valves.

*Monia macroschisma Desh. One valve.

*Glycymeris barbarensis Conr. One valve.

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimp. Fragments of the test and

loose spines of this sea-urchin.

*Platidea anomioides Scacch. One perfect shell probably refer-

able to this species was found which agrees well with specimens

from San Pedro Bay (200 fathoms), except that the foramen is

relatively smaller and the posterior and anterior angles are more

acute.

* * * * * * *

~ In the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXX,

Messrs. Dall and Bartsch propose the specific name montereyensis for

the preoccupied Turbonilla gracillima of Gabb. The authors must

have overlooked the fact that Dr. Cooper in his Monterey list pub-

lished in the American Journal of Conchology for 1870 likewise

noticed the untenability of Gabb’s name and rechristened the species

Chemnitzia gabbiana, so that this name having priority must stand

as Turbonilla (Chemnitzia?) gabbiana (J. G. C.).

* * * * * * *

Nassa perpinguis, var. bifasciata, nov. Among the mollusca col-

lected recently at San Pedro by various collectors has been a color

form of Nassa perpinguis Hds., which is strikingly distinct and is

certainly worthy of a varietal name if color forms must be named.

It differs from the ordinary form in the presence of two broad spiral

bands of a deep chestnut color in abrupt contrast to the grayish-buff

ground color of the shell. One of these bands is situated just below

the suture, one about the periphery, and occasionally a fainter band

makes it appearance at the extreme base of the last whorl. The

bands vary considerably in width, but as yet I have seen no speci-

mens having but a single band.

Additional Notes on Monterey Mollusks.

In my paper on the Molluscan Fauna of Monterey Bay, California,

which appeared in the numbers of this magazine running from June

to September, 1907, there were a few unavoidable errors and omis-

40 THE NAUTILUS.

sions which may well be remedied. The following corrections should

be made:

June No., p. 18, near top. 304 species were listed; not 394.

P. 18, near bottom of page. “ Terebratulina” transversa is a

misprint for ‘“* Zerebratalia.”

P.19. The identification of Barbatia gradata is a very doubtful

one and the species should probably be removed from the list.

July No., p. 35. “ Cregires”’ albopunctatus should be Aegires.

Aug. No., p. 43. Odostomia (Ividea) navisa should be changed

to O. (Ividia) navisa delmontensis, Dall & Bartsch. New subsp.

P. 43. “ Triforts adversus”’ is not this species but an undeter-

mined form.

P. 43. “Setla assimilata C. B. Adams” was identified according

to the common misconception of that tropical species. My speci-

mens should be listed as ‘*Sez/a montereyensis Bartsch,” n. sp. One

of the co-types came from this lot.

P. 44. “Rissoitna”’ purpurea is a Rissoa.

Sept. No., p. 52, near end of article. Should read as follows:

“. . . of Scala (nine species), and of the Pyramidellidae (eighteen

species),”’ etc. This last figure includes the additional forms enum-

erated below.

The following species and varieties have been determined from the

same lot of material since the publication of the main report :

Adula stylina Carpenter. 12 fathoms; not rare with the other

borers in the hard mud.

Cadulus quadrifissatus Carpenter. 12 fms.; one specimen.

Actaeon punctocaelatus Carpenter. 12 fms.; young specimens

only.

Epiphragmophora sequoicola J. G. Cooper. Big Trees Station,

near Santa Cruz; one immature specimen.

Epiphragmophora arrosa Gould. Big Trees Station, near Santa

Cruz; several examples.

Epiphragmophora exarata Pfeiffer. Near Santa Cruz. Speci-

mens were also seen from various localities in the Santa Cruz moun-

tains and from Watsonville.

Epiphragmophora californiensis nickliniana Lea. Big Trees Sta-

tion, near Santa Cruz.

Polygyra columbiana Lea. Big Trees Station, near Santa Cruz.

Polygyra columbiana armigera Ancey. One specimen found a

few miles south of Pacific Grove in the pine woods.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Murex ( Ocinebra) interfossus var. muricatus Cpr. Pacific Grove;

not rare at low tide.

Turbonilla (Turbonilla) gilli delmontensis Dall and Bartsch. 12

fathoms ; the type lot.

Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) stylina Carpenter. 12 fathoms; one

specimen.

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) berryi Dall and Bartsch. Two or

three specimens, including the type, dredged in 39 fathoms.

Turbonilla ( Pyrgiscus) canfieldi Dall and Bartsch. 12 fms.; the

type lot.

Turbonilla ( Pyrgiscus) morchi Dall and Bartsch.? One specimen

dredged in 29 fathoms was doubtfully referred by Messrs. Dall and

Bartsch to this species.

Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall. Specimens brought in by the

fishermen.

The foregoing bring the total collection, after due corrections, up

to about 318 named species and varieties, including types or co-types

of fourteen new species and two subspecies, besides nine other species

not previously described, but the types of which were collected

elsewhere.

LAND SHELLS OF THE OKI ISLANDS, JAPAN.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

The Oki Islands, in the Sea of Japan north of western Hondo,

consist of one large and three smaller islands and several islets, the

the whole group about 23 miles long. Saigdis the chief harbor. It

is on the southeast side of the largest island, which bas a diameter

of about 10 miles. The highest elevation is said to be about

1700 feet.

The mollusks of Oki have not before been noticed.

Out of 24 species of land shells there are 9 forms which have as

yet been found only on the Oki Islands. Two of these forms are

reckoned to be of specific value; the other seven are subspecies of

forms found on the adjacent portions of the Main Jsland of Japan,

or in one case on T’sushima, though the two Ganesellas are so dis-

tinct that they might with some reason be ranked as species. All of

the other forms occur on the Main Island of Japan.

The very close relation of the fauna of the Oki Islands with that

42 THE NAUTILUS.

of the adjacent Main Island places these islands in harmony with

Sado, Tsushima, Iki, and other islands in the Sea of Japan and

Korea Strait, all of which have faunas which show them to have

been joined at no remote period to the large islands of Japan.

In the following list, the forms peculiar to Oki are marked with

an asterisk (*).

CYCLOPHORIDS.

Alyczus melanopoma Pils. (?). Nakamura.

Diplommatina cassa Pils. var, Saigo.

* D. okiensis Pils. & Hir, Nakamura. A subspecies of this

snail, D. 0. tsushimana, occurs on Tsushima.

HELICID&.

Eulota (Huhadra) peliomphala (Pfr.) var. Nakamura.

Eulota (EHuhadra) senckenbergiana (Kob.) var. Nakamura.

Eulota (Euhadra) callizona minor Gude. Nakamura.

Eulota (Plectotropis) emula Gude. Nakamura.

* Trishoplita cretacea pergranosa Pils. & Hir. Nishinoshima,

Trishoplita endo Pils. & Hir. Nakanoshima.

* Ganesella ferruginea okiensis P. & H. Nakamura.

* Ganesella myomphala euomphala P. & H. Nakamura and

Chiburijima.

Chloritis tosanus okiensis P. & H. Nakamura.

CLAUSILIID.

Clausilia (Hemiphzdusa) harimensis Pils. Nakamura.

Clausilia japonica vespertina Pils. Nishinoshima.

Clausilia japonica ultima Pils. Nakamura.

Clausilia nishinoshimana Pils, Nishinoshima.’

ZONITIDE.

Macrochlamys subelimatus P. & H. Nakamura and Daimanji-

yama.

Microcystina vaga P. & H. Nakamura.

Microcystina ceratodes (Gude). Nakamura.

Kaliella ruida Pils. var. Nakamura.

Kaliella fraterna Pils. Nakamura.

* Kaliella okiensis Pils & Hir, Nakamura.

ENID&.

Ena reiniana (Kob.) var., shaped like ugoensis. Nishinoshima.

AURICULID&,

Carychium nipponense Pils. Saigo.

The descriptions of new species and subspecies follow:

eS a,

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Diplommatina okiensis n. sp.

The lower half of the shell, comprising two whorls, is cylindric,

the upper half tapering in a rather long cone with straight sides.

Adult shells are generally red-brown, rarely whitish, but the young

are nearly white. There are nearly 7 moderately convex whorls,

the penultimate, seen from the back, being the largest. The last

whorl ascends in front, and has a strong, rather sharp ridge or col-

lar a short distance behind the peristome, and preceded by a rather

wide opaque whitish streak. The constriction is slight and median

in front. The whole shell, after the smooth apex, has a sculpture

of very fine, delicate, oblique, moderately close thread-strie. The

aperture is nearly circular, the parietal callus having a slightly

thickened edge, reaching up nearly to the suture. Peristome well

reflexed, usually very slightly angular at the foot of the columella.

Palatal plica very short, half covered by the parietal callus. Colu-

mellar tooth moderately strong, deeply placed, thin but rather high

within. Internal parietal lamella strongly developed.

Length 4, diam. 2 mm.

Nakamura, Oki. Types no. 95663 A. N.S. P., from no. 296 ¢

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species differs from D. paxillus (Gredler) by its strongly

developed collar. It is closely related to the common Japanese D.

collarifera Schm. & Bttg., but that species has a much longer palatal

plica, a decidedly thicker and stronger columellar lamella inside,

and only a weak internal parietal lamella.

Trishoplita cretacea pergranosa n. subsp.

The shell is depressed-conic with obtusely subangular periphery,

thin, whitish corneous, with a broad brown band on the base, ex-

tending from just below the periphery nearly to the umbilicus, and

a narrow brown band above the periphery, ascending the spire above

the suture. The surface has a minute sculpture of fine, somewhat

waved or irregular strie, which are minutely and very elegantly

granulose ; no distinct spiral lines.

Alt. 8.3, diam. 13.38 mm.; whorls 54.

Nishinoshima, Oki. Types no. 95840 A. N.S. P., from no.

1575 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This snail, of which only 7 examples were taken, is most nearly

related to 7. c. bipartita of Nagato province, which is less depressed,

44 THE NAUTILUS.

less angular, and has no band above the periphery. The minute

and very beautiful granulation is somewhat variable.

Ganesella myomphala euomphala n, subsp.

The shell is more depressed than myomphala, with the umbilicus

open, though partially arched over by the dilated columellar lip,

which, however, is not in the least impressed in the axial region.

The form is much less depressed than G. m. omphalodes.

Alt. 24, diam. 36 mm.; whorls 64.

Alt. 23.5, diam. 35 mm.; whorls 64.

Alt. 22.5, diam. 31 mm.; whorls 64.

Nakamura, Oki. Cotypes No. 95835, A. N.S. P., from No. 1560

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A smaller form of this subspecies was taken in small numbers (10

individuals) on Chiburijima, Oki. Two measure:

Alt. 18.2, diam. 24.5 mm.; whorls 6.

Alt. 17, diam. 23 mm.; whorls 6.

Ganesella ferruginea okiensis n, subsp.

The shell is much elevated, bullet-shaped, the outlines of the spire

strongly convex; narrowly, obliquely umbilicate; rich chestnut-brown,

encircled with a narrow yellow band at the periphery and ascending

the spire above the suture; surface nearly lusterless, rather weakly

marked with growth-wrinkles and minute spiral lines, some inter-

mediate whorls of the spire punctate or subpapillose. Whorls con-

vex, the last rounded periferally, convex beneath. Aperture very

oblique, the upper and columellar margins subparallel; baso-columellar

margin straightened, thickened within, the edge reflexed.

Alt. 19.5, diam. 17 mm.; whorls 64.

Alt. 17, diam. 16.2 mm.; whorls 64.

Alt. 17, diam. 15.5 mm.; whorls 62.

Nakamura, Oki. Types No, 95820, A. N.S. P., from No. 1564

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This form is well distinguished by its high contour. It may prove

to be specifically distinct, but for the present we prefer to attach it

to the widely distributed G. ferruginea of the main island.

Chloritis tosanus okiensis, n. subsp.

Umbilicus wider than in C. tosanus, contained six times in the

diameter of the shell. Hairs of the surface not so close.

Alt. 8.8, diam. 16.8, width of umbilicus 2.8 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

_ Nakamura, Oki. Types No. 95821, RONES. P., from No. 1567

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Kaliella okiensis, n. sp.

The shell is perforate, conic, amber-colored, glossy, the spire conic

with slightly convex outlines, perifery thread-carinate, the base

convex. The surface is smoothish, above, with faint growth-lines,

and minute radial striz just below the suture on the intermediate

whorls ; the base having faint spirals, not close together. Whorls 6,

convex, slowly increasing, the last having a narrow, thread-like

periferal keel. Aperture semilunar, rather narrow, the peristome

rather broadly dilated near the axial insertion.

Alt. 2.7, diam. 3.6, mm.

Nakamura, Oki. Types No. 95849 A. N.S. P., from No. 1568

of Mr. Hirase’s collection. Also No. 1569.

This species stands near K. sororcula, but it differs in having the

whorls crenulated below the suture on the spire.

A NEW AMERICAN PLANORBIS.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS PORTAGENSIS Nl. var.

Shell with the dorsal and ventral sides sharply carinated, the spire

and umbilicus typically forming deep, cone-like depressions ; sculp-

ture cf strong growth-lines and distinct spiral lines, as in b¢carinatus

striatus ; aperture strongly auriculate, the upper and lower extremi-

ties forming a strikingly developed V-shape.

Height 8.00, breadth 14.00; aperture height 10.00, breadth 5.50

mm.

Height 8.00, breadth 13.00 ; aperture height 9.00, breadth 5.00 mm.

Habitat: Portage Lake, on Fish River, Aroostook County, Maine.

(Collected by O. O. Nylander; types in collection of Chicago

Academy of Sciences.)

This peculiar variety may be known by the strong keels on the

shoulder and base and by the V-shaped upper and lower margins of

the aperture, which produce a notably auriculate aspect. It was at

first thought to be a form of Walker’s variety major, but a compari-

son with specimens of the latter received from the author shows that

the two are distinct varieties.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS OF TANGULANDANG (TAGOLANDA.)

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Tagolanda or Tangulandang is a small island between Celebes and

Mindanao, about fifty miles from the N. E. extremity of the former,

and between that and Sangi (Sangir). So far as I know, nothing

has been known of its mollusks. A collector for Mr. Walter F.

Webb, of Rochester, N. Y., took a number of land shells there,

which show that the fauna has relations with both Celebes and Sangi.

The list follows.

Cyclotus politus Sowerby.

Found also in Celebes, Flores, Timor and some other islands of

the same region, but not north of Tagolanda.

Leptopoma tagolandense n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2.

A species of the group of Z. manadense. The shell is narrowly

umbilicate, acutely carinate, slightly wider than high; typically

corneous-whitish densely speckled with brown and encircled with a

dark chestnut band below the periphery, but sometimes wanting this

band. The brown spots are larger and rather regularly spaced just

above the periphery and below the suture; the first three whorls are

uniform yellowish-corneous or brown. Whorls 54, all rather strongly

convex, the last having an acute, projecting periferal keel, below

which it is moderately convex. The first half-whorl is smooth; then

5 to 7 fine spiral threads begin. On the fourth whorl interstitial

spiral strie appear, continuing to the end, the primary spirals re-

taining their prominence as subequally spaced cords among the fine

spiral strie of the later whorls. The base is finely striate the strie

slightly unequal. Aperture oblique, sub-circular; lip white, not

continuous, the upper margin expanded, basal margin reflexed;

columellar circular dilated. Alt. 14, diam. 15 mm.; width of aper-

ture 8 mm.

This species differs from L. menadense in sculpture. It stands

near L. vexillum, well figured by the Sarasins, but the last whorl is

more convex above than below the keel (whereas vexi/lum is more

convex below), and there are fewer major spiral cords, 5 to 7 on the

upper surface of the last whorl, while veazdlum has 10.

There is also a form without brown markings, the shell bluish-

white, yellowish-white at the spire. This may be called var. ¢mmac-

ulata. Some individuals have a dark chestnut band below the keel.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Obba marginata (Miill.).

Elsewhere found widely distributed in the Philippines. The var.

sororcula Marts. in Celebes.

Helicostyla leucophthalma tagolandensis n. subsp. PI. IV, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell smaller than leucophthalma, slightly more solid, the lip more

broadly expanded; bluish-white with many light green revolving

bands and lines on the last half or more of the last whorl. Whorls

only 34.

Alt. 21, diam. 32 to 35.5 mm.

H. leucophthalma Pfr. was thought at first to be from Celebes, but

the locality Great Sangi Island was pointed out by Ancey several

years ago, and the Sarasins collected it there, and have figured the

snail laying its eggs in a folded leaf, in their great work on Celebes

(p. 204, plate 27). Pfeiffer described and figured leucophthalma as

covered with a thin tawny cuticle, irregularly streaked, and having

two narrow brown bands above, two wider ones on the base; and it

measured, alt. 21-22, diam. 42 mm., whorls nearly 4. His descrip-

tion and figures are reproduced in Manual of Conchology, Vol. VII,

palais, pl. 26, f. 16, 17.

The specimens I have seen from Great Sangi agree better with

those described by Sarasins. The spire is transparent-white, as

usual; the last whorl is covered with a chestnut or wood-brown or

olive-brown cuticle, which is darkest behind the lip, and fades out

to almost white at the beginning of the whorl. This cuticle is

obscurely streaked with darker, and shows traces of darker spiral

bands and lines. Around the axis there isa paler area. In another

shell, a ground similar to that just described is cut into bands above

the periphery by white spiral zones, and there is a large white axial

area. These shells are figured, plate IV, figs. 3, 4. They measure

39 to 41 mm. in diameter. H. leucophthalma evidently belongs to

the subgenus Corasia, not to Crystallopsis.

It is possible that Pfeiffer’s types were from another island of the

same group, or they may have been merely from another colony on

Great Sangi. Such local color-races often exist in close proximity.

Xesta cincta (Lea).

Also found in Celebes, in several varieties.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

How Fureéur anp Sycotypus Eat Oysters, MussELs anpD

Ciams. By Harold Sellers Colton (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

1908). The behavior of specimens kept captive in a salt-water

aquarium in the vivarium of the University of Pennsylvania has

been studied by Mr. Colton. His observations contradict the preva-

lent impressions as to the feeding of conchs, and should lead to

further work on the subject. We quote part of Mr. Colton’s ob-

servations on Fulgur (Sycotypus) canaliculatum; ‘The Sycotypus

48 THE NAUTILUS.

had not been fed for a month or so... . It attacked one of the

oysters five minutes after I placed them with it. . . . The Sycotypus

crawled on top of the oyster, which closed its valves. The conch

waited two minutes when the oyster opened its valves. Rotating

its shell on the axis of the columella through an angle of 70°, it

thrust its own shell between the valves of the oyster and introduced

its proboscis between the shells. Forty minutes later it left the

empty shell.

«‘ Sycotypus does not wedge the shells of Mya apart, because it

can get at the soft parts without doing so, since the valves gap

slightly. To test this I introduced an oyster that had had three-

quarters of an inch broken from the margins of both valves on the

end away from the hinge so that the valves appeared to gap. I

found that Sycotopus attacked this one in the same manner as it

attacked Mya and did not wedge the shells apart.

“ Fulgur eating Venus is a much more complicated case. The

conch (Fulgur perversa or F. carica) grasps the Venus in the hollow

of its foot, bringing the margin of the Venus shell against its own

shell margin. By contracting the columellar muscle it forces the

margins of the shells together, which results in a small fragment

being chipped from the shell of Venus. ‘This is repeated many times

and, finally, the crack between the valves is enlarged to a width of

3mm. or more. The proboscis is normally about 5 mm. to 8 mm.

in diameter. There are three ways in which it may get at the

animal. First, it may flatten out its proboscis so that it will go

through the crack; secondly, it may pour in a secretion between the

valves which kills the clam, and, thirdly, it may wedge its shell

between the valves of the Venus. By contracting its columellar

muscle it may actually wedge the valves apart. Venus never opens

its valves of itself when it is in the grasp of a Fulgur, while Ostrea,

after the first shock, opens wide its valves as if no danger was near.

‘‘ Fulgur and Sycotypus often break their own shell when opening

oysters and clams, and this accounts no doubt for the irregular

growth-lines seen on their shells.

‘This method of inserting the margin of a gasteropod between the

valves of a Lamellibranch has been noticed before. Francois (1890) ~

briefly reports that Murex fortispina has a special tooth on the mar-

gin of its aperture for the purpose of inserting between the valves of

Areca. It may be that this manner of attacking the soft parts of

bivalves is a very common habit of Prosobranch mollusks.”

The several stages in the processes described are fully illustrated.

NOTE.

The scarcity of ‘‘copy”’ during the summer months has caused

us to issue a single number for August and September. The usual

number of pages for the year will be made up by enlarging a future

number. Plate IV. will appear next month.

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PLATE IV-

THE NAUTILUS, XXII.

LAND SHELLS OF TANGULANDANG AND SANGI.

Tae o NET LUS.

Vou. XXII. OCTOBER, 1908. No. 6.

SOME NOTES ON THE LOCOMOTIVE DISK OF STYLOMMATOPHORA.

BY V. STERKI.

During 1907 I made some studies and observations on the mor-

phology of some of our land snails, and especially on the foot. The

results were very incomplete and fragmentary; but the notes re-

specting the sole and ‘locomotive disk ”’ appear to be of some inter-

est, and a summary of them is here given.

Of about thirty-seven species, I had occasion to observe living

animals, and of some of them preserved specimens could be com-

pared. The results obtained are somewhat at variance with those

published by other conchologists, which appear to have been ob-

tained mainly from preserved material.

It may be mentioned that a piece of thin glass is conveniently

used to let the snails creep on. In this way, the sole can not only

be seen with the naked eye, but lenses and even strong doublets can

be used, and the foot seen in both reflected and transmitted light.

If kept on a slide, upside down, minute snails can be examined and

observed under a low-power microscope. It is recommended to

fasten a few small slips or narrow strips of glass on the glass plate,

best a pair of them close together, in order to observe the shape and

motions of the sole when detached from the even surface, while a

snail creeps over these obstacles.

The majority of the snails showed locomotive waves on the under

surface of the foot while creeping. On about one-third, none could

be seen. The waves proceed from the posterior end, or from near

50 THE NAUTILUS.

the same, following each other towards the anterior, but in some

instances do not reach the latter. The number of simultaneous

waves is various in the several species, genera and groups, but rather

constant in one species; they also vary in extent, and may be faster

or slower, regular or irregular, very distinct to more or less obscure.

In most species, they are confined to a median zone of the sole, nar-

rower or wider, corresponding with the so-called locomotive disk.

In some species, resp. groups, that disk is marked off from the

marginal zones by a more or less marked line, more or less distinct

in alcoholic specimens. But in some the zones are not noticeable on

the dead body, while in the living, creeping animal, the waves are

very distinct and sharply restricted to the median zone. This was

especially noticed in Polygyra (Stenotrema, Triodopsis + Mesodon),

and in Helix hortensis, for which the existence of a disk has been

denied ; also in some of the Zonitide, Agriolimax, Vertigo, Succinea.

But there are noticeable differences, as will be stated later on.

In a few snails, of various groups, the waves extend over the

whole width of the sole, e. g., in Otrcinaria coneava Say, Vallonia

sp., Bifidaria armifera Say. There are no marginal zones in these,

so far as I was able to see, and it is probable that the muscles of the

sole are different, comparatively wider than the others.

In a number of others, no waves could be seen, and no differenti-

ated longitudinal zones. Such were: part of the Zonitide, such as

Gastrodonta ligera, Zonitoides nitidus, arboreus, minusculus, all

Patula, Helicodiscus, Philomycus. Moreover, it appears that at

least in the Zonitide cited, the sole is of a formation different from

that of, e. g.,the Polygyre; it seems that an additional layer of

tissue is superposed on the under surface of the foot. The surface

has a different appearance, the sole seems thicker, and the double

lateral lines, above the margins of the foot appear to point to the

same conclusion. Unfortunately, I had no time to make exact ana-

tomical and histological examination of these parts, but some

anatomist may take the subject up.

It is interesting and significant that such differences are found

among our Zonitide. It has been pointed out, long ago, by some

scientists, that the family includes some widely different forms or

types, with all similarity of the shells, and even the radula, etc.

And it will be noted that, e. g., Gastrodonta and Zonitoides, which

were denoted as showing no locomotive waves, no longitudinal zones,

THE NAUTILUS. ol

and a peculiar formation of the sole, are among those Zonitid@ which

are provided with a dart sack and dart, while Omphalina and

Hyalina (= Vitrea) are devoid of such. It is possible that the

formation of the foot may add features of distinction between various

natural groups of this complex family, and in close connection with

it may be the presence or absence of a caudal mucus gland (and

mucus pore).

Systematic Review.

ZONITIDA.

Omphalina fuliginosa Griff. Locomotive waves in a median zone

which is marked off by slight superficial lines, which are slight fur-

rows when the sole is detached from a surface. The waves are not

as distinct as, e. g., Polygyra, and apparently more remote from the

surface of the sole.

Hyalina (Vitrea) indentata Say and radiatula Ald. Waves in a

median zone, in the anterior 2 or 3, indistinct, and mostly not seen

at all near the posterior end. The surface layer undulating forward

and backward over [under] each advancing wave.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. No waves seen. Foot and sole as de-

scribed above, for this and the four following species. A darkish

median line is ill-defined and has nothing to do with a locomotive disk.

Zonitoides nitidus Miill., arboreus Say, minusculus Binn., Huconu-

lus chersinus Say. No waves; no zones seen.

LIMACID&.,

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Waves in narrow median zone,

following each other in rapid succession, about ten simultaneously,

while the surface layer of the sole shows forward and backward un-

dulation with each wave. When the animal proceeds slowly (for a

snail!), the waves are more or less irregular, even undulating, and

sometimes no waves can be seen when the animal moves very slowly.

This has been noticed also on some other snails.

CIRCINARIID2.

Circinaria concava Say. The waves extend over the whole width

of the sole; the same was seen on a very small, young specimen ;

no zones seen.

OZ THE NAUTILUS.

HELICIDA.

Polygyra hirsuta, fraterna, tridentata, fraudulenta, inflecta, palliata,

mitchelliana, thyroides, albolabris and var. minor, profunda: waves

very distinct, in a rather sharply defined median zone, regularly

proceeding from the posterior end to the anterior, about 7 or 8

simultaneously in hirsuta and fraterna, 10 to 12 in the large species.

Marginal zones with fine radiating lines.

It may be noted here, in a general way, that the number of waves

is easily over-estimated, and it is somewhat difficult to count them,

if more than two to four.

Helix (Tachea) hortensis Mull. Zones plainly visible! the mar-

ginal areas rather narrow; waves, in the median, distinct.

Vallonia pulchella, excentrica, costata: no zones seen; waves

extending over the whole width of the sole, rather fast, about four

simultaneously. The waves can be seen in lateral view, in trans-

mitted light.

Nore.—There is a possibility, however, that in these and other

minute snails, narrow marginal zones exist and have been over-

looked, to which the waves are transmitted.

ENDODONTID&.

Patula solitaria, alternata, perspectiva, striatella, Helicodiscus

lineatus Say: no zones seen, and no waves. It seems that the for-

mation and texture of the sole are rather different from those of

Polygyra, and more like those of Gastrodonta and Zonitoides.

PHILOMYCID&.

Philomycus carolinensis Bosc., and another species which is prob-

ably distinct: no zones, and no waves seen.

PUPIDZ.

Bifidaria armifera Say. No zones seen; waves extending over

the whole width of the sole, about four simultaneously, rather irreg-

ular, and often disappearing before reaching the anterior end, and

apparently commencing anywhere, also stopping and quasi rebound-

ing anywhere; in short, more irregular than in any other species.

This seems to be concordant with the jerky motion of the animal.

Vertigo ovata Say. Sole with three zones, the median one widen-

THE NAUTILUS. 53

ing towards the anterior end so that the marginals disappear.

Waves distinct, in the median zone, two to three simultaneously.

‘ Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Waves seen; other details in doubt.

SUCCINEID,

Succinea avara Say. Sole with three zones; waves in the

median, 3—4, rapidly moving forward, each one drawing along parts

of the marginals. The surface layer moves forward and backward,

undulating, with every wave passing. When part of the foot is

detached from its support, the waves can be seen there proceeding

on the more or less contracted and folded sole.

S. retusa Lea. Three zones, median one with 4—5 waves.

PALUDESTRINA SALSA, PILSBRY.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

It seems odd that a species so widely distributed, and fairly

abundant, should have escaped the eyes of New England collectors

so long. Yet its dwelling-place is peculiar. A word as to where it

occurs may be of interest. It was first noticed by the writer at a

spot where a brook enters the marsh at Branford, Conn. The site

is probably three miles inland from Long Island Sound, and the

water at this spot must be fresh. Later I found it more abundant

on vegetable matter in a ditch in the marsh near the railroad in

Branford and a mile nearer the sound. ‘The waters here would be

brackish. I have not seen the locality where Mr. Owen Bryant

found it at Cohasset. Last summer I located it in a pot hole in the

marsh at Wareham, Mass. This locality showed it in a pot hole

without an outlet. I have not seen it in such a place elsewhere.

The locality mentioned in my last article in the Nauritus (vol.

XXI, p. 75) where my daughter found it at East Warebam, was

among flags near the border of the Agawam river. The character

of the water may be understood from the fact that I was in mid-

stream examining Unio complanatus when she found P. salsa in the

same river. Last winter I took up a residence in Danvers, Mass.,

and have found FP. salsa here. Two localities reveal it; both are

spots where the water ebbs and flows, and not closed pot holes.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Danvers lies back of Salem and Beverly at the headwaters of a

branching bay. A few days ago I made a trip to Plum Island.

Leaving the train at Rowley, I found P. salsa in a small ditch close

to the railroad station. A half-mile further down Litorinella minuta

was abundant in closed pot holes, but P. salsa not there. I do not

recall finding the two in company, yet they are often near neighbors.

We now have a distribution of this species from the New Haven area

in Conn., to Rowley, Mass., just north of Cape Ann, and very near

the New Hampshire line.

A NEW CECUM.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

Caecum Johnsont n, sp.

Shell minute, tusk-shaped, slightly tapering, lightly curved, 24

mm. in length, $ to 3 of a millimeter in diameter. Apex plug pro-

trudes in a dome shape. Aperture circular, end of the tube at the

apex is at right angles to the longer axis of the cylinder. Aperture

end at an angle, sloping towards the convex side, color dull white to

horn color, surface marked by lines of growth, but not ribbed.

Dredged at Woods Hole, Mass., on gravel bottom in 2 to 3

fathoms. Easily mistaken for C. pulchellum. In size, color and form

it resembles that species but lacks the ribs, and the dome-shaped plug

in the apex is not seen in pulehellum. Types in Winkley collection.

It gives me much pleasure to name this shell for one who has

shown himself a lover of the science, and a friend to his fellow-

workers, Mr. C. W. Johnson, of the Boston Society of Natural

History.

A SMALL ADDITION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DANISH

MOLLUSCAN FAUNA.

BY HANS SCHLESCH, COPENHAGEN.

About 15 miles north of Copenhagen on the beautiful coast of the

Sound stands the pretty village of Rungsted, where many well-to-do

people from Copenhagen have their summer villas. Between

Rungsted and Horsholm (German Hirschholm) and a mile to the

THE NAUTILUS. 5d

west, where King Christian VI erected a castle, we find a woods

called ‘ Polehaven.” It was formerly used as a park for the now

demolished castle. In the edge of the woods opposite the railway

station of Rungsted and in the meadow between the woods and

Rungsted I found the species of mollusks mentioned below. My

friend Mr. Niels Petersen has assisted me in collecting these.

Limax maximus Linné, is very rare. I have also found some

other species of Zimaz, but up to now I have not been able to

determine them.

Vitrina pellucida Miller, is very common.

Arion empiricorum Ferussac is found over the whole place.

Besides Polita cellaria Miiller, some other species of Hyalina as

Conulus fulvus Miiller are found at both localities.

Punctum pygmaeum Drapar- Tacheah. v. fascis-transparenti

naud. bus (= v. albina).

Patula rotundata Miller. Helicogena pomatia Linné.

Vallonia pulchella Muller. Clausiliastra laminata Montagu.

Vallonia costata Muller. Clausiliastral.v. granulata Zieg-

Trichia hispida Linné. ler

Monacha incarnata Miller. Pirostoma bidentata Strom.

Eulota fruticum Muller. Pirostoma b. v. septentrionalis A.

Eulota f.v. fasciata Moq. Tand. Schmidt.

Eulotaf.v.alba-unifasciata Hesp. Pirostoma plicatula Draparnaud.

Eulota f. v. abina. Pirostoma pumila Ziegler.

Arianta arbustorum Linné. Napacus obseurus Miller.

Ariantaa.v.trochoidalis Roffiaen. Vertigo antivertigo Muller.

Ariantaa.v.roseolabiataSchlesch Vertigo pusilla Muller.

nov. var.' Vertigo angustior Jeffreys.

Arianta a. f. scalaris. One spe- Cochlicopa lubrica Muller.

cimen only. Succinea putris Linne.

Tachea nemoralis Linné.’ Succinea p. v. albina.

Tachea n. f. major. Succinea pfeiffert Rossmissler.

Tachea hortensis Miller. Succinea p. v. albina.

Tachea h. v. roseolabiata. Carychium minimum Miiller.

1The mouth brim is rose-colored as Zachea hortensis Miller var. roseolabiata

Rare.

2Mr. Niels Petersen has given me some specimens found at Rungsted, the

ribs of which are so marked that they look as if they belonged to Tachea

austriaca Mihlfeldt.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

MESESCHIZA GROSVENORII, LEA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

A few remarks on this subject in addition to the writer’s notes in

the Naurizus for May, 1901, may not be amiss, The Wabash

river was visited in August of the present year, at several places in

Posy county, Indiana. The writer was determined to find the form

described by Dr. Lea under the above name if it still existed.

On the ‘“‘ Chains”’ where a stream of water passed with consider-

able current, the young Angitrema armigera were in large numbers

on the under side of the rocks. Here the Meseschiza form was

found quite plentiful, and some three hundred specimens were taken.

It is a characteristic lot of young Angitrema armigera, with the ex-

ception of the notch in the lip, showing all the variations of color

markings. The notch varies as to development and location. Of

the specimens taken, twenty-five per cent. or more have the notch at

the perifery ; in many of these a line of lighter color is left to mark

the former positions of the notch, this line does not precede the notch

on any other part of the shell.

These notched forms were only found where the water had a

strong current; and it was not confined entirely to Angitrema

armigera, for specimens of Pleurocera and Vivipara subpurpurea

were taken in the same situation with the same peculiar notch.

Pyrgulopsis wabashensis was found on water plants in quiet water,

on moss-covered rocks and timbers where there was some current at

the water’s edge, and at the old dam near New Harmony they were

found in mid-stream, on rocks covered with a little moss and

sediment.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HAWAIIAN MARINE SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G. VANATTA.

BITTIUM HILOENSE n. sp. Fig. 1.

The shell has the usual oblong-turrite shape, and is uniform yel-

lowish gray-white except the swollen, slightly exserted first whorl,

THE NAUTILUS. 57

which is opaque white and smooth. Subsequent whorls are flattened

but separated by a deep suture, the earlier ones having two spiral

beaded cords. At the end of the first 34 to 4 whorls a third spiral

cord appears. The last whorl is rounded periferally, and has about

10 spiral cords, separated by spaces of about their own width; the

upper 5 or 6 are nodose at the intersections of low, narrow, vertical

folds, which do not extend below the perifery. The last whorl has

a low, rounded, rather massive varix behind the outer lip. Aperture

oval, produced in a short, deep channel at the base.

Length 3.34, diam. 1.39 mm.; whorls 64.

Hilo, Hawaii. Types no. 95906 A. N. S. P., collected by Mr.

D. Thaanum.

This tiny Bittvwn is somewhat related to B. leucocephalum Wat-

Lies le Fre. 2, Fie, 3.

son, described from the reef at Honolulu, from which it differs in

many details of shape and sculpture. Watson’s type is evidently an

immature shell, smaller than B. Ailoense, but it has 8 whorls, while

hiloense has but 64.

Torinia discoidea sterkii n. subsp. Fig. 2.

The shell is depressed, biconvex with flat perifery, widely umbili-

cate, the width of umbilicus contained 2.6 times in that of the shell.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

First whorl is smooth, convex and bicolored, a spiral deep reddish-

brown band half the width of the whorl revolving below the suture ;

on the second whorl this band spreads, becomes diluted, and finally

disappears. Last whorl grayish, with white and brown spots along

the periferal beaded cords. The last whorl has 5 beaded spiral

cords above, the first and fifth larger; a beaded spiral lies between

the two cords at the periferal angles. The base has 7 beaded spirals,

the outer one and three inner larger than the others. Suture chan-

neled. Alt. 2.3, diam. 4.6 mm.

Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, H. I. (F. Stearns). Types in the

collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, No.

93833,

Differs from typical 7. discoidea Pease in having one more spiral

row of beads on the upper surface of the whorls and in having a

small spiral row of beads between the two peripheral larger rows.

It is also darker in color. The type specimens were picked from

shell-sand by Dr. V. Sterki, in whose honor it is named. The same

form was taken at the Marquesas Islands by C. D. Voy.

TURBONILLA (CHEMNITZIA) THAANUMI n. sp. Fig. 8.

The shell is very slender, turrite, slowly tapering, a little more

rapidly so near the summit; somewhat translucent white. One

nuclear whorl is planorboid, its axis not quite at a right angle with

that of the shell, but a little oblique. Post-nuclear whorls are

sculptured with rounded ribs, slightly oblique and gently sigmoid,

equal to the intervals, and extending from suture to suture. On the

last whorl there are 22 axial ribs; and the intervals parting them

stop abruptly a short distance below the periphery, leaving the rest

of the base smooth. There is no spiral sculpture. The sutures are

deeply impressed ; whorls evenly convex. The aperture is about

one-fifth the total length, ovate. Columella nearly straight, some-

what concave below, gently convex above.

Length 3.1, diam. 0.82 mm.; post-nuclear whorls 84.

Hilo, Hawaii. Type no. 95907 A. N.S. P., collected by Mr. D.

Thaanum.

This species differs from the Hawaiian 7. decussata Pease by the

absence of spiral sculpture.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

NOTES.

Those interested in that most fascinating group, the Cephalopods,

are quite likely to overlook a recent interesting contribution to our

knowledge of the natural history of two of the larger species of

cuttlefish and squid. The reference is to a chapter called (some-

what misleadingly since largely occupied with an account of the

Californian octopus Polypus punctatus) ‘‘Ten Armed Game,” occu-

pying pp. 49-64 in Charles F. Holder’s book “ Big Game At Sea”’

(The Outing Publishing Co., 1908).

The book is an account of sporting experiences written for sports-

men and by no means pretends to be scientific, but bears internal

evidence that the author is quite aware not only of the difference be-

tween imagination and testimony to fact, but of the distinction be-

tween first and second-hand testimony. In short, one judges that

he has actually seen and done just about what he says he has—

though he does not purport to state with the accuracy of a trained

naturalist—and if so he has had experiences with giant forms of

cephalopods most rare to men sufficiently educated to put them

before the public.

There are three excellent full-page photographs, two of “ giant

octopi”’ from California (one ‘fifteen feet across ”’—7. e., tip to tip

of spread tentacles—the other, size not given, said in text to grow to

twenty-five or thirty feet), and one of a “large squid caught at

Avalon, Santa Catalina Ids.,” by the author. The latter picture is

extraordinary if not absolutely unique. It does not look ‘ faked,”

unless perhaps about the eye, and the animal appears fresh if not

actually alive, while the detail is clear. Unfortunately no measure-

ments are given, nor is there any object in the picture to serve as a

scale, while the text is annoyingly ambiguous. The author states

that the length of the largest squid actually handled and measured

by him was fifty feet (of which the long pair of tentacles made

thirty), but rather implies that this was a Newfoundland specimen,

presumably of Architeuthis princeps which Verrill has so elucidated.

Squids ranging from seven to eight feet in length are stated to be

common on the California coast, where they may be watched in

schools from boats—one would think with some slight misgivings if

the boat were very small. Probably the figure is of one of these,

though it somehow gives the impression of being larger—at all

events it is self-evidently not an Architeuthis.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Those interested must read the chapter for themselves and regret

its shortness and shortcomings, with the hope that the author may

give students the benefit of a more full and exact account of the re-

sults of his unusual opportunities in this direction.

Anyone who has ever studied living squids cannot but delight in

his simile of the sheet-ligktning of a setting thunder-storm for the

color-play of the chromatophores. At all events it bears the hail-

mark of genuine observation.—F. N. Batcu.

LOTORIUM FELIPPONEI x. sp. by H. von Ihering, Buenos Aires,

1908. Anew species of the “ Triton” pileare group is described

and figured in this paper, issued as a separate publication. It was

found at Maldanado, Uruguay, by Dr. Florentino Felippone, of

Montevideo.

Errata.—In the June number, the following corrections should

be made. Page 15, line 19, for “‘ [now Bergh] ” read [on Bergh].

P. 16, line 9, for ‘“*now” read ‘* non Coryphella bostoniensis

(Couth.).”’

Mrs. GrorGe ANDREWws died at her home, Circle Park, Knox-

ville, Tenn., on Saturday, September 5th. Many conchologists,

especially those of us whose activity in the science dates back twenty

years or more, were friends or correspondents of Mrs. Andrews, and

will hear of her death with sorrow. <A notice of Mrs. Andrews’s life

will follow.

Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss is exploring the mountains of Arizona for

land shells, ferns, etc., intending to return about the first of No-

vember.

Dr. Jonn B. TRASK, a pioneer of science on the West Coast, is

the subject of an interesting article by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns (Science,

Aug. 21). Trask went to California in 1850 and was one of the

little coterie who founded the California Academy of Science. He

discovered many mollusks, among other scientific labors, Eptphrag-

mophora traski, and several other species bear his name.

TELE ee) Noa: US.

VoL. XXII. NOVEMBER, 1908. ING a.

A GIGANTIC SOLEMYA AND A NEW VESICOMYA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In the course of the Albatross dredgings in the Philippines during

the period in which Dr. Paul Bartsch of the U.S. National Museum

was attached to the scientific staff of that vessel, a dredging was

made between the islands of Ticao and Masbate in 600 fathoms.

Among the objects obtained from this haul (station 5215) was the

fresh shell of a Solemya, which, compared with the previously known

species, may be regarded as enormous. Nothing remained of the

soft parts which had evidently been but recently lost.

Solemya (Acharazx) bartschit n. sp.

Shell subcylindrical, gaping at the ends and along the base, cov-

ered with a strong polished black periostracum which extends over

the margins, being continuous over the dorsal portion between the

valves and produced beyond the edges of the shelly portion, basally

about 40, in front about 35, and behind about 15 millimeters. In

life this produced periostracum, undoubtedly covers and protects’ the

portions of the surface of the animal not sheltered by the calcified

valves ; the margin at the anterior end is not split into strips cor-

responding to the radii of the shell as in the large American species

of the group, but preserves ifs continuity and is contracted margin-

ally so that in life it must closely cover the whole anterior end of the

animal, in a dome-like manner. Internally the ligament is wholly

62 THE NAUTILUS.

opisthodetic but in front of the beaks the periostracum is produced

inside the dorsal margin as well as externally. This interior exten-

sion covers a narrow strip of the thickened dorsal margin of each of

the valves, leaving about two-thirds of these pseudo-nymphs bare and

strongly radially grooved and striate, the radii diverging from the

dorsal margin of the valves slightly in front of the beaks, and doubt-

less serving to make more efficient the local attachment of the

periostracum, which is here thickened and expanded. The ligament

is wide and strong, external, but visible in the gap between the

valves behind the beaks and supported by heavily calcified nymphs.

Behind the nymphs the dorsal margin of the shell on each side ex-

hibits a long and conspicuous indentation. The valves are heavily

calcified, internally radiately striate, the ventral margin straight, the

dorsal margin nearly parallel to it except as modified by the nymphs,

the two valves touching only near the beaks, which are low but

swollen, the rather narrow dorsal interval between the valves being

covered by a continuous sheet of the thick periostracum. The

posterior muscular impression is of moderate size and obliquely

ovate, the anterior smaller, narrow and rhomboid in shape; the pal-

lial line is obscure and continuous, situated close to the margin of

the valves; externally the surface is smooth except for lines of

growth and a number of shallow, wide, radiating channels which

proceed from the beaks toward the margin of the valves, where they

produce a certain amount of undulation. Anteriorly there are eight,

posteriorly six of these channels, with a median space which has no

rays, and, on the basal margin of the valves, is about 50 mm. wide.

The beaks are about 75.0 mm., in front of the posterior end. The

shelly part of the valves is 191 mm. long (the total length including

periostracum is about 240 mm.), the height 62 mm. (with periostra-

cum about 100 mm.), and the estimated diameter of the valves in

life about 60 mm.

The perfect condition of this specimen enables us to understand

the origin and use of the striated and thickened area of the an-

terior dorsal margin of the values, already noted by me in S. (A.)

agassizti from the Gulf of Panama. ‘To preserve it in its present

satisfactory state it will be kept in alcohol.

With this remarkable specimen was obtained an interesting shell

of Vesicomya, also without the soft parts, which may be described as

follows :

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Vesicomya ticaonica n. sp.

Shell ovate, tumid, inequilateral, with the beaks within the anterior

fourth of the length, low, prosocoelous, tumid, overhanging a large

cordate lunule, of which the left valve carries a somewhat large por-

tion; surface rude, sculptured irregularly and strongly by incre-

mental lines; periostracum brownish, covering a livid whitish shell;

ligament rather long, set in a deep, narrow groove; hinge as usual in

the genus; interior chalky-white except the polished muscular im-

pressions ; pallial line broad, slightly irregular, with a feeble insinu-

ation below the posterior adductor scars; shell thin, margins entire.

Length 63, height 45, diameter 30, the beaks behind the anterior

end 15mm. The ligament is about 22, and the lunule 14 mm. in

length. The shell is more tumid and more attenuated in front of

the beaks than any other described species and exceeds most of them

in size.

THE MOLLUSCA OF MCLENNAN COUNTY, TEXAS.

BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR.

In 1883, Mr. Henry Hemphill sent a few species of shells from

Waco, to Dr. W. G. Binney. These specimens are now in the

Binney collection in the United States National Museum (see Manual

of American Land Shells, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 28, 1885,

pp- 477, 485, etc.). I have been unable to find any examples of

two of the species recorded, i. e., Praticolella griseola Pfr. and

Vitrea sculptilis Bland.

In Singley’s list of Texas Mollusca (Report Geol. Survey of

Texas, 1893, pp. 299-343) several species of McLennan county

shells are mentioned. I include Bulimulus d. schiedianus Pfr.

in my list on this authority, although I have not collected it personally.

Examples of all of the other species mentioned in this paper have

been collected by me during the past two years. Future investiga-

tions will doubtless bring others to light but as Jocal lists of Texas

1The records of these two species from Waco are in all probability erroneous ;

the specimens identified as griseola must bea thin form of P. berlandieriana, and

the supposed V. sculptilis is V. indentata umbilicata.—Ep.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

Mollusca are exceedingly few and far between, I feel that my list is

sufficiently complete for publication at this time.

During the present year, the heavy rises and great floods have

played havoc with the various species of univalves inhabiting our

smaller streams. In 1907 a light-colored variety of Planorbis

tumidus Pfr. was found in Waco Creek in countless thousands but

in July of the present year repeated visits to the most favorable

places on this stream failed to result in the finding of a single living

specimen.

In April, 1908, I collected a large number of examples of Lymnea

bulimoides techella Hald and Physa mexicana conoidea C. & F. ina

small stream flowing through Lindsey’s Hollow. As my time was

limited, I left the collecting of a still larger series until another time.

A month later, during the flood, all of the mollusks in the stream

were washed into the Brazos River.

On the other hand, the drying-up of most of the smaller water

courses in the latter part of the summer is also responsible for the

destruction of many species. In places along Hog Creek, during

the dry season, I have found thousands of fresh dead shells of Physa

forsheyt Lea, Planorbis bicarinatus Say and Planorbis tumidus Pfr.

lying together in one heap. In the same place, on a bed of sand and

gravel, I have found half-grown living examples of Anodonta im-

becilis Say. The bed of this stream, in some places, is composed of

pebbles and small boulders to a depth of 18 or 20 inches, and when

the naiads are left high and dry it is impossible for them to burrow

down to the line of moisture.

At Day’s Lake I have found living specimens of a variety of Unio

tetralasmus Say that must have been out of the water for several

months. They were half buried in a bank of dry earth about five

feet above the water line. This Unio is much more tenacious of life

than our species of Quadrula and Lampsilis, as a very few hours in

the sun usually suffices to kill them.

Thanks are due to Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit who kindly

identified most of the species on the list. Also to Mr. W. B.

Marshall, U. S. Natl. Mus. Washington, D. C., and Dr. W. S.

Strode, Lewistown, IIl., to whom the others were referred.

THE NAUTILUS.

Helicina orbiculata tropica Jan.

Praticolella berlandieriana Mor-

icand.

Praticolella griseola Pfr.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana sampsoni

Weth.

Polygyra mooreana W. G. B.

Polygyra texasiana Moricand.

Polygyra roemeri Pfr.

Polygyra monodon fraterna Say.

Bulimulus dealbatus liquabilus

Rve.

Bilimulus dealbatus mooreanus

Pfr.

Bulimulus' dealbatus — schiedi-

anus Pfr.

Strobilops labyrinthica _ texasi-

ana P. & F.

Pupoides marginatus Say.

Bifidaria armifera Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Bifidaria tappaniana C. B. Ad.

Bifidaria pentodon Say.

Bifidaria procera cristata P.& F.

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella

Pils.

Vitrea sculptilis Bland.

Vitrea indentata Say.

Vitrea indentata umbilicata

Singley.

Vitrea dalliana roemeri P. & F.

Euconulus fulvus Mull.

Euconulus chersinus trochulus

Reinh,

Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Zonitoides minusculus Binn.

Zonitoides singleyanus Pils.

Limax flavus Linn.

Philomycus carolinensis Bosc.

Pyramidula alternata Say.

Helicodiscus eigenmanni P. & F.

Punctum pygmeum Drap.

Succinea avara Say.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis liebmanni Pfr.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Planorbis tumidus Pfr.

Physa mexicana Ph.

Physa mexicana conoidea C. & F.

Physa forsheyi Lea.

Physa rhomboidea Crandall.

Physa osculans Hald.

Amnicola peracuta P. & W.

Lymnza desidiosa Say, ( Variety?)

Lymnea bulimoides techella Hald.

Calyculina transversa Say.

Tritogonia tuberculata Barnes.

Quadrula forsheyi Lea.

Quadrula aurea Lea.

Quadrula pustulosa Lea. (Smooth

variety.)

Anodonta imbecilis Say.

Lampsilis gracilis Barnes.

Lampsilis purpuratus Lamarck.

( Variety.)

Lampsilis berlandieri Lea.

riety.)

Lampsilis anodontoides Say.

Lampsilis parvus Barnes.

Lampsilis texasensis Lea.

Lampsilis ventricosus satur Lea.

(Va-

Lampsilis levissimus Lea.

Plagiola macrodon Lea.

Unio tetralasmus Say.

Unio tetralasmus manubius Say.

Unio tetralasmus camptodon Say.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

Polygyra mooreana W. G. B.

Near the gravel pit north of Waco, I found two adult and three

juvenile specimens of a variety of this species with a hirsute epi-

dermis. Three of these were found under arock lying at the foot of

gravel bank. A fourth was attached to the under side of a plank

lying across a spring about three or four yards away. The fifth ex-

ample was crawling around in the damp grass about a yard from the

spring. In the living specimen, the hairs are very conspicuous and

stand straight out from the shell. Living examples of the ordinary

type were afterwards found on all the surrounding elevations, but

the hirsute variety seems to be confined to the vicinity of the spring.

Limaz flavus L.

This species is now common, but must have been introduced

within the last three years. Prior to that time a great many slugs

were collected by students of the Biological Department of Baylor

University. These are now inthe University Museum, and all prove

to be specimens of the native species Philomycus carolinensis Bosc.

Most of my examples of Z. flavus were captured during the spring of

the present year.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

This pond snail is rare. All of the examples I have seen came

from Day’s Lake about five miles notheast of Waco.

Planorbis tumidus Pfr.

This species is our most abundant Planorbis. A large, light-

colored variety was formerly abundant in Waco Creek. A small,

depressed form is found in Hog Creek in considerable numbers.

Physa sp.

Imperfect specimens of an indeterminate Physa were picked out

of drift material on the Middle Bosque River. The spire was broken

in all these specimens and while Bryant Walker stated that he was

certain that they were different from anything that I had sent him

before, he was unwilling to attempt to name them until he could ex-

amine more perfect material.

Lymnea sp.

We have at least one other species of Lymnea but of this form only

juvenile examples, too young for determination, have been collected.

Quadrula pustulosa Lea.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

A smooth variety of this species is found associated with Quadrula

aurea Lea. In this variety there are only a few small pustules near

the umbones and in some specimens even these are lacking. Speci-

mens identified by F. C. Baker and Bryant Walker. Several pus-

tulous shells of this species that were supposed to have been collected

in this county, prove to have come from southern Illinois.

Lampsilis purpuratus Lamarck (Variety).

A number of shells from near Mussel Island in the North Bosque

River were first identified as typical ZL. purpuratus Lk. Later ex-

amples of the same type were identified as typical L. berlandiert by

Dr. W.S. Strode and Mr. Bryant Walker. The last-mentioned

gentleman found three different forms in a second sending from the

same locality. These he designates as

Lampsilis berlandieri Lea.

Lampsilis berlandieri Lea var.

Lampsilis purpuratus Lamarck var.

The variety of L. berlandiert Lk., is very variable in the color of

the nacre which ranges from white, through pink and salmon, to

dark purple. These shells were found in the ripples above Mussel

Island while the examples of the typical form and the specimens of

L. purpuratus var., were found in a large bed some distance below.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF ACHATINELLIDAE, FROM THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY D. D. BALDWIN.

- Partulina winniei n. sp.

Shell sinistral, subperforate, rather thin, elongately conical, apex

subacute; surface shining, striated with fine growth lines, and under

a lens showing very close and delicate decussating spiral striz ;

nuclear whorls faintly decussated. Color white, striped and mottled

irregularly with longitudinal dark brown streaks; apex white.

Whorls 6, slightly convex, margined above. Aperture oblique,

oval, purplish-white within. Peristome acute, thickened within,

columellar margin reflexed. Columella terminating in a slight,

flexuous, white fold.

Length 16; diam. 8 mm.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Habitat, Kahakuloa, West Maui.

This shell is the Maui counterpart of Part. theodoret, Bald., a

much larger shell found on the Island of Molokai.

Named in honor of Miss Winnie of Walluku, Maui.

Partulina mutabilis, n. sp.

Shell dextral or sinistral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid,

acuminately conical, apex subacute ; surface shining, marked with

delicate incremental striz, under a lens exhibiting very close decus-

sating, spiral strie; apical whorls smooth. Color varying from

pure white to dark fulvous, often variously striped with brown lines

and bands, some on the base and others spiral. Whorls 6, convex,

margined above, suture well impressed. Aperture oblique, oval,

white within, columella margin reflexed. Peristome acute, thick-

ened within. Columella terminating in a well-developed, flexuous

white fold.

Length 16; diam. 10 mm.

Habitat, Waichu Valley, West Maui.

This shell seems to be the Maui counterpart of Partulina varia-

bilis, Ne. a larger shell which is found on the neighboring island of

Lanai.

Laminella duoplicata, n. sp.

Shell sinistral, sometimes slightly perforated, thin, elongately con-

ical, apex obtuse; surface shining, marked with fine growth striz,

nuclear whorls smooth. Color light yellow, marked with somewhat

regular black lineations, apex black, whorls six, convex; suture

well impressed. Aperture a little oblique, oval, white within.

Peristome simple, very thin. Columella white, biplicate, the

terminal plication a thin, oblique lamellar plait, the inner one less

prominent.

Length 12; diam. 6 mm.

Habitat, Waichu Valley, West Maui.

This and the following species are important additions to the

Laminelle of Maui. The only previously described Maui species of

this section are Lam. picta, Migh., Lam. alexandri, Ne. and Lam.

erecta Pse.

Laminella aspera, n. sp.

Shell sinistral, minutely perforated, thin, conical, apex obtuse,

THE NAUTILUS. 69

surface exhibiting very coarse and irregular growth striz. Color

yellow, plain or marked with irregular black lineations, apex black.

Whorls 6, convex; suture well impressed. Aperture a little oblique,

sub-rotund, yellowish within. Peristome simple, very thin. Colum-

ella white, biplicate, not prominent.

Length 10; diam. 7 mm.

Habitat, Wailuku valley, West Maui.

This species is remarkable for the very coarse and irregular growth

striz exhibited on its surface.

Cotypes of these species deposited in the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

will be figured in the next volume of the Manual of Conchology.

THE MIOCENE SPECIES OF LYMNAEA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Dec., 1906, I described two small

species of Lymne@a from the miocene beds of Florissant. In 1907,

at station 1, I found a much larger species, unfortunately not in the

best state of preservation. I hoped to find more material in 1908,

but as none was obtained, a description from the original type is now

offered.

Lymnea florissantica, n. sp.

Length 21 mm.; diameter about 104; spire short, scarcely over 5

mm. long, the whorls moderately convex; body-whorl not very con-

vex, with coarse, shallow, vertical grooves. In Baker’s key in his

Mollusca of the Chicago Area, it runs nearest to Z. palustris, but it

is not at all like that species. It is in reality a miocene representa-

tive of L. emarginata. In Mr. O. O. Nylander’s series of figures of

L. emarginata (published by the author in a pamphlet, 1901),

it closely resembles Pl. 1, f. 7, except that it is distinctly more

slender, and the base is narrower, about as in fig. 8, though the rest

of the shell is not at all like fig. 8.

The following table separates the miocene species of Lymnaea.

Spire short and rather obtuse,

body-whorl large.) (tae 1.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Spire rather or quite long, acute,

the apexislender .) 04). e))))-2.

1. Length over 20 mm., apparently

related to L.emarginata. . . LL. florissantica, n. sp.

Length 6 mm. or less, perhaps

related to L. catascopium . . L. scudderi Ckll.

2. Small species, about 8 mm. long,

closely related to L. truncatula . L. sieverti Ckll.

Larger species, over 18 mm. long. 3.

3. Smaller, aperture about half

length of shell ; apparently re-

lated to LZ. palustris . . . . L. shumardi Meek & Hayden.

Larger, aperture over half length

of shell; apparently related

to L. stagnalis. . . . « « LZ. meekii Evans & Shumard,

L. shumardi and meekiti are from the White R. beds; the others

are from Florissant. Zymn@a was extraordinarily well developed

in the Oligocene of Britain. As my memory serves me it seems

that the minor modern groups were already well marked, and it may

be considered probable that the types of L. stagnalis, palustris and

truncatula, at least, were developed first in the old world, and reached

America during the tertiary period. This is also suggested by the

fact that the older (Laramie and Eocene) American species of

Lymnea do not suggest the modern circumpolar groups.

FALSE SHELLS.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

Among the many specimens received from young collectors for

determination there are occasionally non-molluscan forms so closely re-

sembling shells, that they have been mistaken for mollusks; in fact,

they have even deceived some of the more experienced concholo-

gists.

In the more primitive crustacea, including the Phyllopoda, espe-

cially in the family Hstheriid@ and the Cladocera and Ostracoda, the

carapace is largely developed and forms a broad oval shell covering

THE NAUTILUS. 71

entirely or most of the body, and divided into right and left halves,

and hinged together on the dorsal line, thus giving the appearance

of a bivalve mollusk.

Some of the insects also afford interesting examples. The larve

of several species of caddice-flies, including the genus Helicopsyche,

make spiral cases in which they live clinging to the rocks and

stones in rapidly flowing streams. The little spiral cases composed of

grains of sand, fastened together with silken threads resemble so

closely the form of a Trochus or Valvata that Swainson (Treatise on

Malacology, p. 353, f. 113, 1840), described one as the Thelidomus

braziliensis, placing it in the family Trochidae, sub-family Rotelline.

Dr. Isaac Lea (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., iv, 104, pl. xv, f. 33, 1830),

described a similar larva case as Valvata arentfera.

In the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, xxi, p. 1, 1884, Robert

McLachlan describes and figures an ‘extraordinary heliciform

lepidopterous larva case from East Africa.”” These closely resem-

ble a high-spired Helix or Vivipara, both sinistral and dextral.

The larva case of an allied species of Southern Europe, Psyche

(Cochloplanes) helix is also figured, having the form of a small

irregular helicoid shell. Larve of the genus Microdon of the dip-

terous family Syrphide@ have twice been described as land mollusks.

Numerous worm tubes of the family Serpulide formed by

species of Ditrupa and Pomatoceras have frequently been described

as Dentalium (see Pilsbry and Sharp, Manual Conch., xvii, 240).

NOTES.

CAUGHT IN A LIVING TRAP.—In the window of a Salem, Mass.,

store may be seen a unique sight, that of a kingfisher held tightly

in the grip of a mussel. The story is this:

This forenoon patrolman Michael J. Little while crossing Beverly

bridge, saw the bird fluttering on the flats, and he asked a fisher-

man to investigate. The latter went to the spot and there found the

bird drowned.

It had swooped down and poked its bill into the open shell of a

mussel, which suddenly closed on the bill of the bird. ‘There the

the two remained, until the incoming tide drowned the bird. Hun-

dreds have viewed the singular sight today.—(Boston Globe).

72 THE NAUTILUS.

Marryn’s Universat ConcnoLocy.—lIn the course of his very

instructive paper on ‘*‘ Thomas Martyn and the Universal Concholo-

gist,” in the Proc. U. S. N. M., xxix, 1905, Dr. William H. Dall

writes as follows (p. 425), “ I am not aware of any other copies of the

“‘ Universal Conchologist ’’ in America than the one I have described

[a copy in the U. S. National Museum comprising the first eighty

plates] and a similar copy in the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia. Later in his ‘‘ Supplementary Notes, ete.,” in the

same Proceedings, vol. xxxili, 1907, p. 185, Dr. Dall describes a

third copy in the possession of Mr. John B. Henderson, Jr., of Wash-

ington, likewise consisting of eighty plates, ‘‘ elegantly bound.”

It may be of interest to readers of THE NAUTILUS, especially those

residing on the Pacific Coast, to know that there is a fourth copy of

this rare work in the library of the Leland Stanford Junior University.

This copy comprises all four volumes of the work, including beautiful

impressions of the entire 161 plates, and is complete save for the ex-

planatory table for the plates of the third volume. The series was

the gift of Mr. Timothy Hopkins, and in this case, also, each volume

is ‘elegantly bound.’”’ A copy of the prospectus of the work, simi-

lar to the one described by Dr. Dall is laid into the first volume.

Beyond this the copy agrees very well with those already described

by Dr. Dall. S. S. Berry.

HELIX ARBUSTORUM var. ROSEOLABIATA.—The var. roseolabt-

ata, described as new by Mr. Schlesh in Naurixus, October, p. 55,

is var. roseolabiata Roberts, described from the British Islands many

years ago. T. D. A. CocKERELL.

