INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XXIV.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Actaeopyramis Fischer ;

Acteonina (Crenilabrum) cossmanni | as:

Adamsiella irrorata Gloyne ;

Adeorbis? nautiloides Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. IV, figs. 3-5)

Adeorbis sotoensis Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. IV, figs. 7-9)

Agriolimax agrestis Linn., at Waco, Texas

Ammonitella lunata Piceact Noteson

Ampnicola expansilabris Aldr. (Pl. X, fig. 14) . ;

Amnicola georgiensis Aldr. (Pls. IX, X, figs. 4, 13).

Amnicola harperi Dall, n. sp. .

Amnicola saltillensis Aldr. (Pls. IX, G4 figs, 5-12, 15)

Aplustrum amplustra Linne. On ite variation of

Bathytoma tremperiana Dall, n. sp.

Boettger, Dr. Oskar. ;

Boston Malacological Club

Civilization and Snails.

Claibornian Shell, A new.

Ceelocentrum hinkleyi Pils.

Colobostylus bronni C. B. Ads.

Common or vernacular names for mussels.

Cymatium adairense Dall, n. sp.

(iii )

lv THE NAUTILUS.

Davisia, Notes on. : Py

Ensidens Frierson, n. gen. aape into pane hea) .. 98

Eocene Fossils from the Southern States . es 2:

Epiphragmophora (Trichodiscina) verdensis Dall, n. sp. . 35 |

Eucalodium ooo orcutti 5 We n. (Spy . 04

Eulimella. ; : : . Oz

Eulima cossmanni Aldr., n. sp. ie

Fissuridea mauryi Aldr. (Pl. IV, ae iB 2) hes

Gulf of California, New shells from the. ee

Halhitis cracherodii without perforations . . ee

Helix acutangula Burrow. ’ : . 138

Helix angulata Burrow. ; . 138

Helix angulata Rackett . : ; Ap

Helix nemoralis, the Virginia colony of . ; : 84

Hindsia perideris Dall, n. sp. . : : : . joe

Isapis obtusa Cpr., A note on . : . bee

Lamarck collection . : ‘ ; ; 68

Lanzaia elephantota Megerle_. . 14

Lima harrisiana Aldr., n. sp. (PI. IV, Ay 10, rea . 74

Lottia gigantea var. Hipsiaernie Dall, HV Veta a . » O36

Lymnea emarginata wisconsinensis Baker, n. v. +e

Malvinasia, Notes on Davisia and. : aly

Method of progression of some land epeaaleies fon

Jamaica : , : : . 85

Mexican land hella Two new. PAS : . 384

Mexico, Collecting shells in. ; . 138

Midway-Pernambuco fauna . 144

Modiolus diegensis Dall, n. sp. : . 10

Mollusks of Unity, Maine. : =; (GM

Mollusks of Unionville, Conn. . ! . 68

Musculium pusillum Sterki, n. sp. - fh wes

Naiades, The anatomical structure i peetaan antic ( Pls.

WAL WAT ie , . 108, 114, 127

No dnlars ! MPT ) ; . AOF

Nodularia orientalis Tipe . 98

Nodularia pazii Lea. : . 98

Nodularia subpressa Heude 94

Notes ; ey 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 120, 132

THE NAUTILUS. ¥

Notes on California shells. 3 , ; . 95, 109, 124

Opeas goodalli Miller, on. ; : . 81

Opeas pumilum Pfr. ; 4, gees Oe

Oliva amethystina Bolten. ; . 68, 124

Oliva angulata Lam. (var. nivea Pils, ais he . 24, 123

Oliva annulata Gmel. : ; . 124

Oliva bulbosa Bolten j . 65

Oliva caerulea Bolten , ; re 1

Oliva circinata Marrat . 128

Oliva circinata var. citrina Tehceon n. V. : . 128

Oliva fulgurator Bolten. é ; : . 128

Oliva incrassata Solander. ; . 122

Oliva oliva Linne . . 124

Oliva peruviana var. castanea Ford : : , . 122

Oliva peruviana var. livida Johnson, n. v. . 122

Oliva sericea Bolten. , ‘oe

Oliva sericea var. fordi lee n. V. ; <i) SOR

Oliva sericea var. marratti Johnson, n. v. . «j; Bt

Oliva sericea var. miniacea Bolten . : le Be

Oliva spicata Bolten. ; : ; . 121

Oliva spicata var. hemphilli Ford ; . 122

Oliva spicata var. perfecta Johnson, n. v. . 122

Oliva tigrina var. fallax Johnson, n. v. . 65

Oliva variegata Bolten. : Oe

Oliva vidua Bolten . , ‘ ; ; . 64, 124

Olivide, Notes onthe. ; 49, 64, 121

Oscilla_. es

Ovulactaeon Sldnicht. Witceler, n. sp. (PL WW, ee 6). 13, 73

Pachypoma inequale var. spiratum Dall, n. vy. ne yi

Paludestrina plana Aldr. (Pl. VIII, fig. i . 139

Petterd, W. F. (obituary). ; BED ie

Peidium, Methods of collecting : ; : ; . 140

Plague a huge snails : . 84

Planorbis antiquitus Aldr. (Pl. x, te 16). 4 . 140

Planorbis antrosus Conr. . : ; , . 187

Planorbis engonatus Conr. : . 137

Planorbis bicarinata Lam. , . 186

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. , ‘ , . 136

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Pleurotomide, Californian bees ea

Pliocene fossils from Georgia, ith deseaniions of new

species. : : . 131, 138

Polygyra palliata ae the District of Golnmbia : . 24

Potamides saltillensis Aldr. (Pl. VIII, fig. 1) . . 182

Potamides cancelloides Aldr. (Pl. VIII, fig. 2, 2a) . . 138

Potamolithus paysanduanus von Iher., n. sp. . : <a

Potamolithus paysanduanus form impressa von Iher. | ae

Potamolithus paysanduanus form sinulabris von Iher. a

Potamolithus filipponei von Ther... oi RS

Pseudodon : ah

Pterides, Notes on fhe genus. ! ' . 14

Publications. ; 5 0. SOymae

Punctum pygmaeum on ee iceeee a Gauuaie . 24

Purpura crispata and saxicola. ‘ ; OF

Pyramidellid nomenclature, Some notes on Bg

Segmentina christyi Dall, A new species for the U. S. (ames 11

Shall we be ordered off the beaches ? ies : . 48

Shell collecting in Puget Sound and Alaska . 25, 44

Shells from the Bay of Cadiz region : . OLFage

Shells of Mount Equinox, Vermont. : . 12

Snails from Kentucky, Notes on some land : . 90

Solariella triplostephanus Dall, n. sp. . 34

Spatha kamerunensis Walker, n. sp. (Pl. ITI, Ape: 1, 2)... nee

Spatha kamerunensis, On the soft parts of. ae

Spherium, Methods of collecting . : : . 140

Texas, Notes on land shells from Meeeores Peninsula . 4

Thais emarginata Desh. . : ' : A

Thais lima Mart... ; ieee

Thais plicata Mart. . ; : Bt

Trivia pediculus permagna Tohuesn TV, ; pb

Truncilla lewisii Walker, n. sp. (Pl. ITI, figs. 3-5) ; . 42

Truncilla, Notes on (with key to species). : ane

Tudora armata C. B. Ads. oe

Unio compressus Heude . i : : 9 ae

Unio vestitus Heude. ; . 98

Unio ingallsiana Lea. ' 88

Unio undatus Barnes, On the validity ae 6, 16

THE NAUTILUS. Vil

Unionide, African forms . ‘ ; : ; . 107

Unionide, Asiatic forms . 4 : : ; ’ . 106

Unionide, North American forms . : : + oe AL eee

Unionide of Pearl and Sabine Rivers ; s ; . 1384

Unionide, South American forms . } ‘ 108

Unionide, notes on oriental . A ; 92, 97

Unionide, The discharge of the plodhiatlea. . 94

Whitfield, Professor Robert Parr ; 2 PatN? § |

Zonitoides milium from the District of Gotnenbia ; 1) See

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Allen, John A.

Aldneb. TG;

Baker, Fred.

Baker, F. C.

Berry, S. S.

Brown, Amos P.

Buell, Ira M.

Bush, Katherine J. .

Cockerell, T. D. A. .

Dally WH:

Edson, Harry .

Frierson, L. S.

Harris, G. D. .

Hanham, A. W.

Hanna .G.eD.\.

Hedley, C.

Hettrich, L. A.

Hinkley, A. A.

Iredale, Tom

Johnson, C. W.

Ortmann, A. E.

Pilsbry, H. A.

Smith, Maxwell

Sterki, V.

Strecker, Jr., John K.

Vanatta, E. G.

Von Thering, H.

Walker, Bryant

Wheeler, H. E.

Winkley, H. W.

( viii )

48, 181,

73131

140

138

25, 43

58, 68

2, 82, 34, 47, 95, 109,

NAIR i: . 132

124

92, 97, 134

. 144

. 112

. 133

11, 36, 49, 64, 72, 84,

39, 94, 103, 114,

121

127

14, 31

81,

3, 5, 90, 98

87,

6, 11, 16, 38, 42, 75

101

136

WHE SINAUSILUS

VoL. XXIV. MAY, 1910. No. 1

ON THE VARIATION OF APLUSTRUM AMPLUSTRE LINNE.

BY CATHARINE J. BUSH, PH.D.

Zoological Depaitment, Yale University Museum.

A short series of exceptionally fine specimens of this species has

recently been presented to the Yale University Museum by Mr.

Bruce Cartwright, Jr., 05. They were collected by him on Ham-

mer Point, Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, where they were quite

common in the sand under coral and lava rocks.

The largest is eleven-eighths inches long and seven-eighths broad,

and the smallest a little over seven-eighths inches long and five-

eighths broad. ‘There is considerable variation in the height of the

spire ; in the largest example each whorl, beyond the minute tilted

and partly immersed nuclear one, is a little raised, forming a well

elevated spire of about five-sixteenths of an inch in height. In

others the early whorls are coiled in the same plane, forming an ob-

tuse apex, and in one the coiling is reversed so that the early whorls

are sunken. There is also great variation in the exposure on the last

whorl. The pink and white color bands do not noticeably differ in

width, but the black lines bordering them do vary, and in one in-

stance an additional black line appears in the middle of the peripheral

white band. There is also great variation in the forming of the inner

lip of the aperture. In some of the specimens it closely adheres to

the body of the shell and has an irregular outline with a free edge,

which forms a distinctly lamella-like margin, or outer wall, to a

deep open canal extending the entire length of the columella. In

others it is seen only as an adherent patch just beneath the suture

2 THE NAUTILUS.

and again appears, curving outward, at about the middle of the col-

umella as the lamella-like margin.

One specimen has a conspicuous groove in the middle of the

peripheral white band, and although very uniform, it is undoubtedly

due to injury.

The species is well figured both by Adams and Pilsbry. It has

been recorded from northeast Australia, Sandwich and other islands

of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Type loc., Mauritius.

A NEW FLORIDIAN AMNICOLA.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.!

Some fresh-water marl from a swamp at the south end of Lake

Panasoffkee, six feet below the present surface, collected by Mr. A.

M. Harper, was recently submitted for examination by Mr. C. A.

Davis, of the U. S. Geological Survey. It contained a number of

species known to live in the region, in determining which I had the

kind assistance of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. One species which will prob-

ably be found living, later on, seems to be new.

AMNICOLA HARPERI DN. Sp.

Shell minute, depressed, rapidly enlarging, with about three

whorls; surface smooth, except for faint incremental lines, almost

polished, the whorls are full and rounded, almost circular in section,

thus forming a deep suture; umbilicus wide and deep, the whorl

evenly rounding into it; aperture nearly circular, with a faint angu-

lation where it touches the preceding whorl, the margin entire,

simple, slightly expanded, the plane of the aperture slightly oblique.

Height of shell 1.2, diameter 1.3, diameter of aperture 0.7 mm.

This little shell looks like a very minute replica of Valvata sin-

cera,and if it were not for the slight angulation of the aperture would

have been referred to Valvata. No Lymnezas were found in the

marl. The species associated with A. harpert were: Pisidium sp. ;

Succinea sp.; Physa heterostropha; Ancylus tardus; Planorbis tri-

volvis, parvus, dilatatus, and alabamensis var. avus; Paludestrina

monas Pils., and brevissima Pils.; Amntcola johnsoni and augustina

of Pilsbry ; Vivrpara georgiana Lea and Goniobasis papillosa Anth.

1 By permission of the Director of the U. 8. Geological Survey.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

A NEW SPECIES OF MUSCULIUM.

BY VY. STERKI.

MuscuLiuM PUSILLUM N. sp.

Mussel small, subequipartite, moderately inflated, rather rounded

in outlines to subtruncate anteriorly and posteriorly ; beaks very little

anterior and little inclined towards the anterior, somewhat project-

ing, calyculate, made up wholly of the nepionic valves marked off

from the post-embryonal by a deep constriction ; concentric surface

strie microscopic, slight, somewhat distant, irregular, most marked

and more crowded over the widest part of the beaks ; color (of dead

shells) whitish to straw, surface somewhat shining; shell very thin

and fragile; hinge very slight but well formed, right cardinal tooth

moderately curved with its posterior end thicker to even hooked,

left anterior slightly curved, posterior very short, oblique. Long. 4,

alt. 3.6, diam. 2.4 mill.

Soft parts not seen.

Hab. : Hancock Creek, Dickinson Co., Michigan (Upper Penin-

sula), collected by an expedition of the Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey

of Michigan,in 1909. Types in the museum of the Univ. of Mich.

(No. 198 of the expedition’s collecting), and in the Carnegie Museum

(5459 of my collection of Spheriide).

There were about a dozen specimens, all dead shells, most of them

single valves and partly broken. Most of them were nearly of the

same size, a few smaller (3.3 and 3.4 mm. long). They may not be

full grown, but even as such they are decidedly different from im-

mature specimens of all Museulia described. As to color, surface

appearance and thinness of the shell, they somewhat resemble ©,

ryckholtt Normand, but are less inequipartite, less oblique, less high.

less inflated, and evidently smaller.

AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS LINN. AT WACO, TEXAS.

BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR.

In the early portion of February, 1909, the writer, in company

with Mr. Ed. Ainsworth, city editor of the Waco Times- Herald, vis-

4 THE NAUTILUS.

ited a small rocky gully about three miles north of Wace. in quest of

some fossil bones which the latter had discovered there some time

previously. Our time was limited and conditions unfavorable, so

that we made no attempt to explore the wooded hill on the left-band

side of the gully, but in the few hours we were in the locality I saw

indications that led me to believe that a careful search would yield a

good harvest of shells. A month later I returned, this time with

Prof. W. T. Gooch, and together we devoted several hours to the col-

lecting of mollusks. As a result we were enabled to add two species

to the McLennan county list, ¢. e., Omphalina friabilis W. G. B. and

Agriolimax agrestis Linn.

Omphalina was found in smal] numbers under stones and logs

lying along the foot of a rocky bluff, on the level above the gully.

Prof. Gooch found the first slug and in the next half-hour we ob-

tained at least a dozen more, the largest about 28 mm. in length.

They were found under masses of cowdung lying along a path and

were associated with various species of Coleoptera and a few examples

of Vitrea indentata umbilicata Ckll. In regard to examples sub-

mitted to Bryant Walker, that gentleman writes as follows: ‘ I think

that the slug is a variety of Agriolimax agrestis. It has the light-

colored space around the respiratory foramen and the dark reticula-

tions characteristic of that species.”’

Other living mollusks found on the hill were Helicina orieu (ae

tropica, Praticolella berlanderiana, Polygyra roemeri, P. texasiana,

P. mooreana, Bulimulus dealbatus liquabilis, Pyramidula alternata,

Bifidaria sp.

As far as I know, Agriolimax agrestis has not previously been re-

corded from the State.

NOTES ON LAND-SHELLS FROM MATAGORDA PENINSULA, TEXAS.

BY JOHN K. STRECKER, JR.

On the 14th of July, 1908, I accompanied a pleasure party from

Palacios, Texas, across the bay to Matagorda Peninsula. This

peninsula is the long, slender projection of Matagorda county which

separates the bay of the same name from the Gulf. We landed on

the bay side, and while the balance of the party crossed over to the

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Gulf, I made a careful search for land-shells among the drift material

lying along the edges of a marshy tract about 150 yards from the

bay shore. This drift consisted of broken branches and logs from 2

to 8 inches in diameter, masses of twigs and dead rushes and a few

weather-worn planks. The Greek captain of the schooner “ Louisa”

advised me to use extreme caution in working through the drift, as

ground rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius L.) were supposed to be

abundant on this portion of the peninsula. The snakes, however,

failed to materialize.

In the course of an hour I found nearly 250 shells, representing

eleven species. The only living specimens in the lot were three ex-

amples of Succinea concordialis Gld., which were attached to the

under side of a plank. The balance of the lot consisted of dead

shells, but the majority were in good condition, some even retaining

the epidermis. The following is a list of the species obtained ;

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. Numerous examples in good condi-

tion. This is probably the southernmost record for this species.

Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1907, p. 535) records a single

example from Galveston, but suggests that it may have been imported.

I found one specimen on the B. Y. P. U. camp-ground at Palacios.

It was a dead shell in good condition and was in a situation that pre-

eluded any likelihood of its being a drift shell carried inland through

human agency.

Polygyra espiloca Rav. Two examples. This species has been

previously recorded from Indianola (Pilsbry).

Polygyra fraterna friersont Pils.; 14 examples in fair condition.

Polygyra texasiana Mor.

Polygyra mooreana W. G. B.

These two species comprised nearly two-thirds of the entire lot.

Living examples of both were found near Palacios.

Polygyra leporina Gld. A single imperfect example.

Polygyra cereolus volvoxis Pfr. Three examples in fair condition.

This species has also been recorded from Galveston (Pilsbry) and

Virginia Point, Galveston county (Singley).

Suecinea concordialis Gid. Three living specimens and a number

of dead ones.

Helicina orbiculata tropica Jan. Abundant. Living examples at

Palacios.

Praticolella berlanderiana Mor. Abundant. Living at Palacios.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

Melampus flavus Gmel. Abundant.

These shells were not intermingled with marine forms, which

strew the shore on both sides of the peninsula. The identifications

are by Bryant Walker.

ON THE VALIDITY OF UNIO UNDATUS BARNES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

This species, which is apparently easily identifiable, has been

buried in the synonymy for over half a century. A careful study

both of the literature and of a considerable amount of material has

convinced me that it is entitled to recognition as a valid species.

The synonymic history of the species is, briefly, as follows; It

was described by Barnes in 1823 (Am. Jour. Sci. VI, p. 121, pl. IV,

fig. 4) and was based on specimens collected by Schoolcraft in the

Wisconsin and Fox rivers.

In 1828, Hildreth (Am. Jour. Sci. XIX, p. 280) recognized the

species among the Unionide of the Muskingum river, Ohio, and as

his paper was submitted to Barnes before publication, there is ap-

parently no doubt but that his identification was correct.

In his first attempt at an arrangement of the North American

Unionide in 1829 (Obs. I p. 32) Dr. Lea considered it as a synonym

of U. mytiloides Raf.

In 1833, (Obs. I p. 200) after his return from Europe, where he

had studied the Lamarckian types, he declared Barnes’ species to be

the same as U. obliquus of that author.

In the meantime, in 1831, Lea (Tr. Phil. Soc. IV. p. 110 pl. XVI

fig. 40) had described his Unio trigonus from the Ohio as a new

species.

It is to be noted that Barnes died in 1828 before trigonus was de-

scribed, so that he was not able to express his opinion as to the

validity of Lea’s species.

In 1834, Conrad in his “ Synoptical Table” (New F. W. Shells

p. 72) considered the two species as synonymous and gave undatus

priority.

In the same year, Say in his ‘* Synonymy ” (Amer. Con. Pt. VI)

did the same.

Ferussac in 1835 (Guer. Mag. I p. 28), after Dr. Lea had visited

NAUTILUS, XXIV. PEATE I.

THE

———

——

“~

i, Y

SSBB

SSB

ADRULA TRIGONA LEA

OUé

3, QUADRULA

OBLIQUA LAM

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PLATE I.

4 Wy

Wij

y ill!

dayyppyy) fiji gpl

———_

QUADRULA UNDATA BARNES.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

him in Paris and identified his collection and who had had ap-

parently before him anthentic examples of both undatus and trigonus,

came to the same conclusion. He disregarded Lea’s reference of

undatus to obliqguus Lam. and considered that species to be some-

thing quite different.

In 1849 the Western Academy of Natural Sciences of Cincinnati

published a “‘ Catalogue of the Unios, Alasmodontas and Anodontas

of the Ohio River and its Northern Tributaries.”” It does not appear

who compiled it. In this list undatus is recognized as a valid species

with four synonyms; 17. e., caridiacea Say, mytiloides Raf., obliqua

Lam,and pyramidata Lea. Trigonus is doubtfully referred to flavus

Raf., of which rubiginosus Lea is considered a synonym.

Kuester (Conch. Cab. Unio, p. 58, pl. XIII, fig. 4, 1852) differs

from every other writer in his disposition of the species. He con-

siders it a white-nacred form of Obowaria retusa Lam. His figure

represents a shell quite different from wndatus in shape, with the sur-

face heavily sulcate transversely. I have never seen anything like

it and whatever else it may be, it certainly is not the undatus of

Barnes. I have been unable to find any reference to this figure in

Simpson’s Synopsis.

In 1853 Conrad (Pr. A, N.S. Phila. V1, pp. 243-269) published

an elaborate “Synopsis” of the Naides. In this, wndatus and trigonus

are recognized as distinct species and in a note the author gives what

he considers the distinguishing characters of each. He emphatically

repudiates the reference of undatus to Lamarck’s obliguus, which he

considers has priority over one of Lea’s species.

This was the last revolt against the arrangement adopted by Dr.

Lea in 1833.

After this time the preponderating influence of Dr. Lea in deter-

mining the nomenclature of the North American Unionide was suf-

ficient to impress his opinion as to the standing of Dr. Barnes’ species

upon collectors, and the name practically disappears from the litera-

ture except as a synonym of odliquus Lam.

Simpson in his recent Synopsis (1900) follows Lea in his disposi-

tion of the species.

What is the Unio undatus of Barnes ?

There is no real difficulty in determining this question, if due con-

8 THE NAUTILUS.

sideration is given to the original description and figure. It is with-

out doubt one of the most common species in the upper Mississippi

and Ohio drainage systems and is commonly known as Quadrula tri-

gona Lea.

Barnes’s description is very accurate and his figures (PI. I, figs. 1

& 2) though rude are quite recognizable. As the final determination

of the standing of his species must rest upon them, and the publica-

tion in which they appeared is out of date and not easily obtained,

both are here reproduced, so that they may speak for themselves.

In drawing his description, Barnes followed the prevalent error of

the day and reversed the ends of the shell, calling the anterior ex-

tremity the posterior and vice versa. I have therefore interpolated

the proper corrections in this particular in parentheses. The italics

are as in the original.

UNIO UNDATUS.

Shell subtriangular, sub-longitudinal, very tumid, waved ; lateral

teeth, two in each valve.

Unio obliqua? M. Lamarck.

Hab. Ouisconsin and Fox Rivers. Mr. Schoolcraft.

Diam. 1.5. Length 2.1. Breadth 2.2.

Shell thick, disks swelled behind (before), depressed before (be-

hind), anterior (posterior) side slightly produced, rapidly narrowed,

angulated ; beaks projecting backward (forward) nearly as far as the

posterior (anterior) side, elevated and recurved, with the ligament

passing between them; anterior (posterior) lunule long heart-shaped

and separated by a slightly elevated beel; hinge margin depressed

between the beaks; basal margin waved and rounded behind (be-

fore), compressed in the middle, angulated before (behind); epidermis

horr-color exhibiting a light yellowish-green where the surface is

worn or rubbed, wrinkled and finely striated transversely, surface

glabrous. Cardinal teeth deeply sulcated and crenated ; lateral teeth

two in each valve; internal or lower one of the left valve small, but

distinct and elevated, and both marked with fine dotted striz.

Muscular impressions deep, posterior one rough. Naker pearly

white.

Remarks. This shell, as will be seen by its dimensions, has a

more globose form than perhaps any other Unio. It will stand erect

THE NAUTILUS. 9

on the posterior (anterior) side, and in this position has something of

a pyramidal appearance.

For comparison with the author’s figures I have figured (PI. I,

fig. 3) a topotype from the Fox River, Illinois, the proportionate di-

mensions of which are almost precisely those given by Barnes. The

comparative measurements, translating Barnes’s figures into milli-

meters, are as follows:

Barnes’s type: Length 55, height 52.5, diam. 37.5 mm.

My shell: Length 53, height 51, diam. 34 mm.

To be of exactly the same proportions as Barnes’s shell, the one I

have figured should have the following dimensions :

Length, 538, height 50.7, diam. 36.14.

That is, the shell figured, as compared with the dimensions of the

type, is proportionately .3 mm. greater in height and 2.14 mm. less

in diameter than it should be to conform exactly with the type. But

the difference is really too small to amount to anything.

In all other respects, the specimen corresponds with Barnes’ de-

scription and, making due allowance for the crude drawing, agrees

substantially with his figure. I think that there can be no doubt but

that the shell I have figured is a typical example of the undatus of

Barnes.

rH,

Is U. undatus Bar.= U. obliquus Lam. ?

If the foregoing identification of Barnes’s species is correct, it is

clear that undatus is not the same as the species, which is to-day

universally accepted as the obliquus of Lamarck. For comparison

with undatus I have figured (PI. II, fig. 3) a specimen of the species

now known as odliquus, of substantially the same dimensions as

Lamarck’s type.

A comparison of this figure with those of Barnes needs no de-

monstration to show that the two forms are not the same species.

What species Lamarck really had before him when he described

his obliguus is by no means free from doubt.

His original description is as follows :

“ U. testa sublongitudinali, ovato-rotundata, obliqgua, sub-epiderme

candida ; ligamento subduplici; dente cardinali crasso, sulcato, bipar-

tito. * * * Habite la riviere de l’Ohio. A. Michaud. Distincte de la

précédente (ligamentina) par sa forme : elle est renflée vers les crochets,

10 THE NAUTILUS.

déprimée vers l'autre extrémité, bisillonnée sur le coté antérveur. Long-

ueur apparente, 61 millimetres.”

This description taken by itself is too imperfect to be recognizable.

Dr. Lea himself so declared in 1829 (Obs. 1 p. 36) and consequently

omitted it entirely from his Synopsis of that date.

Prior to Dr. Lea’s visit to Paris in 1832, owing to the indefinite

character of Lamarck’s descriptions, there was great uncertainty and

considerable diversity of opinion among American conchologists in

regard to nearly all of his species. And it was no doubt owing to

that fact, that Barnes, in describing his wndatus, intimated that it

might be the obliguus of Lamarck. Dr. Lea never figured or de-

scribed obliquus. But there can be no doubt but that the well-known

species, which for the last fifty years at least has been called by that

name, was determined by him as being the Lamarckian species.

But his decision did not meet with universal acceptance.

Ferussac in 1837 (loc. cit.), in whose possession were many of

Lamarck’s types, and who no doubt had access to the type of ob-

Uiquus, which was then in the museum in the Garden of Plants at

Paris, and after Dr. Lea had spent eight mornings critically exam-

ining and identifying his collection of American Unionide, believed

that Lamarck’s obliguus was the species described by Lea as ebenus,

And Conrad in his “ Synopsis ”’ of 1853 held to the same opinion,

remarking that ‘ Lamarck’s description is wholly inapplicable to

undatus, which is not oblique, and certainly not ‘‘ ovate-rotundate.”

What Lamarck’s obliquus really is, can probably be only deter-

mined by a critical re-examination of the original type, if it is still

in existence.

But whatever it may be, it is certain that if the current accepta-

tion of obliquus is correct, then it is clear that Lea’s reference of

undatus to it was erroneous. On the other hand, if Lee was right

in his determination, then it is equally certain that the species now

known as Quadrula obliqua cannot bear that name.

What it should be called in that case is ‘‘ another story” as Kip-

ling would say and may well be held in abeyance until we know what

Lamarck’s obliguus really is. And until that is definitely determined,

it is, no doubt, the better part to consider the shell we call obliquus

to be Lamarck’s species and for the time being to deal with Barnes’s

species on that basis.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. 11

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

A few persons interested in the study of Mollusca were-entertained

on the evening of Washington’s birthday, by Mr. Francis N. Balch,

at his home in Jamaica Plain. Plans were discussed and a meeting for

organizing was called. Asa result, thirteen met on March 14th, in

Boston, adopted a constitution, and elected Prof. Edward S. Morse,

of Salem, President; Mr. Francis N. Balch, of Boston, Vice-Presi-

dent; Rev. Henry W. Winkley, of Danvers, Secretary and Treas-

urer. Mr. John Ritchie, Jr., and Mr. Chas. W. Johnson were

elected to serve with the other officers as an Executive Committee.

At the April meeting, Professor Morse gave an excellent ad-

dress, protesting against the multiplication of generic names, and

on some interesting points for study and observation. Mr. Balch

spoke on his recent visit to Washington, of some of the interesting

specimens obtained by the “Albatross ” and of the work being done

at the National Museum on mollusks. Some twenty-five ladies

and gentlemen are now on the roll of membership,

Henry W. WINKELEY,

Secretary.

NOTES.

Professor Robert Parr Whittield, curator in the American Museum

of Natural History, author of important works on paleontology, died

on April 6, at the age of eighty-two years.

A NEW SPECIES FOR THE UNITED STATES FAUNA. Mr. W. H.

Over of Date, S. D., has recently to me for determination specimens

of a Segmentina, collected by him in a small water-hole among the

Coteau Hills, five miles north-east of Clear Lake,S. D. They agree

very exactly witli the description and figure of S. christyi Dall, both

in sculpture and size, the largest specimen being 114 mm. in diameter,

and I have no doubt as to their being that species. None of the

seven specimens sent show any indications of apertural lamella.

Bryant WALKER.