Mr. J. H. Ferriss, who has been getting snails, ferns and health

in the Chiricahua range, Arizona, expects to return about Novem-

ber 15th. He has not yet turned up the multicornis—a shell re-

ported to be as big as a tin-cup, with horns—but he has found many

other good things.

rt ‘

a Ad

had)

~~ BG AS wld” Dy es

war eye, Zz _ ia 54 7 i es

BS et Sap Ary c~ Ar =

~f — wast ,

oer

THE NAUTILUS, XXII. PLATE Ve

ERENT

ASS

ALDRICH: NEW EOCENE MOLLUSCA. -

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXII. DECEMBER, 1908. No. 8.

A NEW HAWAIIAN KALIELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G VANATTA.

KALIELLA GAETANO! RB. sp. Fig. 1.

The shell is perforate, thin, cream-white (the specimens being

fossil). Spire straightly conic, the apex rather obtuse. First 14

whorls white, smooth and convex; following whorls are flattened,

finely, rather weakly and irregularly

striate radially, the base being irreg-

ularly radially striate, with fine micro-

scopic engraved spiral lines. Whorls

54, very slowly widening, the last

acutely carinate, this carina showing

immediately above the suture as a

narrow seam. The base is convex.

The aperture is narrow, truncate at the ends, basal and parietal

margins parallel. Columellar margin is short, subvertical, with the

edge narrowly expanded.

Alt. 2.87; diam. 4.84 mm.

Palihoukapapa, Hawaii, fossil. Type No. 95779 A. N.S. P.,

from No. 4730 of Mr. D. Thaanum’s collection.

Kaliella subtilissima (Gld.) and K. konaensis Sykes are both less

elevated species, otherwise related. Named for the discoverer of the

Hawaiian Islands,

74 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW EOCENE FOSSILS FROM ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

KELLIA INTERSTRIATA 2D. sp. PI. v, figs. 1, 2.

Shell orbicular, slightly inequilateral, very much the shape of a

tumid Diplodonta, surface smooth except in the medial part where it

is distinctly striated. These striae are rather coarse, extending to

the basal margin, but they stop at the umbo. Beaks rounded, fairly

prominent, pointing inward, and terminate directly above one of the

semi-laterals; no lunule. Dentition normal. Length, breadth and

thickness about 5 mm.

Locatity. Enterprise, Miss. Top of Burrstone.

RemMarKS: This shell has the general shape and outline of K.

suborbicularis, Mont., also a similar dentition. It is peculiar in

carrying the medial striations.

Kellia prima Aldr. is a Bornia according to Prof. W. H. Dall.

CANCELLARIA? SOTOENSIS n. sp. PI. v. fig. 3.

Shell small, whorls about seven, the first two and a half embryonic

and smooth, the cancellation beginning on the second half of the

third whorl: the remaining whorls strongly cancellated, the body

whorl contains 12 spiral lines, while the longitudinals are nearly

three times as many; slightly nodular at the intersection points,

suture very deep. Whorls strongly rounded. Base somewhat

rounded. Aperture oblong, outer lip denticulated within, inner lip

rather twisted, and carrying a small fold near the base. Umbilicus

not entirely closed.

Length 8 mm.; width body whorl 3 mm.

Locarity. De Soto, Miss. Claibornian.

Remarks: This little shell is more slender in shape than the

drawing shows, and the suture is much more deeply impressed. It

has somewhat the aspect of a Scala.

CoRBULA CLARKEANA n. sp. PI. vy, figs. 4, 5.

Shell small, medium thickness, valves moderately inflated. Beaks

not very prominent, polished, a groove running from beaks to base in

the largest specimens, nearly in the middle of the shell. Valves

marked with a few impressed lines of growth wide apart; the outer

THE NAUTILUS. 75

surface having a polisked look; smooth internally, cardinal tooth

large, projecting.

Lon. 34 mm.; alt. 3 mm.

Locaity. Wood's Bluff, Ala.

Remarks: This little shell differs from any Corbula known to

the writer by its polished appearance, and its few impressed lines,

rare. One small valve does not have any depression running from

beak to base, but is quite regularly rounded.

Arca (BARBATIA) LIGNITIFERA n. sp. _ PI. v, figs. 6, 7.

Shell small, thin, extremities rounded, moderately convex, beaks

small and flattened ; surface marked by many radial riblets crossed by

irregularly spaced lines of growth; a depressed area running from

beaks to base nearly central; valves smooth internally, but showing

faint lines corresponding to some of the riblets. Hinge line long,

slightly curved; the hinge carries four close-set teeth anteriorly,

next a short vacant space, and then ten to thirteen small teeth,

larger and more nearly parallel to the hinge line as they approach

the posterior.

Lon. 5 mm.; alt. 3 mm.

Locaity. Six miles east of Thomasville, Ala., Wood’s Bluff

horizon.

SIGARETUS (EUNATICINA) ERECTOIDES n. sp. PI. vy, figs. 8, 9.

Shell small, thin, whorls five rapidly enlarging, apex somewhat

twisted ; the first two whorls smooth, the others covered with very

numerous fine raised lines which become coarser on the body whorl.

Aperture oblong, nearly twice as long as broad ; outer lip slightly

thickened ; umbilicus channeled, and slightly open.

Lon. 64 mm.; diam. 4 mm,

Locauity. De Soto, Miss., Claibornian.

REMARKS: This little shell has very much the form of a small

Succinea, and resembles in miniature the living forms of the subgenus.

VERTICORDIA (HALIRIS) GRANULOIDES n. sp. PI. y, fig. 10.

Shell small, rather rotund, surface with numerous rounded ribs,

about nineteen in the type; they are granulated under a glass, and

rather scabrous between the ribs, especially on the anterior. Pos-

terior slope slightly angulated; basal margin crenulated. ‘The ribs

76 THE NAUTILUS.

also show through the body of the shell. Beak small and smooth,

the cardinal tooth strongly projecting.

Lon. 24 mm.; alt. 24 mm.

LocaLity. Wood’s Bluff, Ala.

REMARKS: This species is mentioned by Prof. Dall as Verticor-

dia sp.indet. The description is made from a good specimen found

by the writer. The shell is rather small for even this genus.

ACTEON POMILIUS Con., var. MULTANNULATUS. n. var. PI. v.

fig. 11.

The specimen here figured differs from the typical form by having

much more numerous raised lines with shallower interspaces. The

spire is higher and the shell more slender. The Acteon found by me

at Wood’s Bluff is different from the form figured by Prof. G, D.

Harris, not having any smooth space on the body-whorl. These so-

called species appear to belong in one basket.

Height 9 mm.; diam. 6 mm.

LocaLity. Six miles east of Thomasville, Ala., Wood’s Bluff

beds.

LEPTON VAUGHANI n. sp. PI. V, fig. 12.

Shell small, surface smooth and shining ; lines of growth very fine,

shell rather triangular in shape, longer than high; slightly inequila-

teral. Muscular scars showing, the posterior one rather long and

narrow.

Long. 3 mm. ; alt. 2 mm.

Locatity. Wood’s Bluff, Ala.

Remarks: This species seems to be an undoubted member of

this genus, as it has the proper dentition ; some specimens are equi-

lateral. Named in honor of T. Wayland Vaughn of the U. S. Geo-

logical Survey. This seems to be the first Lepton found in the

Eocene.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Bifidaria (Chenazis) tuba subsp. intuscostata.

Differs from the type, externally, by its larger size, length 4, diam.

2 mm. and the greater number of whorls, 63. The smallest normal

THE NAUTILUS. 77

ehell measured is 34x 14 mm. with about 54 whorls, and the largest

44x 2 mm. with 62 whorls. Internally there is a strong lamella on

the columella, which can only be seen by breaking the shell, about 2

whorls long in fully adult shells. Examination of a large number of

shells of all ages shows that this lamella is a mark of maturity, as it

does not appear until after the angular, parietal and outer columellar

lamelle have begun to form.

The arrangement and number of the other lamelle and plice are

the same as in the type, with the usual variation as to extra denticles,

ordinarily seen in Bzfidarta. The body whorl is decidedly angular at

the umbilicus, and flattened below the periphery.

Foothills of the Plumosa Range, about eight miles east of Quartz-

site, Yuma county, Arizona, in drift. Collected by Mr. Geo. S.

Hutson.

Type No. 5769 of my collection. Cotypes in Academy Natural

Sciences, Philadelphia, and U. S. National Museum.

In the peck or more of drift from which these shells were picked,

there were only two other species, Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. and

Pupoides marginatus (Say), with not even a fragment of anything

else.

In the Eagle Tail Mountains, twelve miles north of Kofa, Yuma

county, at an altitude of about 2,000 feet, Mr. Hutson found a form

which is apparently intermediate between the type and intuscostata,

in that the columellar lamella is weaker and does not extend in so

far. This is probably the form referred to by Pilsbry in Proc.

A. N.S., 1906, page 146, taken by the late Dr. Ashmun at Tempé,

Maricopa county. The habitat given by Hutson is: “In moist

places among piles of loose rock covered by decaying cactus. Asso-

ciated with these were also Bif. hordeacella and P. marginatus.

The finding of this species in Cochise, Maricopa and Yuma

counties, shows a distribution of B. tuba clear across the territory.

ASHMUNELLA KOCHII 0. sp.

Shell very much depressed, almost flat above, convex below, car-

inated, the carina about in the plane of the upper surface; sutures

well impressed, whorls 54; surface almost smooth, with faint and

closely-set incremental lines; nuclear whorl and a half finely granu-

lated ; base convex, flattened around the umbilical region ; umbilicus

deep, about 14 mm. wide, showing a full turn of the penultimate

78 THE NAUTILUS.

whorl, termination of the body-whorl sharply descending at the

aperture to about the middle of the whorl. Aperture very oblique ;

lip obtusely angled and almost perpendicular below the middle of

the whorl; strongly constricted behind the reflected lip; peristome

well expanded above, narrower below, somewhat flexuous, united

over the body by a thin callus; parietal lamella two, converging,

but not united at the inner end into a V; the lower lamella stout,

sinuous, the outer end bent sharply towards the umbilicus; the

upper lamella low, narrow and straight, starting near the upper in-

settion of the lip and terminating back of the front end of the lower

lamella; basal part of the peristome with two strong lamelle trans-

verse to the lip, the upper ends converging and united at the base

on the lip, forming a U; a broader and less transverse lamella set

more deeply within the aperture on the upper lip, a small internal

lamella on the base of the body whorl about three or four mm. long,

showing faintly through the shell.

Greater diameter 204, lesser 18, alt. 62mm. Black Mountain,

at the southern end of the San Andreas Range, Donna Ana county,

New Mexico, at an elevation of about 6,800 feet.

This interesting shell was first collected by Mr. Walter E. Koch

over a year ago. He sent me one perfect and one broken shell.

Lately he has sent me three additional specimens, also dead. He

reports dead shells quite plentiful in the crevices of a limestone cliff,

but was unable to find living ones. I take great pleasure in naming™

the shell after him.

Type no. 5765 of my collection.

A. kochit is undoubtedly closely related to A. mearnsii, but is

very much larger, more strongly carinated, and differs markedly in

the umbilical region.

Both of these species will be figured on plate VI, to appear next

month.

NOTES ON THE GENUS STROBILOPS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The small forest-snails known as Strobilops are spread throughout

all parts of North America east of the Rockies where sylvan condi-

tions prevail, from Canada to Florida, Mexico and Central America.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Southward the genus extends to Venezuela, and even to the Gala-

pagos Islands, if I am right in referring the little snail described as

Endodonta helleri Dall to this genus.

For many years similar snails have been known from the European

Tertiaries, beginning with the Eocene and running up with numer-

ous species through the Miocene, when the group apparently died

out in that region, though many of its companion groups survived.’

Pére Heude, the keen and brilliant Jesuit missionary-naturalist,

described the first Asiatic Strodi/ops,in his memoirs on Chinese

snails, under the name Helix diodontina. He did not recognize its

kinship with other forms of Strodilops, nor has this been noticed by

any other author until the present year, when the receipt of specimens

of a Strobilops from Korea gave occasion for referring the Chinese

H. diodontina to its proper genus. The Korean species, which I

have decribed as Strobilops hirasez,? is conic, like most American

species, but it is simply striate instead of being ribbed. Quite lately

a third Asiatic species has been sent by Mr. Hirase, discovered in

the main island of Japan. It will be described in the Japanese

Conchological Magazine. The finding of three species, in China,

Korea and Japan, indicates Eastern Asia as another evolution-center

for species of Strobilops. Probably still more will turn up there as

the country is further explored.

But this is not all. Several years ago Dr. O. von Moellendorff

described several small snails from the Philippine Islands under the

generic name Plectopylis: P. quadrasi with a variety brunnescens

from Luzon, and P. trochospira from Bohol. In his able and ex-

haustive work on Plectopylis,?5 Mr. G. K. Gude has erected a sub-

genus Lnteroplax for these species, rightly holding that they differ

markedly from true Plectopylis. In reality, these Philippine snails

are nothing more or less than Strobilops, having the form, sculpture,

peristome and internal armature of this genus, the entering lamelle

or cords on the parietal wall being minutely nodose, as in American

and East Asiatic Strobilops. These Philippine species will stand as

Strobilops quadrasi (Mlldff,) and Strobilops trochospira (Mlldff.).

1The identification of S. labyrinthica as a European fossil, recorded in Wood-

ward’s Manual and copied in some American works, iserroneous, The foreign

species is quite distinct.

*The Magazine of Conchology, II, p. 39, figs. Y. Hirase, Kyoto, 1908,

*The Armature of Helicoid Land Shells, Science Gossip, 1899, p. 149.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

As to the place of origin of Strobilops we have no reliable data.

The presence of typical forms of the genus in the Eocene shows that

the group is a very old one, evolved in the Mesozoic. It is, more-

over, strikingly distinct from all other genera, and wonderfully con-

servative in general morphology. Until information from Mesozoic

strata comes to hand, we can only surmise with some probability that

Strobilops arose somewhere in the northern hemisphere. It probably

overran the entire Holarctic realm a long time ago, pushing south-

ward into the Oriental region and the American tropics at a time

remote enough to permit the evolution of strongly marked species in

these areas.

ANOTHER LARGE MIOCENE SCALA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Mr. W. W. Atwood of the U. S. Geological Survey has been

making a study of the Miocene strata of Alaska Peninsula and the

Shumagin Islands during the past summer, and collected a number

of interesting fossils. Among these is a specimen of a species of

Scala, or Epitonium, belonging to the group of giant Scalidae which

is so characteristic of the Miocene of Oregon and some other parts of

the Pacific coast. The list comprised the following species already

described and figured.

Opalia rugifera Dall,

Arctoscala condoni Dall,

Catenoscala oregonensis Dall ;

together with the species about to be described. The type of Arcto-

sealu is A. greenlandica Perry, a recent species. Opalia rugifera is

a member of the group represented in the San Diego Pliocene by

O. varicostata Stearns, and in the recent fauna by O. borealis Gould.

Catenoscala is a new group in which the anterior third of the whorl

is covered with a thick layer of enamel.

Epitonium (Acrilla) atwoodi n. sp.

Shell large, with rotund whorls rapidly increasing in size; sur-

face covered with a low reticulate sculpture comprising low axial

lamellz, about 1.5 mm. apart on the periphery of the whorls, slightly

THE NAUTILUS. 81.

retractive, pinched together and more prominent, and slightly angu-

larly bent, at the suture; these are crossed by low rounded threads,

with wider interspaces, about a dozen on the penultimate whorl

between the sutures ; the surface is also finely sharply axially striate ;

the aperture is rounded, the outer lip slightly reflected and crenulate

by the spiral threads, but not thickened; whorls more than five,

closely adjacent; base (?); max. diam. 34; diam. at the truncate

apex 10.0; alt. of five whorls (the apex lost) about 60.0 mm.

The type specimen of this fine species, consisting of internal and

external casts, was collected about five miles south of the head

of Port Moller, in the pass leading across Alaska Peninsula called

Low Pass Cafion, U. S. Nat. Mus. 111072. LIllustrations are in

preparation.

(Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological

Survey.)

DESCRIPTION OF A MEXICAN LAMPSILIS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND L. S. FRIERSON.

Lampsilis iridella P. & F.

The shell is oblong, wider posteriorly, with the beaks at the ante-

rior two-ninths of the length; anterior end rounded ; posterior part

sloping above, subtruncate at the end, compressed below the hinge.

Surface glossy, smoothish, obliquely corrugated along the posterior

slope (but sometimes very indistinctly so), and usually having a group

of short impressed lines or furrows vertical to the basal margin, near

the middle of the disk. Of a dull straw or pale greenish color, pro-

fusely marked with green rays, which are usually quite distinct and

narrow. The valves are thin, nacre bluish silvery, very iridescent

posteriorly. Cardinal teeth small, a single rather stout one in the

right valve, two more compressed and generally subequal teeth in

the left valve. Lateral teeth very narrow, double in the left, single

in the right valve.

Length 49, alt. 26, diam. 15 mm.

Valles, Mexico. Type no. 93810 A. N.S. P., collected by

Mr. A. A. Hinkley. Cotypes in collections of Hinkley and Frierson.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

_ L. irtdella, Navutitus, XXII, no. 8, pl. 12, two lower right

hand figs.

This species was decided to be new when we studied Mr. Hinkley’s

Mexican shells in 1907, and so indicated in correspondence between

the authorsand Mr. Hinkley. It was figured as Lampsilis tridella in

this journal for December, 1907. It is related to V. poped and U.

medellinus (see Nautitus, Nov., 1907, p. 80).

In this connection attention may be called to the newly-described

Lampsilis salinasensis Simpson, in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

1908, p. 181, pl. 30, f. 3, type loc., Salinas River, Coahuila, also

reported from Valles River, Valles, Mexico. This form is closely

related to L. fimbriata Frierson, from the same place, figured on the

same plate of the NauriLus with L. iridella.

NOTES.

A NOTE ON THE TYPE LOCALITY OF PALUDESTRINA SALSA, AT

ConasseET, MASS.—The largest and finest specimens were found on

rocks and eel-grass in about a foot of water and not more than three

hundred yards from where the creek empties into Cohasset harbor.

A dam and tide gates over which the salt water flows for only one or

two hours at the top of each tide prevent the water at the spot where

the shells were found from being as salty as one would expect, while

a considerable amount of fresh water received by the upper part of

the creek flows out on top of the salt water without mixing with it

completely. Therefore the surface water is only brackish, not salt,

and forms every winter very good black ice almost to the dam.

Specimens were also found on floating plants about a mile further up

the creek where the water has practically no salt in it. Dr. Pilsbry

had specimens from both localities at the time he described the

species OWEN Bryant.

VALVATA HUMERALIS CALIFORNICA n. subsp. The shell is

much more depressed than V. humeralis, the last whorl descending

less; whorls convex below the suture, not flattened there as V.

humeralis is. Alt. 2.7, diam. 4 mm. Bear Lake, San Bernardino

Mts., California, collected by Mr. S. S. Berry—H. A. Pirssry.

HERON HELD PRISONER BY CLAM. BLoomssure, Pa.—Walk-

THE NAUTILUS. 83

ing along the river at Beach Haven, Augustus Remaley saw a fine

specimen of blue heron evidently unable to fly. Attracted by the

beautiful bird’s distress, he discovered that a clam or fresh water

mussel had closed tightly about one of the bird’s toes and held it so

securely that it could not get away. In the bird’s mouth was a

small fish._— VV. Y. Herald, Aug. 16, 1908.

Typre OF AMPULLA BoLTEN.—This name, proposed in the Mu-

seum Boltenianum p. 110, for species of Achatina, Limicolaria and

Halia, evidently has precedence for some part of this assemblage. I

propose to restrict it to the last genus, Ampulla priamus Bolt. being

the type.—H. A. Pitssry.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF LiTTORINA.—‘ The eggs of L. litorea,

each enclosed ina hat-sliaped capsule, are laid freely on the shore,

not aggregated together in a gelatinous mass. There are trocho-

sphere and veliger stages. ZL. /itorea lives down in the zone of La-

minaria and Fucus serratus. JL. obiusata lives higher among Fucus

vesiculosus ; its larva leaves the egg as a veliger. JL. rudis and L.

nerttoides, which live near high-water mark, are both viviparous.

Thus the genus exhibits three stages in the evolution of the land

from marine mollusca, with the suppression of larval forms with suc-

cessive specialisations of habit.”_-M. M. Tatrersatt, M. Sc., in

The Irish Naturalist, Nov. 1908, p. 238.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

REPORTS ON THE DREDGING OPERATIONS OFF THE WEST COAST

OF CENTRAL AMERICA TO THE GALAPAGOS, TO THE WeEsT COAST

oF MEXICO, AND IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA * * * BY THE

U. S. Fisa Commission STEAMER “ ALBATROSS” DURING 1891.

REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO

THE EASTERN TROPICAL PaciFi¢, ETC., ‘‘ ALBATROSS,” 1904—’05.

By Witrt1amM Hearey Darr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xliii, no. 6,

October, 1908.

The dredging operations of the “Challenger,” ‘‘ Blake ”’ and “ Al-

batross”’ have made us reasonably familiar with the deep water fauna

of the western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and Gulf, but hitherto prac-

tically nothing has been known of the deep water fauna off the west-

84 THE NAUTILUS.

ern shores of Middle and South America, with which this Report

deals. A comparison of the two faunas reveals many interesting

facts. The known fauna of the eastern Pacific deep sea contains

about 300 species of mollusks, belonging to 134 generic and subgen-

eric groups. ‘The Antillean region possesses 174 groups and a much

larger number of species. ‘‘There are practically no species com-

mon to the two regions except at the southern extreme of South

America, where a few species extend northward on both shores of

the continent, but do not reach the Antillean or Panamic regions.”

The 300 species known from the Eastern Pacific deep sea fauna

belong to 67 families, but 159 of them belong to only 8 families, of

which the 7urritide or Pleurotomide (57species), Ledid@ (35 species),

Dentaliide and Pectinide are the most abundantly represented. The

Antillean deep water fauna has 174 generic and subgeneric groups,

against 144 in the Pacific, but of this number only 89 are common

to the two regions. Very many characteristic and prolific groups

in either fauna are unrepresented in the other. ‘ These statistics

would indicate, if confirmed by further researches, that the separation

between the abyssal fauna of the Pacific and that of the Antilles is

very ancient indeed, for in the shallows many of these groups are

represented on both sides of the isthmus of Darien, yet have not yet

succeeded in reaching the deep water.”” The total absence of Tri-

phoride, Cerithiopsida. Marginellide and Pyramidellida in deep water

on the Pacific side is especially remarkable.

Some 254 new species of mollusca are described. A very useful

synopsis of the recent species and subspecies of Argonauta is given,

8 species being recognized. Much new and interesting material

for the systematic student is given, especially in the Terebride,

Turritide, Solemyacide, ete., and as in all of Dr. Dall’s papers, there

is a large store of information of value far beyond the limits of the

particular fauna under consideration. The changes in nomenclature

consequent on the resurrection of Bolten’s Catalogue, are numerous,

and important to those engaged in similar work. Several lists are

appended, of interest to those engaged in faunistics: shells from the

reefs and beaches of Easter Island and of Flint Island ; and a single

valve of a Pisidium, Corneocyclas magellanicus n. sp., was taken in

Magellan Straits, evidently washed in from some adjacent stream.

As the pioneer work in a new fauna, this scholarly report will be

welcomed by conchologists the world over.

THE NAUTILUS, XXII. PLATE VI.

WALKER: NEW SPECIES OF SOMATOGYRUS AND CLAPPIA.

HE NE ter LL US.

Vou. XXII. JANUARY, 1909. No. 9.

NEW AMNICOLIDZ FROM ALABAMA,

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In the fall of 1907 Mr. Herbert H. Smith explored about twenty-

five miles of the Coosa River, lying between Chilton and Coosa

counties. Ammnicolid@ were very abundant, and more than 15,000

specimens have been passed under examination. Among them were

the several species herein described, which appear to be new.

The principal collecting points were Cedar Island, three miles

above Waxahatchee Creek (in THe NauvuTILvs, xxi, p. 128, this

island was erroneously stated to be that distance above Yellowleaf

Creek); The Bar, two miles further down stream, and two and one-

half miles above Yellowleaf Creek (the second creek of that name);

Butting Ram Shoals, five miles below The Bar; Higgins Ferry,

seven miles further down; and Duncan Riffle, seven miles below the

Ferry. Duncan Riffle is about twenty-four miles above Wetumpka.

This interval still remains for some enterprising collector to explore.

All of the Coosa River species collected by Hinkley were also

found by Smith, with the exception of Som. aureus. S. hinkleyt,

crassus and nanus occurred in great quantity, the latter being the

most numerous. S. coosaensis, obtusus and aldrichi were less abund-

ant, but were fairly common in some localities. S, constrictus still

remains the rarest of the Coosan Somatogyri, a bare half-dozen rep-

resenting the total catch. An interesting ‘‘ find” was that of S.

substriatus, originally collected by Hinkley at Florence, Ala., and

Columbus, Miss.

As none of the Amnicolide collected by Mr. Smith in his journey

86 THE NAUTILUS.

by boat down the Coosa from Rome, Ga., to Widuska Shoals, Shelby

county, Ala., in 1904-5, have been worked up, it is not at present

possible to say how far up the river any of these species extend.

SoMATOGYRUS DECIPIENS n. sp. PI. vi, figs. 10 and 11.

Shell obtusely conic, imperforate, thick, solid, light greenish-

yellow, smooth, lines of growth very fine and inconspicuous. Spire

elevated, obtuse; whorls 4, roundly shouldered below the suture,

which is well impressed ; body whorl large, shouldered above, flat-

tened on the sides and obliquely angled below and descending to the

axis. Aperture very oblique, obovate, obtusely angled above and

widening toward the base, which is slightly emarginate. Columella

concave, with a heavy, wide, flattened callus which extends over the

parietal wall. Lip sharp, heavily thickened within.

Alt. (fig. 11) (apex eroded) 34, diam. 2} mm.

Types (No. 28431, Coll. Walker) from the Coosa River at The

Bar, Chilton county, Ala. Co-types in the collections of T. H.

Aldrich, G. H. Clapp, John B. Henderson, Jr., and the Philadelphia

Academy. Also from the Coosa at Cedar Island, Butting Ram

Shoals, Higgins Ferry, Duncan Riffle and other points in Coosa and

Chilton counties, collected by Smith, and from the Coosa at

Wetumpka, five miles above Wetumpka, Wilsonville, Fort William,

and Montevallo, collected by Hinkley.

A careful study of many hundreds of specimens has convinced me

that under the description of Somatogyrus hinkleyi (NAuTILUS, xxii,

p- 135) I confounded two distinct species, one imperforate, and the

other perforate. As both the figured types of hinkleyi fortunately

belong to the same form, the perforate one, that species will retain

the name under the amended description given below. The imper-

forate form is the species here described as deczpiens. The dis-

tinctive characters of the two species are so marked that, once

appreciated, there is no difficulty in separating them at sight, and it

is a matter of some chagrin that the difference was not realized in

the first instance.

S. decipiens is a smaller, thicker species than hinkleyi, and

always imperforate, without any suggestion of an axial groove.

While both species are alike in the elevation of the spire, decipiens

is at all stages of growth distinctly biangulate, with the intervening

side of the whorl flattened; in some instances the lower angulation

becomes a distinct carina, but this is not usual.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

For comparison with the similar state in S. hinkley’, a young

specimen of 34 whorls (2}x 14 mm.) is also figured. (Fig. 10.)

The following amended description should be substituted for that

originally published for

SoMATOGYRUS HINKLEY!I Walker. PI. vi, figs. 8 and 9.

Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walker, NAuTILus, xvii, 135, pl. v, figs.

1 and 2.

Shell globose, conic, narrowly umbilicate when young and perfo-

rate when mature ; light horn-colored, smooth, growth-lines scarcely

evident. Spire elevated, obtuse; whorls 4—44, those of the spire

convex, body whorl large, more or less shouldered above, but regu-

larly rounded at the periphery, suture deeply impressed, Aperture

large, rounded above, somewhat dattened at the base, and decidedly

angled at the junction of the lip with the base of the columella, and

angular at the upper insertion of the lip; lip simple, acute, in aged

examples somewhat thickened within. Columella heavy, callused,

flattened and nearly straight, reflected over and nearly concealing

the narrow umbilicus, callus thinner on the body wall.

For better illustration and comparison with S. decipiens I have

refigured the original mature type (fig. 8) and have added another

of a young shell (fig. 9) of 835 whorls (25x 2 mm.) for the purpose

of showing the open umbilicus at that stage; the thin, shining shell

and rounded whorls are very characteristic.

S. hinkley’, when mature, has a larger, thinner shell than decipiens,

the columellar callus is not so heavy, and the persistent perforation,

very rarely entirely obliterated, as well as the general shape, are

distinctive.

This species was found by Mr. Smith at the localities mentioned

in connection with S. decipiens.

SOMATOGYRUS HENDERSONI n. sp. PI. vi, fig. 2.

Shell globose, perforate, thick, solid, greenish-horn-color, smooth,

lines of growth slight, but regular. Spire short, subacute, whorls

4-41, flattened above, and roundly shouldered, body-whorl very

large, inflated, somewhat constricted immediately below the suture,

which is deeply impressed and then flatly expanded and roundly

shouldered. Aperture large, subcircular, expanded; lip sharp, cal-

lously thickened within, rather abruptly bent in above and meeting

the parietal wall at nearly a right angle, broadly rounded below and

88 THE NAUTILUS.

curving regularly into the columella. Columella narrow, thickened,

rounded and concave, separated below from the body-whorl by a

small but profound umbilicus and a strong axial groove, adnate only

on the parietal wall, which is heavily callused. Alt. (apex eroded)

4.5, diam. 4.5 mm.

Types (No. 28432, Coll. Walker) from Coosa River at Duncan’s

Riffle, Chilton County, Ala. Co-types in the collections of T. H.

Aldrich, G. H. Clapp, J. B. Henderson, Jr., and the Philadelphia

Academy. Also from the Coosa at Wilsonville, Ala.

This species is about the size and general appearance of S. depres-

sus Tryon, and sargenti Pils. It differs from the former in its

heavier shell, sub-sutural constriction, large umbilicus and strong

axial groove. The latter species is rather larger, not so thick and

imperforate. A single specimen from Williamsville was recently

sent in by Mr. Hinkley, which was not included in the material sent

to me in 1904.

Named in honor of Mr. J. B. Henderson, Jr., who has been a

hearty supporter of Mr. Smith’s work on the Coosa.

SoOMATOGYRUS PYGM&ZUS n, sp. PI. vi, fig. 3.

Shell minute, globose-conic, imperforate, rather thin, light green-

ish horn-colored, smooth, lines of growth indistinct. Spire obtusely

elevated, whorls 4, convex, suture deeply impressed; body whorl

large, convex, regularly rounded, impressed at the axis. Aperture

subcircular, not much expanded. Lip simple, sharp, thin, regularly

curved from the upper to the columellar extremity. Columella con-

cave. Columellar callus narrow, flattened, closely appressed to the

body whorl and extended over the parietal wall to the upper inser-

tion of the lip.

Alt. (apex eroded) 2.5, diam. 2 mm.

Types (No. 28433, Coll. Walker) from the Coosa River, at The

Bar, Chilton county, Alabama. Co-types in the collections of T. H.

Aldrich, G. H. Clapp, J. B. Henderson, Jr., and the Philadelphia

Academy.

About twenty-five examples of this diminutive species were col-

lected at The Bar. It did not occur elsewhere. I have been wholly

unable to identify this form as the young of any of the associated

species. Though so small, the shells have every appearance of

maturity. Compared with young S. nanus of the same size, pygmaus

differs in the thinner shell, regular convexity of the whorls and

THE NAUTILUS. 89

lighter columellar callus. It is easily distinguished from other

described species by its size.

CLAPPIA, n. gen.

Shell small, globose-turbinate, narrowly, but deeper wmbilicate,

aperture large, lip simple, columellar lip simple, adnate to body-

whorl only at the extreme upper portion, oblique, expanded and

subangulate to its union with the basal lip, operculum corneus,

paucispiral, nuclear whorls large and subcircular, slowly and grad-

ually increasing.

Rachidian tooth of the radula short and broad; intermediate tooth

with sub-quadrate body with a strong tooth projecting from the in-

fero-anterior angle and a large peduncle; laterals multicuspid :

Formula of the denticles: — 10-1-10, 50+, 50+ (Fig. 7).

Type: Clappia clappi Walker.

This genus stands close to Somatogyrus, but differs in several im-

portant particulars, which forbid the reference of the type species to

that group.

The central tooth of the radula is very similar both in shape and

in the arrangement and number of the denticles to that of S. de-

pressus as figured by Stimpson. But the intermediate tooth lacks

the perforation, which is found in that species, and has a prominent

tooth at the infero-anterior angle which is lacking in the other. The

laterals are multicuspid. In this respect, Clappia stands in the same

relation to Somatogyrus that Cincinnatia does to Amnicola.

In shell characters, Clappia differs from Somatogyrus in the con-

spicuous deep umbilicus, the straight, thin inner lip without any

callus thickening, which is entirely separate from the body whorl,

except for a very short distance at the upper extremity.

The operculum is also very different. In all the species of Soma-

togyrus examined, the nuclear whorls of the operculum are very

small, while the last is enormously expanded (see Fig. 6, S. subglob-

osus, Fig. 5, S.depressus). In Clappia (Fig. 4), on the other hand,

the nuclear whorls are large and nearly circular, and form nearly one-

half of the whole operculum. Indeed, in looking at the operculum in

situ, the first impression is that it is completely circular as in Valvata.

CLAPPIA CLAPPIn. sp. PI. vi, figs. 1, 4 and 7.

Shell small, globose-turbinate, narrowly and deeply umbilicate ;

90 THE NAUTILUS.

rather thin, translucent, pale horn-color, smooth, shining, lines of

growth very fine, close and regular; spire obtuse. Whorls 33,

round, very convex, rapidly increasing toward the aperture, sepa-

rated by a deep suture. Aperture large, slightly oblique, scarcely

expanded, subcircular, equally rounded above and below, but flat-

tened on the columellar side. Columellar lip thin, straight, oblique,

adnate to the body-whorl only at the upper extremity, emarginate in

the central portion, below which it is expanded, forming a rounded

angle at its junction with the basal lip. Lip thin, sharp, not ex-

panded nor callously thickened within. Operculum paucispiral,

nuclear whorls large and subcircular. Animal black.

Alt. (apex eroded) 3, diam. 3 mm.

Types (No. 28434, Coll. Walker), from the Coosa River at

Duncan’s Riffle, Chilton County, Ala. Cotypes in the collections

of T. H. Aldrich, Geo. H. Clapp, John B. Henderson, Jr., and the

Philadelphia Academy. Found also at The Bar, Butting Ram

Shoals and Higgins’ Ferry.

Deprived of its operculum, this species at first sight, from its gen-

eral shape, rounded whorls and deep umbilicus, would be taken for

a Valvata allied to V. sincera Say. But the straight columellar lip

and the decided projection of the lip at its junction with the peri-

treme show its affinity to Somatogyrus.

The peculiarities of the radula and operculum have been sufficiently

stated under the generic description. Iam indebted to Dr. Pilsbry

for the figure of the dentition. It seems eminently proper that this

very distinct addition to the fauna of Alabama should both generi-

cally and specifically bear the name of Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, the

original promotor of the explorations of Mr. H. H. Smith, which

have added so much to our knowledge of the mollusca of that State.

Explanation of Plate VI.

Figures 1, 3, 9 and 10 are on the same scale, x8.

Figures 2, 8 and 11 are x6.

Figs. 1, 4and 7. Clappia clappi. Duncan’s Riffle, Coosa R., Ala.

Fig. 2. Somatogyrus hendersont. Duncan’s Riffle, Coosa R., Ala.

Fig. 3, Somatogyrus pygmeaus. The Bar, Coosa R., Ala.

Fig. 5. Somatogyrus depressus. Watertown, Wis.

Fig. 6. Somatogyrus subglobosus. Big Muddy R., Blairville, Ills.

Fig. 8. Somatogyrus hinkleyi. Coosa R., Wetumpka, Ala.

Fig. 9. Somatogyrus hinkleyi. Coosa R., The Bar, Ala.

Figs. 10 and 11. Somatogyrus decipiens. Coosa R., The Bar, Ala.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

THE BREEDING SEASON OF UNIONIDZ IN PENNSYLVANIA.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Since C. T. Simpson published his new system of the Unionide

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 22, 1900), which is founded, in a large part,

upon the ** marsupium ” of the female, this latter organ must be re-

garded as one of the most important features of the soft parts of the

mussels, and should be known in every species. Yet there is a large

number of species, in which it has never been seen by anybody.

That certain species are very rarely found with the marsupinm de-

veloped, is, in my opinion, chiefly due to the fact that they are not

easily obtained at the period when they are gravid. As Sterki has

first suggested (Navritus, 9, 1895, p. 91), there are two groups

among our mussels with regard to the period of gravidity’): summer

breeders and winter breeders. In the summer breeders the short

“breeding season ”’ falls into the early summer months (May, June,

July) ; now since many of the species which belong or may belong

here are characteristic for the larger rivers, avoiding smaller streams,

and since just at this time the rivers very generally are swollen and

muddy by copious summer-rains, it is practically impossible to col-

lect them in the gravid condition.

During the summer of 1908 we had exceptionally dry weather in

our region ; the stage of the rivers in Pennsylvania was already in

the beginning of July very low, and thus the writer succeeded in

finding several species in a gravid condition, which generally at that

season are out of reach. In addition, he has collected other species

in the smaller streams at various seasons, and has found gravid

females, both of summer and winter breeders. The following is a

list of them, which also intends to give the previous records for those

species which are found in Pennsylvania :?

1In order to avoid misunderstanding, I want to state expressly that by

“ period of gravidity ” or “ breeding season” I mean the time when the gills,

or part of the gills, which forms the ‘“muarsupium,” are filled with eggs or

embryos,

2See: Lea, I; Observations, II, 1838, p. 51 ff.; III, 1842, p. 231; VII, 1860,

p. 221; X, 1863, p. 412, etc.; Sterki, V, NavuTiLus, 9, 1895, p. 91; 12, 1898, p.

18; Amer. Natural., 37, 1903, p. 103; Baker, F. C., Bull. Chicago Ac., 3,

1898 (passim); Conner, C, H., Naurinus, 21, 1907, p. 87.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Group A. WINTER BREEDERS.

Truncilla triquetra Raf. Found gravid by the writer repeatedly

in the months of September and October.

Truncilla perplexa rangiana Lea. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95),

Found gravid in September.

Micromya fabalis Lea. July—August (Lea, ITI, ’42).

Lampsilis ventricosa Barn. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95); autumn

(Lea, III, ’42); March, October (Lea, zbéd.). Found gravid by the

writer in all months from May to October. Marsupium partly empty

(ovisacs extruded) on May 11; marsupium just beginning to be

filled, July 30. (Breeds apparently ‘‘all the year round.” See

below.)

Lampsilis ovata Say. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42); November (Lea,

X,’63). Found gravid in August, September, October. (This is

merely a variety of L. ventricosa.)

Lampsilis cariosa Say. October (Lea, II, ’38). Found gravid

in August.

Lampsilis ochracea Say. June and November (Lea, II, ’38).

Lampsilis multiradiata Lea. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42); July, Au-

gust (Lea, ¢b¢d.). Found gravid in May, June, August, September,

October. Only few specimens being found in June and July, it is

uncertain whether there is an “interim” in the summer.

Lampsilis luteola Lam. March, July-August, October (Lea, III,

742); July (Baker, ’98). I found gravid specimens in April, May,

June, July, August, September, October. The species is a typical

winter breeder, only the end of one season and the beginning of the

next partly overlap in summer. In June, and chiefly in the begin-

ning of July, sterile females (with the marsupium not charged) are

much more frequent than in other seasons, while gravid females are

very rare at the same time.

Lampsilis radiata Gmel. ‘All the year round’’ (Conner, ’07);

November (Lea, II, ’38); May (Lea, X, ’63). Discharge of ovi-

sacs observed from November to March (Lea, X, ’63).

Lampsilis ligamentina Lam. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95); au-

tumn (Lea, III, ’42). Found gravid by the writer in August,

September, October, but not in July. Among numerous specimens

collected, July 8, ’07, July 3, 10 and 13, ’08, not a single gravid

female was discovered. The earliest date for the latter is August 3,

but from that time on they were found regularly. This species pre-

THE NAUTILUS. 98

fers the larger rivers, and thus no dates could be secured for the

spring months, yet the “interim” in July is very sharply marked.

Lampsilis orbiculata Hildr. Autumn (Lea, III, 42). Found

gravid in August and September.

Lampsilis recta Lam. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95); autumn

(Lea, ’42). Found gravid in July, August, September, October.

No records at hand for the early summer.

Lampsilis nasuta Say. ‘All the year round” (Conner, ’07) ;

winter breeder (Sterki, 95); November (Lea, II, 38). I found

this species gravid in September (Delaware River), and on June 2

and 3 (in Lake Erie), when numerous gravid females were found.

Lampsilis iris Lea. I found three gravid females on May 11.

Lampsilis parva Barn, Winter breeder (Sterki, 95); May and

November (Lea, VII, 60). Extrusion of ovisacs observed by Lea

(¢bid.) in May.

Lampsilis (Proptera) alata Say. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95) ;

autumn (Lea, III, ’42). Found gravid end of August, September,

October.

Lampsilis (Proptera) gracilis Barn. Winter breeder (Sterki,

95); autumn (Lea, II, ’42). Found gravid in September.

Obovaria retusa Lam. Autumn (Lea, III, 742). I found a

gravid female of this species on August 29, ’08.

Obovaria circulus Lea. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95); autumn

(Lea, III, 42); March, July-August (Lea, dbid.). I found gravid

females on May 27,08. Both forms O. cireulus and lens are in-

cluded here : they pass into each other.)

Obovaria ellipsis Lea. Winter breeder (Sterki, 95); autumn

(Lea, III, ’42).

Plagiola securis Lea. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42). Gravid females

not rare in September and October.

All species mentioned so far possess the ‘‘ Lampsilis-type”’ of

marsupium, @. e., the posterior part of the outer gills is charged, at

the period of gravidity, with eggs or embryos contained in distinct

ovisacs. When not gravid, this part of the gills differs in structure

from the rest, and females are always recognizable.

Cryptogenia trrorata Lea. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95); autumn

(Lea, III, ’42).

Marsupium very peculiar, but allied to the Lampsilis-type.

Ptychobranchus phaseolus Hildr. Winter breeder (Sterki, ’95);

94 THE NAUTILUS.

autumn (Lea, III, 42). Found gravid in August, September, Oc-

tober. A specimen found on May 11, ’07, had most of the ovisaes

discharged. None of the numerous specimens collected by the

writer in June and July were gravid.

The peculiar shape of the marsupium of this species is well known.

In the following species, belonging to Group A, the marsupium

occupies the whole of the outer gills, and while in Strophitus dis-

tinct “ placentae” (Sterki) are developed, such structures or ovisacs

are not present in the rest.

Strophitus undulatus Say. Autumn (Lea, ITI, ’42); March, Octo-

ber (Lea, zbid.); September, December (Lea, II, ’38); discharge of

placentz observed in January and February (Lea, X,’63). I found

this species gravid in the months of July, August, September, Octo-

ber; also in May. The latest date is May 22,’08 (one out of eleven

individuals). Among numerous specimens collected on May 14 and

May 27, ’08, no gravid females were present, and during the month

of June such were never found, although a good number of specimens

were collected. The earliest date again is July 11. This gives an

‘interim ”’ from the end of May to about the middle of July.

The eastern S. undulatus Say is absolutely undistinguishable from

the so-called S. edentulus Say of the western waters.

Anodonta cataracta Say. Breeding season, eight months during

the year; the interim May to October (Conner, ’07); gravid in Octo-

ber and November (Lea, II, 738). I have seen gravid specimens

collected on July 25, ’08, and August 21, ’08. The first date, no

doubt, represents an exceptional case: there was only a single gravid

individual among forty to fifty specimens. The other date (also a

single individual, but only one found at that date) possibly marks

the beginning of the season. At any rate it is very probable that

the breeding season occasionally lasts longer than indicated by Con-

ner, and may be extended in individual cases beyond May and may

begin earlier than October, as is the case in other winter breeders.

Anodonta imbecillis Say. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42); March (Lea,

tbid.). Found gravid May 21, ’08 (outlet of Lake Leboeuf, Erie

county), and June 2, 708 (Lake Erie). This species is hermaphro-

ditic, according to Sterki (NauriLus, 12, ’98, p. 87).

Anodonta grandis Say. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42); July, August

(bid.); October (Baker, 798). In Pennsylvania gravid females are

frequent in August, September, October. I have found a single

THE NAUTILUS. 95

gravid female on May 22, ’08, out of a large number collected.

Among numerous specimens collected on April 24, June 23, July 17

none were gravid. Thus the ‘‘interim” appears to extend over the

month of May to July, with occasional individual exceptions.

Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42); Octo-

ber (¢d¢d.). Found gravid in May, August and October. Among

a dozen specimens, collected June 5, ’08, in Little Shenango River,

and among numerous specimens of the var. subcylindraceus Lea,

collected on June 2, ’08, in Lake Erie, not a single one was gravid.

This would establish an interim at least in June. No dates are at

hand for July.

Symphynota compressa Lea. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42); March,

September (Lea, zb¢d.). Gravid in May and beginning of Junc

(June 2 in Lake Erie; only part of the outer gills charged). No

gravid females tuken during the rest of June, and during July, but

only a small number of specimens was secured during this time.

Beginning August 6, all through the montb, and during September

and October, gravid females were abundant. The color of the mar-

supium is very variable in this species: whitish, pink, orange,

brown, and probably depends on the stage of development of eggs

and embryos.

(To be continued.)

NOTES.

SHELLS NEW TO THE NEw ENGLAND FAUNA.—In a very small

portion of shell-sand gathered by Mr. John Robinson at Hampton

Beach, New Hampshire, I discovered a genus new to America,

namely Homalogyra atomus Phil. A subsequent visit to this place

enabled me to add a number of forms new to the New England

Coast north of Cape Cod. Among those thus far determined is a

Scissurella, probably crispata Flem., and Cacum pulchellum Stimp.

A few years ago Miss Marjorie C. Newell discovered specimens of

Tagelus devisus Spengl. on Coffin’s Beach, and Miss M. W. Brooks

has detected a specimen of this species at Hampton Beach.

Later I hope to make an extended paper with illustrations of these

and other new additions to our molluscan fauna.—Epwarp §S,

Morse.

96 THE NAUTILUB.

In his “‘ Economic Zoology, an introductory text-book in Zoology

with special reference to its applications in Agriculture, Commerce and

Medicine,” by Herbert Osborn, M. Sc., 1908, the chapter on Mollusca

(p. 147-173) is partially illustrated by original figures. Figs. 94

and 95, labeled ‘Common Snail, Patula alternata” is apparently

Polygra profunda! Except fora very brief allusion to the pearl

and pearl-button industry, the only ‘‘ economic” mollusks mentioned

are the oyster and Mya arenaria, although to go no further away than

our own coast, commercially the round clam or quahog is much the

more important of our clams, and the scallop industry has assumed

large proportions.

Alcadia pusilla intermedia, n. var. Shell intermediate in size

between A. pusilla and A. hollandt, alt. 5.2, diam. 7.7 mm. ; opercu-

lum roughened externally much as in A. hollandi, its columellar mar-

gin with sharp comb-like costula. Jamaica, (S. Raymond Roberts.)

—H. A. Piispry.

BIFIDARIA TUBA INTUSCOSTATA Clapp. Plate VII, figs. 1, 2,

3, 4, Broken shells showing internal lamella X 10. 5, 6, 7, 8, Ab-

normal shells X 10. 9, 10,11 Typical x 12.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

DescripTION oF NEw CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY FossiLs

FROM THE Santa Cruz Movunrain, Catirornia. By Rapa

Arnotp. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxxiv, p. 3495, plates 31-37,

1908.) Descriptions of the various geological formations with lists

of species, followed by descriptions of some thirty-seven new species.

DeEscRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF SOME LAND AND FRESH-WATER

SHELLS FROM MExIco, BELIEVED TO BE New. By Wm. H.

Datt, (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxxv, p. 177, plates 29-33, 1908.)

A new species of Ceelocentrum (C. palmeri Dall and Bartsch) forms

the type of a new section Crossostephanus. Three new Streptostylas,

one Luglandina and one Lampsilis are described and figured.

Anodonta coarctata Anton and Diplodon webhsteri Simpson are also

figured. The latter from New Zealand, was described in Toe Nav-

TILUS, Vol. xvi, p. 30, 1902.

THE NAUTILUS, XXII.

Deas

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BIFIDARIA TUBA iINTUSCOSTATA CLAPP

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HE WAU PEEUS:

Vou. XXII. FEBRUARY, 1909. No. 10.

A WEEK AT CLAIBORNE, ALABAMA.

BY REV. H. E. WHEELER.

A part of my October vacation was spent with a party of geologists

on a house-boat trip from Tuscaloosa, on the Warrior river, to Jack-

son, on the Tombigbee. The party consisted of the State Geologists

from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama, namely, Mr.

Earle Sloan, Mr. T. W. McCaloie, Dr. E. H. Sellards, Dr. Eugene

A. Smith and Dr. F. W. Prouty, besides Dr. George Little, of Tus-

caloosa; Dr. Roland M. Harper, of New York, botanist; Hon. T. H.

Aldrich, of Birmingham, paleontologist; and Dr. T. Wayland

Vaughan, of the U. S. Geological Survey, who was studying in

detail the correlation of the coastal plain geology of the Southern

States.

One of the results of the expedition was the confirmation of our

Alabama nomenclature for the cretaceous and tertiary formations so

typically illustrated in this State. Another result was the fine series

of fossils collected along the route,

From Jackson some of the party went to the sections about Mobile

to study the Grand Gulf formation, while I made my way to the classic

locality—Claiborne, on the Alabama river. To one who has but

recently delved into the mysteries of paleontology no more encourag-

ing formation could be desired than this. Made famous by the early

work of Lea and Conrad, a fascination for every student since, it will

not fail to yield treasures new and old to any zealous collector. A

year ago I gathered a quantity of shells there, enough to fill the win-

ter’s evenings with rare pleasure, but this year I was even more

fortunate,

98 THE NAUTILUS.

The beautiful Corbis lamellosa Lam. was found in a thin layer of

white sand in the ferruginous bed—quantities of them in perfect

condition. Just as I was leaving I picked up a Cyprea nuculoides

Ald.,! so far as I know never before reported from this locality. A

fine large Fusus ( Clavilithes) protextus Con. rewarded my laborious

digging, as well as perfect specimens of most of the common species.

It was on my last visit that I was fortunate enough to find the very

rare Oancellaria priama Harris,’ the type of which had unfortunately

been broken. I obtained two enormous Trochiformis infundibulum

Lea, and among other interesting, though not in every case rare,

species may be mentioned the following: Pisania claibornensis Whitf.,

Lutraria papyria Con., Avicula limula Con., Papillina papillata

Con. (very rare), Fusus tnauratus Con., Conus sauridens Con., Cornu-

lina armigera Con., a Melongena v. sp., Limopsis cuneus Con., Fissu-

rella tenebrosa Con., Sigaretus declivis Con., Actgon inflatior Meyer,

Mathilda leana Ald., Leiorhynus prorutus Gabb.

The lecality ought also to be interesting to the collector of recent

shells. I noted on the bluff the dainty Glandina rosea Fer.

Passing through the overgrown and deserted streets of the vil-

lage,’ one would hardly suspect that in former times it was important

enough to be visited by General Lafayette (1825) in his tour of the

States. But the old Masonic Hall in which he spoke still stands,

though now removed to Perdue Hill, two miles away. Here (in

Claiborne) Conrad taught the children of a wealthy family while he

named the treasures of the ancient eocene sea. Two of Alabama’s

Governors—Bagby and Murphy—were residents of Claiborne when

elected, and Charles Tait, to whom the scientific world is indebted

for its first knowledge of this famous bed. was Alabama’s first Federal

Judge. On the “ Bluff” itself stood old ‘Fort Claiborne,” whose

guns frowned vengeance on the crafty Choctaws; but gone now is

the glory of the once proud river town, scattered are its families, and

almost past recovery are its traditions.

But for how many years to come will these ancient seas continue

to give up the secrets entrusted to them? Monuments that crumble

and yet survive; frail shells on which the order of creation is too

finely graven for human skill to imitate.

Blocton, Alabama.

1Nautizus, Vol. XVI, p. 98, pl. 3.

2Bull. Am. Pal., Vol. I, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 20.

8 There are less than fifty inhabitants (white) in Claiborne to-day.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

THE BREEDING SEASON OF UNIONIDZ IN PENNSYLVANIA.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

(Concluded from page 98.)

Symphynota viridis Conr. August 24, ’08, four gravid females

were found among a dozen specimens; of 35 specimens collected by

Dr. D. A. Atkinson on July 11, 08, not a single one was gravid.

Symphynota costata Raf. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42); March, Oc-

tober (Lea, zbid.). I found gravid specimens in April, May (latest

date, May 26), and then again in August (earliest date, August 9),

September, October. Numerous specimens were collected in June

and July, but none of them was gravid.

Symphynota complanata Barn. Autumn (Lea, III, ’42) ; March

(Lea, zbd.). Gravid females found on May 14, ’08.

Alasmidonta undulata Say. September and October (Lea, II,

38). Gravid females on July 18 and August 12.

Alasmidonta heterodon Lea. August, September (Lea, II, ’38);

May (Lea, X, 63).

Alasmidonta marginata Say. October and December (Lea, II,

38). The western form was found gravid in August, September,

October. Out of a number of specimens collected on June 5, 8 and

2zZ none was gravid. No dates at hand for July. The eastern form

was found gravid on August 13. The western form (= truncata

_ Wright = typical marginata Say) is hardly distinguishable from the

eastern (var. varicosa Lam.), see Pilsbry and Fox, Nauri.us,

01, pp. 16 and 17).

Group B. SuMMER BREEDERS.

Some of the summer breeders ( Unio, Pleurobema) have the outer

gills only serving as marsupium, in others (Quadrula) all four gills

are supposed to assume this function in the breeding season. Yet in

many Quadrulas this condition is unknown, and, as we shall see be-

low, the arrangement of the species into genera will need revision

and correction. 1 enumerate the species here according to Simpson’s

Synopsis.

Unio gibbosus Barn. Summer breeder (Sterki, ’95); July, Aug-

ust (Lea, Il], 42). I found gravid females of this common species

in June and July, and a single belated one on August 13. Hun-

100 THE NAUTILUS.

dreds of individuals were collected in April, May, August, Septem-

ber. October, but no gravid females were among them.

Unio crassidens Lam. Summer breeder (Sterki, 95). I collected

numerous specimens in July, August, September, October, but never

found a gravid female. I never had a chance to get this species

earlier in the season.

Unio complanatus Dillw. ‘ But once annually, from April-May

to July-August”? (Conner, ’07); May (Lea, X, 63). I collected

this species only in the month of August, and consequently never

- found it gravid.

Pleurobema clava Lam. July-August (Lea, III, ’42). Found

_ gravid on June 18 and July 10. Specimens collected on May 14

and in August, September and October were not gravid.

Pleurobema aesopus Green. Summer breeder (Sterki, 799).

Gravid on July 3 and 13, ’08. Never found in the gravid state

during August, September, October, when many were collected.

Sterki (795) places this with the species, in which all four gills

are charged, and (Pr. Ohio Ac., 4, ’97, p. 391) with the genus

Quadrula. Yet according to my observations only the outer gills

serve as marsupium, and are distinguished at that time by a very

peculiar red color; already Lea (X, 638, p. 482) enumerates this spe-

cies among those which have red eggs, but he saw them only in the

ovarium. Yet this ‘‘red”’ of the gills is entirely different from that

of certain gravid species of Quadrula, being rather of a “ lilac”’ hue.

Quadrula undulata Barn. Summer breeder (Sterki, 95). I col-

lected many specimens in August, September, October, but did not

find gravid females. The only one was found on July 3, ’08; it had

all four gills charged, which were whitish (not red).

Lea (X, ’68, p. 417) says that only the outer branchiz serve as

marsupium, while Sterki (795) puts it in group B, where all four

branchiz are said to be charged.

Curiously enough, Sterki (’95, p. 93) places the closely allied J.

multiplicatus Lea (= @. heros Say) with his group A (winter

breeders), giving the date November 1, and says that also the mar-

supium is of the type A (Lampsilis type). Since tlie latter has been

described and figured by Lea (VII, ’60, p. 122, pl. 30, f. 105), and

is distinctly of the Quadrula type, with all four gills charged, I believe

that we have to deal with a dapsus calami for U. multiradiatus Lea.

Quadrula lachrymosa Lea. May (Lea, III, 42).

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Quadrula pustulosa Lea. Summer breeder (Sterki, ’95).

Quadrula rubiginosa Lea. July-August (Lea, III, 42); June

(Baker, ’98). I found this species gravid on May 27, June 30,

July 3 and July 8. The marsupium corresponds to the account

given of it by various writers; it is formed by all four gills, which

are at that time deep red.

Quadrula subrotunda Lea. Summer breeder (Sterki, ’95). Found

gravid July 3 and July 13. During late summer and fall no gravid

females were found, although many specimens were collected. All

four gills are charged and of deep red color.

Quadrula kirtlandiana Lea, One gravid female was found on

August 2, 67, among hundreds of specimens collected ; all four gills

were charged, and red. Later in the season, in August, September,

October, no gravid females were seen.

Quadrula coccinea Conr. Found gravid on June 18, ’08 (Nes-

hannock Creek, McKean Co., collected by Mr. Dennis Dally on

June 22,’08. There were, altogether, about a dozen of them, and

in every case the marsupium did not agree with the type of the

genus Quadrula, for only the outer gills were charged in their whole

extent, and were whitish. This would remove this species from the

genus Quadrula, and would place it with Pleurobema. (Baker, ’98,

p. 80, gives a description of the soft parts, and says “‘ four gills used

as marsupium,” but this may not be founded upon personal observa-

tion, but may have been inferred from the systematic position of the

species. )

Tritogonia tuberculata Barn. Gravid, according to Sterki (Nav-

TILUS, 21, 07, p. 48) on June 10, ’07, and marsupium formed by

all four gills. This would place the species with the genus Quadrula,

where it would group with Q. trapezoides Lea. Since the specific

name is preoccupied in this genus, and since none of the synonyms

are available, a new name should be found, and I propose here:

Quadrula tritogonia nov. nom. (I have discussed this point with

Dr. Sterki, and he is of the same opinion.)

Of the other species of Qwadrula found in Western Pennsyl-

vania, Q. hippopea Lea, cylindrica Say, metanevra Raf., cooperiana

Lea, obliqua Lea, pyramidata Lea, tuberculata Raf., I have never

seen gravid females, and nothing is known about their marsupium

and breeding season.

The above observations on the breeding seasons of Pennsylvanian

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Unionidae fully bear out Sterki’s division into two groups: summer

and winter breeders. The breeding season of the summer breeders

is short (maximum hardly four months), while in the winter breed-

ers this season is prolonged, extending from late summer, through

the winter into spring. Yet it must be borne in mind that probably

in the single individual the breeding season does not fully occupy the

whole length of the term, since it has been repeatedly observed that

the embryos and ovisacs are discharged at various times, even in the

beginning of the winter.

In some species belonging to the group of winter breeders the

period of gravidity may be extremely long, so that the end of one

breeding season (in May, June, July) may overlap with the begin-

ning of the next (June, July, August), and such species may appear

to breed ‘all the year round.” This has been hinted at already by

Sterki, and Conner gives the following instances: Lampsilis radiata

and Lampsilis nasuta. My own observations make this condition

probable in Lampsilis ventricosa and Lampsilis luteola. Yet in

others an “interim” is very distinct in the early summer. This is

the normal condition, according to Sterki, and has been found to be

true for Anodonta cataracta by Conner, and by my observations it is

made more or less probable for Lampsilis igamentina, Ptychobranchus

phaseolus, Strophitus undulatus, Anodonta grandis, Anodontoides fer-

ussacianus, Symphynota compressa, Symphynota viridis, Symphynota

costata, Alasmidonta marginata.

These peculiar conditions may be explained by the following

assumption: Quadrula, with the four gills serving as marsupium, is,

in my opinion, the most primitive type of our Unionidae. Next to it

stand Pleurobema and Unio, with only the outer gills serving as mar-

supium, but with the shell more or less resembling that of Quadrula.

These forms represent also the most primitive type of the breeding

season, which is short, and falls into the warm season. These forms

existed already at a time when a uniform warm climate prevailed.

At that time, possibly, the breeding season was not so restricted, but

at the present time it has become so, since only during a short period

of the year these old, primitive conditions prevail (in summer).

Forms like Unio and Quadrula actually go back to mesozoic times.

All other genera are more advanced. The group Alasmidonta,

Symphynota, Anodontoides, Anodonta, Strophitus (which is, accord-

ing to Sterki, characterized by a peculiar glochidium) resembles in

THE NAUTILUS. 103

the marsupium the Plewrobema-Unio type, but differs by a general

tendency to reduce the hinge teeth. Another group is formed by the

rest of the genera, in which the marsupium becomes very highly

specialized, more or less restricted to a part of the outer gills, and

where true ovisacs are developed. All these more advanced genera

originated probably at a time when seasonal changes of climate

existed already in our continent—in the tertiary—and the shorten-

ing of the warm period in summer possibly induced them to prolong

the breeding season, that is to say, to postpone the discharge of the

embryos to a more favorable time, namely, till the next spring.

This made necessary special adaptations for the carrying of the em-

bryos through the winter, and probably the ovisacs of the most

highly developed genera belong to these special adaptations. In

certain genera, ovisacs are not at all developed, and in Strophitus an

independent form (placenta). This lengthening of the breeding

season finally led to the merging of the end of the one of them into

the beginning of the next (known only in one of the most highly

specialized genera, Lampsilis), while in less specialized genera, in

Alasmidonta, Symphynota, Anodonta, also in Ptychobranchus and

some species of Lampsilis, an ‘‘ interim ”’ in midsummer still exists.

I think this is a reasonable interpretation of the different types of

breeding season and their development, yet it is proposed here as a

mere theory, which should be substantiated by further investigations

on the marsupium and the breeding seasons of our Unionide.

MOLLUSKS FROM AROUND ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND J. H. FERRISS.

A considerable amount of work has been done on New Mexican

mollusks, and the numerous local lists published would make a good

showing for the Territory if compiled into one catalogue. The more

recent lists were based upon material collected by Professor T. D. A.

Cockerell and his pupils, and by Messrs. Joshua L. and Albert Baily,

Ferriss and Pilsbry. The records are to be found in Nauritus, ix,

p- 116; x, p. 42; xi, p. 69; xii, pp. 76, 131; xiii, pp. 18, 36, 49, 79;

xiv, pp. 9, 47, 72, 82, 85; xvi, pp. 57, 69, Mollusca of the South-

western States, I, II, etc.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1906 we collected a few shells in the neighborhood of Albu

querque while waiting for trains.