A LARGE FOSSIL Trivia: Among a collection of Pliocene fossils

obtained by Mr. Wm. F. Clapp, from the dredgings in the lower part

of Lake Flint, above Ft. Thompson, Florida, was a specimen of Trivia

pediculus of an unusually large size. The specimen measures 22 mm.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

in length, and except for size represent the typical pediculus, 1. e.

those with the finer ribbing, about 18 ribs showing on the inner margin

of the outer lip, with about 7 intermediate ones which do not reach

the inner margin. A study of the recent forms seems to warrant the

varietal name of 7. pediculus permagna.

In a large series of over 100 recent specimens there is a great

range of variation; the largest is 17 mm., the smallest 6 mm., in

length. The larger specimens show a noticeable unformity in size,

about fifty percent measuring between 15 and 17 mm. The speci-

mens from near Jupiter Inlet, Fla., represent for the most part the

vareity labiosa Gask., with a perceptibly broader inner lip, with

about 15 ribs extending to the inner margin. The variety cimez is

smaller (about 8 to 10 mm.), and in the typical form there is a tend-

ing for the spots on the right side to become confluent.

C. W. Jounson.

FULGUR CANALICULATUM SPAWNING in the New York Aquarium

is figured and described in the Zoological Society Bulletin for March,

1910, pp. 637, 638. Eight days were occupied in spawning one

string of egg capsules.

An Earty Stace or Acmma. By Epwarp S. Morse (Proc.

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, pp. 313-323, 1910). An exceedingly

interesting paper in which the author shows that the young of Acme@a

testudinalis is not nautiloid, but begins. with a blunt cecal-like cap

without the suggestion of a coil. The specific characters separating

A. testudinalis and A. alveus are also fully discussed.

New OLIGocENE SHELLS FROM FLoripa. By Cartotta Joa-

quina Maury (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, vol. 4, No. 21, March,

1910). This Bulletin contains the descriptions and figures of 84 new

species, principally from the Oak Grove and Chipola marls. The

types are either in the Cornell University or the collection of Mr, 1.

H. Aldrich.

PALEONTOLOGY OF tHE CoOALINGA DistTRICT, CALIFORNIA.

By Ratpu ARNOLD (Bull. 396 U. S. Geol. Survey). Over 50 new

forms of tertiary mollusca are described and figured. Carinifex

marshalli, proposed for C. newberryi Cooper (not Lea) has evidently

already been named by Mr. Harold Hannibal C. santaclare, Nautt-

Lus, vol. 23, p. 40, July, 1909.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. JUNE, 1910. No. 2

A NEW CLAIBORNIAN SHELL.

BY REV. H. E. WHEELER.

OVULACTZON ALDRICHI, D. sp.

Shell minute, subcypreform, thick, longitudinally sculptured with

distinct grooves very closely set, and terminated by the broad oblique

callus on the body whorl; periphery of the apical region smooth, well

rounded, the diameter of the perforation being contained in the

width of the shell about four times; aperture linear, very contracted,

elevated ; outer lip thickened, reflected over and close to the apical

perforation, and produced downward on the body whorl; furnished

behind with an oblique, rather deep furrow, which is parallel to the

labial contour, and terminating at the callus, a similar, less promi-

nent rectilinear furrow directly in front.

Length 4 mm.; width 2 mm.

Type (No. 779, Col. Wheeler) from the Ferruginous Sand Bed,

Claiborne, Alabama. Co-type in the collection of Hon. T. H.

Aldrich.

The genus to which this shell belongs is new to Eocene paleon-

tology. Thus far it is represented only by O. meeki Dall, a recent

form dredged off the coasts of Cuba and the Bahamas. The genus

is thus characterized by Dr. Dall:!

“ Shell cypreform, involute; with an apical perforation as in Bulla ;

1Bull. Mus, Comp, Zool, Cambridge, vol. xvii, 1889, p. 42.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

columella simple, without plaits; margin of the aperture continuous,

simple, thickened, the callus on the body whorl elevated parallel with

the outer lip; aperture narrow, almost linear, slightly effuse at the

extremities, as long as the shell.

‘‘ Type O. meekii, Dall. Plate 33, figs 3 and 4.”

I dedicated this interesting shell to my friend, Hon. T. H. Al-

drich, of Birmingham, Alabama, who solved the problem of its gen-

eric position, and whose contributions to our knowledge of Tertiary

Paleontology are so well known and highly valued. It will be fig-

ured on a future plate of this volume.

NOTE ON THE GENUS PTERIDES.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In my study of this group of Mexican freshwater shelis I over-

looked an important article by the late Professor Sp. Brusina in the

Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malak. Gesellschaft for 1906, p. 154,

in which he erects the new genus Lanzaia for the long-forgotten

Turbo elephantotus of Megerle von Muhlfeldt, described in 1824 from

the coast of Dalmatia, and rediscovered by Prof. Brusina, on the

seashore near the mouth of the little river Zernovica.

This snail, Lanzaia elephantota as it will now be called, which is

well figured in the Nachrichtsblatt (p. 158), has the aperture formed

like that of my Ptertdes pterostoma (Nautilus xxiii, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2).

It differs from the Mexican Pterides by having sinuous flat-topped

riblets with close, fine spiral strie in the intervals, anda rather large

umbilicus. The Mexican Ptertdes has a smooth surface, merely

rimate umbilicus, and more elongate shape.

The finding in Mexico of Mediterranean region genera, such as

this one, Emmericia and Coilostele is extremely interesting and im-

portant. The more prominent groups of freshwater shells are widely

diverse.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF POTAMOLITHUS.

BY H. VON IHERING, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL.

P. PAYSANDUANUS Ni. sp.

Shell imperforate, solid, globose, olivaceous, nearly smooth.

Spire very short, conic, the apex eroded. Last whorl swollen be-

low the suture, rounded at the base and periphery. Aperture some-

what oblique, ovate. Peristome continuous, obtuse, black, the outer

and basal margins narrow, columellar and parietal margins wide, flat

and black. Length 4.8; diam., 3.9 mm. Paysandt, Uruguay.

This species occurred in three forms: (1) that described above

as typical.

(2) Form sinulabris, similar to the preceding, but with a sinus in

the upper part of the outer lip.

(3) Form impressus, larger, with a concave zone at the upper

part in the last half whorl, and a sinus in the lip, which is thin and

sharp.

P. FILIPPONEI D. sp.

Shell imperforate, pyramidal, olivaceous with a reddish-brown band

at the penultimate whorl, smooth. Whorls 5, strongly convex, the

last strongly bicarinate, one carina peripheral, the other basal,

bounding a large concave umbilical area. Aperture very oblique.

Peristome continuous, outer lip thin, unexpanded, having small

rounded sinuses near the upper insertion, below the peripheral angle,

and at the base of the columella, which is narrow and straight.

Length 4.4, diam. 4 mm.

Montevideo, Uruguay, type in Museu Paulista, collected by Dr.

Florentino Filippone.

COMMON OR VERNACULAR NAMES FOR MUSSELS.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

While collecting along the Ohio River, I had some dealings with

the shell hunters, the men gathering clams for the button factories,

16 THE NAUTILUS.

and at the same time looking for pearls. They have some common

names for certain kinds of mussels; and an official of button fac-

tories I met at Marietta, was kind enough to verify the names and

to give some additional information.

“Mucket.”” Lampsilis ligamentina, also orbiculata.

“ Pig-toe.”” Quadrula obliqua, and the whole group of approxi-

mately the same shape, also subrotunda, xsopus, etc.

“ Warty pig-toe.”” QQ. cooperiana, pustulosa, etc.

‘* Nigger-head.” @. ebena; sometimes also Obovaria retusa.

** Monkey face.” Q. metanevra.

“ Butterfly.” Plagiola securis.

‘* Pocketbook.” ZL. ventricosa, also capaz.

“ Sand clam,” or ‘‘ Black sand clam.” JZ. recta, occasionally also

Unio gibbosus.

** Lady’s finger.” ZL. anodontoides, no doubt also fallaciosa.

‘‘ Three-ridge washboard,” or ‘‘ Three-ridge,” or ‘“* Washboard.’’

Q. undulata, also plicata, and multiplicata.

‘‘ Razor-back,”” “ Rudder-back,” ‘ Hatchet-back.” Proptera

alata (and, no doubt, Symphyn. complanata).

Some other large and common mussels may have common names,

but I failed to find them out, e. g. U. crassidens, Tritogonia, Q.

lachrymosa.

ON THE VALIDITY OF UNIO UNDATUS BARNES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

(Concluded from p. 10.)

ary.

Is U. undatus Bar. = U. trigonus Lea.

Lea’s description of his trigonus is as follows:

“« Shell subtriangular, inflated, nearly equilateral, depressed before

the umbonial slope, angular behind; umbonial slope carinate; basal

margin emarginate ; substance of the shell thick, beaks prominent,

THE NAUTILUS. 17

incased and slightly undulated at the tips; ligament short and

thick ; epidermis brown; rays obsolete; cardinal tooth large, ele-

vated and widely cleft in the left valve and emerging from a pit in

the right valve; lateral teeth thick and curved in a direction over

the cardinal tooth; anterior and posterior cicatrices both distinct ;

dorsal cicatrices situated on the under part of the cardinal tooth ;

cavity of the beaks deep and angular; nacre pearly white and iri-

descent. Length 2.3 ; alt. .2; diam. 1.5 in.”

It is to be noted that while this description is quite exactly in ac-

cord with the Ohio river species commonly called trigonus, the figure,

while its dimensions are those given in the description, is not in

strict accordance with its spevifications nor with the shell as usually

found. The shell as figured (Pl. II, fig. 1) would scarcely be

called ‘‘subtriangular,” but rather subquadrate ; the beaks though

prominent are not characteristic of the shell as it actually occurs

and there is a decided emargination of the posterior slope, which is

not mentioned at all in the description, and which, so far as my ex-

perience goes, does not occur in any form of trigonus. The figure,

as it stands, would do better for a representation of the not uncom-

mon quadrate form of rubiginosus than of trigonus.

It was probably on this account that the Western Academy of Nat-

ural Sciences, in their ** Synopsis’ of 1849, felt unable to determine

exactly what trigonus was and doubtfully referred it to flavus Raf.,

of which they considered rubiginosus an unquestionable synonym.

Dr. Lea in his ‘ Rectification’? (Separate p. 6) speaks in the

highest terms of the judicial attitude maintained by the Academy in

the preparation of this list and of the impartiality with which they

attempted to “ render strict justice to every author.”

It is to be noted in this connection that the figure of U. pyrami-

datus on Lea’s plate is evidently exaggerated and out of propor-

tion and that of rubiginosus in the same volume is even more so.

It would therefore seem that the figure given cannot be confidently

relied upon as an accurate representation either of the species or of

the type.

But, however that may be, there is no real question as to what Lea’s

species is, although it does not appear to be a common one in the

Ohio River. I have myself seen only one specimen, that figured

(plate II, fig. 2). Of sixty specimens of the group recently submitted

by Dr. V. Sterki for examination from the Ohio at Marietta and

18 THE NAUTILUS.

intended to be a representative series of the fauna of the river at

the place, not a single specimen could be satisfactorily referred to

“trigona.”” It would seem as though it did not extend up the river

as far as that place.

It is unquestionable that the form I have identified as the undatus

of Barnes has for the last half-century been uniformly considered to

be the trigonus of Lea.

It is also true that prior to 1850, Lea’s species was considered to

be the same as Barnes’s by a very large and respectable element

among the conchologists of that time.

It is evident, also, that Dr. Lea had considerable difficulty in en-

forcing the adoption of his disposition of wndatus (Syn. 4th, Ed., p.

38n; Rectification lst Ed. p. 15) at that time.

In considering the question de novo it must be admitted at once

that the typical forms of the two “species” are not exactly the same.

Conrad in a note to his last Synopsis (1853), in which he considers

the two forms to be distinct species states the difference aptly: it

(undatus) ‘*is much more ventricose anteriorly and over the umbo

than ¢rigonus; has more elevated beaks and is very inequilateral,

whilst the latter is nearly equilateral.”’ Dr. Lea remarks (Syn. 4th

Ed. p. 388n 3) that trégonus is always more angular on the umbonial

slope and the undulations at the tip of the beaks differ.’ ;

This comparison does not apply to the true undatus of Barnes, but

is correct in the first item when applied to obliquus, with which he

considered Barnes’s species to be synonymous. I have not been able

to ascertain the beak characters of obliqgua from the material at my

disposal.

In considering Lea’s conception of his species and whether he con-

sidered it to include the form believed to be the real undatus of

Barnes, it may be of service to note his treatment of both species

before and after his identification of wndatus with obliquus in 1832.

In his original description of trigonus (Obs. I, p. 121) he remarks

that his species belongs to the group of species which are known as

mytiloides Raf. and has been considered a variety of that species, but

that he believes that the group may be divided into four species,

mytiloides Raf., undatus Bar., pyramidatus Lea, and trigonus Lea.

It is to be noted that this was before he had identified wxdatus with

obliquus, but tends to show that he even then identified Barnes’s spe-

cies with the form, which he subsequently declared to be obliquus

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Lam., which at that time he had been unable to identify from the

original description. In his description of Unio solidus (Obs. II, p.

13), read Dec. 19, 1834, he compares that species with undatus and

distinguishes it by ‘‘ being more rounded at the basal margin, by its

more elevated beaks and by its color.”

In his description of Unio planus (Obs. III, p. 51), read Oct. 2,

1840, he differentiates that species from both obliqguus and trigonus

as being more rounded at the base, the emargination being very small

and being higher in the beaks than trigonus and more flattened there

than obliquus.

In the same paper he remarks (p. 54) that his dolabelloides stands

between undatus and cor.

It is curious to note that as late as Feb. 19, 1841, he seems still

to ignore obliquus on occasion and to use undatus (Obs. III, p. 69).

But after that date, undatus is not referred to except in his Recti-

fication and Synopses.

In his description of Unio tumescens (Obs. iv, p. 45), read May 2,

1845, he says that that species is allied to trigonus, but differs in be-

ing more rounded and in having rays. The comparison is certainly

not a very apt one to say the least.

In his description of Unio chunii (Obs. ix, p. 18), read June 3,

1862, he states that this species is closely allied to trigonus, but may

be distinguished by being more lenticular in form and in not having

so sharp an umbonial slope. The undulations of the beaks of that

species, however, are few, as in trigonus, and follow down the angle

of the umbonial slope. In the same paper (p. 21) in his description

of Unio riddellii, he remarks that that species belongs to the group

of which trigonus may be considered the type, but differs in being

rounded, even more inflated and in the character of the undulations,

which are ‘‘ remarkably close,” while in tr¢gonus they are few and

follow down the angle of the umbonial slope for a short distance.”

It is evident from these comparative remarks that, in Lea’s mind,

trigonus was a shell with prominent beaks, though less so than in

solidus and plenus, with a rather wide basal emargination, a sharp

umbonial angle, and having the beak’s undulations few and following

down the umbonial angle for a short distance.

These specifications apply accurately to the shell above identified

as undatus Barnes, and do not apply to any other Quadrula of the

Ohio drainage.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

Of the fourteen species included in the “ értgona group” by Simp-

son in his excellent arrangement, seven are found in the Ohio River,

Viz.:

Q. rubiginosa. Q. coccinea.

Q. trigona. Q. solida.

Q. obliqua Q. plena.

Q. pyramidata.

Of these coccinea is quite different from any of the others, and

possibly does not belong to the genus at all. (Ortmann, Naut.

XXII, p. 10.) At any rate it is so entirely distinct from trigona,

undata and obliqua that it may be dismissed from further considera-

tion in this connection. The remaining species may be separated

into two very natural groups by a characteristic difference in the

form and position of the pseudo-cardinals. In his description of trt-

gonus, Dr. Lea states that the ‘‘ cardinal (is) large, elevated and

widely clett in the left valve and emerges from a pit in the right

valve.” This is absolutely correct and is one of the most character-

istic specific details.

The pseudo-cardinal of the left valve is composed of two deltoid

teeth separated by a deep, triangular cavity for the reception of the

pseudo-cardinal of the right valve. At their upper extremity they

meet and in most cases are completely fused together so that they

might well be termed a single ‘‘ widely cleft tooth” rather than dis-

tinct teeth. The anterior tooth is high and sharply beveled upwards

to a narrow, nearly rectilinear edge, which is nearly parallel with the

lower margin of the lunule. The cavity between them is deep and

comparatively narrow and extends obliquely backward and upward

until terminated by the fused extremities of the pseudo-cardinals.

The pseudo-cardinal in the right valve is triangular in shape, with a

sharp apex directed toward the beak. The posterior side is short and

nearly straight up and down; the anterior side is much longer and

more oblique. On both sides are deep cavities for the reception of

the pseudo-cardinals of the left valve, and owing to the fusing of the

upper extremities of these teeth these cavities are continued entirely

around the pseudo-cardinal, which consequently appears to be

“‘ emerging from a pit.”

The space between the pseudo-cardinal and lateral teeth (‘ inter-

dentum”) is comparatively narrow. This is clearly shown on both

Barnes’s and Lea’s figures. This arrangement of the pseudo-car-

THE NAUTILUS. 21

dinals is also characteristic of rubiginosus. In the remaining four of

the species above mentioned, the character and relative position of

the pseudo-cardinals are quite different, and are similar in all.

Taking obliqua as an example, the interdentum is very broad.

The posterior pseudo-cardinal of the left valve is low and broadly

triangular in shape and the blunt apex points obliquely forward and

not directly upward; the anterior pseudo-cardinal is very low and

bends around the broad and comparatively shallow socket for the

opposing pseudo-cardinal. This socket is almost quadrate in shape,

extends obliquely forward and a line from the upper to the lower

corner is almost perpendicular. The pseudo-cardinal of the right

valve is broadly triangular, and the anterior and posterior sides are

about equal. It is surrounded above by a “ pit” which is very shal-

low in front of the tooth and longer and shallower behind the tooth

than in the trigonus group, triangular in shape and quite oblique.

The whole effect of the hinge in this group is that all the teeth are

subparallel and project obliquely backwards from the beak ; while in

the trigona group the pseudo-cardinal and lateral teeth met at a de-

cided angle under the beak.

This arrangement of the hinge in obliqua and its allies sensibly

affects the external form of the shell, so that there is seldom any

occasion for mistaking to which of the two groups any particular

shell belongs.

It would seem clear, therefore, that there is no occasion for con-

founding the wndatus of Barnes with any of the four species grouping

about obliqua and that in seeking to identify that species, obligua and

its allies may be dismissed from further consideration.

If this be conceded, then it follows that Lea’s trigonus is either

identical with undatus or rubiginosus or is a district species from

either. That the trigonus of Lea is specifically distinct from his

rubiginosus does not require argument in spite of the tentative union

of the two species by the Western Academy of Nat. Sciences caused

no doubt by the uncharacteristic figure given by Lea of his type.

Rubiginosus is well characterized by its more broadly triangular

or subquadrate and more compressed shape and less prominent beaks,

which are less incurved at the tips, and the lack of the pronounced

angle on the posterior ridge.

The possibility that trigonus and rubiginosus can be specifically

identical may be consequently most emphatically answered in the

22 THE NAUTILUS.

negative. It follows therefore that trigonus is identical with unda-

tus or is a distinct species.

In considering this question, it is to be borne in mind that nearly

all of our Unionide are subject to a large amount of variation and

that the wider the range of a species, the greater the amount of

variation it exhibits under the influences of diverse conditions of

local environment.

Trigonus (using the term in its broad, current acceptation and not

confining it to the form of Lea’s type) has a very extensive range.

In the Mississippi Valley from Minnesota (Grant) south to Ark-

ansas (Call) and northern Louisiana (Frierson); in the Ohio drain-

age it ranges east through Ohio (Sterki) but apparently does not ex-

tend into Pennsylvania (Ortmann) nor southwestern N. Y. (Mar-

shall); through the ancient post-glacial connections of Lake Michigan

with the Mississippi and Lake Erie with the Ohio, it has invaded

the St. Lawrence system and is found in the lake drainage of Wis-

consin, Illinois and southern Michigan, whence it ranges east as far

as Buffalo, N. Y. (Marshall) and Port Dover, Ont. (Whiteaves),

but does not appear in the valley of the Ottawa (Latchford); in Ken-

tucky it has been recorded from the Barren River (Walker) and

Warren Co. (Price) in the Ohio drainage; apparently it does not

occur in the Tennessee drainage area at all; but, curiously enough

it reappears in the Alabama system where it is usually, but erron-

eously, called chunii Lea. :

Through Texas, southern Louisiana and Mississippi, the trigona

group is represented by a number of “species,” whose relations with

each other and with ¢rzgona are uncertain, and can only be defi-

nitely determined by a much larger amount of material than is ap-

parently accessible at the present time. Zrigona as such, so far as

I have been able to ascertain, has not been listed from any of those

States except northern Louisiana.

While trigona, commonly so-called, throughout this enormous ex-

tent of territory sustains its specific identity sufficiently to be recog-

nized in most cases without difficulty, yet, as might be expected, it

exhibits in different parts of its range a considerable amount of vari-

ation.

Thus in the Mississippi, Illinois and Fox rivers, the high trian-

gular form, which I have identified with undatus, is the prevalent

phase; in the Ohio a more equilateral form (typical trigona) occurs

THE NAUTILUS. 23

and similar shells are before me from the Wisconsin river, Sauk Co.,

Wis., and the Mississippi River at Davenport, Ia.; while in the Kas-

kaskia and Spoon rivers, Ills., a shellmore broadly triangular in form

is found, which apparently represents the extreme in that direction.

The Alabama form is closer to typical undatus, but like many of the

northern species, that have obtained a foothold in that system and

retained their specific identity, is apparently uniformly smaller and

resembles a half-grown example of the common Mississippi expres-

sion of the species.

But taking the series thus specified as a whole, it exhibits a similarity

throughout, which is congruous only with specific identity and which

separates it as a whole from union with any other described species.

And in this assemblage and united by a series of unmistakable in-

termediates are the undatus of Barnes and the trigonus of Lea.

If, in addition to what has already been said, anything further is

needed to prove the identity of the two forms, the following com-

parison of the specific characters of the two species as given in the

original descriptions will show that there is no ground for question-

ing their specific identity.

Undatus. | Trigonus.

Subtriangular. Subtriangular, nearly equilateral.

Disks swelled before, depressed | Inflated, depressed before the um-

behind, posterior side slightly; bonial slope, angular behind,

produced, rapidly narrowed,} umbonial slope carinated.

angulated.

Basal margin waved. Basal margin emarginate.

Shell thick. Substance of shell thick.

Beaks elevated, recurved, pro-| Beaks prominent, incurved.

jecting forwards nearly as far

as the anterior side.

Ligament passing between the| Ligament short and thick.

beaks.

Epidermis horn-colored, wrinkled | Epidermis brown, rays obsolete.

and finely striated transversely,

surface glabrous.

Cardinal teeth deeply sulcated| Cardinal tooth in the left valve

and crenated. large, elevated and widely cleft.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Lateral teeth two in each valve. | Lateral teeth thick and curved in

a direction over the cardinal

tooth.

Muscular impression deep, poste- | Anterior and posterior cicatrices

rior one rough. both distinct.

Nacre pearly-white. Nacre pearly-white and iridescent.

Length 2.2. in. Length 2.3 in.

Alt. 2.1 in. Alt. 2.0 in.

Diam. 1.5 in. Diam. 1.5 in.

If then, our contention is correct as to the absolute specific iden-

tity of the two species, priority must be given to Barnes’s name and

the synonomy must be written as follows:

QUADRULA UNDATA (Barnes).

1823, Unio undatus Barnes, Am. J1. Sci. VI, p. 121, pl. IV, fig. 4.

1831, Unto trigonus Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. [V, p. 110, pl. XVI,

fig. 40.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES J anp II.

Pl. 1 fig. 1. @Q. undata, Facsimile of one of Barnes’s figures.

Pl. 1 fig. 2. Copy of Barnes’s other figure.

Pl. 1 fig. 8. Q. undata, Fox River, Ill. (original).

Pl. II fig. 1. Facsimile of Lea’s figure of Unio trigonus.

Pl. II fig. 2. Q. trigona Lea, Ohio River (original),

Pl. II fig. 3. Q. obliqgua Lam. Paint Rock River, Jackson Co.,

Ala. (original).

NOTES.

THREE SHELLS Not HiTHERTO REPORTED FROM THE DistRIcT

or CoL_umBi1a.—Recent collecting has added the following hitherto

unreported shells to the fauna of the District of Columbia or its en-

virons: Polygyra palliata Say (on the Virginia side of the Potomac

near Great Falls) ; Zonitotdes milium Morse, Punctum pygmeum

Drap.—G. Datrias Hanna.

The albino Oliva angulata, noticed in the March number, has now

found a home with the Academy of Science at Minneapolis, Minn.

—A. L. Hetrrics. .

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XXIV. JULY, 1910.

SHELL COLLECTING IN PUGET SOUND AND ALASKA,

BY DR. FRED BAKER, SAN DIEGO, CAL.

During the last summer it was my good fortune to take a most

enjoyable trip to Seattle, Washington, where the Alaska-Yukon-

Pacific Fair was in full swing; to the San Juan Islands in Puget

Sound, where the Summer School of the University of Washington

was in session; and on to Alaska, reaching a point as far west as

Cook’s Inlet. At all points possible I collected shells, and a full list

of species and localities follows at the end of this article. It is a

grateful task to acknowledge help in naming all doubtful species at

the hands of Dr. W. H. Dall and Dr. Paul Bartsch of the National

Museum, and the Rev. Geo. W. Taylor of Nanaimo, British Colum-

bia. Without their help this article could only have been an account

of the wanderings of a very amateurish conchologist.

The University of Washington, in connection with several other

institutions which join forces with her, conducts a summer school on

a group of islands in Puget Sound,—there are a hundred and fifty of

them which constitute the county of San Juan in the State of Wash-

ington,—and here my wife and I dropped down on about fifty of the

best people on earth, as biologists always are. This year they were

trying the experiment of doing work in two places, and we arrived

just in time to help them move camp from San Juan Island to Olga,

on Orcas Island, thirteen miles away.

Orcas Island, the second largest of the group, supports a consider-

able farming population, but is much broken, and boasts a peak, Mt.

Constitution, 2660 feet high, from which we had a glorious pano-

26 THE NAUTILUS.

ramic view in all directions over thousands of square mules of water

with scores of islands, and the mainland rising foothill above foothill

to the Olympics and the Selkirks with their snowy ranges, and

dominating and crowning all, the splendid peaks of Mt. Baker and

Mt. Rainier.

We were soon established in camp quarters after our arrival, and

regular work got under way. Here I met for the first time Dr

Kellogg of Williams College, who was doing some most interesting

work on the siphonal currents of the pelecypods. Others were doing

equally interesting original work in various lines of botany and

zoology, but of course the dredging was most important from my

point of view. Their dredging was done by a regular shrimp dredger

who was employed by the season. The apparatus is crude but very

efficient. A trawl twelve feet wide was used, and as the water is

shallow everywhere, the boat only carried about fifty fathoms of

cable. No soundings were taken, but the depths, which generally

varied between ten and thirty fathoms, were ascertained from the

charts. I have done considerable work with the Alexander Agassiz,

the boat of the Marine Biological Association of San Diego, and I

spent five days aboard the Fish Commission Steamer Albatross off

San Diego, but I have never seen such a wealth of material as we

got at all stations. The great trawl always filled in a few minutes,

but I was impressed by the fact that the variety of species was not

nearly so great as in our more southern waters. As no one was

specially interested in mollusks, I was allowed the privilege of taking

any of the dredgings which I could handle. In fact we were royally

treated by everybody at the station, and I shall always count the ten

days we spent there as ‘ the best yet.”

A week later we were on our way to Alaska, that country of which

some one has said, ‘‘ If you are old, go by all means; but if you are

young, wait. The scenery of Alaska is much grander than anything

else of the kind in the world, and it is not well to dull one’s capacity

by seeing the finest first.” As representatives of one of our local

papers we were a part of the National Editorial Association, and as

far as we went all Alaska was ours for the asking. The usual Alaska

trip consists of a run from Seattle up to Skagway and back, the whole

distance with the exception of a dozen miles or so being in land-locked

channels, often only a few hundred yards wide, bounded by steep,

heavily wooded mountains on either hand. Various towns of much

THE NAUTILUS. Di

interest are visited, and a side trip up Taku Inlet shows the great

Taku and Windom Glaciers. Formerly Glacier Bay was visited for

a view of the Muir Glacier, but the immense amount of float ice and

icebergs which have formed within the last two or three years make

this visit unsafe and it has been abandoned.

On our trip we saw all that the regular tourist sees, and for full

measure we ran west from Juneau into the open ocean, making a run

of several hundred miles to Prince William Sound and Cook’s Inlet,

As we ran out of the still waters of Cross Sound into the open ocean

early one morning on our right opened up the Fairweather range,

one of the finest mountain ranges in all Alaska. One after another

the great peaks came into view, until the whole range was off our

starboard side. Many mountain ranges do not show their full ex-

tent, as to be seen the foothills must be crossed, and one’s own

elevation cuts down the apparent beight. Here the range comes to

the very ocean, and the overpowering sense of altitude is there.

Four peaks rise above 10,000 feet, and Mt. Fairweather towers to

15,292 feet. From one point we could count six great glaciers, mak-

ing their beginnings in the everlasting snows at the top and winding

down like great rivers toward the sea.

At Cordova, on Prince William Sound, a place of 1200 people,

which has grown in a year, we were taken inland fifty-three miles

on the Copper River Railroad. This road, which is ultimately to

reach a veritable mountain of copper, crosses several branches of the

Copper River which are making the delta at its mouth, and then

goes up the left bank until a point is reached where on each side,

and within four miles of each other, a great glacier comes down to

discharge its icebergs into the river. The face of each glacier rises

sheer 350 to 400 feet, and each is over four miles wide along the

river’s bank. Opposite the lower, Child’s Glacier, at a distance of

1500 or 2000 feet, we amused ourselves taking photographs, and re-

peatedly were successful in catching the great masses of ice as they

broke away. In the face of this body of ice we actually suffered

from the heat of the June day.

At Cordova I took advantage of a fine tide to doa couple of hours

collecting, being rewarded by several good things, the best being a

fine Mactra (Spisula) alaskana Dall. From Cordova we went to

Valdez, the point of departure of the great dog teams for the Fair-

banks region during the winter, but a very dull town in summer.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

A year ago $700,000 worth of gold was brought out on dog sledges.

Unfortunately I was not able to do much collecting here, as it is

almost imperative to take a small boat and get away from the water-

front of the town, and there was not sufficient time.

On the return trip we called at Ellamar, a very small mining town

on a very small landlocked bay off Prince William Sound, where we

had to run in on one high tide and wait for the next to take the ship

out. I therefore had my work cut out for me, and, on account of

the steady downpour of rain, 1 donned waterproof and rubber boots,

and protected by an umbrella trom the heaviest rain, I made the

most varied and interesting catch of the Alaskan portion of my trip.

From Prince William Sound we sailed at midnight to Seward on

Resurrection Bay. When I turned out in the early morning I found

the tide well out and still going down, so I got busy at once. Here

I found many things of interest, the best being Trachydermon ray-

mondi Pilsbry, of which I succeeded in finding about a dozen. I

finished my work well before the call to breakfast, and then we had

a fine ride of twenty-five miles over the Alaska Central Railroad,

which is now in the hands of a receiver, but was then being investi-

gated by Mr. Geo. W. Perkins, of the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co.,

with a view to syndicating its completion. Since our return the

papers have announced that this would be undertaken in the near

future. The road already runs fifty miles into the interior through

a region of marvelous beauty, and it has one unique feature of con-

struction. At one point the engineers have blasted out a deep pass

directly through a great glacier, which in future will have to be con-

stantly cut away, as it encroaches on the railroad right of way.

From Seward we sailed down Resurrection Bay on a glorious

afternoon, passing close to the rugged group of islands at the mouth,

and looking back up the whole length of a great white glacier

directly to the setting sun which was painting everything in match-

less reds. Then the open ocean, and heavy clouds, and night settling

rapidly, and cold winds driving us to our bunks for a much-needed’

rest.

Morning found us in Cook’s Inlet, our most westerly point, and

we sailed into the little station of Port Graham just at daylight. As

we ran into the small bay where this station lies, we saw across the

broad inlet the smoke of St. Augustine, the only volcano we saw

which was even active enough to smoke. Aside from this slight

THE NAUTILUS. 29

interest, it is a most beautiful mountain, a nearly regular cone ris-

ing almost from the water’s edge for many thousand feet, and cov-

ered with glaring white snow from very near the base.

We spent the whole day at Port Graham, and the tide had run a

long way out when we tied up. So it was overalls and rubber boots

and a fine hunt of a couple of hours before breakfast. Then a

hurried breakfast and three hours more of hunting. The collecting

was good everywhere, so I could begin beneath the wharf and work

either way. I found Argobuccinum (Priene) oregonensis Redfield,

in quantity on the beach, and their numbers made me miss an im-

portant possibility. I had secured a considerable number of these

shells in dredgings in Puget Sound, but the temptation to take more,

which I suppose is the miserly instinct common to most collectors,

induced me to throw a lot of them above the tide-line to be picked

up later. When the tide had come up beyond the limits of profitable

collecting I began to gather in this bunch of shells. Then I found

among them four fine specimens of Chrysodomus liratus Martyn,

which I had overlooked in my burry, though they are so different

that I cannot understand my blunder. It would have been more

profitable to have hunted the beaches over for this last species, of

which I have little doubt that I could have found as many as I could

have cleaned for transportation.

At Port Graham I also found in quantity Astarte rollandi Ber-

nardi. This fine shell I had not seen before, and I was glad to add

it to my collection.. The Indians were running around on the beach

and in their bydarkas, and some of them watched me cleaning my

catch. I have no doubt that my actions were a puzzle to them.

None of them could be induced to talk any English, even if they

knew any. However, by laying down ten cents and then tying an

Astarte, then making use of a sign language invented for the occa-

sion, I was able to interest a small native, and I finally kept him

tying my bivalves for a couple of hours. With his help my day’s

work ran from 4 a. m. to 4 p. m., with very short intermissions for

breakfast and lunch, so that on this day at least I felt very tired and

very virtuous and slept the sleep of the just during the long night

following.

Every hour of our 8000 miles of water travel was most enjoyable,

as were the intervening stops, and from the point of view of a col-

lector the trip was eminently profitable. I secured representatives

30 THE NAUTILUS.

of 148 species, tour of which, Odostomia cookeana Bartseli, Alvania

bakeri Bartsch, Onoba asser Bartsch and Leptogyra alaskana Bartsch,

are new. It is an unfortunate fact that of each of these new species

except the Leptogyra, I secured only a single specimen, and of the

Leptogyra I found only half a dozen.

List of Shells Collected.

In the following list the species marked Orcas Island were dredged

near Orcas Island, Puget Sound, at depths varying from 10 to 80

fathoms. All other points mentioned are in Alaska except Ballard

Beach, a point on the Sound just north of Seattle, Washington, and

Sucia Island, a small island north of Orcas.

Purpura foliata Mart. (Cerostoma foliatum Mart.). Orcas Island,

living and dead, rather common.

Tritonalia lurida Midd. (Ocinebra lurida Midd.). Orcas Island,

dead, not common.

Tritonalia subangulata Stearns (Ocinebra subangulata Stearns —

“Tritonalia michaeli Ford. Orcas Island, a single young specimen,

diving.

Boreotrophon multicostatus Esch. Orcas Island, two living

“specimens.

Boreotrophon orpheus Gld. Orcas Island, two specimens.

Boreotrophon tenuisculptus Cpr. Orcas Island, 1 specimen ; Port

Graham, Alaska, 1 specimen.

Thais (Nucella) decemcostata Midd. (Purpura decemcostata

Midd.). Orcas Island; Ballard Beach; Seward, Alaska.

Thais (Nucella) lamellosa Gmel. (Purpura lamellosa Gmel.).

Common at all points visited.

Thais (Nucella) lima Mart. (Purpura lima Mart.). Ellamar;

Seward; Port Graham.

Thais (Nucella) saxicola Val. (Purpura saxicola Val.). Ellamar.

Thais (Nucella) saxicola emarginata Desh. (Purpura saxicola

emarginata Desh.). Ellamar.

Thais (Nucella) saxicola ostrina Gld. (Purpura saxicola ostrina

Gld.). Sucia Island, Puget Sound.

Argobuccinum (Priene) oregonense Redf. (Triton [ Priene] ore-

-gonense Redf.). Orcas Island; Port Graham.

Chrysodomus liratus Mart. Port Graham, 4 large specimens

diving.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird. Orcas Island, common, living

and dead.

Buccinum cyaneum Brug. Ellamar.

Alectrion (Tritia) mendica Gld. (Nassa mendica Gid.). Orcas

Island.

Marginella (Volutella) pyriformis Cpr. Orcas Island.

Columbella (Nitidella) gouldi Cpr. Orcas Island.

Amphissa corrugata Rve. Orcas Island, common,

Bela fidicula Gld. Orcas Island, 8 specimens living.

Natica clausa Brod. Orcas Island, Port Graham.

Polinices (Euspira) lewisii Gld. (Lunatia lewisii Gld.). Ballard

Beach, common.

Polinices pallidus Brod. & Sby. Orcas Island, Ellamar.

Velutina laevigata Fleming. Orcas Island, not rare.

Galerus fastigiatus Gld. Orcas Island, very common on stones

and other shells.

Crepidula dorsata Brod. Orcas Island.

Crepidula grandis Midd. Port Graham.

Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. Orcas Island.

Trichotropis cancellata Hds. Orcas Island, common.

Tachyrynchus lacteola Cpr. (Mesalia lacteola Cpr.). Dredged

and on shore Orcas Island.

Caecum hemphilli Stearns. Ellamar.

Eulima micans Cpr. Orcas Island.

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) alaskana Dall. Orcas Island.

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) taylori D. & B. Ballard Beach.

( To be continued.)

ON OPEAS GOODALLI MILLER.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The species commonly called Opeas goodalli is the most slender

and acuminate of the American Opeas. Its history has been given

in detail in the Manual of Conchology, X VIII, pp. 200-203 (1906),

but in common with other authors I overlooked the fact that the

name was preoccupied. The species will henceforth be known as

Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). The references may be found in full in the

Manual, but the following synopsis of synonyms may be useful :

‘

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Helix goodalli Miller, 1822, not Helix goodalli Ferussac, 1821, see

Man. Conch., XIX, p. 295.

Bulimus clavulus Turton, 1831, not Bulimus clavulus Lamarck,

1822.

Bulimus pumilus Ptr., 1840.

NEW SHELLS FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA,

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In sorting and labeling alot of shells dredged in the Gulf of Cali-

fornia near La Paz, in 10-30 fathoms, sandy bottom, the following

species were discovered and appear to be undescribed :

Hindsia perideris n. sp.

Shell of about ten whorls, the nucleus smooth white of about two

whorls, the subsequent' whorls (except the last) slowly enlarging,

forming a slender acute spire, the last whorl suddenly larger ;

sculpture of about six slightly protractive axial ribs, strong and

rounded, following each other up the spire in a gently receding

spiral, with much wider interspaces, most prominent at the periphery

of the whorls, but traceable to the canal; these are crossed between

the sutures by six rounded, subequally spaced spiral threads with

much wider interspaces (the space between the posterior thread and

the suture widest of all), a little swollen where they override the

ribs ; on the last whorl finer intercalary threads appear, and on the

canal are seven or eight stronger, spirally striated cords ; aperture

subcircular, not lirate within, with a produced, simple peritreme,

and behind it a wide, strong, rounded varix over-ridden by the spiral

sculpture ; canal short, closed when adult, pointed and strongly re-

curved. The color of the shell is mostly yellowish-white, with a

basal and sometimes a sutural brownish spiral band, which shows

more or less in the interior of the aperture.

Length of shell 28.5; of last whorl 18; of aperture 5.6; max.

diameter of last whorl exclusive of the varix 12.0; including the

varix 15.0 mm.

Type U. S. N. Mus., 96658, from 21 fathoms, others from 27

fathoms.

This shell has much resemblance to Hindsia acuminata Rve., the

THE NAUTILUS. 38

type of the genus, but has a more elevated and slender spire and

fewer axial ribs. H. acuminata is a Philippine shell.

The genus Nassaria of Link was heterogeneous ; no type was

named. NV. lyrata Gmelin (S. N., 3494, no. 109) is to my mind

quite a different thing from the Ainds/a of Arthur Adams, based on

such species as H. acuminata. The former is a reticulate shell with-

out varices, and with an open canal. The latter and its congeners

have a strong and prominent terminal varix, a closed canal, when

adult, and sculpture more like the 7ritons. For this reason I pro-

pose to revive Hindsia for the group to which the name was origin-

ally given, although Adams himself later united them.

Cymatium adairense 0. sp.

Shell small, with four glassy, smooth nepionic whorls and four and

a half subsequent whorls; color of the shell pale brownish, somewhat

darker on the prominences; sculpture of about two varices to a whorl,

less on the earlier whorls; on the last two whorls the lines joining

the varices are nearly at right angles to each other; the portion of the

whorls behind the periphery is flattened, thus making the peripbery

very prominent; upon it between each pair of varices are three

prominent nodules; at the corresponding point on the varices is a

conspicuous angle, almost a spine, but the remainder of the varical

edge is rounded or crenate by the spiral sculpture; the only other

axial sculpture is the sharp sulci which cut the spirals; these spirals

are numerous, close set, flat, strap-like cords, separated by narrower,

sharp grooves and crossed by many subequally spaced sharp axial

sulci; these cut the flat surface of the spirals into minute scale-like

segments, but where the spirals cross the varices the interspaces

widen; canal rather long, recurved, open; aperture rounded, with a

nearly entire, projecting peritreme, smooth on the inner lip, with

four or five shallow grooves on the inside of the outer lip. Length

of shell 33.0; of last whorl 24.0; of aperture 8.0; maximum diameter

of last whorl 17.0 mm.

Type, U. S. N. Mus., 214103, from 10 fathoms sand, off Adair

Bay; an immature specimen in 10 fathoms off La Paz. The latter

had the nepionic shell in perfect condition; it comprises over four

whorls with a heavy brown periostracum, which bears three spiral

lines from which project very minute tufts of short, hair-like processes.

The species which most nearly recalls this is the C. gibbosum

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Broderip, which is a much heavier, larger, proportionately wider

and more clumsy shell.

Solariella triplostephanus n. sp.

Shell trochiform, with six tabulate whorls; nucleus very minute,

glassy, slightly tilted; subsequent whorls flat above, with closely

appressed suture; three strong spirals girdle the whorls; one at the

shoulder strongly beaded; one at the middle of the whorl minutely

undulate, and the third at the suture, simple, and obscured on all the

whorls but the last by the suture being laid against it; on the last

whorl there may be a few microscopic spiral threadlets between the

shoulder and the median spiral; between the anterior spiral and the

edge of the umbilicus on the base are six or eight fine-channeled

spiral grooves; the cord bordering the funicular umbilicus is coarsely

beaded; within the umbilicus are three or more similar but smaller

beaded threads; axial sculpture consisting of fine, sharp, uniform and

closely set elevated lines corresponding with the lines of growth, but

frequently more or less obsolete; aperture nearly circular, oblique,

with simple edges, hardly interrupted on the body; throat pearly.

Height of shell 5.25; of aperture 2.5; maximum diameter of shell

7.0 mm.

Type, U. S. N. Mus., 97001, in 12 fathoms sand.

The colors of this pretty little shell are yellowish-white, with ©

flames, dots or blotches of lilac or purple-brown.

TWO NEW MEXICAN LANDSHELLS,

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

During a recent journey in Mexico Mr. Charles R. Orcutt col-

lected at some hot springs near the Rio Verde, Oaxaca, a number of

land shells, which he submitted to me for determination. Two of

them appear to be new, and the descriptions follows :

Eucalodium (Anisospira) oreutti n. sp.

Shell subcylindrical after decollation, of a pale cinnamon brown,

weathering to ashy, with 22 whorls, of which about nine are per-

manent; apical portion flattened above and with three swollen

whorls, the nucleus of about 3 of a whorl smooth gradually becom-

ing ribbed with small low clear-cut, nearly straight riblets separated

THE NAUTILUS. 35

by wider interspaces, finely spirally striated; after the first three

whorls the riblets become closer and slightly arcuately retractive.

and the spiral striation obsolete, while the spire is moderately con-

stricted in front of the swollen apical whorls, gradually increases

toward the tenth where it rapidly enlarges its diameter ; the last two

whorls diminish slightly, the base has no carina, but an almost im-

perceptible thread continues the sutural line, but does not angulate

the almost circular aperture. The lip is slightly expanded and

thickened, not produced, and with the throat has a light brownish

white color. No lamella is visible in the aperture, but at the back

of the last whorl a sharp almost vertical plait surrounds the twisted

slender axis, and, in the penultimate whorl only, expands to a flat

horizontal lamella, while the twist of the pillar assumes the appear-

ance (for about one whorl) of a spiral cord; the rest of the axis

shows only a faint twist, and is very slender, though when broken

the section reveals a minute perforation. ‘Two extreme specimens

measure :

No Whorls. Millimeters.

Adult. Apical. Length. Max. diameter. Aperture diam.

10 41.5 12.0 8.0

13 20.0 6.5

8.5 39.0 14.0 9.5

13 20.5 7.5

U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 212319. Also Orcutt collection.

The shell is about one-third larger than #. (A.) hyalina Pfr.,

from the same region; its anterior axial lamella is wider and flatter

than that of H#. (A.) liebmanni; E. (A.) townsendi Pilsbry and

Cockerill, is of similar shape, but thinner, and has a much longer

lamella.

Epiphragmophora ( Trichodiscina) verdensis n. sp.

Shell of five whorls, whitish, with a brownish, minutely, irregu-

larly, obliquely tufted periostracum ; spire depressed with a deep

suture and a rounded peripheral keel near the posterior third of the

whorl with a marked compression behind it ; nucleus small, minutely

pustulate, the pustules being modified as the shell grows, into short

elevated ridges along the lines of growth, which bear the tufts of the

periostracum ; beside this the entire shell is minutely punctate; the

36 THE NAUTILUS.

base is conically arched toward the margin of the deep umbilicus ;

the whorl near the aperture is bent down and the plane of the

aperture forms an angle of about 45° with the axis; the whorl is

slightly contracted behind the thin expanded margin of the aperture,

which is continuous in the adult across the body whorl and slightly

overshadows the umbilicus; the lip is whitish. Extremes measure :

Max. diam. of shell; of aperture ; height ;

15.0 9.0 8.0

16.5 8.5 aan

U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 212318. Also Orcutt collection.

This is very distinct from the other species of the Trichodiscina

group.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes ON THE GENERA CyprR#@a anv Trivia. By H. O. N.

SHaw. (Proc. Mal. Soc., London, VIII, 288, 1909.)—An inter-

esting paper treating on the nomenclature and anatomical differences

between Cyprea and Trivia. The latter has a more specialized

nervous system and distinct radula. The following are some of the

changes in nomenclature which have been considered: Cyprea in-

termedia becomes a synonym of gillet Jouss. C. reticulata, histrio and

eglantina are also considered varieties of C. arabica. Cyprea bi-—

color, comptonit, declivis and piperata are considered only variations

of C. angustata. C. cruenta Gmel. is not the cruenta Auctorum, but

equals errones L.; under these circumstances he adopts the name of

variolaria Lam, For the recent C. physis the original name of C.

achatidea Sowb. is adopted. For C. punctulata Gray, not Gmelin,

the name of robertsi Hildago must be accepted. The name of C.

friendii Gray has priority over scottii Gask. (. tubescens is only a

synonym of teres. C. ursellus Auctorum, not Gmelin, = C. Melville

Hildago. C. pantherina Dillw., 1817, becomes a variety of obutusa

Perry, 1811. ©. prestoni is proposed for interrupta Gray, not Bol-

ten. C. hidalgoi for leucostoma Gask., not Gmel. C. gumbiensis for

nebulosa Kiener, not Gmel. Trivia edgari is proposed for 7. grando

Gask, not Potiez. For 7. oniscus Lam., not Bolten, the name of 7.

aperta Swains must be retained. Four new varieties are described :

Cyprea helvola var. callista, C. moneta var. aurea, C. arabica var.

prasina, and Trivia ovulata var. rubra.—C. W. J.

PLATE III.

WALKER: NEW SPATHA AND TRUNCILLA.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. AUGUST, 1910. No. 4

PURPURA CRISPATA AND SAXICOLA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

In the following notes I follow Dr. W. H. Dall in using the

generic term Thais in place of the familiar name Purpura.

THAIS PLICATA Mart.

The species usually called Purpura crispata from the west coast

of America was first named Bucecinum plicatum Martyn 1789. The

figures in Martyn’s Univ. Conchology, pl. 44, represent the large

foliated form, one being brown with white shoulder, and the other

all brown. Buccinum lamellosum Gmel. 1790, and Bueccinum com-

positum (Chem.) Desh. 1843, were based on the same figures or

copies of them. Polyplexr rugosus Perry 1811, is also the brown

form with white shoulder. Buecinum ecrispatum Dillw. 1817, and

Murex ferrugineus Esch. 1829, are entirely brown. Murex lactuca

Esch. 1829 (not Bolt.), is the white form of this species.

T. p. VAR. SEPTENTRIONALIS Rve., Conch. Icon. (Purpura) ITI,

pl. 10, f. 50, is a name for the rather high spired forms without the

longitudinal foliation.

TuHais Lima Mart, 1789.

Buccinum lima Martyn, Univ. Conch., pl. 46, has many spiral

coste. It has the following synonyms: Purpura canaliculata Desh.

1839, Purpura attenuata Rve. 1846, Purpura decemcostata Midd.

1849, Purpura analoga Fbs. 1850 and Purpura beringiana Midd.

1851; the latter name is for specimens with the coste more spaced.

THAIS EMARGINATA Desb. 1839.

Purpura emarginata Desh, Rev, Zool. 1839, p. 360, Las usually

38 THE NAUTILUS.

been called Purpura saxicola Val. which is based on figure 4 of

plate 8, Voyage of Venus, 1846, which seems to represent Purpura

freycinetii Desh. 1839 (from Japan). The name Purpura emar-

ginata Desh. 1839, is based on the short spired rather rough sur-

faced form of this species. Purpura conradi Nutt. (MSS.), Smiths.

Misc. X, pl. 83, Tryon, Manual Conch. IJ, p. 175, seems to be this

form, from specimens received from Mr. Nuttall. Purpura fuscata

Forbes 1850, applies to the specimens with rather Aigh spire and

many spiral cost@, while Purpura ostrina Gld. 1852, is the small,

short spired, smooth form.

Mr. J. G. Malone, of Portland, Oregon, having presented the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia with a set of these

west coast shells, the preceding revision of the nomenclature was

undertaken.

A NEW SPATHA.

BRYANT WALKER,

Spatha kamerunensis, n. sp. Pl. III, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat inflated, subsolid; beaks eroded,

but apparently only slighty elevated, sculpture not observed, placed

about + of the total length from the anterior end: anterior end regu- ©

larly rounded; basal and dorsal lines nearly parallel, slightly diverg-

ing posteriorly; basal line nearly straight, in some specimens slightly

arcuate; dorsal line straight or slightly curved; dorsal slope oblique;

posterior end somewhat prolonged and regularly rounded; posterior

ridge rounded, exhibiting in some specimens, a subobsolete angle,

terminating at the lower end of the dorsal slope; dorsal slope sculp-

tured with fine, radiating ridges, curving upwards towards the hinge;

surface of the disk subsulcate with strong lines of growth, cut by

very fine, impressed, radiating lines, between which the epidermis

is minutely and irregularly wrinkled or festooned; epidermis very

dark brown, almost black towards the margins; hinge edentulous;

beak cavity shallow, with a single, deep, dorsal cicatrix directly

under the beak; at the posterior end of the ligament, there is a tri-

angular notch in the dorsal border of the nacreous area; impressions

of the adductor muscles large, well marked, irregularly oval; that of

protractor pedis reniform, situated slightly behind and at the base of

that of the anterior adductor; posterior adductor impression large,

THE NAUTILUS. 89

oval; that of the posterior retractor small, elongated-oval, separate

from that of the posterior adductor and situated immediately below

the notch at the end of the ligament; nacre dark, dull plumbeous,

tinged with green, more intense towards the beak cavity; scarcely

iridescent posteriorly.

Length (of type) 69; height 354; diam. 22 mm.

Types (No. 30902 Coll. Walker) from the Kribi River, 17 miles

from Efulen, Kamerun. Cotypes in the collections of the Univ. of

Mich., the Philadelphia Academy, the Carnegie Museum, and Dr.

Louis Germain of Paris, France.

Ten specimens, in alcohol, of this very distinct species were sent

by Mr. George Schwab to the museum of the Univ. of Mich., to

whose curator, Dr. A. G. Ruthven, I am indebted for specimens for

description.

By reason of its sculptured surface, it evidently belongs to the

subgenus Aspatharia Bgt., as recognized by Simpson (1900) and

Germain (1909).

In size, shape and in the peculiar sculpturing of the surface, which

requires the use of a lens to develop the detail, it is easily distin-

guishable from both of the allied species.

Fearing that it might be included among the many new species

recently discovered by the French naturalists, I submitted a speci-

men to Dr. Louis Germain of the Museum of Paris, the well-known

expert on African Naiades, and am assured by him that it is entirely

distinct from any of the described species,

Dr. A. E. Ortmann of the Carnegie Museum, who is making a

special study of the anatomy of the Naiades, has kindly prepared the

accompanying description of the soft parts.

THE SOFT PARTS OF SPATHA KAMERUNENSIS WALKER.

RY DR, A. E. ORTMANN.

I am obliged to Mr, Bryant Walker for sending me a complete

specimen of the new species of Spatha, and the soft parts of two

others, for examination. The specimen with shell proved to be a

male; one of the other two was a sterile female, while in the third

the gills were in too poor condition (crushed and torn), so that no

attempt was made to ascertain the sex.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

The following are the essential characters of the anatomy.

Anal opening closed above by the union of the inner edges of the

mantle, without leaving a supraanal opening. The upper, closed

portion is rather long, over 14 times as long as the anal opening.

The latter is rather large, about as large as the branchial opening,

separated from the branchial opening by the solid union of the inner

mantle edges. Inner mantle edge of anal opening smooth, that of the

branchial opening with rather small papille. In front of the

branchial opening, the inner mantle edges are unconnected and

smooth.

Palpi longer than wide, with curved lower edge, posteriorly with

a short truncation, but not produced into a point, and not connected.

Gills long and narrow, the inner the wider. Outer gill becoming

gradually lower anteriorly, and ending at a point behind and above

the posterior end of the palpi (at the highest point of the mantle

attachment line). Inner gill hardly lower anteriorly, and its

anterior insertion fills the entire space between the anterior end of the

outer gill and the palpi, so that there is no gap between the posterior

end of the inner palpus and the anterior end of the inner gill. Edge

of inner gill with a longitudinal furrow, that of the outer gill without

this furrow. Outer lamina of outer gill entirely connected with the

mantle. Inner lamina of inner gill free from the abdominal sac,

except at its anterior end; posteriorly, behind the foot, the two inner

laminz of the inner gills are entirely connected, thus forming the

larger anterior part of the diaphragm. All four gills fall short of the

posterior mantle edge, and the posterior continuation of the diaphragm

is formed by the bridge uniting the mantle edges, which, from the

mantle edge, extends to a certain distance forward (or inward).

This bridge, the mantle part of the diaphragm, is rather short; in the

dissected female, the soft parts of which are about 68 mm. long, it is

4 mm. long, while the gill part of the diaphragm is much longer,

about 29 mm.

Water tubes of both gills well developed, rather regular and quite

distinct from base to edge of gill, but rather wide, and the septa are

remote from each other. The latter are heavy and strong; in the

male they are similarly developed in both gills, and represent simple

lines of union of the tissue of the two laminz, generally with a large

blood vessel in the middle. In the female, the structure of the outer

gill is identical with that of the male; but the inner gill alone is

THE NAUTILUS. 41

marsupial: the septa are more strongly developed, but keep about

the same distance from each other as in the male; they are longer in

the transversal direction, and possess, at their insertion at the outer

lamina of the gill (primary limb) @ marked swelling, within which

generally the blood vessel is located.

The structure of the soft parts of this species of Spatha is remark-

able for the following s¢x particulars.

1. The complete absence of a supraanal opening.

2. The separation of the anal and branchial opening by a bridge

formed by the mantle.

3. The contact of the anterior insertion of the inner gill with the

posterior insertion of the inner palpus.

4. The absence of a posteriorly produced point of the palpi.

5. The marsupium, which is restricted to the inner gills.

6. The peculiar shape of the septa of the marsupial gill.

Among North American shells, I have observed a similar absence

of the supraanal opening only in Lampsilis parva (Barn.), but this

is a secondary modification: is not always present, and all the related

forms have such an opening. In Margaritana and certain species of

Quadrula (Rotundaria), where a supraanal is also absent, the mantle

edges have no tendency to close the anal above, and thus represent

another type of structure. With these exceptions, J have never seen

any one of the above characters in any species of North America.

There is always a distinct supraanal opening; the separation of the

anal and branchial openings is never formed by the mantle edge, and

the diaphragm consists of the gills alone; the anterior insertion of

the inner gill is always more or less, generally widely, separated

from the posterior insertion of the palpi; the palpi are always drawn

out into a posterior, projecting point, and are more or less falcate;

and the marsupium is never in the inner gill alone, but either in

both gills or in the outer one. As regards the shape of the septa of

the marsupial gill, it is unlike anything I have seen in North Ameri-

ean forms. Unfortunately I cannot tell how far this shape changes

in the gravid females, but I think, that the swelling of the gill, when

charged, will not be very considerable.

It is clear, that these are very important differences. Simpson

(Pr. U. S. Mus. 22, ’00, pp. 515 and 895) places Spatha in the

family Mutelid@, the chief characters of which are the hinge teeth,

which, when present, are taxodont, and the shape of the embryo,

42 THE NAUTILUS.

which is a lasidium. In Spatha there are no, or hardly any, hinge

teeth, and they are surely not taxodont. ‘The embryo is unknown to

me. Yet the above characters of the soft parts fully justify the

separation of this genus from the North American Unionida, and I

do not hesitate to affirm, that Spatha should stand in a different

family, which may be called Mutelide, if the genus Mutela should

prove to be allied in the structure of the soft parts. Whether the

other genera placed by Simpson in this association actually belong

here, remains to be investigated.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TRUNCILLA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

TRUNCILLA LEWISII n. sp. Pl. III, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Male shell quadrate, subcompressed; thick, solid; dark reddish-

yellow, with faint, radiating lines of green; beaks laterally com-

pressed, eroded, but apparently only slightly elevated above the

hinge-line, sculpture not seen; anterior end regularly rounded, form-

ing an obtuse angle at its junction with the basal emargination, which

is nearly straight; dorsal line curved; posterior end slightly emar-

ginate and terminating in a broad biangulation, which projects

slightly beyond the posterior and basal lines; a broad, flat groove

extends from the beaks to the basal emargination, widening and

deepening as it approaches the base; posterior ridge prominent,

rounded towards the beak, but becoming flattened and obsoletely

biangulated as it approaches the posterior end; immediately in front

of the median groove, there is a strong anterior ridge, which be-

comes more pronounced as it approaches the base, where it terminates

in the angle at the anterior end of the basal emargination, it is more

or less roughened by the accentuation of the lines of growth, which

elsewhere on the disk are not very strongly developed; dorsal slope

concave behind the posterior ridge; interdentum rather long, narrow, —

rounded and parallel with the hinge; pseudo-cardinals in the left

valve, two, the anterior very narrow, straight, directed obliquely

forwards and slightly widening towards the anterior end, the poste-

rior triangular, the space between them triangular and extending to

the hinge; in the right valve, two, the anterior smaller, but well

developed, the posterior long, triangular, the space between them

THE NAUTILUS. 48

narrow, direct and extending to the hinge-line, the posterior tooth is

separated from the interdentum by a deep groove; lateral teeth bent

obliquely downward from the hinge-line, two in the left valve and

one in the right, large and nearly straight; anterior adductor im-

pressions large and deep, those of the protractor-pedis well marked,

rather long and narrow, below and slightly behind the adductor;

anterior retractor impressions small and on the base of the pseudo-

cardinal; posterior adductor impressions large, semicircular; those of

the posterior retractors small, but well impressed, above that of the

adductor and immediately below the end of the lateral tooth; cavity

of the beaks shallow; nacre white.