The immediate environs of Albuquerque are barren of molluscan

life. Only along the Rio Grande the drift débris affords small shells,

the land forms probably washed down from the Sandia mountains,

which rise north of the city. A low ridge of black volcanic rock

frowning on the western horizon proved to be not worth the excur-

sion. We found only a few Pupoides marginatus there. The nearer

slopes of the Sandia mountains are also barren. A few small species

were found in the canyon beyond the Agricultural College. A much

richer fauna no doubt inhabits the higher slopes northward. Miss

Maud Ellis found twelve species in Las Huartus canyon, at 8000-

9000 feet elevation (NAUTILUS, xiv, 85).

The following forms were taken:

Helicodiscus eigenmanni arizonensis P. & F. Rio Grande drift;

Sandia Mts.

Vitrea indentata umbilicata Ckll. Sandia Mts.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Sandia Mts.; Rio Grande drift débris.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Sandia Mts.; Rio Grande drift

débris.

Euconulus fulvus (Mull.). Sandia Mts.

Vallonia cyclophorella Anc.. Rio Grande drift débris.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Sandia Mts.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Rio Grande drift débris; volcanic

ridge about 5 miles west of Albuquerque.

Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Rio Grande drift.

Pupilla blandi Morse. Rio Grande drift.

Bifidaria procera (Gld.). Rio Grande drift.

Bifidaria procera cristata P. & V. Rio Grande drift.

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Rio Grande drift.

Bifidaria armifera (Say). Rio Grande drift.

Vertigo ovata Say. Rio Grande drift.

Lymnea bulimoides cockerelli P. & F. Rio Grande drift.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Rio Grande drift.

Planorbis parvus Say. Rio Grande drift.

Valvata (humeralis Say?), one broken specimen. Rio Grande

drift.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

FOSSIL AND LIVING SHELLS FOUND IN LITTLE MUD LAKE, WESTMAN-

LAND, AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE.

BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.

This small lake is located in the forest near the south line of

Westmanland Plantation, and is the headwater of Salmon Brook.

This little lake contains some interesting shells not found in the

county before. The deposit of dead shells (marl) is many feet in

thickness, and is chiefly composed of Pisidia.

The living shells are extremely rare in the lake, and those col-

lected came from small spring brooks at the north end of the lake.

Dr. V. Sterki has kindly examined all the Pistdia. I do not know

what the amateur collectors would do with these miserable little

shells without his assistance. The fossils collected are as follows:

Lymnea desidiosa Say. Common.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Common.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. A few young shells.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. One specimen.

Planorbis parvus Say. Abundant.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. One specimen.

Valvata sp.? A variable species; some are nearly flat, others

have the apex extremely elevated, a large percentage are decollate

and the whorls are sometimes dislocated near the apex.

Mr. Bryant Walker has examined specimens and states: ‘‘ They

are extremely curious * * * J have never seen any like them before.

They are no doubt a form of V. sincera Say.”

Dr. W. H. Dall gives me the following information: ‘‘ They are

exactly like the depauperate form of V. lewisti Currier. * * * The

distortions are familiar to me as found in marl deposits, the water

becoming too much mineralized for the mollusks.”

I made special efforts to obtain living specimens of this Valvata

during the two trips to the lake, but not one could be found.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Fragments.

Spherium sulcatum Lam. A few valves.

Spharium rhomboideum Say. Common.

Musculium sp.? probably securis Prime. Small.

Pisidium variabile Prime.

ae compressum Prime.

és affine Sterki.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Pisidium mainense Sterki.

$s ventricosum Prime.

As costatum Sterki.

“6 medianum var. minutum Sterki.

ce contortum Prime.

5s triangulare Sterki.

es tenuissimum Sterki.

s splendidulum Sterki.

“ splendidulum, a new var.—Sterki.

: abditum ? or closely related to that species.

The following living shells were collected:

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Two specimens.

Planorbis parvus Say. Three specimens.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. One specimen.

Musculium sp.? A small form, probably a new species.

Pisidium variabile Prime.

ss ventricosum Prime.

és subrotundum Sterki.

a mainense Sterki.

Be medianum var. minutum Sterki.

ke splendidulum Sterki.

di splendidulum, a new variety.—Sterki.

As additions to the Aroostook county shells, I might mention

Pisidium punctum var. simplex Sterki. Dead water Caribou stream,

Woodland. Rare and new to the county.

Pisidium milium Hald. is common in Gelot’s Lake, New Sweden.

Caribou, Me.

REMARKS ON THE SUBFAMILIES HYRIINE AND UNIONINZE.

BY L. 8. FRIERSON.

A few facts having important bearing on the classification of the

Naiades, having come to notice, are herewith given to the readers of

NaAvrtTILus.

Two species of the genus Pseudodon were obtained from Sowerby

and Fulton, showing beak sculpture. P. vondembuschiana Lea has a

somewhat doubly looped sculpture. The anterior loops curve upwards ;

the posterior are straighter, sloping backwards and downwards.

P. walpolei has a sculpture much like that of the Cristarias, being

heavy bars, more or less parallel with the growth-lines.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

The important fact revealed by these specimens shows that the

genus must be moved from the subfamily Hyriin@ and placed in the

subfamily Unionine.

Two species of Parreysia (P. corrugata, and P. wynegungaensis)

were received (numerous specimens) bearing eggs in all four gills, as

in Quadrula. That these shells would be found bearing ova in all

four gills was prophesied as being probable by Mr. Simpson (Synop-

sis, page 508).

The important bearing of this fact is that it proves that beak

sculpture and manner of carrying ova tn the gills are not correlated.

In this connection Mr. C. T. Simpson wrote (in a letter) several

years ago that gravid animals of the group of Unio (Nodularia)

eaffer Krauss proved to carry eggs in their outer gills, and thus

necessitated the moving of this group from the subfamily Hyriine,

genus Nodularia, to the subfamily Unionine, genus Unio.

But in the light of further knowledge we see that our definition

of the subfamily Hyriing (as differentiated from Unionine) must be

amended. We must choose between beak sculpture (‘radial versus

concentric’) or marsupial characters (‘* Exobranchiz versus Endo-

branchiz ’’) in our definitions.

The judgment of the writer would be to drop the marsupial feature

and adhere to the beak sculpture, thus giving for our definition of

the subfamily Unionine: ‘‘ Essentially concentric beak sculpture,”

and for Hyriing: ‘‘Essentially radial beak sculpture.” Thus

amended, the group of Nodularia caffer Krauss remains undisturbed,

as originally located by Mr. Simpson.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW AMERICAN PUPIDZE.

BY V. STERKI.

VERTIGO NYLANDERI N. sp.

Shell perforated, oblong, with a rather acute apex, of deep horn

color, pellucid; whorls 44-5, quite convex, with a deep suture, with

sub-regular, crowded striae (except the embryonal), the last occupy-

ing about one-half of the altitude, gradually narrowed towards the

aperture, which is small; peristome slightly everted, margin not

thickened; palatal wall with an indentation barely above its middle,

forming a well-marked sinus and sinulus; behind it a trace of a crest,

and behind that a long, deep furrow-like impression over the palatal

108 THE NAUTILUS.

folds, ascending obliquely from near the base; no callus within;

lamelle and plice 6; parietal rather long and curved; parallel with

it is a thin, lamelliform angular; columellar and inferior columellar

rather small, short, the latter near the base; palatals long, the lower

deep-seated, ending close to the beginning of the upper, one appear-

ing to be a continuation of the other.

Alt. 1.6, diam. 0.9 mm.

Soft parts not seen.

Woodland, Aroostook county, Maine, collected in 1896 by Mr.

Olof O. Nylander, in whose honor the species is named. I have two

specimens on hand, the types (No. 1075 of my collection of North

American Pupid@); a few more are in the collection of Mr. Nylander.

Ever since ’96 the form was regarded as distinct, but not published.

The two specimens are alike, mature and perfect, and cannot be

deformed ones of some other species, In appearance and surface

strix they are somewhat like V. gouldii Binn., but otherwise the

shell is quite different. In its shape, with the narrowed last whorl,

it somewhat resembles V. osecariana St., but the lamelle and plice

are very different.

BIFIDARIA CLAPPI n. sp.

Shell glossy, colorless to milky-whitish, perforate, cylindrical in

the lower 3-4 whorls, conical or subconical above, with a rather

acute apex; whorls 64-74, the upper ones rather narrow, the lower

ones broader and less convex, the last moderately large, ascending

at the aperture, somewhat narrow but rounded at the base, slightly

flattened over the palate; surface shining, with slight irregular to sub-

regular striz; aperture nearly oval, margins approximate; peristome

everted, not thickened, but there is a slight to rather strong white

callus in the palate; lamellae and plice: parieto-angular distinctly

complex, rather long, moderately elevated, connecting with the peri-

stome near its outer upper terminus (much as in B. armifera), the

spur’ of the parietal moderately large; columellar axial spiral, with

the lower end nearer the aperture, thicker and rather abrupt, or

somewhat bifurcate; ‘‘ basal’ (inferior columellar) slight or wanting;

1In B. armifera and clappi, near the inner end of the parietal lam., there is a

process, or “spur,” outward, that is, towards the periphery, at nearly right

angles, smaller or larger, generally visible in front view. So far it has been

seen in no other species; but in B. contracta there is a protracted, curved part,

lower than the rest of the lam., and not visible in front view.

THE NAUTILUS. 109

upper and lower palatals regular, an interpalatal in many specimens;

suprapalatal wanting or quite small.

Alt. 3.5-4 (rarely 3.2-3.4), diam. 1.9-2.1 mm.; aperture alt. 1.5,

diam. 1.2 mm.

Soft parts, seen only from one dried Alabama specimen, soaked,

very dark from copious, deep brown pigment. Jaw amber-colored,

strongly curved, rather broad, rounded at the ends, its surface with

numerous radial rib-strie; the line of the attachment of the tenacu-

lum strong.

Radula with 78 transverse rows of 27 (or 29) teeth, r+ 6 + 7 (8);

rachidian rather narrow, with a short mesodont and very small ecto-

donts (barely visible); laterals bicuspid, with the mesodont as long as

the plate, the ectodont about one-third as long; the outer posterior

angle of the plate raised, cusp-like; seventh and eighth with the

ectodont split in two, somewhat intermediate or * transition ” teeth;

marginals (9-13) serrate, with the mesodont rather long, thin; the

fourteenth a barely visible irregular transverse bar, or wanting. As

this is from a single specimen, there may be some variation. Other

parts could not be examined.

Habitat: Knoxville (various localities); eastern Tenn.; Fayette-

ville and Columbia, Tennessee; Gurley and Huntsville, Alabama;

Grand Rapids, Michigan; “ Ottawa, Illinois.” ?

The species shows little variation, except in altitude, with nearly

the same diameter, and such as are noted in the description. There

is no tendency towards having the peristome continuous. The types

are from Knoxville, Tenn., but almost any good specimen seen from

anywhere might be taken for a type.

B. clappt is remarkable for its resemblance to some forms of B.

armifera Say, for a variety of which it has been taken. Yet it is

quite distinct. Of over 150 specimens carefully compared with more

than 1500 armifera not one was found doubtful or intermediate,

The most tangible difference is in the shape of the columellar lamella.

The shell averages somewhat smaller, the apex is more acute, the

surface strie are finer and slighter, the lower palatal plica is always

1B. armifera shows considerable variation with respect to size and shape,

and in connection with it, in the shape of the columellar and lower palatal.

These differences mark two main forms, varieties at least, the shell of one of

them being more cylindrical aud more or less resembling clappi, but the colu-

mellar (and lower palatal) are always different,

110 THE NAUTILUS.

regular.!. When one is once familiar with the species it is easily rec-

ognized. There is no doubt that specimens are in various collections

as, and mixed with, armifera, and all such lots should be revised.

Specimens, as ‘*Pupa armifera,”’ were received in 1886-92 from

the late Mrs. Geo. Andrews, collected at Knoxville, Tenn., at vari-

ous places, marked: ‘‘ Garden,” “ The Thicket,” “‘ under stones,”

ageregating 58 armifera, 51 clappti. In a lot of 32 from drift on

the Duck river, Columbia, Tenn., sent by Prof. B. Shimek in 1892,

18 were armifera and 14 clappi; 5 specimens, of the latter only,

from ‘ Columbia, Tenn.,”’ were received from Mr. A. A. Hinkley in

1887. Lately Mr. Geo. H. Clapp was kind enough to send me all

his armifera for inspection; among them was a lot from ‘ Eastern

’

Tennessee,” all clappi; one from Gurley, Ala., the same; and one

from Huntsville, Ala., with 36 armifera and 1 clappi. The latter

two were collected by Mr. Herbert H. Smith. Mr. Bryant Walker

also kindly sent me his whole arm/fera material, 37 lots. Among

them were clappi from Fayetteville, Tenn., and Huntsville, Ala.,

and, much to my surprise, from Grand Rapids, Mich. Also in a lot

from ‘ Ottawa, IIl.,’’? which I owe to Mr, F. C. Baker, both species

were represented. It seems then that the distribution of B. clappt

is not only southeastern, as had been supposed, and it may be found

in other parts of the country also.

I take pleasure in naming the species in honor of Mr. Geo. H.

Clapp.

STRANGE SHELLS. One specimen: Umbilicate, cylindrical-tur-

riculate; whorls 62, moderately convex, the last occupying nearly

one-half of the altitude; aperture higher than wide, somewhat like

that of Ofonella lubrica except for the columellar part; peristome

straight, thin and sharp; no trace of lamellz and plicz; colorless to

pale horn; shell thin, translucent; surface with fine, irregular striz;

alt. 4, diam. 2 mm.; aperture alt. 1.5, diam. 1 mm.; umbilicus round,

of about 0.5 mm. diam., and pervious into the preceding whorls.

From Rose Hill, near Buffalo, N. Y., collected and sent by Miss

E. L. Letson in a lot of Bifid. armifera Say, var. What is it? If

it came from a foreign country, or even from some unexplored part

of our own continent, one might be tempted to regard it is represent-

ing a n. sp., and even a new genus. But in all probability it is a

freak, or monstrous specimen of Bifid. armifera. This had been

written when I received, from Mr. Clapp, a somewhat corresponding

THE NAUTILUS. 1 |

specimen, from Gastonburg, Ala. It was plainly a B. armifera,

large, especially the last whorl, much larger than the penultimate,

evidently overgrown, with a very small and slight parietal lam. A

specimen, corresponding especially with the first-mentioned, of Bifid.

corticaria, from Jackson county, Ala., was received years ago from

Mr. H. E. Sargent. 3.1 mm. high; peristome straight and thin;

aperture without a trace of lamelle.

REV. A. B. KENDIG, D. D.

Dr. Amos B. Kendig, one of the best known Methodist clergymen

of New England, died January 20, 1909, at Brookline, Mass.

Dr. Kendig was born in Lancaster county, Penna., in 1830, re-

moving to lowa when a young man. He at first studied law, but

changed to the ministry, and was ordained in 1852. In the Civil

War he served for a time as chaplain of the 9th Iowa regiment.

In 1875 Dr. Kendig came to Boston and became pastor of the

Monument Square M. E. Church in Charlestown. Later he held

pastorates in Lynn, Worcester and Boston; then going to Brooklyn,

N. Y., East Orange, N. J., and New York City. ©

Dr. Kendig was known for his energy in all that he undertook.

He was a man of devout Christian character, and he brought to his

profession the courtesy and the manners of a gentleman of the old

school. A man of broad culture and sympathy, he took great inter-

est in scientific matters, and was a member of several learned soci-

eties. He took up the study of mineralogy at one time, aad made a

large and fine collection of minerals, which he presented to a college

in Iowa. Later he made a study of land shells of the world, built

up a large and valuable collection, and accumulated a library. In

1903 he decided to give up the study of shells, his collection going

to the Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Dr. Kendig had many warm friends among conchologists. He is

survived by two daughters, Mrs. George F. Kellogg and Mrs. Silas

Peirce.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE BREEDING SEASONS OF THE

UNIONIDE.

BY CHAS. H. CONNER.

Dr. A. E. Ortmann’s article, relative to the breeding seasons of

the Unionidae, will doubtless be received as an interesting and valu-

able contribution to the subject, and in order to extend its usefulness,

so far as my limited ability will permit, I beg to present a condensed

report of my observations, made from 1105 to 1908 inclusive. I, too,

have noticed some apparent variations in the breeding periods of

individuals, as also in the species, in different years. Possibly this

112 THE NAUTILUS.

difference may be due more or less to difference in the seasons

(weather) from year to year.

The facts already obtained have an important bearing on legislative

action already taken or contemplated for the protection and preser-

vation of our fresh-water mussels. Unlike the song and game birds

and the mammals, no close season will serve to protect all of the spe-

cies. The taking of all clams under the fully adult size must be pro-

hibited to prevent their extermination by pearl-hunters and button

manufacturers.

TABLE SHOWING GRAVID PERIODS OF THE UNIONIDZ.

The letter g indicates gravid individuals, m denoting that none

were found gravid, gn that some females examined were gravid, others

not gravid, either among specimens taken at the same time or in the

same month in different years.

. band Bal? gy

Bb B Ss 2 eno lee

284] 2 28 |3 5 o

BS ero = a ye mb & © ov @®

eesl|Retles lS Bs

Sealaqen|44n};oua

Anodonta cataracta Say... -| g g g |gngnn|n _n g/g g g

Anodonta implicata Say. . . g gv £ ef 2) | mn) Die eee

Anodonta undulata Say. g n g

Alasmidonta undulata Say. . . g

Alasmidonia varicosa Lamarck. gon

Lampsilis cariosus Say... . 2 ig gn eo New ae gig

Lampsilis ochraceus Say .. . f ig ie

Lampsilis radiatus Gmélin . . Eg ie eo eS we ealeweee

Lampsilis ventricosus Barnes. . g

Lampsilis ligamentinus Lamarck. gg

Margaritana margaritifera L. .| n g g n

Quadrula multiplicata. . . . . g

Quadrula perplicata Conrad. . n

Quadrula trapezoides Lea. . . n

Strophitus edentulus Say... . g

Symphynota viridis Coorad . . g

Unio complanatus Solander. .| n mien sg ¢ | ¢ on on) | nee

Unio heterodon Lea... . « « g

UnionasutusSay ....--|8 € €|8 €§ S€<ligngegileEe Eg Ee

f approxi-

Unio northamptonensts Lea. + ares or

rt nalus.

Unio occidens Lea. . . .

Unio rectus Lamarck. . .. .

Anodonta footianaLea. ...

Anodonta subcylindraceus Lea .

Lampsilis superiorensis Marsh .

09 9Q 09 09

CI EE

THE NAUTILUS, XXII. PLATE VIII.

41, 2,3, ASHMUNELLA KOCHII CLAPP. 4, BIFIDARIA CLAPP! STERKI.

5,6, HOLOSPIRA BARTSCHI P. & C. 7, BIFIDARIA BILAMELLATA

STERKI & CLAPP.

THE (NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXII. MARCH, 1909. INOS EE.

PISIDIUM IN MASSACHUSETTS.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

During the past two summers the writer has had opportunity to

collect in various places in Massachusetts, and Pisidium has yielded

some good series. The species have just been determined by Dr.

Sterki, with the following results:

Dalton, in the Berkshire Hills—a brief visit in early spring—

yielded compressum and abditum.

Newton, Upper Falls, gave at one visit variabile, aequilaterale,

pauperculum, affine and ferrugineum.

Woburn, in a small outlet to Horn Pond, had compressum, abdi-

tum and affine.

Concord, near the famous battlefield, shows variabile, abditum,

compressum.

Wareham is at the head of Buzzards Bay, almost on Cape Cod.

It is an important place in cranberry culture. Considerable mate-

rial was obtained from ditches in the cranberry bogs. The species

variabile and abditum both show local peculiarities; ferrugineum also

occurs in the bogs. A trout brook in the woods gave excellent sets

of variahile, with abditum quite rare.

The Agawam River at East Wareham is one of the richest col-

lecting grounds I know. Pis¢diwm is not abundant, but is peculiar.

Dr. Sterki writes of variabile: “ Rather different from the common

form, and representing a variety if found at other places,” another

form similar yet distinct.

Danvers, my present home, proves an excellent region for this

114 THE NAUTILUS.

genus. A few tiny brooks are teeming with fresh-water shells, and

the town has the following species: compressum, variabile, abditum,

ventricosum, ferrugineum succineum, neglectum, aequilaterale, ferru-

gineum and splendidulum, ‘for the first time seen in large numbers

from Massachusetts.’’ A few forms not quite settled may show more

of interest. A more careful search next summer may yield even

more species from this interesting locality.

NOTES ON SHELLS COLLFCTED AT BALSAS, GUERRERO, MEXICO, BY

MR. WALTER E. KOCH, IN DEC., 1908.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND GEO. H. CLAPP.

These shells were found in the crevices of the limestone rocks

bordering the Rio Balsas, and the ravines leading to it, and about

1000 feet above the river, or at an altitude of 2000-3000 feet. No

living shells were seen, and limited time prevented a very thorough

search.

EUGLANDINA LIEBMANNI (Pfr.).

The specimens have the more minute sculpture very beautifully

developed, agreeing with Strebel’s account of the type specimen,

There is also a coarser form in some other localities, which seems to

be more abundant in collections.

PoOLYGYRA MATERMONTANA Pils.

A series of eleven specimens shows great variation in size and

shape of the umbilicus, and better preserved examples might possibly

show the presence of more than one species in the lot. The extremes

in size are 7.3 mm. diam. with 5 whorls, and 11 mm. with 53 whorls.

OxysTYLA ZONIFERA (Strebel).

Typical examples of this well-marked species.

HoLosPIRA BARTSCHI bn. sp. Pl. viii, figs. 5, 6.

The shell is white, imperforate, oblong, widest at the eighth or

ninth whorl, rapidly tapering to the last whorl; terminal cone short,

the apex mamillar. Two embryonic whorls smooth, gray, project-

ing, the first whorl wider than the second; following three whorls

THE NAUTILUS. 115

sculptured with slender riblets parted by wider intervals; the riblets

then become irregular and weaker; at and below the shoulder they

disappear, and the whorls are nearly smooth and flat to the last,

which is ribbed, the ribs rather strong but irregular on the last half

whorl, which is straightened, tapers to the well-rounded base, and is

very shortly produced forward beyond the preceding whorl. The

aperture is very shortly piriform, upper margin straightened with a

slight callus within near the outer angle; other margins well curved

and expanded. Internal axis rather wide throughout, widest above,

smooth, its walls slightly concave within each whorl. At the end of

the penultimate whorl there is a barely noticeable swelling of the

axis, hardly visible in some specimens, and with no superposed callus.

Length 14.8, greatest diam. 5.8 mm.; whorls 14.

Length 15, greatest diam. 5.9 mm.; whorls 14.

Length 18.25, greatest diam. 5.3 mm.; whorls 133.

The length is estimated, since all of the examples have the peri-

stome more or less broken basally. While very ‘‘ top-heavy,” it is

less obese than H. imbricata v. Marts., which is strongly ribbed

throughout. No other species of similar shape bas the same axial

structure. In having a large internal pillar, H. bartschi resembles

H. fusca y. Marts. Neither species is a typical Haplocion, but they

agree with no other of the defined sections of Holospira.

This species is named for Mr. Paul Bartsch, author of an excel-

lent paper on Holospira and related genera.

HoLospira GOLDMAN! Bartsch.

One example, 13 x 5 mm., agrees well with a cotype of this spe-

cies, received from the National Museum through the courtesy of

Dr. Dall. H. gealei H. Ad., of which the internal structure is

unknown, may prove to be allied. It is not unlike goldmani exter-

nally, so far as can be gathered from Adams’ inadequate description.

A NEW SPECIES OF PHOLADOMYA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

The figured type of the genus Pholadomya Sowerby is the recent

P. candida Sow., from the island of Tortola in the West Indies,

described in 1823. A large number of fossil species are known, but

116 THE NAUTILUS.

during the eighty-four years which have elapsed since Sowerby

characterized the genus, only one more recent species which can

confidently be affirmed to belong to the typical section of the genus

has been described. This is the P. lovent Jeffreys, 1881. PP. can-

dida has its hinge composed of a pair of nymphs sustaining the

external ligament, and in front of the nymphs a triangular area,

directly under the beaks, which supported an internal resilium, some

fibers of which still adhere to the specimen in the National Museum.

The anterior edge of the resiliifer is raised into a rib-like prominence,

which is what in descriptions of the genus is usually referred to as

an “obscure tooth.” It is not a tooth, but a reinforcement of the

pit or chondrophore. Not having a specimen for study in 1898, my

description of this hinge from figures (Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, p.

530) is to this extent inaccurate. It is true that Verrill in 1881,

and Locard in 1898, have described two bivalves under the names

of Pholadomya arata and P. africana (Fischer MS.), but these do

not belong to the typical section of the group and may belong ina

wholly distinct genus. They are wedge-shaped, truncate shells with

the chondrophore obsolete, and having an aspect which leads one to

doubt whether the resilium was developed at all in either of them.

Their soft parts are wholly unknown. It is therefore a matter of

especial interest that in recent work of the U. 8. 8. Albatross in the

N. W. Pacific, Aug. 10, 1906, at station 4904, in 107 fathoms, a

right valve of Pholadomya was obtained, which I now propose to

describe.

PHOLADOMYA PACIFICA ND. Sp.

Shell resembling an unusually plump specimen of Mya arenaria

in general form, white, very thin, the beaks near the anterior third;

inner layer of the shell pearly; beaks low, slightly prosocoelous;

anterior margin of the valve evenly rounded, posterior a little

attenuated and with a slight gape but also rounded; hinge-line thin

with a short, narrow nymph, the chondrophore also narrow, directed

obliquely backward, under and nearly parallel with the nymph;

interior polished when fresh, the specimen rather dull, almost con-

cealing the pallial sinus, which is less deep than in P. candida. The

muscular impressions are obscure, but seem to agree with those of

hat species; exterior largely, finely granulose, like many Thracias,

sculptured with more or less evident lines of growth, and with abo

THE NAUTILUS. ile;

nine low radial ridges, starting from the beak, near which there are

some intercalary ridges which become obsolete about the middle of

the disk; both ends of the shell are destitute of radial sculpture for

about one-fourth the total length; there is no defined dorsal area,

lunule or escutcheon. Length of valve 48; length behind the beak

30; height 54; height of beak above the hinge-line 2.5; (double)

diameter 26 mm. The sparse radial sculpture in the middle of the

shell is almost exactly like that of P. candida, except that in the

latter there are obscure nodosities on the ridges and no intercalaries,

while both ends have obsolete radial lines. In one specimen of P.

candida there are eleven ridges. The sculpture of P. arata and

africana is quite different. The base of P. pacifica is gently arcu-

ate. The specimen is registered in the U. S. Nat. Mus. as No.

110,456. It may be added that the granulation of the surface in

P. candida is much less dense and conspicuous.

THE SHOWALTER COLLECTION.

BY HERBERC H. SMITH.

Every student of North American fresh-water shells is familiar

with the name of Dr. E. R. Showalter. He collected, probably,

three-fourths of the Alabama Pleuroceratide described by Lea, and

not a few of the Unionide ; many of Anthony’s species came from

him, and he corresponded for years with Lewis, Hartman and other

eminent conchologists. Dr. Showalter resided at Uniontown, Perry

county, and afterwards at Point Clear, near Mobile, and he made

extended excursions to the Cahaba, Coosa and other rivers of the

Alabama system. His work, interrupted by the Civil War, was

taken up again about 1867, though not apparently with the same

enthusiasm. Until Aldrich took up the task, Showalter was almost

the only man in this rich field, and his specimens are scattered

through all our collections.

Few naturalists know that Dr. Showalter had a collection of his

own, and fewer still imagine that it is in existence. It had, in fact,

a narrow escape from destruction. After Dr. Showalter’s death the

shells were stored for years under his house at Point Clear. Like

118 THE NAUTILUS.

most southern houses, this is supported by corner pillars, the space

beneath being open to the winds and often to driving rains. Some

of the boxes rotted, specimens fell out and labels decayed; when at

length the collection became the property of the Alabama Geological

Survey, portions of it had literally to be scooped up with a shovel.

The condition was not encouraging, but such things always look worse

than they really are. No doubt some specimens and labels were

irretrievably lost, but by far the greater part of the collection was

saved intact, and for this we must thank the able director of the

Geological Survey, Dr. Eugene A. Smith. From the first he was

keenly alive to the value of the Showalter shells, but with the means

at his disposal he could do no more than preserve them from further

harm; this he has done conscientiously. For years the collection

has been stored in the State Museum at Tuscaloosa, but it could not

be made available to students.

Some months ago Mr. Bryant Walker asked me to examine the

Showalter collection and, if possible, catalogue the Unionide. Dr.

Smith placed the shells unreservedly in my hands and forwarded the

work by every possibly means; ultimately he asked me to arrange the

whole collection, and this I am now doing.

Later on I hope to give a more extended account of this historical

collection. It is much richer than I had imagined, and nearly all

can be saved to science. For the student of Alabama Pleuroceratide

its importance can hardly be overestimated; species which have been

among the rarest in our collections are here represented by hun-

dreds, sometimes thousands, of good specimens, and these, if not

exactly cotypes, are at least the lots from which types were taken.

Generally speaking, the shells are correctly labeled, far better than

Pleuroceratid@ in the majority of our cabinets. The Uniontde and

land shells are also important. Dr. Showalter had a general collec-

tion of no great extent, and this will be useful for educational

purposes.

Every naturalist will be glad to know that the Showalter collection

can be saved, and that it will soon be housed in the new museum

building. The liberal character of Dr. Smith is a sufficient guar-

antee that the specimens will be available to every true student.

State University, Tuscaloosa, Ala., Feb. 9, 1909.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

RECORDS OF MINNESOTA MOLLUSKS.

BY L. E. DANIELS.

The month of July, 1905, I spent at various points in Minnesota,

and incidentally did some collecting of mollusca; and since there has

been so little published on the mollusca of Minnesota, I contribute

my mite.

The following is a complete list of my catch. At Thief River

Falls and White Earth Lake I collected several days; at the other

localities but a few hours, so that this list cannot be taken as a com-

plete fauna of either locality. At the time of my collecting, the

rivers and lakes were very high, which will account for the scarcity

of fluviatile species.

In order to shorten the names of the localities I will say that

Halma is in Marshall county; Anita and Thief River Falls in Red

Lake county; White Earth Lake in Becker county; Lake Harriett,

near Minneapolis, in Hennepin county; and Cannon Lake in Rice

county.

Polygyra multilineata (Say). Minneapolis.

Cireinaria concava (Binn.). Minneapolis.

Vitrona limpida Gld. Thief River Falls.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.). Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake.

Vitrea binneyana (Morse). Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake.

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller), Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake.

Euconulus chersinus polygyratus Pils. Thief River Falls, White

Earth Lake, Anita.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Thief River Falls.

Zonitoides milium (Morse). Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). White Earth Lake, Minneapolis.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. White Earth Lake,

Cannon Lake, Anita. -

Felicodiscus parallelus (Say). Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake, Anita.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Punctum pygm@um (Drap.). Thief River Falls.

Succinea retusa Lea. White Earth Lake, var. Thief River Falls.

Succinea ovalis Say. Thief River Falls, var, Minneapolis.

Succinea avara Say. Thief River Falls, Cannon Lake.

Succinea avara vermeta Say. White Earth Lake.

Strobilops virgo (Pils.). Thief River Falls, White Earth Lake.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Thiet River Falls, White Earth Lake.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Thief River Falls.

Bifidaria tuppaniana (C. B. Adams). White Earth Lake.

Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. White Earth Lake.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller). Thief River Falls. Also a form

which seems to be C. /. morseana Doherty.

Vallonia costata (Miller). Thief River Falls, White Earth Lake.

Carychium exile canadense Clapp. Thief River Falls, White

Earth Lake.

Lampsilis luteola Lam. Thief River Falls.

Anodonta kennicotti Lea. Thief River Falls.

Unio gibbosus Barnes. Thief River Falls.

Quadrula lachrymosa Lea, Thief River Falls.

Spherium simile Say. Lake Harriett.

Spherium occidentale Prime. Thief River Falls.

Musculium jayanum Prime. Thief River Falls.

Pisidium sp. Thief River Falls.

Campeloma subsolidum Anthony. Mississippi River, Minneapolis.

Campeloma rufum Hald. Lake Harriett.

Campeloma milesii Lea. Thief River Falls.

Valvata sincera danielsi Walker. Cannon Lake.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Cannon Lake.

Valvata tricarinata simplex Gld. Cannon Lake.

Amnicola limosa Say. Var. Cannon Lake.

Physa ancillaria Say. Lake Harriett.

Physa gyrina Say. Lake Harriett.

Physa gyrina hildrethiana Lea. Thief River Falls.

Physa gyrina oleacea Tryon. White Earth Lake.

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn,.). Thief River Falls, Halma.

Lymnea stagnalis appressa Say. Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake, Halma, Lake Harriett.

Lymne@a stagnalis var. Lake Harriett.

Lymnea obrussa Say. Thief River Falls, Cannon Lake.

THE NAUTILUS. 121

Lymnea obrussa modicella Say. Thief River Falls.

Lymnea sterkit Baker. Thief River Falls.

Lymnex coperata Say. Thief River Falls, Anita.

Lymne@a palustris Muller. Thief River Falls, Cannon Lake,

Halma, Anita.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lake Harriett, Cannon Lake.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Thief River Falls, Cannon Lake, Halma,

Lake Harriett.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Thief River Falls, White Earth

Lake, Cannon Lake, Lake Harriett.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Cannon Lake.

Planorbis parvus Say. ‘Thief River Falls, Anita.

Segmentina armigera Say. Thief River Falls.

TWO NEW VARIETIES OF CYPREA FROM N. E. QUEENSLAND.

BY H. B. PRESTON.

Among a number of Cyprea trom N. E. Queensland recently

received there occur two varieties, one of C. xanthodon Gray and

one of C. miliaris Gmel., which, though undoubtedly belonging to

these species, possess such marked varietal characters as to merit

notice. I therefore venture to describe them, as follows:

Cypraa xanthodon Gray, var. carnicolor, n. var.

Dorsal surface flesh-colored without bands, indistinctly freckled

with pale rusty-red; base white; posterior and median columellar

denticles red, anterior columellar denticles white; denticles on lip

pure white throughout; thinner and more piriform than the type;

the posterior extremity of the outer lip is more produced, while that

‘ of the columellar lip is less so than in the typical form; moreover,

there is no dark blotch on the columellar anterior extremity of the

dorsal surface.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 14 mm.

Hab.: N. E. Queensland.

The above has all the appearance of a deep-water shell.

Cyprea miliaris Gmel., var. nivea, n, var.

Differing from the typical form in having the dorsal surface

grayish-white, gradually shading to pure white towards the base,

122 THE NAUTILUS.

spotted indistinctly with numerous small white spots; there is scarcely

any sign of lateral punctation on the columellar side.

Alt. 35, diam. maj. 22 mm.

Hab.: N. E. Queensland.

NOTES.

PEARL-HUNTING IN THE Fox River, Ittinors.—Pearl-hunting

commenced in the Fox river this last summer. One or two pearls

were found by accident before. Now several tons of the shells have

been taken out, perhaps as much as ten tons. Many of the nearby

residents have done some hunting for sport, but two parties made a

business of pearl-fishing, and perhaps worked 90 days. They re-

ceived $1,800 for the pearls taken out. Two pearls were valued at

$600 each. Jewelers from New York city wrote toa firm in Aurora,

Ill., telling them to buy all the Fox river pearls they could get, as

they were of the finest quality. Thus the craze spread late in the

fall until, I am told, one could count fifty persons in sight hunting

clams. They worked until the law to protect clams during breeding

season went into effect.—L. A. Krenz, Waterman, III.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS.—In order to complete the records of

distribution of Planorbis bicarinatus, records, preferably accompanied

by specimens, are desired from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Florida,

Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, South Dakota, Wyoming,

Utah, Nevada, Arizona and California. The data obtained will be

published in Toe Nautitus.—Bryant WaLxker, 205 Moffatt

Building, Detroit, Mich.

Dr. W. Hoyte, Director of the Manchester Museum, has been

appointed Director of the National Museum of Wales at Cardiff.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

PYRAMIDELLIDZ OF NEw ENGLAND AND ADJACENT REGION.

By Paul Bartsch (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 34, pp. 67—

113, pl. 11-14, 1909). An interesting and valuable paper giving in

detail the work done by various authors, followed by descriptions of

all the genera, subgenera and species. Under Pyramidella are

placed two subgenera—Hulimella and Syrnola. One new species,

THE NAUTILUS. 123

P. (Syrnola ?) winkleyi, is described from Branford, Conn. Turbo-

nilla is divided into five subgenera—Ptycheulimella, Chemnitzia,

Turbonilla, Strioturbonilla and Fyrgiscus. A new subspecies, 7.

(Strioturbonilla) bushiana abyssicola, is described from 1290-15387

fathoms off Martha’s Vineyard. 7. verrilli, vinee, branfordensis,

buteonis, winkleyi, senilis, sumnert, cascoensis, whiteavesi and edward-

ensis of the subgenus Pyrgiscus are described as new; the last two are

from Prince Edward Island. 7. mtghelsi is proposed for J. costu-

lata Verr. 1873 (non Risso 1826). Under Odostomia six subgenera

are recognized—Cbrysallida, Evalina, Iolaea, Menestho, Odostomia

and Liostomia. The following are new: O. (Chrysallida) bushiana

and willisi, O. (Evalina) winkleyi, O. (lolaea) hendersoni, O. (Men-

estho) trifida bedequcnsis and bisuturalis ovilensis. O. morseana is

proposed in place of O. su/cata Verr. 1880 (non A. Adams 1860).

The Pyramis striatula Couthouy forms the type of a new genus,

Couthouyella. There are excellent figures of nearly all the species_

C.. Wad.

Natura History, ORGANIZATION AND LATE DEVELOPMENT

OF THE TEREDINIDZ OR SHiIP-wormMs. By Charles P. Sigerfoos,

(Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, xxvii, pp. 193-231, pl. vii-

xxi.) Xylotrya gouldi, Teredo dilatata and 7. navalis from Beaufort,

N. C., have been investigated. TJ. navalis carries the eggs in the

gills, but in the other species they are laid free into and fertilized in

the water. In one case 7. dilatata was estimated to produce one

hundred million eggs. The egg develops into a typical small bivalve

having a swimming organ (velum), ‘Throughout the summer these

may be found crawling over wooden structures in search of favorable

crevices for attachment. Once attached by a single long byssus

thread, the larva loses the velum, scrapes away the surface of the

wood with the ventral edges of the shell-valves, and the foot develops

into a pestle-shaped organ which assists the shell in burrowing. On

the external surface of the valves at the anterior edges is formed the

first row of small teeth, which at this and later stages are the

mechanical agents by which the animal bores into the wood. This

transformation has taken place within two days from the time the

larva has settled, and afterwards the animal rapidly becomes an

elongate ship-worm. Evidence is given showing that the ship-worm

may reach a length of 4 feet and diameter of 1 inch in about one

year. The sexes are separate in adult ship-worms, but young indi-

viduals of X. gould? are frequently hermaphroditic, in which case the

male cells develop first. The anatomy is very fully described and

illustrated. This timely paper, a valuable addition to our knowl-

edge of Pelecypod morphology, can be obtained of the Bureau of

Fisheries. Vs hy a 38

124 THE NAUTILUS.

DAVID W. FERGUSON.

The Brooklyn Conchological Club mourns the loss of its esteemed

member, Mr. David W. Ferguson, whose death occurred on Feb-

ruary 7th, in his 75th year.

Mr. Ferguson began collecting shells in his eighth year, continued

up to the time of his death, and became one of the most discrimi-

nating collectors in New York city. His knowledge of shells and

ability to recall names was remarkable. In his early life he enjoyed

the friendship of Bland and the elder Sowerby, and also of Dr. Jay,

Stuart, Steward, Constable and all the collectors in New York of the

last half of the 19th century. One of his most intimate friends in

later years was the late Sloman Rous, who described several unusual

species in his collection in THe NAuTILUS some time ago. Mr.

G. B. Sowerby named a large white cone, Conus fergusonii, which

Mr. Ferguson had sent him for identification. It is a fine and dis-

tinct species.

Mr. Ferguson was also a collector of Indian relics, and at the

time of his death possessed a very large collection, all local to Long

Island and nearby New Jersey. The region where these were ob-

tained is now entirely built over, rendering the collection quite valu-

able at the present time.

DR. LORENZO G. YATES.

We regret to announce the death of Lorenzo Gordin Yates, of

Santa Barbara, California. Born in England, January 8, 1837, be

came to the United States in 1853. He taught in the public schools

of Wisconsin, and studied medicine and dentistry. Later, Dr. Yates

was on the staff of the Whitney Geological Survey of California.

He was especially interested in conchology, mineralogy and botany,

and published numerous papers on various zoological and botanical

subjects. His principal papers relating to conchology are: ‘The

Mollusca of Santa Barbara County, California,” and ‘* New Shells

from the Santa Barbara Channel” (Bull. No. 2, Santa Barbara Soc.

Nat. Hist., 1890). A new variety of Helix carpenteri from southern

California (NauriLus, vol. iv, pp. 51, 54, 1890), and other notes.

He was a fellow of the Linnean Society of London, member of the

Southern California Academy of Sciences, of the Geological Society

of America, ete.

HE NALS:

VoL. XXII. APRIL, 1909. No. 12.

SOME NOTES ON CYPREA OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In 1906-07 Senor Don Joaquin Gonzales Hidalgo published in

the Memorias of the Real Academia de Ciencias, Madrid, a useful

review of a monographic character, without figures, on the genus

Cyprea, in which the author includes Trivia.

In looking over the species of the west coast of America, and

referring to the above-mentioned paper, some questions were raised

in my mind, leading to the following notes being recorded.

CypR#A EXANTHEMA L. and var. cervinetta Kiener. Both the

typical form and the variety are found on both sides of the Isthmus

of Panama, and no constant differences seem to exist between

Atlantic and Pacific specimens, when a sufficiently large series is

compared.

CyprR#A ROBERTSI Hidalgo, 1906. This name is proposed for

the well-known C. punctulata Gray, 1824; not of Gmelin 1791.

CypR#A ANNETT# Dall, n. nom. The name ©. sowerbyi ap-

plied by Kiener in 1845, to a well-known West American species,

is pre-occupied by Anton (1839) and Gray (1832). Kiener figured

a worn specimen under the name of ©. ferruginosa, a name which

had also been used by Gmelin, 1791, for another species. Sowerby

in the Conchological Illustrations (1837) referred the ©. sowerbyi

Kiener, to the O. zonata Lamarck, 1810; but the latter, though

allied, is distinct and comes from the African coast. I may note

that the C. zonata of Lamarck and Sowerby (after Chemnitz) had

126 THE NAUTILUS.

already been named C. zonaria by Gmelin (1791). Our shell being

nameless, I propose to call it C. annettae.

CYPR#A CAPUT-DRACONIS Melvill, lives on the reefs at Easter

Island and the locality ‘‘ Hong Kong” is probably erroneous.

CYPR#A MEXIOANA Stearns, is omitted by Hidalgo.

TRIVIA CALIFORNIANA Gray, (1828) was inaccurately mono-

graphed by Reeve under the name of 7. californica ; which, having

been inadvertently adopted in Carpenter’s British Association re-

ports, has been more or less commonly in use ever since.

TRIVIA COsTISPUNCTATA Gaskoin, 1870, reported from Cali-

fornia, if correctly located, is probably only a mutation of 7. radians

Lamarck.

TRIVIA SOLANDRI Gray, and CypR#A SPADICEA Swainson, are

reported from Vancouver Island by Hidalgo, but his authority was

doubtless inaccurate, as neither species is known north of latitude

84° 30’ N., and even 7. californiana is not yet reported north of

Bodega Bay in latitude 38° 15’.

It is much to be desired that Californian naturalists will deter-

mine from the living animals whether the important differences

stated to exist between Trivia and Cyprea are really as stated;

since, if confirmed, the two genera can hardly be retained in the

same family.

Erato is not included in Hidalgo’s lists, though so closely related

to Trivia; but I may add that since describing Z. albescens in 1905

(NavTILvs, xviii, p. 124) the details of the station have come to

hand and it seems that the type specimen was dredged in 30-41

fathoms, sand, off the western Santa Barbara Islands, California.

BIFIDARIA BILAMELLATA STERKI AND CLAPP, N. SP.

BY V. STERKI.

Shell small, slender, cylindrical or slightly attenuated above, with

an obtusish apex, perforate; whorls 5}, subequal, the apical ones

comparatively large; colorless to pale or reddish-horn,’ transparent;

surface shining, with very fine, crowded, subregular striz, on the

apex microscopically rugulose; the last whorl ascending above, some-

what flattened at the base close to the aperture, keel-like further

1So far as can be seen from drift specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

back, somewhat flattened over the palate, with a slight to strong, not

sharp, crest behind the margin, with two spiral impressions, one over

the lower palatal and another near the base; aperture broadly ellip-

tical to almost circular, peristome continuous or its ends closely

approximate and connected by a raised callus, well everted, with a

slight to rather strong lip thickening; lamelle and plice, parietal and

angular, well differentiated, connected, large, the angular connecting

with the peristome; columellar complex, with a lower axial and an

upper horizontal part, ‘t basal’? a short, transverse lamella, rather

abrupt; lower palatal far remote from the margin, but visible in front

view, rather long, lamellar, thin, upper palatal somewhat less deep-

seated, close to the lower, somewhat oblique, shorter.

Alt. 2-2.4, average 2.2, diam. 0.9 mm.; aperture alt. 0.8 mm.

Soft parts not seen.

Habitat: Foothills of Plumosa Range, about 8 miles east of

Quartzsite, Yuma county, Arizona, in drift, in company with B.

hordeacella Pils. and B. tuba intuscostata Clapp, discovered by Mr.

Geo. H. Clapp, who states that the ratio of bilamellata and horde-

acella, in the drift, was almost exactly 1:16. Large numbers of

both species were found.

B. bilamellata is very distinct and different from all other Bifi-

darta. At first sight it might be taken for hordeacella for its size

and shape, but a glance at the aperture is sufficient to recognize it,

and also the posterior aspect is different. With respect to the peri-

stome it approaches B. ashmuni; the parieto-angular lamella is of the

same formation, and the palatal plice are similar but not so deep-

seated; the ‘‘ basal’”’ is the same as in B. dalliana. The n. sp. is

very interesting by the combination of features of apparently widely

different species, and appears to be intermediate between two groups.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE VIII.

Figs. 1, 2, 3. Ashmunella kochit Clapp. Type, No. 5765, coll.

G. H. Clapp. Description on p. 77.

Fig. 4. Bifidaria clappi Sterki. Cotype, Knoxville, Tenn., No.

98279, A. N.S. P. Description on p. 108.

Figs. 5, 6. Holospira bartschi P.& C. Two cotypes, coll. A. N.

S. P. and G. H. Clapp. Description on p. 114.

Fig. 7. Bifidaria bilamellata Sterki & Clapp. Front view of a

cotype, No. 98268, A. N.S. P. Description on p. 126..

128 THE NAUTILUS.

A SICILIAN COLLECTION.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

During February and March, 1908, it was my good fortune to

spend nearly fifty days on the island of Sicily, and I improved every

opportunity which presented itself for mollusk hunting.

Soon after my arrival in Palermo I called upon the Marquis de

Monterosato, and obtained from him much valuable information in

regard to localities of Sicilian shells. I also viewed his unrivaled

collection of Mediterranean shells, which is especially rich in Sicilian

species.

After a few weeks in Palermo the following towns were visited in

the order named—Girgenti, Siracuse, Taormina and Messina. Ex-

cursions were made from each, but at no time were shells taken

more than twelve miles from the sea. From the above will be no-

ticed that the northern, southern and eastern coasts were visited; but

the interior and western mountains were untouched. ‘The mountains

in the west are exceedingly rich in peculiar species, including the

most striking of the latticed Clausilia. Each mountain and plain on

the island contains its own species or group of species,

Monte Pellegrino, above Palermo, supports a rich snail fauna.

The mountain is largely composed of perforated limestone, in the re-

cesses of which a large proportion of the land mollusca live. At the

base of Pellegrino in the grass live Helix hamilearis Kobelt. Under

stones at the base of the cliffs Ferussacia folliculus Gron. Half way

up the trail Helix mazzulli Jan. and Helix sicana Fer. first appear

and extend nearly to the summit. Within a hundred feet of the

summit Clausilia grohmanniana Phil., which was rare below, I

found in comparative abundance. Near the signal station on the

top Helix macrostoma Mublf., one of the few Sicilian OCampyleas,

was discovered in crevices of the rock. ‘Thus these species appa-

rently prefer various elevations above the sea.

The most remunerative season for terrestrial mollusks in Sicily is

during November and December, when the rainy season is usually

at its height. At this time every wall is said to teem with shell life.

But as 1 found at Girgenti even the dry season is not unpopular with

land mollusca. On the first limb of a single almond tree I counted

no less than two hundred and fifty specimens of Helix. The opercu-

THE NAUTILUS. 129

lates though avoid the direct rays of the sun, living under boulders

among the ruins. Siracusan land shells adapt themselves to the dry

surroundings by living at the edge of the cliffs overhanging the sea.

Upon reaching Taormina aud the base of Etna, I was surprised to

find the terrestrial mollusca reduced to a minority. The country

here reaches the wildest form, deep crevices and small canyons in-

tersect the mountains and the vegetation is luxurious in early spring.

The scarcity of land mollusca is accounted for in the prevalence of

lava instead of limestone formations, which are so characteristic of

the rest of Sicily.

In the vicinity of Taormina a few small permanent streams were

explored. In these, under stones, in swiftly running water, two

species of Ancylus were collected. The fresh-water genera are not

well represented on the island; but near Siracuse the Anapo, a small

permanent river, supports a few peculiar species. Many of the Sici-

lian streams after heavy rains are raging torrents, which, under nor-

mal conditions, run underground or in the dry season cease. The

absence of mud is also unfavorable for molluscan life. The Anapo

rises in a pool of considerable depth, is uniform in width throughout,

and after many windings empties into the Bay of Siracuse a few

miles below its source. Its banks are lined with papyrus, on the

roots of which Amnicola, Bithinia and other small genera live. Of

the lakes in the south I visited none, partly because of their inacces-

sible location, but parti cularly on account of their unhealthiness

The fauna of each is in the main peculiar, if we include extreme

variations.

Romagnala, a small town near Palermo, was found an excellent

station for marine species. Facing the open sea, the shore combines

sand and algae-covered rocks. Over sixty species were secured in a

tew hours after a storm, the small species in fresh condition and the

larger often containing the animal. Two days later the sand had

covered the rocks, and it was with difficulty that ten species were

secured. At Siracuse the bay yielded a few marine, and the rocky

coast many genera not found at Palermo. Oypre@a lurida L. and

Fusus syracusana L. are seldom found near shore at Siracuse, but

are frequently brought in by the fishermen. The violence of the surf,

combined with the absence of drift on the beaches at Taormina,

prevented frequent collecting. Argonauta argo L. and Calliostoma

conulus L. occurred, which were not noticed in the north. Being in

130 THE NAUTILUS.

close proximity with the Straits of Messina, a number of shells com-

mon at Messina were found at Taormina and Giardine.

At Messina there is an excellent market, in which at 5 a. m. each

morning a surprising variety of fish are offered for sale. The early

start required is amply repaid. The octopus, Polypus vulgaris L., is

considered as an especial delicacy as food, both in Sicily and Italy.

In preparing the following list I have determined, for condensa-

tion, to omit separate annotations. For convenience I have arranged

the Helices in alphabetical order, excepting Lewcochroa.

For the identifications I am indebted to Marquis Monterosato, Mr.

C. Payton Gwyer, Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British Museum, and for

difficult fresh-water species to Mr. Bryant Walker. The Malacolog-

ical Laboratory, Paris, has also given free use of its valuable library.

Argonauta argo L. Taormina.

Sepia officinalis L. Taormina, Palermo.

Poiretia algira Brug. Taormina, Girgenti.

Daudebardia brevipes Drap. Palermo.

Hyalinia suburbana Mont. Palermo.

Vitrea hydatina Rossm. Palermo.

Leucochroa candidissima Drap. Girgenti.

Helix acuta L., apicina Lam., conica Dr., conoidea Dr., muralis

Miill., pisana Mull., squalida Monts. Siracuse.

Helix agrigantina Ad. Girgenti.

Helix andromica Monts. Taormina.

Helix gregaria Ziegl., moesta Parr. Palermo.

Helix aperta Born, hamilcaris Kob., macrostoma, mazzuli Jan.,

sicana Feér., variabilis Drap., vermiculata Mull. Monte Pellegrino.

Helix florida Ziegl., ingoi Cafici.

Ena pupa Brug. Girgenti, Palermo.

Pupa avenacea Brug., P. philippii, Cantr. ‘Taormina.

Clausilia agrigantina Brug. Girgenti.

Clausilia affinis Ph., C. affinis Ph. var. taurominica Monts.

Taormina.

Clausilia familiaris Monts., C. grohmanniana Phil. Monte Pel-

ligrino.

Clausilia septemplicata Phil. Monreale.

Clausilia syracusana Phil. Siracuse.

Rumina decollata Linn. Well distributed.

Ferussacia folliculus Gron. Monte Pelligrino.

THE NAUTILUS. Syl

Ferussacia vescoi Bgt. Girgenti.

Succinea megalonyxia Bourg. Siracuse.

Succinea pfeifferi Ross. Palermo.

Alexia myosotis Drap. Siracuse.

Ancylus costulatus Kust. Sigone River near Taormina.

Ancylus striatus Q. & G. Above Letojanni near Taormina.

Lymneza benoiti Bourg., L. palustris Mull. var. anapensis Monts.

Anapo, Siracuse.

Lymnea truncatula Mull. Palermo.

Planorbis cristatus L. Mondello near Palermo.

Planorbis subangulatus Phil. Siracuse.

Physa cyanea Pirajno. Anapo, Siracuse.

Gadinia garnoti Payr. Romagnola.

Actaeon tornatilis L. Bay of Siracuse.

Bulla striata Brug. Romagnola.

Haminea navicula globosa Jeff. Siracuse.

Philine aperta L. Siracuse.

Conus mediterranea Hw. Siracuse, Romagnola.

Mangilia attenuata Monts. Romagnola.

Marginella miliaria L. Romagnola.

Marginella philippii Monts. Siracuse.

Mitra ebenus Lamk. Romagnola, Siracuse.

Fusus pulchellus Phil. Romagnola, Siracuse.

Fusus syracusanus L. Siracuse.

Latirus lignarius L. Siracuse.

Tritonidea orbignyi Payr. Romagnola.

Euthria cornea L. Romagnola.

Nassa cornicula Oliv. Romagnola.

Nassa costulata Ren. var. flavida Monts. Romagnola.

Nassa cuvieri Payr. Romagnola.

Nassa reticulata Lamk. var. nitida Jeff. Siracuse.

Cyclonassa neritea L. Siracuse.

Columbella rustica L., C. scripta L. Romagnola.

Murex brandaris L. Palermo, Siracuse.

Murex edwardsi Payr., trunculus L. Romagnola, Siracuse.

Murex trunculus L. var. portulana Monts. Palermo.

Typhis tetrapterus Bronn. Romagnola.

Lachesis mamillata Risso. Romagnola.

Purpura haemastoma L. Romagnola.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Lotorium cutaceum L. Palermo.

Lotorium reticulatum Beek. Romagnola.

Cassis sulcosa Brug. Siracuse.

Morio echinophora L. Siracuse.

Cypreza lurida L. Siracuse.

Cyprea pyrum L. Palermo.

Cyprea spurea L. Near Taormina.

Trivia europea Monts., T. pulex Sol. Romagnola.

Chenopus pespelicani L. Messina, Siracuse.

Triforis perversus L. Romagnola.

Cerithium mediterraneum Desh. Romagnola.

Cerithium mediteranneum Desh. var.,C. vulgatum Brug. Siracuse.

Bittium lacteum Phil. Romagnola.

Vermetus subcancellatus Bivon, V. subdentatus. Romagnola.

Turritella communis Risso. Siracuse.

Littorina obtusata L. var. neritoides L. Siracuse.

Rissoa cimex L. var. turrita Monts., R. monodonta Biv., R. subcos-

tulata Schw. Romagnola.

Rissoa venusta Phil. Siracuse.

Rissoina bruguieri Payr. Romagnola.

Amnicola subcarinata Monts. Anapo, Siracuse.

Bithinia anapensis Benoit. Anapo, Siracuse.

Cyclostoma elegans Mill. var. villicum Monts. Monreale, Pal-

ermo, Siracuse, Taormina.

Cyclostoma siculum Sowb. = costulatum Ziegl. Girgenti.

Pomatias paladilhianus 8. Simon. Monte Pelligrino.

Natica millepunctata Lamk. Romagnola, Tamorina.

Natica josephine Risso. Romagnola.

Scala communis Lamk. Romagnola, Siracuse.

Odostomia polita Bivon. Romagnola.

Kulima boscii Payr. Romagnola, Siracuse.

Neritina fluviatilis L. Anapo, Siracuse.

Neritina meridionalis Phil. Siracuse.

Neritina viridis L. Romagnola.

Phasianella pulla L. Romagnola.

Phasianella punctata Mich. Siracuse.

Leptothyra sanguinea L. Siracuse.

Astralium rugosum L. Taormina.

Trochus turbinatus Born. Romagnola.

THE NAUTILUS. 133

Clanculus cruciatus L. var. rosea Monts. Siracuse.

Monodonta articulata Lamk. Siracuse.

Gibbula adansoni Payr. Siracuse.

Gibbula divaricata L. Romagnola.

Calliostoma conulus L. Messina, Taormina.

Calliostoma depictum Desh., C. laugieri Payr. Romagnola.

Haliotis lamellosa Lamk. Siracuse, Taormina.

Fissurella gibberula Lamk., F. greca Lamk., F. litoralis Monts.,

F. neglecta Resh., F. nubecula L. Romagnola.

Emarginula solidula Costa. Taormina.

Patella cerulea L. Messina, Romagnola.

Patella lusitanica Gm. Siracuse.

Ischnochiton polii Phil. Romagnola.

Dentalium novemcostatum Lamk. Romagnola.

Ostrea edulis L. Palermo, Taormina.

Anomia ephippium L. Taormina.

Spondylus gederopus Lamk. Palermo.

Chlamys multistriatus Poli, C. pes-felis L. Taormina.

Chlamys sulcatus Born. Siracuse.

Chlamys varius L. Palermo.

Lima inflata Chem. Palermo.

Mytilus edulis L. Taormina.

Modiola barbata Lamk. Romagnola.

Arca barbata L., A. lactea L., A. noae L. Romagnola.

Unio requieni Lamk. Anapo, Siracuse.

Cardita calyculata Lamk. Taormina.

Cardium aculeatum L., C. paucicostatum Sowb. Siracuse.

Cardium tuberculatum L. var. Romagnola.

Chama gryphoides L. Romagnola.

Tapes beudanti Payr., T. geographica Gm. Romagnola.

Venus gallina L. Siracuse.

Venerupis iris L. Romagnola.

Donax trunculus L. Romagnola.

Solen vaginoides Lamk. Siracuse.

Mactra corallina L. Mondello.

Lucina lactea L. Messina.

Lucina desmoresti Par. Romagnola.

Tellina tenuis Da Costa. Siracuse.

Gastrana fragilis L. Romagnola.

Solemya mediterranea Lamk. Romagnola.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

DREDGING OFF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.

BY C. W. GRIPP.

During the summer of 1908 the writer made a dredging trip out-

side of the entrance to San Diego harbor, dredging in from 15 to 60

fathoms of water. The following list includes all the species obtained

and also a few deep-water species secured from fishermen. This

locality is very rich in molluscan life, especially in smaller forms.

Including the Opisthobranchs my list of San Diego shells contains

over 600 species and varieties. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Wil-

liam H. Dall, Mr. Paul Bartsch and Prof. F. W. Kelsey for assist-

ance in determining doubtful species.

Murex californicus Hds. Erato vittellina Hds.

‘© carpenteri Dall. Marginella jewettii Cpr.

«© festivus Hinds. cs pyriformis Cpr.

“« incisus Brod. 4: regularis Cpr.

*« — santarosana Dall.’ as varia Sby.

Ocinebra foveolata Hds. Olivella biplicata Sby.

Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. Olivella pedroana Conr.

Ocinebra interfossa muricata Columbella carinata Hds.

Cpr. es chrysalloidea Cpr.

Ocinebra interfossa atropurpurea ss gouldii Cpr.

Cpr. sf guasapata Gld.

Cuma muricata Hds. a3 hindsi Rve.

Trophon belcheri Hds. « tuberosa Cpr.

Trophon triangulatus Cpr. Engina carbonaria Rve.

Fusus kobelti Dall. Amphissa corrugata Rve.

Gyrineum californicum Hds. Amphissa versicolor Rve.

Chrysodomus aphelus Dall. Myurella simplex Cpr.

Chrysodomus kellettii Fbs. Cancellaria cooperi Gabb.

Nassa cooperi Fbs. Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall.

“ fossata Gld. Pleurotoma carpenteriana Gabb.

“« insculpta Cpr. Pleurotoma perversa Gabb.

‘© mendica Gld. Pleurotoma montereyensis

“« perpinguis Hds. Stearns.

Mitra lowei Dall. Pleurotoma santarosana Dall.

Mitra maura Swains. Pleurotoma stearnsiana Ray-

Erato columbella Mke. mond.

1Six or seven specimens at 17 fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS.

Pleurotoma tryoniana G abb.?

Turris (Surcula) halcyonis Dall.

Drillia empyrosia Dall.

** hemphilli Stearns.

‘* penicillata Cpr.

Bela grippi Dall n. sp.°

Mitromorpha aspera Cpr.

Cythara cranneri Arnold.

Mangelia angulata Cpr.

‘© fuscoligata Cpr.

“ hamata Cpr.

‘© merita, Gld.

‘* sculpturata Dall.

“ striosa C. B. Ad.

“« _-variegata Cpr,

Conus californicus Hds.

Trivia solandri Gray.

Trivia californica Gray.

Ovula spelta Lam.‘

Polinices lewisii Gld.

Polinices recluziana Desh.

Lamellaria stearnsiana Dall.

Macromphalina californica Dall.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel.

As adunca Sby.

a dorsata Brod.

Crepidula navicelloides Nutt.

In aperture of Polynices.

Crepidula onyx Sby. On Pom-

aulax undosus.

Capulus californicus Dall.

Pecten diegensis,

Amalthea tumens Cpr.

? One young shell in dredge.

8 Ten specimens at 17 fathoms.

135

Scala bellastriata Cor.

“ cataline Dall.

‘¢ near hemphilli Dall,

*« hindsi Cpr.

‘© lowei Dall.

‘‘ retiporosa Cpr.

“« sarvinae Dall.

Turritella cooperi Cpr.

Mesalia californica Dall.

Mesalia tennisculpta Cpr.

Vermicularia fewkesi Yates.

Czcum californicum Dall.

‘¢ crebricinctum Cpr.

‘* magnum Stearns.

‘* — orcutti Dall.

“ regulare Cpr.

Eulima bistorta Van.

‘¢ micans Cpr.

“ rutila Cpr.

‘© solitaria C. B. Ad.

«¢ thersites Cpr.

Liostraca varians Sby.®

Turbonilla castanea Cpr.

ke eschscholtzi D. & B.

aa kelseyi D. & B.

ES laminata Cpr.

oldroydi D. & B.

s painei D. & B.

és tenuicula Gld.

6 torquata Gld.

ne tridentata Cpr.

Odostomia americana D. & B.

6“ amianta D. & B.

Specimens 90 mm. in length from fishermen.

‘Three large specimens at 18 fathoms, new to the Pacific Coast.

° A beautiful little brown shell polished like a Eulima, which it resembles.

Eight specimens dredged at 18 fathoms, new to the California coast.

1386 THE NAUTILUS.

Odostomia astricta D. & B.

ms avellana Cpr.

a delmontensis Bartsch.

o gouldi Cpr.

a helga D. & B.

“ nuciformis Cpr.

es straminea Cpr.

Odostomia straminea grippi D.

& B. on Haliotis assimilis Dall.

Odostomia straminea insculpta

Cpr.

Odostomia valdezi D. & B.

Odostomia virginalis D. &. B.

Pyramidella conica Cpr.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

Fossarus fenestratus Cpr.

Fossarus obtusus Cpr.

Alabina californica Dall.

Bittium asperum Cpr.

“© armillatum Cpr.

“© esuriens Cpr.

“« _ interfossa Cpr.

«¢ quadrifilatum Cpr.

Seila assimilis C. B. Ad.

Cerithiopsis metaxe Chiaje.

Cerithiopsis tuberculata Mont.

Triforis adversa Mont.

Rissoina bakeri D. & B.

Rissoina kelseyi Dall.

Barleeia subtennis Cpr.

Rissoa grippiana Dall.

Rissoa reticulata Cpr.

Liotia acuticostata Cpr.

Liotia fenestrata Cpr.

Phasianella compta Gld.

Phasianella pulloides Cpr.

Kulithidium cyclostoma Cpr.

Kulithidium substriatum Cpr.

Pachypoma inzquale Mart.

Pomaulax undosus Wood.

Chlorostoma aureotinctum Fbs.

Chlorostoma pulligo Mart.

Gibbula parcipicta Cpr.

Gibbula optabilis Cpr.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils.

Leptothyra bacula Cpr.

Turcica caffea Gabb.

Halistyluspupoides Dall.

Halistylus subpupoides Tryon.

Vitrinella complanata Cpr.

Vitrinella subplana Cpr.

Norrisia norrisii Sby.

Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr.

Calliostoma gloriosum Dall.

Calliostoma canaliculatum par-

vum Williamson.

Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr.

Calliostoma tricolor Gabb.

Calliostoma turbinum Dall.

Haliotis assimilis Dall.$

Haliotis rufescens Swains.

Fissuridea aspera Esch.

Puncturella cooperi Cpr.

Puncturella cucullata Gld.

Emarginula bella Gabb.

Lepidopleurus (Oldroydia) per-

crassus Dall.

Cheetopleura gemmea Cpr.

Callistochiton crassicostatus Pils,

Ischnochiton clathratus Rve.

Ischnochiton cooperi acutior

Cpr.

° Four live specimens found on rocks hauled up in the dredge. Of H. rufes-

cens I got one specimen attached to lobster trap.

THE NAUTILUS.

Acteon punctocelatus Cpr.

Tornatina cerealis Gld.

a culcitella Gld.

ae harpa Dall.

és inculta Gld.

-- planata Cpr.

Volvula cylindrica Cpr.

Cylichna attonsa Cpr.

Bulla quoyi Auct.

Cadulus quadrifissatus Cpr.

Cadulus nitentior Cpr.

Dentalium neohexagonum Pils.

Dentalium vallicolens Raymond.

Siliqua lucida Conr.

Corbula luteola Cpr.

Corbula luteola rosea Williamson

Periploma discus Stearns

Lyonsia californica Conr.

“inflata Conr.

nitida Qld.

Mactra dolabriformis Conr.

Spisula hemphillii Dall.

Semele pulchra Sby.

Semele rubropicta Dall.

Cooperella subdiaphana Cpr.

Rochefortia tumida Cpr.

Tellina bodegensis Hds.

<¢ buttoni Dall.

‘¢ earpenteri Dall.

idee, Dall:

‘© modesta Cpr.

santarosana Dall.

"Several young specimens dredged.

large and beautiful specimens.

unguicula.

137

Venerupis lamellifera Conr.

Psephidea ovalis Dall.

Psephidea salmonea Cpr.

Paphia tenuissima Cpr.

Cardium substriatum Conr.

Cardium quadrigenarium Conr.

Protocardia centifilosa Cpr.

Phacoides annulata Rve.

Phacoides approximatus Dall.

Serridens oblonga Cpr.

Crassinella varians C. B. Ad.

Cardita subquadrata Cpr.

Milneria minima Dall.

Venericardia ventricosa Gld.

Nucula castrensis Hds.

Leda cuneata Hanl.

‘* hamata Cpr

‘* taphria Dall.

Arca solida Sby.

Glycymeris intermedia Brod.

Modiolus rectus Conr.

Philobrya setosa Cpr.

Lima dehiscens Conr.

Pecten diegensis Dall.*

Pecten giganteus Gray.

Monia macroschisma Desh.

Terebratulina caput-serpentis L.

Terebratulina caput - serpentis

Cpr. 20 faths.

Terebratalia transversa Sby.

Platidea anomioides Scacchi.

Glottidea albida Hinds.

Have secured from fishermen several

138 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW MOLLUSES COLLECTED BY MR. A. A. HINKLEY IN 8AN LUIS

POTOSI, MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

CoELOCENTRUM HINKLEYI, N. sp.

The shell is shortly rimate, imperforate, the lower third or halt

cylindric, the rest slowly tapering to the truncate summit; rather

solid; brown. Sculpture of backwardly arched narrow ribs, much

narrower than their intervals except on the last whorl, where they

are more slender and closely crowded. There are about 65 ribs on

the penultimate whorl. On some of the later whorls the ribs are some-

times weak and rather irregular. ‘The apical breach is closed by a

steep, slightly convex plug densely covered with strongly projecting

granules. Whorls remaining slightly convex, at least the upper

ones have a delicate keel close under the suture ; last whorl rounded

basally, having a very weak, inconspicuous, spiral basal cord. Last

half whorl straightened, produced forward beyond the preceding

whorl. The aperture is oblique, rounded ovate; peristome obtuse,

narrowly recurved. The internal column is moderately large, its

diameter contained 3.7 to 4 times in that of the shell. Within each

whorl it is rather strongly obliquely swollen, and typically bears a

few oblong granules in place of the obliquely vertical lamin of

typical species of Ceelocentrum.

Length 35, diam. 8.1 mm.; whorls remaining 12.

Length 37, diam. 8 mm.; whorls remaining 13.

Length 35, diam. 8 mm.; whorls remaining 11.

Length 39, diam. 8 mm.; whorls remaining 14.

San Luis Potosi: highest Mt. on south side of river at Mecos

Falls, and bluff 3 miles north of San Dieguito.

This is a variable species, represented by many specimens from

two localities. In some examples the rather large internal column

bears distinct elongated granules; others have low nodes, while still

others have whitish lines which project only slightly from the surface

of the column.

Five specimens of a series from San Dieguito measure :

Length 46, diam. 8.5 mm.; whorls remaining 184.

Length 41, diam. 9 mm.; whorls remaining 123.

Length 38.5, diam. 7.7 mm.; whorls remaining 154.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Length 36.5, diam. 8.7 mm.; whorls remaining 124.

Length 32, diam. 8.2 mm.; whorls remaining 104.

At the Mecos Falls locality there is a small, slender form occur-

ring with the types, having only very slight, hardly noticeable nodes

on the spiral swelling of the axis. The aperture is carried forward

further than in the typical examples. Two of these measure:

Length 35, diam. 7.1 mm.; whorls remaining 124.

Length 32.2, diam 7.1 mm.; whorls remaining 12.

C ZLOCENTRUM ISCHNOSTELE, N. Sp.

The shell is shortly rimate, imperforate, the lower half cylindric,

upper half slowly tapering to the truncate summit; thin; pale

brown. The surface has a silky luster, and is densely sculptured

with thread-like ribs, which arch backward, and are about as wide as

their intervals except on the last whorl, where they are finer and

more closely crowded. On the penultimate whorl there are about

90 (88 to 92) ribs. The breach at the summit is closed by a very

convex, granulose plug. Remaining whorls 114 to 1434, slightly

convex, having a minute carina below the suture and very close to

it. The last whorl is convex and has a scarcely noticeable basal

cord; its last half is straightened, and projects shortly (about 14

mm.) forward. The aperture is oblique, rounded-ovate, the upper

margin straightened. Peristome obtuse, narrowly recurved through-

out. The interna] axis is very slender throughout, weakly sinuous

within each whorl, smooth, its diameter contained 81 times in that of

the shell. Itopens by a minute perforation at the summit.

Length 32, diam. 6.8 mm.; 134 whorls remaining.

Length 32.8, diam. 6.2 mm.; 144 whorls remaining.

Length 30, diam. 6.56 mm.; 114 whorls remaining.

Length 27.8, diam. 6.4 mm.; 12 whorls remaining.

Length 27.8, diam. 6.2 mm.; 114 whorls remaining.

This form occurred in the same locality with Streptostyla bartscht,

near Mecos Falls. It stands close to the preceding species, but

differs by its much more numerous ribs, the much more slender

internal axis, and the last whorl does not run forward so far. It

is remarkable for the small size of the internal column.

In a young shell 11 mm. long with 144 whorls the first 14 whorls

forming the hemispherical summit are perfectly smooth and measure

14 mm. in diameter. Then very fine very short riblets appear

140 THE NAUTILUS.

below the suture, and to the 6th whorl the caliber of the shell de-

creases slightly. Beyond this the caliber increases slowly, and the

riblets gradually become longer, though a smooth band persists along

the middle of each whorl as far as about the 16th whorl, after which

the ribs are continuous.

The above forms, with others, will be figured in a future report on

the shells collected by Mr. Hinkley.

A NEW SPECIES OF LYMNEA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER,

LYMN#ZA HENDERSONI DN. sp.

Shell globose, very thin and fragile; periostracum light yellowish

or brownish-horn; surface dull; sculpture of fine growth-lines, without

spiral lines; whorls 34, very rapidly increasing in diameter, the body

whorl seven-eighths the length of the entire shell, very globose; spire

very short, depressed, dome-like, the first two whorls flat and coiled

in the same plane so that a profile view shows only two full whorls.

Nuclear whorls flat, partly concealed by the volutions of the spire;

sutures impressed; aperture round or roundly elliptical; outer lip thin;

inner lip broad, triangular, reflected over the columellar region, but

leaving a deep, well-marked chink; the inner edge of the inner lip is

usually bent downward near the body whorl, partly concealing the

umbilical chink; parietal callus thin; axis smooth, hourglass-shaped.

Length 7.00, breadth 5.50; aperture length 4.75, breadth 3.00 mm.

Length 6.25, breadth 5.00; aperture length 4.00, breadth 2.50 mm.

Length 6.75, breadth 5.00; aperture length 4.80, breadth 3.00 mm.

Length 5.50, breadth 4.10; aperture length 4.00, breadth 2.50 mm.

Types: Chicago Academy of Sciences, six specimens, No. 24534;

Co-types: University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

West of Fort Collins, Laramie county, Colo.

Ecology: Inhabits lagoons and intermittent bodies of waters.

Judge Henderson writes of the habitat as follows: ‘‘I am informed

that there had been no water in the lagoon for many months, prob-

ably since last summer or autumn. The ground was cracked to a

depth of several inches and the mollusks were found down in the

cracks in the mud. Therefore, it seems to be another species cap-

able of zstivating.”

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Remarks: This species was at first thought to be Lymnea sono-

maensis Hemphill, but a comparison with that species shows that the

present species differs not only from sonomaensis,,but from all related

species in the form of the spire and aperture. The first two whorls

of the spire are coiled in the same plane, producing an abruptly trun-

cated appearance. The inner lip is triangular and not evenly

rounded as in techella and its varieties, but similar to that of buli-

motdes, from which it differs in its truncated spire. The only form

likely to be confounded with hendersoni is sonomaensis, which differs

in the form of the spire and inner lip.

I take great pleasure in dedicating this interesting species to

Judge Junius Henderson, of the University of Colorado.

SPHERIUM PILSBRYANUM, N. SP.

BY V. STERKI.

Mussel large, high, inequipartite, oblique, well inflated; beaks

rather large, rounded, prominent, inclined towards the anterior;

upper margin strongly and regularly curved in the adult, less so or

nearly straight in young specimens, ventral margin rather well and

regularly curved; anterior part of the mussel much smaller than the

posterior, its outlines rounded or slightly truncate, posterior rounded

or truncate obliquely, the end rather drawn downward, rounded or

subangular; surface with rather coarse to medium, sharp, concentric

striz, regular over the beaks, less so over the balance of the valves,

and with about six to eight impressed lines of growth, deepest pos-

teriorly, with the interstices somewhat bulging; color chalky-whitish

to light or deep gray, in some specimens with alternate zones of light

and dark; shell thick; muscle insertions slightly marked, large, not

impressed; hinge strong, plate moderately broad, rather long; car-

dinal teeth small, rather typically to irregularly formed, the poste-

rior of the left valve often wanting or rudimentary; laterals rather

large, those of the right valve projecting inward, those of the left

only slightly so; anterior short, the left raised cusp-like, the posterior

all rather long, not raised to cusps.

Long. 18, alt. 16, diam. 11-12 mm.; average; the largest, 21 mm.

long.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Fossil, in pleistocene or possibly later deposits on the shore of

Bear Lake, Utah, collected by the Hayden Survey, in company with

Planorbis trivolvis Say (var.), Carinifex newberryi Lea, Lymnaa

utahensis Call, and Fluminicola fusca Hald. There are about 200

valves in the lot, including one right and one left of rather small

juv. The specimens are in the collection of the A. N.S. P., No.

62825.

This Spharium cannot be ranged under any of the described recent

species. Of about the same length with S. su/catum Lam., the mus-

sel is of very different shape and appearance: much higher, much

more inequipartite, the beaks are much narrower and more promi-

nent; the shell and hinge are stronger. It resembles more some

forms of S. aureum Pr. (resp. forms ranged under that species), but

is larger, more inequipartite and oblique.

It is worthy of notice that in numerous specimens the hinges are

partially or wholly reversed, just as in most of our recent species of

this group, and the posterior cardinal tooth of the left valve is

wanting or rudimentary, in some specimens well enough preserved

to show such details. So far as can be seen from a few fresher, not

chalky, specimens, the color was whitish or reddish to grayish, and

the surface shining.

The species is named in honor of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, to whom I

am indebted for the opportunity of examining this fine lot of fossils.

NOTES.

Note on Pholadomya pacifica Dall. This species was first diag-

nosed in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Quarterly Issue,

July, 1907, no. 1727, p. 172. The fuller description and account

which appeared in the March number of the Nautitus (1909) had

been prepared and sent to the editor in May, 1907, as the publica-

tion of my paper in the Quarterly was then indefinitely delayed.

As I saw no proofs of the NAuTILUs issue, this fact is not stated in

it, but I now make the correction. Since both notices were pre-

pared, another complete specimen in excellent condition was dis-

covered in the Albatross collection, but unfortunately, though fresh,

it did not contain the soft parts. The presence of a resilium was

confirmed. The localities of the two dredgings have been received.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

They are station 4904, near Nagasaki, in 107 fathoms, sand and

shell, bottom temperature about 53° F., and station 4807, off

Hakodate, in 44 fathoms, gravel, temperature about 45° F., judging

from that at nearby stations. The fresh specimen is of a creamy

white, faintly pearly internally. I may add that the two species of

alleged Pholadomya, referred to in the text of the NauTitus article,

are now considered to belong to the genus Panocca (Dall, 1905)

with several others dredged in the deep waters of the Atlantic.—

Wm. H. Dat.

Mr. L. V. Darton, in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological

Society (London), Ixiv, Nov. 1908, p. 631, records Busycon canalicu-

latum (L.) from the Miocene of Burma. His figure will scarcely

convince skeptical American conchologists. From what we know

of the geological history of the shell in question and its allies, and

taking into consideration the fact that the veliger stage in Busycon

(Fulgur) is passed through inside the egg-capsule, and hence it has

no free swimming period, a record of its distribution half round the

earth needs better evidence than Mr. Dalton is satisfied with.

SHELLS or ARoosTooK County, Marne.—Dr. V. Sterki has this

winter examined a part of my collection of small land shells, and

the result of his labor has been the identification of the following

additions to those already reported from Aroostook county,

Maine:

Strobilops affinis Pils.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Vertigo nylanderi Sterki.

Euconulus chersinus Say.

All the above were collected in the town of Woodland.—

Otor O. NYLANDER.

The oyster is cool and clear and calm,

Admired by the many and not the few;

Yet, sorry to say, possesses a way

Of getting himself in a stew.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

Errata.—Numbers 8, 9 and 10 of Vol. xxi were marked by

error “‘ Vol. xxii’? on the date lines, pages, 85, 97, 109, but not

on the cover of those numbers. This note is published to obvi-

ate errors in binding Vol. xxi.

The following corrections should be made in Vol. xxii:

P. 47, end of line 4, delete 7.

P. 78, Tth line from foot, for plate vi, read vii, viii.

P. 82, top line, for NAUTILUS xxii, read xxi.

P. 101, under Quadrula coccinea, in place of “Found gravid

on June 18,” elc., it should read: Found gravid by the writer on

June 18, 08, in Neshannock Creek, Lawrence Co., and received

gravid from the Allegheny River, McKean Co. (collected by Mr.

Dennis Dally on June 22, ’08).

THE marriage is announced of Miss Elizabeth J. Letson, Di-

rector of the Buffalo Academy of Natural Science, to Mr. Wil-

liam Alanson Bryan, of the Pacific Institution of Science, on

March 16th. Mr. and Mrs. Bryan will be at home in Honolulu

after May 4th.

Dr. V. SterKi is spending the month in studying Spherium

and Pisidium in the museums of Boston, Cambridge, Philadel-

phia and Washington.

Mr. A. A. HINKLEy, who returned from a collecting trip in

Mexico last month, reports good collecting, especially in fresh-

water mollusks.

AN interesting biographical memoir of William More Gabb, the

palaeontologist and conchologist, read by Dr. W. H. Dall at the

November meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, has just

been published. A bibliography of Gabb’s scientific works is ap-

pended.

TRE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXIII.

MAY, 1909, to APRIL, 1910.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. Pi.spry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Scicnecs,

PHILADELPHIA,

C, W. JoHNSoN, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,

BOSTON,

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XXIII.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Aeoliaiellaypupillosa. (9,314 oie 3 Late YP ea tS ore ae 36

Middpra. tne land. mollusea of! 22). die ce cere 5 oni vets 69

malvania akert bartsch, my spoils’) lass exepsbas salle ae olane 137

Amnicola crosseana Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 9, fig. 6) ........ 98-

Amnicolidae of the Panuco River system, Mexico....... 97

Anodonta dakota Frierson, n. sp. (Pl. 10).............. 113

Astarte newtonensis Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. 11, fig. 2, 3)...... 121

PIM TMB Utah sols Hives ahs’ arc ig AND 'S) Sigs) Beas eae Se 122.

Bel planeyi bush. nspafig: 1) ysl eka) ee Paes are 61

cramer a VErruly Va.) 6 soa oo as sh aor ea orale here ora 62

Bergh, Ludwig Rudolph Sophus (Obituary) ........... 72

Bermuda.a new land: shell from’. p05 2 2.2 ofe esis a rane 63:

Bermudas a ews issoa from) 2 2../2 oe Bhs ee ees ener 65

Bifidaria armifera Say, and its varieties ..../.0..2 <2 52

Bifidaria armifera var. abbreviata Sterki, n. v........... 53

Bifidaria armifera var. affinis Sterki, n.v. ...........:. 53

Bifidaria armifera var. interpres Sterki, n. v. .......... 53

Bifidaria armifera var. similis Sterki, n. v. ............ 53

EpimaTe ya WV LMT Geiss. 5 Sioa toed eer die iw slciaiace ahaaterarae 60

Peete PE NOUN ERG 25's, 540i atyetiahataebad ora lavere/ bin eh diarshtreveueeane 120:

Bronx Borough, New York, fresh water fossils of ...... 10

California, Mollusca of San Bernardino County ....... 73

Carinifex sancteclare Hannibal, n. sp. (fossil)........ 40

(iii)

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Cepolis alauda eymatia Henderson, n. subsp. (PI. 4, fig. 4) 51

Chondropoma hendersoni Torre, n. sp. (Pl. 4, fig. 6).... 49

Cochliopa compacta Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 9, figs. 4, 5)....... 99

@ochliopa -picta Pils:, n. sp.) (PIS) ies! 102). .8 ee ee 100

@ochliopa riograndensis Pils vie Pert 2. a. ok ds eens 99

Conchological museum: for’ Japan %... 2... seus ee ene 124

Coryphella rufibranchiatus chocolata Balch, n. var...... 33

Coryphella rufibranchiatus mananensis............... 35, 37

Cratenacvenonice: V errill y 4.0).:,. sh eeu apne wiles Coun Rio eee 36

‘Cuban land-shells, description of new ............... 49, 50

‘Wypraca tigris, detormed (P1s))7./8) 0. svete cee 85

Dohrn, Prof. Anton eee k eee. Mee ee eee eee 84

Bilasmiias. Rilse nie Gen Piet. ohlaicusacvea' ace aati Wook een 122

Bmmericiella, Pils:: m-\ sub Gy. ..2icatu wits «ees eae ee 45

Emmericia (Emmericiella) longa Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5, figs.

3 | Nite GA a cea A eR ER Sh LMM eT epee | 46

Emmericia (Emmericiella) novimundi Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5,.

BOS OE TOY i Bs Seke ota alates allbeaibnase save aaaltne aeacae ee ea 46

Rasex, County motes, iMinase |e.) 6 caisiice osjcki. Ue eee 86

Penpuson, Collectiony 40... weit ha duesakeh ed ae sea 44

Ferd,, John. (obituany: and‘ portrait), ....0e.e0cs dba e 126

Frenchman’s Bay, Maine, list of shells from ........... 62

Grand Canyon\of the (Colorado i tiie .eco ee site eee 109.

Helicina orbiculata clappi Pils., n. subsp. ............. 90

Helicina torrei Henderson, n. sp. (Pl. 4, figs. 1-3 ........ 50

Holospira bartschi, an internal septum in.............. 32

Homalogyra atomus in Rhode Island ................. 83

KBoaliella: aldabraensis: paciey a ieee eee tenes <i ait debe 69

Kaliella turbinatta Gisele) \).4:40)) Osta. ces AS ees ot 64

Ransas: mollusks ‘from 2. ).:. cea ee Oss sk eee ee 91

Kansas, the mollusca of Douglas County ............ 81, 94

Bamellidea Pile.) mi werd. io eee le | aa 123

Hamellovum, Pils)’ neeseed. oie wee. fir kts peoehin ees 123

Memtepra Bet le un cululd a Raa 2 al ee 47

Leptogyra alaskana;: Bartsch, nm. sp...... 02... 0..00 0000 136

Biter, “Moise, de v2.0. ads as ok a Pe ee 84

Lymnaea cubensis. aspirans Pils., n. subsp. ............ 120.

Lymnaea nashotahensis Baker, n. sp. (fossil) .......... 19

THE NAUTILUS. v

Lymnaea stagnalis lillianae Baker, n. var........... 112, 125

Lymnaea umbilicata; range Of: 2.2... 0.00. c eee ewes en 80

Macroceramus hendersoni Torre, n. sp. (Pl. 4, fig. 5) ... 49

Mexico, Mollusks from northeastern ...............2-. 45

Mitra (Chrysame) waltonensis Aldr. n. sp. (Pl. 11, fig. 1) 121

Meristulaim) Die Keatkaeha® 2 soe Stee ei ok She ae 120

Muisculun: parvum Sterki, m. spits iis'sc ob ae ees on Poo 67

Musculium, observations and notes on ................ 17

Mnusculium ‘winkleyi Sterki, n.. spi 2... 22... e sees ees 66

Nudibranchs, notes on New England ................. 33

Nudibranchs, rectification of the nomenclature ........ 100

Odostomia (Evalea), cookeana Bartsch, n. sp........... 138

Odostomia (Evalina) katherinae Winkley, n. sp. (Fig.). 88

SOS VTA RULE OSE) +... 2/5 sa). selele seteate ae Madee Mineo oetoiaios 62

Grlahoma: mollusks; from...) oie oe oes ek a oe ee 91

(tivella; porter Dall) ns ‘sp. < ..2 h.0 2 64. 26 Dee nw eke 133

Onova asser: Bartseliy ia sph. 20046 0s 2 ae ey ea 138

Pachypoma lithophorum Dall, m: sp:................65- 135

Fachypoma: magdalena: Dall,-m: sp... S24 Te. ee 135

UPMRD LT ES 8) cesta lativ-wlei'e woe wll dea She ae BE OR 47

Palbadestrina,protea ‘Gould: . 2... och. ue sets BOS OT 78

Parreysia, Systematic position of...................-. 139

rsdn mare: Sterki; n. sp. 6.4... .6.ea0s e822 42

Planorbis ‘bicarinatus: Say. (Pili V; fig, 3)-...........5.. 21

Planorbis bicarinatus var. augistomus Hald. (PI. 1, figs.

ROMER) CES 8 6 6.3 64 Ysa neh 72 Jt) cto ied us Shasta wale asta Shen a a 4

Planorbis bicarinatus var. aroostookensis Pils. (Pl. 1,

MEP MEN A 51 BD ee. PNy's Sas. 'an,'c Ina 8 a AS OE uae ee 7

Planorbis bicarinatus var. corrugatus Currier, (Pl. 1,

BATU SS 5 PARLE NBs a \as'o's va okanhoclle ila SPAR Te WW cleat hE ERT NE 5

Planorbis bicarinatus var. perearinatus Walk., n. n. (Pl.

AR AUCR PUR Nt gt 2 eee A lr... 5! 5's uke g Babee week © Weld De ane ere 6

Planorbis bicarinatus var. portagensis Baker, (Pl. 1,

MRT AS Testa. oss) dha uae Woah hoe ad ee ee 8

Planorbis bicarinatus var. royalensis Walk., n. v: (Pl. 1,

jE ATT S eg Ro SS A AE SO 9

Planorbis bicarinatus var. striatus Baker .......... Re oe La!

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. unicarinatus Hald., (Pl. 1,

Pete CAE op RNG aR NM OAR OO OPAL AEN EAD abt Mp yg) bs WNL EYAE 0) 3

Homanlaxitirbanicus) Dall. im.) spe eit ee ee es eae 134

Rlanorbis ‘binneyi) Tryon; Note OM s Ney, eek ees 4]

EA Ker RIES Cech apt Fwy 1c Peg 2) GERRI RMT Bee SUSIE VAL EeBR ON PANE 7e SS 47

Pterides bisinulabris Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5, figs. 7, 8)...... 48

Pterides pterostoma Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 5, figs. 1, 2,5,6)... 48

Pterides rhabdus Pils., n. sp. (Pl 5, figs. 3,4) )..50. 0. 8 48

Ryramidellidse,| New negland cae Mavens eek che oleae 39

Pyramidellide, more notes of the family .............. 54

Pyramidella (Sulcorinella) bartschi Winkley, n. sp. (fig.) 39

Rissoa (Nodulus) stewardsoni Van., n. sp. (Fig. 1)..... 65

Siphonariat Wineolata Sow: s |i decks (cule dances eee 132

Siphonaria) nautragium | Stearns (2/2. ke eae ee eee 132

Somatogyrus mexicanus Pils., n. sp. (Pl. 9, fig. 3)....... 98

sphaerium: limeatum Sterki, 0. Spi). 42 Los ie beeen 142

Stearns, Dr. R. E. C. (Obituary and portrait) ......... 70

strobilopstioridana, Pils;, M.ispy) jos ose lee tees o-ee 90

Squid, suckers from the big (figs. 1-4)............... 43, 83

Dornatellinidse, elassiiiea tion Of 23) li ee. see teaae 122

Tornatellides Pallet mm. ment ony Suto WN ari oe ROSS be) an eaenaae 123

ornatellaria (Pals ns See bi ls tie tilted sey ay eee ora yel ao heneiene 123

Unronides, ia new, system jor Ghe yu eR Ne arena 114

Unionide from an Indian garbage heap ............... 11

Unionide from Arkansas and Louisiana .............. 102

VATE T BLOM 125) cIh sea aN aN Ons ne ct ea 15

Valvatide of Wee North Amierieay Sinise eee 104

Walvata .eabla) Pian bal: my, istry witetepeteent luke. baat |e 107

Walvataiwhitei cannibal, ‘a: sips) \ep tiie. aia) ric ie isi eteye= = ies ete 107

Mal vaste | nmeraligi Saye. |e ii eu (anaemia bile estes ae ania 2 aia 105

Vallvataivinenss lrryom 2.30) Mu ZiT tb Dee eA aa 106

Veronicella nilotiea \Cockerell) m: spies). de ce eae ee 108

Viviparus contectus! in) Philadelphia ii). i... sos ete 60

Whiteaves,'\ Joseph! E'.(( Obituary) Wags ss ee eee 84

Zonitoides bermudensis Pils. & Van., (Fig. 1).......... 63

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Ze ev? cl 6 AEA & (RAC eA RAL AU EON CAN a a a 121

{52 71 Mes Ba I |S aon ents 5) 8 CHAR ML Ge Ba ea A 60

Bae re BNO sn eis L st 1a) hel ener stoke 19, 41, 80, 91, 112, 125

JE OAICC NT Ts ORSAY SERS aR ot be AT Bea I Ee Wa CUE Rae NaN 33, 100

|EGICH PST] OVMRD) G4), 71) MO RLSM MRR SMe AS ages pa Soe Ale ae A RR OE 54, 136

_BYEECESS (RODS US a PMI Oa ern ERE CRRA oY UR EGE 73, 129

ESTAR Eee ELNy hae sateen’ eevee, oe ae taTe arte aan eum Re ate 43, 83

Blaney Pryaigty ee eats ol aie eee he DARE OL 62

EVES SICA TIOTETIEN ei ey. bya oc eR ame aH, Cue Mia NAN Say SUS 61

Galen 2 6 AT Ag IR se ee aR EAL LUE AR URL ORME er. 108

MN Vid ce he eos rssd thal Sea's, CEM ep IL ae typ aa 70, 133, 144

RGEISS NN bbe ns Wola Giale hu reda rata Weal sialic ee Mor eee atest an EAC eee 109

LL vei g sy re Ae eA OLA SA aaa PPAR CE MIRA MO tro 113

Sem T PG VAG LOTES 50 515.75 ire Nar chon eae Ga abet a Real ate (sa pee ea 44

TE Ye IS1TO O'S a Se Ne Bee SRN eM cS ESTAR LL AE Da Looe SS An and 120

LEIP TETIEUN Cnt DAUR GEE cee Ron eR PME esa Rif CN! Ak ote A as 81, 94

Puen el EL ATONGY, 215). oh) seccyaln apeyeral ah chills eaareena eens tae 40, 104

MET TOM: (eb Po, elie Eos ia he, & lo kim lanes ed aor SATS Se oe Ch eS 50

PAPI ENG) LE SCR e 2 Mo k os ba els 2 Ne ea ae 124

Ebamaphre ys: VEL) Wisin hid os coh wie GS Uncrate eee en 10

MAU -STeS AS DES Ne a ona 6 RD a i Aiton ales oS LE TE 83

ReenTa am PAY MAY is ek gue Soe |p NS ee a ie a 11, 114, 139

OS) Na 208 DAN) ae 32, 45, 63, 85, 89, 97, 120, 122, 126, 1382

PMA VCORE Ue otc) a) tvs 'a ie a ero miang teletey aroha Aiea: tata 69, 108

CNTs Bil sSNA Re ROE ERE Pale 7a 17, 42, 52, 66, 142

ere Gamlos de 1a. 55s bis (Ag yaya ees wee eae 49

TRE 8 Cae OE eC Pedy VR LR Arce: 63, 102

hie dMECeeye 24.021 c) SA DEE Det ch 88 a PPAR a at 1, 21

ji Mead al 72 e809 SERINE Pe re Ge a 12, 39, 68, 86

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS AND ITS SUBSPECIES.

PLATE I

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIII. MAY, 1909. INGOs Le

NOTES ON PLANORBIS II: P. BICARINATUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER,

PLANOEBIS BICARINATUS Say. PI. I, fig. 3.

1817. Planorbis bicarinatus Say, Nich. Encyc., pl. i, f. 4.

1822. Helix angulata Rackett, Lin. Tr. xiii, p. 42, pl. v, f. 1.

1834. Planorbis engonatus Conrad, N. F. W. Shells, sup. p. 8,

pl. ix, f. 8.

1834. ? Planorbis antrosus Conrad, Am. J. Se. (1) xxv, p. 343.

1861.? Planorbis lautus H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 1861,

p- 146.

This common and well-known species is one of the characteristic

species of the fresh-water pulmonate fauna of eastern North America.

It stands quite by itself, having, with the exception of the recently

described P. eucosmius Bartsch from North Carolina, no closely

related species in our fauna. It is the type of the subgenus Helisoma

Swainson.

The shape of the shell is so well marked and distinctive that the

synonymy is, as shown above, comparatively small. The Helix

angulata of Rackett was, in all probability, described in entire igno-

rance of Say’s previous description.

The type of Conrad’s P. engonatus seems to have disappeared.

According to Haldeman, who saw the “single original specimen,”

then in the collection of a Mr. Mason, it was a monstrosity. Con-

rad’s figures are poor, but Haldeman’s (Mon., pl. i, figs. 5 and 6),

which are apparently excellent, confirm his opinion. It was found

2 THE NAUTILUS.

at Albany, N. Y. Jay (Catalogue, 4th Ed., 1852, 10267) lists P.

bicarinatus var. engonatus from Georgia. Through the courtesy of

Mr. L. P. Gratacap, of the American Museum of Natural History,

I have been able to examine these shells. Of the eight specimens

in the set, one isa P. campanulatus Say, nearly but not quite mature ;

the remainder do not differ from the usual form of bicarinatus, except

that the mature ones have a more or less expanded lip, and might

well be referred to the form described by Haldeman as var. angt-

stomus. None of them exhibit the peculiar flattening of the body

whorl characteristic of engonatus. It seems probable that these

specimens were referred to Conrad’s species on account of the cam-

panulate aperture.

What the P. lautus of H. Adams really is, is a matter of conjec-

ture, which can be only definitely settled by reference to the type,

if it is still in existence. In the meantime Tryon’s supposition that

it was a young specimen of his species seems probable enough to

warrant its reference to bicartnatus, and thus eliminate it from the

list of unknown American species.

Conrad’s P. antrosus is no doubt a form of Say’s species, and is

quite probably the campanulate variety described by Haldeman as

var. angistomus, under which it will be further discussed.

Say does not give the locality of the typical form in connection

with his original description, but in describing the next species, P.

parvus, mentions that both inhabited the Delaware, so that there is

practically no doubt but that the types came from that river. The

Delaware River form (pl. I, fig. 3) is the common manifestation of

the species as it is usually found throughout the United States.

Say’s description, though brief, is excellent, and leaves little to be

desired. An apparent typographical error occurs in the reprint

from the 3d Ed. of Nicholson’s Encyc., and probably in the original,

as it is followed by Binney in his edition of Say’s writings. The

description as printed reads: ‘‘ Shell subcarinate above, and beneath

translucent.’ If the comma was placed after ‘‘ beneath ”’ instead of

after “above,” the sentence would be in better accord with the facts

and in all probability with the intention of the author.

The name adopted by Say in his new species is almost a mis-

nomer, as the typical form is really not carinated at all, either above

or beneath. In both places it is rather a more or less acute angula-

tion, and is never raised into a carina as, for instance, in Valvata

tricarinata Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

It is to be noted that Say, with his usual nice observation, de-

scribes the minute, revolving lines which are still characteristic of

the Delaware River form, and which are not uncommon in specimens

from other localities. In many instances, however, they are entirely

lacking. Say described his species as sinistral. Without going into

the question as to whether the shell is really sinistral or ultra-dextral,

it may be said that with the exception of Say’s original figures, and

those of Call (Rep. Dept. Geol. Ind., 1899, p. 411, pl. viii, fig. 10),

all the published illustrations known to the writer treat it as dextral,

and in accordance with this practically universal custom the figures

for the present paper have been drawn in that position. Those who

prefer to consider the shell as sinistral have only to reverse the

plate.

Considering the enormous extent of territory which it inhabits,

and the diverse conditions of local environment to which it is sub-

jected in different parts of its range, P. bicarinatus is, for a fresh-

water pulmonate, remarkably uniform in its development, and com-

paratively few varietal forms have been described, and most of these

have been distinguished within the last few years. Taking them in

the order of their appearance, they are as follows:

I. Var. unicarrinaTus Hald., pl. I, figs. 6, 7 and 8.

Planorbis bicarinatus v. unicarinatus Haldeman, Monograph, p. 7

(1844).

‘* Whorls of the right (upper) side rounded ; the carina on the left

side revolves closely, so as to form a very narrow umbilicus, and the

aperture is much extended towards the left.”” _( Haldeman.)

Haldeman did not figure this form, but fortunately his type has

been preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, and

the figures here given have been drawn from it. It is very doubtful

whether this form is entitled to varietal rank in the proper accepta-

tion of the term. It will be observed from the figure that the inner

whorls on the upper side are distinctly angulated, and that the angle

does not wholly disappear until just before the aperture is reached.

Such specimens are not uncommon in almost any large series, and all

gradations from the bicarinate to the unicarinate form can be found

in the same colony. It would seem, therefore, to be an individual

rather than a racial characteristic. The form, however, is of inter-

est as exhibiting the first step toward the purely ecarinate form

described by Pilsbry as var. aroostookensis. The type came from

the Schuylkill River.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

II. Var. ancistomus Hald., pl. I, figs. 4 and 5.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. angistoma Haldeman, Mon., p. 7

(1844).

“Shell small, aperture campanulate, with the throat narrowed.”

( Haldeman.)

Haldeman did not figure this ‘‘ variety,” and his brief diagnosis

copied above gives neither the dimensions of his type nor the locality

from which it came. The type is not to be found in the collection

of the Philadelphia Academy, and is apparently lost.

The claims of this form for varietal recognition are but little, if

any, stronger than those of var. untcarinatus. In nearly all mature

shells of bicarinatus there is a tendency, more or less developed, for

the lip to become everted, and there is no difficulty in selecting a

series showing all degrees of variation in this particular from the

same locality. It is only occasionally that all the specimens in the

colony are affected at the same time and to approximately the same

degree. But sometimes this feature is very persistent; thus in the

set from which the figure was selected not only are all the specimens

(38) decidedly campanulate, but all previous lips were also campanu-

late, many of the specimens having two and some even three, the

result being that the outline of the shell is in several instances greatly

distorted. All the specimens from this locality were unusually flat,

being very wide in proportion to their height. Similar specimens in

all respects were collected in Bawbeese Lake, Hillsdale Co., Michi-

gan, one of which, having a diameter of 16.5 mm., is only 4 mm. in

height immediately in front of the aperture, the latter being 8 mm.

in height. Some of these also are greatly distorted, showing appar-

ently the effects of an unfavorable environment. Shells from Pine

Island Lake, Kent Co., and Four Mile Lake, Chelsea, Mich., are

somewhat similar, but the peculiar form is less strongly developed.

In many cases, no doubt, the sudden expansion of the lip is to be

accounted for by unusually favorable food conditions at the time

when the animal had really completed its normal growth; the con-

sequent suddenly-acquired corpulency of the animal necessitating a

special, rapid and expansive growth of the shell to accommodate its

increased size. This seems to have been the case with the colony

from which Figure 1 was taken. Up to maturity the shell was a

typical aroostookensis, when suddenly the enormously expanded lip

was developed. In this case, too, the whole colony was apparently

THE NAUTILUS. 3d

affected, at least the ten specimens which are now in my possession

were all more or less, and ihat, too, without regard to size.

It seems quite probable that Conrad’s P. antrosus from Randon’s

Creek, near Claiborne, Ala., is identical with this form. If so, and

the form is worthy of varietal recognition, it would have priority

over Haldeman’s name.

Conrad never figured his species, and unfortunately gave no dimen-

sions in his description. His specimens seem to have disappeared,

and according to Tryon, in 1870, Conrad himself had forgotten all

about it.

It is possible, however, that some of the original lot found their

way to Europe, as the species was catalogued by Beck in 1837 as

being in the collection of Prince Christian Frederick (Index Moll.,

p- 118, 1837). Whether these specimens are still in existence I do

not know.

III. Var. corruGatus Currier, pl. I, fig. 10.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. corrugata Currier, List of the Shell-

bearing Mollusca of Michigan, p. 8, 1868.

This form was never described by Currier, who simply gives the

locality as Perch Lake, Kent Co., Mich.

The figure is drawn from an authentic specimen (No. 3993, Coll.

Walker), received from the late Dr. De Camp, who, in his Michigan

Catalogue, described and figured several of Currier’s species, but

unfortunately neglected this one.

I have never seen but the single specimen from this locality, and

do not know whether any more like it were found or not.

The form is peculiar in the strong, transverse plications, which

extend entirely around the whorl, and are scarcely interrupted by

the well-developed, superior and basal carinations; towards the aper-

ture, however, they become less distinct. The revolving, incised

lines are also deeply cut, and in this feature the form is similar to

the var. striatus of Baker. It is altogether the most heavily sculp-

tured form that I have seen. The specimen figured is rather small,

measuring 9 mm. in diameter and 5 in height. The body whorl

immediately in front of the aperture is 8 mm. in height. Individual

specimens of var. striatus Baker from Long Lake, Grand Traverse

Co.; Dead River, Ives’ Lake, Mountain Lake, Little Lake and

Howe Lake, Marquette Co.; Orchard Lake, Oakland Co., and Mud

Lake, Montcalm Co., Michigan, and Gelot’s Lake, New Sweden,

6 THE NAUTILUS.

Me., exhibit a greater or less tendency to develop the transverse pli-

cations of this form, but none of them with anything like the strength

or regularity of the specimen figured.

Similar specimens occur in the marl deposits at Bad Axe and

other localities in Tuscola Co., Mich.

It is doubtful whether this form is entitled to rank as a variety.

It is evidently an extreme development of the var. striatus, in which

the transverse plication has been added to the revolving sculpture.

If the name had not already appeared in the literature without

description, and required explanation, I should hesitate to describe

it as varietally distinct from striatus.

IV. Var. PERCARINATUS n. n., pl. I, fig. 12.

Planorbis bicarinatus major Walker, Naut. VI, p. 136 (1893);

non var. major of various species of various authors.

Shell very large for the species, thick and solid, dark horn-

color tinged with purple; superior and basal carinz elevated into a

distinct keel, which is white; lip thickened, edged with brown,

behind which externally is a broad, yellowish-white band, within

banded by deep reddish-brown; lines of growth distinct, stronger

and ‘‘ puckered” around the carine; revolving lines very faint, not

discernible except with a lens; aperture more or less expanded,

sometimes distinctly campanulate, auriculate and distinctly modified

by the extension of the carinz to the lip.

The specimen figured measures 18.5 mm. in diameter and 10 mm.

in height; height of body whorl in front of aperture 7.25 mm.; height

of aperture 10.5 mm. A larger specimen, with a campanulate aper-

ture, measures 19.75 mm. in diameter and 10.5 mm. in height.

Types (Nos. 3419 and 20074, Coll. Walker) from Crystal Lake,

Benzie Co., Mich. Also from Pine Lake, Charlevoix Co., Mich.

(Walker), and Rideau and Ottawa Rivers; Sparrow Lake, Simcoe

Dist., Ontario, and Detroit Lake, Minn. (Pils.).

The original specimens, collected by the late Dr. M. L. Leach,

were all dead shells, more or less bleached. The above description

has been prepared from fresh specimens from the same locality col-

lected by Dr. R. J. Kirkland, of Grand Rapids. Not in deference,

for I think the rule an absurd one, but under the compulsion of the

‘* International Code,”’ I am forced to change the name of this very

distinct variety and add another unnecessary synonym to the burden

of systematic conchology.

THE NAUTILUS. %

V. Var. AROOSTOOKENSIS Pilsbry, pl. I, figs. 1 and 2.

Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pilsbry, Naut. VIII, p. 115,

1875.

Shell having the spire and umbilicus very deep, the latter funnel-

shaped, as in typical bicarinatus, but both upper and lower keels

entirely obsolete or rounded off on the last whorl, which has the

aspect of P. trivolvis. Surface minutely striated spirally, as in P.

bicarinatus. Aperture less angular and less produced below than in

bicartnatus, in consequence of the rounding of the whorls. Diameter

15 mm., alt. at aperture 7.5 mm. (Pilsbry).

Type locality, East Branch of Salmon Brook, Woodland, Aroos-

took Co., Maine (Pils.). Also Collins’ Pond, Caribou River, Cari-

bou, Aroostook Co., Me.; Charlevoix; Perch Lake, Kent Co.; Bes-

semer, Gogebec Co.; Fallams, Menominee Co., and Ispheming, Mich.

(Walker).

Figure 2 represents the typical form of this variety, and is drawn

from a topotype collected by Mr. O. O. Nylander. Figure 1 is the

campanulate form, already referred to, which bears the same relation

to typical aroostookensis that angistomus does to typical bicarinatus.

The Michigan specimens, especially those trom the Upper Penin-

sula, are much smaller than the typical form, and in some examples

there is a tendency to angulation on the whorls, but the large

majority of the specimens are quite characteristic in the rounded,

ecarinate form of the last whorl.

VI. Var. striatus Baker.

Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker, Naut. XV, p. 120 (1902);

Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis,

xvi, p. 9, pl. i, fig. 11 (1906).

In this form the microscopic, revolving sculpture commonly but

not invariably present in the typical form is greatly intensified, and

in the typical expression of the variety is quite conspicuous to the

naked eye.

In the original description this sculpture is stated to consist of

*‘raised spiral lines,’’ while in the second paper quoted above it is

said that “in some specimens the spiral lines are deeply incised.”

This incongruity is an apparent one only, and depends on whether

the elevated or the depressed portions of the surface are wider or

more conspicuous. Starting with the typical form, in which the

revolving sculpture is either entirely wanting or very minute, it is

8 THE NAUTILUS.

clear that the lines, when present, are incised. As the sculpture

increases in strength, the intervals between the incised lines dimin-

ish, and when they become equal, the surface becomes typically

striate and the revolving sculpture consists of incised or elevated

lines, as the observer chooses to designate it.

Very rarely the surface is distinctly malleated, in which case there

is a series of irregular, raised, revolving lines, which are quite differ-

ent from the regular sculpture of var. striatus. The intensification

of the spiral sculpture characteristic of this form seems to be peculiar

to the northern states, as it has not been noticed from south of Mason

and Dixon’s Line. The most characteristic specimens come from

the northern tier of states from Maine to Michigan.

The types were pleistocene fossils from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

It is a common form in Michigan, varying in size and proportion

like typical bicarinatus. Specimens are also before me from the

following localities: Square Lake; Rockville, Me.; Profile Lake,

N. H.; Cedar Lake, N. Y.; Port Oram, N. J.; Gore’s Bay, Mani-

tolin, Id., Lake Huron, Algoma; Georgian Bay, Ontario.

VII. Var. portacensis Baker, pl. I. fig. 9.

Planorbis bicarinatus portagensis Baker, Nau. XXII, p. 45 (1908).

This recently described and very striking form is characterized by

its closely coiled whorls, deeply funicular upper and lower surfaces

and acute carination; the umbilicus is comparatively narrow and

deeply excavated; the aperture is large, auriculate, higher than wide,

and acutely angled above and before; the lip is sharp and but slightly

expanded. HY $.v Dra 14.0

Type locality, Portage Lake, Aroostook Co., Maine. Also Square

Lake, Cross Lake and Second Lake, Aroostook Co., Me. (Walker);

Meaches Lake, Hull, Quebec (Pils.).

The figure is drawn from a cotype kindly furnished by Mr. F. C.

Baker. Specimens from Carp Lake, Emmet Co., and Betsey Lake,

Benzie Co., Michigan, though not typical, may fairly be referred to

this form. Immature examples, especially those from Betsey Lake,

are almost identical with the immature Maine specimens, the whorls,

perhaps, being more regularly rounded and lacking the decided flat-

tening towards the base of the typical form. But the mature shells,

though retaining the sharp carination above and below, are more

inflated, and the aperture is wider and does not extend so far above

and below the body whorl as in the typical form, being in shape and

THE NAUTILUS. ]

position more like that of var. percarinatus (fig. 12). Two addi-

tional specimens from the original locality, submitted by Mr.

Nylander, agree very exactly with the Michigan form.

Mr. Nylander writes in regard to the habits of this form:

“T think the variety portagensis lives in comparatively deep

water, say 25 feet or so as only a few good specimens have been

collected and these have always been “ dead ’’ shells. The speci-

mens from Cross Lake were dredged in 25 feet of water.

This raises a question as to whether the inflated form of this

variety is not correlated with its habitat in deep water as sug-

gested by Pilsbry in regard to the Physa and Planorbis from

Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico (Proc. P. A. N. S., 1891, p. 324).

A parallel case is found in Lymnzxa mighelsi W.G. Binn,

which in Michigan, at least, lives in deep water a large part of

the year (See Naut., XIV, p. 8). In fifteen years’ collecting at

Pine Lake, Marquette Co., Mich., I have found this species only

twice in shallow water and then in considerable numbers, but

only for a few days. It seems likely that the peculiar form of

Physa lordi Bd. is to be accounted for in the same way as in

Michigan; at least, it is found only in the larger inland lakes.

Planorbis multivolvis Case is also apparently a deep-water species

(Nauvt., X XI, p. 61).

VIII. Var. ROYALENSIS n. v., pl. I, fig. 11.

Shell thin, light greenish horn-color; superior carination promi-

nent, rounded, not acute; basal carina very strong, not acute, but

forming a heavy, rounded cord around the deep, funicular umbilicus;

upper surface concave, but more or less flattened and not as deep as

the umbilicus; sides flattened and narrowed towards the base and

contracted just above the basal carina; lines of growth strong and

distinct, the sides being longitudinally coarsely and irregularly stri-

ated; revolving sculpture strong and distinct; aperture triangular, the

upper side very nearly straight and almost flat, meeting the lip at

nearly aright angle; acutely angled below; lip thin, sharp, not ex-

panded. Alt. 10, diam. 15; height of body whorl in front of aperture

5 mm.

Types (No. 29163, Coll. Walker) from Siskowit Lake, Isle Royale,

Lake Superior, Michigan. Cotypes in the collection of the Phila-

delphia Academy.

About twenty specimens of this strongly characterized form were

10 THE NAUTILUS.

collected by the University of Michigan expedition in 1905, and are

very uniform in the peculiar features above described. P. bicarinatus

was collected in 1904 and 1905 in a number of different localities in

various parts of the island, but all such were quite typical in form.

The longitudinal sculpture of this form is unusually strong for the

species, and reminds one of the heavy sculpture of P. corpulentus

Say, but differs in being less regular and lacking the acute ridges of

that species. Royalensis is nearer to portagensts than to any other

form of bicarinatus, but differs in being wider and in the develop-

ment and position of the superior carina, wider umbilicus, stronger

basal carina and shape of the aperture.

(To be continued.)

RECERT FRESH-WATER FOSSILS FROM BRONX BOROUGH,

NEW YORK CITY.

BY EDWIN W. HUMPHREYS.

The shells here mentioned were found at what is now 171 St. and

Morris Ave., Borough of the Bronx, New York City. The swamp

which is situated at this point lies in a long, narrow, anticlinal valley

which has been eroded in the Inwood Limestone. When the street,

now known as Morris Ave., was filled in across the swamp, the peaty

deposit, which had accumulated here, was forced up to heights

of several feet on either side of it. This caused the peat to crack in

all directions and revealed numerous pockets which were full of small

shells. The shells were extremely abundant; so thickly were they

heaped together that they could easily be scooped up with a garden

trowel. From the manner in which they were found it would seem

as if they had been gathered together by currents or eddies in the

waters of the swamp. All of the shells were bleached to a chalky

whiteness and were very fragile. The following species were found.

Amanicola limosa (Say) Hald. Shells of this species, though com-

mon, were not very abundant and were usually more or less injured.

Valvata tricarinata Say. These were exceedingly numerous, hun-

dreds of them being heaped together in a single pocket. They were of

all sizes, some being so small that they were lodged in the apertures

of the larger ones. Evidently they represented individuals of all ages.

Physa heterostropha Say. This species was rather scarce.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. This form was also uncommon.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

Planorbis parvus Say. These varied in size as much as did the

shells of Valvata tricarinata Say, and were about as abundant.

Pisidium variable Prime. This species was very rare. Usually

the valves were separated, only occasionally were they found united.

Whether or not these forms still inhabit this place I am not pre-

pared to say. Though I have not been able to find any living indi-

viduals, further search may yet reveal them.

I desire to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. L. P. Gratacap and

Mr. Bryant Walker in the identification of some of the species.

UNIONIDAE FROM AN INDIAN GARBAGE HEAP.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN, CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.

On the western banks of the Monongahela River in southwestern

Pennsylvania, upon the flood plain at the Point Marion Ferry, in

Greene Co., opposite the point where the Monongahela and Cheat

rivers unite, the writer found on July 9, 1908, a heap of Unionidae

shells, buried about one to two feet in the soil on the side of a road.

The soil consists of the characteristic river-silt of this region. Since

Indian ‘‘relics”’ have frequently been found at this place, in fact,

since it is known as the site of an old Indian settlement, it seems

beyond question that this pile (about 2 feet high) represents an old

Indian garbage heap of shells which had been used for food.

When first found, the shells were rather brittle and soft, and many

of them crumbled to pieces. But enough were secured, which re-

mained whole, and subsequently they have hardened. They look

like fossil shells in so far as in most of them the epidermis, and with

it the color, is gone (only in a few Quadrulas fragments of the epi-

dermis remain). In species, where the nacre originally is colored

(Unio gibbosus and crassidens), the color has entirely faded away, or

only very slight traces of it are discernible.

It is hard to say how long ago this pile was formed: it may be

less than a hundred years old. But this does not matter. The

interesting fact about it is that this shell heap has furnished a small

collection of Unionida, which contributes considerably to our knowl-

edge of the Uniontd@-fauna of the Monongahela River drainage.

At the present time, on account of the pollution of the water, this

fauna has completely disappeared in the Monongahela proper: there

12 THE NAUTILUS.

is not a single living mussel in this river from Pittsburgh to the West

Virginia state line (which is within a mile and a half to the south of

our locality). Only a few of the tributaries contain mussels, and the

most important one is the Cheat River, in which (in Pennsylvania),

a rich fauna is yet present within two miles of our locality. The

writer has collected repeatedly in the Cheat, in Fayette Co., from a

point about a mile above Point Marion up to Cheat Haven, close to

the State line. Another locality for Unionide is about three miles

to the north, in Dunkard Creek, Greene Co., where the writer also

collected a number of species. It is interesting to compare these

faunas with that of the Indian garbage heap at Point Marion Ferry,

which either comes from the Monongahela proper, or from the Cheat.

I give first here a list of the latter.

1. Truncilla perplexa cincinnatiensis (Lea). 3 double, 11 isolated

valves, all males of medium and small size. This is not the typical

cincinnatiensis, but a form intermediate between this and the typical

perplexa (lea); the nodes upon the disc are rather small and more

numerous than in the typical perplexa, but they are less numerous

than in ctncinnatiensis.

Tuberculate forms of 7runcilla perplera have never been found

recently in western Pennsylvania; all specimens of perplexa of this

region belong to the next variety.

2. Truncilla perplexra rangiana (Lea). 6 double, 7 isolated

valves, all males of medium and small size.

Not found at present in the Monongahela drainage, but rather

abundant in the Allegheny River from Armstrong County upward.

Also in the Shenango River in Lawrence County; the nearest locali-

ties at present are about 80 to 100 miles away from Point Marion.

3. Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar.). Fragment of one left valve;

young specimen.

At present near Point Marion, both in the Cheat River and

Dunkard Creek. Widely distributed in western Pennsylvania.

4. Lampsilis ventricosa ovata (Say). Fragment of one left valve

(beak portion); young specimen.

Not found at present in the Monongahela drainage. It used to be

in the Ohio in Allegheny County, and is yet found in the Ohio in

Beaver County and in the Allegheny in Armstrong County and

farther up.

5. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). 2 double, 1 single valve; me-

THE NAUTILUS. cs

dium size. Although the characteristic color of the epidermis is

gone, these specimens agree completely with this species in the shape

of the shell and of the hinge teeth.

This species is found in the Cheat River and elsewhere in western

Pennsylvania, preferring smaller streams.

6. Lampsilis ligamentina (Lam.). 4 isolated valves; one young,

the others of medium size.

At present in the Cheat River, but not abundant. It is the most

abundant species in the large rivers of western Pennsylvania.

7. Obovaria circulus (Lea). 1 left valve; small. Not typical,

inclining toward QO. lens (Lea) in shape; probably a female.

This species (including the form dens) is found scattered over the

Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania. From the Monongahela it

is known only from a single locality at Charleroi, Washington

County, about 35 miles north of Point Marion

8. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea). 2 double, 4 isolated valves, of

medium size.

Not in the Monongahela drainage, and altogether rare in western

Pennsylvania; known from the Ohio below Pittsburg and from the

Allegheny River in Allegheny and southern Armstrong County.

No live specimens have been found recently.

9. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildr.). 1 double, 3 isolated valves,

of medium size.

Abundant in Cheat River; also in Dunkard Creek. Widely dis-

tributed in the Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania, with excep-

tion of the large rivers.

10. Unio gibbosus Barn. 4 double, 7 single valves, medium and

small size.

Abundant in Cheat River; also in Dunkard Creek. Everywhere

in western Pennsylvania.

11. Unio crassidens Lam. 7 double, 4 single valves; one above

medium size, the others medium and small.

Only in the large rivers; abundant in the Ohio and lower Alle-

gheny. Known from the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington

County, but not farther up. No trace of it in the Cheat.

12. Pleurobema clava (Lam.). 2 single valves, medium size.

Present in Cheat River. A rare species in western Pennsylvania,

preferring smaller streams.

13. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). 1 double, 5 single valves; me-

dium and small size.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

In the Cheat River at present. Also in the Monongahela at

Charleroi, Washington County, and in the Ohio and Allegheny

Rivers from Beaver to Armstrong Counties. A species of the

larger rivers.

We see, that of these thirteen forms one (Zruncilla perplexa cin-

cinnatiensis) is not present any more in western Pennsylvania, and

five (Truncilla perplexa rangiana, Lampsilis ventricosa ovata, Obo-

varia circulus, Cyprogenia trrorata, Unio crassidens) are not found

any more in the vicinity of Point Marion (in Cheat River or Dunkard

Creek). Of the latter, Lampsilis ventricosa ovata, Cyprogenta tr-

rorata, and Unto crassidens, are typical inhabitants of the large

rivers, and, near Point Marion, possibly once existed only in the

Monongahela River, the fauna of which is now destroyed. Truncilla

perplexa and Obovarta ctreulus may yet turn up in the Cheat River,

but, if present at all, must be very rare at the present time. This is

the more remarkable, since the two forms of Truncilla perplexra were

represented, in the garbage heap, by a comparatively great number

of individuals.

The small size of all specimens shows that the Indians selected

for food only such small specimens, rejecting the big ones.

The chief interest of this little collection lies in the fact that it

gives us an idea of what damage has been done to our Uniontda-

fauna in recent times. For comparison, I submit here the lists of

the species collected by myself in Cheat River and Dunkard Creek.

CuHeatT River (collections made on Sept. 6, 1904, Sept. 16, 1907,

July 10, 1908).

1. Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar.). 8. Symphynota costata (Raf.).

2. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). 9. Alasmidonta marginata (Say).

3. Lampstlis ligamentina(Lam.). 10. Unio gibbosus (Barn.).

4. Lampsilis recta ( Lam.). 11. Pleurobema clava (Lam.).

5. Lampstlis tris (Lea). 12. Quadrula undulata (Barn.).

6. Ptychobranchus phaseolus 13. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

(Hildr.). 14. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea).

7. Strophitus undulatus (Say). 15. Quadrula tuberculata (Raf.).

The leading species is Unio gibbosus (30 per cent.); then follow :

Lampsilis recta (20 per cent.) and Ptychobranchus phaseolus (20 per

cent.). The rest (12 species) makes up the remaining 30 per cent.

The scarcity of Lampsilis igamentina is remarkable, since this species

usually is the leading species in our rivers. Probably, this locality

THE NAUTILUS. | 15

is near the limit of the range of this species, and the latter does not

go much farther up stream. All of the species are rather small,

which is most striking in Lampsilis recta, which actually is repre-

sented by a dwarf race.

All the species have been found alive, except Quadrula undulata.

DunKARD CrEEK (collections made on July 8 and 9, 1908).

. Tritogoniatuberculata(Barn.). 13. Quadrula tuberculata (Raf.).

. Ptyehobranchus phaseolus

(Hildr.).

Of these, only Lampstlis luteola and Anodonta grandis were tound

1. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barn.). 8. Strophitus undulatus (Say).

2. Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). 9. Anodonta grandis (Say).

3. Lampsilis recta (Lam.). 10. Symphynota costata (Raf.).

4. Lampsilis tris (Lea). 11. Unio gibbosus ( Barn.).

5. Proptera alata (Say). 12. Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea).

alive: the condition of the creek was not favorable for collecting

(first and second day after a heavy thundershower). It is probable,

that the fauna is not complete, and I cannot say anything about the

frequency of the single species.

VARIATION,

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

First, nature never makes two individuals exactly alike;

secondly environment. One hundred shells of the same species

from a given locality will show individuality. Compared with

a group of the same species from another region there is another

difference. Like the difference between races of the human

family, this is undoubtedly due to environment, At Eastport,

Maine, where the Bay of Fundy tides create strong currents,

chitons, limpets and other forms are in profusion and attain un-

usually large size. These may be called sedentary forms and

depend on food being brought to them. A few feet away Bucci-

num is abundant but small. The same is true of Lunatia heros

found in neighboring waters. These are carnivorous forms and

are much larger at Casco Bay and its neighborhood,

Haminea solitaria is a white shell. A small colony from the

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Branford River has every individual a deep brown. I wonder

if this is due to the presence of a large iron foundry a short dis-

tance away. Erosion is not a characteristic, yet it does result

from environment. This is conspicuous where unios are taken

from waters where there is decaying vegetation. The reason is

well known; acid from decaying leaves acts on the lime of the

shell. The same effect may be seen in marine shells taken from

waters where a river meets the sea. An interesting effect of air

may be seen in the author’s cabinet. Shells of Fusws decem-

costatus taken below low tide are well preserved even to the

apex ; others from a few yards away, exposed to the air at low

tide, are much eroded.