The female shell is thinner than that of the male and proportion-

ately wider, the posterior ridge being more oblique and more ex-

tended; the posterior line is straight or slightly curved, without the

emargination noted in the male; the anterior ridge is greatly pro-

duced beyond the basal line in a triangular prolongation and this, the

marsupial expansion, is of a different texture from the rest of the

shell, being thin and dark green as in J. capseformis; between this

expansion and the posterior ridge, the base is deeply emarginate.

Length (male) 43; height 37; diam. 22} mm.

Length (female) 51; height 494; diam. 25 mm.

Types (No. 15612 Coll. Walker), from the Holston River, Tenn.

(ex Lewis Coll.). Also from the Clinch River, Tenn. (Lewis);

Cumberland River, Port Burnside, Ky. (Wetherby) and the Holston

River, Knox Co., Tenn. (Andrews).

This species, while closely related to 7. foliata Hild., to which it

was referred by the original collectors, is clearly distinct. Foliata is

a much larger and heavier species and is apparently confined to the

Ohio and Wabash rivers, while /ew7sii is restricted to the Cumber-

land and Tennessee drainage systems, and from all the localities

given above is remarkably consistent in its peculiar features. Be-

sides being uniformly smaller, more delicate and smoother than

foliata, it is specially characterized by the difference in the mar-

supial expansion, which is triangular and comparatively narrow at

the extremity and of a different texture from the body of the shell.

In foliata, this expansion is broadly rounded and is of the same

texture as the remainder of the valve.

It is named in memory of the late Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk,

N. Y. (whose collection has furnished the types), who was a con-

44 THE NAUTILUS.

chologist far in advance of his contemporaries and through whose

endeavors, a very large part of the fauna of Eastern Tennessee was

first made known.

SHELL COLLECTING IN PUGET SOUND AND ALASKA.

BY DR. FRED BAKER, SAN DIEGO, CAL.

(Concluded from p. 31.)

Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) vancouverensis Baird. Orcas Island.

Odostomia (Evalea) cookeana Bartsch. sp. nov. Ellamar.

Odostomia (Evalea) amchitkana D. & B. Ellamar.

Odostomia (Amaura) avellana Cpr. Shore, Orcas Island.

Odostomia (Evalea) deliciosa D. & B. Ballard Beach.

Odostomia (Evalea) inflata Cpr. Orcas Island.

Odostomia (Evalea) valdezi D. & B. Orcas Island.

Littorina groenlandica Morch. Seward.

Littorina scutulata Gld. All points visited except Port Graham.

Littorina sitchana Phil. All points visited.

Lacuna porrecta Cpr. Orcas Island, Sucia Island.

Lacuna solidula Lovén. Ellamar.

Lacuna vincta Mtg. Ballard Beach, shore Orcas Island, Ellamar.

Bittium (Stylidium) eschrichtii Midd. Dredged and on shore,

Orcas Island.

Alvania bakeri Bartsch. sp. nov. Port Graham.

Onoba asser Bartsch. sp. nov. Port Graham.

Molleria quadre Dall. Port Graham.

Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Orcas Island, rather common.

Calliostoma costatum Mart. Dredged and on shore Sucia and

Orcas Island. ;

Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. Orcas Island, 4 fine live specimens.

Margarites albulus Gld. Port Graham,

Margarites lirulatus Cpr. Shore, Orcas Island.

Margarites pupilla Gld. Ballard Beach, dredged and on shore,

Orcas Island.

Leptogyra alaskana Bartsch. sp. nov. Port Graham.

Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas. Near Ketchikan, Alaska. (Pur-

chased.)

Puncturella cooperi Cpr. Orcas Island.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Puncturella noachina galeata Gld. Orcas [sland.

Acmaea mitra Esch. Port Graham.

Acmaea pelta Esch. Shore Orcas Island, Seward, Ellamar, Port

Graham.

Acmaea patina Esch. Ballard Beach, Orcas Island, Ellamar,

Seward.

Acmaea patina scutum Esch. Ballard Beach, Orcas Island,

Ellamar, Seward.

Cryptobranchia concentrica Midd. Orcas Island, Ellamar,

Seward, Port Graham.

Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sby. Port Graham.

Tonicella lineata Wood. Orcas Island, Ballard Beach, Ellamar,

Seward.

Tonicella submarmorea Midd. Orcas Island, 1 young specimen.

Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld. Orcas Island.

Ischnochiton mertensii Midd. Orcas Island.

Ischnochiton (Radsiella) trifidus Cpr. Orcas Island.

Trachydermon excelsus Gld. Port Graham.

Trachydermon albus Linn. Port Graham.

Trachydermon raymondi Pilsbry. Ellamar; Port Graham.

Mopalia acuta Cpr. Ellamar.

Mopalia ciliata Sby. Orcas Island.

Mopalia muscosa Gld, Ballard Beach.

Mopalia muscosa hindsii Rve. Orcas Island.

Mopalia muscosa lignosa Gld. Orcas Island; Ballard Beach.

Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Shore Orcas Island.

Tornatina eximia Baird. Orcas Island, a single specimen.

Cylichna alba Brown, Ellamar, a single specimen.

Haminea vesicula? Gld. Shore Orcas Island, a single specimen.

Dentalium rectius Cpr. Orcas Island, taken in only one dredge

haul.

Saxicava arctica Linn. Port Graham; Ellamar.

Mya arenaria Linn. Orcas Island, an introduced species.

Mya arenaria alaskana Dall. Orcas Island, a single young speci-

men; Port Graham, dead.

Mya truncata Linn. Orcas Island, 3 valves.

Cryptomya californica Conr. Ellamar.

Pandora (Kennerlia) filosa Cpr. Orcas Island, not rare.

Pandora (Kennerlia) grandis Dall. Orcas Island, 4 living

specimens.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Pandora (Clidiophora) punctata Cpr. Ellamar, young.

Lyonsia californica Conr. Orcas Island, single valve.

Agriodesma saxicola Baird. Orcas Island.

Mytilimeria nuttalli Conr. Orcas Island, very large specimens in

masses of the common Tunicate—Cynthia haustor.

Mactra (Spisula) alaskana Dall. Cordova; Alaska and Ellamar,

Schizothaerus nuttalli Conr. Shore Orcas Island, very large;

Ellamar.

Tellina (Angulus) buttoni Dall. Ballard Beach.

Moerella salmonea Cpr. Ballard Beach.

Macoma balthica Linn. Orcas Island; Ellamar.

Macoma calearea Gmelin. Orcas Island.

Macoma carlottensis Whiteaves. Ellamar, one young specimen.

Macoma incongrua von Martens. Port Graham.

Macoma inconspicua Brod. & Sby. Orcas Island; Ballard Beach ;

Ellamar.

Macoma inflatula Dall. Orcas Island.

Macoma inquinata Cpr. Orcas Island; Sucia Island; Ellamar.

Macoma leptonoidea Dall. Orcas Island.

Macoma nasuta Conr. Ballard Beach; Shore Orcas Island, very

common.

Macoma secta Conr. Ballard Beach. :

Saxidomus giganteus Desh. Ballard Beach, shore and dredged ;

Orcas Island; Ellamar; Port Graham.

Marcia kennerleyi Rve. Orcas Island:

Marcia (Venerella) subdiaphana Cpr. Orcas Island.

Psephidia lordi Baird. Orcas Island; Ellamar.

Paphia (Protothaca) staminea Conr. and varieties. Orcas Island ;

Sucia Island ; Ellamar.

Pisidium occidentale Bourg.? In bogs at an elevation of about

1000 feet on Mt. Constitution, Orcas Island.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense Desh. Orcas Island.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) corbis Mart. All points visited.

Serripes greenlandicus Gmel. Orcas Island.

Phacoides tenuisculptus Conr. Orcas Island.

Axinopsis sericata Cpr. Orcas Island; Ellamar.

Erycina compressa Dall. Ellamar, dead on shore.

Erycina rugifera Cpr. Orcas Island. All specimens taken were

attached to the ventral surface of the so-called Sea Mouse, Aphro-

THE NAUTILUS. 47

dita. It has been reported as growing on Gebia pugetensis, a bur-

rowing crustacean, but so far as I know, no report has been made of

this habitat. About a quarter of the specimens taken had one or

more of the mollusks attached.

Lepton meréeum Cpr. Orcas Island.

Kellia laperousii Desh. Orcas Island, Ellamar.

Kellia suborbicularis Montagu. Ellamar.

Rochefortia aleutica Dall. Port Graham.

Rochefortia tumida Cpr. Ballard Beach.

Turtonia minuta Mont. Ellamar, Port Graham.

Astarte alaskensis Dall. Orcas Island.

Astarte rollandi Bernardi. Port Graham, very common.

Venericardia ventricosa Gld. Orcas Island.

Nucula belloti A. Ad. Orcas Island.

Yoldia ensifera Dall. Orcas Island.

Yoldia limatula Say. Orcas Island.

Yoldia thracieformis Storer. Orcas Island.

Glycimeris subobsoleta Cpr. Orcas Island.

Mytilus edulis Linn. All points visited.

Modiolus capax Conr. Orcas Island.

Modiolus fornicatus Cpr. .Orcas Island.

Modiolus modiolus Linn. Shore Orcas Island, Port Graham.

Modiolaria laevigata Gray. Orcas Island.

Modiolaria vernicosa Midd. Ellamar.

Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Gld. Oreas Island, 8 living and

several valves.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus Sby. Orcas Island.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus hericus Gld. Orcas Island.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus hindsii Cpr. Orcas Island.

Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus navarchus Dall. Orcas Island.

Monia macrochisma Desh. Orcas Island.

Terebratalia transversa Sby. Orcas Island.

NOTES ON DAVISIA AND MALVINASIA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for January, 1910,

Messrs. J. E. Cooper and H. B. Preston described two supposedly

new genera of minute bivalves from the Falkland Islands. Through

48 THE NAUTILUS.

the courtesy of Mr. Preston and the great kindness of M. Philippe

Dautzenberg of Paris, who had purchased the types of these genera,

I have been able to examine them under the compound microscope

and determine their hinge characters. These very minute bivalves

are exceedingly difficult objects of study, and unless one is familiar

with the type of hinge possessed by them it is very difficult to deter-

termine their true characters.

I find Davisia to possess exactly the type of hinge figured by Ber-

nard for “* Erycina”’ veneris Mun. Chalmas and Velain,in Bull.

Mus. d’hist. Nat. de Paris, 1898, p. 81, fig. 3. This is not an Hrycina

in the proper sense, as Bernard points out, but is very closely related

to Kellia as typified by K. suborbicularis. If examination of other

species should show that the small differences which exist are con-

stant, the group might rank as a section of Kella.

Malvinasia on the other hand is based on a normal species of

Rochefortia (see Bernard, op. cit., p. 82, fig. 4).

I may in this connection recall that another supposed new genus of

Leptonacea, Diplodontina Stempell, 1899, from Chile, has the hinge

of Kellia and is probably a member of the latter genus.

NOTES.

SHALL WE BE ORDERED OFF THE BEACHES ?—There already

exists a trust or combination which controls the trade in food fishes,

and I suspect that there are those who would like to extend the same

system to the mollusks. At least I have just seen a book called

‘¢ Shell-fish Industries,” by Prof. James L. Kellogg, which, mingling

data about edible mollusks with some ordinary politicians’ talk or

‘¢ buncombe ”’ about the superiority of American to European insti-

tutions and the like, appears to be put out to promote the passing of

laws which would facilitate the monopolization of our mollusks. It

recommends handing over our beaches and mud-flats to private land-

lords or sealords. Most shell collectors have been annoyed by

attempts to exclude them, by means sometimes legal sometimes

illegal and fraudulent, from access to sea, rivers or lakes, and will

not be pleased to find a professed naturalist working to deprive them

of any right to collect marine mollusks except in deep water with a

dredge. For example, while collecting at Nahant, Massachusetts,

between tides, I have been told to get out by a minion of an adja-

cent landowner, notwithstanding that I had a legal right to be there,

although I would no longer have it under the laws proposed by this

book.—Joun A. ALLEN.

LAE IN OTIS:

VoL. XXIV. SEPTEMBER, 1910. No. 5

SOME NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Perhaps no group of shells presents such a great variation of color

as occurs in many species of the genus Oliva. In trying to define

the true relative position of the various forms, two conditions act as

impediments—the confusion in nomenclature and the lack of posi-

tive localities for the species. Localities for species are frequently

cited which are undoubtedly erroneous. That many of the forms

represent only local races is apparent from the fact that where speci-

mens have a positive habitat within the range of a species, there is

as a rule an apparent uniformity of the specimens which readily dis-

tinguishes them from others. This can perhaps be reasonably ac-

counted for when we take into consideration their distribution and

habits. Chiefly tropical and living on the sandy shores and bars of

the more sheltered and shallow waters of the gulfs and bays, their

distribution is necessarily restricted, thus creating environmental

conditions, favorable for numerous local variations. The necessity

for studying the species faunologically is therefore evident, and if

monographers had done so, a much clearer idea of the relationship of

species and the range of specific variation would have been attained.

Tryon’s views as to synonomy are most excellent, the chief fault

of his work being his disregard of priority, even of the Lamarckian

species. The excellent and numerous figures by Marrat (Sowerby’s

Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol, iv) illustrate practically all important

50 THE NAUTILUS.

variations, which was the author’s intention rather than to define the

species, although many of these are treated as species. His species

credited to Martini and Meuschen will have to be ignored, but those

of Bolten will stand.

I have been led to write these notes in connection with my at-

tempt to list the collection of the late John Ford. In making com-

parative studies I have also used the collection of the Boston Society

of Natural History, thus having large series of all the more variable

species. With the combined collections, I have before me over 250

specimens referable to the following species and varieties.

OLIVA SERICEA (Bolten).

Porphyria sericea Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 33, 1798.

Oliva textilina Lam., Ann. du Mus., p. 309, 1810. Bolton’s and

Lamarck’s species are both based upon the same recognizable figure

by Martini (Conch. Cab. II, tab. 51, fig. 559). Bolton’s being the

first name proposed will have to be adopted, as was done by Marrat.

Why Tryon should have chosen the doubtful irzsans described on

page 310 instead of textilina on page 309, making the latter a variety

of the former is hard to understand. Lamarck’s first figure referring

to trisans is that of Martini (Conch. Cab., fig. 561). He again re-

fers to the same figure under reticularis (Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 314).

Bolten refers to the same figure (561) as a second example of sericea,

evidently considering it the young of that species. One feels doubt-

ful as to the identity of this figure; unbiased I should have referred

it to a light-colored sanguinolenta. ‘The second figures referred to

by Lamarck are those given by Chemnitz (Conch. Cab., x, tab. 147,

figs. 1371, 13872). This reference is followed by a question mark.

The latter figures certainly do not belong to this variable species, but

possibly to a form of elegans. Both Weinkauff and Marrat seem to

have selected the callous spired forms of zetlanica as the representative

of Lamarck’s irisans. As the callus spire is not mentioned in the

original description or shown in the figures referred to, they are evi-

dently in error, as was pointed out by Ford when describing erypto-

sptra (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1891, p. 98). |

It is probable that the progenitor of all the forms of this variable

species is tremulina from which diverge three well-marked varieties

with a number of parallel variations connected by intermediate forms,

but the rules of priority compel the adoption of one of the extreme

variations.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Variety tremulina Lamarck.

Oliva tremulina Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 310, 1810.

This is well shown by Marrat on plate 8, fig. 117. It is in every

respect like miniacea except that the aperture is white or bluish

white ; fumosa Marr. is only a dark form. The var. pica Lam.

(nobilis Reeve + coneinna Marr.) is more or less coarsely and irreg-

ularly marked with dark brown, but forms are before me represent-

ing all intermediate stages between tremulina and the var. tenebrosa

Marr. in which the dark brown covers the entire shell.

Variety miniacea (Bolten).

Porphyria miniacea Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 33, 1798.

Oliva erythrostoma Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 309, 1810.

Both authors again refer to the same figures by Martini (Conch.

Cab., II, tab. 45, figs. 476, 477). Distinguished from tremulina in

having the aperture a bright orange red. Intermediate forms con-

nect it with a uniform dark brown form similar to tenebrosa, see

Thes. Conch., 1V, pl. 7, fig. 109 (var. marrati n. var.). On the

other hand the shells become gradually lighter in color and abnorm-

ally thickened, representing the var. ponderosa Duclos. ‘The latter

seems to be the characteristic form of Mauritius and adjacent islands.

Variety zeilanica Lamarck.

Oliva zeilanica Lam., Anim. sans Vert.; VII, p. 436, 1822.

This represents a smaller race quite readily separated in the adult

but completely connected with tremulina in younger specimens. In

other words it does not go beyond this juvenile appearance even in

the adult. This view is strengthened by the fact that it also shows

a parallel variation in color. There is however a variation which is

apparently peculiar to this race, which consists of the spire in the

adult becoming covered by a callus. Three specimens that would

otherwise be typical zeilanica show this feature. This gradually

merges into a lighter colored form, often with a violet-colored aper-

ture constituting the var. ornata Marr. A light yellow form with

only a slight trace of the markings constitutes the var. eryptospira

Ford, which merges into a dark brown form resembling tenebrosa,

see Thes. Conch., IV, pl. 9, fig. 126 (var. fordi n. var.). These

varietal names are given merely for convenience in referring to these

extreme forms.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON PYRAMIDELLID NOMENCLATURE.

BY TOM IREDALE.

The study of Pyramidellid Mollusks is attended with great diffi-

culty, and systematic treatment of the family has not been attempted

within recent years until the investigation of American forms was

undertaken by Messrs. Dall and Bartsch. Great praise is due to

their efforts which have been crowned by the publication of a Synop-

sis of the Genera, Subgenera and Sections of the family Pyramidel-

lide. This is included in their Monograph of West American

Pyramidellid Mollusks (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 68, 1909) and

inasmuch as the preface includes the remark ‘+ In all cases the

synonymy of group names adopted has been based on researches

which began with the typical species of the original authors,’ one

would expect exact quotations. It is deeply to be regretted that in

the preparation of the Synopsis due care was not given to the veri-

fication of the introduction of the divisional names chosen. Asa

consequence errors have been perpetuated and workers in remote

localities will now further add confusion. ‘To such, on account of

lack of literature, are denied the means of verification, and the data

provided by Messrs. Dall and Bartsch will be copied without criti-

cism. The practical value of the work done by Messrs. Dall and:

Bartsch is immense, and there can be no doubt that their conclusions

will in the main be unquestionably accepted. It is much against

my will that I should have to point out blemishes regarding their

quotations of literature. However it is only by means of criticism

that we can hope to attain completeness, and I herewith indicate a

few errors in the hope that when the East American Pyramidellid

mollusks are monographed a revised and corrected Synopsis will be

included. All the references to Dall and Bartsch in the succeeding

notes are to the paper above mentioned.

AcT£ZOPyYRAMIS Fischer.

On p. 17—Monotygma Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. I note this ~

only to point out that in the Synopsis of the British Museum, 1840

and 1842, lists of nude generic names are given by Gray, and though

often quoted these have no scientific value as of that place. No

indication whatever appears as to species.

EULIMELLA.

Dall and Bartsch, on p. 10, write

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Subgenus Lulimella Forbes, 1846 (6).

Type, Lulimella crassula Forbes = E. seille Scacchi.

On p. 17 is found the familiar quotation

(6) Eulimella Forbes, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. 14, 1846, p.

412. This reference appears to have been introduced into literature

by Hermannsen; copied by Scudder it has attained a wide accept-

ance, two recent users 1 have noted being Locard (Cat. Moll. Viv.

France, 1886, p. 211) and Kobelt (Icon. Schale. Europ. Meeres

conchy. Vol. III, p. 161, 1963). Yet two errors appear in it: Vol.

14 was issued in 1844 and there the genus is not introduced; a shell,

Hulima Mac Andrei is described on p. 412 by Forbes.

The first introduction of FHulimella is, as given by Marschall, in

the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, p. 311, 1847, where Jeffreys

writes ‘* Hulimella (Forbes) crassula Mal. and Conch. J. 2. Mae

Andrei Forbes.”

The incomplete quotation should read ‘* Mal. and Conch. Mag. pl.

I, p. 34, 1838,” where Jeffreys listed Hulima crassula n. sp. No de-

scription was offered and its assignment to Forbes by Dall and

Bartsch is incorrect.

In the P. Z. S., 1847, p. 160, Gray wrote

‘‘Eulimella Forbes, 1846... . . Melania scille. This notice ap-

pears to conform with the scant regulation now considered sufficient

to carry a generic name so that it would appear that we must quote

this genus as of Gray. It may be argued that Jeffreys has prece-

dence and it seems doubtful to me to whom should be given the credit.

I prefer Gray’s quotation. I have searched throughout Forbes’

papers from 1844 to 1847 and have been unable to meet with the

name. I conclude it was a MS. name, and in support of this view

would cite the Hist. Brit. Moll., p. 308, 1850, There the genus is

assigned to Forbes; it is well described, and though full references

are appended no notice of the previous occurrence in literature of

Eulimella is given save the one by Jeffreys. Dall and Bartsch give

asa synonym of Lulimella, Loroptyris Cossmann; the paper they

quote was included in the Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., Vol. XXIII,

for the year 1888, p. 99. What year the Annales appeared in I

cannot say, but I noticed that on the title page of those for 1896 is

printed ‘ Distribué le 24 décembre 1899.”

As synonymous also is regarded Belonidium Cossmann, Jour. de

Conch., Vol. 40, 1892, p. 350. This name appears to have been

54 THE NAUTILUS.

overlooked by the compilers of the Zool. Record; it is as well to note

that the part of the Jour. de Conch. containing this name was not

received at the British Museum until the 10th of May, 1893, as

noted in the Jour. Malac., Vol. 3, p. 9,1894. As type of this genus

Dall and Bartsch write “ Actculina gracilis Cossmann.” Should it

not be “ Acteulina gracilis Deshayes”’?

OscILLa.

On p. 17 Dall and Bartsch include this in the synonymy of Cin-

gulina; their reference reads “ Oscilla A. Adams, Idem, 1860, p.

418; type, Oscilla lirata A. Adams;”’ the Idem stands for Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., Vol. 6. But at that place Oscilla does not

occur.

Oscilla is defined in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 310, where five

species are included; the first species is Hirata A. Adams, but the

third is eingulata A. Ad., which when it was introduced as Mon-

optygma cingulata in the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser., II], Vol. VII,

p- 296, 1861, was followed by this note. ‘This species is by no

means typical, and should form a subgenus under the name of

Oscilla.”” Consequently cingulata A. Ad. must be regarded as the

type of Oscilla, and the name date from this introduction. There

is a group of Pyramidellid mollusks which agree with c/ngulata and

the subgeneric definition “‘ plicu parietal, valida, transversa, medi-

ana,”

and though superticially resembling Ozngulina are shorter, —

broader shells, and are recognizable as Odostomias rather than Tur-

bonillas. As I can see no group to which they are otherwise refer-

able, I advise the retention of Oscilla for these forms: they compose

a group quite as natural as any other Pyramidellid group.

Since this note was written I have seen a paper by Hedley (P. L.

S. N.S. W., Vol. XXXIV, 1909), wherein are described Odostomia

gumia, p. 446, pl. XLI, fig. 67, Odostomia migma. p. 447, pl. XLI,

fig. 70, and Odostomia laquearia, p. 447, pl. XLIII, fig. 82. These

beautiful figures indicate shells, which from their form I should class

as Oscilla. They do not look like Turboniilla.

AGATHA.

Dall and Bartsch at the foot of p. 10 write ‘* The status of Agatha

virgo A. Adams, 1860 (Menestho, 1861, Myonia, 1861, Amathis,

1861), is not known to us. From the meager description we are

inclined to believe that it is allied to Actaeopyramis Fischer.”

But in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 30, 1906, p. 335, pl.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

XVIII, fig. 2, the same authors bad redescribed and figured this

shell accepting Agatha as a valid subgenus of Pyramidella. They

gave full references and concluded with “P. (A.) virgo A. Ad. is

the type of Agatha; we do not know why Adams changed this to

Myonia and Amathis as we have been unable to find the name pre-

occupied.”

The references they give provide the solution of their puzzle.

When A. Adams described Agatha virgo' he did not introduce a new

genus, as after the description he wrote “ may well be regarded as

the queen of a genus of which all the species are lovely.” This

indicates that a genus with a number of species known to him and

already described was in his mind. This is confirmed later by the

remark ‘* Myonia virgo is a third species of Menestho.”’?

papers were written from Japan, and immediately upon receipt of

the first one he corrected the error thus, ‘* generic name should have

been Myonia not Agatha.” *

These two

He then introduced Amathis* and designated as type Wyonia virgo

A. Ad. From the preceding it seems that Amathis should be

utilized, but a puzzling complication is introduced by the fact that

later Adams himself forgot his work and reintroducing Agatha re-

marks ‘‘ of which A. virgo A. Ad. is the type.’’®

De Foutn’s NaMEs.

De Folin introduced many genera of his family Chemnitzide and

these names are noted in Dall and Bartsch’s work. The history of

these names as well as the interpretation appears very imperfectly

known, and it would have been well had Dall and Bartsch gone

carefully into the literature. They appear to have handled the con-

chological work splendidly, and it is disappointing to have to find

fault with their quotations. Ina series entitled ** Les Fonds de la

Mer,” which was issued in parts from 1867 onwards and is appar-

ently complete in three volumes, De Folin described a number of

Pyramidellids. New generic names were introduced without indica-

tion of their novelty.

At the same time De Folin drew up a classification of the Ohem-

nitzid@ which was published in tie Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire,

Vol. XII, pp. 191 et seg., 1870. This appears to have escaped Dall

1 Annals, Ser. III, Vol. VI, 1860, p. 422. 2Loc. cit., Vol. VII, 1861, p. 295.

§ Loc. cit., Vol. VIII, 1561, p. 142. 4 Loc. cit., Vol. VIII, 1861, p. 303.

5 Loc. cit.. Ser. IV, Vol. VI, 1870, p. 127.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

and Bartsch’s notice. The title of the paper is “ D’une Méthode de

Classification pour les coquilles de la famille des Chemnitzide,” and

on p. 200 is given a tabular statement of the family where appear

the names Oceanida, Salassia, Ondina, Elodia, Odetta and Noémia.

No species are mentioned.

In the Ann. Soc. Agri. et Hist. Nat., Lyons, Vol. VII, 1884

(1885), pp. 209 et seg., De Folin included another paper entitled

** Constitution Méthodique rationnelle et naturelle de la Famille des

Chemnitzide.”” The tabular statement above mentioned is there

reproduced without alteration. A reprint of this paper appears to

have been consulted by Dali and Bartsch as they quote it under its

title and give pagination agreeing with that conclusion.

I have only had access to the first volume of ‘‘ Les Fonds de la

Mer,”’ which appears to be a scarce work.

In that volume on p. 214 two species are diagnosed as Ondina sul-

cata De Folin and J/aminea bilirata De Folin. The part including

these names was issued in 1869. On p. 264 Oceanida graduata De

Folin is introduced. This part appeared in 1870. At the end of

this volume on p. 314 a list of new species actually to hand is noted.

There is mentioned Odetta spp, Noémia spp, Lia spp, Elodia

elegans and Salassia carinata. These were probably published in

the succeeding volumes. I conclude p. 314 came out in 1871.

With their references to these names Dall and Bartsch have been

peculiarly unfortunate, in almost every instance errors having crept in.

First (p. 18) they accept as a valid subgenus ‘‘ Elodiamea De

Folin 1884 (26).” Referring to (26) p. 18 we read ‘* Hlodiamea

De Folin, Zool. Record, Vol. 22, 1885, p. 94 = Elodia De Folin,

Les Méléagrinicoles, 1867, p. 66; type, Hlodia elegans De Folin, not

Elodia Desvoidy, 1863; + Herviera Melvill and Standen, Journ.

Conch., Vol. 9, 1897, p. 185; type, Pyrgulina gliriella Melvill and

Standen. The Zool. Record for 1885 would not be published until

1886, so that 1884 is obviously incorrect. lodia is not introduced

at the place quoted: a species Hulima elodia there appears; if that be .

the same as Hlodia elegans, then Dall and Bartsch have produced a

second complication as they have re-named elegans on account of its

preoccupation in Odostomia.

The Jour. Conch., Vol. 9, p. 185, appeared in 1899 not 1897, and

if Herviera be a synonym of Elodiamea, then the latter is identical

with Odostomella Bucquoy Dautz. and Dollf. -Hedley (P. L. 8. N.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

>. W., Vol. XXX, p. 525, 1906) has already suggested the identity

of Herviera with Odostomella. Dall and Bartsch wrongly cite this

genus as Odostomiella and separate it from Elodiamea by characters

which seem intangible, as the two species of Herviera show features

assigned to each.

On p. 134 Dall and Bartsch include as valid Salassia De Folin,

Const. d. Chemnitzidw, 1885, p. 15, and then for the type species

give the quotation Salassia carinata De Folin, Fonds de la Mer,

Vol. 2, 1872, p. 168, pl. 6, fig. 6.

This latter would appear to be the quotation for the subgenus.

Certainly the former cannot be used as the name appeared under

exactly the same conditions in the 1870 paper above noted.

However is not the name preoccupied by Salassa Moore, P. Z.S.,

1859, p. 246? To divert, on p. 16 is indicated and on p. 133 is

diagnosed a new subgenus Salassiella. Is not this also preoccupied

by Salasiella Strebel, Mex. K. Land. u. Suswass. Conch., III, p. 6,

29,1877?

On p. 16 Oceanida De Folin is included as valid and the correct

reference is given, but the type species name is misquoted gradata;

it should be graduata. Into synonymy Dall and Bartsch consign

the rest of De Folin’s genera, Noémia, Lia, Odetta, Juminea, Jami-

nina and Ondina. ‘The first three are all.recorded as nude names in

Vol. I, p. 314, 1871.