Pure white sets of Gemma gemma may be found at Woods

Hole and Branford, Conn. At Provincetown they are a very

dark purple, some specimens showing hardly a trace of white.

At Revere Beach the type is white with perhaps a third of the

shell faintly tinted purple. Reasons for this variation I cannot

give. Nor can I explain why sets found a dozen years ago at

Revere Beach should vary from specimens obtained at the same

spot a year ago.

Litorinella minuta is abundant in pot holes in the marshes.

Environment there is good for it. A dwarfed variety is found

in the Branford River, and the same form occurs on dead eel

grass under the wharves at Provincetown, Evidently this form

flourishes better in still water. Temperature has its influence.

Planorbis trivolvis occurs throughout New England. It is

small in the Connecticut River at Springfield, the same at Bran-

ford and eastern Massachusetts. In northern Maine large, and

the largest and finest set in the author’s cabinet was obtained at

Dalton, Mass., in the Berkshire hills. This last region is well

known as having northern insects, undoubtedly the other species

of shells would show affinity with the forms in northern New

England. Climate alone explains this variation. The forms

from the Connecticut River certainly have water enough, but

they are small, Other sets are from small bodies of water; only

in colder regions does this giant thrive.

Environment drives out some species and retains others.

These few examples are variations in the same species which

shows the effects of different surroundings.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII. PLATE II.

DISTRIBUTION OF PLANORBIS BICARINATUS IN MICHIGAN.

Toe NAURIEUS:

Vou. XXITI. JUNE, 1909. No. 2.

SOME OBSERVATIONS AND NOTES ON MUSCULIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

Most or all of our species of Musculium Link (Calyculina Clessin)

are very variable. . g., of MW. securis Pr. there are almost endless

forms, some of them so different from others that they appear to be

distinct species, even of different groups. They readily respond to

the nature of their habitats, and almost every place has its own pecu-

liar forms. It may be added that most of them are inhabitants of

quiet waters: small lakes, ponds, pools, marshes, ditches, slow

streams; but MV. transversum Say is also found in rivers with strong

current, with stony and rocky bottoms.

Years ago Clessin stated his belief that they are comparatively

short-lived and of cyclical development, annuals. The first part of

his statement is probably correct, the latter probably not, or not for

all species; specimens at all stages of growth, from newly hatched to

full-grown, can be found at any time of the year. Yet under certain

conditions their development appears to be uniform; e. g., where

pools dry up in fall, only the young mussels appear to survive, to

grow to maturity and propagate during spring and summer.

These mussels are described as having their beaks calyculate, or

“capped,” and the genus has been established mainly on that fea-

ture.! But in most and probably in all species, specimens and forms

are found with slightly or non-calyculate beaks, and such are the rule

1 Yet even without that supposed but mistaken character the genus appears

to be well founded, as will be shown elsewhere.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

rather than the exception in MV. transversum Say. By the way, it

may be said that calyculate beaks are found occasionally in specimens

of Pisidium and Spherium.

The nepionic (embryonic) mussel when discharged from the parent

is generally well inflated (except in MM. transversum), and then the

postembryonal part of each valve is marked off from it by a constric-

tion more or less deep. This seems to be especially well marked

when the embryos have been retained by the parent for a long time,

e. g., over winter, and are overgrown, as it were.' Under favorable

conditions the embryos are probably discharged as soon as sufficiently

developed, moderately inflated, and then postembryonal growth goes

on in the same direction without or with a slight demarcation line.

There are in my collection a number of lots of a Musculium, dif-

ferent from all other species described and known, from Rhode

Island, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, and remarkably alike. The mus-

sels are somewhat like medium-sized M. securts Pr., but more elon-

gate, moderately and evenly inflated; the anterior and posterior parts

are less disproportionate, the latter is less high, less and more ob-

liquely truncate, the beaks are not calyculate, rounded, comparatively

broad and not very prominent; even under the microscope, no de-

marcation line between the embryonal and postembryonal parts can

be seen; the surface is markedly regular, without or with slight lines

of growth, with very fine strie and a slight silky gloss; the color is

dark horn, not yellowish, somewhat lighter along the margins, but

there are no sharply defined zones, as common in securis. Isolated,

this Musculium would appear to represent a distinct species; but

younger specimens, evidently of the same form, have more the out-

lines of M. securis, and in every lot there are some specimens of the

same, with the beaks calyculate, and generally there are intermedi-

ate ones, as to outlines and general appearance. Several of the lots

were collected in fall, from September to November, and others

probably so. It appears probable that this is a summer form of

M. securis, of fast and steady growth under favorable conditions,

consequently not a variety. Corresponding forms of other species

have also been seen. If verified by future observations, this is a

remarkable and very interesting fact.

Also the varieties and local forms of all species, and the conditions

1 Under the microscope such specimens show several concentric zones along

the margins of the valves, marked by lines of growth.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

under which they grow, should be carefully studied. In order to do

this much more good material is needed from all over the continent. It

is very desirable to collect repeatedly, throughout the year, at favorable

places, wherever there is an opportunity for doing so; it is essential to

have the date of collecting with every lot, notes on the nature of the

habitat, and last but not least, to have good numbers of specimens,

not only the large ones, but also the half-grown and young. Any

material, from anywhere, will mean a contribution to our knowledge.

It may be added that the simplest and best means for collecting

small fresh-water mollusca, Spheriide and gastropods, is a sack net

of good burlap on a frame of strong wire (4-1 inch), the ring of

about 6-8 inches diam., tied to a handle of suitable length, e. g., a

broomstick, In this net mud and other material, scooped up from

the surface of the bottom, is washed, the coarser things gradually

removed; the remainder is taken home and dried well, but not in too

great heat. Then, a small sieve, e. g., a strainer, or several of dif-

ferent mesh measures, are very serviceable for separating finer and

coarser material, and it will be much easier to pick out the speci-

mens, of which the smallest should not be overlooked; some Pisidium

are not larger than 1 to 2 mm. when mature. Specimens to be sent

for examination are best left mixed up, or separated only for con-

siderable differences of size. The washings and specimens must be

handled carefully, especially Musculium, since most of them are very

fragile. The whole “ stuff,” dirt and all, fresh or dried, may be sent

for examination, after the coarser materials are removed.

For deep water a drag-net or small dredge of burlap will do good

service, especially if protected by an outer sack of strong canvas with

the bottom left open. It is very desirable that collecting be done in

lakes and deep rivers.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FOSSIL LYMNZA.

BY F. C. BAKER.

LYMNZA NASHOTAHENSIS n. Sp.

Shell elongated, somewhat pyramidal; surface dull, growth-lines

conspicuous, crossed by fine, impressed spiral lines; whorls 6-63,

rather rapidly increasing in diameter, flatly rounded, the body whorl

very large and quite convex or even gibbous; spire broadly pyramidal

or conic, longer than the aperture; sutures well marked; aperture

20 THE NAUTILUS.

long, ovate, much narrowed above, generally wide and flaring below;

outer lip with variceal thickening; inner lip rather broad, reflected

over the umbilical region, forming a conspicuous expansion and leay-

ing a well-marked umbilical chink; parietal callus wide and rather

thick, in some specimens rendering the aperture continuous; axis

twisted; the columella is plicate in the immature shell, but in adult

or old specimens the inner lip is raised over the umbilicus, somewhat

as in emarginata.

Length 33.50, breadth 13.00; aperture length 14.00, breadth

7.00 mm.

Length 29.00, breadth 13.00; aperture length 15.00, breadth

6.75 mm.

Length 28.75, breadth 13.50; aperture length 15.75, breadth

7.00 mm.

Length 25.00, breadth 12.00; aperture length 14.00, breadth

7.25 mm.

Length 21.00, breadth 10.00; aperture length 12.00, breadth

6.00 mm.

Length 24.00, breadth 10.00; aperture length 11.00, breadth

5.00 mm.

Length 18.25, breadth 8.25; aperture length 10.00, breadth

4.25 mm.

Types: The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 9 specimens, No.

24539; cotypes, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No.

98521, 6 specimens.

Type locality: Marl beds, Nashotah, Waukeshaw County, Wis-

consin.

Remarks: Z. nashotahensis was at first thought to be a form of

Lymnea danielsi; it differs markedly from that species, however, in

several particulars—the spire is broader and not so acute, the body

whorl is larger and inclined to be gibbous, there is a conspicuous

umbilical chink (danielsi is usually imperforate), and the columella

is not noticeably plicate. In nashotahensis the aperture is elongate

ovate, narrowed above and broadened below, where it is often patu-

lous. The upper whorls are strongly suggestive of Lymnea reflexa,

the penultimate whorl having the swollen appearance so characteristic

of reflexa.

Young specimens somewhat resemble Lymna@a catascopium, differ-

ing in being narrower, with a more elongate aperture, longer and less.

Le he a | _—

THE NAUTILUS. yA

rounded whorls and a less distinctly plicate columella. There is also

an umbilical chink, which is usually absent in catascopium.

Like Walker’s Lymnea bakeri from Michigan, nashotahensis is

apparently an extinct species peculiar to marl deposits. The speci-

mens were secured by Mr. F. M. Woodruff.

NOTES ON PLANORBIS II: P. BICARINATUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER,

(Concluded from May Number.)

IX. Miscellaneous.

In Beck’s Index Moll. (1837), p. 118, the following synonymy of

this species is given:

“Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Am. Septr. C, C.

a. major. S.g.iv, 4. W.S. vii, 12. Fl. Schuylkill.

Pl. angulatus Wood.

b. minor.

an P. eburneus Ch. ix, 1123? New Jersey.”

P. angulatus Wood, Index Testaceologicus, edit. II, 1828, Suppl.,

pl. 7, f. 12, is a typical P. bicarinatus. The figures in Sowerby’s

Genera, referred to by Beck (as “‘S. g.”’) are the same species.

Beck defined his minor only by a queried reference to Chemnitz’s

figures of a West Indian species, really entirely different.

DISTRIBUTION,

The recorded distribution of Planorbis bicarinatus is shown with

approximate exactness upon the accompanying map (pl. III). These

data are primarily based upon the collection of the Philadelphia

Academy, the complete list of which has been kindly furnished by

Dr. Pilsbry. To these have been added such additional information

as was afforded by my own collection. The localities thus vouched

for are indicated on the map by the black dots. These data have

been supplemented by such specific localities as a careful search of

the literature at my command afforded. These citations are repre-

sented by the outlined dots. Duplicate citations and those giving

simply the ‘‘ State”? have been omitted. A detailed list of all locali-

ties and the authorities for the same is given below. The map does

22 THE NAUTILUS.

not extend far enough north to allow the localities in Keewatin,

Canada, to be plotted.

While the exhibit as a whole affords what is probably a fairly

accurate view of the actual distribution, yet it also shows how

lamentably small our knowledge really is of the range of one of our

most common species, and how much still remains to be done before

any generalization can be other than tentative. Still the chart is

of interest as showing what we do know, and serves to indicate the

regions to which attention of American collectors should be particu-

larly directed. Thus the apparent absence of the species from the

entire littoral Atlantic region (with the exception of a single record

from Wilmington, N. C.) from the Potomac to Florida, and along

the coastal region of the Gulf from Florida to Texas is very striking

and worthy of investigation. So, too, the exact range towards the

west is important and of considerable scientific interest. No doubt

many of the deficiencies of the present map can be supplied from

material already accumulated in the many private collections of the

country, aud it is hoped that this review of the subject will induce

the publication of all such information for the benefit of those inter-

ested in the geographical distribution of the American fauna. For

it is only by the accumulation of detailed information, such as is

afforded by the publication of carefully authenticated local lists,

accompanied by exact localities, that any substantial advance can be

expected.

Taking the chart, such as it is, certain facts can be deduced with

a great degree of certainty, while others must still remain more or

less tinged with uncertainty until more exact knowledge shall either

prove or disprove them. On the north it seems reasonably certain

that bicarinatus extends through British America from Anticosti,

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia west to at least Lake Winnipeg

and Manitoba and north to Keewatin. In all probability it may be

found to range west through Saskatchewan and Assiniboia well

toward the Rocky Mountains.

The data already accumulated shows a distribution through the

northern United States from Maine to Oregon. The northwestern

data, though scant, tend to show that the invasion of the valley of

the Columbia was through transfer from the headwaters of the Mis-

souri or its tributaries to the Snake, Pend Oreille or other tributaries

of the Columbia.

ee ee ee eee

ee,

THE NAUTILUS. 23

The accuracy of that veteran collector, Henry Hemphill, as to its

occurrence at Antioch, California, quoted by Stearns (1881), is not

to be questioned. But the fact that there is no other record of its

occurrence in California certainly tends to show that the Antioch

find was a sporadic colony, accidentally introduced, and which never

succeeded in effecting a permanent foothold.

The citation of this species from the Yaqui River, Guaymas,

Mexico, on the Gulf of California, by Stearns (1889), where it is

said to have been collected by Palmer, is open to more doubt. It

appears that Polygyra hirsuta was also alleged to have been collected

at the same time and place. The nearest authentic locality for this

species is southwestern Missouri. There is no evidence that bicari-

natus has ever been discovered anywhere in the Colorado basin. The

occurrence of two common eastern species at the same time in a

locality so remote from the known range of either is certainly very

remarkable, and would naturally raise a question as to whether there

had not been an accidental mixing of specimens. Picarinatus is not

quoted from Mexico at all by Crosse and Fischer, and its occurrence

at Guaymas is very improbable.

Leaving these two doubtful citations out of the question, the only

authentic occurrence of bicarinatus on the Pacific coast is along the

Columbia in Oregon; south of that the Rocky Mcuntains, no doubt,

mark the western range of the species.

In the Potomac River at and below Washington, D. C., dicart-

natus is an abundant species. South of that, with the exception of

Wilmington, N. C., so far as the records show, it is absent from the

entire coastal Atlantic region. In western North Carolina and

northwestern Georgia it is found in streams belonging to the western

drainage. We have no records from South Carolina and Florida.

The large amount of collecting that has been done in various parts

of the latter state goes to show that it does not occur there. South

Carolina is practically unknown conchologically. It was not found

by Henderson at Yemasee, Beaufort Co. (Naur. XXI, p. 7). Mr.

Wm. G. Mazyck, of Charleston, S. C., informs me that he has

never known of its occurrence in that state, and that it is not quoted

in either of Ravenel’s Catalogues of 1834 or 1874. In Alabama,

though not abundant, it occurs in the northern part of the state, and

extends in the Alabama drainage as far south at least as Pinehill,

Wilcox Co. There are no records for either Mississippi or Louisiana.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

In Texas it is an abundant species, at times, in the central eastern

part of the state, and no doubt ranges north from there. But there

are no records from the valley of the Rio Grande and, as stated be-

fore, none from Mexico. This river would therefore seem beyond

the southwestern range of the species.

So far as the records show, it is apparently absent from the entire

coastal region on the Gulf.

Since the above was written and the map (Plate III) was pre-

pared, Mr. H. H. Smith has collected typical bicarinatus in

Beaver Creek, Conecuh Co., Ala. This ‘‘ find ” not only carries

the species further south than previously recorded, but brings

it into the western extension of the Atlantic fauna area along

the Gulf Coast. Beaver Creek is a tributary of Murder Creek,

which forms part of the Escambia River drainage system.

West of the Appalachian Mountains, bicarinatus is, in suitable

localities, a common species in all the states as far west as Kansas

and Colorado, and there is no great doubt but that it ranges, in suit-

able environment, west to the mountains. But the data at hand are

too few and too scattering to give any exact information as to the

limits of the western range. They are indicated on the map and

given in detail in the following list:

DISTRIBUTIONAL Data.

United States.

Alabama: Big Willis Creek, Atalla; Coosa River, Minnesota

Bend; Black Warrior River, Jefferson Co.; Cub Creek, Pinehill;

Princeton (Walker); Beech Creek, Selma; Cahawba River (Lewis);

Coosa River, Farmer (Hinkley).

Arizona: None.

Colorado: Boulder (Pils.); Lodge Pole Creek, Logan Co.; Owens

Lake, Boulder; Weld Co.; Greely (Henderson).

Connecticut: West Granby, Hartford Co. (Pils.).

Arkansas: White River, Carroll; Big Creek, Sebastian; Ouachita

River, Hot Spring (Sampson).

Delaware: Brandywine River, between Dupont’s and Rockland

(Pils.).

District of Columbia: Washington (Pils.).

Florida: None.

Georgia: East Rome (Pils.); Silver Creek, East Rome; Armuchee

Creek, Rome; Dalton (Walker).

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Idaho: Old Mission (Pils.); Blue Creek, Coeur d’Alene Moun-

tains; Cedar Creek, Priest Lake (Walker).

Illinois: Athens; Rock Island (Pils.); Joliet (Ferriss MSS.);

Cook Co.; LaSalle Co.; Des Plaines River; Kappa, Panala, Wood-

ford Co.; Crystal and Silver Lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co.;

Mercer Co.; Elgin, Kane Co.; Illinois River and Dogfish, Quiver

and Matanzas Lakes, Havana, Mason Co.; Fourth, Sand, Cedar,

Fox, Pistakee, Clear, Long and Slough Lakes, Lake Co.; Pope Co.;

Johnson Co.; Thompson’s Lake, Fulton Co.; Milan, Rock Island

Co.; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (Baker).

Indian Territory : Tushkahama (Ferriss, MSS.).

Indiana: Randolph Co. (Pils.); Cedar Lake; Bass Lake, Stark

Co. (Baker); Connorsville, Danville (Walker); Richmond, Wayne

Co. (Plummer); Indianapolis, Whitewater Basin, West White-

water Basin, Maumee Basin, St. Joseph Basin, Lake Michigan

Basin (Call), Franklin Co. (Moore and Butler); Lake Michigan,

Michigan City; Lake James, Steuben Co.; Clear Lake, LaPorte Co.

(Daniels).

Iowa: Iowa City; DeWitt; Clear Lake; Davenport (Pils.), Mus-

eatine, Des Moines, Ruthven (Walker); Spirit Lake (Keyes).

Kansas: Walnut Creek (Pils.); Topeka; Ellis; Soldier Creek,

Silver Lake Twp., Shawnee Co.; Northern Wabaunsee Co.; Brown

Co.; Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida; Barber Co.; McDowell Creek, Riley

Co.; Kansas River, Wyandotte; Neosho Co. (Call).

Kentucky : Bowling Green (Pils.).

Louisiana: None.

Maine: Caribou, Aroostook Co.; Rockland, Knox Co. (Pils.);

Orono, Fort Kent, St. John’s River; Gelot’s Lake, New Sweden;

Second Lake, Fish River; Salmon Brook, Aroostook River; Wood-

land, Collins’ Mill Pond, Portage Lake, Square Lake, Aroostook

Co.; E Warren; Rockville (Walker); Cross Lake Inlet; Cross Lake;

Moose River, Somerset Co. (Nylander); Moosehead Lake (Johnson);

Portland (Pickering).

Maryland: Cumberland; Hancock; Chestertown, Kent Co.; Flint-

stone, Allegheny Co.; Conecocheque River at National Road (Pils.);

Potomac River, Fort Washington (Walker).

Massachusetts: Pontoosue Lake, W. Mass. (Pils.); Cambridge;

Amherst (Walker); Fresh Pond (Adams); Swampscot, Lynn and

vicinity (Tufts); Stockbridge (Ferriss, MSS.); Bristol Co. (Taylor

and Shiverick).

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Michigan: The writer has records from 52 of the 83 counties of

the state, indicating a general distribution throughout the state.

The counties represented are shown by the map (plate II).

Minnesota: Lake Albert Lea; Fergus Falls (Pils.); Stearns Co.;

Lake Minnetonka; Cannon Lake, Rice Co.; Shackleton Lake

(Walker); Minneapolis; Lake Minnewaska, Pope Co.; Vermilion

Lake, Winona, Lake Co.; St. Louis Co. (Grant); Clearwater,

Wright Co. (Sargent); Harriet Lake, Hennipen Co. (Daniels);

Heron Lake, Jackson Co.; Eagle Lake, Sherburne Co. (Stearns).

Mississippi: None.

Missouri: Pettis Co.; Lamar, Barton Co. (Sampson).

Montana: Mingusville, now Wibaux (Squyer).

Nebraska: Sidney (Walker); streams of eastern Neb. (Aughey);

Omaha (Tryon).

Nevada: None.

New Hampshire: Profile Lake (Walker); Keene (Walker and

Coolidge).

New Jersey: Greenwood Lake, Passaic Co.; Raritan River;

Cedar Lake, White Pond, Warren Co.; Swartzwood Lake, Sussex

Co.; Center Twp., Camden Co.; Delaware Water Gap; Princeton,

Mercer Co.; Lake Hopatcong, Budd’s Lake, Morris Co.; Hacken-

sack Valley; Closter, Bergen Co.; Trenton; Gloucester Co. (Pils.).

New Mexico: Las Vegas; South Spring River, Roseville; Tre-

mentina; Santa Fe; Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas (Pils.).

New York: Cazenovia; Skaneatales Lake; Long Island; Niagara;

Hudson River, Fort Warren, Ridgewood; Racquette Lake, Hamil-

ton Co.; Queens Co.; Squaw Island, Niagara River; Troy (Pils.);

Gannagagee Creek, Erie Co.; Alfred; Watertown; Canandarago

Lake, Otsego Co.; Cedar Lake, Herkimer Co.; Old Forge (Walker);

Sunset Creek, Otsego Co. (Smith); Chatauqua Lake (Maury);

Schuyler’s Lake, Otsego Co.; Mohawk River, Little Lakes and Erie

Canal and Litchfield, Herkimer Co. (Lewis); Onondaga Co. (Beau-

champ); Rochester (Walton); Huntington, Centerport, Long Island

(Smith & Prime); Cayuga Lake (Ferriss MSS).

North Carolina: Asheville; Greenfield Pond, Wilmington

(Walker).

North Dakota; Hankinson (Pils.); Fort Stevenson (Stearns).

Ohio: Columbus; Geanga Co. (Pils.); Hudson (Walker); Cincin

nati (Harper and Wetherby); Tuscawaras Co. (Sterki); ‘* The Re-

serve” (Naturalist).

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Oklahoma: Oklahoma City (Ferriss); Cimmaron River (Call).

Oregon: Willamette River; Salem; Portland (Pils.).

Pennsylvania: Delaware River (type locality), Say; Allegheny

River; Round Island, Clinton Co.; Port Allegheny, McLean Co.;

Youghiougheny River, Connellsville, Fayette Co.; Juniata River,

Hollidaysburg, Blair Co.; Susquehanna River, Muncy; Cushclishia

Creek, Indiana Co.; Emporium, Cameron Co.; Amity Twp., Berks

Co.; Beaver River, Waupum, Montgomery Co.; Germantown and

various localities, Philadelphia Co.; Nockamixon, Bucks Co.;

Schanksville, Somerset Co.; Glenolden, Delaware Co.; Gettysburg;

Ligonier, Westmoreland Co., York Furnace, York Co. (Pils.); Alle-

gheny Co. (Stupakoff); Ohio River, Coraopolis (Rhoads); Chester

Co. (Hartman & Michener); Lancaster Co. (Haldeman); Columbia;

Susquehanna River, Wilkesbarre (Walker).

Rhode Island: Providence and Worcester Canal; Cunliff’s Pond

(Carpenter).

South Carolina: None.

South Dakota: Mouth of Big Sioux River (Lea).

Tennessee: Emory River and Harriman (Pils.); Chilhowee Mts..

Blount Co.; Franklin Co. (Walker); Tellico River, Blount Co.

(Lewis); Little River (Ferriss MSS).

Texas: New Braunfels (Pils.); San Antonio (Walker); Peder-

nales River, Gillespie Co.; Brushy Creek, Williamson Co.; Colorado

River and tributaries, Comal Co.; San Marcus River, Hayes Co.;

Colorado River and tributaries, Travis Co.; Burton, Washington

Co. (Singley); Hog Creek, McLennan Co. (Strecker).

Utah: None.

Vermont: Connecticut River, Hartland (Pils.); Middlebury

(A ms)

Virginia: Luray (Pils.); Orange (Walker); Harper’s Ferry

(Tryon).

Washington: Cascades, Skamania Co. (Pils.).

Wisconsin: Milwaukee (Pils.); Menominee River; Wauwatosa ;

Honey Creek, Layton Park; Kinnickinnic River, Milwaukee ;

Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.,;

Lake Winnebago, Calumet Co.; Kenosha (Chadwick).

West Virginia: Four miles from Romney; Kanawha River, forty

miles south of Ohio River, Wirt Co.; North River, Sedan, Hamp-

shire Co.; Warm Spring Creek, Morgan Co.; Salt Sulphur Spring,

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Monroe Co.; Patterson’s Creek, Mineral Co.; Potomac River,

Cherry Run (Pils,); Potomac River, Harper’s Ferry (Walker).

Wyoming: Yellowstone National Park (Stearns).

Dominion of Canada—Quebec: Meaches Lake, Hull; Chaudiere

River; Chelsea (Pils.); Caprouge (Walker); Anticosti (Latchford);

Brome Lake, Knowlton (Whiteaves MSS).

Ontario: Sparrow Lake, Simcoe District; Puzzle Lake, 40 miles

north of Napanee; Rideau River; Ottawa River (Pils); Little River,

Walkerville (Walker); Lake Simcoe (Stearns).

Algoma: Dog River, north shore Lake Superior; Gores Bay,

Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron (Walker); Moose Factory, Hudson

Bay (Dall).

Manitoba: Lake Winnipeg; Lake Manitoba (Christy).

Nova Scotia: Dartmouth Lakes (Jones).

Keewatin: Lake St. Joseph; Kawinogans River, Albany River.

Knee Lake (Whiteaves); Saskatchewan River, Grand Rapids (Dall.);

New Brunswick: Kennebecasis River and elsewhere (Matthew

and Stead).

Mexico: Yaqui River, Guaymas, W. Mexico (Stearns). See p.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following list includes all papers cited as authority for distri-

bution in the preceding part of this paper. It is no doubt imperfect,

as it embraces only such literature as has been accessible to the

writer. For the sake of brevity many other papers examined, which

afforded only duplicate records or simply a general ‘‘ State ” record

are omitted :

Adams, C. B.—Shells of Fresh Pond. (Am. J. Sci. and Arts,

O. S. XXXVI, p. 392, 1839.)

Adams, C. B.—Catalogue of the Mollusca of Middlebury, Ver-

mont, and vicinity. (Am. J. Sci. and Arts, O. S. XI, p. 269, 1841.)

Aughey, Samuel.—Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Shells

of Nebraska. (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey III, p. 701, 1877.)

Baker, F. C.—The Mollusks of Cedar Lake, Indiana. (Naut.

XVII, p. 118, 1904.)

Baker, F. C.—A Catalogue of the Mollusca of Illinois. (Bull.

Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. VII, p. 106, 1906).

Beauchamp, W. M.—Land and Fresh-water Shells of Onondaga

County and State of New York (1886).

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Call, R. E.—A Contribution toa Knowledge of Indiana Mollusca.

(Proce. Ind. Acad. Sci. III, p. 150, 1894.)

Call, R. E.—The Hydrographic Basins of Indiana and their

Molluscan Fauna. (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, p. 250.)

Call, R. E.—Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fresh-water

Mollusca of Kansas. No. II, p. 54; No. IV, p. 123; No. V, p. 184;

No. VI; p: 16.

Carpenter, H. F.—The Shell-bearing Mollusca of Rhode Island.

(Random Notes on Nat. Hist. II, p. 96, 1886.)

Chadwick, G. H.—Notes on Wisconsin Mollusca. (Bull. Wis.

Nat. Hist. Soc. IV, p. 83, 1906.)

Chickering, J. W., Jr.—List of Marine, Fresh-water and Land

Shells found in the vicinity of Portland, Maine (1855 or 6?.)

Christy, R. M.—Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of

Manitoba. (J. of Con. IV, p. 248, 1885.)

Dall, W. H.—Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of Alaska. (Rep.

Har. Alaska Exp. XIII, p. 87, 1905.)

Daniels, L. E.—A check list of Indiana Mollusca. (Rep. Dept.

Geol. & Nat. Resources, Ind. 1902, p. 637.)

Daniels, L. E.—Records of Minnesota Mollusks. (Naut. XXII,

p27 tla, 1909.)

Ferriss, J. H.—Mollusks of Oklahoma. (Naut. XX, p. 17,

1906.)

Grant, U. S.—Conchological Notes. (14th Ann. Rep. Geol. &

Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn., p. 122, 1885.)

Grant, U. S.—Notes on the Molluscan Fauna of Minnesota.

(16th Ann. Rep. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn., p. 484, 1887.)

Haldeman, S. S.—Mollusca. (Rupp’s Hist. Lancaster Co., Pa.,

p- 481, 1844.)

Harper, G. W., & Wetherby, A. G.—Catalogue of the Land and

Fresh-water Mollusca found in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati,

Ohio, 1876.

Hartmann, W. D., & Michener, E.—Conchologia Cestrica, p. 70,

1874.

Henderson, Julius—The Mollusca of Colorado. (University of

Colo. Studies IV, p. 181, 1907.)

Hinkley, A. A.—List of Alabama Shells collected in October and

November, 1903. (Naut. XVIII, p. 54, 1904.)

Johnson, C, W.—Shells of the Lake Region of Maine. (Naut-

XXI, p. 106, 1908.)

30 THE NAUTILUS.

Jones, J. M.—List of the Mollusca of Nova Scotia, 1877.

Keyes, C. R.—An Annotated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Iowa.

(Bull. Essex Inst. XX, p. 13, 1889.)

Latchford, F. R.—Shells of Anticosti. (Am. Nat. XVIII, p.

1052, 1884.)

Lea, Isaac.—Report on Mollusca. (Explorations in Nebraska,

Executive Doe. II, p. 72, 1859.)

Lewis, James.—Shells of Herkimer and adjacent counties in the

State of New York. Proc. A. N.S., Phila., 1872, pp. 97-107.

Lewis, James.—Shells of Tennessee, No. 2, (Proc. P. A. N.S.,

1872, p. 108.)

Lewis, James.—Fresh-water and Land Shells of Alabama, 1876.

Linsley, J. H.—Catalogue of the Shells of Connecticut. (Am. J.

Sci. & Arts O. S. XLVIII, p. 281, 1845.)

Matthew, W. D., & Stead, G.—Land and Fresh-water Shells col-

lected near St. John, N. B. (Proc. Miramichi Nat. Hist. Ass.,

No. III, p. 49.)

Maury, C. J.—Chatauqua Lake Shells. (Element. Nat. Hist.

Series, No. I, p. 26, 1898.)

Moore, D. R., & Butler, A. W.—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca

observed in Franklin County, Indiana, (Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat.

Hist., No. I, p. 43, 1885.)

Naturalist.—Miscellaneous Observations, ete. (Am. J. Sci. &

Arts O. 8S. XXXI, p. 36, 1837.)

Nylander, O. O.—Fresh-water Shells in the northeast of Maine.

(Naut. XI, pp. 9-12, 1897.)

Plummer, J. T.—Scraps in Natural History. (Am. J. Sci. &

Arts O. S. XLVIII, p. 95, 1844.)

Rhoads, S. N.—On a Recent Collection of Pennsylvania Mollusks

from the Ohio River System below Pittsburg. (Naut. XII, p. 138,

1899.)

Rhoads, 8S. N.—A Glimpse at the Shell Fauna of Delaware.

(Naut. XVIII, p. 66, 1904.)

Sampson, F. A.—Notes on the Distribution of Shells. (Kansas

City Rec. of Sci. VI, p. 22.)

Sampson, F. A.—The Shells of Pettis County, Missouri, (Bull.

No. 1, Sedalia Nat. Hist. Soc., p. 10, 1885.)

Sampson, F. A.—A Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas.

(Ann. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Ark. II, p. 186, 1893.)

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Sargent, H. E.—Annotated List of the Mollusca found in the

vicinity of Clearwater, Wright Co., Minn, (Naut. IX, p. 127,

1896.)

Say, Thomas.—Nich. Encyce., ist Ed., 1817.

Singley, J. A.—Texas Mollusca. (4th Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey

of Texas, p. 314, 1892.)

Smith, Maxwell.—Shells of Richfield Springs, N. Y., and vicinity.

(Naut. XX, p. 91, 1906.)

Smith, S., & Prime, T.—Report on the Mollusca of Long Island,

N. Y., and its dependencies. (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. IX, p.

402, 1870.)

Squyer, Homer.—List of Shells from the vicinity of Mingusville,

Montana. (Naut. VIII, p. 64, 1894.)

Stearns, R. E. C.—Observations on Planorbis. (Proc. P. A.

NGS. 26515 p- 101.)

Stearns, R. E. C.—Notes and Comments on the Distribution of

Planorbis (Helisosma) bicarinatus. (West. Am. Scientist, 1889,

p- 110.)

Stearns, R. E. C.—List of Shells collected by Vernon Bailey in

Heron and Eagle Lakes, Minn. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXII, pp.

135-8.)

Sterki, V.—List of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Tus-

cawarus County, Ohio. (18th Ann. Rep. Ohio St. Acad. Sci., p. 6.)

Strecker, J. K., Jr—The Mollusca of McLennan County, Texas.

(Naut. XXII, p. 65, 1908.)

Stupakoff, S. H.—Land and Fresh-water Shells of Allegheny

County, Pa. (Naut. VII, p. 135, 1894.)

Taylor and Shiverick.—Catalogue of Shells found in and near the

County of Bristol, Mass., 1840 ?.

Tryon, G. W., Jr.—Notes on Mollusca collected by Dr. F. V.

Hayden in Nebraska. (Am. J. of Con. IV, p. 151, 1868.)

Tufts, Samuel, Jr.—A List of Shells collected at Swampscot,

Lynn and vicinity. (Proc. Essex Inst. I, p. 30, 1856.)

Walton, John,—The Mollusca of Monroe County, N. Y. (Proc.

Rochester Acad. Sci. II, p. 18, 1892.)

Walker, R. D., & Coolidge, W. H., Jr.—Mollusea of Keene, New

Hampshire. (Naut. XXII, p. 32, 1908.)

Whiteaves, J. F.—List of Land and Fresh-water Shells from the

District of Keewatin. (Rep. Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1905, p. 6.)

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Whiteaves, J. F.—List of some Fresh-water Shells from North-

western Ontario and Keewatin. (Ottawa Nat. XX, pp. 31-2, 1906.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I,

All the figures are x 2, except Fig. 10, which is x 3.

Fig. 1. P. bicarinatus aroostookensis Pils. Collins’ Mill Pond,

Me.

Fig. 2. P. bicarinatus aroostookensis (topotype). Salmon

Brook, Me.

Fig. 3. P. bicarinatus Say (typical). Delaware River, Phil-

lipsburg, N. J.

Figs. 4 and 5. P. bicarinatus angistomus Hald. Independence

Lake, Washtenaw Co., Mich.

Figs. 6-8. P. bicarinatus unicarinatus Hald (type). Schuyl-

kill River, Pa.

Fig. 9. P. bicarinatus portagensis Baker (cotype). Portage

Lake, Me.

Fig. 10. P. bicarinatus corrugatus Currier (type). Perch

Lake, Kent Co., Mich.

Fig. 11. P. bicarinatus royalensis Walker (type). Siskowit

Lake, Isle Royale, Mich.

Fig. 12. P. bicarinatus percarinatus Walker (type). Crystal

Lake, Benzie Co., Mich.

NOTES.

AN INTERNAL SEPTUM IN HOLOsPIRA BARTSCHI.—In a specimen

of this snail cut open there is a vertical septum across the cavity at

about the middle of the eighth whorl. It is concave on the lower

side, as in many Urocoptide. To abandon the early whorls is very

common in Antillean and the larger Mexican forms but has not be-

fore been noticed in Holospira. The internal column in H. bartscht

is very nearly one-third the diameter of the shell at the widest part,

but it decreases to about one-fourth in the penultimate whorl.—

H. A. Pirspry.

ee eee —

THE’ NAUTILUS:

Vou. XXIII. JULY, 1909. No. 8.

A BPBRING COLLECTING TRIP.

Notes on New England Nudibranchs II.

BY FRANCIS N. BALCH.

In a recent number of the ‘‘ Nautilus’?! I recorded two occur-

rences of nudibranchs at Cohasset, Mass., indicating marked local

condensation of the partly grown Kolid population during the time

of a supposed autumn migration of the year’s brood to deeper waters.

The condensation of adults at the breeding season is of quite a

different order and much more familiar. The supposition is that

the year’s adults migrate from deep water to the shore, there to

spend a brief mating season, spawn, and (for the most part) die. It is

well known that early spring is the breeding season for most of the

species, while others appear to select late autumn or winter—facts

which go far to explain our woeful ignorance of this group in this

country. At times, in other countries, these mating forms have been

found abundant and gregarious to such an extent as to justify the

expression ‘‘ swarming "’ for the habit.’

1Vol. xxii, No. 2, June, 1908, pp. 13-16. ‘Two interesting New England

Nudibranch Records.” The sub-title ‘‘ Notes on New England Nudibranchs. I.”

was accidentally omitted by the printer. P. 15, top line, after word ‘‘and”

insert “T.’’ For other errata see Nautilus, xxii, No. 6, Oct., 1908, p. 60.

2] use the term “swarming’’ in this paper to indicate a distinct gathering

together, in relatively great abundance, for breeding.

Eliot (‘‘On some Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar.” Pt. V.; P.Z.S.,

1904, ii, p. 87) furnishes a description of such a ‘‘swarming” of 7revelyana crocea,

34 THE NAUTILUS.

From April 26 to 30, 1908, I was able to devote a short vacation

exclusively to a minute examination, as exhaustive as time permit-

ted, of the nudibranch life on two short stretches of coast suitable

for breeding Eolid nudibranchs. The first was a stretch of granite

ledges and piles of broken boulders at Rocky Neck, in Gloucester

Harbor; the second a stretch of granite ledges at Brace’s Cove, on

the outer (eastern) side of Eastern Point, Gloucester, Mass. The

localities were quite unlike in biological character, though resembling

each other as shore formations. The Rocky Neck locality was

bathed by the comparatively warm and still waters of the harbor,

thick with larvae, eggs, spores and organic débris of all kinds. In-

numerable small and rather deep pools among the broken boulders,

thickly hung and often completely choked with fuci, sheltered

abundant animal life, including Metr¢dium and hydroids. The

Brace’s Cove locality was pounded by the eternal surf of the open

Atlantic, and the water was noticeably colder and crystal-clear.

The pools on the massive ledges were much larger, shallower and

more open. Corralines were abundant, hydroids and Metridium

much fewer.

a Polycerid from Zanzibar, as follows: ‘“* * * this form provided a most strik-

ing case of the migration of molluscs in flocks to shallow water for the deposi-

tion of spawn. Buta few specimens were collected before a certain period of

a few days’ duration, when the sand of Chuaka Bay just below low-tide mark

was occupied by astonishing numbers * * *, These were not washed up by

accident, but were all actively crawling on the sand among the weeds, etc.

Many were in cottu, and when placed in basins of sea-water most of the speci-

mens were soon engaged in copulation or the deposition of yellow egg-ribbons,

By-and-by the swarm disappeared to some unknown permanent habitat. If

this were in the deeper channels of the bay (1 to 2 fathoms deep at low tide)

they must have been found there by dredging. As this was not the case

it seems most probable that the migrations of these tiny animals extend to and

from the deep sea three or more miles away.”

One may be permitted to guess that the “unknown permanent habitat”

to which “the swarm disappeared” was that bourne from which no traveler

returns! Quite probably the form may be found to be strictly annual with little

or no overlap of generations, as I believe is the case with various of our own

forms. Either the young escape observation till just about the breeding

season (possibly making a very sudden and rapid growth at that time which

may be marked by a change in food supply) or else, and more probably, the

young straggle back to deep water as they grow stronger, but while still small,

and, there attaining their growth, make a sudden descent (or ascent!) upon the

shore en masse at the next call of the breeding impulse.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

No temperatures were taken, for on the face of it the temperature

was not the controlling factor at that time and place, the same forms

and spawn occurring indifferently in shallow, sun-warmed pools

pleasant to the hands, and in deep, unsunned crevices at extreme

low tide when one’s breath condensed in clouds over the numbing

water. This is not to say that temperature may not be the control-

ling factor in the initiation of the migration impulse or even in the

actual deposition of spawn, which latter may perhaps always take

place at high water when the temperature conditions of the pools

would be equalized.

The section worked at Rocky Neck did not exceed 300 yards in

length, and at Brace’s Cove about 200. Three days were given to

the former and one to the latter. Every day-light tide was worked

industriously, and attention was wholly concentrated on nudibranchs.

The ** census ”’

was as follows:

Coryphella rufibranchialis mananensis (Stimps.),’ typical, 48 speci-

mens collected and about 30 more seen—total, say 75. All but 6 at

Rocky Neck. All well-grown, if not fully adult, except three or

four apparently about half-grown.

Coryphella rufibranchialis chocolata var. nov. Externally not

separable by me from the foregoing except by the color of the cores

of the cerata and of the body, which is a true chocolate-brown, dark

for the cerata, light for the body, as contrasted with the varied reds

(varying from pink to ginger, salmon and scarlet) of the typical form.

The dentition and internal anatomy have not yet been examined,

but as there is undoubtedly intergrading in the color, no very dis-

tinctive character should be anticipated. I have seen this form

before, but never more than one or two specimens ata time. Asa

mere color variety (and for all we actually know, a mere physiological

phase) it may be thought not worth a name. At the same time the

intergrades are few and the series incomplete; and the chocolate

forms, in life, occurred markedly segregated from the others. It is

at least possible to point out a tangible character by which it differs

from typical mananensis, which no one has yet done for the differen-

tiation of mananensis from rufibranchialis. Should mananensis prove

1So called by me for the present in the provisional belief that Stimpson’s

form—if separable at all, which I doubt—is only a variety of the European

form. Our knowledge, and consequently the nomenclature, of the group of

red-gilled Eolids on this coast is in deplorable condition.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

a complete synonym (as Gould thought it), or a variety (as I con-

sider it), then chocolata should be written as above; but if mananensis

is a valid species (as Professor Verrill holds), then chocolata may be

written as its variety pending further knowledge. Ten specimens

collected, all at Rocky Neck.

Aeolidiella papillosa (L.). It is a question whether our American

form may not be as well worth a varietal name as our form of Cory-

phella rufibranchialis. Both species are, in European waters, noted

for their variability, and have enormous synonymies. I think it

much the same sort of question as that whether it is worth while to

distinguish our form of Purpura lapillus—doubtless it is extremely

close to the European form, and no one has yet pointed out a con-

stant diagnostic difference, yet an American lot could hardly be

confused with a European lot. Our form of the present species, in

my experience, runs shorter, stouter, pinker and less variegated than

the European form, as shown by the numerous and excellent figures

accessible. No diagnostic character has been found in the dentition.

Eight specimens collected, of which four at each locality; one a

giant of 9 cm., one of an ordinary full adult size of about 6 cm.,

three smaller adults of 4-5 em., and one young of about 1 cm.

Cratena veronica Verrill. One specimen about 1.8 cm. long,

taken at Rocky Neck among a thick growth of undetermined hydroids,

agreed very closely with Verrill’s description of this rare and un-

figured species. It was kept alive four days during which colored

drawings were made, and then preserved for dissection.

Galvina picta (A. & H.), one specimen, adult. Rocky Neck, on

hydroids.

Doto coronata (Gmel.), one specimen, adult. Rocky Neck, on

hydroids.

Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius), three specimens, one large

adult of about 6 cm., two about half that size; the latter at Rocky

Neck, the former at Brace’s Cove.

Acanthodoris pilosa (Muller), one specimen of about 1 cm.

at Brace’s Cove.

Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.), eighteen specimens, 5 mm. to 12

mm. long, all but three or four at Brace’s Cove, on Corallines.

1Our knowledge of the difficult and critical group of species centering

around Z. aspera and including a number of quite insufficiently characterized

American forms has not reached a point where identifications can be looked

on as reliable,

THE NAUTILUS. 37

Ancula cristata sulphurea (Stimps.), one young specimen of about

8 mm.,at Brace’s Cove. It seems best to preserve Stimpson’s name

at any rate in a varietal sense though Bergh has united it with

ertstata. The differential character of the lower origin of the ante-

rior appendages of the rhinophores is fully confirmed by my observa-

tion and seems pretty constant.

Total about 119 individuals, falling into 9 genera and 10 species

or varieties.

mo at Sigs

The picture of local nudibranch life obtained from this bit of

intensive collecting is tolerably clear.

Coryphella rufibranchialis mananensis appears to have been ‘‘swarm-

ing,” not in the sense that it was enormously numerous—for the total

figures are not impressive—but in the sense that adults were locally

gathered together in far greater numbers than normal and with

a distinctly gregarious habit, e. g., six or eight in one pool, none in

the next, rarely alone. The specimens ran remarkably uniform in

size and lent support to the view that the species is an annual.

None were seen 2m coitu either in the pools or in three days of cap-

tivity. but spawn was abundant and probably mating was about over

for the year. Alder and Hancock say of the British form: ‘met

with * * * in April, May and June, when it has attained its full

size and is spawning. * * * In August and September the young

are found considerably advanced.” I believe our form will be found

to have a more concentrated breeding season.

What has been said applies equally to the chocolate variety.

Aeolidia papillosa gave some slight indication of “swarming” in

that it was considerably more numerous than normal, and gregarious

in habit. But this was not nearly as marked as in the foregoing

and the sizes were so conspicuously not uniform as to lock against its

being an annual. What I have seen in this and other years would

fit well with its being a bi- or tri-annual with a ‘‘swarming” habit

slightly later than that of C. mananensis and not so well marked.

The spawn was fairly abundant and all of a deep rose color whereas

Alder and Hancock say of the spawn of the British form that it is

“‘ occasionally white, but generally has a pinkish tinge, and is some-

times distinctly rose-colored.” They give the breeding season as

‘‘spring and summer months.”

The other forms taken present no indication of a sexual ‘* swarm-

38 THE NAUTILUS.

ing.” It is true Lamellidoris aspera occurred in some numbers but

the individuals varied much in size, were not markedly gregarious,

and no spawn or coition was seen. The species seems to be a fairly

common one at most times and according to Alder and Hancock

breeds in May, June and July,—if indeed our species be identical.

None of the species taken are rarities except the var. chocolata

(which, however, I have several times seen before) and Cratena

veronic@, which has not before been publicly reported since its origi-

nal description, but has been taken a few times by Verrill in com-

paratively deep water. The present specimen is about three-quarters

the size given by Verrill. One may hazard a guess that it will be

found to have a shore breeding season sometime in the winter.

The other species are those we have often with us on the shore in

very small numbers. While such of them as are hydroid feeders are

almost necessarily to some extent gregarious, I know of no account

of anything like a ‘*swarming” of any of them except Ancula

cristata.’

There is a certain fascination about the mysterious appearances

and disappearances of these beautiful wanderers, and the first student

fully to master a nudibranch (or at any rate an Eolid) life-history

will have an interesting story to tell.

A collecting trip like this gives endless opportunity for alleged

*¢ observations ”’ on ‘‘ protective’ and ‘‘ warning,” coloration and the

like, which would be worth recording if fishes or other enemies looked

with human eyes, from air into water, in full daylight, and from on

top. Any true advance in this direction must be along the lines of

work like Herdman and Clubb’s most interesting experiments.’

52 Eliot St., Jamaica Plain, February, 1909.

1Herdman and Clubb. Third Report upon the Nudibranchiata of the L. M.

B. C. District, Proc. and Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., iv, 1890, p. 134. “This

species (A. cristata) was found * * * in April, 1890, and we took it in extra-

ordinary profusion * * * in March, 1890. On one reef of rocks especially, a

little way above low-water mark, there must have been many thousands of

specimens present. For yards it was impossible to walk without treading on

them, and handfuls were readily collected by scraping the specimens together

from the mud-covered rocks.” It should be remembered that for some reason

the British coast supports nudibranch life in a vastly greater abundance of

individuals, as well as of species, than ours does.

2 Loc. cit., ante, pp. 150-163.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

NEW ENGLAND PYRAMIDELLIDE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

SPECIES.

BY HENRY W. WINKLEY.

A very excellent work on the New England Pyramidellide by

Mr. Paul Bartsch has just been published by the Boston Society of

Natural History. Specimens from the writer’s cabinet were used in

compiling this work. Unfortunately there are some omissions. I

can blame no one but myself. My excuse is that my specimens were

packed and stored, and a few collected later had not been worked

up. Hence this supplement. 4

Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) polita Verrill. Four specimens (de-

termined by Verrill) are in the author’s cabinet. The two best ones

have ten whorls, and measure 7.5 mm. They are from Eastport,

Maine.

Five specimens of Odostomia, collected at Provincetown, have the

many lines of trifida bedequensis. They are about the size and

shape of the P. E. I. specimens, and probably of that variety.

Odostomia ( Odostomia) modesta Stimpson. Two excellent speci-

mens of this species were found at Provincetown. They are slightly

larger than the specimen used to illustrate Bartsch’s article.

Odostomia bisuturalis. An interesting variety lacking the revolv-

ing line, occurs at Provincetown. Mention may be made of three

pathological specimens of this species found at the same place. Deep

sutures and everted lip, they are one of nature’s jokes.

PYRAMIDELLA (SULCORINELLA) BARTSCHI n. sp. Fig.

Shell broadly conic, semi-transparent, vitreous. Nuclear whorls

small, deeply obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns,

40 THE NAUTILUS.

above which only the tilted edge of the last volution projects. Post-

nuclear whorls well rounded, moderately contracted at the sutures and

appressed at the summit, which falls in the middle of the peripheral

sulcus. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat inflated, marked by a

moderately deep sulcus, which is bounded on each side by a slender

raised thread. Base short, well rounded, with a moderately broad

umbilicus. Entire surface of spire and base marked by strong lines

of growth and numerous fine spiral striations. Aperture large,

rhomboidal; posterior angle obtuse; outer lip thin; columella slender,

curved and revolute, provided with a strong fold at its insertion.

The type is in the Winkley collection, and comes from Woods

Holl, Mass. It has seven post-nuclear whorls and measures, length

3.2 mm., diameter 1.6 mm.

I take pleasure in naming this for Mr. Paul Bartsch, of the Smith-

sonian Institution, and wish to express my thanks to him and Dr.

Dall for their help on this and other species.

Mr. Bartsch writes concerning the above: ‘‘ The single specimen

is a most interesting one; it represents a group (Sulcorinella) not

heretofore reported living.”

A NEW CARINIFEX FROM THE SANTA CLARA LAKE BEDS (PLIOCENE),

CALIFORNIA.

BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.

CARINIFEX SANCTHZCLAR DN. Sp.

Shell small (for the genus), heavy, subglobular; spire depressed ;

whorls three, inflated, subcarinate at outer margin above, from which

the shell slopes concavely upward to a raised ridge bordering a nar-

row, rather deep sutural groove. Umbilicus narrow, marked off by

a sharp carina; lip complete, semilunar, full, reflexed below. Shell

marked by moderate, diagonal growth-lines, occasionally raised into

coarse ridges. Alt. 5 mm., lat. 8 mm.

Type locality: Near Los Gatos Limestone Quarry, Los Gatos,

Santa Cruz Mts., Cal.

This species is easily recognized by the concave upper surface of

the whorls. It varies somewhat in size, some specimens being twice

as large as the type, which is probably just mature.

It and Amnicola yatesiana J. G. C. are the two characteristic

THE NAUTILUS. 41

species of the Santa Clara Lake beds. Cooper’ listed it as Cart-

nifex newberryi var. minor, which he bad described previously, from

Clear Lake (living). The two have nothing specific in common

except their size.

Associated with these two species at various points about the val-

ley are the following species still living in northern California:

Anodonta cygnea nuttalliana Lea.

Anodonta angulata Lea.

Pompholyx effusa Lea.

Valvata virens Tryon.

In addition there are several indeterminate forms, an excellent

flora, and fragments of mammalian bones.

The figure, which will appear in a later issue, represents the type,

x 2, from a photograph by John Howard Paine, of Stanford Uni-

versity.

Stanford University, Cal.

NOTE ON PLANORBIS BINNEYI TBYON.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Mr. Winkley’s note on “ Variation” in the last NauTILus is very

interesting, and most of the examples given are characteristic. On

page 16, however, there is a reference to Planorbis which shows that

several species have been confused. The Dalton shells are binneyt

and not trivolvis,as I have ascertained recently from an examination

of specimens in the Boston Society of Natural History, received .

from Mr. Winkley.

This large Planorbis, surpassed only by the magnificus of Pilsbry,

has often been confused with ftrivolvis, most authors overlooking

Tryon’s reference to this species in his review of Binney’s work in

the American Journal of Conchology.

P. binneyi is a northern form, in many localities replacing trivolvis.

I have collected it in Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin, and in the St.

Lawrence River at Thousand Island Park. It may be known by its

large size, very wide whorls and pronounced longitudinal sculpture.

Specimens of the same size are much wider than ¢rivolvis and more

1 Cooper, J. G., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iv, p. 172, 1894.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

corpulent. It has been identified as corpulentus Say, but this is a

totally different species, the characters of which have been very fully

described by Mr. Bryant Walker in a previous volume of the

NAvTILUS.

It would be interesting to know the exact range of binneyi, and I

would suggest that conchologists generally examine their collections

for this species, sending the information to either Mr. Walker, of

Detroit, or to me (or to both of us).

A large amount of exact data is needed to accurately determine

the range of the various species of fresh-water pulmonates, and a few

notes on this magnificent Planorbis will aid materially in this direction.

PISIDIUM MARCI, N. SP.

BY V. STERKI.

Mussel rather small, well inflated, high, slightly inequipartite and

oblique, with outlines well rounded; superior margin short, nearly

straight, with a rounded angle at its posterior end and a very slightly

marked one at the anterior; posterior and inferior margins forming

one regular, nearly circular curve, supero-anterior slope slightly

marked; beaks little posterior, large, somewhat flattened, well promi-

nent; surface shining, with medium fine, irregular striae and several

distinct lines of growth, the upper one marking off the nepionic

mussel (as in Musculium); color straw to yellowish-horn,' with

slightly marked lighter and darker zones; hinge short, rather slight,

but well formed, with a short ligament, plate narrow; cardinal teeth

somewhat curved; the right one moderately long, its posterior part

thicker and grooved; left anterior very short, “ high,” abrupt, thin,

the posterior almost longitudinal, twice as long as the anterior, less

‘‘high,” slightly thicker and grooved in its posterior part; lateral

cusps short, pointed, the outer ones of the right valve smaller but

distinct, not pointed.

Long. 3.5, alt. 3.4, diam. 2.6 mm.

Habitat: Mt. Leidy, Utah, at 10,000 feet, in a stagnant pond,

collected by Mr. Marcus H. Dall (son of Dr. Wm. H. Dall), in whose

honor the species is named, on September 18, 1905.

This Pisidium appears not to be closely related to any of our

1 Most specimens appear brownish from the dried soft parts.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

described species, and cannot be referred to one, even taking into

account the high altitude and the nature of the locality. It some-

what resembles some high forms of P. scutellatum St., but is less

oblique, has broader beaks, and the surface strie are coarser. The

short, pointed inner lateral cusps of the right valve are notable. The

nine specimens in the lot are remarkably uniform, two of them

somewhat over half grown, the others apparently mature. The one

opened for examining the hinge contained no visible embryos. The

types are in the U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 187491.

NOTES.

A Giant Squip.—I received a letter to-day (April 2, 1909) from

Provincetown which contains an item I think should go on record.

It is as follows:

‘* The schooner ‘ Annie Perry’ found a giant squid off Highland

Light, Truro, Mass., last week and tried to hoist it on board the

vessel, but the rope cut the body in half. It was perfectly fresh, and

the crew took some of it for bait and caught quite a number of fish.

I saw one of the tentacles which they brought ashore, and it was per-

fectly fresh then. It was seven feet six inches long, and the suckers

were as large as a silver quarter. A piece of the body was, I should

think, four inches in thickness and the tentacles must have been four

inches in diameter at the larger end.”

The above must be the first record of the giant squid on our coast,

although they must exist off shore in deeper water. I have written

to see if I can secure the beaks or any part to aid in its identification.

(April 16, 1909.) I have received a little more information in

regard to the giant squid taken off Highland Light, Truro. A letter

to-day says:

‘‘ The captain of the vessel who took the squid says it was a very

little larger than their dory, which is 16 or 17 feet in length. The

tentacle which they brought ashore was 74 feet long and had ‘ sucker

cups’ the whole length of it.” [This would show it was one of the

shorter tentacles.] ‘‘ The whole animal was shaped like the common

squid, that is, the body was not globular like the cuttlefish, but had

fins or flippers on the tail just like the common squid. The piece

which I wrote about was cut out of the side, and about four inches

thick, and the whole body was about as large around (circumference)

44 THE NAUTILUS.

as a fish-barrel. The tentacle was 74 feet long, four inches thick at

the big end, and tapering away to a point.”

The above is what was written to me, but my correspondent could

not get any of the suckers, as the tentacle was thrown away before

he received my letter.—J. Henry Buiake.

18 Prentiss St., Cambridge, Mass.

Dr. Victor STeRKI, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, known for his

work on North American Sphaeritde and Pupillida, has been ap-

pointed an assistant in conchology in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg.

Dr. Sterki’s collection became the property of the Museum some

years ago.

FrereGuson CoL.ection.—It will no doubt be a matter of in-

terest to the readers of THE Naurixus to know that the large and

important collection of the late David Wilson Ferguson has been

presented to Columbia University by his sons, W. C. Ferguson, Esq.,

and Professor George A. Ferguson, of Columbia. A room has been

assigned for the exhibition of the collection in its entirety.—C.

Dayton GwYeEr.

THe ConcHoLocicaL MaGazine.—With the April number

(Vol. iii, No. 4), Mr. Y. Hirase has decided to suspend the publica-

tion of his journal until about May, 1910, when ‘No. 5, Vol. iii,

will be sent to you in a finer and larger form.” It is to be hoped

that conchologists will support more generally this valuable publica-

tion, the plates alone being worth more than its subscription price.

In the later numbers many new species have been described.

Tue August number of Tue NavrTitus will again be omitted,

owing to the absence of the editors during the greater part of July

and August. The usual number of pages will be given by increased

size of other months.

THE latest test when he comes home at 2 a. m. is to make him

try to sing the chorus of the song:

She sells seashells on the seashore,

The shells she sells are seashells, I’m sure,

For if she sells seashells on the seashore,

Then I’m sure she sells seashore shells.

If he can, he’s all right.

‘

THE NAUTILUS:

Wore xoc err: AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1909. No. 4

MOLLUSKS FROM NORTHEASTERN MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

These shells were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley during the past

winter, in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The Panuco river

system has proved to be unexpectedly rich in fresh-water mollusks,

having a fine group of Unionide, a remarkable lot of Pachychili, a

new genus of Plewroceratide, a Gundlachia, and various interesting

Amnicolide. Among the latter there are several genera unlike any

known American forms, and related to genera of the Old World.

I have elsewhere called attention to a little snail found by Mr.

Hinkley last year, Cozlostele tampicoensis, which is closely allied to

species of Spain, Syria and Arabia, but of a genus not before known

in the western world. The two genera following, Hmmericia and

Pterides, seem to be similarly allied to European groups, and are

certainly quite unlike any other American Amnicolida yet known.

EMMERICIA.

This genus was established by the late Professor Spiridion Brusina,

of Agram, for a group of fresh-water snails resembling Bithynia in

shape, but having a paucispiral operculum and a thickened, ex-

panded lip, behind which there is a rounded ridge or wave. The

species inhabit Dalmatia and the adjacent region around the head of

the Adriatic Sea. The commonest and typical species is Z. patula

(Brumati).

Several species found in the state of San Luis Potosi by Mr.

Hinkley are so close to Hmmericia in conchological characters that

I do not feel justified in separating them generically from that group,

46 THE NAUTILUS.

though when the soft parts and operculum come to hand it is quite

possible that the Mexican snails may prove to be generically distinct

from the Dalmatian. They differ chiefly by wanting a swelling be-

hind the expanded lip, and for this reason I erect for them the sub-

genus Emmericiella, type H. novimundi.

The Oriental group Tricula Benson, with a few Indian and

Philippine species, resembles Hmmericiella, but the inner lip is

straightened, making the aperture narrow and piriform.

EMMERICIA (EMMERICIELLA) NOVIMUNDI hn. sp. PI. 5, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is imperforate but openly rimate, rather solid, ovate-

conic, smooth and glossy. The spire is straightly conic, apex obtuse,

the tip being depressed. Whorls 44, convex, separated by rather

deep sutures ; last whorl well rounded, ascending to the aperture.

The aperture is oblong, vertical, or has the basal lip a little ad-

vanced. Peristome continuous, well expanded, thickened on the

face and within ; the outer lip is just perceptibly retracted near the

upper insertion; basal margin well rounded; columella concave,

thick. Parietal callus heavy, adnate, but with distinct edge in fully

adult shells, spreading forward in front of the aperture. Length 3.1,

diam. 1.9 mm.; longest axis of aperture, including peristome 1.65

mm. (fig. 10).

Bank of Choy River near the cave, State of San Luis Potosi.

The specimens are bleached; color in life unknown. These are

two perfect examples of the same size. With these are associated

several decidedly larger shells, in which the apex is broken, prob-

ably one whorl being lost. One of these—figured in profile, fig. 9—

measures, length 3.5, aperture 1.9 mm., 4 whorls remaining.

EMMERICIA (EMMERICIELLA) LONGA n. sp. PI. 5, figs, 11, 12.

The shell resembles H. novizmundi but is more shortly rimate, of a

turrited shape, with 54 more convex whorls. Aperture is more

produced forward below, and the parietal callus spreads forward less.

The outer and basal margins are well expanded. Length 4.1, diam.

2, longest axis of aperture including lip 1.6 mm.

Two complete and one broken specimen, found with the preceding

species.

The new subgenus EMMERICIELLA is proposed for American

Emmericiz, in which there is no wave or ridge behind the lip-ex-

pansion, and the columellar margin of the aperture is built forward

THE NAUTILUS. 47

more than in European forms, forming a conspicuously rimate um-

bilical region. Type H. novimundi.

PTERIDES, n. gen.

The shell is minute, rimate, long and narrow, composed of many

convex whorls, (7 to 10 in known species); apex obtuse, the first

whorl large. Aperture small, diagonal, elliptical, the peristome

thin, continuous, expanded throughout or at the ends, where it is re-

tracted to form shallow spout-like sinuses. Operculum and soft parts

unknown. Type P. pterostoma.

These remarkable little snails are without relatives among known

American genera. They may be compared only with a genus found

about forty years ago in the flood-débris of the rivers of southern

France and Spain, and described by Bourguignat under the generic

name PALADILHIA,' and with another group, Larrerra’, described

from quaternary fossils found around Paris, but now known to inhabit

subterranean waters and springs of central Europe, where most of the

German species have been described as Vitrella Clessin.

Both Paladilhia and Lartetia are small, slender shells with the

aperture ovate, the outer lip bending forward below, retracted near

the upper insertion. In Paladilhia there is a rather narrow, Pleuro-

tomoid notch above, leaving a sort of indistinct sinus-band; in

Lartetia there is only a broad, rounded sinus. In my opinion the

two groups are not generically distinct, Zartetia being at most a

subgenus of Paladilhia.’

These forms, and especially the Lartetig, are apparently the

nearest allies of the Mexican Pterides, which differs from them

chiefly by the diagonal, oblong aperture with broadly expanding lip.

1 Paladilhia Bourguignat, Monographie du Genre Palad., 1865. The type,

P. pleurotoma Bgt., is a snail measuring 4x2 mm., found in the drift débris of

the Lez, a little river near Montpellier, dept. de l’Hérault, and believed to in-

habit subterranean watercourses.

2 Lartetia Bourguignat, Catalogue des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des

environs de Paris a l’époque Quaternaire (in E. Belgrand: Le Seine—1, Le

Bassin Parisien aux ages Antéhistoriques), pp. 15, 17 (1869). Type J. bel-

grand Bet.

*The normal forms of the genus are those called Lartetia, Paladilhia being

an extreme development in one or two species only; but the latter name has

priority for the genus, having been described in 1865, while ZLartetia dates

from 1869,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

PTERIDES PTEROSTOMA n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6.

The shell is rimate, long and slender, composed of numerous

slowly increasing, strongly convex whorls. Apex obtuse. Aperture

diagonal, obliquely oval. Peristome thin, continuous, very broadly

expanded, retracted and more broadly spreading at the two ends,

where it is somewhat spout-like. Color unknown, the specimens

being bleached.

Length 2.25, diam. of last whorl above aperture .75 mm.; longest

axis of aperture 1.1 mm.; whorls 7 (figs. 5, 6).

Length 2.75, diam. above aperture .8, longest axis of aperture 1.2

mm.; whorls 84 (figs. 1, 2).

Eight specimens examined. There is considerable variation in

length and number of whorls. Figs. 5, 6 represent the type.

PTERIDES RHABDUS n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 3, 4.

The shell is very slender, slowly tapering to the rather large sum-

mit, composed of nearly 10 very convex whorls separated by a deep

suture ; last whorl very convex. Aperture small, elliptical, diag-

onal, rounded at both ends. Peristome thin, continuous, somewhat

expanded, deeply sinused above, the parietal margin adnate for a

short distance. Length 3, diam. above aperture .75, longest axis of

aperture .7 mm.

Choy River near the cave, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

This species is much narrower than P. pterostoma, with more

whorls and a smaller aperture. The outer lip may perhaps become

more expanded with further growth ; if so it would apparently be like

that of P. pterostoma. Described from a single specimen. While it

may possibly prove to be an extreme form of P. pterostoma, I do not

feel justified in uniting such unlike forms without evidence of inter-

gradation.

PTERIDES BISINULABRIS n. sp. _ PI. 5, figs. 7, 8.

The shell is very slender, slowly tapering from the very obtuse

apex, composed of 8 smooth, strongly convex whorls, the last half of

the last whorl free from the preceding. Aperture diagonal, ellipti-

cal, the peristome continuous, free, thin, hardly expanding except at

the two ends, where it is retracted, slightly produced and flaring.

The outer margin is arched a little more than the inner. Length

2.5, diam. above aperture .7, longest axis of the aperture .65 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

Gannina River, three miles S.-W. of San Dieguito, State of San

Luis Potosi. A single specimen taken.

Smaller than P. pterostoma with the last whorl free, the aperture

sinused at both ends, and the lip hardly expanded.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

BY DR, CARLOS DE LA TORRE, HAVANA, CUBA.

MACROCERAMUS HENDERSONI n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 5.

The shell is perforate, conic-turrited, thin, the last 5 whorls

corneous-brown, profusely and finely mottled with opaque white,

with a series of irregular, lengthened brown spots at the periphery,

showing above the suture on the spire; first 24 whorls blackish-

brown, the next two dark, broadly maculate with white. Surface

glossy, the first 4 whorls smooth, the rest closely and finely striate,

the strie low, as wide as their intervals, and very oblique. The

spire is straightly conic, apex rather acute. Whorls 11, slightly

convex, separated by a smooth suture, the last whorl well rounded

peripherally and beneath. Aperture very oblique, ovate, marked

with brown inside. Peristome expanded and reflexed, yellow or

pale red. Columella brown, short, dilated, and having a rather

strong but short fold above. Parietal callus transparent. The in-

ternal axis is slender and distinctly twisted spirally.

Length 19, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 8 mm.

Length 20, diam. 9.8, length of aperture 8 mm.

Length 18, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 8 mm.

Sierra de Cubitas, Camaguey, Cuba.

This species is very distinct from all others now known, differing

from the canimarensis group by the total absence of a basal carina,

and from the forms prevalent in Eastern Cuba by its thin texture,

sculpture and coloration. It is one of the largest and finest of the

Cuban species.

The coloration is very well shown in the figure. Besides the

profuse and fine mottling with white there are occasional longitudinal

white flames, bordered on the left side with dark, unmarked spaces.

CHONDROPOMA HENDERSONI n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 6.

The shell is umbilicate, conic-turrite, narrowly truncate, rather

solid. Last four whorls rather closely and subregularly marked

50 THE NAUTILUS.

with slightly oblique stripes of red-brown, ochre, blue and white, the

base red with white radial streaks; when whorls above the last four

are retained they are scarlet with some white streaks.

The surface is glossy, with traces of fine, nearly effaced growth-

strie, and under close inspection some widely spaced lines may be

seen, indicating periodicity in growth. Spiral sculpture consists of

fine, distinct but low spiral threads, larger ones at intervals: 4, 5, or

6 smaller strie between the larger; around the umbilicus the striz

are coarser, alternately larger, and latticed by the growth-striz.

Above the penultimate whorl] the spirals are subequal. The spire is

straightly conic, with 4 whorls below the tongue-shaped apical sep-

tum ; but an empty whorl or more persists above the septum. The

whorls are strongly convex, separated by a smooth, simple and deep

suture, which close to the aperture descends a little more rapidly, the

last whorl becoming free there for a short distance. The aperture is

vertical, slightly longer than wide; the outer side more convex than

the inner ; reddish-brown inside. Peristome thin, the inner half

nearly white, outer half brown-tinted ; broadly reflexed throughout,

a little retracted above and below, slightly produced in a short lobe

above. Operculum unknown.

Length 25, diam. 15.5 mm.; aperture with perist. 12 mm. long.;

4 whorls remaining.

Length 27, diam. 15 mm.; aperture with perist. 12 mm. long., 5

whorls remaining.

Sierra del Ancén, northwest of Vinales, prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

This magnificent species is related to O. hamlini var. major Crosse

(Jour. de Conchyl., 1890, p. 300, pl. v, f. 6 a, 6), but that is a far

smaller shell, length about 17 mm., with chestnut-brown streaks ex-

tending upon the base. The figure in black and white gives a poor

idea of the beautiful coloring of this shell, which is named in honor

of my friend, John B. Henderson, Jr.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

HELICINA TORREI n. sp. PI. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is depressed, very solid, the last whorl cream-white,

gradually changing on the penultimate to sulphur-yellow, the color

THE NAUTILUS. om

of the spire. The surface is lusterless, with sculpture of strongly

raised, rough spiral ridges parted by much wider concave intervals.

On the last whorl there are 18 such ridges, stronger and more

widely separated in the peripheral region. The intervals are

obliquely roughly striate, and the wider ones above the periphery

have also a few spiral threads. Six spiral ridges show on the pen-

ultimate whorl. They gradually become weaker on the spire. The

embryonic whorl is rather large (2 mm. diam ), and smooth except

for faint radial strie. Whorls 4, rapidly widening, almost flat, the

last whorl descends shortly to the aperture, and is convex beneath.

Aperture large, flaring, strongly oblique, white with a trace of yel-,

low within. The peristome is well expanded, thickened within

some distance from the edge. There isa transverse tubercle at the

junction of columella and basal lip. The axial callus is pure white,

not very thick, spreading within nearly to the outer termination of

the lip. Edge of parietal callus is very thin.

Alt. 15.5, diam. 26,5 mm.

Operculum calcareous, shining, bluish-white with iridescent

lights, reddish on margins and densely covered with minute granules

separated by species of about equal width.

Collected by T. Wayland Vaughan at Los Negros, 25 miles

southeast of Bayamo in the province of Oriente, Cuba, in woods on

low limestone hills.

This superb species I take pleasure in naming after Dr. Carlos

de la Torre of Havana.

CEPOLIS ALAUDA CYMATIA n. subsp. PI. 4, fig. 4.

The shell closely resembles C. alauda avellanea (Fér.) in texture

and coloration, but differs by its more elevated, more conic spire,

and by having a strong oblique crest behind the lip. Alt. 24, diam.

28 mm.; whorls 54.

Cuba ; exact locality of the type unknown.

This well-marked variety, not uncommon in collections, appears

hitherto to have escaped observation. I have no doubt that ina

critical revision of the Coryda group this form will be given spe-

cific rank.

a2 THE NAUTILUS.

BIFIDARIA ARMIFERA SAY, AND ITS VARIETIES.

BY V. STERKI.

It has long been known that B. armifera is variable with respect

to some of its features, but it seems that no attempt has been made

to ascertain whether there are any real, tangible varieties. Careful

examination of about 2,000 specimens from many places, during the

last few months, has proved that, after eliminating B. clappi as a

distinct species, there are several well-marked varieties, with features

which are of interest also in a general way.

B. armifera (Say) typical.? Shell more or less fusiform, decid-

edly short to rather elongate and slender, vitreous, colorless to very

pale horn, or slightly milky-white; surface shining, with compara-

tively coarse, irregular striae; whorls 64-8, the average being about

7, the last somewhat rounded, keel-like, at the base, somewhat flat-

tened over the palate, usually with a distinct, linear scar over the

lower palatal plica; aperture rather large, rounded, peristome well

everted, continuous, or its ends approximate, often with a connecting

callus; inside the palate a rather strong, white callus into which the

palatal plice merge; parieto-angular lamella rather large and long,

distinctly complex, the angular connecting with the peristome, the

spur * of the parietal small but distinct; columellar massive, encircling

the column, with an annex downward and inward; inferior col-

umellar variable as to size, shape and position, sometimes a mere

callus, often wanting; lower palatal plica regular, rather long, stout,

upper palatal much shorter and smaller; suprapalatal distinct or slight

or wanting; an interpalatal is not infrequent.

Alt. 3.5-5, average 4—4.5, diam. 2.2-2.5 mm.

Distributed over the whole area covered by the species.

B. a. interpres, n. var. Near the typical form, generally some-

what slender; inferior columellar lam. rather high up, the base is

narrow inside and more keel-like outside; the aperture is narrowly

rounded at the base; and from this feature specimens are easily rec-

ognized. More than any other form this shows clearly that the

so-called ‘‘ basal” is really an inferior columellar.

1There are 160 entries in my collection of B. armifera and varieties, and

many others were received for examination.

2Dr. Pilsbry had the kindness to look up Say’s original specimens in the

collection of the Phila. Acad., and wrote me that they are of this form.

5 See Tar Nautitus, XXII, p. 108, foot-note.

THE NAUTILUS, XXI¢1 PLAVE IV.

NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII. PAD. E ave

EMMERICIA AND PTERIDES.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Distribution: Southern, especially southwestern; it appears to be

the prevalent form in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and thus repre-

sents a geographical variety.

B. a. similis, n. var. Averaging somewhat smaller; more cylin-

drical, often more or less conical; whorls less convex; surface striz

slighter; shell generally more milky-whitish, as noticed especially

when a number of each, armifera and similis, are placed side by side;

peristome never continuous, somewhat less everted; the columellar

lam. is slighter, generally more protracted downward, the lower

palatal is shorter, sometimes quite short; the spur of the parietal is

larger.

Distribution; Northern New York to Iowa, Minnesota, Ontario.

B. a. affinis, n. var. Somewhat small and slight; near similis, but

less cylindrical, rather somewhat oblong; whorls 6—64, somewhat

more convex than in similis, the last rounded at the base and little

flattened over the palate, with none ora slight scar over the lower

palatal plica; aperture somewhat rounded, peristome never continu-

ous; parieto-angular lam. well connected with the peristome, spur of

the parietal larger than in typical armifera; columellar nearly axial,

a broad lamella, reaching down to the base, with distinct lines of

growth, visible from the outside through the (fresh) shell below the

umbilicus, as in B. contracta; inferior columelilar wanting or smalls

lower palatal quite short, or even a transverse, short, abrupt lamella.

Alt, 3.5—4, diam, 2.2-3 mm.

Distribution: Northern Ohio, Michigan, Indiana to Minnesota

and Kansas; seems rather scarce in the first-named States, common

in Kansas. Found, e. g., on sandy dunes on Lake Erie in Ohio.

It is notable and significant that both the columellar and the lower

palatal in this form are of the same shape as in B. contracta, while

in typical armifera they are quite different, yet the latter shows a

tendency to having the peristome continuous, while in affints its ends

are always apart.

B. a. abbreviata, n. var. Averaging rather small, slight, some-

what fusiform to ovate or cylindro-conical; apex low, conical or

rounded; whorls only 54-6 (rarely 64), little convex, with the penul-

timate comparatively broader than in the other forms, the last

rounded at the base, slightly flattened over the palate; color some-

what milky-whitish; surface with a dullish gloss, strie fine and slight;

aperture somewhat small; peristome moderately everted, its ends (in

54 THE NAUTILUS.

most forms) comparatively far apart; lamelle and plice : parieto-

angular not or slightly connecting with the peristome, spur small;

columellar rather as in typical armifera, but smaller, slighter; infe-

rior columellar tooth-like, placed obliquely, more constant than in

other forms as to size, shape and position; lower palatal regular but

slight, often rather short; suprapalatal rather constant.

Alt. 3.3-3.8, rarely 44.2, diam. 1.9-2.2 mm.; some specimens are

low, almost globular, e. g., alt. 3.2, diam. 2.1 mm.

Numerous specimens seen from Bismarck, N. D.; Eastport, Ia.

(Missouri River drift); Lincoln, Neb.; Nickerson, Kans.

As B. a. ruidosensts, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell' has denoted a

form from New Mexico: ‘‘Shell only 4 mm. long, with the two

outer teeth a considerable distance within the aperture.”” The de-

scription is somewhat meagre, but the variety may stand on its

merits. There are, however, specimens from various places of New

Mexico with the lower palatal plica rather short and rather remote

from the margin, the columellar rather simple and comparatively

small; alt. 3.8-4.2 mm.; they may be of ruddosensis.

The interrelations of these forms will be discussed elsewhere, and

figures given.

B. armifera appeared to be rather well known, being the largest

of the genus, fairly common over a wide territory, and probably the

one best represented in collections. Yet a closer study of its forms

has skown some interesting facts with respect to morphology, phy-

logeny and distribution. As Mr. Clapp expressed it, with a view to

this variation and the externally similar B. clappi: ‘“* We can no

longer say that a Bifidaria is simply armtfera because it is big and

white.”

MORE NOTES ON THE FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDZE.

BY PAUL BARTSCH, M. S., PH. D.

In the ‘‘ American Journal of Science” for June, 1909, pp. 475-

484, Dr. K. J. Bush reviews my paper on the “ Pyramidellide of

New England and the Adjacent Region,’ and discusses in a general

1Tup Navtiuvs, XIII, p. 36. The specimen referred to is not at hand, and

I cannot remember exactly what it was. The type is in coll. Acad. Nat.

Sciences.

THE NAUTILUS. 5d

way a number of other papers upon the same group published by

Dr. Dall and myself, as well as some of her own and of Prof. Ver-

rill’s works upon the family.

In this contribution quite a number of facts are presented, which

are at variance with the data at my disposal. I am forced to pub-

lish the following notes in order that there may be no misunderstand-

ing.

It is a great pity that Dr. Bush did not publish the manuscript

she prepared in 1896. As it is, the MS. names have no standing

and cannot enter into the discussion of the present work.

I was not aware that Dr. Bush was working upon this group at

the time I prepared my manuscript, her last publication upon it hav-

ing appeared nine years ago, nor was I aware that Dr. Bush had seen

Mr. Winkley’s material, which was incorporated in my report, ag

was implied in her review. I wish likewise to disclaim any intended

discourtesy in not acknowledging Dr. Bush’s work in my _ intro-

duction, for I considered both of her papers as extralimital. The

one dealt with Carolinian, Floridian, West Indian and South Amer-

ican species (with a reference to Turbonilla interrupta Totten); the

other with Bermudan forms.

The matter of classification is so fully discussed in the monograph

on the West American Pyramidellide by Dr. Dall and myself now

going through the press, that I shall not refer to any of the state-

ments concerning it here, but will refer any one interested in the

subject to the forthcoming volume. I will say, however, that

Pyrgostelis (which has no standing) was never used by us, Dr. Bush

notwithstanding, and that 7riptychus and Peristichia are Pyramidel-

lid ; they have a sinistral nucleus and columellar folds, the family

characters of the group. Here also I may say that Dr. Bush is in

error when she states that Dr. Dall and myself furnished the text on

the mollusks in Dr. Arnold’s paper on the Paleontology and Strati-

graphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of California : Mem.

Cala. Acad., III, 1903. We contributed only that part which deals

with the Pyramidellide.

I believe that all of the present differences of opinion could have

been avoided if Dr. Verrill had yielded to my request and had sent

me specimens of what he considered typical representatives of

some of the older species as well as some of those described by him-

self. All of the early collections of northeastern American marine

56 THE NAUTILUS.

invertebrates were placed in Professor Verrill’s charge by the U. S.

Bureau of Fisheries for report, and have been in his care until very

recently, when most of them were returned to the custody of the

U.S. National Museum. It would seem only natural that I should

have had specimens for comparison ; first, because they represented

government material reported upon, and, secondly, because when

Miss Bush was at work upon her southern report, Dr. Dall furn-

ished her with cotypes and authentic material as requested, and as

duly acknowledged in her report.

I neither had nor have any desire to enter into a controversy with

any one concerning these old species, the original descriptions of

which in some instances are so poor that it is scarcely possible to re-

fer them to the proper subgenus, and which in most cases might be

applied to almost any member of a subgenus. No types are extant,

some having been burned in the Chicago and Portland fires and

others lost.

There is only one of two ways open in dealing with such names,

viz., to place them as ‘‘ sedes incertae,”’ or to fix them to some known

species. The latter method was adopted by Prof. Verrill, and I

attempted as far as it was in my power to follow his dictum, the only

logical method under the circumstances.

The subgenus Hulimella will have to be dropped from our New

England list, now that Dr. Bush has been able to show that the two

specimens identified by Prof. Verrill as Hulimella ventricosa Forbes,

are Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) polita (Verrill) and Aclis tenuis

Verrill. I have seen no specimens of Hulimella from New England,

and quoted it on Dr. Verrill’s authority as stated.

Pyramidella ( Syrnola) smithii Verrill has only a single fold on the

columella, hence is a Syrnola; not a Hulimella, which has two folds.

I have seen C. B. Adams’ types at Amherst College, and feel no

need of changing my statement regarding Pyramidella (Syrnola)

fusca and producta. J agree with Dr. Bush that they are not typi-

cal Syrnolas; that is why I placed the ? after Syrnola. It is quite

probable that these two species and S.? winkleyi may belong to a new

group, but I have refrained from giving it a name until some knowl-

edge of the animal might be obtained. These are by no means

Odostomias, but are nearest to if not exactly congeneric with Syrnola.

My Turbonilla (Turbonilla) nivea Stimpson, was an acceptance of

Professor Verrill’s interpretation of thatspecies. The specimen listed

THE NAUTILUS. 57

as cat. no. 45481 U.S. N. M., from station 949, off Martha’s Vin-

yard, 1881, was determined by him, and the others which I listed,

were carefully compared with it and was found absolutely conspecific.

As to Turbonilla (Turbonilla) striata Verrill, I must again say that

I followed Prof. Verrill’s dictum ; the 15 specimens listed as cat. no.

62340 U. S. N. M., from Naushon gutters, 1883, were determined

by him, like the 11 entered under cat. no. 203815 U. S. N. M., from

Naushon, 1883, the two last being part of the material recently re-

turned, and the other two lots listed are absolutely conspecific with

these. I am therefore at a loss to understand how I could possibly

have erred in the interpretation of the species.

I have no additional data concerning Turbonilla (Chemnitzia)

@qualis Say.

Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) bushiana Verrill, will have to remain in

this subgenus. It falls well within Sacco’s definition: “ Testa sicut

in TURBONILLA (stricto sensu), sed transversim striole parvillime

(sub lente vix visibiles) pleruamque tantum in spatiis intercostalibus,

interdum etiam supra costas decurrentes saepe suboblite. Coste lon-

gitudinales basim versus gradatim evanescentes. Costicilla circum-

basalis nulla. Testz basis subrotunda.”’

Page 481. I shall reserve my judgment regarding Turbonilla

(Pyrgiscus) areolata Verrill, until I have had the opportunity to

make comparisons with the type. I may say, however, that the

affinity of our specimens are not with Turbontlla (Pyrgiscus) vina,

as suggested by Dr. Bush, but with Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) elegans

Verrill.

The most interesting part of the whole review comes under the

head ** Turbonilla interrupta (Totten) Bush, 1899, pp. 148-151.”

Of this species Dr. Bush gives her own interpretation, and empha-

sises her opinion with a figure of what she considers the true ‘ tn-

terrupta Totten’’—stating that ‘the specimen described (p. 87),

and figured by Bartsch, unfortunately does not agree with this,

therefore I would distinguish it as Turbonilla pseudointerrupta, new

name.”

There is only one fault with Dr. Bush’s deductions, namely, that

our figure and description were based upon the same individual which

has served for her figure of typical interrupta. The figured speci-

men from Sta. 770, Narragansett Bay, in 8 fms., dredged in 1880,

is now entered under cat. no. 202889 U.S.N.M. It came to usin

58 THE NAUTILUS.

1907, when a large part of the Bureau of Fisheries collection in

Dr. Verrill’s charge was turned over to the U.S. National Museum,

and bears the legend, ‘Sta. 770, Figured, 7. interrupta Totten,” in

Dr. Bush’s handwriting. The name Turbonilla pseudointerrupta

Bush, is therefore superfluous.

Dr. Bush states that Odostomia bushiana Bartsch, is preoccupied

by Odostomia bushiana Jeffreys, 1884. I have been unable to find

any such name. The only reference to bushiana by Jeffries in 1884

that I know, is to Turbonilla bushiana Verrill.

I am not in position to give any opinion upon what Dr. Bush’s

young shell from Woods Holl may be, but I do know that our shellis

an Odostomia belonging to the subgenus Jole@a. Jol@a, like Menes-

tho, from which it is distinguished by having an umbilicus, is quite

variable in its strength of sculpture. Odostomia (Jolea) hendersont

Bartsch, is neither the type species nor the norm, of Jolea, but comes

well within itsdefinition. It does not belong to the same family to

which Aclis belongs.

A single specimen of Phasianella sulcosa Mighels, was found by

Mighels in Casco Bay. It was described in 1843, Bost. Journ. Nat.

Hist., IV, p. 358, Pl. XVI, f. 4, and later doubtfully referred to

Rissoella by Stimpson. It is quite probable that it really belongs to

Menestho, the subgenus of Odostomia, which it resembles in sculp-

ture, but no plication is shown or mentioned on the columella, and

nothing is said of the nucleus. The lack of positive data concerning

these characters kept me from referring it to the Pyramidellide.

I would be pleased to know upon what grounds Dr. Bush bases

her contention of the synonymy of Phasianella sulcosa Mighels, and

Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Verrill; for Mighels’ description and

figure are entirely different from Professor Verrill’s description, and

Dr. Bush’s figure of Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Verrill.

Phasianella sulcosa Mighels, is represented much more inflated

than Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Verrill. P. sulcosa Mighels, has

three incised spiral grooves between the sutures on each whorl, and

three or four on the base, while Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Ver-

rill is represented as having five spiral grooves between the sutures

and nine upon the base. A glance at the two figures alone is enough

to convince one that they are not at all specifically related, and this

deduction is verified by the description. I do not believe that the

author of the latter species would agree to have his species put under

THE NAUTILUS. 59

the synonymy of Mighels’ Phasianella sulcosa. Under these circum-

stances, Odostomia (Menestho) morseana will have to do duty as stated

in my text, p. 104.

I object emphatically to the lumping of Odostomia bisuturalis Say

and O. trifida Totten. In the 1700 and more specimens that I have

seen, I have no difficulty whatever in distinguishing them. It is true

that trifida sometimes has the three suprasutural grooves poorly de-

veloped, but I have never seen them completely absent, as is the case

with bisuturalis.

I also deny that there is any special relationship between Odos-

tomia (Menestho) bedequensis and Odostomia (Menestho) impressa Say.

The relationship of Odostomia (Menestho) trifida and Odostomia

(Menestho) trifida bedequensis I believe is parallel to that between

O. (A) bisuturalis and O. (M.) bisuturalis ovilensis.

Dr. Bush questions whether I intended to use the word “spiral ”

in the fourth line of my description of Odostomia (Menestho) impressa

Say. Idid. ‘Spiral’ is correct.

The specimen described and figured by me as Odostomia ( Odosto-

mia) modesta Stimpson, will have to be cited as Odostomia ( Odosto-

mia) gibbosa Bush.

Dr. Bush states (p. 482, last paragraph), “that the shell which

is referred to Odostomia (Odostomia) dealbata Stimpson,”’ is not the

same as fig. 595, given in Binney—Gould, p. 327;” of the latter she

says: ‘‘This, as indicated in a marginal note, represents a much

larger and different species, which may be called O. gouldii, new

name.”’ Unfortunately, the name Odostomia gouldii was used by

Dr. Carpenter in 1865, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., XV., p.

30, for a West American species, and can therefore not serve in the

present instance.

Summing up Dr. Bush’s review I must say that nearly all the

questions raised in it could have been settled better by correspond-

ence than by discussion in print. It is somewhat unfortunate that

Dr. Bush should not have published her paper written thirteen

years ago, but I cannot see how this can now be helped. I have given

all my spare time to this group since 1897, and hope, now that the

West Coast is cleared up, to consider the Atlantic side of America.

The field is much larger than any one, who has given it less atten-

tion, would imagine. My card catalogue of described forms contains

somewhere between 2,500 and 3,000 names, including recent and

fossil species.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

ViviPARuUs IN PHILADELPHIA.—A find which may be of interest

to readers of the NauTILus was made by the undersigned a few

weeks ago near Horticultural Hall in Fairmount Park. The species

was Viviparus contectus (Mill.). It has not before been reported

from Philadelphia, and as far as I know not from the State. The

females were larger than the males and outnumbered them. Most

of the adult females were pregnant. The sex was determined in 14

males and 39 females. In 18 specimens it could not be determined

readily. The specimens are in my own collection and that of the

Academy of Natural Sciences. The lily pond in which they were

collected had just been restocked with plants, and Mr. Pilsbry, to

whom I owe the identification, suggested that the snails had been

introduced on the plants. Two years ago they were unknown in

the same pond.—Josuua T. Baity, Jr.

We have to announce the death, July 28th, at Los Angeles, Cal.,

of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, in his 82d year. Also, of Mr. William G.

Binney, on July 25th, at his home, 222 East Union St., Burling-

tone, Ne

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A PRELIMINARY LisT OF THE UNIONIDZ OF WESTERN PENN-

SYLVANIA, WITH New LOCALITIES FOR SPECIES FROM EASTERN

PENNSYLVANIA. By Dr. A. E, ORTMANN (Annals of the Carnegie

Museum, Vol. V, pp. 178-210, 1909). An interesting review on

the geographical distribution of the Unionide in Pennsylvania.

Some 46 species are recorded from the Ohio River drainage, 17

from the Lake Erie drainage, and 14 from the Atlantic drainage.

Tue DesTRUCTION OF THE FRESH-WATER FauNnA IN WESTERN

PENNSYLVANIA. By Dr. A. E. Ortmann (Proc. Amer. Phil.

Soc., Vol. 48, pp. 90-110, 1909). A paper of general interest to

all zoologists, showing clearly with the aid of a map the great

changes which have taken place in comparatively few years. Situ-

ated in the great oil and coal region, this section has suffered more

than areas where the streams are only polluted by the sewage of the

large towns and cities.

SHELLS oF Marne, A CATALOGUE OF THE LAND, FRESH-WATER

AND Marine SHELLS OF Maine. By Norman WALLACE LER-

MOND. An up-to-date list of the shells of Maine, containing 403

species and 38 varieties, with the principal synonymy and their dis-

tribution. The introduction contains a review of the work done by

previous authors and others. Privately printed by the author at

Thomaston, Maine.

i i i

THE NAuTILus.

VoL. XXIII. OCTOBER, 1909. No. 5

A NEW BELA FROM FRENCHMAN’S BAY, MAINE.

BY KATHARINE J. BUSH, PH. D.

BELA BLANEYI, sp. nov. Fig. 1.

Type locality—South of Egg Rock buoy in about 30 fathoms

mud and gravel, Frenchman’s Bay, Maine.

Two dead specimens dredged by Mr, Blaney were recently sent

me for identification. They are of especial interest as they prove to

be unlike any species hitherto known from the American waters.

The only one which they at all resemble is the Bela ineisula Verrill

(Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,

vol. V, p. 461, pl. xliii, fig. 12 and pl. Ivii, fig. 14, 1882).

Fie. 1. BELA BLANEYI.

They differ from that species in having more elongated whorls and

therefore appear more slender. The ribs are very little raised and

are indicated rather by the deepened interspaces than by being raised

above the general surface level along the shoulder which is roundly

angulated; on some portions of the whorls these ribs blend entirely

62 THE NAUTILUS.

with the sinuous lines of growth. The smaller specimen of four (4)

whorls is destitute of spiral lines, either raised or incised, but the

larger one of five (5) whorls has about fifteen (15) very faint incised

spiral lines on the body whorl commencing well below the shoulder

and are so shallow as to scarcely interrupt the otherwise smooth

surface; there are also occasional faint indications of one or two

spirals just above the suture on the preceding whorl. The one and

one-half (1.5) nuclear whorls are well rounded and apparently

smooth (this may be due to erosion) and regularly coiled. The

epidermal layer has a delicate yellow tint.

The larger specimen measures 7 mm. in length by 3.5 mm. in

width. The smaller, 5.5 mm. in length by 3 mm. in width.

I take much pleasure in naming the species in the honor of Mr.

and Mrs. Dwight Blaney, of Boston, Mass., and Ironbound Island,

Maine who have long been enthusiastic collectors and students of

New England mollusks and have added much to our knowledge

of the fauna.

Yale University, September, 1909.

LIST OF SHELLS FROM FRENCHMAN’S BAY, MAINE.

BY DWIGHT BLANEY.

The following list of additions to the shell-bearing Mollusks of

Frenchman’s Bay, is supplementary to the lists published in 1904

and 1906. (Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 23-41,

and Navtitus, Vol. XIX, No. 10, p. 110). The writer is in-

debted to Dr. K. J. Bush and Mr. C. W. Johnson for the identifi-

cation of the various species.

Leda caudata, Lovén. One fine specimen.

Odostomia sulcosa (Mighels)= O. sulcata Verrill. (See K. J.

Bush, Am. Journal Sci., Vol. XX VII, p. 475, 1909.)

We have dredged 20 specimens of this interesting species, the

largest being 4 mm. long. Some with the distinct upturned nucleus

most perfect.

Odostomia dealbata (Stimp.) Six specimens.

Bela decussata var. pusilla Verrill. (Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol.

V, 1882, p. 481). A fine series dredged off Egg Rock.

Note.—Among our large series of B. incisula V., we have found

THE NAUTILUS. 63

considerable variation in the longitudinal sculpture, and have been

able to arrange good series of a form without any longitudinal ribs,

which seems worthy of being a good variety ; we have also arranged

a good series of an intermediate form showing numerous ribs which

grade into the typical form as described and figured by Prof. Verrill.

(Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V, p. 461, pl. xliii, fig. 12.) We have

good examples of the very young of all three forms, showing the sub-

nucular whorls forming the characteristic sculpture.

Bela blaneyi Bush. Two specimens, one immature and one

adult, (see previous article).

Philine lima (Brown) = P. lineolata Stimp. Two specimens

dredged off Egg Rock, one alive.

Retusa obtusa Montg. var. turrita Moller. Six specimens.

Note.—We have been able this season to dredge fine specimens,

both valves, of Pecten islandicus (Miller.), Serripes granlandicus

(Gmelin), Panomya norvegica (Spengler), Cyrtodaria siliqua

(Chem.), and Cochlodesma leanum (Conrad). Of all of which we

had previously dredged only single valves.

A NEW LAND SHELL FROM BERMUDA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G. VANATTA.

ZONITOIDES BERMUDENSIS n. sp. Fig. la, b, ¢, d.

The shell is broadly umbilicate, much depressed, with low convex

spire and rounded periphery, glossy, yellow. First 15 whorls corn-

eous, smooth, the rest distinctly, rather irregularly striate, the base

a little smoother. Under the compound microscope very faint traces

of minute spiral strise may be seen, chiefly on the upper surface.

Whorls 54, convex, slowly increasing, the last less convex below

than in the peripheral region ; the umbilicus perspective, broadly

open, one-third the total diameter of the shell. Aperture lunate,

wider than high, but not much wider than the umbilicus.

Alt. 2.3, diam. 5.7 mm.; width of umbilicus 1.8, aperture 2 mm.

Church Cave, near Tuckers’ Town, Bermuda. Types no. 91,152,

A. N.S. P., collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown, 1905 and 1909.

This species has more whorls and a smaller apex than Z. excavata

(Bean), it is more depressed, the last whorl is less convex beneath,

and the umbilicus is larger. Z. arborea (Say) has invariably a

64 THE NAUTILUS.

much smaller umbilicus than the Bermudian species, which is more

depressed than Z. nitida, with a more open and perspective umbilicus.

This shell is abundant at the place mentioned, where it is asso-

ciated with numerous other land shells, most of them native species.

We have been unable to find any foreign species to which this may

be referred. It seems to be indigenous. The generic reference has

been verified by examination of the dentition, which has teeth of the

type usual in Zonitoides. There are 6 lateral and about 17 marginal

teeth (fig. 1d). The jaw is smooth, with a low median projection

(fig. le). We found no dart in the two dried specimens examined,

but this may have been due to their condition.

Nigh

Fie. 1. Zonitoides bermudensis.

KALIELLA TURBINATA (Gulick).

Euconulus turbinatus Gulick, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p.

420, pl. 36, figs. 8, 9, 10.

This species is abundant at Church Cave. An examination of the

radula shows it to be a typical Kaliella. It resembles the Indian

K. fastigiata (Hutton), but is distinct from that and all other known

Indian species, according to Lieut.-Col. Godwin Austen, who kindly

compared specimens with his great series of oriental species.

K. turbinata was described from sub-fossil examples from the

lime-rock quarries. It is therefore not a recent importation; yet

the presence of this oriental genus in Bermuda can hardly be

accounted for except by the supposition of introduction with plants

during the period of human occupation.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

A NEW RISSOA FROM BERMUDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Rissoa (NODULUS) STEWARDSONI, n. sp. Fig 1.

: Pp s

The shell is very minute, slightly rimate, thin, pale yellowish

corneous, smooth, slender, regularly tapering from the last whorl to

the very obtuse summit. Whorls 44, moderately convex. Aper-

ture semi-rotund, subvertical, the peristome continuous, inner margin

nearly straight, the outer regularly curved. Length 1.5, diam, 6.5,

length aperture .55 mm,

Types No. 99041, A. N. S. P., from Fairyland, near Hamilton,

Bermuda, near the shore, collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown, asso-

ciated with Melampus coffea and flavus, Leuconia occidentalis Pfr.,

Blauneria, Alexia, Detracia, Pedipes, Carychium, Ca@cilioides, Bifi-

daria, Thysanophora, Polygyra microdonta, and many other land

shells.

Fie. 1. Fie. 2.

This tiny snail has the appearance of the terrestrial genus Acme.

It is apparently a shore shell, as it was not found with any typically

marine forms. It seems to be most closely related to the Medi-

teranean and Adriatic 2. epidaurica Brusina, from which it differs

by the more slender contour, more tapering spire and more convex

whorls. &. epidaurica is decidedly more cylindrical. For com-

parison a figure is given (fig. 2) of a specimen of R. ep¢daurica re-

ceived from Professor Brusina, from Ragusa, Dalmatia (No. 59,-

898 A. N. S. P.) A&R. glabrata Muhlf. is more conical than

stewardsont, with the aperture more rounded.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MUSCULIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

MUSCULIUM WINKLEYI, 0. sp.

Mussel slightly inequipartite, high, well and regularly inflated,

outlines along the valve edges well rounded to subcircular; posterior

part higher and somewhat larger than the anterior, often subtruncate

and with a slight postero-inferior angle; beaks little anterior, rather

narrow, calyculate or plain, prominent; somewhat inclined towards

the anterior; surface distinctly rugulose, dullish or somewhat shining,

with comparatively coarse, sharp, subregular, crowded concentric

strie and some faint, shallow, irregular radial stria; color horn to

grayish or reddish, with one to a few narrow, darker zones along the

lines of growth, straw to light yellowish in the young, and in mar-

ginai zones becoming obsolete in old specimens; shell thin, subtrans-

lucent to opaque, hinge well curved, slight, cardinal teeth small, thin,

laterals with short cusps; ligament rather short, covered; scutum and

scutellum slightly but distinctly marked, rather long.

Long. 8.5, alt. 7.8, diam. 5.4 mm.

Soft parts not examined,

Habitat: Old Orchard, Me.; vicinity of Danvers, Mass.

M. winkleyi is not a variety or local form of some other species,

but markedly different and decidedly distinct. It has some resem-

blance to forms of M. securis Pr., but is higher, with more rounded

outlines, the hinge margin is more curved, the difference of size and

shape between the anterior and posterior parts is less marked; in

securis the posterior part is more truncate and less obliquely so to

the dorso-ventral line. All these differences are especially well

marked in half-grown specimens.

It is somewhat variable: some specimens seen (years ago) from

Old Orchard were 10 and 10.5 mm. long; those seen from Danvers

are somewhat smaller and slighter, with slighter surface stria, some

of them of a little more angular outlines posteriorly.

The type lot is No. 1396 of my collection of Spheriid@,' from Old

Orchard, Me.,? collected and sent in 1896 by the Rev. H. W. Wink-

1 Now of the Carnegie Museum.

? There is no doubt that specimens from the same place are in various other

collections as M. securis cardissum or as “2,”

THE NAUTILUS. 67

ley, in whose honor the species is named, and who has collected

specimens of all stages of growth at various places in the vicinity of

Danvers (Nos. 53438, 5355, 5356).

MUSCULIUM PARVUM, N. sp.

Shell small, inequipartite, oblique, medium inflated ; margins gen-

erally rounded, or with a slightly marked angle at the junction of

the superior margin with the obliquely subtruncate posterior ; anter-

ior part of the mussel much smaller than the posterior ; beak some-

what anterior, little prominent, broad, calyculate or plain (form

estivalis) ; surface shining, with slight, irregular striz ; shell very

thin and fragile, transparent to translucent, colorless to pale corn-

eous ; hinge very slight, cardinal teeth nearly straight longitudinally,

the left posterior above the anterior, which is strongly curved up.

Soft parts colorless (except for the tan of the liver), also the

siphons and mantle edges; siphons short, very shortly connected

when extended, the branchial wide ; foot strongly folded at the sole,

when emerging.’

Long. 4.7, alt. 4, diam. 2.8 mill. (average).

Habitat : Ohio; a swamp near Uhrichsville; also in Stark and

Summit Counties, collected by the writer, 190609. Types no.

5408 of my collection of Sphzriidz.

The first specimens were doubtfully ranged under M, securis Pr.;

but with the latest ones, and their soft parts, it became evident that

they are distinct; they are smaller, the superior margin is less

curved, the posterior is more rounded and more oblique, the surface

shining, the shell colorless, while in secur7s it is generally yellow ;

the siphons are much shorter and very shortly connected, colorless ;

in securis they are yellow to orange or salmon or reddish.—M. spl e@r-

acum Anth., so far as known,’ is larger, the beaks are narrow and

much more prominent.

1This may not be a specific feature.

*The two specimens (four loose valves, the third in the lot is a young

Spherium occidentale Pr.), in the T. Prime collection, No. 10 (conf. 1895 cata-

logue) and ranged under securis, are hardly sufficient for establishing a species ;

the one in the National Museum, No. 11612, is rather different; in the Anthony

«collection no specimens were found,

68 THE NAUTILUS.

ON COLLECTING.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

‘*¢T wish I had my life to live over again’

The writer has no such desire, but I could have done better work

formerly if I had had the experience, and I wish I could give my

is a frequent expression.

experience to others.

Dr. Sterki has ina recent article in the NAUTILUS, mentioned

some methods of work. A visit from that veteran worker a few

months ago was of great help tome. Asa result I have collected

more materials this year than I have in any half-dozen years

formerly. My outfit is simple. Rubber boots, a net of scrim, frame

of steel wire so made that there is one foot straight as a scaping sur-

face, a bamboo pole in two joints. A large sieve of fine grain, small

bags of kakki and one or two jars. All can be carried on a bicycle.

With this outfit I have gone from my home on trips lasting from one to

two hours, and returned with from one to two thousand specimens of

Pisidium, Planorbis, Amnicola, etc. The same outfit serves for much

of the marine work. The importance of ‘‘ when you’re gittin, git”

is realized when one returns with one or two thousand specimens and

finds two or three very rare forms among them. Mud is my delight

in fresh or salt water. It is swarming with life. Eel grass is.

another rich field. Dip and sift dry and examine with a lens; the

tiny chaps are easily overlooked.

Our work is a labor of love, many of our best collectors have

limited means, often limited time. Though the writer has at times

employed a sail boat for dredging, and results have been excellent,

all the new species turned up in New England during the last twenty

years, have been obtained either by trips on foot or from a row boat.

It requires hard work to dredge from a row boat, but it can be done.

Rare species of Pyramidellidae have all been obtained in that way,

but don’t be afraid of mud. A list of Prince Edwards Island species,

some new—others not before known in Canadian waters has proved

a valuable contribution. I never was anywhere near that island.

The materials all came from mud washed from the oyster shells,

miles away from their home. At present the writer is busy with

marine mud ina sheltered bay. Reports will come later, but rare

forms with one species that may prove new, are already before me.

New England needs more workers, and it is full of surprises, espe-

THE NAUTILUS. 69

cially when one considers how much can be found with a simple

outfit, and a few ounces of energy. No doubt the same is true of

the whole country. A person once said to the writer ‘“‘ your hobby

is the most fascinating I know. Every one admires shells.’”’ Per-

fectly true, but far too many are afraid of mud. I don’t know of

any success without a bit of the disagreeable work.

THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF ALDABRA.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

Mr. E. Dupont, who is now residing at Hell Bourg, Reunion, has

been fortunate in obtaining specimens and information of this group.

The Aldabra Islands are situated in the Indian Ocean to the north

of Madagascar and between the Conoro and Mascarene groups. Not

many years ago the land mollusca of Aldabra were unknown, in fact

not a single species had been recorded from the islands. Mr. Dupont

writes me as follows. Aldabra was visited by an American, Dr. W.

L. Abbott, in 1892, who published an account of the birds in the

Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum for 1895.

The island was visited by a German, Dr. Vodtykon in 1895, ac-

counts of which were published. I do not think that these mention

land shells. In September, 1906 my cousin, Mr. R. Dupont, Cura-

tor of the Botanical Station at Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, investi-

gated these islands on behalf of the Seychelles government. He

collected the shells which I now send to you.

At last, quite recently an English naturalist, Mr. Fryers, has

been staying there during several months; to complete the geological

observations made by Prof. sardina, on the separation of the islands

in the Indian Ocean.

So now the natural productions of this island, which was for long

a terra incognita, will now be fairly known. Judging from the shells,

it has more affinities with the Comoro Islands than with the Mas-

carene.

The shells known are as follows:

Ennea sp. Grande Terre. The Picard. Iles Vertes. Closely

allied to the common E&. dentiens. May prove to be new.

Kaliella aldabraensis, n. sp. To be described by Col. Godwin

Austin.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Rachis aldabre Mart. <A beautiful shell of the Comoro type.

The most common of all the species from Aldabra. Mostly found

on Picard Island. 200 metres from the sea.

Succinea mascarensis ? Nevill. Larger and more strongly striated

than the Mascarene specimens.

Assiminea sp. Perhaps A. hidalgoi Gass.= granum Morelet.

Grande Terre. The Picard. Iles Vertes,

Cyclostoma sp. Plaine Cubi. A Ligatella or Otopoma. It seems

to be a new species, but too much worn for description. Better

specimens came in Sardina’s collection.

Truncatella valida Pfr. Grande Terre. The Picard. Iles Vertes,

Isidora sp. Perhaps J. forskali Chr. = Physa cernica Morelet.

from Mauritius. The presence of this fresh-water shell at Aldabra is

very curious, the only spot provided with fresh water being a spring

at Tata maca.

DR. R. E. C. STEARNS.

Dr. Ropert Epwarps CartTeR STEARNS died at Los Angeles,

Cal., July 27, in his eighty-third year. He was a native of Boston,

Mass., a son of Charles Stearns, and was born February 1, 1827.

He was educated in the schools of his native city, followed by a

course of mercantile training, and from his earliest years evinced a

deep love of nature, fostered by his father, with whom similar tastes

led to a degree of comradeship in rambles and hunting expeditions

which he always remembered with appreciation. The boy had an

unusual artistic ability, and though his early avocations were services

in a bank and on a farm, when only twenty-two years of age he

painted a panorama of the Hudson River from the mouth of the

Mohawk to Fort William, which he exhibited with much success.

He turned his attention to mining, explored the coal fields of southern

Indiana, and in 1854 was appointed resident agent of several copper

mines in northern Michigan on Lake Superior. In 1858 he went

to California, where he became a partner in the large printing estab-

lishment of a brother-in-law of his wife, in San Francisco. This

firm published the Pacific Methodist, a weekly religious paper, and

in the troubled times preceding the Civil War the reverend editor

of this journal was obliged to visit the East. Stearns was requested

to fill this place during his absence. The fate of California hung in

the balance ; many of the immigrants from the Southern States urged

THE NAUTILUS. Gk

independence for that territory when hostilities broke out. Stearns

took the responsibility of making his paper an enthusiastic advocate

of the Uniop cause, and to this call and the eloquence of Thomas

Starr King, old Californians believed, the decision of the people to

stand by the Union in that struggle was due in no small degree.

Through the influence of Justice Field, Stearns was appointed

deputy clerk of the Supreme Court of California in 1862, a post

which he resigned in the following year to accept the secretaryship

of the State Board of Harbor Commissioners, which he was obliged

to resign some years later on account of ill health. Coming to the

East, he made one of a party, comprising beside himself the late Dr.

William Stimpson and Col. Ezekiel Jewett, for the exploration of

the invertebrate fauna of southwestern Florida, during which large

collections were made for the Smithsonian Institution. He returned

to California, and in 1874 was elected secretary to the University of

California, being the business executive of that institution under the

presidency of the late Dr. Daniel C. Gilman. He served in this

capacity for eight years with great approval, and when ill health

again obliged him to retire from service, the University, as expressive

of their sense of his services to the cause of education in California

and in recognition of his scientific attainments, conferred upon him

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Returning to the East after

the death of Mrs. Stearns, he was engaged in researches for the U. 8.

Fish Commission in 1882, was appointed paleontologist to the U. 8.

Geological Survey by Major Powell in 1884, and assistant curator

of mollusks in the National Museum by Professor Baird. His col-

lection of mollusca was acquired by the Museum. Age and infirmity

obliged him to return to the more genial climate of California in

1892, where he settled in Los Angeles, continuing, as his strength

permitted, his researches into the malacology of the Pacific coast.

He married, March 28, 1850, Mary Anne Libby, daughter of Oliver

Libby of Boston, and is survived by a daughter.

Dr. Stearns was an earnest student of mollusks from boyhood; his

early experience led him to interest himself in horticulture and land-

scape gardening, and his ability in this line is attested by the beauty

of the University grounds at Berkeley, which were developed under

his superintendence. His knowledge of the Pacific coast mollusca

was profound, and a long list of papers on this topic and on the

shells of Florida was the result. He also contributed many papers

72 THE NAUTILUS.

on various branches of horticulture and gardening to the California

periodicals devoted to this subject. He was an enthusiastic supporter

of the California Academy of Sciences in its early days, and after

the earthquake of 1868, when disaster threatened the Society, he,

with Professor J. D. Whitney and a few other friends, stood between

it and dissolution. He wasa member of numerous scientific societies

at home and abroad, and of the Sons of the Revolution.

Dr. Stearns was a man of sanguine temperament, with a lively

sense of humor and high moral character. His reading was wide,

his learning never obtrusive, his interest in art, literature and all

good causes intense. He was a staunch friend and, for a righteous

object, ever ready to sacrifice his own material interests. His ser-

vices to Californian science will keep his memory green.

Wa. H. Datu.

LUDWIG RUDOLPH SOPHUS BERGH.*

Dr. Bergh was born in Copenhagen, October 15, 1824, and died

in the same city July 20, 1909. Dr. Bergh for many years stood at

the head of the small group of malacological anatomists, devoting

himself especially to the Opisthobranchiata and particularly to the

Nudibranchiata. His published works on these animals form a small

library and a mine of detailed information. The chief results of this

unremitting labor are summed up in a large quarto in which he

gives a complete systematic arrangement for these animals. Besides

this contribution to the knowledge of molluscan anatomy he published

several valuable memoirs on other groups of mollusks, an especially

notable instance being a fine memoir on the anatomy of the genus

Conus. He was largely concerned with the publication of the great

posthumous series of quartos detailing the results of the researches

in eastern seas by Carl Semper, who was his intimate friend. In

medicine also his publications, based on the treatment of thousands

of hospital patients, took a high rank.

Personally, Dr. Bergh was most genial and agreeable in manner,

ever ready to help younger students, or serve as cicerone to foreign

colleagues visiting his beloved Copenhagen. Hospitable and un-

pretentions, a staunch friend and untiring student, his death leaves

a gap in the ranks of the veterans which we may hardly hope to see

filled, and a memory which those who knew him will cherish long.

1 Abridged from the obituary notice by Dr. Wm. H. Dall (Science, XXX,

p. 304, Sept. 3, 1909).

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII PLATE ‘VI.

had biases cae a

with Ad ania eee A

nn, ees

BEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA.

ATE IN AUTEPEUS:

Vou. XXITI. NOVEMBER, 1909. No. 6

THE KNOWN MOLLUSCA OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY S. S. BERRY.

In light of the fact that accurate data bearing on the geographical

distribution of Californian land and fresh-water mollusca are still few

and far between, it seems best to publish such items as may be

accumulated from time to time, and in this connection the following

notes (the result of several years desultory observation) may be of

interest.

The district under present consideration comprises one of the

largest, if not the largest, counties in the United States, being more

than equal in area to any one of a number of our smaller States. By

far the greater portion of its area is swallowed up by the vast Mojave

and Colorado Deserts, and even at this Jate date is still almost an

absolute terra incognita so far as the mollusca are concerned. Of

necessity, therefore, the present paper treats almost exclusively of

the extreme southwestern corner of the county alone, namely, the

so-called San Bernardino Valley, with the adjacent San Gabriel and

San Bernardino Ranges of mountains which confine it on the north

and shut it off from the desert and the remainder of the county.

Even for this circumscribed district, the present list makes no pre-

tensions to completeness, but is offered merely as a résumé of our

present knowledge, with the hope that it may lead to further investi-

gation. Doubtless more than one interesting form still awaits its

discovery by some diligent collector, especially in the mountain reg-

ions (see NautTitus XXI, p. 121, and below).

It is interesting to note that the above-mentioned valley is practi-

74 THE NAUTILUS.

cally the only portion of the entire county which drains directly into

the Pacific, and that, thanks to the fertile character of its soil and

the water available for its irrigation from the neighboring mountains,

almost the whole population of the county is concentrated here,

notably in the cities of Redlands, San Bernardino, Ontario, Chino,

and Colton. All are garden spots, and by the unwitting agency of

man most of them have come to possess a fairly extensive molluscan

fauna, many species of alien origin being now far more numerous

than any of the native forms.

There have been few previous records for any of the localities of

the region. Binney [’85] gives one or two species as being found in

the county, but at least one of his records is without doubt erroneous.

Stearns [’93] is the next author to report on specimens from our area,

and his records are about ‘all we have from the great desert region.

The few records since that time are listed at the end of this paper.

My thanks are due to Dr. R. H. Tremper, of Ontario, who has

generously supplied me with numerous specimens and data regarding

the fauna of his immediate neighborhood. Practically all of his

records are new and very interesting. J am also under obligations

to Miss Nina G. Spaulding, of Redlands, whose enthusiastic efforts

have aided ‘not a little in increasing our knowledge. Data supplied

through her or through Dr. Tremper are so noted by the use of

their initials. I am also indebted to Mr. sanford B. Dole, of River-

side, for the use of the accompanying photograph.

List OF SPECIES.

Helix aspersa Miller. Occasional around greenhouses at Red-

lands, but evidently not yet thoroughly at home.

Epiphragmophora traski (Newcomb). ‘‘ Under dry leaves in

small foothill cafion near Ontario” [R. H. T.]; also in San Antonio

Cafion, two miles from mouth, elevation 2500 feet [R. H. T., April

4, 1908]; under leaves, Stoddard’s Cafion, elevation 2500 feet

[R. H. T., 1909].

This coast species apparently just enters the county as I have not

encountered it even in the upper end of the San Bernardino Valley.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata (W. G. Binney). Mentone, under

hedges; Highland, by the roadside after a rain; Arrowhead, Hot

Springs; San Bernardino and vicinity ; greenhouse in same city

[R. H. T.]; Ontario, under stones and woodpiles [R. H. T., 1908-

THE NAUTILUS. 75

1909]; also southeast of Ontario, some seven miles from the foot-

hills [R. H. T., March, 1909]; Frankish Canon, under stones, alti-

tude 2500 feet [R. H. T., April 1, 1908]; at mouth of Stoddard’s

Caiion, at same elevation, under stones [R. H. T., 1909].

Specimens found by Dr. Tremper in January, 1908, in an orange

grove at Ontario are particularly beautiful examples of the species,

some showing a curious tendency toward albinism.

Vallonia pulchella (Muller). Redlands, common in greenhouses

[S. S. B., 19038, 704, ’06, 708].

Vertigo occidentalis Sterki. Bluff Lake, altitude 7,550 feet,

1907 (one specimen only) [S. S. B.]; in 1908 quite common in

spots in the big Bluff Lake cienaga, in the cienaga just north, and

along the “ New England Trail,’ altitude 7,500 feet; also a few

specimens in a cienaga west of Green Valley, altitude 6,900 feet

[S. 8. B.]. Many more specimens were sent from Bluff Lake dur-

ing the present summer by Miss N. G. Spaulding.

Evidently an abundant species in the more Alpine regions of the

San Bernardino Mountains, and I suspect that this or a closely

allied form will also turn up in similar localities in the neighboring

San Gabriel and San Jacinto Ranges.

Vertigo sp. Another form occurs with V. occidentalis in the

neighborhood of Bluff Lake [S. 8S. B., Aug., 1968; N. G.S., Aug.,

1909}.

Vertigo rowelli (Newcomb). San Bernardino [ Binney, ’85, p.

156]. At best a doubtful record.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. San Bernardino Mountains—a common

species at Bluff Lake and vicinity [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, Aug.,

1908; N. G. S., Aug., 1909]; cienaga west of Green Valley [S. S.

B., July, 1908]. Especially abundant under willow trees at the

edges of a meadow.

Vitrea cellaria (Miiller). In greenhouses, Redlands [S. S. B.,

190408}. |

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Cienaga west of Green Valley [one

specimen, S. S. B., July, 1908]. Altitude 6,900 feet. Bluff Lake

Meadow (altitude 7,550 feet) and the neighboring cienages [S. S.

B., Aug., 1907, Aug., 1908 (abundant); N. G. S., Aug., 1909

(abundant) ]. Near mouth of Mill Creek Cafion [one specimen in

drift, S. S. B., July, 1908]. Forest Home, altitude 5,200 feet, a

colony of about 20 live individuals found by the writer under sticks

on the bank of Mill Creek, June 12, 1909.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

‘‘San Gorgonio Pass’’ [ Binney, ’85, p. 68]. The exact locality

of Binney’s specimens is doubtful, but not of great importance as

this is evidently a common mountain species, occurring throughout

the San Bernardino Range. I have as yet seen no specimens from

the San Gabriels.

Zonitoides orea (Say). Mouth of Stoddard’s Cafion, near

Ontario, under leaves [R. H. T., 1909]. Redlands, in greenhouses

[S. S. B., 1904-1908]. Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907]; Bluff Lake

and cienaga just north [S. S. B., Aug., 1908—ten specimens] ;

several specimens, same locality [N. G. S., Aug., 1909].

Zonitoides milium (Morse). Greenhouse, Redlands, one specimen

[S. S. B., 1904].

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Greenhouse, Redlands [S. S.

B., 1904}.

Limax maximus Linnaeus. Redlands, in greenhouses in 1904

[S. S. B.]; now abundant about houses and in yards everywhere.

Reported from same locality by Bartsch [’04, p. 12].

Ontario [R. H. T., 1908, 1909]. The last specimens sent me by

Dr. Tremper were the most light-colored of the species I have seen

in California.

Limax flavus Linnaeus. Redlands, with L. maximus [S. S. B.,

1904).

Pyramidula cronkhitet (Newcomb). Cienaga, north of Blutf Lake

Meadow, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude 7,500 feet [S. S. B.,

16 specimens, Aug., 1908; N. G. S., Aug., 1909, abundant ].

Punctum californicum Pilsbry. Oceasional in Bluff Lake Meadow

under sticks [S. S. B., Aug., 1908]; Cienaga, north of Bluff

Lake, altitude 7,500 feet, not rare [S. S. B., Aug., 1908; N.

G. S., Aug., 1909]. Being in doubt as to whether these specimens

were correctly referred to this species, examples were sent to Mr.

Bryant Walker, who confirmed the identification.

Punectum conspectum (Bland). Near Green Valley, San Ber-

nardino Mountains, altitude 6,900 feet, 3 specimens [S. S. B., July,

1908]; Bluff Lake, one specimen [S. S. B., Aug., 1908].

Succinea oregonensts Lea. Lower end of the big Cienaga at

Bluff Lake along the ‘* New England Trail,” 18 specimens [S. S.

B., Aug., 1908] 13 specimens [N. G. S., Aug., 1909].

Lymnea palustris (Muller). Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, San

Bernardino Mountains, abundant [S. S. B., 1907, 1908 ].

THE NAUTILUS. 77

Lymnaea palustris nuttalliana (Lea). Creek and swamp at Bluff

Lake, altitude 7,550 feet, abundant [R. D. Williams, 1905; S. S.

B., 1907, 1908; N. G. S., 1909}. These specimens very uniform

in appearance. Bear Lake, intergrading with typical (?) palustris,

common [R. H. T., Aug., 1902; S. S. B., Aug., 1907, 1908].

Lymnaea humilis modicella (Say). On flower pots in greenhouses,

Redlands, abundant [S. S. B., 1904-08].

Lymn@a caperata Say. A single very juvenile specimen col-

lected by Dr. Tremper in a pool in San Antonio Creek, 2 miles from

mouth [ April 4, 1908], was identified as this species by Mr. F. C.

Baker.

Lymnaea bulimoides Lea. Mojave River, near Daggett [Stearns,

93].

Physa gyrina (Say) ? Redlands, in irrigating ditches; Garlick

Springs [Stearns, ’93] ; Daggett [ Stearns, ’93].

I suspect that most if not all the Southern California records of

P. gyrina need re-examination, and the above will more than likely

prove to be varieties of P. virginea Gould.

Physa lordi Baird. Artificial pond, Ontario, the water of which

comes from Hermosa Canon [R. H. T.]. Specimens of this fine

large species were sent to Mr. F. C. Baker, who agrees with me in

referring them to P. lordi.

Physa virginea Gould. Ditches and reservoirs in Redlands,

common [S. S. B., 1907, 1908].

Physa virginea traski Lea. Main irrigating ditch of Ontario,

near mouth of San Antonio Cafion, altitude 2,200 feet [R. H. T.].

Physa coopert Tryon. Watering trough in City Creek Cajon,

San Bernardino Mountains [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, July, 1908];

Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet [S. S. B., Aug., 1907-’08].

Physa politissima Tryon. Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, not

uncommon [S. S. B., 1907, 1908}.

Dr. Pilsbry, to whom I sent specimens of this and the preceding

species, and to whom I owe their determinations, wrote as follows :

‘It should be said that the synonymy of West Coast Physas bas never

been worked up, and the ultimate names which will be used cannot

now be decided, but your specimens correspond closely to the type

lots ot the forms mentioned, whether these be species or varieties.”’

Planorbis trivolvis Say. England’s Park, Redlands; swamp

and creek at Bluff Lake [S.S. B., 1907, 1908; R. D. Williams,

78 THE NAUTILUS.

1905]; Bear Lake [R. H. T., 1902; S. S. B., 1907, 1908]; Dag-

gett [Stearns, 93].

Planorbis parvus Say. Mojave River, near Daggett [Stearns,

93]; Swamp at Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907, 1908]; Bear Lake

[S. S. B., 1907, 1908].

The specimens from Bear Lake were identified by Dr. Dall as P.

vermicularis Gould. They certainly have a slightly different aspect

from the Bluff Lake specimens, but I doubt if they are distinct.

Paludestrina stearnsiana Pilsbry. Rill near mouth of Mill

Creek Cafion, San Bernardino Mountains, very abundant in July,

1908 [S. S. B.], but a rather hasty search in the same locality one

year later did not yield a specimen.

Mountain Home Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude

3,600 feet [S. S. B., July 11, 1909].

[ Paludestrina protea Gould. In numerous collections I have seen

large series of this species in a subfossil condition which were dis-

tributed some years ago by an unknown collector as from the ‘ Mo-

jave Desert.” They are probably from San Bernardino County, so I

record them here, although ‘‘ Colorado Desert”? may have been what

the label meant. As the species is known to exist in Inyo and

Riverside Counties, it may reasonably be expected to turn up in the

living condition in this county as well. |

[ Valvata lewisii Currier. San Bernardino Mountains, Cal.

[fide Dall, ’05, p. 123; also see Walker, ’06, p. 26].

I have not seen any of Dall’s specimens, but I have no doubt

whatever that they really represent not V. lewise7, but the following

form : |

Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry. Swamp at Bluff Lake,

altitude 7,550 feet [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, 1908; N. G.S., Aug.,

1909—not very abundant].

Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, the type locality [S. S. B., Aug.,

1907, 1908].

For this form beside the references given above under V. lewisit,

see Berry, ’08, p. 122, and Pilsbry, ’08, p. 82.

Anodonta californiensis (Lea) var. Chino Creek. S. of Ontario

[Roe T., 19087:

Musculium raymondi (J.G. Cooper). Swamp and creek at Bluff

Lake, large and abundant in 1905 [R. D. Williams]; very common

but small in 1907 [S. S. B.]; more rare in 1908 [S. S. B.] and

1909 [N. G.S.]; apparently being replaced by the following species.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Pisidium californicum (Newcomb ?). Swamp and creek at Bluff

Lake, common in 1907 [S. S. B.], abundant in 1908 [S. S. B.], and

1909 [N. G. S.].