This is quoted for Noémia, p. 136, as Fonds de la Mer, 1873, p. 314.

Lia, p. 176, 1870, p. 515.

Odetta, p. 184, 1870, p. 314.

** Jaminea De Folin, Constit, Method. de la Fam. Chemnitziide,

1885, p.15. Type Jaminea bilirata De Folin; not Jaminea Brown,

1827. + Jaminina De Folin, Zool. Record, Vol. 22, 1885, p. 94.

Type Jaminea bilirata De Folin.” This appears in the synonymy

of Menestho Miller, on p. 184, and seems incorrectly stated. As

previously noted Jaminea bilirata De Folin was diagnosed in Fonds

de la Mer, Vol. I, p. 214, 1869; in the 1885 paper De Folin writes

** Jaminea Brown,’ and gives no names of species so that I cannot

understand the reason of typifying it as of De Folin. Jaminina De

Folin does not occur in any copies of the Zool. Record, 1885, p. 94,

that I have had access to, and I have been unable to trace it. Of

course all the preceding are minute errors but they are, nevertheless,

very perplexing if literature is unavailable.

I have noted the following typographical errors :

58 THE NAUTILUS.

P. 8, line 22 Scacchi should read Broccbi.

ig 22 plicala plicatula.

17, 22 1853 1833.

18, 20 p. 59 p. 8.

30 1879 1899.

29, 3. plicata plicatula.

14 plicata plicatula.

15 plicatus _ plicatulus.

It is interesting to note that these errors are indexed.

On p. 18, line 27 as reference to (41) is given Proc. Royal Soc.

Tasmania, 1877, p. 152. The correct quotation is Trans. Roy. Soc.,

South Australia, Vol. XXIV, p. 98, 1900.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LYMNAEA.

BY F. C. BAKER.

LYMN#ZA EMARGINATA WISCONSINENSIS nov. var.

Limnea ampla Whiteaves (not Mighels), Can. Nat. and Geol.,

VIII, pp. 102, 112, fig. 11, 1863.—Taylor, Ottawa Nat., VI, p. 35,

1892.

Shell very large, varying from elongate to globose, inflated, usu-

ally rather thin; periostracum varying from light yellowish horn to

chestnut ; nuclear whorls as in emarginata; sculpture as in emargin-

ata; many specimens have, in addition to the spiral impressed lines,

a number of heavy, more or less equidistant, spiral ridges encircling

the body whorl; the last whorl may also be somewhat malleated ;

whorls 5 to 53; globose, roundly shouldered, inflated, the body whorl

very globose and disproportionately swollen; spire varying from

broadly acute to flatly depressed, usually about half the length of the

entire shell; suture well marked, often deeply impressed ; aperture

roundly-ovate, rarely quadrate, seldom flaring; peristome with in-

ternal, varical thickening; inner lip wide, whitish, broadly reflected

over the umbilical region producing a wide, flat expansion, which

emarginates the umbilical chink, as in the typical form; umbilical

chink usually very large and conspicuous; imperforate individuals

are rare; the parietal callus is thick and wide producing a continu-

ous aperture in some specimens; the lower part of the aperture is

somewhat effuse in a few individuals.

Length, 23.50; breadth, 15.00; aperture length, 13.00; breadth,

7.50 mill. ;

Length, 22.00; breadth, 15.00; aperture length, 12.00; breadth,

8.00 mill.

Length, 24.00; breadth, 16.00; aperture length, 13.50; breadth,

9.00 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

Length, 24.00; breadth, 16.25; aperture length, 13.00; breadth,

8.00.

Length, 26.50; breadth, 19.50; aperture length, 16.50; breadth,

11.00.

Length, 25.00; breadth, 19.00; aperture length, 16.00; breadth,

10.00 mill.

Length, 36.00; breadth, 19.00; aperture length, 16.50; breadth,

10.00 mill.

Types: The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 19 specimens, no.

24504; cotypes, coll. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich., and Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Type locality : East shore Tomahawk Lake, Oneida Co., Wis.

Animal: Similar to typical emarginata. The animals of the

Tomahawk Lake race are of two very pronounced colors, black with

white dots and bright yellow with white dots. This difference in

the animal is quite conspicuous rendering the light-colored speci-

mens less noticeable than the dark-colored in individuals against the

white sand of the shore.

Jaw, Radula and Genitalia: In all respects similar to those of

emarginata,

Range: Southern Quebec west to Wisconsin.

L. wisconsinensis has been seen from but two places, Brome Lake,

Brome District, Quebec (Whiteaves), and Tomahawk Lake, Oneida

Co., Wisconsin (Baker). It doubtless lives in many lakes between

these two points, and has probably been identified as L. mighels?.

Ecology: In Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin, this species is very

abundant, the shore after storms being literally paved with dead

shells. It lives on the sandy or pebbly shores, in water from a few

inches to several feet in depth. By wading along the beach thou-

sands may be collected. The localities in this lake are all on exposed

points or in curved bays where the shore receives the full force of

the waves. No specimens were found in sheltered places, where

the water was at all stagnant. As recorded by Dr. Kirtland, for

angulata, they were irregularly scattered over the surface, crawling

over the sand, where a distinct track was left, or else lying half

buried in the sand. The two different colors mentioned by Nylander

as being characteristic of the Maine emarginata were also observed

in the Tomahawk Lake specimens.

Remarks: This race differs from all the other races of emarginata

in its very globose body whorl and rounded aperture. The race is

very variable, the variant being the spire which is elongated or de-

pressed. Some individuals approach m7ghelsz, but this is rare, the

shell being usually much more globose than that race. Angulata

differs in having a heavier shell, a much less globose body whorl,

and an elongated and angulated, instead of rounded, aperture, ‘The

umbilicus is closed in angulata while it is usually open in wisconsin-

ensis, The globose form will, however, separate this race from all

60 THE NAUTILUS.

others. The umbilical chink is usually conspicuous but may be so

wide as to form a deep umbilicus or it may be entirely closed, as in

some specimens from both Wisconsin and Canada. JL. e. wisconsin-

ensis is by far the most abundant shell in Tomahawk Lake, Wiscon-

sin, where, in many places, it forms windrows of dead shells on the

shore after a northwesterly storm. It was at first thought to be a

variety of the mdghelsi type of shell, but the globular form of the

body whorl is so different from mzghe/si and the shells are so numer-

ous in the original locality as to render it quite as eligible to receive

a name as are any of the races of Lymnea.

NOTES.

Tue Lamarck Cotiection.—In these days, when systematists

pay more attention to ancient authors, it is of the highest importance

to know the precise specimens which those authors had before them

when they wrote their descriptions, usually almost unintelligible to

us, and gave their names. Among the more important systematic

works of the early part of the last century is Lamarck’s ‘+ Histoire

Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres.”’ Consequently the speci-

mens on which that work was based are of particular value. On

Lamarck’s death his conchological collection was bought by Prince

Masséna. Some years later it became the property of Mr. Benjamin

Delessert, who bequeathed it to the city of Geneva, and it is now

preserved in the natural history museum of that place. It contained

chiefly shells of mollusks and brachiopods, both living and fossil. It

was accompanied by a catalogue based on a copy of the ‘“ Histoire

Naturelle,”’ and containing marginal notes written either by Lamarck

or by the daughter who served as his secretary when he became

blind. The Geneva Museum has now undertaken the publication

of an illustrated catalogue, giving figures of all the species found in

Lamarck’s collection, whether created by himself or by other authors.

Except in those cases where the species are represented by a very

large number of specimens, or sometimes badly preserved specimens,

all the specimens will be figured. The accompanying text will give

the diagnosis of Lamarck, the number of specimens indicated in his

MS. catalogue, and the number now to be found in his collection.

Other notes will be added as required. The first part, relating to

the fossil brachiopods, has now been issued. It comprises twenty-

two plates, and has been drawn up with the collaboration of Dr. M.

Clere and Dr. J. Faire. The complete catalogue will be issued in

two series, one representing living species and the other fossil spe-

cies. It is possible to subscribe to one or other of these series.

After publication and distribution to subscribers, the separate sec-

tions will be sold at a slightly higher price. Further details may be

obtained from Mr. M. Bedot, Directeur du Museum Naturelle,

Geneva, or Messrs. Georg et Cie, libraires a Geneva.—From The

Museums Journal, vol. 9, p. 459, June, 1910. _

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. OCTOBER, 1910. No. 6

MOLLUSKS OF UNITY, MAINE.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

Malacologically speaking, as it were, little Waldo county is one of

the least known regions in the state of Maine. Although the town

of Unity in its extreme northwest corner boasted one of the earliest

conchologists of New England, little work appears to have been

done since, and in glancing over the pages of Mr. Lermand’s “ Shells

of Maine” we find that eight species and two varieties are all that

the author could positively accredit to the county. The early con-

chologist referred to is one Dr. Milliken who sent his shells to Dr,

J. W. Mighels and our present knowledge of them is gained from

the lists and in one case (Lymnea decollata) the descriptions of the

latter. The present writer has had occasion to spend considerable

leisure from time to time in the self-same town of Unity, and it is

with the hope of filling in another of the gaps that the following list

of mollusks collected is given.

Thanks are due to Mr. Charles W. Johnson for Opportunity to

compare specimens of Lymne@a decollata with some of Dr. Mighels’

own specimens and for numerous other kindnesses. I am likewise

indebted to Mr. George H. Clapp for aid in determining some of the

smaller terrestrial species.

Unio complanatus (Sol.). Abundant in Lake Winnecook, as are

also three following species in less degree :

Lampsilis cariosus (Say).

Lampsilis radiatus (Gmel.).

Anodonta marginata Say.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Pisidium. Perhaps half a dozen undetermined species of Pisidium,

were found in some abundance in the lake and in Sandy Stream.

Musculium secure (Prime). Common in pools on ‘the Intervale.”

Campeloma decisum (Say). Winnecook Lake. Common.

Valvata tricarinata (Say). Winnecook Lake. Common.

Valvata tricarinata confusa Walk. Winnecook Lake, one spec.

Amnicola limosa porata (Say). Winnecook Lake and Sandy

Stream. By far the most abundant species.

Lymnza obrussa (Say). Winnecook Lake. Not found in Aug.-

Sept., 1909, but common in Apr., 1910.

Lymnza humilis modicelle (Say). Winnecook Lake. Sept.,

1909, rare.

Lymnza palustris (Mull). Pools on Intervale, Apr., 1910, com-

mon. ;

Lymnza decollata (Mighels). Abundant in Lake Winnecook, the

type locality (especially late in the season), where it was originally

collected by Dr. Milliken.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Winnecook Lake. One specimen,

Aug., 1909.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Winnecook Lake. Not rare in

Sept., 1909.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Winnecook Lake. Two specimens.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Common in the lake.

Planorbis parvus Say. With the preceding.

Planorbis parvus elevatus (Adams). Several specimens of a

minute Planorbis were found in a bit of swamp bordering the lake.

All seemed referable to this form rather than to typical parvus.

Dr. Milliken found also P. trivolvis apparently in some numbers,’

but I did not encounter it.

Segmentina armigera (Say).

Physa heterostropha (Say). Found in Bacon’s Brook and in the

lake in late summer, 1909.

Physa ancillaria Say. Not encountered until April, 1910,

when it was abundant along the shore of the lake, apparently dis-

placing the preceding species.

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Common in pools on the Intervale.

Carychium exiguum (Say). Windermere. Common, Sept., 1909.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Common around wood piles, 1905,

1909.

1Mighels: P. trivolvis [+ P. lentus ?], Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist,, 1843, p. 335.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Vallonia pulchella (Miuill.). Common with preceding, 1905,

Rarer in 1909.

Acanthinula harpa (Say). Windermere. One specimen, Sept.,

1909.

Strobilops virgo (Pils.). Windermere. Common Sept., 1909;

also in woods W. of the village (Apr., 1910). All of the red variety

[Clapp].

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Windermere. Four specimens, Sept.,

1909.

Vertigo ovata Say. One adult specimen in village, 1905;

several juv. probably of this species at Windermere, Sept., 1909.

Vertigo gouldii (Binney). One nearly grown and several young

probably the same, Windermere, Sept., 1909.

Succinea ovalis Say, (obliqua Say). Abundant.

Succinea avara Say. The Intervale. Four specimens, 1909-10.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Common in scattered localities.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi (Pils.). Abundant.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Windermere, Sept., 1909, and

woods W. of village, Apr., 1910. Rare.

Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Windermere.

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.). Common in the village.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Abundant about wood piles in 1905, but

not seen in 1909.

Vitrea sp. Windermere, 1909. All young.

Euconulus fulvus (Mull.). Windermere, Sept., 1909.

Euconulus chersinus (Say), (polygyratus Pils.). With the pre-

eeding and about twice as abundant.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Abundant.

Zonitoides exiguus (Stimp). Windermere, 1909. Common.

Zonitoides milium (Morse). Windermere, Sept., 109.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Does not appear to be abundant, but

is widely distributed.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Several specimens in 1909.

Summary :

Species. Vars.

Fresh-water lamellibranchs . . . 6 + Pisidium spp.

Fresh-water gastropods . . . . 16 2

Terrestrial gastropods . . . . 24

Mme bg git ao eR Ae 2+

64 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Oxviva vipvA (Bolten).

Porphyria vidua Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 34, 1798.

Oliva maura Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 809, 1810.

As in the case of O. sericea, both Bolten and Lamarck again refer

to the same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., II, tab. 45, figs. 472,

473). The variation of the species is well shown by Marrat under

the name ‘ mauritiana’? Martini (Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., IV, pl.

10, figs. 183-140). The figures referred to by Bolten represent one

of the extreme variations. What would probably be considered the

normal color is represented by the var. sepulturalis Lam. (Marrat,

fiz. 133). This variety in losing entirely the brown markings be-

comes the olive-greep or yellowish fenestrata Bolten, or with the

dark brown assuming wide, irregular, longitudinal stripes, the var.

fulminans Lam., while these stripes suffusing form the dark brownish-

black vidua. On the other hand there is a tendency for the shells to

become gradually lighter in color than sepulturalis, such forms rep-

resenting the var. macleaya Duclos (Marrat, fig. 140).

It is this latter variety that leads to what is probably one of the

most puzzling groups of shells to define specifically that exists. One *

cannot realize this difficulty from a few shells which usually fall quite

readily into one of the numerous species. With over 200 specimens

of the group comprising widua, tigrina and elegans there are some

specimens so intermediate in character as to make it very difficult to

draw the line. To unite these, however, upon the character of the

shells alone, with the meagre data bearing upon their distribution and

the environmental conditions governing variation, would in no way

add to our knowledge of the group or aid in its future study. It

seems to be the diverging point of a number of species or groups of

species, the true relationship of which is at present hard to define.

OLIVA TIGRINA Lamarck.

O. tigrina Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 322, 1810 (nom

Meuschen).

? O. glandiformis Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 317, 1810.

This species is distinguished from vidua var. macleaya in being

less cylindrical in outline with the sutural callus less elevated. The

THE NAUTILUS. 65

normal form has maculations or bands of dark brown which often

become suffused and cover the entire shell, this extreme variation

(var. fallax n. var.) masquerading in many collections under the

name of maura. The usual form of tigrina is without the brown

bands or maculations, only the small bluish-gray spots showing. In

large senile specimens the spots often become obsolete or wanting on

the last third of the body whorl. The dark forms figured by Marrat

as glandiformis (fig. 174), approach closely (as in the case of ele-

gans) forms of funebralis Lam. The glandiformis Lam., if recog-

nizable, would take precedence over tégrina, but the figure referred

to by Lamarck in Adanson’s Hist. Nat. Senegal, pl. 4, fig. 6, is not

identifiable.

Oxrva BULBOSA (Bolten).

Porphyria bulbosa Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 34, 1798.

Oliva undata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 318, 1810.

Oliva inflata Lam., /. c., XVI, p. 319, 1810.

This variable species is always readily distinguished by having a

heavy callus ridge on the fasciole, independent of the columellar

plaits. In other respects many specimens closely resemble the more

inflated examples of t¢grina.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, Tab. 47, figs. 507, 508), which represents speci-

mens having undulating longitudinal stripes of brown. Specimens

with only the small uniform bluish-gray spots constitute the var.

inflata Lam.; when two revolving dark brown bands are present

the var. bicingulata Lam.; when the bands fuse and cover irregularly

the greater portion of the shell they represent the var. fabagina

Lam. The latter is figured by Marrat as ‘“ crassa” Martini.

Pure white examples are also frequently observed.

OLIVA ELEGANS Lamarck.

O. elegans Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 312, 1810.

O. flava Marrat, Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., IV, pl. 11, figs. 156,

157.

O. infranata Marrat, /. ¢., pl. 12, fig. 161.

This species, though smaller, has the more cylindrical form and

elevated sutural callus of vidua. Light-colored examples with bright

salmon-colored fasciole resemble in a general way variegata Bolten.

It also has a similar range in color to the latter species, and lacks the

66 THE NAUTILUS.

dark fulvous and melanic forms of vidua. Small, dark forms, on

the other hand, are often very close to specimens referable to fune-

bralis Lam. 0. tricolor Lam. seems to be a good species, and nota

variety of elegans.

OLIVA FUNEBRALIS Lamarck.

This species seem to occupy an intermediate position between

tigrina and elegans. It is beautifully illustrated by Marrat (Thes.

Conch., pl. 11, figs. 143-148) under the names of ‘ leucostoma”

Ducl. and “‘/abradorensis’’ Bolten. The figure cited by Bolten in

Lister, tab. 731, fig. 20, is unrecognizable, so that labradorensis can

fortunately be dropped. ‘The narrower form suggests a probable

relationship to the narrow, cylindrical mustelina Lam., while the

broader form shows a tendency towards the more inflated dactyliola

Ducl.

OLIVA DACTYLIOLA Duclos.

This seems to hold an intermediate position between funebralis and

bulbiformis, having the spire of the former and outline of the latter.

OLIVA BULBIFORMIS Duclos.

This species is distinguished from the preceding in having a much

smaller spire usually entirely covered by a callus. Oliva similis

Marr., is evidently a variety without the callus spire. This species

seems to naturally lead to the small callus-spired species, such as

mucronata Marr., lepida Ducl., todosina Ducl., carneola Gmel.,

tessellata Lam., etc.

OLIVA CARNEOLA Gmelin.

There are entirely or partially mottled specimens of this species

which seem to connect lepida and todosina with this species.

OLIVA MUSTELINA Duclos.

The deep suture and cylindrical form, often noticeably narrower

towards the anterior, suggest an approach to seripta. Specimens

with interrupted revolving bands constitute the var. angustata

Marr. 0. athenia Ducl., resembles this species in miniature.

Oxiva scrieta Lamarck.

The suture is deep and wide. The color markings resemble

O. litterata Lam.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

OLIVA VARIEGATA (Bolten).

Porphyria variegata Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, sp. 393, p. 33,

1798.

Porphyria reticulata Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, sp. 396, p. 33,

1798.

Oliva sanguinolenta Lam., Ann, du Mus., XVI, p. 316, 1810.

Oliva evania Duclos, Monogr., in Comp. Rendus, II, tab. 20,

figs. 3, 4, 1836.

. This species varies from the grayish-white reticulated form first

referred to by Bolten, to the dark, finely reticulated olive-green var.

reticulata. In the latter case both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the

same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., II, tab. 48, figs. 512, 513).

The fasciole is always a bright orange red, the spire finely marked

with brown, and the two revolving bands usually quite distinct. A

number of specimens from Negros Island, Philippines, collected by

Mr. E. L. Moseley, are all the var. reticulata, and show but little

variation. Marrat is undoubtedly wrong in uniting Bolten’s varie-

gata with Lamarck’s tricolor. 0. evania is only a very light-colored

example.

OLIVA TRICOLOR Lamarck.

This species has the outline of vartiegata and not of elegans; it has

the salmon-colored fasciole, but the color of the shell is very dif-

ferent from either. The dark specimens are bluish-green, with bands

of a slightly darker shade—not brown; the entire shell is spotted with

yellow, spire and lip coarsely marked with brown. Light-colored

specimens often have bright yellow and blue spots; with the bands

obsolete or wanting, such specimens often resemble caerulea so closely

as to be only separated by the violet-colored aperture of the latter.

OLIVA CAERULEA (Bolten).

Porphyria caerulea Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 33, 1798.

Oliva episcopalis Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 313, 1810.

Although the two authors refer to different figures there seems to

be no doubt as to their identity. Bolten refers to a very good figure

by Martini (Conch. Cab., II, tab. 48, fig. 518), while Lamarck cites

an uncolored though recognizable figure by Lister (tab. 719, fig. 3),

with a description of the species. The revolving bands which are

obsolete or wanting in the adult shell, are quite prominent in younger

specimens which closely resemble some variations of ispidula.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Young specimens are also before me in which the violet color of the

aperture is wanting.

OLIVA AMETHYSTINA (Bolten).

Porphyria amethystina Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

Voluta cruenta (Solander) Dillw. Call, I, p. 514, 1817.

Oliva guttata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 313, 1810.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, tab. 46, figs. 491, 492). The variation of the

species is well shown by Marrat under emicator Meuschen (Thes.

Conch., pl. 5, figs. 57-60). This species may vary from spotless to

the typical form with large regular spots, or to that with large splotches

and fine flecks. Many specimens show a peculiar malformation

consisting of an elevated ridge at the periphery. Additional syn-

onyms by Marrat are aurata Link and mantichora Duclos.

OLiIva ISPIDULA Linné.

As stated under c@rulea varieties of this species closely resemble

the younger and smaller examples of that species. The species is ex-

tremely variable, more so, perhaps, than any other, notwithstanding

it is as a rule readily recognized by its brown aperture. Specimens

from Samar, Philippines, collected by Mr. E. L. Mosely, are all

uniform in color, representing the dark reticulated form (Marrat,

Thes. Conch., fig. 248), The var. flaveola Duclos is yellow with a‘

white aperture; its relation to ¢spidula is apparent from the fact that

specimens frequently show a trace of the broad dark subsutural band

common to many of the typical examples. This species seems to

lead to the small high-spired species, including O. flamulata Lam.,

duclosi Reeve (jaspidea Ducl., non Gmel.), rufopieta Wienk., kaleon-

tina Ducl., australis Ducl., panniculata Ducl., etc., some of which

resemble species of Olivella.

MOLLUSKS OF UNIONVILLE, CONN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

In June, 1909, several days were spent in the village of Union-

ville, and much of the time was enjoyably occupied in hunting for

the lowly mollusks. As local lists from Connecticut are rare, it has

been thought that a catalogue of the species obtained might be of

value for the purpose of geographic distribution. Unionville is

about nine miles west of Hartford.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

PELECYPODA.

Anodontoides ferussacianus subcylindraceus ( Lea). Roaring

Brook.

Anodonta marginata Say. Farmington River, above dam.

Alasmidonta undulata (Say). Mill race, near dam; Roaring

Brook.

Unio complanatus (Sol.). Mill race, near dam ; Roaring Brook ;

Pond’s Brook. :

Margaritana margaritifera (Linné). Pond’s Brook.

Pisidium subrotundum Sterki. Small pools in swamp; Cherry

Pond Creek.

GASTROPODA.

Campeloma decisum (Say), Roaring Brook ; Farmington River,

above dam.

Physa sayii Tappan. Overflow from mill race ; Cherry Pond;

small stream flowing into Farmington River above dam,

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Cherry Pond ; small streams above

dam, Farmington River.

Segmentina armigera (Say). Cherry Pond ; drainage ditch east

of Cherry Pond Creek (on bottom in grass).

Lymnaea columella (Say). Cherry Pond.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington

River.

Succinea ovalis Say. Lewis’ Woods.

Succinea avara Say. Lewis’ Woods.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bose.). Cherry Park, under log.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington

River.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Woods east of Roaring Brook ;

Cherry Park ; top of hills east of Farmington River.

Zonitoides nitida (Miller), Near Curtis’ Pond.

Euconulus fulvus (Miller). Top of hills, east of Farmington

River.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington River,

Vitrea hammonis (Strém.). Woods east of Roaring Brook ;

Cherry Park.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Top of hills, east of Farmington River ;

woods east of Roaring Brook.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Lewis’ Woods.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Woods east of Farmington River.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS,

MOLLvSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN States. III: Tue Hua-

cHucA Mountains, Arizona. IV: THe Cuiricanua Moun-

TAINS, ARIzONA-—By H. A. Pitspry and J. H. Ferriss.

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Nov., 1909, and Feb., 1910.)

In a notice of an earlier number of this series I recalled the way

in which the malacological riches of the arid southwest were first

brought prominently to light, and the astonishment they created.

Nowadays we have become so accustomed to hearing of new things

from that region, that we no longer get excited over additions to

Ashmunella, Sonorella or Oreohelix. If the first flush of discovery

has thus departed, and in a certain sense the continuation of the

work is almost monotonous, it must be remembered that we are ap-

proaching a second stage, in which the abundance of the data will

permit generalization not to be thought of before. Thus the import-

ant scientific results lie in front and not behind, and it is only through

minutely careful survey work, like that of Messrs. Pilsbry and

Ferriss, that they will ever be realized. Already these authors feel

justified in making the following interesting statement :

‘The facts developed in our Arizona work lead us to doubt the

potency of environment as a direct agent in effecting specific differ-

entiation, or at least to assign to such factors a wholly subsidiary role.

The facts seem explicable only on the hypothesis of variations exist-

ing or arising in the constitution of the egg, leading to modifications

of the adult organism which for the greater part are indifferent as

affecting the well-being of the race. Such adaptation as exists would

apparently be due to selection. The isolation of small colonies in

these mountains must favor the survival of what are currently called

mutations occurring therein. The occasional mingling of neighbor-

ing colonies in which diverse variations have arisen seems to have

led to such heterogeneous colonies as we have described in Holospira.”’

In a footnote is added :

‘* We believe this to be the explanation of the diversity of colonies

in the polychromatic arboreal snails such as Partula and Liguus, in

which some colonies of a given species are homogeneous, while others

are heterogeneous, snails of several definite color-patterns being the

offspring of a single mother.”

In this connection it is interesting to compare Prof. W. L. Tower’s

results with Mexican beetles of the genus Leptinotarsa, recently pub-

THE NAUTILUS. 71

lished in Biological Bulletin, May, 1910. Tower found two closely

allied beetles occupying different sides of the Mexican table-land,

and was able to cross them, getting various combinations in the off-

spring, an interesting feature being that the larval characters were

inherited separately, so that in one experiment four different kinds

of larvee each gave the same three kinds of adults. The account of

the experiments is not altogether clear and consistent, but it is evi-

dent that among these beetles related forms may cross quite freely,

and produce fertile progeny presenting new combinations of the

parental characters. As Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss have indicated,

it is not unlikely that similar phenomena occur among snails, and

no doubt there is a rich field open to the experimental breeder.

The two papers before us give an account of the snails of the

Huachuca and Chiricahua mountains. The first Huachuca snails to

be collected were species of Ashmunella (A. varicifera and levettet),

obtained by Messrs. Cox and Levette, and reported as from ‘*‘ Tucson’’

and “ near Santa Fé, New Mexico,” respectively. It is now defi-

nitely ascertained that they are confined to the Huachucas. The

authors state that they know nothing of Cox beyond his name upon

the label, but he was doubtless the Cox who was known to entomol-

ogists as a collector of cynipid galls, one of the gall-flies being named

after him by Bassett. The first Chiricahua mollusc was obtained by

Vernon Bailey, and was described by Stearns in 1890 as Holospira

arizonensis. The richness and individuality of the snail-faune of

these ranges is well brought out by the following table, which in-

cludes species only :

Huachucas only. Both ranges. Chiricahuas only.

Sonorella . .4 6

Ashmunella . 4

Oreohelix . .1

Pyramidula . 1

Helicodiscus . 0

Radiodiscus . 0

Punctum . .0

Thysanophora 0

Holospira . . 1

Agriolimax . 0

Vitrina. . . 0

Zonitoides. . 0

Ore KF COrH OFM KB kK OO CO

S'S © CO eH moO OS:

wz THE NAUTILUS.

Vitrea oe) 1 0

Euconulus. . 0 1 0

Succinea Hal) 1 0

Vallonia | 1 i)

Pupilla. . .0 1 0

Bifidaria . .1 4 4

Vertigo. . .2 2 2

Cochlicopa. . 0 1 )

15 . 21 29

There are in addition numerous local races or subspecies of the

Helicide. All the larger snails of the Chiricahuas, 21 species with

14 subspecies, are wholly confined to that range. The small snails,

on the other hand, are widely distributed.

It will be seen from the above that Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss

have not only made very important additions to the snail fauna of

the United States, but have contributed most valuable data toward

the elucidation of those problems of heredity and evolution which

are puzzling us all. May they have the time and strength for many

other such contributions. T. D. A. CocKERELL.

NOTES.

SHeELts oF Mr. Equinox, VermMont.—The following species

were obtained by the writer on the eastern side of Mt. Equinox,

near Manchester, Vt., in June, 1910, on one of the collecting trips

of the Boston Society of Natural History, in company with Messrs.

G. M. Allen and J. A. Cushman: Polygyra albolabris Say, P. say-

ana Pils., P. tridentata Say, P. fraterna Say, Circinarta concava

Say, Pyramidula alternata Say, P. cronkhitei anthonyt Pils., Ompha-

lina fuliginosa Griff., Zonitoides arborea Say and Sucecinea ovalis

Say. Ina small lake at the foot of the mountain Lymnea

desidiosa Say, Planorbis bicarinatus Say and Physa heterostropha

Say were also obtained.—C. W. JoHNson.

W. F. Perrerp.—In Hobart, Tasmania, on April 15, 1910,

occurred the death of Mr. W. F. Petterd, a veteran conchologist.

He wrote considerable on the land shells of his native island.

Mineralogy was another study to which he had made valuable con-

tributions. He had traveled extensively in Australia and the Pacific

islands.—C. HEDLEY,

aur o ' os . , er ZS ee 4 2 ee

yarn et se 7 5. ) : a ee ee oa

—-. o ‘ P . : : OTe ho ee

az eC - A A ‘ “. 7 fae ib

5 ‘i 7 a Va s r iy, =r - - > Rees

a 7th ‘ <3 iy See Men.

4 - ——" ; : o> (eee Bs

tors ao $f - de ; 7 . “ i ¥ ry — — as’ of

capa ei shy 8) A Se a

Sater eee.) a : : qd % <1 ‘sy

ene ears | : Jab Pe! ore ge

aes N 7 oe : i Ke Zs es d

as ae » at ; . an” hoAs a murs

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PLATE IV.

ALDRICH: NEW FOCENE FOSSILS.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL, XXIV. NOVEMBER, 1910. No. 7

NEW EOCENE FOSSILS FROM THE SOUTHERN STATES.

BY T. H, ALDRICH.

[Plate IV, fig. 6, OvULACTHON ALDRICHI Wheeler, described in

the June No., p. 13.—Eb.]

FissURIDEA MAURYI 0. sp. PI. IV, figs. 1, 2.

Shell large, of medium height, narrowed at the anterior, and bent

slightly downward; regularly oval on the posterior. Foramen rather

large, somewhat keyhole-shaped; shell radiately sculptured, with

about 32 strong primary ribs, generally with two smaller ribs be-

tween, at the anterior the ribs are nearly equal and closely set, the

crossbar to the foramen deeply pitted, and the foramen itself trian-

gular within.

The close-set lines of growth are very numerous; they break up the

ribs into low nodules. Margin of shell strongly crenulate and flat-

tened within. Longest diam. 31 mm.; breadth 24 mm.; height 11

mm.

Locality. Matthews Landing bed on Dale Branch, near Oak

Hill, Ala. Named in honor of Miss Carlotta J. Maury, a co-worker

in Tertiary paleontology. Figures by Prof. G. D. Harris.

ADEORBIS? NAUTILOIDES n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 3, 4 and 5.

Shell very small, substance rather thin; whorls three, expanding

rapidly. The body whorl separating and extending beyond the

other whorls; surface smooth except near the aperture where a few

growth lines become coarser; umbilicus small. The figure does not

show the separation of the whorls well.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

Longest diam. about 2 mm.

Locality. De Soto, Miss. Claibornian.

Remarks. This singular little species is doubtfully placed in

Adeorbis. It might just as well be put in Valvata. It is hardly an

embryonic shell, but in any event it is an interesting development

wherever it really belongs.

ADEORBIS SOTOENSIS n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 7, 8, 9.

' Shell small, whorls five; spire pointed, smooth; whorls covered

with spiral lines which are nearly obsolete just below the suture,

growing more prominent on the body whorl as they approach the

periphery. The effect is to make a broad, nearly smooth band on

the whorls to the eye; under a glass this space shows exceedingly

fine spirals. Body whorl strongly keeled, base smooth, umbilicus

moderate. Aperture ovate. Diameter a little less than 2 mm.

Locality. De Soto, Miss., just above the Ostrea selleformis bed.

Claibornian.

LIMA HARRISIANA n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 10, 11.

Shell oblong, slightly oblique, radially sculptured, covered with

close-set lines slightly nodular; between them in the sunken spaces

are fine dotted lines which die out towards the hinge line and umbo. °

The ribs are very numerous, near the umbo on one side they appear

quite nodulous; ears very unequal, hinge nearly straight, but some-

what inclined to the central axis. Ina young specimen the outer

ribs appear to be nodulous and the inner margin denticulated.

Longest axis 17 mm.

Locality. Smithville, Texas. Claibornian.

Remarks. This species seems to be rather close to L. vicksburg-

tana Dall, but has many more ribs, over 50 in all.

Named in honor of Prof. G. D. Harris, who has kindly furnished

the illustrations.

ERRATA.

In Bulletin of American Paleontology, No. 8, 1897, p. 10, Pl. II,

fig. 5, I described a small shell as Actaeon cossmanni. ‘This should

have been written Acteonina (Crenilabium) cossmannt, nobis. A

mistake was made in transcribing. It was however manifest as the

writer placed it in the proper subgenus.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

EvLIMA COSSMANNI DN. sp.

M. Cossmann has figured in ** Notes Complementaires,” PI. I, fig.

34, page 27, 1893, as Rissoina notata Lea, a form that is not the

species of Lea but a new form of Hulima, which may be called

E. cossmanni. The shell described by Lea is also a Hulima.

The description and figure given by M. Cossmann are accurate for

this new species. The true species of Lea also has a sinuous outer

lip.

Dr. Paul Bartsch has examined specimens of the true Pasithea

elegans H. C. Lea, and finds it to be a Bittium.

NOTES ON TRUNCILLA, WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

As the highest expression of Unione development, the Truncille

are of special interest to the systematic conchologist. Not only are

the sexes sharply differentiated in all the species, but the species

themselves are more clearly defined and less subject to variation

than in any other of the recognized genera.

For this reason, the species are well adapted to the rigid limita-

tions of a key, which in the more variable groups would, in many

cases, be almost impracticable. But in genera such as this, where

the specific lines can be drawn with sufficient exactness for such a

purpose, the formation of a key, besides facilitating the identification

of the species, is of great service in developing the peculiar dis-

tinguishing characters of the different species, and thus determining

their proper position in a natural arrangement.

In attempting to make a key to the species of Truncilla, it almost

immediately became obvious that, owing to the extreme differentia-

tion of the sexes, which very often was not along analogous lines in

species of the same group, a single key including both sexes was not

feasible, and accordingly a separate key for each sex was made,

This condition also demonstrated that a consistent natural arrange-

ment of the species would have to be based primarily on the varia-

tions of one of the sexes.

In view of the fact that the most recent classification of the

Unionid@ is based primarily on the modifications of the gill of the

76 THE NAUTILUS.

female incident to reproduction, and that Truncilla is the genus in

which the sexual differentiation of the female has been carried out

to the greatest extent, it would seem desirable that a systematic

arrangement of the species in the genus should be, as far as possible,

based on that feature.

At the present time such an arrangement must necessarily be

based almost wholly on shell characters, and these are mainly to be

found in the position of the so-called marsupial expansion. The in-

dications afforded by these characters should, of course, be supple-

mented by an exhaustive study of the gill itself and its modifications

for the purpose of a marsupium, and, until that is done, it is scarcely

advisable to attempt to define the subordinate groups in any formal

manner or to change the present classification.

In respect to their peculiar shell characters, the female Truncilla

fall ‘naturally into three groups:

1. Those in which the entire post-basal area is occupied by the

marsupial expansion.

This group is more closely allied in this respect to Lampsilis than

any of the others, and is apparently the more primitive form.

T. perplexa is the leading exponent of this group.

2. Those in which the marsupial expansion is restricted sub-

stantially to an inflation and modification of the posterior ridge.

This might be considered the next stage of development, and is

typified by 7. triguetra. :

3. Those in which the marsupial expansion is anterior to the

posterior ridge and more or less distinctly separated from it.

The extreme form of this group is the well-known 7. foliata,

which may weli be considered the most highly organized species of

the genus. Between it and 7. hayestana, in which the expansion,

though anterior to the posterior ridge, is scarcely differentiated from

it, and which may, therefore, be considered the other extreme of the

series, there is a very considerable amount of variation in this par-

ticular. An intermediate stage is that represented by 7. suleata and

lenior, in which the expansion, though distinct, is separated from

the posterior ridge by a narrow but deep sulcus, which forms a dis-

tinct notch at the margin, instead of the wide emargination that is

present in foliata and its immediate allies. |

Arranged in this way the species show a distinct line of evolution,

from the simple to the complex, caused by the progressive differ-

THE NAUTILUS. 77

entiation of the marsupial expansion and its advance from a position

at the extreme posterior part of the shell to a median one almost

directly under the beaks.

An arrangement of the species in this manner would result as fol-

lows:

1. Marsupial expansion occupying the entire post-basal area :

T. perplexa, T. biemarginata,

T. perplexa rangiana, T. capsaformis,

T. sampsoni, T. florentina,

T. propinqua, T. deviata.

2. Marsupial expansion formed by an inflation of the posterior

ridge :

A. Not extending below the basal line :

T. triquetra, T. arcaeformis.

B. Extending below the basal line :

T. penita, T. compacta, T. metastriata,

3, Marsupial expansion in front of the posterior ridge and more or

less separated from it:

A. Scarcely differentiated from the posterior ridge :

T. hayesiana, T. modicella, T. othcaloogaensis.

B. Separated from the posterior ridge by a narrow sulcus, notch-

ing the post-basal margin :

T. brevidens, T. suleata, T. lenior.

C. Separated from the posterior ridge by a wide emargination :

T. personata, T. lewisit,

T. stewardsonii, T. foliata.

It is to be noted that while brevidens from the position of the

expansion falls in this group, in other characters it is more closely

related to penita and compacta and thus forms a connecting link

between the two groups. It might, perhaps, be considered an ex-

ample of development along similar lines arising from a different

ancestral stock. It also illustrates the futility of attempting to draw

arbitrary lines in any system of classification. Nature does not do

things in that way.

In this arrangement, the synonymy as established by Simpson is

followed, with the exception that JT. compacta Lea is recognized as

distinct from penita Con. Mr. Simpson informs me that, from the

examination of additional material since the publication of the

Synopsis, he has come to the same conclusion.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

T. metastriata is doubtfully distinct from compacta and is probably,

at the most, only a local form peculiar to the Black Warrior river.

If this is correct, it has priority over compacta.

The male of 7. othcaloogaensis is unknown.

Key TO THE SPECIES OF TRUNCILLA.

A. Males.

Shell with a distinct radial furrow in front of the abi

TIdee Lanes :

Shell without a distinct radial furrow in front of the posterior

TIGRE cic ne i inabe Mes : ia 3 iad Sera einen

Shell subquasteyee or subéeianealack radial furrow aa

vertical . . 5 5) Ba ee Pe eke a

Shell suboval ; radial farrow oblique nak iia en oot ean ee

Shell subcompressed, subquadrate or broadly subtriangular ;

umbonal region flattened, beaks depressed. . . . . . 4

Shell subtriangular; beaks elevated, umbonal region in-

[ks mated Jl een ve + Sed dat aarnie URE aa kena

( Posterior ridge strongly ihsiaesdlute as CAT gs . biemarginata.

{ Posterior ridge rouuuled 2.,to0r 0& 5: ch a Male

Central ridge well ected forming an apeaee angle in the

basal line at its extremity, between which and the pos-

terior ridge the base line is nearly straight, radial furrow

3. wide and conspicuous .. . . : oh 6 te

Central ridge less developed, not projecting beyond the basal

outline, which is scarcely emarginate in front of the pos-

| terior ridge, radial furrow subobsolete . . » stewardsonit.

{ Shell subquadrate, solid, central ridge subnodulous, radial

6 4 furrow deep . . foliata.

: Shell smaller, subsolid, central ‘ridge smoother, radial furrow

| less impressed MRT OSS oe Oe ter ec en

( Posterior slope smooth, nacre white ... . . . personata.

Posterior slope radially striate, nacre usually purple. hayesiana.

| Poe slope convex, posterior end below the middle . . 9.

Posterior slope nearly straight, posterior end at or above the

WNIGGIG forsale: kgs hie sae aie ye aa ae teats ge ie ee

Foeni ridge nodulous . . . ....... . . « perplexa,

Central ridge smooth . . ....... . . « propingua.

Post-basal margin emarginate.. ......... .4h

Veen basal margin squarely subtruncate .. . . . . sulcata.

ke short oval, post-basal emargination deep, umbonal

10.

region greatly inflated... .. . +. SaMpsont.

Shell more elongate, post-basal emargination shallow, um-

bonal region less inflated . . . . . . perplexa rangiana.

Shell smaller, posterior ridge biangulate, basal emargination

shallow, beaks prominent .. . ...'. « «+ « + @eveate

11.

16.

tis

18.

19,

20.

j=)

—s

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Posterior ridge rounded , Deeds <6 Sel, tgerele) °. ee

See ridge more or less distinctly biangulate .. . . 19.

Posterior slope distinctly flattened. . . . . . PN ree © *

Een slope not flattened eo. Ss 1B.

Umbonal region flattened . . 2... cee

Faber! Region Wittens eye i Ph ae

Shell subquadrate, subcompressed . . . . . . . brevidens.

sel smaller, oval, less compressed, beaks more anterior.

metastriata,

{ Shell distinctly triangular, anterior margin not projecting

much beyond the anterior umbonal slope, unicolored or

2 with capillary greenrays. ........... - 17.

Shell triangularly ovate, anterior margin projecting beyond

the umbonal slope, conspicuously painted with green rays

| MOTB Iw MOTE), ty) pes triquetra,

{ Beaks flattened, subcentral . penita,

( Beaks higher, more anterior, shell smaller . - « . compacta,

(Shell small, subtriangular, thick and solid . - . « modicella.

(Shell larger, ovalandthin. . . ... . . - . « lenior.

Shell large, greatly inflated, thick, solid, posterior ridge very

prominent, posterior slope with a well-defined furrow, sur-

face rough, rays capillary. . ......, arceformis.

Shell smaller, less inflated, posterior ridge less developed,

surface smooth, broadly rayed with 2) ee mts S

Shell subcompressed, elliptical . . . . . | . capseformis.

Shell smaller, short oval, quite inflated. . . . . florentina,

B. Females.

Marsupial expansion swollen . .. . . . . . rere

Marsupial expansion flattened .. . . . . , . oe BO

Marsupial expansion an inflation of the posterior ridge. . 3.

Marsupial expansion in front of and distinctly separated

from the posterior ridge .. . rt ae

Posterior ridge angularly inflated and curved backwards . 4,

Posterior ridge roundly inflated and curved forwards . . 5.

tened, base of expansion rounded. . . .. . , triquetra.

Posterior ridge less angular, dorsal slope not flattened, bi-

angular, base of expansion flattened .. . . . arceformis.

Base of expansion distinctly projecting beyond the basal

a RIE Re IE. Sai A ee Bae ain

Base of expansion scarcely projecting beyond the basal

an ridge sharp, dorsal slope obliquely truncate, flat-

ee is ns pe

80 THE NAUTILUS.

rounded

Posterior ridge not inflated, basal expansion flattened, its

margin subquadrate Be 3) sito pele UETEREE.

Shell large, subquadrate, disk aieGnaay Buren with num-

erous, fine, capillary rays . ... . . . « brevidens.

Shell smaller, subtriangular, posterior ridge inflated, rayless.

compacta.

Shell still smaller, beaks less elevated, greatly inflated pos-

teriorly, rayless . . . . . . metastriata.

Shell very small, subquadrate, marsupial expansion narrow

| and not much inflated . . sr Side . . . . modicella.

jhe slope radially striate, a fant furrow in front of

1s osterior ridge infiated, basal vies rounded, its margin

, re

the marsupial expansion, nacre usually purple . hayestana.

Posterior slope scarcely striate, no median furrow, nacre

Le WIE Oetor ter ait "se ie . . . . . othealoogaensis.

{ Marsupial expansion a preloneanen of the median ridge,

separated from the Beane ridge by a wide emargina-

Res uaeg = olen

9. < Marsupial expansion occupying and nearly filling the radial

furrow, not projecting beyond the basal line . . personata.

Marsupial expansion at posterior base and separated from the

| posterior ridge by a deep sulcus, notching the margin . 12.

10 | arora expansion rounded: 5)". 20/2 ee 2 ee

i Marsupial expansion triangular : < lewisir.

p p g : Spal Catia et oa

Shell large, center of disk inflated, marsupial expansion sep-

arated from posterior ridge by a deep median furrow.

1B foliata.

Shell much smaller, center of disk compressed, no median

POTTOW jaja) += : ain oie etm yar bay hc ER a

( Shell quadrate, rathes solid marsupial aie oi extending

beyond the posterior ridge : ©... \ suleata.

ea)

i Shell smaller, oblong, thin, marsupial expansion not extend-

ing beyond the posterior ‘ridge a at Sass) oie os Ga Re en

{ Entire post-basal region flatly and broadly expanded, mar-

supial extension thin, shining, and of ‘different texture

te from the rest of theshell. . . . . 2) 5 fe meee

; Expansion of the post-basal region less extensive, less com-

| pressed, and of the same color and texture as the rest of

eaba aiel ae: pene Slt elt Sta nene

Shell with a distinct Padisl ‘faseony aval nodatoue median

i THEI. . . « perplexa.

Shell smaller, smooth, and without a distinct radial furrow.

lf caps@formis.

Shell with a distinct radial furrow extending to the beaks.16.

| Shell without a distinct radial furrow ....... .17.

14.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Shell oval, umbonal region inflated, beaks prominent, pos-

terior ridge rounded ... - . « propingua,

Shell subquadrate, umbonal region ‘compressed, beaks flat-

tened, posterior ridge biangulate . . . . . biemarginata.

Shell larger, solid, margin of marsupial expansion simple.18.

Shell much smaller, thinner, margin of marsupial age

montane os te 0s Ae TVs a arte tal nee

1 f

{5 subquadrate, sient expansion Satatt posterior mar-

17.

gin subtruncate, umbonal region greatly inflated. sampsont.

Shell oval, marsupial expansion larger, posterior margin

regularly rounded, umbonal region less inflated . rangiana.

Shell obovate, marsupial expansion extending below the base

line, beaks depressed, dorsal slope rounded . florentina.

Shell subtriangular, marsupial expansion not extending be-

low the base line, beaks prominent, dorsal margin ele-

BNO tal TS. Se Sawa Ue cote Ba «ple finn ele) eal

18.

19.

SHELLS FROM THE BAY OF CADIZ REGION.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

While on a recent visit to Spain I arranged to spend three days

on the shores of the Bay of Cadiz in hopes of contributing toward

the knowledge of its molluscan fauna. With the limited time at my

disposal only a superficial inspection of the beaches could be made,

but the results were so satisfactory, although yielding only a com-

paratively small series of species, that I felt that I was indeed amply

repaid.

By comparing the list which follows this article it will be seen that

the material brought together is a curious mixture of Mediterranean,

African and Atlantic shells. Just what lives in the bay, and what

not, can only be determined by careful dredgings.

Through the kindness of Mrs. Whishaw, of Seville, her summer

home, an old palace dating from the 16th century, was placed at our

disposal. This was located on the shore of the Bay of Cadiz at the

town of Port Saint Mary, or Puerto de la Santa Maria as it is called

in Spanish.

It was on April 30 of this year that we left the heat of Seville and

rode by train through this rich wine-growing section of the country

down to the bay. Port Saint Mary was found to be a typical Spanish

82 THE NAUTILUS.

town, with its one long, wide street lined with whitewashed houses

and palaces of better days. It is a sleepy town all day, when the

sun shines week in and week out, but at sunset there is a change.

The inhabitants throng the streets, and the men loading the steamers

along the river side with sherry work harder than ever. Most of this

goes to America, and comes from near Jerez, upstream. It is

brought down by river or railway from the country and transferred

to an ocean-going freighter at Port Saint Mary. This seems to be

the only industry of the place besides fishing. At this season of the

year few shell fish were offered for sale at the market.

Port Saint Mary was far from a dull place to me, as it might have ,

proved to some persons. Every moment was occupied in searching

the beaches, the tide flats and the infrequent bits of rock.

It was the day after I arrived that I made an excellent ‘ find.”

A long search had been made for minute species with little success

when I came across the following: A small cup-shaped depression

was observed in the sand, over which ran several streamlets. This

was filled with thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, of minute shells

all in perfect preservation. As the tide was rapidly coming in the

only thing to do was to gather together as much of the material as

was possible and bring along. This was done, and it required many

hours of following days to work the lot out. ‘

Upon my return to Seville a few days later Mrs. Whishaw kindly

gave me a number of species which she had obtained herself on the

beaches. Those of the lot, which I had not taken myself, I have

incorporated in the appended list.

Several walks were made to distant portions of the shore line.

These have been noted in the list, giving the name of the nearest

town.

To Mrs. Whishaw I owe many thanks for help and suggestions,

besides a series of local material from the bay taking during the

last few summers. In preparing the following catalogue I am espe-

cially indebted also to Monsieurs Lamy and Germain, of the Mala- .

cological Laboratory, of Paris, for assistance in determinations.

CEPHALOPODA.

Sepia officinalis L. A few.

Spirula pronii Lam. Mrs. Whishaw, several shells.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

GASTROPODA.

Helix apicina Lk. On the ground.

Helix barbula Charp. On plants and cacti. Puerto Real.

Helix lactea Miill. Common at the roots of dwarf palms. Near

Puerto Real.

Helix marmorata Fer. Ascends walls of houses at Port Mary,

doubtless feeding on lime.

Helix nemausensis Bgt. One example.

Alexia myosotis Drap. Puerto Real, on mud flats, dead.

Alexia firmini Payr. Two Examples. Puerto Real.

Siphonaria algesirae Q. & G. Beaches. Not rare.

Bulla striata Brug. From the number of dead shells this must

live in the bay.

Haminea elegans Leach. Several.

Conus mediterranea Hw. Not plentiful.

Mangilia vauquelini Payr. Brown-banded form.

Surcula undatirugata Biv. Mrs. Whishaw.

Clathurella linearis Mtg. A distinct little species.

Marginella miliaria L. Numerous in drift.

Marginella philippii Mont. With the latter.

Cymbium olla L. Mrs. Whishaw, several.

Pisania maculosa Lk, Not common.

Pisania d’orbignyi Payr. Mrs. Whishaw. Finely colored.

Euthria cornea L. Mrs. Whishaw. Nassa corniculum Oliv. A

few.

Nassa corniculum raricostata Risso. Aperture violet.

Nassa incrassata Miil]l. A common orange-colored shell.

Nassa mutabilis L. Minor form.

Nassa reticulata L. Plentiful in muddy stations with the following :

Cyclonassa neritea L. Alive in vast numbers.

Cyclonassa pellucida Risso. A single specimen.

Columbella rustica L. Mrs. Whishaw, several.

Murex brandaris L. Apparently rare.

Murex erinaceus L. Many worn shells, seldom fresh.

Purpura haemostoma L. In a semi-fossil condition near Puerto

Real.

Lotorium cutaceus L. The three of this family from fishermen.

Lotorium corrugatum Lk. Lotorium nodiferum Lk,

(To be continued.)

84 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

Prague or Huger Snairs.—A plague of snails on the coast of

Ceylon is assuming serious proportions. Millions of snails are to be

found, and some of them weigh as much as one pound. ‘The snails

have begun feeding on the young cocoanut trees, and it is feared

that they may attack the young rubber trees. The government is

taking measures to check the devastation.—London Daily Chronicle.

Tue Vireria CoLtony or HELIX NEMORALIS.—In a recent

letter from Mrs. Johu M. Brooke she says: ** Of Helix nemoralis I

have seen very little of late, my home having been in Washington,

D. C., for about three years. On my return to Lexington, Va., in

August of this year there seems to be no diminution, however, in

numbers that came out after a rain, the prevailing colors being the

plain lemon-yellow and the regular five-banded form, but I have

made no careful selection. We have had a terrible drouth, and they

keep under shelter in dry weather, so I am unable to give you any

connected observations. Only after a rain do they come out upon

the rocks and fences in numbers.’’—C. W. J.

Sir CHARLEs Exior is the author of a supplement to Alder and

Hancock’s well-known work, ‘‘The British Nudibranchiate Mol-

lusea,” published by the Ray Society. - Important chapters on

bionomics, classification, anatomy, etc., precede the descriptions of

genera and species. Eight colored plates, partly from drawings left

by Hancock, illustrate the work.

WE learn with deep regret of the death on September 25th of Dr.

Oskar Boettger, of Frankfort a. M., equally known for bis work in

malacology, paleontology, and herpetology.

Messrs. Ferriss, Pitspry and DANIELS have returned from

their camps in Arizona, where about ten weeks were spent in the

Santa Rita, Baboquivari, Santa Catalina and Dragoon mountains,

and in the Hachita Mts., N. M. About twenty-five new species of

land shells are among the spoils of the expedition,

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. G/N, \/

A, P. Brown, del.

4,2, ADAMSIELLA IRRORATA. 3, COLOBOSTYLUS BRONNII.

4, HELICINA NERITELLA ANGULATA.

PH SACEPELL-US:

Vor. XXIV. DECEMBER, 1910.

No. 8

THE METHOD OF PROGRESSION OF SOME LAND OPERCULATES FROM

JAMAICA,

BY AMOS P. BROWN, PU. D.

Certain operculate land snails from Jamaica, especially members

of the genera Annularia, Colobostylus, Tudora, Adamsiella and their

allies in the Hriciid@, move very rapidly as compared to other land

snails of similar size. They are not only rapid in their movements,

but erratic; they change the direction of movement abruptly. All

are very timid, and quick to contract the body within the shell when

disturbed; a shadow thrown on one crawling in the sun is sufficient

to cause contraction, and the animal then releases hold of the surface

on which it is crawling and drops to the ground. In collecting, it is

necessary to avoid startling them by a jar of the surface on which

they are progressing, otherwise they instantly fall and are lost in the

leat-covered surface of the ground. This character, no doubt, is a

protective one from birds and other enemies, as land crabs, mon-

goose, etc.

In crawling, when undisturbed, the motion is rapid; but, as noted,

its direction may be changed rapidly. This rapid change of direc-

tion is possible on account of the shortness of the surface of contact

of the foot and also on account of the fact that the actual surface of

contact does not involve the whole foot at any time. Observations

made upon Adamsiella variabilis (C. B. Ad.), A. ¢gnilabris (C. B.

Ad.), A. irrorata Gloyne, Colobostylus jayanus (C. B. Ad.), OC. jay-

anus rufilabris (C. B. Ad.), ©. banksianus (Sow.), C. bronnii (C. B.

Ad.), Zudora armata (C. B. Ad.), Annularia fimbriatula (Sow.) and

Stoustoma pisum (C. B. Ad.) show that all the above land operculates

86 Tuk NAUTILUS.

possess this type of movement. The method of progression of Ad-

amsiella irrorata Gloyne, Colobostylus bronnit (C. B. Ad.) and

Tudora armata (C. 3. Ad.) has been carefully studied from speci-

mens obtained in Jamaica during the past summer (1910), and an

account of their movements will apply in general to all of the above

species."

Unlike’ most snails, the ent/re under surface of the foot is not

applied to the surface upon which they move, but they walk on the

edyes of the foot only. ‘The foot, when retracted into the shell, folds

down the median line of the under surface; and, when protruded for

walking, this same form is retained, so that ordinarily only the two

outer surfaces are involved. A wave of contraction, lifting a portion

of this edge of the foot, proceeds from the posterior to the anterior,

the wave moving forward alternately on the two margins of the foot,

and with its advance, first on the right side and then on the left,

producing a swaying gait that is characteristic of the movement of

all the land operculates above enumerated. The wave movement is

quite independent in the two sides of the foot, and this is easily seen

wien the animal is examined from the under side, when crawling

over a surface of glass. As the wave passes off at the anterior end

of the foot on one side the succeeding wave begins at the posterior

end on the other side, and thus the animal acquires the waddling or

swaying gait characteristic of this type of movement. As the wave

passes off anteriorly a part of the foot is lifted and moved forward;

as the wave appears at the posterior end a part of the foot is lifted

and moved forward also, so that seen from the front or rear espe-

cially, the animal seems to be walking upon stumpy legs, and the

movement recalls that of an elephant as seen from the rear. The

trail made, when moving over dry surfaces (as the animals normally

have to when in their native habitat), is double, only the edges of

the foot being involved, and this double trail may always be seen

when these snails are actively moving about. The details of the —

movement in the three species that were especially examined is given

below.

Ovlobostylus bronnii (C. B. Ad.), Figure 3. This species is larger

1Jn a recent paper on the mollusca of Mandeville, Jamaica, by Pilsbry and

Brown this mode of progression is briefly described as it was observed in

Colobostylus gayanus rufilabris (C. B. Ad.) and in Yudora armata (C. B, Ad.).

See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Sept., 1910, p. 522. ;

THE NAUTILUS. 87

than either of the other two examined, the shell measuring 16 mm, in

height, with a greatest width of 12 mm. The foot is ashy-gray, the

rostrum darker, the eyes black, and the tentacles a bright aurora-red.

Its movements, while rapid as compared to ordinary snails, are more

deliberate than those of 7. armata or A.irrorata. The length of the

foot when crawling is generally 9 or 10 mm.; the width varies from

5 to 4 mm., being narrower when the movement is most rapid. The

waves proceed from the posterior to the anterior alternately on either

side, requiring about 7 to 8 seconds for the passage of the wave the

entire length of the foot, or the wave moves forward about 1.5 mm.

per second. The alternate waves on the two lobes of the foot follow

each other with an interval of about 5 seconds, or they are 6-7 mm.

apart on the two lobes when both waves can be seen together. The

rate of progression is quite rapid, varying from 2.5 to 3 mm, per

wave, or 12 double waves were observed to advance the animal 70

mm., which is an average rate of progression per minute. The sur-

face of contact of the edge of the foot involved in the movement

varies from 1 mm. wide on each side with a median interspace of 2

mm., when moving on dry or dusty surfaces, to 1.46 mm. on each

side with a somewhat smaller interspace, when moving on a smooth,

pon-absorbent surface like glass. ‘The trail is notably double there-

fore, and the two parallel marks are somewhat irregular in outline.

When moving, the shell is carried balanced on the operculum, and

to obtain this balance requires some care on the part of the animal,

but once the shell is adjusted to the proper position the animal moves

evenly, the shell swaying from side to side from the passage of the

alternate waves of contraction of the foot. The balancing of the

shell on the operculum was common to all of the three species exam-

ined, and undoubtedly it seems to distribute the weight more evenly

on the foot, at the same time raising the shell quite clear of the sur-

face on which the animal is moving.

As the foot of this species is large, the character of the wave

movement may be readily studied. A part of the edge of the foot is

raised from the surface on which the animal is moving, involving in

the fold produced about 3 mm., with a clear space of 1 mm. wide,

and the fold is usually 2.5 mm. high with a clear opening of more

than 1] mm. This hiatus moves forward at the rate of 1.5 mm. per

second, and when it reaches the anterior end of the foot this edge is

thrust forward as it is raised, so that when it is applied again to the

88 THE NAUTILUS.

surface it looks, as has been stated, as though the anima! was pro-

gressing by steps. This appearance is very striking when the animal

is viewed from in front, but when viewed from the rear the regular

alternation of the apparent steps strongly recalls the movement of an

elephant, as noted above. In either position, the lifting of the edge

of the foot as the wave passes off, gives the animal the appearance of

advancing by leisurely strides.