Pisidium ashmuni Sterki. Swamp at Bluff Lake [8. S. B.,

1907]. Identified by Dr. Sterki.

Specimens of Pisidia have also been found in Kid Creek, San

Bernardino Mountains [N. G. S., Aug., 1909], and in Mill Creek at

Forest Home, altitude 5,200 feet [S. S. B., July, 1908], but have

not as yet been determined by Dr. Sterki.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Bartscu, Paur. Limax maximus L. in California. Navritus,

XVIII, p. 12, May, 1904.

Berry, 8. 8. Molluscan Fauna of the San Bernardino Moun-

tains, California. Nauritus, X XJ, p. 121, March, 1908.

BinnEy, W. G. A Manual of American Land Shells. Bull.

U. S. N. M., No. 28, 1885.

Dati, W. H. Alaska—Land and Fresh Water Mollusks. Harr.

Alaska Exp., Vol. XIII, N. Y., 1905.

GRINNELL, JosepH. Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains.

Univ. Cal., 1909.

Piussry, H. A. Notes on Plate XI. Naurtiztus, XXI, p. 133,

April, 1908. Valvata humeralis californica, n. subsp. NAvTILUS,

XXII, p. 82, Dec., 1908.

Srearns, R. E. C.S. Report on the Land and Fresh-Water

Shells Collected in California and Nevada by the Death Valley Ex-

pedition, Including a Few Additional Species Obtained by Dr. C.

Hart Merriam and Assistants in Parts of the Southwestern United

States. N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7 (U.S. Dept. Agric.), May, 1893.

Sterki, Victor. A New Californian Vertigo. Navutitus,

Bl; p« 90, Dee.,; 1907.

Wa ker, Bryant. Notes on Valvata. Nautitus, XX, p. 25,

July, 1906.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

RANGE OF LYMNZA UMBILICATA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

This recently recognized and very distinct species has been re-

ported from a number of rather widely separated localities. Its

range would seem to be from Ontario and Northern Maine west to

southeastern Michigan and south to New Jersey. It has doubtless

been identified as humilis and will be found in many collections

under this all embracing name. JL. wmbilicata is not a race of L.

cubensis, as suggested by Mr. Walker, but a distinct species, the

radula having tricuspid laterals where those of cubensis are bicuspid.’

The known records are as follows :

UnITED StTatTEs.

Connecticut: Small stream emptying into Farmington River,

Unionville, Hartford Co. (Baker).

Maine: Buckfield, Oxford Co. (J. A. Allen); Woodland, Aroos-

took Co. (Nylander); Fox Island, Penobscot River, Knox Co.

(Jackson).

Massachusetts: New Bedford, Bristol Co. (Adams); Brook near

Cabot’s Park, Newton; Charles River above Watertown, Middle-

sex Co. (Baker); Swampscott, near Lynn, Essex Co. (Tufts) ;

Southborough, Worcester Co. (Bos. Soc., N. H.); Salem, Essex Co.

(True); Essex Co. (Russell); Westfield, Hampden Co. (Smith.

Coll.).

Michigan: Otter Lake, Lapeer Co. (Walker).

New Jersey: Drainage ditches east of Burlington, Burlington

Co. (Baker ; Pilsbry).

New York: Maplewood Park, Rochester, Monroe Co.; South end

Cayuga Lake, near Ithaca, Tompkins Co. (Baker); Charlotte Lake,

Columbia Co. Lea).

Rhode Island: The Fountain, Pawtucket, Providence Co. (H.

F. Carpenter); Rhode Island (Walker).

British AMERICA.

Ontario: Ottawa, Carleton Dist. (Heron); Carleton Co. (Walker).

1See Mr. Walker’s excellent article in Ottawa Nat., XXII, page 89, for the

distinguishing characteristics of L. wmbilicata.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

THE MOLLUSCA OF DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS. GASTEROPODA.

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

As one travels westward from the Mississippi River, the gradual

diminution of the forest growths is very apparent. Tracts of tim-

ber get smaller and smaller and the trees become more stunted in

growth until when the middle of Kansas is reached there are only a

few cottonwoods, confined to a narrow belt along the banks of

streams. Eastern Kansas is then a transition zone, where the tim-

bered regions of the east fade gradually into the vast semi-arid

plains of the southwest.

A botanical condition such as this is bound to have a very great

influence upon a group of animals as closely associated with vegeta-

ble growths as the land mollusks are. We find some species—as

the majority of the Polygyras for instance—extending only as far

west as the trees go. Moisture and shade are requisites to their

existence, and we find them becoming rarer in direct proportion to

the decrease in vegetation. They have migrated westward just as

fast but no faster than the trees.

And on the other hand there are some species of the plains area

which do not extend appreciably into the timbered regions. On the

border-line then, as we would expect, we find an intermingling of

the two faunas.

Douglas County is a typical border county. ‘Trees exist in little

patches here and there but are mostly confined to the near vicinity

of streams. Mollusks are not plentiful and generally distributed,

but are addicted to living in colonies in the patches of trees.

Among the most important tracts of timber conchologically is

Blue Mound, situated six miles southeast of Lawrence. This little

hill which rises two hundred and fifty feet above the river flood

plain, supports an excellent growth of small trees. Under the dead

leaves and loose stones the small snails are to be found more abund-

ant than any place else in the county.

The outcropping limestone ledges furnish several species which

belong in general to the southwestern plains fauna. Bulimulus

dealbatus, Vallonia parvula, Bifidaria procera and Zonitoides

singleyana, are abundant in some such localities where there are no

trees for miles.

Localities favorable for fresh-water snails are rare. The only

82 THE NAUTILUS.

bodies of standing water in the county are small, and with one or

two exceptions are artificial ponds. Horseshoe Lake and Lake

View are natural basins but both are small and contain but few

mollusks. The small streams emptying into the Kansas River con-

tain a few shells very locally distributed. The River is too sandy

for these animals.

The family Ancylid@ seems not to have a representative in these

waters.

Very little collecting previous to 1908 has ever been done in

Douglas County. Polygyra m. chadwicki, a dentate variety of

Polygyra multilineata was described by Ferriss in the Nautitus for

August, 1907, from specimens collected along the Kansas River at

Lawrence. Aside from this one reference I have never found the

shells of this county alluded to. Therefore I append the following

list, based upon two years’ collecting in which the entire county has

been thoroughly searched. Probably not many more species will be

collected. Four or five are withheld from this list because of un-

certain identification.

Dr. V. Sterki has examined the Pupidg, and Mr. F. C. Baker,

the Lymneas, to both of whom I am very grateful.

Polygyra profunda Say.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Wetherby.

Polygyra multilineata Say.

Polygyra multilineata chadwicki Ferriss.

Polygyra divesta Gould. A single specimen found in drift along

the Kansas River at Lawrence.

Polygyra clausa Say. With the exception of P. profunda and P.

albolabris allenit, which range into Shawnee County on the west,

Douglas County marks the extreme western range of the Mesodons.

All the species are rare in this locality, and are found on the north-

ern shaded slopes of hillsides which have limestone outcropping.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. Dead shells were found under condi-

tions such that the species must be living here.

Polygyra monodon Rackett. This form lives on Blue Mound.

Polygyra fraterna Say. The common Polygyra of Kansas.

Found everywhere.

Polygyra fraterna alicie Pilsbry. Occasionally found with P.

fraterna.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. 83

NOTES.

SucKERS FROM THE Bie Squip.—On visiting Provincetown in

August I made inquiries regarding the Giant Squid taken the last

of March, 1909, off Highland, Truro, Mass., and mentioned in THE

Naovtitus for July, 1909. I was unfortunate in not securing the

beaks which had been thrown away, but I saw the 74 foot tentacle,

which was preserved in dry salt. I obtained the cartilage of one of

the suckers, and, with permission from the owner, cut off one of the

suckers about mid way on the tentacle. As this is the only speci-

men taken in Massachusetts I have thought it might be of sufficient

interest to the readers of THe Nautitus for me to give sketches to

show the shape of this cartilage and the curious arrangement of the

serration of the margin.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 are different views of the cartilage of one speci-

men, while Figs. 5 and 6 are the views of a sucker cut from the

middle of the tentacle. All figures are magnified twice.

The tentacle is now in the possession of a gentleman in Province-

town, Mass.—J. Henry Biake.

HOMALOGYRA ATOMUS IN RHODE IsLAND.—In a recent number

of the Nautitus I mentioned the discovery of Homalogyra atomus

on the New England coast at Hampton, N. H. It was first discovs

ered by Philippi in Sicily; since then it has been found in other

parts of the Mediterranean, Norway, England and France, but this

is the first time it has been recorded on this side of the Atlantic.

Miss M. W. Brooks has lately found this species in shell sand, from

84 THE NAUTILUS.

Newport. R. 1. Its occurrence north and south of Cape Cod in-

dicates a somewhat wide distribution of the species—Epwarp S.

Morse.

JoserH F. Wuitraves.'—Dr. Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, the

distinguished Palezontologist of the Canadian Geological Survey,

died on the 8th of August, 1909, after an illness of several months.

Dr. Whiteaves was born in Oxford, England, in 1835, and first

came to this country in 1861 ona short visit, returning the following

year to make his residence in Montreal, Canada, where for twelve

years he was officially connected with the Montreal Natural History

Society. In 1876 he was appointed Palzontologist of the Geologi-

cal Survey to succeed the late Mr. E. Billings.

His works on the paleozoic and mesozoic fossils of Canada are

monumental, and the broad scope of his work both in paleontology

and zdology can only be appreciated by a perusal of his numerous

papers which number nearly 150, in which over 450 new genera,

species and varieties are described.

Dr. Whiteaves was of a generous and kindly disposition, always

ready to aid and impart information. He was an ideal type of a

man imbued with the professional spirit, striving for the best results,

not satisfied with half measure, and ever urged on by the love of his

work.

Miss J. E. Linter.—We regret to announce the death of Miss

J. E. Linter which occurred on August 30, 1909, at Twickenham,

England. Her valuable collection of shells will be offered (as a

legacy, on condition that it is accessible to the public) to the Exeter

Museum.

WE learn with regret of the death, September 26th, of Professor

Anton Dohrn, the founder and director of the Zodlogical Station at

Naples.

Messrs. Ferriss aND DANIELS are exploring the Kaibab and

Kanab plateaus for shells and ferns. In this little-known country

north of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, they report beautiful

scenery, a superb climate, and plenty of shells.

Errata.—In the last number the following errors should be

noted: P. 67, line 13 from bottom, last word, should be ‘‘ more”? in

place of “ dess ;’’ line 4 from bottom should be “ No. 10. l”’ in place

of“ 10.”

1 Taken in part, from The Ottawa Naturalist, September, 1909.

ae NAUTIRWS:

VoL. XXIII. DECEMBER, 1909. No. 7

ON SOME DEFORMED CYPREA TIGRIS FROM THE COLLECTION OF

A. DA COSTA GOMEZ.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Many years ago the conchologists of Europe were astonished to

receive from New Caledonia certain cowries which had the aspect

of such well-known species as C. moneta, lynx and mappa, yet dif-

fered by the produced and calloused ends, attended with more or

less thickening of the enamel and a degree of melanism, or clouding

of the color-pattern. Several of these shells were named as distinct

species by Crosse, Marie, Montrouzier and others. British writers

generally did not admit their validity, considering them pathologic

forms, due to some diseased condition of the mantle, a view ridiculed

by Crosse in his witty review of G. B. Sowerby’s monograph of

Cyprea in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Mr. S. Raymond Roberts

in his monograph’ treats them as varieties. M. Ph. Dautzenberg has

recently discussed these forms, figuring several of them.? The cause

of the rostration and hypertrophic deposit of calcareous material has

never been really settled, so far as I know, by observations on the

living animals. The occurrence of so many forms modified in the

same manner, in one locality, points to the action of me specific

cause which might perhaps be recognized by an observer on the spot.

It seems, however, that the modifications do not have racial signifi-

cance. A somewhat similar formation characterizes some un-

problematica.

1 Manual of Conchology, Vol. VII.

2 Journal de Conchyliologie, 1906, p. 263. plate ix.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. A. DaCosta Gomez has called our attention to several New

Caledonian examples of Cyprea tigris L. in his collection which

show a rostration like the New Caledonian forms mentioned above,

together with others diversely modified ; and as such forms have not,

to our knowledge, been noticed in this species, we have figured four

of them on plates vii and viii, the two plates representing different

views of the same specimens.

I. The upper left hand figures show a shell having a broad chest-

nut dorsal streak, the rest of the back being clouded with chestnut,

light blue and dull pale brown. On the margins may be seen the

characteristic dappled coloring of ¢tégris. The base is normally col-

ored. At the anterior end there are large callous lumps. The

posterior end is also a little produced. Length 83 mm.

II. Upper right figures. This shell is broad and very heavy

(weighing 73 ounces). The dorsal streak is interrupted, chestnut,

partially overlaid with bluish callus. Elsewhere it is a soiled cream-

white, obscurely and irregularly mottled. The base is stained with

yellow around the mouth. The sides are very heavily calloused and

lumpy. Length 90 mm.

III. Lower left figures. This shell is heavily calloused and pro-

duced at the ends and on the right margin. The spotted t/gris

pattern appears on the other side, but is covered by a dark enamel

in the middle of the back. Base white, with some yellowish suf-

fusion in places. Length 98 mm. This shell is characteristically

New Caledonian in appearance.

IV. Lower right figures. A broad form, heavily calloused at the

sides. The dorsal streak is dark purplish-brown; remainder of the

back bluish-white, irregularly mottled and spotted with orange-brown

and purple-brown, ends blackish. ‘The base and teeth are brownish-

yellow except for a pure white area on the inner lip. Length 85 mm.

ESSEX COUNTY NOTES.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

My last article was an urgent invitation to fellow-laborers to

inspect mud. We may now view some results of the inspection.

Just south of Cape Ann, Mass., isa bay with many branches, form-

ing harbors for Marblehead, Salem, Beverly and Danvers. The

THE NAUTILUS. 87

inner waters, 7. e., at Danvers, seemed to be favorable for a colony

of the forms which are common south of Cape Cod, but local and in

sheltered places north of that cape. Only a partial examination has

been made, but results are interesting. One mud flat of small area,

and uncovered at low tide, was swarming with life. Literally I ob-

tained quarts of Gemma gemma. With these were other species more

or less abundant. Columbella, Ilyanassa, Polinices and such forms are

expected and were found as usual. Odostomia revealed trifida, bisu-

turalis, winkleyi and a new species described below. I was able to

secure here a living specimen of the disputed fusca, and observe the

animal. Unlike some of this group, that are said to be timid in

captivity, fusea was very active. Bulletin 37 of the U.S. Natl.

Mus., plate xxvi, figs. 1 and 2, are labeled animal of Turbonilla

interrupta. Slight changes would make the drawing for fusca. The

plate gives the front of the foot in four lobes; for fusea it should be

a continuous curve. From the plate one would infer that the men-

tum was of two flaps, one overlapping the other, In fusca this would

not be correct, but a deep groove runs along the median line. The

front of the mentum is a double curve, and its end is held close to

the surface ahead of the foot in crawling, as if it was feeling the way.

Eye spots are easily seen at the bases of the tentacles. The animal

is semi-transparent, with parts a deep maroon. The tentacles are

slender and held close to the mentum.

The above-named species were found at the headwaters, but no

evidence of Turbonilla, as I had hoped. Rowing down river I smelt

them, and came back for my dredge. A dozen specimens of 7.

winkleyi were found, good size, but badly eroded, In other parts of

the Danvers River Venus mercenaria, Astarte nucula and some other

forms occur, but I postpone exact lists until more work can be done.

One unusual find was a solitary specimen of Bela bicarinata var.

violacea on a mud flat between tides.

Later work was done at Salem. The inner harbor revealed the

last-named species, with beautiful violet coloring, especially when wet.

Salem harbor is practically all mud bottom. Polinices, Nucula,

Yoldia, Orenella, Periploma, Lyonsia, Tellina, Nassa, Bela, Retusa,

etc., are obtained at moderate depths. Shore collecting revealed the

usual species, with some things worth noting. Aemea testudinalis is

very small and alveus scarce. At one small cove at low tide, with

eel grass, I found another colony of Turbonilla winkleyi.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Passing to the outer harbor there is a slight change. More species

of Bela, for example. Here I met a surprise in finding a third

colony of Zurbonilla. As the outer harbor is practically open sea,

the occurrence is unusual. In fact the only locality known to me

north of Cape Cod where that form occurs save in inner waters.

So much ground remains to be examined that this report must be

imperfect, yet the area covered showed Astarte very scarce. Thya-

stra lacking, and some other forms expected did not appear. I am

told that there are small beds of them in places not yet dredged.

A few years ago the writer was stationed near New Haven. At

that time I received much help from Dr. Bush, and together we

examined many specimens of Turbonilla, Odostomia, Bela and other

genera. It is my desire to recognize my high appreciation for her

kind help by naming the following species for her. JI am confronted

with the fact that one Odostomia already bears her name. Not to be

defeated in my purpose, I will use her first name, and am sure she

will pardon me this time.

Odostomia (Evalina) katherine, new species.

Sbell much smaller than O. (£.) winkleyi, bluish-white, semi-

translucent. Nuclear whorls deeply obliquely immersed in the first

of the succeeding turns, above which the tilted edge of the last volu-

tion only projects. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, with a very

strong beveled shoulder, marked by many very slender axial threads

and a number of fine spiral lirations, of which one is at the angle of

the shoulder, one on the shoulder a little nearer the suture than the

angle; one forms the weak peripheral angle, and six others divide the

space between the peripheral angle and the angle at the shoulder

into subequal spaces. Sutures strongly constricted. Base short,

well rounded, marked by spiral threads, of which the second one

below the periphery is as strong as the peripheral one, the other four

being of equal strength; the two basal ones dividing the space be-

THE NAUTILUS. 89

tween the umbilical area and the stronger thread into three equal

parts. Aperture very broadly oval, posterior angle very obtuse;

outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; columella very

slender, slightly twisted and very slightly revolute, provided with a

very weak fold, which is scarcely discernible in the aperture, but

becomes apparent when the pillar is exposed by grinding; parietal

wall glazed with a light callus.

Specimens were found in the Danvers River, on a mud flat be-

tween tides, most of which are in the Winkley collection, and seven

in the U. S. National Museum, cat. No. 208067. The one figured

has 545 whorls and measures, length 2.15 mm., diameter 0.8 mm.

NEW HELICINA AND STROBILOPS FROM FLORIDA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Several years ago Mr. G. H. Clapp called my attention to a form

of Helicina differing in several respects from H. orbiculata Say, the

specimens having been received from Mr. C. T. Simpson, who col-

lected them at Lemon City, Florida. At about the same time Mr.

Vanatta encountered the form in material from Lee Co., Fla., col-

lected by Mr. C. B. Moore. He subsequently published a list of

these shells (NavutiLus for January, 1908, pp. 99-104), mentioning

the form in question as Helicina orbiculata var. clappi Pils. MSS.

No description has been published.

Helicina orbiculata was described from the mouth of the St.

John’s River. The types, four specimens, are still preserved with

Say’s label. They are globose, very pale greenish-white, and meas-

ure from alt. 6, diam. 6.8 mm., to alt. 6.3, diam. 7.7 mm. There is

a distinct tooth at the junction of the columellar and basal lips. The

periphery is well rounded.

In the St. John’s River valley, away from the coast, and where

calcareous material is almost wanting in the soil, there is a small

race of orbiculata, measuring, alt. 5.5, diam. 6.8 mm., to alt. 4.5,

diam. 5.1 mm.

H1. orbiculata extends from Florida and Georgia west to Tennessee

and western Louisiana. West and southwest of this it is entirely

replaced by H. orbiculata tropica ‘ Jan.’ Pfr., distinguished by its

heavier shell and very thick lip.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

HELICINA ORBICULATA CLAPPI, n. subsp.

The shell is less globose than orbiculata, tending to a more trochi-

form shape, the last whorl being very obtusely subangular at the

periphery. The outer lip is more broadly expanded, thin, and there

is only a weak angle or none at the junction of columella and basal

lip. The color is white, very pale citrine, white with two red bands,

or uniform red, the lip and apex pale.

Alt. 8, diam, 9 mm.

Alt. 7, diam. 8 mm.

Alt. 6.1, diam. 7.38 mm.

Distribution: Southern Florida, Dade, Lee and Monroe counties;

types from Miami, Dade Co., collected by S. N. Rhoads and H. A.

Pilsbry, 1899. On the east coast H. 0. clappi extends as far north

as Palm Beach (Pilsbry, 1899); on the west coast to Evans’ Planta-

tion on the Manatee River (C. T. Simpson).

Key to Subspecies of H. orbiculata.

a. Last whorl globose, periphery well rounded; a distinct tooth or

angle at base of the columella.

b. Lip thin or not much thickened, H. orbiculata.

bb. Lip much thickened, H. o. tropica.

aa. Last whorl very obtusely subangular, the shape approaching

trochiform; no distinct tooth at base of the columella, H. o.

clappt.

STROBILOPS FLORIDANUS, 0. sp.

The shell is conic with convex outlines, almost dome-shaped; the

periphery only weakly angular, the base convex; rather solid; brown,

the summit whitish-corneous. Whorls 54, the first two smooth, the rest

sculptured with narrow, rather widely separated ribs (about 30 on

the last whorl), These ribs continue on the base, which is radially

ribbed. Aperture semilunar, the peristome thick, narrowly reflexed,

brown or whitish; parietal callus rather thick at the edge. Parietal

lamella emerging to the edge of the callus, fully a whorl long.

Infraparietal lamella scarcely emerging, penetrating as far inward as

the parietal lamella. The inner half of this lamella and the parietal

is nodose, the nodes minutely asperate. Interparietal lamella very

low, about a half whorl long, nodose, penetrating as deeply as the

parietal lamella. There is one axial lamella and four basal plice,

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII. PLATE VII.

CYPRAZA TIGRIS FROM A. DA C. GOMEZ COLL.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII. PEATE VILE

CYPRA2A TIGRIS FROM A, DA C. GOMEZ COLL.

; fr

Volare. 2 ned ae hake ke dius ce ee

THE NAUTILUS. 91

the outer one peripheral in position; a single palatal plica is generally

developed. These plice form a curved, very obliquely radial series,

the inner end near the aperture. The two inner basal lamellz are

much stouter and higher than the others, the second from the axis

(or third, counting the axial) being the longest and highest of the

plice.

Alt. 1.8, diam. 2.5 mm.

Florida: Type No. 77044 A. N.S. P., from Miami, collected by

S. N. Rhoads, 1899. Also widely distributed over the State. Tal-

lahassee (C. W. Johnson, 1900), St. John’s valley, Volusia and

Marion counties (Johnson and Pilsbry, 1894) and many other

localities.

This species resembles S. virgo Pils. in shape and peristome, but

it differs in the more widely spaced ribs, continued over the base.

It differs from all known North American species by the much more

deeply entering parietal lamellg, the inner ends of which pass under

the parietal callus of the aperture. In other species these lamelle

are only about a half whorl long. The inner basal plice are also

placed more deeply within than in other species. S. texasiana Pils.

and Ferr. resembles S. floridana in shape and in having a ribbed

base, but the sculpture is much closer and the lamelle do not extend

so far inward.

S. floridanus is a common and widely distributed species in Florida.

A depressed and angular form of S. labyrinthicus resembling S. 0.

strebeli occurs in some places, and S. hubbardi (A. D. Brown) also

has a wide distribution on the peninsula and keys.

Several other races of Strobilops will be defined in a future paper.

The shells have to be opened carefully to demonstrate the internal

structure, but fresh specimens can usually be determined without

opening. Information is especially desired by the writer on the

forms of New York State, and will be duly credited in a monograph

of that fauna now in preparation.

MOLLUSKS FROM KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

During the past year Mr. F. B. Isely, Professor of Biology in the

Oklahoma University Preparatory School, Tonkawa, Oklahoma, has

sent to the Chicago Academy of Sciences several interesting lots of

92 THE NAUTILUS.

shells from Kansas and Oklahoma. As this region is not well

known conchologically, it has been thought that a list of the species

would be of value as a contribution to the subject of geographic dis-

tribution. The region includes Grant and Kay counties, Oklahoma,

and Sumner, Harper and Kingman counties, Kansas. The collection

is now deposited in the Chicago Academy of Sciences. My thanks

are due to Mr. Bryant Walker and Dr. V. Sterki for assistance in

determining critical material.

PELECYPODA.

Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma.

Lampsilis subrostrata (Say). Spring Creek, Grant county,

Oklahoma.

Lampsilis parva (Barnes). Bluff Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Lampsilis purpurata (Lamarck). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma.

Lampsilis gracile (Barnes). Shoofly Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.

Plagiola donaciformis (Lea). Chikaskia River, Hunnewell,

Kansas.

Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma.

Anodonta grandis Say. Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Oklahoma;

Chikaskia River, Williston, Oklahoma.

Anodonta corpulenta Cooper. Duck Creek, near Tonkawa,

Oklahoma.

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Shoofly Creek, Williston, Oklahoma,

Symphynota complanata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,

Oklahoma; Chikaskia River, Williston, Oklahoma.

Unio tetralasmus camptodpn Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.

Unio tetralasmus sayi Ward. Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Quadrula undulata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-

homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas; Shoofly Creek, Williston,

Oklahoma.

Quadrula undulata latecostata (Lea). Shoofly Creek, Williston,

Oklahoma.

Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-

homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.

Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-

homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Quadrula pustulosa var. Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.

A peculiar shell is associated with pustulosa at this locality. It is

compressed, quite elongated, and the surface is ornamented with

many olive-green rays, radiating from the umbones. It is smooth,

like schoolcraftensis, but is much more elongated than that variety,

to which the Oklahoma pustulosa might quite appropriately be re-

ferred. No specimens of the typical pustulosa have been seen from

the region in question. Additional material may show this to bea

recognizable race of pustulosa.

Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.

Quadrula coccinea (Conrad). Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas;

Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Spherium simile Say, variety. Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Wild Horse

Creek, Spivey, Kansas.

A much elongated and very cylindrical shell, which may prove to

be a race of simile.

Spherium striatinum Lamarck. Sand Creek, Argonia, Kansas.

Musculium transversum (Say). Shoofly Creek, Williston, Okla-

homa.

Musculium elevatum (Haldeman). Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Meridian

Creek, South Haven, Kansas.

Not quite typical, the shell being more elongate ovate in outline

than in typical elevatum.

GASTROPODA.

Physa crandalli Baker. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas;

Sand Creek, Argonia, Kansas; Meridian Creek, South Haven, Kan-

sas; Spring Creek, Anthony, ‘Kansas; Shoofly Creek, Williston,

Oklahoma; Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Physa ancillaria Say. Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma;

Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas; Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Shoofly

Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.

The specimens are exactly comparable with typical ancillaria from

Philadelphia.

Physa anatina Lea. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Shoofly Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas;

Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Lymnea obrussa Say. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas; Sand

Creek, Argonia, Kansas.

Lymnea parva Lea. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Lymnea techella Hald. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Succinea avara Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.

Succinea luteola Gould. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Agriolimax campestris Binney. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

Polygyra fraterna Say. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.

THE MOLLUSCA OF DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS. GASTEROPODA.

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

( Concluded from p. 83.)

Polygyra fraterna friersoni Pilsbry. Very rare ; a few specimens

identical with specimens of this variety from southern Kansas have

been found in this county.

Bulimulus dealbatus Say. This is evidently the form UMquabilis

Reeve, but I have not seen specimens of the subspecies to make

comparison. It is found rather commonly on open rocky hillsides.

Pupilla muscorum Linnaeus. From river drift at Lawrence.

Pupilla blandi Morse. A few drift specimens have been picked up.

Pupilla hebes Ancey. Two specimens found in drift, one at

Tecumseh and the other at Lawrence.

Pupoides marginatus Say. Common everywhere.

Bifidaria procera Say. Common in open places favorable for

mollusks.

Bifidaria procera cristata P. & V. Rare this far east.

Bifidaria hordeacella Pilsbry. One specimen found in river

debris at Lawrence.

Bifidaria holzingert Sterki. Very rare; it gives way to the form

Bifidaria holzingeri fordiana Sterki. Found in the woods of Blue

Mound and elsewhere.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Common in timber lands.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Abundant.

Bijidaria pentodon Say. Found sparingly in the woods.

Bifidaria tappaniana C. B. Adams. Common on Blue Mound.

Bifidaria agna P.& V. Very rare; two specimens from drift

debris of the Kansas river at Lawrence.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Vertigo ovata Say. Apparently rare.

Vertigo milium Gould. A few specimens came from Blue Mound.

Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Our commonest Vertigo; found on

Blue Mound and in river drift at various places.

Strobilops afjinis Pilsbry. Common in woody places.

Vallonia parvula Sterki. Very common where there is no shade.

Vallonia costata Miiller. Drift specimens only have so far been

found.

Cochlicopa lubrica Miller. Common on Blue Mound.

Agriolimax campestris Say. Not common.

A griolimax agrestis Linnaeus. This is the common slug of Kansas.

Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry. This form is rather common in the woods.

Vitrea indentata umbilicata Cockerell. Abundant everywhere,

Vitrea milium Morse. This species is associated with Z. minuscula,

but is less common in most places.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Abundant in all woods.

Zonitoides nitida Miiller. Apparently a rare species and locally

distributed. I have found it only near Lake View.

Zonitoides minuscula Binney. This species is common in open

woodlands.

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana Dall. Found associated with the

typical form but less common,

Zonitoides singleyana Pilsbry. A species of the open plains.

Zonitoides nummus Vanatta. Found at Lake View and at Blue

Mound, in the woods on each occasion.

Euconulus chersinus trochulus Reinhardt. Found in the wood-

lands with Z. nummus.

Philomycus carolinensis Bosc, Rather common on Blue Mound.

A number of specimens have been taken.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Abundant in wooded and rocky places.

Pyramidula asteriscus Morse. A few specimens have come from

Blue Mound and more from river débris at various places in the

county.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. This species lives in colonies around

the limestone bluffs altogether.

Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pilsbry. One specimen was picked out of

drift from Lecompton; it probably washed there from farther west.

Punctum pygmaeum Draparnaud. Apparently rare, as it has only

been found once, and then in river drift from Lawrence.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Succinea avara Say. Not common.

Succinea grosvenort Lea. Found in colonies in wet places.

Succinea rusticana Gould. Generally distributed, but it has not

been found common.

Succinea stretchiana Bland. This is our common Succinea.

Carychium exile Lea. A colony of this species was found near

the top of Blue Mound.

Helicina occulta Say. Drift specimens have been found at Law-

rence in a situation that would lead one to suspect that it is a

resident.

Lymnea techella Haldeman, Abundant in a drainage ditch south

of Lawrence.

Lymnea columella chalybea Gould. Found in the Whitcomb

greenhouse at Lawrence on the sides of flower-pots.

Lymnea dalli Baker. Found in the greenhouse with LZ. columella

chalybea and also in river drift.

Lymnea elodes Say. One drift specimen is from Lawrence.

Lymnea obrussa Say. Rather common in a watercress spring

west of Lawrence.

Lymnea parva Lea. Only a few specimens from river débris have

been found.

Lymnea reflera Say. This form used to be very common in Lake

View, but the flood of 1903 swept almost all away.

Lymnea reflexa erystalensis Baker. Not common in this county.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lake View and Rock Creek.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Abundant in all ponds.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Lake View.

Planorbis parvus Say. A few specimens were found along the

Kansas River.

Physa anatina Lea.

Physa oleacea Tryon. These two species were identified by

Mr. Bryant Walker. All the specimens of this county seem refer-

able to them.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lea. Found in mud creek commonly.

Amnicola limosa Say. A single dead shell from the Kansas

River.

Campeloma decisum Say.

Campeloma subsolidum Anthony. These two forms live abund-

antly in the Wakarusa Creek, but are easily distinguishable.

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MEXICAN AMNICOLID&.

THE INAUGILUS:

Vou. XXIII. JANUARY, 1910. No. 8

NEW AMNICOLIDE OF THE PANUCO RIVER SYSTEM, MEXICO.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

In the course of Mr. A. A. Hinkley’s expedition to the Panuco

river region in 1907 he found Potamopyrgus coromatus ( Pfr.), Paludes-

trina tampicoensis Pils., Cochliopa riograndensis Pils. & Ferr., and

an Amnicola identified as A. guatemalensis C. & F., but which on

further study turns out to be a new species. Several more forms

are now added by the expedition of 1909, among them a south-

western representative of Somatogyrus and some very handsome

though small species of Cochliopa.

In the works of Crosse and Fischer and of von Martens, the

American spinose Amnicoloids are referred to the genus Amnicola,

in the belief that Potamopyrgus does not occur in America. This

idea is in my opinion wholly erroneous. ‘The American P. coronatus

(Pfr.) has the dentition and the viviparous reproduction of the New

Zealand type of Potamopyrgus. In New Zealand, as in America,

both spinose and smooth forms occur. ‘There is no conchological

difference. No Amnico/a is viviparous, and there is a perceptible if

small difference in the shells, which are more compact and more

solid in Amnicola.

The genus Potamopyrgus occurs also in the Antilles, South

America, West Africa and Tasmania. Perhaps the British Hy-

drobia jenkinsi belongs to this genus. If viviparous it certainly

does; but I have not investigated the species. Like Planorbis,

Viviparus, Lymn@a and some other fresh-water genera, it seems

that Potamopyrgus has a very wide geographic distribution. In

female Potamopyrgus one finds the young shells as in the genus

~—_

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Viviparus. This character serves to differentiate it from Paludes-

trina, which the smooth phase resembles in shell structure.

AMNICOLA CROSSEANA ND. sp. _ PI. ix, fig. 6.

The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, corneous, smooth, the growth-

lines being scarcely visible. Whorls 5, the first very minute, the

rest not very convex; suture but slightly impressed, having a gray

border (by transparence) below. Umbilical region defined by an

angle. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique. Peristome thin, narrowly

olive-edged, represented by an adnate transparent callus on the

parietal wall, which is rather long.

Length 3.1, diam. 2, length of aperture 1.6, width 1.1 mm.

Found only in ponds at La Barra, near Tampico.

This species was taken in considerable numbers. It has some

resemblance to A. guatemalensis Crosse & Fischer (Paludina hyalina

Morelet, not Anton), but on comparing a specimen received from

Morelet it is noticed that guatemalensis has much more convex

whorls anda shorter more rotund aperture. A guatemalensis is very

closely related to A. panamensis Tryon. I doubt whether the two

forms are specifically distinct.

A. crosseana, named for M. Hippolyte Crosse, is distinct from

species of the Texan region by its lengthened shape, rather pointed

apex, the weak convexity of the whorls, the long adnate parietal

callus and the angulation around the umbilical region, With the

milky corneous examples there are many of a brown or russet tint,

probably owing to a thin ferrous incrustation.

Amnicola comalens’s Pils. & Ferr. from Texas described in the

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1906, p. 171, fig. 37, is a much

stouter shell than A. crosseana. In the description the length was

given by error as 3.9 mm. It should have been 2.9 mm.

SoMATOGYRUS MEXICANUS n. sp._ PI. ix, fig. 3.

The shell is perforate, globose, higher than wide, corneous,

smooth, solid but rather thin. Whorls 44, strongly convex, parted

by a deep suture, rather slowly increasing at first, but at the last

whorl very rapidly enlarging. The last whorl is very convex, and

descends more rapidly near the aperture. The aperture is ovate,

subangular above. The outer lip is a little curved forward in the

middle, or in other words, retracted above, thin-edged, The inner

THE NAUTILUS. 99

lip is arcuate below, straightened above, heavily calloused in adults,

especially above, and in contact with the preceding whorl only for a

very short distance. ‘There is a somewhat flattened umbilical area

below the perforation, closely marked with growth-strie, and

bounded by an angle, which is sometimes not very distinct.

Length 5.3, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.1 mm.

Length 5, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.1 mm.

Coy river, on the road to Tampamolon; State of San Luis Potosi.

Types no. 99023 A. N.S. P.

This is the first Somatogyrus from west or southwest of the Mis-

sissippi river system.

CocHLiora COMPACTA n. sp. PI. ix, figs. 4, 5.

The shell is depressed, solid, rimate, pale greenish olive, encircled

with few or many dark olive or blackish lines and narrow bands,

and sometimes a few cream-white bands, Spire convex, very nar-

row when viewed from above. Whorls 34 to nearly 4, the early

ones smooth, the last very wide, rounded, sculptured with low spiral

threads or nearly smooth, descending to the aperture. The aperture

is rotund-ovate, angular above, the outer lip slightly thickened,

columellar and parietal margins thick. The umbilical area behind

the columellar lip in fully adult shells is white and wide, the basal

rimation either long or rather short.

Alt. 2, diam. 3.9 mm.

Choy river at the cave, south of Las Palmas, State of San Luis

Potosi, Mexico.

This species is closely related to C. picta, differing by the larger

aperture, compressed and generally closed umbilical region, and the

peculiar area behind the columellar lip of adult shells. It was taken

in considerable quantity.

The figures represent one of the most common color-forms. Other

examples have lines and bands over the base also; and in some these

markings are reduced to a few wide bands.

CoOcHLIOPA RIOGRANDENSIS Pils. & Ferr.

Valles river at Valles and Willis’s ranch; Ganina river near

Rascon. It isan abundant and variable species. In some examples

the last whorl becomes free at the aperture, reminding one of the

small shell described as Valvata micra. That species may prove to

be a Cochliopa.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

CocHLIOPA PICTA n. sp. PI. ix, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is depressed, solid, narrowly umbilicate, there being a

minute perforation and a curved, semicircular rimation where it

enlarges at the last whorl; inner whorls pale olivaceous-corneous,

the last encircled with many dark olive spiral lines and bands, which

are almost imperceptibly raised. The spire is convex, and narrow

viewed from above, the last whorl being very wide. Whorls 33, the

last rounded, indistinctly plicate radially around the umbilicus. The

aperture is rounded-ovate, angular above; outer lip thin; columellar

lip rather heavily calloused; parietal wall short, calloused. Alt.

2.1, diam. 3.7 mm.

Coy river, near the ford on road to Tampamolon, State of San

Luis Potosi, Mexico. A few smaller specimens were taken in the

Ganina river near Rascon.

This species differs from C. riograndensis by its much smaller

umbilicus, opening out only at the last half whorl, The spire is also

more depressed. Many specimens were taken.

RECTIFICATION OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE NUDIBRANCHIATA

IN LERMOND’S ‘‘SHELLS OF MAINE.”

BY FRANCIS N. BALCH.

A meritorious attempt by Norman Wallace Lermond to list the

mollusca of Maine has recently appeared under the title indicated

above, and has been noticed in a recent number of the NavuTILus.

Considering the confused state of our knowledge (or rather ignor-

ance, for knowledge we have little) of the Nudibranchs, it is scarcely

a reflection on Mr. Lermond that his list of this most interesting but

neglected group reflects the state of knowledge of nearly forty years

ago. It isa painful admission that the additions to our knowledge

since that time have been few and scattering, but such as they are

they should be recognized; and Mr. Lermond’s list, otherwise of

considerable use as almost the only recent list of Nudibranchs from

the northeast coast, might do mischief if allowed to stand uncor-

rected in this particular—hence the following remarks.

Aeolis purpurea Stimps. in all probability is Cratena pustulata

(A. & H.), as Bergh believed, and should be written accordingly,

though with a query.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Aeolis stellata Stimps. is a Coryphella only very doubtfully dis-

tinct from the same author’s mananensis, which in turn is either a

synonym or a variety of Johnston’s rufibranchialis—see a recent

article by me in the NavuTILus.

Eolis (Cavolina) salmonacea Couth. (now universally but perhaps

erroneously treated as a Coryphella) although omitted from this list,

has been reported by Verrill from Eastport. But what Verrill

understood that species to be no one can say except that it certainly

was not the same as what European authors understand. But then,

what European authors understand is just as certainly not what

Couthouy meant! The fact is the true salmonacea is entirely enig-

matical. However it should appear in the list.

Dendronotus arborescens Miiller should be D. frondosus ( Ascanius)

—this change has been universally adopted.

remark as last.

Issa lacera should be credited to (Abildgaard) instead of (Muller).

Doris bifida Verrill (entered twice in the list, once as a variety

of Acanthodoris pilosa and once as a variety of A. stellata), Doris

stellata Gmelin and Acanthodoris citrina Verrill, are all synonyms

of Acanthodorts pilosa (Abildgaard); while D. ornata Verrill is at

most a variety.

It is extremely doubtful whether Lamellidoris diaphana (A. &

H.) really occurs on our coast. The common Maine form I believe

to be L. aspera, mentioned below. However it correctly appears in

this check list.

Probably nothing can be done with Lamellidoris tenella and L.

grisea but to retain them as Mr, Lermond has done, though they are

practically nomina nuda.

Ancula sulphurea Stimps. is a variety of A. cristata (Alder).

With regard to /daliella pallida (Ag.) Gould, several errors ap-

pear to have crept in. No Jdaliella occurs in Maine so far as I am

aware. The only eastern American members of the sub-genus

known, I think, are pulchella A. & H., found at Salem, Mass., in

1879, by Emerton, and modesta Verrill from Vineyard Sound and

vicinity. There is, however, a Lamellidoris pallida of Ag. the dis-

tribution of which is such as Mr. Lermond’s list gives, and of which

Proctaporia fusca Stimps. is a synonym as given. The citation in

synonymy of Amoeroecium pallidum Verrill 1873, is, of course, in-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

advertence. Amoeroecium isa genus of compound Ascidians. Ver-

rill, in his Rep. on Invert, of Vin. Sound, 1878, notices (on different

pages) both Amoeroectum pallidum and Onchidoris pallida which

latter is of course what Mr. Lermond intended to cite.

Pallida is, however, a synonym of Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.).

The entry, therefore, should stand as Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.)

with Proctaporia fusca Stimps. 1860, Doris pallida Ag. 1849, and

Onchidoris pallida ‘ Verrill,”’ Verrill 1870 and 1873, in synonymy.

Lamellidoris muricatus should be written muricata.

Palio lessont should be written lessonit.

UNIONIDE FROM SOUTHEASTERN ARKANSAS AND N. E. LOUISIANA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Mr. Clarence B. Moore collected the following species of Unionidae

while on an archaeological expedition during the winter of 1908-09.

Quadrula ebena Lea was everywhere the most abundant species,

Dr. Pilsbry agrees with me in considering Unio dombeyana Val. in

Humboldt et Bonpland, Ree. Obs. Zool., 1833, Vol. 2. p. 227, pl.

53, f. 1, a valid variety of Quadrula heros Say, instead of a synonym

of Q. trapezoides Lea.

The originally varietal name obesa Simps. is used instead of

Tritogonia tuberculata Bar. as the name tuberculata is preoccupied in

Quadrula. Unio tuberculatus Barnes was grouped with U. apiculatus

(now referred to the genus Quadrula) by Pilsbry in 1891 (NaAv-

TiLus V, p. 76); a position confirmed by Dr. H. von Ihering in

1901 (Nautitus XV, p. 39), and by Dr. Arnold Ortmann this |

year. (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 1909, Vol. 5, p. 193.) |

All the specimens of Quadrula trapezoides, pyramidata, ebena,

obesa and Plagiola securis were smaller than the usual size.

I. Pyles Landing, Ouachita River, Calhoun Co., Arkansas.

Obovaria castanea Lea and Anodonta opaca Lea.

II. Near Pigeon Hill, Ouachita River, Union Co., Arkansas.

Obovaria castanea Lea. Quadrula plicata Say.

“elegans Lea. “< metanevra Raf.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Quadrula spharica Lea. Quadrula pyramidata Lea.

“ nodifera Conr. ‘ — ebenus Lea.

‘ trigona Lea.

III. Caryville Landing, Ouachita River, Union Co., Arkansas,

Lampsilis hydianus Lea. Quadrula perplicuta Conr.

“ Ligamentinus gibbus ‘« heros dombeyana Val.

Simps. “ metanevra Raf.

Obovaria castanea Lea. “ trigona Lea.

Unio gibbosus Bar. “ ebena Lea.

IV. Seven Pine Landing, Bayou Bartholomew, Morehouse Par-

ish, Louisiana. Quadrula trapezoides Lea.

V. Alabama Landing, Ouachita River near the mouth of Basche

La Pierre Creek, Union Parish, Louisiana, 12 miles in a straight

line above Ouachita, Louisiana.

Lampsilis ventricosus satur Lea. Quadrula perplicata Conr.

“ fallaciosus (Sm.) ‘« cylindrica Say.

Simps. “ obesa Simps.

Plagiola securis Lea. ‘ pyramidata Lea.

Unio gibbosus Bar. “¢ ebena Lea.

VI. 15 miles below Monroe, Ouachita River, Ouachita Parish,

Louisiana.

Lampsilis ventricosus satur Lea. Quadrula asperrima Lea.

Quadrula perplicata Contr. ‘« nodifera Conr.

‘* trapezoides Lea. ‘< pyramidata Lea.

VII. White Oak Landing, Boeuf River, Franklin Parish, Louisiana.

Lampsilis hydianus Lea. Quadrula trapezoides Lea.

‘¢ anodontoides Lea. ‘¢ asperrima Lea.

Quadrula heros dombeyana Val.

VIII. Ouachita River, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.

Quadrula heros dombeyana Val. Quadrula ebena Lea.

‘¢ asperrima Lea.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

IX. Black River, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.

Lampsilis fallaciosus (Sm.) Quadrula heros dombeyana Val.

Simps. ‘* trapezotdes Lea.

Obliquaria reflexa Raf.

VALVATIDAE OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICA,

BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.

While preparing a paper on the tertiary fresh-water fossils of

Western North America it became necessary to go over the litera-

ture and examine all the Valvatidae available. This included speci-

mens from the type localities of V. utahensis and V. virens and part

of the original lot from which V. humeralis californica was described.

There is therefore no doubtas to the authenticity of the determinations.

Two new fossil species have turned up in the Upper Lahontan

(Quartenary) of Nevada and Southern Oregon, descriptions of

which are given here. Ina paper on fresh-water fossils now in

progress, all the species will be figured together for comparison.

On account of the complex and unsatisfactory nature of a key the

following table has been devised :

Broadly Narrowly

umbilicate. umbilicate.

V. whitei. V. humeralis. V. calls. V. virens. V. utahensis. |

Spire barely | Rather low. Very low to Moderately High.

raised above very high. high.

body whorl.

Smooth. Smooth. |Smooth, carinate,| Fine growth Smooth.

or marked by striae.

spiral striae.

Whorls rounded} Somewhat Rounded or Rounded. Somewhat

beneath. flattened. carinate. angular.

2 Blue-green ? Light to Pellucid.

or brown. dark green.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

V. lewisii Currier and V. sincera Say have been reported from

west of the Rocky Mountains, but it is probable that all the speci-

mens will prove to be V. humeralis. This is a somewhat variable

and badly misunderstood species. It is apparently widely dis-

tributed over all the Pacific slope.

With the exception of V. humeralis all the species are abundant

wherever they occur, but they are sporadic. This species is also

sporadic but seldom occurs in large numbers.

VALVATA HUMERALIS Say.

Valvata humeralis Say. New Harm. Diss., I], 1829, p. 244.

Mexico.

Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry. Naut., XXII, 1908, p.

82. Bear Lake, Cal.

Small, smooth, brown or blue-green, spire variable but always low,

umbilicus moderately broad, sutures slightly impressed. Character-

ized by a noticeable flattening about the umbilicus.

The barely matured specimens from Bear Lake do not show this

character as noticeably as others in the writer’s collection. This

species has been identified by west coast conchologists as V. virens,

V. lewisii, and V. sincera. The latter two can be easily eliminated

but the specimens from several of the localities given with a question

mark under V. virens may on re-examination prove to be V. humeralis.

Not known as fossil.

DISTRIBUTION.?

Mexico.

California.

* Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mts. (Berry).

* Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts. (Berry).

* Soap Lake, San Benito Valley (Hannibal).

* Pond, Likely, South Pitt Valley (Hannibal).

Slough, De Witte, Honey Lake Valley (Hannibal).

Oregon.

* Upper Klamath Lake (Hannibal),

Washington.

Lake Washington, Seattle (Randolph).

1* Seen by writer.

? Identification doubted.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Idaho.

Near Franklin (Hemphill).

Utah.

Near Salt Lake City (Yarrow and Hemphill).

VALVATA VIRENS Tryon.

Valvata virens Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 18638, p.

148, pl. 1, fig. 11.

Spire moderately elevated, whorls rounded, umbilicus rather nar-

row, sutures moderately deep, shell marked by fine transverse striae,

light green to deep green color.

It has been the custom to refer any western American Valvata of

a green color or with an elevated spire to V. virens. The writer

does not know of its authentic occurrence north of Clear Lake.

Call’s Great Basin specimens are V. calli. References to living

specimens from northeastern California and southeastern Oregon are

probably V. humeralis.

California.

* Clear Lake (Tryon, Cooper, Hemphill).

Alameda Co. (Cooper).

Antioch (Carlton).

* Pond near Watsonville (Laws, Hannibal).

? Willow Creek, Lassen Co. (McGregor).

Oregon.

? Grant’s Lake (Cooper).

British Columbia.

? Nanaimo, Vancouver Is. (Dall).

? Lake Laggan, Rocky Mts. (Taylor).

Fossil: Santa Clara Beds (Pliocene).

Gelrich’s coal mine, Santa Cruz Mts., Cal. (Cooper).

* Galabazos Canon, Santa Cruz Mts. (Hannibal).

Kettleman Beds: 10 miles east of Tulare Lake, west border of

Kettleman Plains (Watts).

VALVATA UTAHENSIS Call.

Valvata sincera var. utahensis Call, Bull. 11, U. S. Geol. Sur.,

1884, p. 44, pl. vi, fig. 1-3.

THE NAUTILUS. . ) OF

Characterized by its tabulated whorls, well elevated spire, and

very narrow umbilicus, sutures moderately deep; lip slightly diag-

onal, usually angular below. Shell smooth, pellucid.

This species is known only from near the type locality. It re-

minds one of V. piseinalis of Europe.

Utah.

* Lehi, Utah Lake, near head of Jordan River (Call).

Fossil: Semifossil, Bonneville Basin, Utah (Call.)

VALVATA CALLI D. sp.

Valvata virens Call, Bull. 11, U. S. Geol. Sur., 1884, p. 21 (in

part).

Shell varying from a high spire as in V. vtvens to a very low spire

as in V. lewisit; sculpture, smooth, carinate tricarinate or marked

by numerous spiral striae. Umbilicus rather narrow; whorls rounded

in smooth or striate forms angular in carinate forms. Sutures deeply

impressed in high forms, slightly in low. Type tricarinate with

moderately elevated spire.

Measurements: Type, alt. 4.5 mm., diam. 5.5 mm., diam. of

aperture 2 mm.; fluttened specimen, alt. 4 mm., diam. 6 mm., diam.

of aperture 2 mm., Marl, Upper Lahontan Quariernary, near Sum-

mer Lake, Ore. (F. M. Anderson).

Also from ‘** Central Nevada, near R. R.,’? named in honor of the

late Robert Ellsworth Call.

VALVATA WHITEI n. 8p.

Spire depressed, barely raised above outer whorl, broadly umbili-

cate two whorls visible beneath; shell rather thick, smooth, marked

by very faint growth lines; sutures very slightly impressed, whorls

round.

Measurements: Alt. 2.5 mm., diam. 6 mm., diam. of aperture 2.5

mm., Marl., Upper Lahontan, Quarternary, near Summer Lake,

Oregon (F. M. Anderson).

This species resembles a very large specimen of V. humeralis, but

the umbilicus is much broader in specimens of a corresponding size.

The species also has a much thicker shell.

Named in honor of the late Dr. C. A. White.

Stanford University, Cal.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

AN APPARENTLY NEW SLUG FROM THE RIVER NILE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The slug here described was kindly placed in my hands for deter-

mination by Professor H. M. Gwatkin, of Cambridge, England.

Veronicella nilotica, n. sp.

Length 43 mm., breadth 114; unusually narrow and parallel-

sided; sole narrow, its width about 4 mm., with 16 transverse

grooves (not counting the lesser ones between each pair of strong

ones) in 5 mm. of length; female generative orifice 11 mm. from

sole and 2% from lateral margin, its distance from head about 274

mm. Upper surface finely and densely tuberculate, some of the

tubercles a little larger and more prominent than the others; hy-

ponotum finely and more obscurely tuberculate. Color above (in

alcohol) pale ochreous densely mottled with dark grey. the two colors

about equal in amount; there is a faintly indicated pale dorsal band,

on each side of which the dark mottling is heaviest ; on each side at

about 2 mm. from the margin, there is a very faint suggestion of a

dusky stripe. The underside is pallid, with a dusky suffusion toward

the sides of the hyponotum. Upper tentacles dark blue-grey. Stomach

not covered by the liver, but rather broadly exposed ; course and

form of the intestine quite normal, the last loop traversing a little

less than a semicircle; filiform glands extremely long (20 mm.),

twisted right round the gut, the fully developed ones only five in

number, but several other short ones at the base of the bundle.

The sole does not project beyond the end of the body. An appar-

ently distinct species, best known by its narrow form and very long

filiform glands. It extends the distribution of the genus about fifteen

degrees north in Eastern Africa.

Collected by the Nile, above Khartoum, by Mr. Harold H. King,

of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum.

NOTES.

Errata.—* Land Mollusca of Aldabra,” in the October number.

Line 4, ‘‘ Conoro”’ is a typographical error for “‘ Comoro.”” Quota-

tion marks should be placed at the beginning of the sentence of line

7, also of each succeeding paragraph and the finish of article.—

MAXWELL SMITH.

Ba a)

’ Bian

» DAR =

PEARE XS

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII

ANODONTA DAKOTA FRIERSON.

THE INA IEL US:

Vou. XXITI. FEBRUARY, 1910. No. 9

A COLLECTING EXCURSION NORTH OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE

COLORADO.

In August last Messrs. J. H. Ferriss and L. E. Daniels set out to

extend the work begun by Ferriss and Pilsbry in 1906. From

Bass’ Camp they crossed the Grand Canyon of the Colorado; scaled

the northern rim, explored and collected in the Kaibab and Kanab

plateaux, finally reaching Kanab, in southwestern Utah. Beyond

the Grand Canyon, where we had worked in 1906, this was all a

virgin field conchologically. An account of their journey is here

extracted from a letter received from Mr. Ferriss.

Friend Pilsbry :

The Arizona expedition of 1909 is in the offing, to use a nautical

term. We felt worried until your letter was found at the end of the

trip. There was some danger of getting lost in the desert in an

effort to find us. A settler with a team from Mt. ‘Trumbull a day

ahead of us was three days without water and just about all in when

he reached the Pipe Springs. We supposed you would come the

back-door route by Salt Lake so that in coming or going you would

pick up the Oreohelix found by Hemphill.

Unexpectedly we made the trip to Mt. Trumbull via Fredonia,

Arizona and Kanab, Utah, and thus found the guide we had picked

out watching for you. Ona side trip I went up to the lakes in the

mouth of caves along the Kanab Wash north of these villages, and

from what I saw and heard it will be an interesting conchological

trip along the mountains all the way to Salt Lake. It was at these

eave lakes that I found Succinea hawkinsi of British Columbia.

We heard of Oreohelix with a long nose but did not find them.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

There must be a difference in the anatomy of different lots of Sue-

cinea avara sent in. We found it plentiful on the ant hills in the

Antelope valley, a desert as dry as the St. Simon valley. Again

on the hottest and dryest of mountain rock at the Hurricane Fault.

Still again we found it with Oreohelix at the Big Springs in the

Kaibab Mountains living in as moist a situation as we find Polygyra

multilineata. ‘These were of a different color, larger and more cor-

pulent.

After this I hope to go into strange countries with U.S. Geologi-

cal folios in addition to the contour maps, for the whole Mt. Trum-

bull country was of lava formation, barren of shells except the small

truck. We need limestone and shelter in our business. ‘The Hurri-

cane Fault had lime but no shelter and was equally as barren. - This

Trumbull side-trip took half of our time and cost a lot of money, but

we enjoyed it. We love the Mormons, at least their cooking, and I

am now physically perfect until next August.

I will send you a map marking our collecting stations. There

were 118 of these. Oreohelix was found at perhaps 100 stations and

80 of these are unlike any other colony in color, size or architecture,

while each colony is reasonably uniform individually. We had a

theory when we left the Two Springs canyon that the shells were

small and dark in the higher altitudes and that they grew larger in

a regular ratio as we passed to the lower levels, but in the Warm

Springs Canyon the shells were largest at the upper stations and

smaller at the lower. In the Snake Gulch they were smallest at the

midway stations, and in Quaking Asp canyon it was a skip about

between large and small. At Castle Springs, heavily shaded and in

elderberry bushes, we found the largest. At Big Springs, facing

the sun, moisture abundant, they were small with many albinos.

Thus as to elevation, shade, moisture, soil or food we have no theory

except like old-time chickens they may just happen to be large,

small and. middling, ring-banded, streaked or speckled. Our largest

measured 30 mm. diam. and our smallest 8 mm. In the Huachucas

the colonies of Oreohelix are of mixed forms, but the Kaibab shells

are of one kind in each colony, with occasional albinos. Some of

the colonies apparently divided their rock slide territory into families,

designated by size or color. In one instance passing around the

point of a rock, less than one hundred feet, and good traveling for

snails, the colony on one side was as large again in size as those upon

THE NAOTILUS. 111

the opposite side. Our prettiest shells are pure white with a green,

transparent band, like Clapp’s Maine find of Helix hortensis.

The Sonorellas were in small colonies and hard to dig. We did

not find any after leaving the north rim of the Grand Canyon and

the Kaibab-Powell Saddle, Powell and Kaibab plateaus are fairly

level and I have never seen anything more beautiful in timber land-

scapes. Powell is covered with a heavy growth of large yellow pine.

In the Kaibab plateau or mountains, better known in Arizona as

Buckskin Mountains, blue spruce and quaking aspen with the pine

lend variety to the scenery. No landscape artist in Fairmount Park

could manage the grouping better than we saw it in a day and a half

journey by donkey, down the Snake Gulch (known as Shinamo

Canyon on the U. S. maps.)

We camped with E. W. Nelson and C. Birdsi of the biological

survey of the U. S. Agricultural Department at Mt. Trumbull. Here

we learned that the tufted-eared squirrel of the Kaibabs was

Seturus alberti var. kaibabensis. It is tiie largest American squirrel,

black as silk with a white tail. A chattering chickaree is black

throughout, and there are four chipmunks and a blue grouse. Deer

were about as common as cattle, and as tame, for the Kaibabs are in

a game preserve. The plains about Trumbull are populated with

wild horses and these are common game, to be had for the catching.

Again I visited tie Grotto [on White Creek, a branch of the

Grand Canyon] and took more of the maidenhair fern. It seems to

be a new species, and it so happens ] am working at that group.

The Grotto and creek have been filling up with gravel since you and

I were there together. They are quite changed since our visit three

years ago. From the Grotto, White creek keeps to the north and

Muav to the west ; heading in the saddle between Kaibab and Powell

plateaus. So when you and I slept by the fire and found the colony

of Sonorellas we were in the Muav Wash and more than half way

to the north rim of the Grand Canyon. About a mile above our

sleeping place, there is a fine trout stream (without fish) and cliffs

a thousand feet high, with Sonorellas.

There were no mice this time at our old thousand-mouse camp on

Shinamo creek." We saw but two on the whole trip. Thus John

had a fine orchard with leaves on the trees this time, also melons,

sweet potatoes and common things in plenty. Their asbestos mine

1On the north side of the Grand Canyon, near the river.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

is very promising but it is a long road to consumption for the copper.

We found a half million dollar copper smelter in the Kaibabs and a

saw mill, but only two men in the mountains besides the foresters,

and these were at the sawmill. They hada wagon road to Fredonia.

In fact you can wagon from the top of the Kaibab saddle to Fredonia

or most any other place in that region. An auto was driven

through from Salt Lake while we were there to Bright Angel, on

the north side of the canyon across from the hotel. But from Bass

Station to Trumbull, 125 miles, there will be no inhabitants through

the winter, except Bass and John working out assessments on new

mines.

Yours Truly,

JAS. H. Ferriss.

A NEW VARIETY OF LYMNAEA STAGNALIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

LYMN2ZA STAGNALIS LILLIAN var. nov.

Lymnea stagnalis var., DanieLs, Nautitus XXII, p. 120

(1909).

Lymnea stagnalis var., WALKER, Ann. Rep. Mich. Geol. Surv.,

1908, 289, figure 63, No. 1 (1909):

Shell elongate-ovate, with short spire and elongated, narrow aper-

ture, which is typically longer than the spire; whorls flattened,

elongated, very flat-sided and sloping, especially the body whorl

which is cylindrical; spire sharply acuminated; whorls 54 to 6;

body whorl elongated, flattened, roundly shouldered ; aperture long

and narrow, slightly expanded; axis strongly gyrate; umbilical

region with a very minute, narrow chink; sculpture and nuclear

whorls as in stagnalis appressa.

Length, 42.06; width, 22.00; aperture length, 26.00; width,

13.00 mill.

Length, 40.00; width, 19.50; aperture length, 23.50; width,

11.75 mill.

Length, 39.00; width, 20.00; aperture length, 24.50; width,

11.00 mill.

Length, 87.50; width, 19.50; aperture length, 23.75; width,

12.00 mill.

Length, 40.00; width, 19.00; aperture length, 23.25; width,

11.50 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Length, 28.00; width, 13.00; aperture length, 17.50; width

8.50 mill. ‘

Types: Chicago Academy of Sciences, five specimens, No. 24594.

Type Locality: Tomahawk Lake, Oneida County, Wisconsin.

Range: Michigan and Wisconsin north of the 45th parallel of

north latitude:

Records.— Michigan: Isle Royale; various localities. (Adams;

Gleason ; Walker).

Wisconsin: Quynoch Point, Eagle Bay, and other portions of

Tomahawk Lake, Oneida County (Baker).

Ecology: L. s. lilliane is typically an inhabitant of sandy shores,

in shallow water, where it is subjected to heavy wave action, only

once was a specimen found in a still-water habitat, and this instance

was undoubtedly caused by drifting from its normal habitat. When

any number of specimens were found, the habitat was invariably an

exposed beach. Associated with diliian@ were Galba emarginata

and Flanorbis binneyi. Individuals were observed crawling over

the sandy beach or attached to water-soaked logs or other shore

debris.

The animal of this race exhibits two color phases, one bright yel-

low and the other black or grayish-black. No cause for this color

dimorphism was apparent. It is not protective as both forms occupy

the same area of white sandy beach.

(To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANODONTA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

ANODONTA DAKOTA, n. sp. Plate X.

Shell elliptically rounded before (slightly cut away below) dorsal

line nearly straiglit, base slightly curved. Posterior nearly straight,

making the shell trapezoidal in outline. Epidermis straw yellow,

with dark bands marking the rest periods.

Umbonal ridge angular, beaks not high, with double loop sculp-

ture, as in Ano. grandis, Say.