Tudora armata (C. B. Ad.). In this species the wave movement

is similar to that in C. bronni?, but it is somewhat more rapid, and

the waves follow each other at a shorter interval; nevertheless the

forward movement of the shell is slower on account of the shorter

wave, being about 50-60 mm. per minute. The foot, when the ani-

mal is moving, is about 8 mm. long by 3 to 4 mm. wide; the surface

of contact is about 1 mm. on each edge of the foot, with an inter-

space of some 1 mm, between the two sides of the foot when actively

moving. The passage of the wave the entire length of the foot re-

quires about 5 seconds; the alternate waves follow each other every

4 seconds, so that the two waves can generally be seen simultaneously

if the moving animal is examined from the under side. Seen in this

way the two waves of contraction are about 5 mm. apart, and the

form of the foot resembles a swelled barleycorn. In crawling, the

shell is balanced on the middle of the operculum, and the swaying

gait is even more noticeable than in the last, from the proportionately:

greater length of the shell, which in this species measures: length,

15 mm.; width,8 mm. Of course in all cases the first half of the last

whorl rests on the operculum. The foot of this species is of a slaty-

gray color, the tentacles and rostrum darker, and the eyes black.

Adamsrella irrorata Gloyne, Figures 1 and 2. This species is

quicker in its movements than either of the others examined, but the

actual distance traversed in unit time is less than in C. bronnii or T.

armata, ‘The wave motion is rapid; the wave of contraction traverses

the entire length of the foot from back to front in 2 seconds, and the

waves follow each other every 3 seconds on each side, or there are 40

waves per minute, 20 on each side. The distance traversed in this

time is about 50 mm. The shells vary in size, but the foot is about

7 mm. long when the animal is in motion; its width is about 83-4 mm.

As is the case with the other species, the shell is normally carried bal-

anced on the operculum, the round of the penultimate whorl resting

in the hollow of the rather sma!l, circular operculum. As this is so

THE NAUTILUS. 89

small (3 mm, in diameter) it requires considerable adjustment to get

the shell properly balanced upon it, and it usually requires several

trials before the shell is finally placed in the proper balance. The

animal moves forward until the body is on a strain, then the shell is

hitched forward and over the operculum, on which it sometimes

catches at the first trial; more often this maneuver has to be repeated

several times before the shell is caught in the cup of the operculum.

When the balance is finally effected the animal moves steadily away,

but with the rocking gait characteristic of the group. This species

is excessively timid, closing at the slightest jar, or when a shadow

falls upon it, and it then drops fr»m the surface on which it is crawl-

ing to the ground, and may lie still for several minutes before the

animal is again extended. On the other hand, it is very active and

quick in its movements, and liable to change its direction of motion

at any point.

In this species the body is of a pale yellowish flesh color, with a

darker brownish pigmented mass down the back and running into

the rostrum and tentacles. The foot is the same color as the rest of

the body that is protruded from the shell.

Comparing the three species upon which exact observations were

made, the results may be tabulated as follows:

Comparison of motion of C. bronnii, T. fecundum and A. irrorata.

= —

"el - /

| So (23 1 4 3

= 7) pS | = o

] Ce Sot 2

fs Boa Sa Eg

Species. ae eae on 8 o

} ~ eS ooo lig

ase eae | Cie = es

2s sla | aod ae

| & S | =) (=)

Colobostylus bronnii. .... 12 7-8 | 70 millimeters.| 3 millimeters.

Tudora fecundum ....... 15 5 50-60 « 2 ue

Adamsiella irrorata...... 20 2 50 us 1.25.

This method of progression is so different from that of most land

snails that other land operculates were examined for comparison. A

species of Helicina (H. neritella angulata C. B. Ad.) collected at Mon-

tego Bay, Jamaica, from which locality C. bronnii and A. trrorata

90 THE NAUTILUS.

were obtained, has been examined as to its method of progression,

Figure 4. It is that of the ordinary snail, the under side of the foot

being in total vontact with the surface over which it moves. Observed

from the under side when the animal is actively crawling over a sur-

face of glass, the foot is seen to be extended to a length of 20 mm., or,

including the labial tentacles and head segment, 24 mm.; the tentacles

may be protruded about 8mm. more. The foot proper shows a central

muscular portion extending its entire length, about 3 mm. wide ante-

riorly and tapering to less than 1 mm. wide posteriorly; it is bounded

for its entire length on each side by an area that corresponds to the

edge of the foot on which the above operculates move. ‘This has

apparently the structure of the upper surface of the foot and is not

involved in the muscular contractions during locomotion; it does not

appear to be traversed by the contractile muscles. When the under

side of the foot is observed during active motion of the animal, the

middle band of the foot is seen to contract in a series of waves which

traverse,the length of the foot in about 10 seconds, or at a rate of 2

mm. per second. These waves follow each other closely; there are

about 50 to 60 waves per minute. They move from the anterior to

the posterior end of the foot, in the reverse direction of the wave

movement described above for the other species. The foot is not so

firm as in the above species, and while the operculum is placed under

the shell it does not support it, as in the case of Colobostylus, Tudora:

and Adamsiella. The motion is perfectly even, rather slow, and of

course there is no swaying of the shell from side to side which is so

characteristic of the other species described.

The movement of Stoastoma pisum (C. B. Ad.) resembles that of

the above species of Colobostylus, Tudora, etc., and it has undoubtedly

been observed (though not described), for Chitty gives a figure of

this species crawling which shows plainly the raised margin of the

foot, due to the passage of the wave. The figure is unaccompanied

by any description of this character of the animal.

NOTES ON SOME LAND SNAILS FROM KENTUCKY.

BY V. STERKI.

On September 25th last I had a few hours to look for snails at

Maysville, Mason Co., Ky., in the Ohio Valley. The place was the

steep northeast slope of a limestone hill and on its top, for the most

THE NAUTILUS. 91

part wooded and with thick underbrush and tall annuals. On the

26th Dr. Ortmann and I collected for two hours at Pleasant Valley,

Nicholas Co., Ky., in the Licking Valley, on a steep, rocky south-

east slope, also limestone. At both places I had no chances to look

for minutiae, could do no sifting and brushing. The list of species

found is naturally short, and is given below for two reasons: probably

no collecting has been done there before, and there were a few inter-

esting forms on which some notes are added. It may be noted, by

the way, that all of the Polygyre found were represented at Pleasant

Valley—truly pleasant to the conchologist—certainly a large number

found on a small spot and in a short time of hurried collecting. In

the notes, M stands for Maysville and P for Pleasant Valley.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Abundant at M, espeeially on a loose,

old stone wall, a large form, the shells whitish in some specimens,

vividly yellow towards the aperture on others. Less common at P,

much smaller, the spire higher, and in most specimens dome-shaped.

Omphalina inornata Say. At P, not common.

Omphalina levigata perlevis Pils. Shell more depressed than that

of the common form and smaller; color amber, paler at the base, red.

dish above; with the soft parts in the shell, the latter appears some-

what olive beneath and brownish above; the radial stria above are

slighter, less sharp, subregular, and there are. no revolving lines; the

nucleus has the same striw, regular, and coarser than those on the

upper part of the post-embryonal shell; diam. 17, alt. (total) 11 mill.;

in other exs. 15 and 9 mill.; the radula has 29 transverse rows of

m + 18(19) teeth, and there are no perfect admedian, as described

by W.G. B. All specimens were alike except for differences in size.

Pleasant Valley, Nicholas Co., Kentucky. The snail has not the

appearance of O. lev/gata, rather that of ¢nornuta, for which it was

mistaken at first sight; but the umbilicus is somewhat wider, and

there are other differences, as noted. It agrees in the main with

O. 1. periavis, though the color is different.

Hyalina indentata Say. One specimen at M.

Agriolimax campestris Binney. At both places.

Circinuria concava Say. Abundant at both places, larger at M.

Patula alternata Say. Common at M, large; less common and

smaller at P.

Polygyra albolabris Say. A few specimens at P.

P. zaleta Binney. Not rare at P, mostly empty shells of decidedly

92 THE NAUTILUS.

different forms. One specimen, a dead shell, which may be of the

same, is high, globose, diam. 25, alt. 21 mill., with the last whorl

considerably descending towards the aperture, and the latter quite

inferior and oblique, somewhat triangular, like that of P. elevata, but

there are only a little over six whorls, and the spire is less conical. —

P. thyroides Say. Common at both places, abundant on the hill-

top at M; rather large, with strong shell and lip.

P. pennsylvanica Green. <A few at P, shell rather high.

P. mitchelliana Lea. One at P, found by Dr. Ortmann.

P. palliata Say. <A few at P.

P. appressa Say. Common at M, mostly young; abundant at P,

mostly dead shells.

P. inflecta Say. Common at P, quite small, diam. 9.5-10.5 mill.;

color from light to brownish.

P. tridentata juxtidens Pils. Common at P, small, with a narrow

umbilicus, strong lip and high parietal Jamina; the curve between the

upper and lower ‘ teeth ’’ of the peristome is narrow and rather angu-

lar at the periphery, and in most specimens there is an additional thin

lamella extending downward and inward from the upper tooth,

From ‘ts whole configuration this form appears to represent a

variety.

P. fraterna Say. At both places. In some specimens the umbili-

cus is covered or nearly so, in others rather open, and the base -

around the umbilicus is rather excavated, as in P. monodon (leat).

The surface of all is finely and densely hirsute, and the color is light

brown. ;

P. stenotrema Fér. Common at P. There are two forms, one of

them with a large notch in the peristome, and also otherwise differ-

ent, as also seen from other places; a few notes on them will follow.

Bifidaria contracta Say. One at M.

B. tappaniana Ad. One at M.

NOTES ON ORIENTAL UNIONIDZE.

BY L. 8. FRIERSON.

The following notes are offered as so many “addenda et corri-

genda” to Mr, Chas. T. Simpson’s great work, ‘* The Synopsis of

the Naiades: ”’

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Unio vestitus Heude.

Described by R. P. Heude in 1883 in Conch, Fluv. Nanking,

VIII, plate lviii, fig. 112, and plate lix, fig. 116.

Mr. Simpson very properly changed the specific name vestitus,

it having, as he remarks, been preoccupied by Lea. Mr. Simpson

erred, Lowever, in thinking that the two figures represented different

species, so diverse as to be placed in different genera, i. e., fig. 112

a Quadrula, and fig. 116 a Schistodesmus. The two figures are, as

Heude says, one species. Mr. Simpson’s new name for fig. 112,

Quadrula ovata, will have precedence, and the shell being properly a

Schistodesmus will therefore be called Schistodesmus ovatus Simpson,

and Mr. Simpson’s name for fig. 116, Schistodesmus spinosus, becomes

a synonym.

Unio compressus Heude.

Conch. Fluv. Nank., III, 1877, plate xxiv, fig. 52.

This specific name, being preoccupied, was changed by Mr. Simp-

son and called by him Ptychorynchus incertus Simpson, and the Unio

murinus of Hende placed as a synonym, although the murinus had

been published some seventeen years previously. This slip, how-

ever, was corrected in the ‘* Errata” by Mr. Simpson by placing

murinus as the specific name, and dncertus Simpson becomes obsolete.

But Mr. Simpson evidently overlooked the fact that this name of

compressus had been subsequently abandoned by Heude himself, and

that its natural affinities had been pointed out by Heude not once

but twice. So far from being so closely allied to the Ptychorynchus

murinus Heude, it is not even entitled to being placed in the same

genus at all, but is very close to the Nodwaria douglasie Gray. In

fact Heude in the first mention of the species (fig. 52, plate xxiv)

calls attention to its kinship to the Unto seu/ptus Deshayes, which he

figures on the same plate, and which figure Mr. Simpson places as a

synonym of douglasie. Afterwards Heude abandoned the name

compressus and substituted the name subpressus (Conch. Fluv. Nank.,

1X, 1883, pl. Ixv—* Remarks opposite”’), which he then places as a

variety of douglasie Gray.

(This whole double plate of douglas’@ Gray and its varieties, as

given by Heude, is omitted by Mr. Simpson in the references under

Unio douglasiea, page 808, of the Synopsis.)

This shell, however, is a good species, allied to douglasia, but

94 THE NAUTILUS.

differs in the truncated and much split-up cardinal teeth and the

broadly rounded posterior end of the shell. ‘The compressus of Heude

will therefore be called Nodularia subpressa Heude.

(To be continued.)

THE DISCHARGE OF THE GLOCHIDIA IN THE UNIONIDE.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Only Lea has published a few facts which bear upon the question

of how the glochidia of the Uniontdx, contained in the marsupium,

are set free (Observ., II, x), but some of his observations are entirely

wrong, Further, Simpson (Pr. U.S. Mus. 22, ’00, p. 616) believes

that the ‘‘ovisacs”? (which I call now placentule) of the genus

Strophitus are discharged through the walls of the gills, which

again is wrong.

According to my observations the glochidia are discharged in the

natural way in the following species: Quadrula subrotunda (Lea),

Quadrula undulata (Barn.), Pleurobema covcineum (Conr.), Pleuro-

bema xsopus (Green), Strophitus edentulus (Say), Synmphynota costata

(Raf.), Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea), Anodonta imbecillis Say.

This natural way is: they go from the water-tubes (ovisacs), inside

of which they develop, into the suprabranchial canal, from this into

the cloacal chamber, and thence go out of the soft parts and the shell

by way of the anal opening.

In Quadrula subrotunda, Pleurobema coccineum and esopus, the

whole placentz are discharged. In Strophitus edentulus the whole

placentulz are discharged, but sometimes the glochidia become free

already in the suprabranchial canal, In the other four species named

the glochidia are rather loose when discharged, and are issued in the

form of irregular masses, which do not stick together, so as to pre-

serve the shape of the placenta.

Entirely different from these shells, which belong to the two sub-

families of the Uniontde and Anodontine, is the discharge in the

Lampsiling. Here the glochidia do not go out by the natural chan-

nels, but break through the walls of the gills, at the edge of the mar-

supium, by small holes formed for this purpose, which close again

after the discharge. Each ovisae (water-tube) has one hole at its

distal end, and the glochidia are generally discharged in irregular

masses, rather loosely connected, without preserving the shape of the

THE NAUTILUS. 95

placente. Only in one case, Ptychobranchus, the placenta are dis-

charged whole,

Through these holes, of course, the glochidia are emptied into the

branchial chamber, and from this they must go out through the

branchial opening.

I have directly observed this discharge through the edge of the

marsupium in the following species: Ptychobranchus phaseolus

(Hildr.) (specimen preserved in alcohol in the act of discharging),

Lamps'lis luteola (Lam.), Lampsilis ventricosa (Barn.), and Lamp-

silis multiradiata (Lea) (seen in life).

I have seen evidence of this discharge, in the shape of openings at

the edge of the marsupium, in alcoholic material of Lampsilis luteola

(Lam.), Lompsilis maultiradiata (Lea), Lampsilis nasuta (Say),

Proptera alata (Say), P. gracilis (Barn.), and Obovaria circulus

(Lea).

It is very likely that the peculiar morphological structure of the

marsupium of the Lampsilinz is directly connected with and due to

this unnatural” discharge of the glochidia, and thus we would be

able to correlate the chief morphological differentiation of the Lamp-

siling with a physiological differentiation. In the other two sub-

families, Unionidae and Anodonting, the primitive and natural way

of discharge has been preserved.

But also between these latter two subfamilies we have morpho-

logical differences which are connected with physiological differenti-

tion: the Unionide possess the more primitive structure of the mar-

Supium, and they are all ‘*summer breeders,” or, to express the

characteristic feature, are forms with a short breeding season. The

glochidia are here discharged as soon as they are fully developed.

In the Anodonting we observe highly complex structures of the mar-

supium, which apparently are correlated with the fact that they are

** winter breeders,” or forms with a long breeding season. Here the

glochidia, after being fully developed, are. not immediately dis-

charged, but are carried through the winter, and for this purpose

special structures are present which serve for the proper aeration of

the marsupium during this period.

I publish these observations and conclusions chiefly with a view to

induce others to test them by looking for additional cases in other

species and genera.

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA SHELLS.

BY W. H. DALL.

During the past summer I visited the Pacific coast with the object

of gathering data on the tertiary and recent mollusk faunas of the

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Californian region, and had the good fortune to be able to inspect

nearly all the collections in private or public hands, which were of

importance for my studies. I propose from time to time to give the

readers of the NauTi.us the benefit of some of my notes made dur-

ing the past summer.

One of the most esthetically attractive collections on the coast,

containing large series of many of the rarer Calfcrnian marine shells,

is that of Dr. R. H. Tremper at Ontario, Cal. These specimens are

mostly from southern California, and comprise besides mollusca a fine

series of the beautifully colored brachiopods of the region, Lagueus

californicus, the attractive crimson-tinted variety (rubescens) of

Terebratula transversa, the white Terebratulina kitensis (also known

from Japan) and the gorgeous vermilion-streaked Zerebratula obso-

leta. Attached by their peduncles to a rock brought up on a fisher-

man’s hook from 60 fathoms off Redondo were the first and last

mentioned species, with another which I did not recognize as Cali-

fornian, and which proved on comparison to be the Japanese Tere-

bratulina crossei Davidson, now for the first time reported from the

eastern border of the north Pacific. Another shell which seemed

particularly attractive, and which was new to me, was a variety of

Lottia gigantea, which may be called albomaculata, offering, instead

of the usual brown and grey upper surface, the feature of being

spotted with rounded white maculations regularly disposed. A pretty

variety (called by Mr. Hemphill var. Zremper?) ot the fine purple-

brown Murex carpenter? Dall is decorated with two neat white bands

below the periphery. This was obtained by Dr. Tremper in 35

fathoms, off Newport, with many of the typical form. :

This collection contains, among other things, a most brilliant

series of the Pecten hastatus Sowerby in a great number of color

varieties and fully the size of the northern P. hertceus Gould. On

some of these, near the byssal notch, were seated examples of Capu-

lus californicus, now for the first time reported as commensal with

any species except P. diegensis.

I may add to this note that through the intervention of a friend I

was able to purchase at Venice a specimen of Haliotis cracherodit,

which is believed by west coast collectors to be unique. It is a per-

fectly normal, moderate-sized specimen, probably obtained on the

coast of Los Angeles county, rather more elevated than the average,

and which has not been cleaned or modified in any way. Its pecu-

liarity consists in the fact that it has never possessed the slightest

trace of a perforation, even in the youngest stages, and there is not

even a suspicion of a notch at the margin. Other specimens like

Hemphill’s remarkable variety holznert have been seen with very few

perforations (Stearns records one with only two holes and a notch),

but these had earlier perforations which had been closed up and were

more or less abnormal in other respects. The present specimen

differs from all of them in never having had any holes whatever.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. JANUARY, 1911. No. 9

NOTES ON ORIENTAL UNIONIDE.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

PsEUDODON.

This genus of shell verges on one hand into Nodularia and on an-

other is close to Virgus. A couple of specimens of Pseudodon resuspi-

natus Martens show an outline and sculpturing very much like Virgus,

while specimens of Nodularia (probably) brandtii from Japan show

a very close kinship to Pseudodon in its teeth and general facies.

Several specimens of Pseudodon having beak sculpturing show that

the genus has essentially concentric and not radial sculpture.

Hence the genus must be removed from the Hyriane and placed in

the Unionine (page 515). One specimen has perfect beaks, and in

this species, P. resuspinatus Martens, the sculpture consists of a

double row of V’s, one with the angle pointing down the posterior

umbonal slope, the other down the anterior slope, and the arms

coalescing in the middle of the shell thus, W. As the shell grows

the angles become greater, so that on the body of the shell a roughly

concentric sculpture finally results.

NopvuLaRIA.

Considerable changes will have to be made in this genus. Nodu-

laria grayana Lea, N. japanensis Lea, N. involuta Benson, N. pazii

Lea, XN. crispata Gould form a heterogeneous assemblage truly.

The situation is but little relieved by the several sections into which

the genus is cut.

Mr. Simpson himself, in letters, states that because the W. caffer

has been found to carry eggs in the inner gill, the section “‘Cafferia”

98 THE NAUTILUS.

should be removed from Nodularia and be placed in Unio next to the

Unionid section Lapidosus. Still the situation requires heroic treat-

ment. One or two obvious points are:

(1) Nodularia orientalis Lea is placed by Mr. Simpson in this

genus, it is true, as he observes, with much doubt because of paucity

of material. This shell, however, both by its geographical distribu-

tion as well as by its whole facies, belongs to the genus Rectzdens.

(2) Nodularia pazii Lea. This shell and tngallsiana Lea have

sandwiched between them the Nodularia jourdyt. Yet these species

are by no means akin, the latter being a true Nodularia, while for

the accommodation of the other two species, and probably others, a

new genus should be erected.

The Unio ingallsiana Lea differs generically from Nodularia in

having little or no beak sculpturing and in having a smooth shell.

Its cardinal teeth are blade-like and double in the right valve

and single in the left. The cardinal teeth form a part of the

general inner curvature of the shell, not having a “ fulcrum” (as the

buttress-like thickening of the noose supporting the cardinal teeth,

and extending posterior to the adductor scar, may be called), which

is so generally shown in most Unionide. The ‘third anterior

muscular scar’”’ is separate from the anterior adductor scar, whereas

in Nodularia they are always confluent and not easy to differentiate. .

For those shells, as the Unio paziti Lea (and ingallsiana Lea),

exhibiting these characters as outlined, the writer proposes the new

genus Ensipens. ‘Two other peculiarities of the two species named

may prove to be of generic significance, but at present they may be

regarded as being of specific import merely. These are the entire

confluence of the anterior adductor and the “ protractor pedis” mus-

cle scar, and that the escutcheon is half way the length of the lateral

teeth.

CIVILIZATION AND SNAILS.

BY V. STERKI.

It is known that in a general way land and fresh-water mollusks

have been decreasing in numbers in consequence of deforestation

and cultivation of the land, directly and indirectly by the atmos-

phere becoming more dry, the disappearance of springs, drying up of

THE NAUTILUS. 99

creeks, at least during part of the year, which means the destruction

of nearly their entire faunas, the drainage of swamps, ponds and

lakes. Over large parts of Ohio, e. g., there are at present probably

less than twenty, or ten, per cent. of the number of mollusks which

populated them fifty or seventy years ago.

And yet it appears that the effect on certain species is rather to

the contrary, and some have become common, or even abundant, at

some places under changed conditions. The following are examples:

Vallonia are not common in the forest, even rarely found there, but

are more frequent in the open, among grass, etc. V. pulchella, ex-

centrica and costata are common, e. g., under old bricks, boards, ete.,

in stone heaps, in towns and cities. V. excentrica is living in count-

less numbers in lawns which are regularly sprinkled, e. g., at Pitts-

burg, collected by Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, and at Cleveland, by Mr. J. A.

Allen. A single house lawn is populated by more individuals than

there were on a thousand acres of original forest. In lawns at Hud-

son, O., V. pulchella and excentrica are common, as found by Dr.

Rush, and there associated with Vertigo pygm@a Drap., which is

decidedly rare in Ohio. Zonitoides minusculus is common at many

places, under bricks and stones, in company with Vallonia, and Bifi-

daria procera Gld. I have found common in an old brickyard at

Washington, D. C., and under limestone slabs at Cincinnati.

Gastrodonta ligera, generally not frequent in the woods, at least in

eastern Ohio, is common and often abundant, e. g., on railway

embankments, especially among dense plant growth, like Saponaria

officinalis, and, as cited elsewhere, it was found abundant along

garden walls and in thickets near houses in Kentucky. Patula stri-

atella (Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi), rare in the forest, is occa-

sionally found in large numbers under bricks, stones, old boards and

garbage material, in contrast to P. perspectiva, which is strictly con-

fined to the forest, and becoming rarer. Agriolimax campestris is

now common in yards, gardens, around buildings, etc., and wherever

A. agrestis is introduced it is found in largest numbers at just such

places, while in Europe it has long been a pest to garden and field

cultures. Also in Europe the largest numbers of existing Limax

maximus L. are in cellars of houses, in greenhouses and similar

places, and so it is in this country where the slug is introduced.

Immense numbers of Pupoides marginatus, doing considerable dam-

age to strawberries, and Veronicella, destructive to tomato plantations

100 THE NAUTILUS.

on the Bahamas, are illustrative examples of how certain snails are

thriving under favorable conditions.

One of the most notable instances of this kind is the following:

Bithynia tentaculata, since its introduction from Europe, has rapidly

gained ground and is now widely distributed and common, e. g., in

Lake Erie. At the waterworks of Erie, Pa., where the intake is

four or five miles out in the lake, about one mile outside of Presque

Isle, the ‘‘ wells at the pumping station are periodically filled up with

these snails, which have to be taken out by the wagon loads. And

they are also driven through the pipes over the city, and often plug

up faucets.” Examination showed that almost all are dead shells of

Bithynia, with occasionally a Planorbis or Physa mixed in. The

same trouble may be experienced at other waterworks along the lake,

yet the first engineer of those at Cleveland told me that they had no

difficulty of this kind so far.

It is well known that canals bave been excellent habitats for mol-

lusks, and richly populated, especially with Unionid@ and Spheriida,

and were highways of migration from drainage to drainage for many

species. The more it is deplored by the conchologist that many of

them have been neglected and abandoned of late years.

To come back to land snails, it may be said that in Europe’ a large

number of them have become regular habitants of walls, yards, gar- _

dens, vineyards, orchards and fields, much more so than in most

parts of North America, and in both respects more species and more

individuals. In part this is no doubt due to the fact that ‘‘ over

there”? a large part of the land has been deforested and cultivated

for centuries, and the snails had all that time to accommodate them-

selves to changed conditions. However, it must be taken into

account that most of western and middle Europe has a more or less

maritime climate, with higher humidity of the air and less severe

changes of temperature, than most of North America, which is more

continental. At such places of the Old World, as mentioned, there

are the many species of various groups of Helix (s. lat.), Zorguilla

and other Pupide, Clausilia, etc., most of which are out in daylight,

while our Polygyring and most other land snails (few of them con-

spicuous) are much more retiring and not, or rarely, seen during

the day.

One effect of civilization and international and intercontinental

trade and travel is the introduction of mollusca from one country or

THE NAUTILUS. 101

continent to another, intentionally or accidentally, with plants, seeds,

ballast, ete. A rather large number of species have come over from

Europe to this country, and there is no doubt that the process will

go on.

SHELLS FROM THE BAY OF CADIZ REGION.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

(Concluded from p. 83.)

Cassis saburon Brug. Cassis undulata Gmel.

Morio echinophora L.

Dolium sp. Said by the fisherman to live in vast numbers in the

bay.

Amphiperas spelta L. Three in drift.

Cypraea achatidea Gray. One from a fisherman. Said to have

been taken here. The species I have represented in my collection

from Sicily and Oran on the Algerian coast.

Cypraea pyrum. Mrs, Whishaw, several.

Trivia europea Mont. A few examples.

Erato laevis Donov. A few fine and many dead in drift. Prob-

ably lives nearby in deep water.

Chenopus pespelicani L. Mrs. Whisbaw. Small form.

Triforis perversus L. Mostly young shells.

Cerithium rupestris Risso.

Cerithium vulgatum Brug. Probably living.

Bittium reticulatum Costa. The most plentiful species taken.

Vermetus subecancellatus Biv. One, worn.

Turitella communis Risso, Several.

Littorina clathratus Phil. Littorina neritoides Phil.

Littorina punctata Gmel.

Rissoa cimex L. Some with deep brown bands.

Rissoa lactea Mich. Pure white, a beautiful species.

Rissoa ventricosa Desh. The most abundant Rissoa.

Truncatella truncatula Mull. In drift.

Paludestrina acuta Drap. Common in drift. Undoubtedly also

lives near.

Calyptraea sinensis L. Mrs. W.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Natica glaucina L. Appears to be this.

Natica hebraea Martyn. A well-known species.

Natica intracatoides Hid. Several.

Sigaretus philippii Weinkauff. Mrs. Whishaw has found two or

three in as many years.

Adeorbis subcarinata Mtg. Fine specimens in drift.

Scala commutata Mont. Scala lamellosa? Lam. A few.

Scala pulchella Biv. One in drift.

Leiostraca sp. May prove new.

Phasianella pulex L. Seldom fresh.

Astralium rugosum L. A large heavy shell.

Trochus lineatus Da Costa. Mrs. Whishaw. Trochus obliquata

Gmel.

Calliostoma zizyphinum L. Mostly worn specimens.

Haliotis tuberculata L. Mrs. Whishaw. Fissurella nubecula L.

A few.

Patella aspera Lam. Mrs. Whishaw. Patella vulgata L.

Plentiful.

POLYPLACOPHORA.

Chiton marginatus Pennant. Living under stones resting on mud.

ScAPHOPODA.

Dentalium dentalis L. Examples vary. Some smooth.

PELECYPODA.

Ostrea angulata? Lk. May be this.

Anomia ephippium L. Innumerable valves are constantly washed

on the beach.

Lima squamosa Lam. Mrs. Whishaw. A large valve.

Pecten jacobaeus L. Mrs. Whishaw.

Pecten sulcatus Born. Around Port Saint Mary.

Pecten varius L. Lives in Atlantic as well as Mediterranean.

Avicula tarentina Lam, Not rare.

Mytilus edulis L. Sold in fish markets.

Modiola barbata Lk. Arca barbata L. Mrs. Whishaw.

Pectunculus gaditanus Gmel. Many valves.

Cardita sulcata Lam. Mrs. Whishaw.

Cardium edule L. Plentiful.

Cardium edule lamarcki Reeve. Several.

PLATE VI.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV.

- an

ORTMANN: SOFT PARTS OF NAIADES.

AUTILUS, XX

THE N

TS OF NAIADES.

eae oc

Le se ay

“~My

> ge

. Sal es

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Tapes decussatus L. A distinct species.

Tapes floridus Sow. Two examples.

Venerupis iris L. A Mediterranean shell.

Donax trunculus L.

Donax vittatus Lam. Smaller than the former.

Solen vagina L. Ceratisolen legumen L.

Mactra corallina L. Common. Lutraria elliptica Lk. Mrs.

Whishaw.