Umbos inflated, greatest diameter of shell about 3 from beak to

base.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Length, 3; height, 1.8; diameter 1.6 (inches).

Length 76, height 51, diameter 40 mm.

Found by Mr. W. H. Over, at Ulvers Point, Clear Lake, Deuel

Co., South Dakota, July 1, 1909.

To launch a new Anodonta is a perilous undertaking, but in this

instance the novelty of the form is unmistakable. The beaks ally

the shell, of course, to Anodonta grandis, Say. It is nearest to

that form called by Mr. Anthony A. subgibbosa (and especially to

the figure of this species shown in the Conchologia Iconica, which is

much more characteristic than the figure in the American Journal

of Conchology). From any form of Ano. grandis it differs in being

more cylindrical, 7. e., in lacking the swelling “ amidship ” so often

shown by A. grandis; in being rayless (so far as known), but especi-

ally by having its posterior point not elevated above the basal line,

and by the marked truncation posteriorly, which truncation is as

marked as in Morgaritana morginata Say, and the straight posterior,

and the resulting quadrilateral aspect of the shell. It is more

quadrate than Anodonta doliaris, Lea. The lack of any obl/quity is

remarkable. Mr. Over also sent me from the same lake examples

of Anodonta grandis, Say, and the facies of our species was strik-

ingly dissimilar.

A NEW SYSTEM OF THE UNIONIDAE.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN, CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.

Since October, ’09 the present writer has been engaged in the

study of the anatomy of the soft parts of the Unionide of Pennsyl-

vania, collected during the last four years. The material at hand

being very rich, it was possible to make out the structure of most of

our species, and the results obtained are rather satisfactory, and are

apt to furnish new principles for the systematic arrangement of the

species.

Simpson (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 22, ’00). in his system, has indi-

cated some of the essential principles of classification, in fact, the first

pointed out the most important feature, the shape of the marsupium,

Yet this system must be changed considerably, if it is to represent

the natural affinities. This is due chiefly to the fact, that Simpson.

on the one hand, had rather insufficient material, and on the other,

that he did not go into microscopic detail.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Some corrections of Simpson’s system have been advocated by

Sterki (Amer. Naturalist 37, ’03 p. 103 ff.), and, generally, I find

that these are well supported. Yet there are other differentiations

in structure, which have been overlooked hitherto, and which are of

prime systematic value.

The most important (and gratifying) result of my investigations is,

that the gills or parts of gills, which serve as marsupium during the

breeding season, are permanently differentiated in their anatomical

structure from those gills (or parts of gills), which never serve as mar-

supium. Thus it is possible to recognize the type of marsupium of

any species, if only sterile females are at hand.

My investigation will be published in full in the Memoirs of the

Carnegie Museum,” amply illustrated by figures of the structures

discussed. Although I am not quite done yet, and although I hope

to secure additional material next summer, I think it advisable to

publish my preliminary results as soon as possible, in order to direct

the attention of the collectors to those genera, which I have not

been able to investigate. It would be desirable for anybody, who

intends to collect Unionide@ next summer, to make up his mind from

the beginning, that shells without the soft parts are not the thing

that is wanted, but that the soft parts, at least of some specimens,

should always be preserved in alcohol.

The family Unionida, in Simpson’s sense (1. ¢., p. 514, 515, 516),

is accepted. Simpson divides it into two subfamilies, of which one,

Hyriine (= Hyriane Swains., Simpson, pp. 515 and 806), is extra-

limital, and which cannot be discussed at present. The other is the

Unionine Swains. All our North American forms belong to the

latter. But I think they should be divided into four groups, which

I would designate as subfamilies. Thus, disregarding the Hyriine,

the Unionide@ are divided into four subfamilies, as shown below.

In the following I shall give a systematic arrangement of the

Pennsylvanian species. Of the characters, I have given the most

important ones of the soft parts for the subfamilies, and for the

genera where necessary. It is not my intention to go into any de-

tail, since further investigations may possibly necessitate minor

changes in the arrangement of the genera. Some notes are ap-

pended at the end, in order to explain the most striking changes

introduced here.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

1. Subfamily: MarGARITANINZ.

Gills without well-defined water tubes; connections of the two

lamine by irregularly scattered prominences, but not by septa.

(This is a most remarkable character, in which Margaritana differs

from all other genera.) Supra-anal opening not separated from the

anal opening. Diaphragm (posterior part of gills, separating anal

and branchial openings) of peculiar shape: ‘Me outer lamina of the

outer gill ts free from the mantle for a considerable distance. Inner

lamina of inner gills free from the abdominal sac. No papillz on

edge of mantle in front of branchial opening. (Marsupium and glo-

chidia unknown to the writer.)

Genus and species: Margaritana margaritifera (L.).

2. Subfamily: UNIonina&.

Gills with rather well-defined water tubes, the latter formed by

septa, which run the whole width of the gill, parallel to the gill-

filaments. Supra-anal opening not separated or (generally) separ-

ated from the anal, the closed part rather short. Diaphragm normal

(z. e., outer lamina of outer gills connected with the mantle to their

posterior end), Inner lamina of inner gills always free from abdom-

inal sac. No papilla on mantle edge in front of branchial opening.

Marsupium formed by both gills or only by the outer gill; edye of mar-

supium always sharp (not distending). Water tubes not divided in

the gravid female. Glochidia semioval or semicircular, without

spine. :

1. Genus: Quadrula (Raf.) Ag. (restr.). Both gills (inner and

outer) serving as marsupium.

Species: subrotunda (Lea) [and var. kirtlandiana (Lea) |—

rubiginosa (Lea) [and var. trigona (Lea) ]—pus-

tulosa (Lea)—metanerra (Raf.)—cylindrica (Say)

—tritogonia (Ortm )'—undulata (Barn.).

2. Genus: Rotundaria Raf. (as subgenus). Outer gills only serv-

ing as marsupium. Supra-anal opening not sep-

arated from the anal. Also with peculiar shell

characters.

1 Quadrula tritogonia Ortm. — Tritogonia tuberculata (Barn.) of Simpson.

The nomenclature of this species remains to be settled. Since Qu. tuberculata

(Raf.) is now removed from the genus Quadrula, the specific name tuberculata

might become available. Qu. lachrymosa (Lea) probably is also a true

Quadrula.

THE NAUTILUS. ey.

Species: tuberculata Raf.

3. Genus: Pleurobema (Raf.) Ag. (enlarged). Outer gills serv-

ing. as marsupium. Supra-anal separated from the

anal.

Species: cooperiana (Lea)'—cesopus (Green).

obliqua (Lam.) [including the form pyramidata .

(Lea) and the var. coceinea (Conr.).’

clava (Lam.).

4. Genus: Unio Retz.°

Species: crassidens (Lam.)—gibbosus (Barn.)—complanatus

(Dillw.)—productus (Conr.) (Fulton Co., Pa.).

3. Subfamily: ANODONTIN2.

Water-tubes similar to those of the Untonine, only less regular at

base of gills, chiefly so in the male. Supra-anal opening well sep-

arated from tlie anal; sometimes the connection of the mantle mar-

gins is very long, Diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills

generally free from the abdominal sac, sometimes with the tendency

to become connected with it, or entirely connected. No papillze on

mantle edge’in front of branchial opening. Marsupium formed by

the outer gills; edge of marsupium, when charged, distending, the

thickened tissue forming the edge stretching out in a direction trans-

versal to the gills, but not bulging out beyond the edge of the gill (or

only slightly so), Water-tubes in the gravid female dévided longi-

tudinally into three tubes, one lying toward each face of the gill, the

third in the middle; only the latter contains eggs or embryos, and

is much larger than the outer tubes. This division into three parts

is not present in the sterile female. Glochidia subtriangular, with

one spine at the tip.

1. Genus: Alasmidonta Say.‘

1 Pleurobema cooperiana (Lea) = Qu. cooperiana of Simpson) surely groups

with Pl. zsopus.

2 Pl. obliqua, pyramidata [and also plena (Lea)] form a natural group by

themselves, and probably are one and the same species. PP. pyramidata is only

an extreme variation of P. obliqua, with which it occurs, while coccinea is a

good ecological variety, which, however, runs into obligua at certain localities.

>The characters of the soft parts of Unio are practically identical with those

of Pleurobema. A distinction is possible only by shell characters.

4The genera of the Anodontine are distinguished chiefly by shell characters,

but it seems as if Alasmidonta and Strophitus are more closely allied to each

other, and then again Symphynota, Anodontoides and Anodonta.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Species: heterodon (Lea)—marginata (Say) [and var. varicosa

(Lam.) ]—undulata (Say).'

2. Genus: Strophitus Raf.”

Species: undulatus (Say) [= edentulus (Say)].

3. Genus: Symphynota Lea.

Species: compressa (Lea)—viridis (Conr.)

costata (Raf.)—complanata (Barn.).

4. Genus: Anodontotdes Simps.

Species : ferussacianus (Lea) (and var. subcylindraceus (Lea).

do. Genus: Anodonta Brug.

Species: cataracta Say.—grandis Say (with several varieties)

imbecillis (Say.)*

4. Subfamily: LAmpsILiIn&.

Water tubes similar to those of the Unionine. Supra-anal opening

separated from the anal, rarely entirely closed. Diaphragm normal.

Inner lamina of inner gills rarely more or less free from abdominal

sac, generally entirely connected with it. Mantle edge in front of

branchial opening crenulated, papillose, or with a peculiar flap.

Marsupium formed by the outer gill, or (mostly) by the posterior part

of the outer gill (sometimes only a section of the latter is used for

the marsupium). Edge of marsupium, when churged, rounded,

distended and bulging out beyond the ends of the branchial filaments.

Water tubes in the gravid female simple. Glochidia generally of the

type of the Unioning, rarely different, and rectangular with two spines.

1. Genus: Ptychobranchus Simps. *

Species : phaseolus (Hildr.)

' Alasmid. heterodon stands by itself, while marginata and undulata are more

closely related.

*The marsupium of Strophitus is very peculiar and complex, and cannot be

explained in a few words and without figures. The discharge of the “pla-

cent” (‘‘ovisacs” of Simpson) is mot through the walls of the gills, as Simp-

son indicates (1. c., p. 616),

3 Symphynota compressa and viridis are hermaphrodites !

* As already Sterki has shown, Anodonta imbecillis is a hermaphrodite, which

Iam able to confirm. I know another species of Anodonta, from Texas, which

is also hermaphroditic ; it groups with imbecillis, and belongs possibly under

A. henryana Lea (or may be a new species).

5The peculiar character of the marsupium of Ptychobranchus is well

known; this form reveals what is essential in the Lampsilis-type of marsupium.

The genus Cyprogenia Ag., which I had no chance to investigate, very likely

should follow after Ptychobranchus.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

2. Genera: Obliquaria (Raf.) Simps.—Plagiola (Raf.) Ag.—

Obovaria (Raf.)?

Species: Obliquaria reflera Raf.

Plagiola securis (Lea)—elegans (Lea).

Obovaria retusa (Lam.)—cireulus (Lea)—ellipsis

(Lea).

Obovaria ligamentina (Lam,)?

3. Genus: Proptera Raf. *

Species : gracilis (Barn.)—alata (Say.

4. Genus: Carunculina Simps. (subgen.)

Species: parva (Barn.) *

5. Genus: Micromya (Ag.) Simps.

Species: fabalis (Lea.)*

6. Genus . Lampsilis Raf. (restr. )§

Species : ¢ris (Lea)—nasuta (San)—recta (Lam.)'

luteola (Lam.)—radiata(Gmel.)—orbiculata (Hildr.)*

1These three genera are practically identical with regard to their anatomy,

only Obliquaria is distinguished by the marsupium consisting only of a few

ovisacs. They may be distinguished by shell characters, which, however, are

hard to define. All the species enumerated here are characterized by the

absence of papille or flaps on the mantle edge in front of the branchial opening,

A final arrangement of the genera must be left for the future.

? Obovaria ligamentina — Lampsilis ligamentina. This species undoubtedly

belongs into this group, and not with the true Lampsilis.

5’ Proptera, as defined by Sterki. P. alata is distinguished by its peculiar

glochidia (rectangular, with two spines), But P. gracilis, which agrees in all

other respects, has different glochidia; they are of the normal Lampsilis-shape,

but much smaller.

* Car. parva has the inner lamina of the inner gills not connected with the

abdominal sac, and the supra-anal opening is entirely closed; for the rest it

resembles the tris-type of Lampsilis.

5 Micromya fabalis agrees well with the iris-type of Lampsilis, but the inner

lamella of the inner gill is partly free from the abdominal sac. Both Caruncu-

lina and Micromya form a transition from the more primitive forms to the

typical Lampsilis. Further study possibly will throw more light upon these

forms.

6 Lampsilis is characterized by the development of peculiar structures on

the mantle edge. The first group has papilla, the second a flap.

TAlso Lampsilis vibex nigrina (Lea) from Florida and L. anodontoides (Lea)

from Texas have been investigated, and prove to belong to this group.

®L. orbiculata is not at all related to L. ligamentina, as Simpson thinks, but

it belongs to the ventricosa group of Lampsilis, for it has a well-developed flap

on the mantle edge.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

cartosa(Say )—multiradiata( Lea)—ventricossa( Barn.)

and var. ovata (Say).

7. Genus: Truncilla Raf.

Species: triguetra Raf.—perplexa rangiana (Lea).

NOTES AND NEWS.

Toe Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, in its regular

Zoology work is doing things unique with the mollusca. Each

pupil is required to make a “cigar box ”’ collection of shells. These

are fixed up nicely and covered with glass. The specimens are

named on inside of lid and an exhibition takes place to which parents

and friends are invited. This year over 200 boxes and 8000 speci-

mens were exhibited.

The students under the direction of Mr. E. E. Hand, the teacher

are urged to make a thorough study of their own region and in co-

operation with the Agassiz Association are arranging for exchanges

with high schools and individual collectors all over the world. Any-

one interested is invited to correspond.—E, E. HaAnp.

Ir is with sorrow we record the death of Mr. John Ford, at his

home in Philadelphia, on January 10, 1910. An obituary will ap-

pear in March number.

We also regret to announce the death of Dr. John H. Britts of

Clinton, Missouri, which occurred November 14, 1909.

Lymnea cubensis aspirans, n. subsp. The shell differs from ZL.

cubensis by its much longer spire of very convex whorls. Length

12, diam. 6, length of aperture 6 mm.; whorls 6. Barbadoes. Types

No. 85455 A. N.S. P. This is not Limnea barbadensis Sowerby,

Conch. Icon., xviii, pl. 14, f. 100. I have seen no Antillean species

resembling that figure—H. A. PiusBry.

WE learn with regret of the death of Dr. Kakichi Mitsukuri, the

eminent Japanese zodlogist, on September 16.

1 Shell characters peculiar, and also mantle edge, and in some respects also

the marsupium. The two species differ considerably, and the two subgenera

of Simpson (Zruncilla and Pilea) should perhaps be elevated to the rank

of genera.

7 ‘ Sere

fem Sp eeeetartalan

Von. XXIII. MARCH, 1910. No, 10

A NEW FOSSIL MITRA FROM WEST FLORIDA, AND A NEW EOCENE

ASTARTE.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Mitra (CHRYSAME) WALTONENSIS, n. sp. Pl. XT, fig. 1.

Shell rather solid, thick; apex scarcely pointed. Whorls six,

three smooth, balance cancellated and shouldered, suture deep;

varices near the aperture predominating over the spirals and ap-

pressed to the suture. Aperture with strong outer lip which is ser-

rated on its outer edge and showing seven or eight strong lirations

within; inner lip curved and covered with a strong enamel which

spreads over part of the body whorl, two strong quadrangular folds

on the lower central part and a pointed tooth near the posterior part

of the aperture, base rounded, shell slightly umbilicated.

Height, 16 mm.; breadth, 9 mm.; length of aperture, 9 mm.

Locality: Shoal River bed, West Florida. Oligocene of Dall.

Remarks.—This is another Pacific Ocean form that adds to the

evidence of a channel between the two oceans during the Tertiary

period.

ASTARTE NEWTONENSIS, n. sp. Pl. XI, figs. 2, 3.

Shell small, rounded, nearly equilateral; beaks small, lunule

rather long, the concentric ribs dying down at the edge, but the

lines of growth run over to the hinge line and do the same on the

escutcheon also. Valves moderately convex, sculptured with nu-

merous small subequal ribs, inner margins crenulate, hinge as in

the figure.

Height, 6 mm.; length, 74 mm.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

Locality: From the *‘ Burrstone,” near Beulah P. O., Newton

County, Miss.

Remarks.—This little species is strikingly similar to the species

named ASTARTE OPULENTORA Dall, but that is from the Pliocene

of Mexico.

NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE TORNATELLINIDZE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The Tornatellinid@ are a group of small or minute land snails

found on the islands in and around the Pacific. An illustrated

monograph has been prepared for the ** Manual of Conchology,” but

as its publication will be delayed until the appearance of the Achati-

nellid@, a briet sketch of the classification is here published in

advance.

These shells have some resemblance to Achatinellide and Par-

tulid@ in shape, but differ from both families by having an entering

parietal lamella. In at least two species this is absent through de-

generation in the adult stage, and in some others it is much reduced.

Some species of the section Lamellina undergo remarkable changes

from youth to maturity, the adult stage being secondarily simplified.

Young individuals should always be collected with adults, when

possible.

Key to Genera and Minor Divisions.

I. Shell rather solid, glossy, bright or dark colored or variegated ;

axis imperforate, but usually superfically rimate in the adult

stage. Genus AURICULELLA Pfr.

II. Shell thin, light brown or corneous, not polished.

a. Axis imperforate, slender, the columella more or less

sinuous,

b. Shell globose-ovate ; columella armed with an angular

or bilobed vertical callus or plate, truncate or exca-

vated below the prominence.

Genus ELASMIAS n. gen.

c. Spire of few (3 to 44) whorls; columellar callus

in form of a vertical, angular or bilobed plate.

Section Elasmias.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

cc. Spire of 6 to 7 close whorls; columellar callus

bilamellate, lamelle long; palatal plice devel-

oped. Section Lamellovum n. sect.

6b. Shell oblong-conic or turrite, very thin; columella

sigmoid or nearly straight, sometimes calloused or

bearing lamellz, not truncate or excavated at base.

Genus ToRNATELLINA Pfr.

e. Shell oblong-conic; whorls 5 to 7.

d. Aperture having a columellar and a pari-

etal lamella and two palatal folds.

Section Tornatellina.

dd. Aperture having columellar and a parietal

lamella and more or less serrate, vertical,

palatal ribs, at least in the neanie stage.

Section Lamellinu Pse.

ddd. No palatal armature at any stage; colu-

mella more or less sinuous, sometimes

lamellate, whorls 5 to 6.

Section Lamellidea, n. sect.

ec. Shell long-turrite, whorls 9 to 10.

Section Elasmatina Petit.

aa. Axis umbilicate or perforate throughout; columella not

sinuous or truncate. Genus TORNATELLIDES n. gen.

6. Columella unarmed at all stages of growth.

Section Tornatellides.

6b. Columella bilamellate, at least in the young.

Section 7ornatellaria, n. sect.

Types of the Genera and Minor Groups.

Frickella Pfr. 1855, type Achatinella amoena Ptr.

Auriculella Pfr. 1855, type A. auricula (Fér.).

Elasmias Pils. 1910, type Tornatellina aperta Pease.

Lamellovum Pils. 1910, type Tornatellina globosa (Petit).

Tornatellina Pfr. 1842, type Tornatellina clausa=bilamellata ( An-

ton).

Lamellina Pease 1860, type Lamellina serrata Pease.

Lamellidea Pils. 1910, type Tornatellina peponum (Gld.).

Elasmatina Petit 1843, type H. subulata Pet. = T. turrita (An-

ton).

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Tornatellides' Pils. 1910, type JT. simplex Pse.

Tornatellaria Pils. 1910, type T. newcombi Pfr.

Auriculella and Tornatellaria are restricted to the Hawaiian Islands.

Lamellovum and Elasmatina to Rapa. The other groups have a

wider range. Lamellidea and Tornatellides range from the Bonin,

Luchu and Hawaiian Islands to New Zealand; Hlasmias from the

Japanese Oceanic Islands to Australia, while Lamedlina does not go

south farther than Micronesia and Polynesia. ‘There are some New

Caledonian species of Tornatellina, but the absence of records of Tor-

natellinid@ from the Solomons, New Hebrides and other Melanesian

islands is remarkable, and must be due to these minute shells being

overlooked. The family is represented by a solitary species in the

Galapagos.

A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM FOR JAPAN.

BY Y. HIRASE.

As I stated in the late issue of my paper I am going to establisha

conchological museum in the near future and I hope I shall be able

to contribute a little to this branch of study. Hon. S. Omori, Gov-

ernor of Kyoto-Prefecture, Dr. H. Kinoshita, Ex-President of the

Kyoto Imperial University, Dr. Y. Tanaka, a member of the

House of Peers and two or three others of eminence promised to

render assistance, if need be, and are in deep sympathy with my

undertaking. I am well convinced that I shall be able to carry out

my plan and attain my object, the establishment of a conchological

museum.

For the building expenses of the museum, I rely for $5,000 upon

the generosity of persons interested in science in foreign countries.

It is not intended to ask contributions, but to issue sets of Japanese

shells, the proceeds to be applied to the museum.

Each lot or set contains 500 species of Japanese shells, valued at

$100. Many sets are prepared and can be sent as soon as I receive

orders. As to the 500 species in each set, they shall be subject to

selection. Let me hear the names of the species desired.

As already said, I donot wish for cash contributions to the museum.

‘The term Tornatellides differs sufficiently in spelling and etymology from

Tornatelloides Pfr.

i aa a a

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Yet such donations as specimens of shells, shell fancy-work, books,

papers and pamphlets which have descriptions or pictures of shells,

ete., will heartily be welcomed. They shall be arranged in cases in

the museum, carefully preserved and duly credited to the donors.

Kyoto, Japan.

A NEW VARIETY OF LYMNAEA STAGNALIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

(Concluded from page 113).

Remarks : Lymneza stagnalis lilliane may be known by its short

spire, long and narrow aperture, and compressed body-whorl. It was

at first thought to be a form of sanctaemariae, but a comparison with

that species shows it to be uniformly narrower with compressed body-

whorl, and more acute spire. In sanctaemariae the body-whorl is

always very rotund; the aperture is also roundly ovate, while in

lillianae it is elongate-ovate. The musculature of the male organ is

also quite different from sanctaemariae, and similar to that of ap-

pressa. Lilliane differs from appressa in its short spire, flattened

and compressed body-whorl and elongated aperture. It appears to

be a distinguishable race of L. stagnalis.

No true appressa were found associated with this race in Toma-

hawk Lake. There were a few specimens with spires and aperture

of equal length, showing clearly that the race is a modification of the

appressa type, caused, doubtless, by a change of environment.

At Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, a form of stagnalis occurs

which at first sight appears quite distinct. A number of individuals,

however, approach very closely to var. lillian@ and they may be re-

ferred provisionally to thisrace. Judging from the material at hand,

this is a transition form between appressa and lilliane, representing,

perhaps, one of the stages in the evolution of the race. The Isle

Royale form ‘is characteristic of the quieter waters of the long,

narrow harbors which are such a remarkable feature of the Island.”

(Walker). Typical lilliane lives on a wave-beaten shore, and this

precarious environment has caused the aperture to become enlarged

to provide for the larger foot to enable it to retain its hold on sub-

merged objects. The Isle Royale form, living in quieter water, has

not developed the large aperture of the Tomahawk Lake shell.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

The Tomahawk Lake shells vary to some extent, those inhabiting

the quieter bays having a longer spire and a smaller aperture.

These shells closely resemble the Isle Royale specimens and also

clearly indicate relationship with appressa. Specimens referable to

appressa were collected at one station in Tomahawk Lake, the

habitat being marshy in character. Some pathologic forms occur in

the Wisconsin shells, the abnormalities being confined principally to

the last whorl and aperture. Specimens from Lake Harriet, Min-

nesota, collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, are also referable to this

race.

In the course of time this race will probably assume specific char-

acteristics. Its remarkable xniformity points to this.

The race is dedicated to my wife, who assisted in the discovery of

the type specimens.

JOHN FORD.

John Ford was born in Chester, Pa., November 15, 1827, and

died in Philadelphia, January 10, 1910. He was the son of Lewis

H. and Esther (Ogden) Ford. His father died when he was about

ten, and he was then practically compelled to shift for himself. He

lived for about three years with a farmer in Delaware county, Pa.,

and then returned to Chester and entered a store. By untiring

efforts the boy acquired a substantial education. His great love

of nature and of music was a powertul incentive to self-cultivation.

On September 6th, 1847, Mr. Ford married Phoebe T. Flavill,

of Chester, Pa. After living for a time in Paterson, N. J., and

Shipman, Il]., he returned to Philadelphia in 1861, shortly after

entering the Corn Exchange National Bank, where he was contin-

uously employed until July, 1903, when, owing to a severe illness,

he was compelled to retire from active business.

Mr. Ford was afflicted for many years by an ever-increasing deaf-

ness, which caused bim to avoid social gatherings, and in his later

years even scientific and musical meetings. Yet his warm and gen-

erous nature found pleasure in the company of a few intimate friends

who shared his tastes.

Mr. Ford was an accomplished musician, many of his compositions

having much merit. He especially excelled in melody. Many of his

songs written over thirty years ago are still in favor. His first pub-

—— a

THE NAUTILUS. 127

lished song, ‘* Will You Love Me when I’m Old ?” had a tremendous

and immediate success, and was by far the most popular of his com-

positions, though a number of those appearing later were deemed

more worthy of consideration by his musical friends. Among these

were “ Watching and Waiting,” ‘“* Daisy and I,” ‘*Away Down

South,” ‘* Sweet Rosalie,” and, best of all, ‘*‘ My Ships are Coming

Back to Me ”’—a piece of deep poetic feeling,

As a young man, Ford was deeply interested in geology and min-

eralogy. A warm friend of Conrad, together they collected cre-

taceous fossils from the marl beds of New Jersey. With the late

Theodore D. Rand he collected the minerals of Delaware and Chester

counties. In the early sixties Ford met the Rev. Dr. E. R. Beadle.

This acquaintance ripened into a warm friendship, and turned his

attention from mineralogy to conchology. He often said—* It was

Dr. Beadle who started me in the study of conchology, and who took

all my minerals in exchange for shells.” George W. Tryon, Jr.,

was also his warm friend, and their bond of friendship was strength-

ened by their love of music. Another true and life-long friend who

survives him is Mr. Charles Morris, of Philadelphia.

Mr. Ford was elected a member cof the Academy of Natural

Sciences in 1866 and from that time until his illness in 1903, took

an active interest in the Academy’s magnificent collection of mol-

lusks. He was especially interested in the local species and those of

the New Jersey coast, making a special exhibition collection of both,

for the Academy and also for the Wagner Free Institute of Science.

Aside from the local shells he was also especially interested in the

Olivide. His long suites selected to show specific variation are un-

equaled in this country.

He also brought together a very fine collection of Cypreide, which

although containing none of the great rarities, is notable for its

large series illustrative of variation. His entire collection is re-

markable for the perfection of the specimens and the great number

of representive genera and species of all the principal faunal regions.

He had little interest in fresh-water shells, aside from local species,

or for the small or minute land snails, though he possessed a very fine

series of exotic Helices and Bulimi, numbering many forms now very

rare. The marine pelecypods such as Veneride@, Cardiide, Pectens,

etc., of his collection are especially fine.

Mr. Ford published 29 articles on conchological subjects, besides

128 THE NAUTILUS.

a number of short notes, and a few articles dealing with paleonto-

logical and archaeological topics. His influence was largely personal.

At the time of his greatest activity in conchology—1870 to 1895—

he maintained a large correspondence, and was always ready to as-

sist students with information from the rich library of the Academy.

He was particularly helpful in naming specimens for conchologists

who had no access to large collections or libraries, much of his leisure

being given to this generous propaganda. Several species were named

in his honor, among them Donax fordi Conrad, Cerion fordi P.& V.,

Drymeus fordi Pils. Pleurodonte fordiana Pils., Phasianella for-

diana Pils., and others.

The portrait accompanying this sketch, is from his last photograph,

taken when Mr. Ford was about sixty years of age.

He is survived by two sons William Henry and Albert W. Ford

and two daughters Parthenia Ford and Mrs. Charles W. Johnson.

List of the Conchological Writings of John Ford.

1. Remarks on the Argonauta. Amer. Journ. of Conch., IV,

276, 1868.

2. Embryology of Fulgur, ete. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1884, p. 292.

3. A Day among the Mollusks. Conch. Exch., I, 21, 1886.

4. Helices in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Conch. Exch., I,

7, 1387.

5. Succinea obliqua Say in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, with

some Remarks regarding the Relationship of Succinea totteniana

Lea. Conch. Exch., II, 23, 1887.

6. The Fresh-Water Mollusks of Fairmount Park. Conch.

Exch., II, 39, 1887.

7. Some Remarks on the Migration of Mollusks. Conch. Exch.,

AT a, LS87:

8. Description of a New Ocinebra. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1888, p. 188, fig.

9. Description of Helix (Trachia) dentoni. Nautilus, III, 17,

1889.

10. List of Shells of the New Jersey Coast South of Brigantine

Island. Naut., III, 27, 1889.

11. Scalaria angulata in New Jersey. Naut., III, 52, 1889.

12. Remarks on Oliva inflata, O. irisans, and Other Species

of Shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 137.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

13. Noteson Crepidula. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 346.

14. On Crepidula glauca. Naut., III, 90, 1889.

15. A Few Last Words on Crepidula. Naut., I1I, 128, 1890.

16. A Glance at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-

phia. Naut., IV, 75, 1890.

17. Description of a New Anctus. Naut., IV, 81, 1890.

18. Some American Cannibals. Naut., IV, 85, 1890.

19. Description of a New Species of Helix [H. deaniana]. Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 188.

20. Description of New Species of Anctus and Oliva. Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 97, figs. 1, 3 and 4.

21. Some Remarks on New Jersey Coast Shells. Naut., VI,

25, 1892.

22. Description of a New Form of Cypraea. Naut., VI, 112, pl.

2, figs. 4, 5, 1893; VII, 39, 1893.

23. Remarks on a New Species of Cypraea. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila., 1893. p. 310, fig.

24. Some Remarks Relative to Cypraea greegori. Naut., VII,

78, 1893.

25. A New Variety of Olivella. Naut., VIII, 108, pl. 2, fig. 14,

1895.

26. Notes on the Reported Extinction of the Genus Achatinella,

and Marvelous Development of a Florida Fasciolaria. Naut., VIII,

123, 1895.

27. Some References to the Genus Oliva. Naut., X, 3, 1896.

28. Cypraea lynx deformed by Disease. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila., 1897, p. 328, figs. 1-3.

29. Description of a New Species of Olivella. Naut., XII, 66,

1898.

tS a

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Some New South American Land Shells (Smiths. Mise. Coll.,

vol. 52, p. 861-364, 1909). By Wm.H. Dall. Pleurodonte tenacu-

lum and Helicina heighwayana are described from the Atrato River,

Sierra Darien. The former seems closely related to P. uncigera

Petit, having a remarkable hook within the basal lip, like that species,

The altitude of the shell assigned (6.0 mm.) must be a typographical

error, Odontostomus branneri is a new form from the province of

Bahia, Brazil.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM PERU, WITH A

SUMMARY OF THE LITTORAL MARINE MOLLUScA OF THE PERU-

VIAN ZooLoGicaL Province. By Wirtitam Heatey DALL:

Proc. U. S. N. M. 37, p. 147-294, Pls. 20-28, 1909.—Dealt with

in his usual masterly way, this paper of Dr. Dall is one of the most

notable contributions to the fauna of Western South America which

has appeared for some years. Ostensibly but a report on the rela-

tively small collection of shells collected by Dr. R. E. Coker, the

scope of the paper has been widened, first by the addition of a valu-

able bibliography, and in later pages by the inclusion of a ‘* List of

Species Composing the Fauna,” prefaced by several pages of the

acute generalizations which we have now come to expect in nearly

all the larger works of this author. The list of synonyms at the

back is also a most useful feature.

As seems inevitable in a work of this scope a few minor errors

and inconsistences have crept in, some of which it may be well to

call to notice, as well as some of the more important changes in

nomenclature which Dr. Dall has found it necessary to undertake.

The inaccuracies are as usual connected chiefly with the list ot

Cephalopods, which has apparently been compiled from the literature

without any attempt at revision or the elimination of synonyms.

By the rules of nomenclature the family name Philonexide

(used on p. 193) can have no standing and the creatures grouped

under it must either be referred to the Argonautide, as most authors

now maintain; or if segregated the name Tremoctopodide should

probably be used. At any rate the only species here given under

this group, Zremoctopus minimus Orb., is a synonym of Argonauta

hians Sol.

On p. 194, Bolitaena “ mierotyla” is a misprint for B. *‘ mteroco-

tyla,”’ and Polypus “ fontaineanus”’ for P. ‘* fontanianus.”” On p.

195 Ommastrephus gigas d’Orb. is now held the type of a distinct

genus Dostdicus Steenstrup, 1857. Also Steenstrupiola chilensis

Pfeffer is regarded by even its author as but the young stage of

Telcoteuthis platyptera (d’Orb.) which is also listed on the foliowing

page. Onychoteuthis brachyptera Pfeffer may also be a synonym of

this. Taontus schneehageni Pfeffer (listed on p. 196) is a synonym

of Zygocranchia zygaena (Verany) Hoyle, according to Pfeffer, but

further specimens may indicate differently.

It is a pity that original figures of Polypus fontanianus and Loligo

= el

_———_. -— Se ee ee

THE NAUTILUS. 131

gahi were not given instead of copies of the unsatisfactory drawings

of d’Orbigny. (Plates 20-21).

The new species described are Modiolus arciformis, Aligena

cokeri, Diplodonta (Felaniella) artemidis, Xylotrya dryas (an inter-

esting form found burrowing in the living mangroves), Bulimulus

cokerianus, and Megatebennus cokeri. Aemaea orbignyt Dall is a new

name for A. scutum Orb. 1841 (not Esch (1833), and the commonly

used terms Anomia lampe Gray, Concholepas peruvianus Lam., and

Crepidula unguiformis Lam. must give way to A. peruviana Orb.,

The nomenclature of the faunal list presents the usual divergencies

from that in common use which are already familiar to those who

have read Dr. Dall’s “ Albatross’ Report’ or his notable memoir

on the Oregon Miocene, ? but there are still one or two points which

seem difficult to understand, namely the retention of the family

“ Aplysiide”’ after the rejection of Aplysia for Tethys: the adop-

tion of the family name Turritide® but not Epitoniide ; of Bullartide

and Alectrionide but not Architectonicide.

Murex elenensis Dall is a new name tor J. plicatus Sowerby 1840

(non Gmelin 1791), Thats peruensis Dall replaces Purpura peru-

viana Eydoux and Souleyet 1852 (not Blainville, 1832), Arehitec-

tonica (= Solarium) nanum (Koch) Philippi, 1858 (not Grateloup,

1838) becomes A. kochit Dall, Missurella aspera Sowerby 1834 (not

Eschscholtz, 1833) becomes Fisswridea asperior Dall, and Chiton

bipunctatus Sowerby 1832 (not Fisher, 1808) is changed to Tonicella

(Mopaliella) stigmata Dall. Among the Pelecypoda, Pectunculus

minor Orbigny 1846 (not Lea 1833) becomes Glycymeris chemnitzit

Dall, and Donazx aricana Dall replaces D. radiatus Valenciennes,

1833 (not Gmelin 1791).

Another interesting point which may be observed in this connec-

tion with some propriety is that most writers on the mollusca of our

Southeastern and Gulf States seem to have overlooked the fact that

the Siphonaria lineolata of Orbigny, 1853 is preoccupied by Sowerby

1835. That name should therefore be restricted to the Chilian

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xliii, No. 6, Oct., 1908.

20.8. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., No. 59, 1909.

3The correct spelling is Turride as H, & A. Adams have shown. (Gen.

Rec, Moll. II, p. 614, 1858).

132 THE NAUTILUS.

species, while the Floridian form will then be known as S. nau-

Sragum Stearns. The chief synonymy of the two species is as fol-

lows:

SIPHONARIA LINEOLATA Sowerby.

1835 Siphonaria lineolata Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 6.

1856 Siphonaria lineolata Reeve, Conch. Icon., v. 9, Siphonaria,

Pls, iig. Lt.

1909 Siphonaria lineolata Dall, Proc. U. S. N. M., v. 37, p. 205.

SIPHONARIA NAUFRAGUM Stearns.

1853 Siphonaria lineolata Orbigny (non Sowerby), Moll. Cuba, 1,

p. 232, Pl. XVII, fig. 138-15.

1872 Siphonaria naufragum Stearns, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XV, p. 23.

1902 Siphonaria lineolata Dall; Proc. U. S. N. M. XXIV, p.

501, Pl. xxvii, fig. 10 and 13.

S. S. Berry, Harvard University, Massachusetts.

THE OPISTHOBRANCHIATE MOLLUSCA OF THE BRANNER-AGAS-

s1Z EXPEDITION TO Brazi1, by Frank Mace MacFarland (Leland

Stanford Junior University Publications No. 2, 1999).—The fellow-

ing species are described : Tethys dactylomela (Rang), T. cervina Dall

and Simpson, Pleurobranchus agassizi, Discodoris branneri, D. voni-

heringi, Peltodoris greeleyi and Spurilla braziliana nov. spp. The

internal anatomy of all the species is fully described and illustrated

with excellent figures. Professor MacFarland’s excellent work on

Opisthobranchs is making amends for the neglect of the group by

American zoologists.—H. A. P.

NOTES.

ALBINO OLIVA ANGULATA.—We have recently received for

examination a large and perfect specimen of Oliva angulata which

is snow-white except for a small fleshy-brown stain on the callus at

the posterior angle of the aperture and a rusty yellow stain in front

of the callus. This albino, which may be called form nivea, is the

first to be reported of this species, so far as we know. It seems to

be an extremely infrequent variation. The specimen measures 83

mm. long, 42.5 wide. It is the property of the A. L. Hettrich Com-

pany, of San Francisco.—H. A. Pilsbry.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.

BARTSCH: NORTHWESTERN MARINE SHELLS.

ALDRICH: NEW EOCENE FOSSILS.

PLATE XI.

eae Nes

VoL. XXIII. APRIL, 1910. No, ia

NEW SPECIES OF WEST AMERICAN SHELLS.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Several new shells have turned up lately in material received from

the Pacific Coast, of which descriptions follow.

OLIVELLA (ANAzORA Ducl. var. ?) porTERI Dall.

Sheil of about the form and size of the east American O. jaspidea,

with very variable coloration; whorls about seven, spire acute with

a very deep and narrow channeled suture not obscured by callus ;

surface of the whorls brilliantly polished, smooth, except for micro-

scopic spiral close striation which is present on all, but more uniform

on particular individuals; color pale olive, yellow, or whitish, with

sharp angular axial brown lines superposed between the suture and

the basal fasciole, sometimes forming a tent-like pattern and some-

times reduced to fine, close, more or less cloudy zigzags ; a pale band

in front of the suture, usually with vivid brown zigzag pointed for-

ward, but sometimes plain, the brown lines when present broader and

stronger than elsewhere ; basal fasciole short, with a marginal and

an adjacent narrow fold or plait anteriorly, lighter than the body,

yellow or rich bluish purple ; aperture narrow, simple, with a deep

sutural sinus and a moderate parietal callus when mature. Height

of shell 15 ; of aperture 9; max. diam. 6 mm.

From sandbars near the entrance to San Diego Harbor, and at

Scammon Lagoon, Lower California, Miss J. M. Cooke. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 209677. Named in honor of Captain George Porter who

collected largely in the Gulf of California, and is supposed to have

lost his life at Tiburon Island while on a collecting expedition.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

The Scammon Lagoon specimens are more grayish than those from

San Diego.

The nearest ally to this species is the shell figured by Marrat in

the Thesaurus, plate 350, figure 419, under the name of anazora

Duclos. This, judging by the figure, is a much smaller and some-

what stouter shell, with less distinct markings. The shell repre-

sented by figure 411 on the same plate is that identified by Dr. Car-

penter and H. Cuming for the Smithsonian collection as O. anazora

Duclos, though it is named O. pulla by Marrat. The heavy white

callus on the body extending beyond the suture amply distinguishes

it from QO. porteri?, I have not access to Duclos’ original paper and

hence cannot resolve the doubt as to which is Duclos’ anazora.

The previously known Californian Olivellae were none of them of

remarkable beauty, though some of the Gulf species are very attrac-

tive, but the present form is one of the prettiest shells of the coast.

It may be that its range extends further north.

PoOMAULAX TURBANICUS D. sp.

Shell moderately large, rather thin, brilliantly pearly inside,

covered with a reddish brown periostracum which becomes oliva-

ceous on the base ; form rather depressed, with turgid whorls, about

six in all, the nucleus white, blunt, imperfect; base flattened,

bordered by a sparsely nodulous carina; sculpture on the spire of

slightly protractive, rounded, short, rather elevated riblets reaching

about half way forward on the whorl from the suture (17 on the last

whorl), ending in or barely separated from the same number of stout

nodules at the periphery, with a marked sulcus separating them from

a similar row of nodules on the margin of the base ; base with four

somewhat undulated spiral ridges separated by subequal interspaces,

except the inner pair which are smaller and closer to each other ;

base imperforate, swollen at the base of the pillar ; aperture ample ;

surface of the body erased, leaving visible pearly and white sub-

stance; the pillar arcuate, pearly ; with no anterior prominence or

tooth ; outer lip and base simple, sharp ; operculum white, rounded,

shelly, with three partly gyrate, very prominent, granose, narrow

ribs, the spaces between them excavated and smooth. Height of

shell 37.5; of last whorl 30.0; of aperture (vertical) 21.5 ; max.

diameter 41.0 mm.

U. S. Fish Commission station 2989, in 86 fathoms, coral, off

Magdalena Bay, Lower California. U.S. Nat. Mus, 111242.

THE NAUTILUS. 1390

This is remarkably distinct from any of the previously known

West American species.

PACHYPOMA MAGDALENA N. sp.

Shell conic, the sides of the spire flattened, the base flattened and

somewhat concave, the basal margin compressed with a rounded and

undulate edge; whorls about seven; the nucleus white, worn, sides

covered by a scarlet periostracum which becomes darker on the

base; sculpture of about thirty-four subequal protractive low riblets

which are cut into elongate nodules by four spiral sulci, the peri-

pheral nodules being longer and most prominent, giving the effect of

a pre-sutural band; on the base are four subequal and subequally

spaced spiral riblets, which in the young are sometimes nodulous or

undulate; pillar pearly, space about it white or pearly, as is the in-

terior of the aperture ; the suture laid on the peripheral carina is un-

dulate and in the young the base has a stellate appearance ; the per-

iostracum is strongly striate in the direction of growth. Height of

shell 38; of last whorl 32; of aperture (vertical) 5; max. diameter

38 mm.

Station 2989, U. S. Fisii Couiission, with the preceding, U. S.

Nat. Mus. 111239.

This is of the same genera! «+ pe as P. nequale Martyn, but more

delicate, smaller and more elegantly sculptured. The operculum is

essentially like that of P. ‘rn@quale, which is not authentically re-

ported south of the Santa Barbara Islands.

With these shells were taken two young specimens of Uvanilla

regina Stearns, (unfortunately not containing the soft parts) thus

adding another station to the known range of this excessively rare

and beautiful species.

PACHYPOMA LITHOPHORUM D. sp.

Shell small, turbinate-conic, with about six moderately convex

whorls, the basal margin being either bluntly rounded or undulately

carinate; suture appressed, whorls covered with a reddish periostra-

cum striated in harmony with the incremental lines; sculpture

between the suture and periphery of nine closely and prominently

beaded, alternately stronger and weaker spiral cords, with only linear

interspaces; periphery in the type specimen with three finer threads;

the base flattish, with six subequal, more or less undulate or beaded

136) * THE NAUTILUS.

cords with narrower interspaces ; umbilical area imperforate, smooth,

slightly excavated, white ; pillar arcuate ; smooth; aperture very

oblique simple, pearly white within; operculum? Height of shell

82.5; of last whorl 20.5; of aperture (vertical) 11.5; max. diameter

36.5 mm.

U. S. Fish Commission station 29838, off Cerros Island, Lower

California, in 58 fathoms, sand. U.S. Nat. Mus. 111241.

Of three dead specimens dredged, one had the periphery com-

pressed and roundly keeled, and on the spire were some feeble indi-

cations of axial ribbing.

NEW MARINE SHELLS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH,!

Assistant Curator, U. S. National Museum.

In a collection of mollusks submitted to the U. S. National

Museum for critical examination, by Dr. Fred. Baker of San Diego,

California, collected by him on the Northwest Coast, are several

new forms which are here described.

The types of these species have been kindly donated to the

National Museum by Dr. Baker.

LEPTOGYRA ALASKANA new species. PI]. XI, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell minute, depressed helicoid. Nuclear whorls one and one-

half, light yellow horn color, marked by faint incremental lines. A

single post-nuclear turn follows which is bluish white, rather bread

and gently, almost evenly curved from the well-impressed suture to

the periphery. This whorl is marked by about twelve, fine, incised

spiral lines between the suture and the periphery which are stronger

toward the periphery than at the suture. Periphery of the last

whorl rounded. Base broadly and deeply umbilicated, strongly

arched, with a slender cord at the junction of the basal and parietal

wall, surface of the base marked by incised lines which are equal in

strength and number to those occuring upon the upper surface.

Wall of the umbilicus almost flat, marked by faint spiral lines.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Aperture very large, subcircular, posterior angle obtuse; outer lip

thin ; columella curved, somewhat expanded and thickened basally ;

parietal wall covered with a thin callus. Operculum thin, horny.

Twelve specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Fred.

Baker at Port Graham, Alaska, four of which are in the U.S.

National Museum, cat. no. 208433. One of these, the type, meas-

ures; greater diameter 0.85 mm., lesser diameter 0.7 mm., altitude

0.4mm. The remaining eight specimens are in Dr. Baker’s collec-

tion.

ALVANIA BAKERI, new species. Pl, XI, fig. 8.

Shell minute, bluish white. Nuclear whorls one and one-third,

forming a moderately elevated spire. Upper half of the well-rounded

nuclear whorls marked by about ten very fine closely spaced spiral

striations, lower half marked by numerous closely spaced depressed

elongate granules, each of which has the long axis decidedly protrac-

tively slanted ; which lends to this part of the turn a finely blistered

appearance. Post-nuclear whorls a little more than two, well

rounded, separated by a strongly constricted suture marked by three

strong rounded spiral keels of which the strongest is a little anterior

to the posterior third between the sutures, while the anterior of the

other two, which are of equal strength, is at the periphery and the

third halfway between them. In addition to these keels the whorls

are marked by fine incised spiral lines between the keels which are

best developed on the well-rounded shoulder between the summit of

the whorls and the strong keel below it. Base of the last whorl

slightly protracted, well rounded, marked by two broad depressed

spiral cords of which the basal one which is a little anterior to the

middle is the broader. In addition to these are numerous exceed-

ingly fine spiral striations. The axial sculpture of the entire spire

and base consists of very fine incremental lines only. Aperture very

broadly ovate, almost circular, peritreme continuous, outer lip thick

within, beveled at the margin to form a sharp edge which is rend-

ered slightly sinuous by the external spiral sculpture; columella

strong and strongly curved, parietal wall of the aperture appressed

to the preceding whorl.

The type, cat. no. 208445 U. S. N. M., was collected by Dr.

Fred Baker at Port Graham, Alaska. It measures; length 1.4 mm.,

diameter 1.2 mm.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

ONOBA ASSER, new species. Pl. XI, fig. 9.

Shell elongate conic, bluish white, semitranslucent. Nuclear

whorls one and one-tenth, smooth, a little less elevated than the suc-

ceeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls very high between the sutures,

overhanging, moderately rounded, appressed at the summit. The

preceding whorl shines through the summit of the succeeding turn

and gives this the appearance of having a double suture. Sutures

well impressed. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base

moderately prolonged, well rounded. Entire surface of spire and

base marked by closely placed exceedingly fine microscopic spiral

striations. Aperture very broadly ovate, posterior angle obtuse,

outer lip thin; peritreme complete.

The type, cat. no. 2084384 U. S. N. M., was collected by Dr.

Fred Baker at Fort Graham, Alaska. It has four and a half whorls

and measures: length 2.2 mm., diameter .9 mm. This species is

nearest related to Onoba cerinella Dall, from which it is distinguished

by its lesser size and more delicate structure.

OposTOMIA (EVALEA) COOKEANA, new species. Pl. XI, fig. 7.

Shell elongate ovate, very narrowly umbilicated, yellowish white.

Nuclear whorls very obliquely immersed in the first of the succeed-

ing turns. Post-nuclear whorls very high between the sutures where

they are very moderately rounded and marked by rather strong in-

cremental lines and very numerous fine spiral striations. Periphery

and base of the last whorl somewhat inflated, the latter strongly

rounded and marked like the spire. Aperture large, oval; posterior

angle acute; outer lip thin; columella decidedly oblique, quite

strongly curved in the middle and somewhat reflected, provided with

an oblique fold at its insertion which is strong within and tapers to a

vanishing point at the free edge of the columella ; parietal wall glazed

with a thin callus.

Two specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Baker at

Ellamar, Alaska. One of these, an immature specimen, furnished

our description of the nucleus, the other, cat. no. 208427 U.S. N.

M., gave the adult characters. The adult specimen has its nucleus

badly eroded. The four remaining whorls measure : length 3.2 mm.,

diameter 2.0 mm. The young individual which is in Dr. Baker’s

collection has 24 whorls and measures: length 2.3 mm., diameter

1.4 mm.

Named for Miss J. M. Cooke of San Diego at the request of Dr.

Baker.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE UNIONID-GENUS PARREYSIA.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

In Nautitus, vol. 22, Feb. 09 p. 107, Frierson reports that in

Parreysia all four gills serve as marsupium in the gravid female, a

character which does not agree with Simpson’s definition of the sub-

family Hyriing (Hyriane). He concludes that, in this instance, we

should not pay attention to the marsupial character, but should rely

upon the radial sculpture of the beaks of the shell.

Recently I received a number of these Parreysias throngh the

courtesy of Mr. Frierson, and I am much obliged to him for giving

me the opportunity to examine them. I should call the species

Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea) although a number among them

distinctly incline toward P. corrugata (Muell.) There are 30 of

them, 15 males, 11 sterile, and 6 gravid females; none of the latter

had glochidia, but only eggs in various stages of development. There

was no sex differentiation whatever in the shells.

An examination of the soft parts revealed the fact, that not only

all four gills are marsupial in the female, but that the whole structure

of the soft parts is absolutely like the North American Quadrula (see:

Ortmann, in: NavuTi.us, 23, Feb. 710 p. 116). The only, and un-

important, differences are, that the supraanal opening is rather

widely separated from the anal, and that the znner lamina of the

inner gill is entirely connected with the abdominal sac, For the

rest, all other characters are like Quadrula, and the most prominent

features are the following.

The inner edge of the anal opening is finely crenulated ; that of

the branchial opening is papillose, and rather well defined anteriorly;

in front of the latter, there are fine crenulations on the inner mantle-

edge for a short distance, but no special structures, such as papille

or faps. The gills are unequal, the outer considerably smaller than

the inner. The diaphragm is normal, and the outer lamella of the

outer gillis connected with the mantle to the posterior end. In the

male, there are well developed water tubes in the gills, but they are

rather wide, and the septa separating them are far apart. In both,

the male and female, the edge of the inner gill possesses a longitu-

dinal furrow, which is absent in the outer gill. In the female, all

Sour gills serve as marsupium, and possess the structure of marsupial

gills; the water tubes are narrow, and the septa are close together

140 THE NAUTILUS.

(in the outer gill closer than in the inner). The septa show, in the

sterile female, in both gills the characteristic folded epithelium.

When gravid, all four gills swell but only moderately, and the edges

always remain sharp, and do not possess the faculty of distending.

The water tubes (ovisacs) remain simple, and in each of them the

eggs form a subcylindrical, only slightly compressed, mass, a

placenta, which, however, is not very solid, the mutual adhesion of

the eggs being rather slight.

With the exception of the two features mentioned above, Parreysia

is thus identical, in its anatomy, with Quadrula. If we add to these

two differences the radial sculpture of the beaks, we would have

good generic characters. But the genus, at any rate the species

wynegungaensis which stands close to the type species of the genus,

corrugata, should be removed from the subfamily Hyriing, and

placed into the subfamily Unionine (NavrTi.us, 23, 710 p. 116), by

the side of, and close to Quadrula. The definition of the Unitonine

should be slightly modified with regard to the supraanal opening and

the inner lamina of the inner gills, so as to include Parreysta, but

these modifications are irrelevant.

This, of course, means that I do not attribute any significance to

the beak sculpture, but I think I am fully justified in this. If we

make radial beak sculpture the prime character of the Hyriing, we

would be compelled not only to unite the Afro-Asiatic forms, like

Parreysia, with the South American Hyriine, which, I believe, is a

great mistake, but we would also have to unite with the Hyrting a

number of living North American shells. For we must not forget

(and this is a fact generally overlooked) that we have radial (zig-

zag) beak sculpture in a number of species of Quadrula. I name the

following: Quodrula (Rotundaria) tuberculata (Raf.), Qu. infucata

(Conr.) and kleiniana (Lea), Qu. lachrymosa (Lea), forsheyi (Lea),

speciosa (Lea), apiculata (Say). Also in Qu. eylindrica (Say)

traces may be seen. This zig-zag radial sculpture is best developed

in the species first named; in the others it goes generally as

“ double-looped,”’ but, in my opinion, the so-called “ double-looped ”

sculpture is but the last remnant of the zig-zag sculpture.

Furthermore, radial beak sculpture is a quite frequent feature in

North American fossil Unionide from the Mesozoic era. If we look

at the beak sculpture of Unio holmesianus White (see: 3 Ann. Rep.

U.S. Geol. Surv. ’83, pl. 16, fig. 2-6) from the Laramie of southern.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Wyoming ; or at the beak sculpture of a number of species described

by Whitfield from the Laramie of Montana (see: Bull. Amer. Mus.,

N. H. 19, ’03 p. 483 and 23, ’07 p. 623), we cannot deny, that we

have here a beak sculpture corresponding very closely to the “ radial ”

sculpture of certain Asiatic types. This is especially true in: U.

retusotdes Whitf. (’03, pl. 38, fig. 6), U. brown? Whitf. (zbid. pl. 38,

fig. 3), U. percorrugatus Whitf. (ibid. pl. 40, figs. 8, 4), and U.

pyramidatoides Whitf. (07, pl. 41, fig. 1), U. letsont Whitf. (ibid.

pl. 42, figs. 1-3). Ihave, fortunately, a number of specimens be-

fore me, coming from the same general region as Whitfield’s ma-

terial ; they were collected for the Carnegie Museum at Hell Creek,

Dawson Co., Montana, and show the beak sculpture beautifully in

U. retusoides, browni, pyramidatoides, letsont, and in addition it is

distinctly seen in specimens of U. verrucosiformis Whitf. (’07, pl.

42, fig. 5). Some of these fossil forms undoubtedly are the ances-

tors of modern species, as is sometimes expressed in their names (but

not always correctly ; pyramidatotdes has nothing to do with Qu.

pyramidata, but belongs clearly to the tr7gona-type). Thus it is evi-

dent that many North American Uniontdex once had radial beak

sculpture, and some have preserved traces of it up to the present time.

This character probably once was more generally distributed, and

remains rather well preserved in many old world forms (and also in

South American groups), but in North America it has become more

and more obliterated. Such a character, of course, although fit to

indicate genetic relationship, is unfit to be used as a principle for

classification.

The structure of the soft parts, which indicates close relationship

between Quadrula and Parreysia, is much more reliable, in fact ac-

cording to my experience, is absolutely reliable. In this connection

it should be mentioned that in one of our gravid Parreysias only the

outer gills were filled with eggs; but microscopical investigation

showed that also the inner gills had the typical structure of the

female marsupial gill, and that, in this instance, the specimen was

just in the beginning of the period of gravidity, and the inner gills

were not yet charged. Similar cases might sometimes lead to mis-

takes, if investigated only superficially.

Of course, we now stand before the task of redefining the sub-

family Hyriine according to the South American typical representa-

tives, and to investigate additional so-called Hyrting from Asia and

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Africa. I hope to be able to contribute to the solution of the first

question in the future, since the Carnegie Mrseum recently has _ re-

ceived a good deal of alcoholic material of South American Unionidae,

which is waiting for identification and examination.

NEW SPECIES OF SPHAERIIDAE.

BY V. STERKI.

Spherium lineatum, n. sp.

Mussel somewhat elongate, inequipartite, well inflated; beaks

somewhat anterior, rather large, full, rounded, projecting over the

hinge margin; superior and inferior margins moderately and regu-

larly curved, anterior and posterior subtruncate-rounded, oblique ;

scutum and scutellum distinctly marked, narrow; surface dullish

with a slight silky glass, with the concentric striz (sulci) fine, sharp,

crowded, regular, and several (3 or 4 to 7) strongly marked, dark

lines of growth; color grayish-horn to reddish, the latter prevalent

on the beaks and upper part of older specimens; shell rather thin,

hinge slight, long, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth small; slight, short,

the right curved or angular, emarginate, its posterior part bifid, the

left anterior rudimentary or wanting in some specimens ;’ ligament

long, slight covered.

Long. 15.5, alt. 11.5, diam. 8. mill. (Turkey Lake).

Long. 14, alt. 10.5, diam. 8. 5 mill. (Wetherby).

Soft parts not seen.

Hab.: Turkey Lake, Kosciusko Co., Indiana, collected by Mr. L.

E. Daniels, of the Indiana Geological Survey, in 1902.

A Sph. from Mountain Lake, Marquette Co., Michigan (Upper

Peninsula), collected by Mr. Bryant Walker, in 1898, and sent for

examination then, appeared to be of the same species. The mussel

is somewhat smaller, with the beaks slightly more anterior, the in-

ferior margin less curved and the infero-posterior angle somewhat

more marked. These Spheria, although well represented by good

specimens of various stages of growth, and regarded as distinct, were

shelved for years, in the hope of getting additional material. Lately

Mr. Bryant Walker kindly sent me a lot of the Wetherby collection,

which unfortunately has no label. Although such specimens should

1As occasionally found also in other species.

;

‘

THE NAUTILUS. 143

be considered worthless, the present ones were so manifestly of this

same species that they may be regarded as a confirmation of it.

They are rather like the Mountain Lake mussels in shape, but some-

what larger, and somewhat more inflated than the Turkey Lake

form. It appears that the comparatively numerous, strong, mostly

dark lines of growth and the fine (as compared with those of other

species), Sharp, crowded striz are characteristic and, combined with

surface appearance and color, let specimens be recognized at a glance.

Specimens of the type lot are in the Museum of the Geol. Survey

of Indiana and in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh (No. 5465 of

my collection of Spheriid@), in the collection of Mr. Bryant Walker

and the Mus. Acad. N. Se. Phila.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Key To THE GENERA OF GasTROPODA OF Micuican. By H.

Burrincton Baker. (Reprint from the 11th Rept. Mich, Acad.

Sci., 1909, pp. 134-140.) ’

Descriptions OF NiNE Spectes OF ENNEA AND Five HELI-

cops From Soutu Arrica. By James Cosmo MEeEtvitt and

JoHN Henry Ponsonsy. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, ser. 8,

pp. 485-492, pl. 7, 1909.)

Rerport ON THE Marine Moutusca OsTaInep By Mr. J.

STANLEY GaRDNER, F. R. S., AmonG THE ISLANDS OF THE

InpIAN Ocean 1nN 1905. By James Cosmo Metrvi ti. (Trans.

Linn. Soc. London, XIII, pp. 65-138, pl. 5, 1909.) About 170

species are recorded of which 15 are new to science,

Mo.tiusca From THE Hope Is_anps, NorTH QUEENSLAND.

By C. Hepiey. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1909, vol. 34, pp.

420-466, pls. 36-44.) An interesting paper treating of a rich and

varied fauna. The Hope Islands are situated near Cooktown, just

inside the Endeavor Reef. The writer states that more tian 700

species were secured; 100 species are discussed in this paper, half of

which are new to science. ‘The figures are unusually fine in detail

and sculpture,

Descriptions OF NEw AND Nores on OtTnerR AUSTRALIAN

PotypLacopHora. By C. Hepiry and A. F. Basser Hutt.

144 THE NAUTILUS.’

(Records Australian Mus., vol. 7, pp. 260-266, pls. 73 and 74,

1909.) Four species are described as new.

A REVISED CENSUS OF THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLusca or Tas-

MANIA. By W. F. Petrerp and C. Hepiery. (Records Aus-

tralian Museum, vol. 7, pp. 288-504, pls. 82-87, 1909.) A com-

plete revision of the species, with illustrations of all Tasmanian land

shells hitherto unfigured. Cystopelta bicolor is described.

Tue list of San Bernardino County mollusks in the November

number of Tur Navutitus (Vol. XXIII, pp. 73-79) does not in-

clude Lymnea bulimoides techella Hald. I found this species in con-

siderable numbers during the summer of 1909, in Sec. 33, Tp. 2 S.,

R. 7 W., very near the county line, but the owner assures me that

his property is in San Bernardino County. They were in a pond

surrounding an artesian well. Dr. Frank C. Baker identified the

~ specimens.—Junius Henperrson, Boulder, Colo.

Note ON THE SUMMARY OF THE MOLLUSCA OF THE PERUVIAN

Province.—There are some points in Mr. Berry’s review of this

paper which show that even those things which are obvious, or seem

to be so, should not be omitted, In preparing this list it was not

my intention to review the whole molluscan classification or nomen-

clature, which would have taken as many years as the list I prepared

took months. In those groups which are not familiar to me, I fell

back on the only modern classified lists of the Cephalopods and

Nudibranchs, namely those of Hoyle and Bergh, as indicated in my

bibliography ; the experience and reputation of these authors being

such as to require no apology for accepting their results. In the

ease of the Bolitzna I followed the spelling of the name as given in

the work referred to, the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology. Polypus fontaineanus was named after N. Fontaine, and

though it happened to be misprinted fontanianus in the first fasci-.

culus of Orbigny’s work, and this misprint was copied on the plate

by the engraver, the error was corrected in the index of the book

somewhat later. Under these circumstances we are authorized by

the rules to accept the correction, as Mr. Berry proposes to do in

the case of 7urride. Wowever in the latter case since the deriva-

tives of Zurris in Latin (turrdtus) English (turrited) and so far as I

know all other languages, accept the euphonic ‘‘ t” in derivatives of

Turris, 1 kept the earlier form which is more in harmony with

Turritelide and similar accepted locutions. The illustrations of the

work were intended for those interested in the identification of the

economic shellfish and not for anatomists, and for this purpose

Orbigny’s plates are quite satisfactory. As Whewell remarked ‘*We

are none of us infallible, not even the youngest of us.”—Wm. H.

Dail.