Pholas dactylus L. Probably will be found living.

Loripes lactea L. Single valves. Divaricella divaricata L.

Tellina cumana Costa. Not uncommon on mud flats.

Tellina distorta Poli. Rarely found.

Tellina planata L. One specimen.

Pandora inaequivalvis L. Mrs. Whishaw.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN EXOTIC NAIADES COM-

PARED WITH THAT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Having studied the anatomy of the soft parts of a large number of

North American Unionida, I published a preliminary account of the

results some time ago (NauTILus, Feb. 23, 10, p. 114 ff.). This

had the effect that several exotic genera were submitted to me for

examination, on which I have reported also (Parreysia, in Nav-

TILvs, April 23, ’10, p. 139; Spatha, ibid., August, 710, p. 39).

The peculiar facts discovered in these shells induced me to select

some representative forms out of the large material of South Ameri-

can mussels in possession of the Carnegie Museum, and collected by

Mr. J. D. Haseman, since a comparison of these with the others was

much needed. A superficial examination revealed at once some

very interesting features, and so I made up my mind to condense the

chief results in the present paper, and to give the necessary figures

to illustrate them.

Of North American types I have used for comparison the genera

Margaritana, Quadrula and Unio. Margaritana stands by itself,

exhibiting some quite unique features. Quadrula and Unio (together

with Rotundarta and Pleurobema) are the most primitive forms

among the rest of the North American Unionida, constituting my

104 THE NAUTILUS.

subfamily Unionineg. The other North American members of the

family (Anodonting and Lampsiling) may be disregarded, since they

are peculiarly developed and specialized, and have no closer relation-

ship with the exotic forms to be discussed here. Of the latter I shall

discuss the genera Parreysta and Lamellidens from Asia (India),

Spatha from Africa, and Hyria and Tetraplodon from South America,

with a few additional remarks on Castalina, Diplodon, Glabaris, Fos-

sula and Monocondylea, also from South America.

Toe NortH AMERICAN Forms.

All North American Unionida, including Margaritana, differ

from the African and South American types in two characters, not

mentioned by me previously. These are the anterior attachment of the

inner gills and the shape of the palpi. They agree in these with the

Asiatic genera. The inner gill decreases perceptibly in width toward

its anterior end; the latter is more or less in advance of the anterior

end of the outer gill, and it is attached for a longer or shorter dis-

tance to the ascending part of the mantle-attachment line, but it is

always distinctly separated from the posterior end of the palpi, gener-

ally by a considerable interval (see pl. v, figs. 1, 2,3, 4). Possibly

in Unio this interval is shortest; in all other forms (also in the

Anodonting and Lampsiling) it occupies generally the larger portion.

of the ascending part of the mantle-attachment line. As regards the

shape of the palpt, this character is not so sharply marked, but in the

North American forms they are more or less falcate, with a poste

riorly drawn out point. The hind margin of the two palpi may be

more or less connected or almost free (compare the same figures

on pi. VI).

As to all other characters we are to separate Margaritana from the

rest of the North American forms, and I have created for it the sub-

family Margaritaning. As I have pointed out in my first paper, the

chief differences are found in the conformation of the anal and

branchial openings, in that of the posterior end of the diaphragm,

and in the finer structure of the gills. In Margaritana margaritifera

(L.), branchial and anal opening form one large, uninterrupted

opening, and there is on the mantle margin no distinct separation

of them; the branchial is ill defined anteriorly, its papilla passing

rather far forward on the inner mantle edge and disappearing gradu-

ally, and there is n) supraanal opening. In fact there is no ten-

THE NAUTILUS. 105

dency whatever to unite the edges of the mantle at any point (see

pl. VI, fig. 1). The diaphragm is unique in this genus: the outer

Jamina of the outer gills is posteriorly not connected with the mantle

for a considerable distance, in consequence of which the posterior

end of the gills (diaphragm) is drawn into a projecting, free point,

forming a very incomplete diaphragm between the anal and branchial

opening. And finally the gills possess the peculiar feature that they

have no water tubes, that is to say the connection between the two

lamine is not formed by continuous septa, but by isolated and irreg-

ularly scattered subcylindrical projections of the tissue, which some-

times are arranged in indistinct and diagonal rows.

Unio and Quadrula, on the contrary, show a tendency to more

sharply separate branchial and anal opening, and to develop a supra-

anal. The diaphragm is formed by the gills, which run backward

to or close to the mantle margin, the outer laminz of the outer gills

being connected with the mantle to their ends. Thus the edges of

the mantle are drawn together at this point, but without growing

together, which effects a sharp separation of the anal and branchial

opening. Further, the anal is limited above by the coalescence of

the inner mantle edges. This junction is rather short, and above it

a part of the original anal is left open, the supraanal opening (the

genus Rotundaria makes an exception, and has an anal like Marga-

ritana; also in the subfamily Lampsiline we have an exception in

Lampsilis parva (Barn.), where the anal is entirely closed above, at

least sometimes). The branchial is better defined in front in these

forms by the sudden disappearance of the papille of the inner edge.

Finally the structure of the gills is characteristic; here there are

well developed water tubes, formed by septa running from base to

edge of the gill, generally without any interruption.

Unio and Quadrula are also characterized by the marsupium (the

marsupium of Margaritana is unknown). The water tubes (ovisacs)

are narrower, and the septa are stronger and closer together than in

the non-marsupial gills (see pl. VII, figs. land 2). Either all four of

the gills (Quadrula, pl. VII, fig. 1) or only the outer ones ( Unio, pl.

VII, fig. 2), in their whole length, are used as marsupium. There

are no additional differentiations in the marsupial gills, the gills

simply swelling during the period of gravidity, and the edges of the

gills do not undergo any change (this is different in the Anodonting

and Lampsiling).

106 THE NAUTILUS.

The larve of Unio and Quadrula are glochidia of simple, semi-

circular or semi-elliptical outline, with the anterior and posterior end

practically undistinguishable in the shell.

AsIATIC Forms.

Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea) (see Nautixus, April, ’10, pl. VI,

fig. 4, and pl. VII, fig. 3) has essentially the structure of Quadrula.

The anal and branchial openings, the diaphragm, the palpi, gills and

marsupium are practically identical, as is also the general shape and

insertion of the gills (the inner separated from the posterior end of

the palpi). The only differences are found in the separation of the

anal and supraanal, which is somewhat longer, in the attachment of

the inner lamina of the inner gills to the abdominal sac, and in shell

characters, chief of which is the ‘radial sculpture.”

In addition I have investigated a species of Lamellidens, to which

I am also indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Frierson.

Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea) from India; a sterile female is at

hand. This is generally like Parreysia in structure, not only in

those characters which agree with Quadrula, but also in the supra-

anal, which is rather widely separated from the anal, and in the

inner lamina of the inner gills, which is connected with the abdominal

sac. :

But there is an important exception; only the outer gill is marsu-

pial, and at the posterior end of this gill there is almost one-fourth

of it of non-marsupial structure.

The septa are of the Quadrula and Unio type, but in the marsu-

pial part of the outer gill I observe some septa which are not com-

plete (see pl. VII, fig. 4), i. e., they arise from either lamina without

meeting in the middle of the interlaminar space; other septa are

connected only by their epithelial tissue, but most of them are

complete.

Possessing only a single individual, it is impossible to decide

whether this is a permanent or temporary structure. It might be

that the incomplete septa of the sterile female becomes complete in

the gravid female.

In a general way Lamellidens has the same relation to Parreysta

as Unio has to Quadrula. But it is by no means identical with Unio;

the structure of the supraanal, the inner lamina of the inner gill and

the marsupium separates it sufficiently. It remains to be seen

whether the posterior part of the outer gill is always non-marsupial.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

The shell of my specimen has nothing remarkable, and there is no

sculpture visible near the beaks.

According to the above observations there is no question that both

Parreysia and Lamellidens group with my subfamily Unionine, but

that they differ generically from the North American forms. The

investigation of more Asiatic types is very desirable.

AFRICAN Form.

Spatha kamerunensis Walker. In Navuritvus, August 24, ’10, p.

89, I have given the description of the soft parts of this species.

The chief differences from the North American, and also from the

Asiatic, forms are the following (see pl. VI, fig. 5, and pl. VII, fig. 5):

1, The inner gill decreases very little in width in front, and is

attached in its whole width to the whole length of the ascending part

of the mantle-attachment line, and thus its anterior end comes in

contact with the posterior end of the palpi.’

2. The palpi are broad and short, with a very insignificant point

behind, and not at all falcate; their posterior margins are not

connected.

3. The anal and branchial openings are sharply separated by a

bridge, formed by the firm union of the mantle edges, which extends

somewhat inward, and thus

4. The diaphragm is formed posteriorly by this bridge, and not

by the gills, which do not reach the posterior mantle margin.

5. The anal opening is closed above by the union of the inner

mantle edges without leaving a supraanal opening.”

6. The septa of the well developed water tubes are rather remote

from each other and strong.

7. In the female, the inner gills alone are used as marsupium, the

septa becoming wider, but not closer set (this structure practically

occupies the whole gill).

Larve were not found in the specimens at hand.

These differences, pre-eminently 1, 3, 4, and 7, are fundamental,

1 The inner lamina of the inner gill is free from the abdominal sac, Accord-

to von Ihering (Zool. Anz. 14, ’91, p. 479, and 15, ’92, p. 2) it should be

connected,

*The anal opening is continued upward, above the rectum, as a supraanal

canal, which ends blindly.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

and distinguish Spatha at a glance from the North American shells,

as well as from the Asiatic Parreysta and Lamellidens, while, as we

shall see by comparison with South American shells, the shape of the

palpi, and the special structure of the water tubes is not so import-

ant, and while, in the development of the anal and supra-anal open-

ing, there are differences also in the South American shells.

Sout AMERICAN Forms.

The following observations are new, and so it seems advisable, to

give a more complete description of the structure of the soft parts of

some of these forms. I select as the first, and most important, the

type-genus of the Hyriine.

Hyria corrugata Lamarck. ‘Two specimens are at hand, both

females, the one sterile, the other gravid, with eggs. They have

been collected by Mr. J. D. Haseman on Dec. 10, ’09, on a sand

bar in Rio Tapajos, at Santarem, State of Para, Brazil. (See pl.

vii, fig. 6, and pl. vi, fig. 6).

Anal opening closed above by the connection of the inner mantle

edges without forming a supraanal opening, closed part about twice

as long as the anal opening.’ Anal opening a little shorter than the

branchial opening, separated from the latter by the solid union of the.

inner mantle edges. Inner edge of anal opening almost smooth, of

the branchial opening with small papillz, which stop suddenly ante-

riorly, thus marking the anterior boundary-of the branchial opening.

In front of this the inner mantle edges are smooth and perfectly un-

connected. (There is nothing like ‘‘short, contractile siphons,” as

Simpson states on the authority of J. E. Gray, unless it should be

that the inner edge of the anal is capable of expansion.)

Palpi longer than wide, not falcate, although slightly produced

posteriorly, and bluntly pointed, not connected on the posterior

margin.

(To be continued.)

1 Under the closed part extends the supraanal canal, exactly as in Spatha,

although von Ihering asserts (Zool. Anz. 15, ‘92, p, 2) thut in the South Amer-

ican Unio (which includes Hyria, etc.) there is no such canal, and that the

mantle edge is affixed to the adductor muscle. The latter is impossible, since

there is the rectum above the adductor.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIV. FEBRUARY, 1911.

No. 10

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA SHELLS (II).

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Private collections at San Diego are numerous and interesting.

Those of Dr. Fred Baker, Prof. Kelsey, Miss Cooke, Mr. Gripp,

Mrs. Stephens and C. R. Orcutt may be especially noted.

The Biological Station formerly at La Jolla is now removed sev-

eral miles northward to escape the effects of sewage, etc., from such

a rapidly-growing suburb, upon the fauna. ‘The molluscan collec-

tions are unimportant, the energies of the staff of the station, under

the supervision of Dr. Ritter, being at present chiefly devoted to

problems of physical hydrology. Being the nearest United States

port to Lower California and the Gulf, the collectors of San Diego

have unusual opportunities for obtaining specimens from these locali-

ties through small coast traders and collectors of guano and salt.

Mr. Hemphill, so long a resident of San Diego, has removed his

collection to Oakland, where it is still packed up, so there was no

opportunity for studying the rich collections of this veteran field

naturalist. It is to be hoped they will be acquired by one of the

public institutions of California, none of which at present has a truly

representative series of the California shells.

BATHYTOMA TREMPERIANA, new species ?

Among the various collections studied, a form of Bathytoma was

frequently noted which is differentiated from the B. carpenteriana

by what seem to be very constant characters. Of these Dr. Tremper

has a particularly large series. It is possible that these differences

110 THE NAUTILUS.

may be sexual, but, if not, it seems that it is specifically distinct.

The shell is small, in the adult stage averaging about 62 mm. in

length, against 90 to 110 mm. for the fully adult carpenteriana. It

is proportionately much heavier, the anal fasciole is more strongly

constricted, and the appressed margin of the whorl does not approach

as closely to the periphery of the preceding whorl as in that species.

The periphery is often marked by a minutely beaded or undulate

thread, and is more nearly midway between the sutures on the spire

than in carpentertana. The aperture is shorter than the spire in

nearly every case, while the reverse is true of carpentertana. The

average proportions of the new form, which I propose to call B.

tremperiana, and of B. carpenteriana, from measurements of 8 and

25 specimens respectively, are as follows :

B. tremperiana: aperture 32.1, spire 32.2, diam. 20.7 mm.

B. carpenteriana: aperture 34.6, spire 29.4, diam. 22.6 mm.

B. stearnsiana: aperture 26.2, spire 23.2, diam. 17.8 mm.

Dr. Tremper writes me that his examination of his series of 33

specimens of tremperiana confirms the above distinctions.

B. tryoniana Gabb seems (after an examination of nearly all the

extant specimens) to be merely a variety of carpenteriana, with an

unusual development of tubercles or nodes on the periphery or

shoulder of the whorls. :

The range of B. carpenteriana extends from Tomales Bay, north

of San Francisco, to San Diego, in 20 to 158 fathoms, and to Cerros

Island. B. trempertana is known from off Santa Cruz, California,

south to Cerros Island, and has been dredged living in from 29 to

822 fathoms by the U.S.S. Albatross, a remarkable bathymetric

range.

MoDIOLUS DIEGENSIS, new species.

In Mr. Gripp’s collection, which is notable for the taste and care

with which the specimens are displayed, I found a small species oi

Modiolus or Myrina from San Diego, which seems to be undescribed.

Shell small, zoned with dark blue, the unbones usually white,

covered with an olivaceous brown periostracum; anterior end very

short, rounded, with two or three radial grooves externally; unbones

moderately prominent; dorsal profile ascending, nearly straight,

subangulate behind, the margin carried with a broad sweep to the

base where it meets the posterior end of an obscure ridge radiating

THE NAUTILUS. ‘Ti

from the unbones, in front of which the valves are more or less con-

stricted, and, on the base, flattened, giving a slightly arcuate aspect

to the shell; valves with a very slight rather anterior gape; interior

polished, dark blue, much as in Mytilus edulis, the ligament long,

the anterior margin with three or four crenulations corresponding to

the external radial grooves, Length 19; max. height 6.5; diameter

5.5; unbones behind the anterior end of shell 1.0 mm.

This shell recalls Adula of Carpenter but seems not to be a borer,

and is without the peculiar fine transverse sculpture of the two

Californian species of Adula. It may possibly be referable to the

genns Myrina.,

In Miss Cooke’s collection, which is notable for the Gulf of

California shells collected by the late Capt. Porter, one of the things

most striking to the visitor is her fine series of polished specimens

of the rare red variety of Haliotis cracherodii. Her best specimen,

of a glowing vermilion, is resplendant. Among the specimens

interesting as extending the known range, in her collection, are

Mitra belehert Swainson, from Magdalena Bay, Lower California;

Cymatium wiegmanni, from the same locality; Strombus peruvianus

from the Tres Marias Islands, and Pachypoma in@quale without

waves and with a finer type of sculpture, from San Diego. A form

of Pachypoma, which appears to be new, is from the Gulf of Cali-

fornia. It is somewhat smaller than the average inequale, has much

the same color and sculpture, but is proportionately much higher and

narrower, having much the form of ‘ Chlorostoma’ brunneum. It

might be called for the present P. tne@quale var. spiratum.

One of the most interesting and surprising facts is conclusively

proven by material in this collection. Specimens of the ‘“* Uvanilla’’

regina, Stearns, with the dried animal having the operculum still

attached to it, show that the species is a Tegula,* notwithstanding

the remarkable resemblance of the shell to the true Uvanillas of

the Gulf, which possess a heavy calcareous operculum. In the

regina the operculum is horny and moderately multispiral. This

fact had indeed been previously mentioned to me, but it was not

until I saw the operculum actually attached to the animal, that I was

relieved of a lingering doubt as to whether some mistake had not

been made.

* More commonly called by the name Chlorostoma,

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Another interesting shell is a specimen of Voluta deshayesit from

Clipperton Island, The vessel which brought it was a small coaster

which was sent direct to the uninhabited Clipperton Island from

San Diego for a load of guano, and returned to San Diego without

touching at any other point. So Miss Cooke warrantably concludes

that the shell could not have been obtained elsewhere; and, as it isa

rather dull and battered specimen, was not likely to have been

carried there, especially as there is no trade between Clipperten

Island and the Australian seas.

Miss Cooke has Fusinus luteopictus Dall, from the Gulf of Cali-

fornia, and Mitra lens from Scammon’s Lagoon at the western elbow

of the Lower Californian peninsula.

Several of the collectors have found Pterta sterna on the San

Diego breakwater, and Melina chemnitziana at the Coronado islands,

southwest of San Diego.

Mrs. Stephens has received Aangia lecontei Conrad from the

locality known as ‘ Flowing Wells’ in the Colorado desert.

Dr. Baker’s collection contains (from 40 fathoms off San Clemente

island) Lucina edentuloides Verrill, Calliostoma variegatum Carpen-

ter, and a Natica not yét identified.

A NOTE ON ISAPIS OBTUSA CPR. :

BY A. W. HANHAM.

Among some local species submitted to the Rev. G. W. Taylor, of

the Marine Biological Station at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island,

in June of 1909, was an Jsapis which he did not recognize at the

time, but all the shells were dead specimens, having been taken

under stones, at low tides, inhabited by hermit crabs. Even these

had not been abundant, and the small ‘lot’ was the catch of several

seasons. The species proves to be Jsapis obtusa Cpr., and it was

kindly named for me this fall by Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the United

States National Museum.

It is mentioned in Keep’s ‘‘ West American Shells,” as is also

Isapis fenestratus Cpr., but no particular locality is given for either.

The latter species is included in the Rev. G. W. Taylor’s “ Pre-

liminary Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of the Pacific Coast of

Canada,” but only as a great rarity. Jsapis obtusa Cpr. is not

mentioned.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

There is little about J. obtusa to recommend it, certainly nothing

graceful or beautiful, though full-grown specimens are a fair size.

The object of this note is to record the capture this summer, by

accident or by luck, of living shells. As Mr. Taylor did not know

it, I judged it might be a good species, and so decided that it was

worth a special search this season. My earliest “ hunts” in May

and June, at low tides, netted me nothing except a few more dead

specimens, although I carefully searched the pools at lowest tides,

the exposed rocks with their covering of sea-weeds, the haunts of

hermit crabs under rocks and stones, sea kelp washed up on shore,

and even the inside of any large dead shell. I had about decided

that nothing but dredging would bring it to light.

Towards the end of July I joined my family in camp, under can-

vas, at Maple Bay, for a three weeks’ holiday. This Bay is 4 or 5

miles from our home on Quamichan Lake, and is situated on the

east, or inside, coast of Vancouver Island. While the bay is rather

shut in, it is by no means a small one, but most of the shore is

rocky, with little beach. The beach proper is but little more than a

quarter of a mile in length, and the greater part is a fine shale. At

one end at low tide it is quite muddy, but the other has some nice

patches of clean sand, with boulders liberally distributed. It was

here that I had taken the dead shells, and it was here also that I

went “clam digging ” to replenish our larder and add some variety

to camp fare. One day after turning the clams out of the pail I

found quite a sediment of sand, and a rather casual examination

brought to my notice several small univalves, which on closer inspec-

tion I recognized as the shell I was hunting for, and better than that,

living examples, though rather immature.

The next morning I followed the tide out to the spot where I had

dug the clams, but even then I failed to find any more until I started

to dig more clams, and even then it was not right away that I found

them. Perseverance, however, brought reward, for presently I

found one on a clam, and before very long I was taking them in

ones and twos, or even little groups, in this way. Perhaps not more

than one clam in twenty had the Jsapis on them, though some spots

proved rich and others barren, and this I found true when digging

for them on other occasions. The /sapis was found only on living

shells, and they were liable to turn up on those dug from extreme

low tide to not very far below high-water mark, and on shells that

were buried from two to six inches or more.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

The clam is Tapes staminea Conrad, and while this was the most

abundant species, other bivalves, as Cardium nuttalli, Conrad, and

some species of Macoma were present in fair numbers. It was

however only on the Tapes that any Jsapis were found. On these

they adhered quite closely, so that the digging, and even a rinse

did not appear to dislodge them.

While it was seldom that I found more than two or three /sapis

on one shell, and usually only one, in several cases, I took a Tapes

with a whole lot of small fry massed together, perhaps as many as

20 fine shells, and others had what looked like the spawn. Theiv

position on the Tapes was always close to the lips, and I think nearly

always in the depression close to the beaks. Besides this species I

took more rarely on the Tapes, a species of Odostomia (Ivalea); it

also occurred on the Cardium. Dr. Bartsch says of it, ‘ too young

to permit of positive specific identification.”? This /valea may have

been more abundant than I found it, being of such small size, and as

I discovered very easily rubbed off. It appears to me not unlikely

that Jsapis fenestrata, may have similar habits, and that therefore,

where it has been taken dead and rarely, it may prove quite as

plentiful as J. obtusa has in this case. I should say that in our

Northern waters, obtusa must be very local, or it would surely have

been turned up “dead” long before this, by the collectors, who

have done considerable collecting and dredging on our British.

Columbia coasts.

Included in this sending to Dr. Bartsch was Odostomia (Amaura)

talpa Dall & Bartsch, which appears to be new to our B. C. Lists,

and which species I gathered in fair numbers in this same spot, at

extreme low tide, all dead and containing hermit crabs.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN EXOTIC NAIADES COM-

PARED WITH THAT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

( Continued from p. 108.)

Gills long and narrow, the inner the wider. Edge of inner gill

with the usual longitudinal furrow, which is missing on the outer

gill. Outer gill gradually narrowing anteriorly, its anterior end

situated at the highest point of the mantle-attachment line. Inner

THE NAUTILUS. 115

gill hardly narrower anteriorly, its anterior insertion broad, occupy-

ing the whole space between the anterior end of the outer gill and

the posterior end of the palpi (the ascending part of the mantle-

attachment line); the inner gill is in direct continuation of and in

contact with the inner palpus, in fact the base of the latter is actually

connected with the inner gill for a short distance.

Outer lamina of outer gill entirely connected with the mantle;

inner lamina of inner gill entirely connected with abdominal sac;

posteriorly to the foot the two inner lamine are connected with each

other as usual, thus forming the diaphragm, but the four gills do not

extend as far back as to the posterior mantle margin, and the poste-

rior part of the diaphragm is formed by the union of the two mantle

edges, which form a solid bridge (d in the figure 6 on pl. ii). The

latter is 4 mm. long, while the gill part of the diaphragm is 16 mm.

long (in a specimen of which the total length of the soft parts is

about 82 mm.

A male not being present, the structure of the gills cannot be made

out, but it very likely is identical with the structure of the outer gill

in the female.

In the female the inner gill serves as marsupium, but only the

inner portion of it, about one-fourth of its length at the anterior end

and a little less than one-fourth at the posterior end, being non-

marsupial. The swelling of the marsupium during the breeding sea-

son is not very great, and its edge remains sharp.

In the non-marsupial outer gill a development of septa and water

tubes is barely indicated, in fact there are none, as compared with

North American forms. There are rather slight, indistinct and dis-

tant ridges running on the inner side of the laminz from base to edge,

parallel to the direction of the filaments, but these ridges are not

connected with each other across the interlamellar cavity, except at

certain points by more or less cylindrical connections. The latter

are more distinct and frequent and stronger near the base of the

gill; they are rather scarce and slight in the middle of the gill, and

again better developed toward the edge, where they sometimes are

slighly elongated and like septa. But there are no continuous septa

whatever, and thus the interlamellar space is not divided into water

tubes.

In the marsupial part of the inner gill the connections between

the two laminz are more crowded and numerous and become more

116 THE NAUTILUS.

regular, but they do not form complete septa; an arrangement into

septa is indicated in so far as the connections stand in rows, but the

septa remain, so to speak, perforated, the holes in them being about

as long or slightly longer than the connections, and in the most cen-

tral part of the gill an alternating arrangement of adjacent rows is

noticed. Thus there are no distinct ovisacs, the latter forming rather

a network of communicating tubes. In the non-marsupial anterior

and posterior end of the inner gills the structure is similar to the

outer gill. The interlamellar connections of the marsupium are

rather thick, with thick epithelium, and when the marsupium is

charged they stretch out considerably.

In the gravid female at hand the marsupium was filled with eggs

in various stages of development, which were rather free from each

other, not forming placente. No fully developed larvee were seen.

The following four characters of Hyria are of prime importance:

1. The closing of the anal opening above without forming a supra-

anal. 2. The separation of the anal from the branchial opening by

a solid bridge, formed by the union of the mantle edges (diaphragm).

3. The contiguity of the inner gill with the inner palpus. 4. The

location of the marsupium in the inner gill alone. None of these

characters is found in any North American shell, but all four are

observed in Spatha. In addition, the palpi are more like Spatha in

their general shape, although they differ somewhat.

The most important difference from Spatha consists of the structure

of the gills, chiefly the marsupium. Septa and water tubes are very

rudimentary in the non-marsupial gill, and the interrupted septa and

communicating water tubes of the marsupium are quite unique. In

this respect Hyria may be compared only with Margarittana, but in

the latter genus the interlamellar connections are quite irregular, and

do not show the slightest arrangement in rows parallel to the fila-

ments. Although there is a certain analogy to .Wargaritana there is

surely no homology.

Another important difference is the restriction of the marsupium

to a part of the gill, while the complete connection of the inner

lamina of the inner gill with the abdominal sac is apparently of

minor value.

The conclusion is that Hyria undoubtedly stands nearer to Spatha

than to any of the North American genera, and that it is as widely

THE NAUTILUS. 117

remote from the so-called ‘‘Hyriing”’ of Asia, at least from the two

investigated genera, Parreysta and Lamellidens.

If Spatha is to be placed in a family different from the Unionidae,

Hyria has to go out of the Unionide also, and has to remain with

Spatha. Yet the differences from Spatha are such that possibly the

separation into two subfamilies would be advisable. This suggestion

will be supported by the following observations :

Tetraplodon undosus (v. Mart.).'

This species was collected by Mr. J. D. Haseman in the Rio Tiété,

25 miles above Itapura, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, on ‘ silty river

banks,”’ Sept. 27, ’08. There are several lots at hand, and the one

more closely investigated consists of four specimens with the soft

parts, among them males and sterile females.

The structure of the soft parts of this species is essentially identical

with that of Hyria, but I note the following differences (see pl. VI,

fig. 7, and pl. VII, fig. 7):

Branchial opening closed in front by the firm union of the inner

mantle edges (z in fig. 7, pl. ii). This connection is rather short,

and restricted to the edge, and does not continue inward. It is easily

torn by rough handling. Further in front the mantle edges are

smooth and unconnected.

The palpi are rather wide and slightly produced posteriorly, with

a blunt point, thus becoming almost semilunar, but not falcate; their

posterior edge is connected for about one-third.

The anterior end of the inner gill is in contact with the posterior

end of the inner palpus, but not connected with it.

The gill structure in the male is in both gills the same as described

for the outer gill in Hyria. In the sterile female (pl. VII, fig. 7) it is

as in the female of Hyria. Also here the marsupial part does not

occupy the whole gill, but only a portion in the middle, leaving a

larger portion free anteriorly and a smaller portion posteriorly.

Thus Tetraplodon is distinguished from Hyria not only by the

shape of the shell, but also by some differences in the soft parts: the

chief is the connection of the mantle edges in front of the branchial

opening. Whether this is found in all species remains to be seen.

1[ do not understand why Simpson (Pr. U.S. Mus. 22, 00, p. 866) places

this species with Castalina v. Ther., since it is undoubtedly a Castalia (— Tet-

raplodon); von Jhering himself placed this species correctly,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

However, it is present in Zetraplodon ambiguus (Sow.). 1 have ex-

amined a young specimen (male) from Santarem, collected by J. D.

Haseman, together with Hyria corrugata. As far as could be made

out it agrees also in the rest of the structure.

Possibly also the shape of the palpi are important for the distinc-

tion of these two genera.

Nevertheless, Zetraplodon agrees with Hyria in the essential char-

acters of the soft parts, and it has the same affinity with the African

Spatha, Hyria has, and it differs from Spatha in the same features

as Hyria, namely, in the structure of the gills and the marsupium.

I may add, that I have also examined, superficially, a species of

the genus Castalina, and several species of Diplodon from South

America. In all these, the palpi, the attachment of the inner gill,

the diaphragm, the anal opening and the location of the marsupium,

are of the same type, as in Hyria, Tetraplodon, and Spatha, and the

structure of the marsupium is like that of Hyria and Tetraplodon.

The mantle edges are not connected in front of the branchial opening.’

Thus it is clear that a number of South American Unionidae,

subfam. Hyriine, group with the African Spatha, which stands, in

Simpson’s system, in a different family, Mutelida, distinguished,

according to Simpson, by the taxodont hinge teeth, and by the

embryo, which is a dastdium and not a glochidium, as in the Unionide.

So far I have seen fully developed embryos only in a species of

Diplodon? Were they are glochidia, of peculiar shape, not almost

equilateral as in the North American forms, but distinctly inequi-

lateral, with a low anterior and a high posterior extremity, which

ends in a point at the postbasal angle.’

The embryo of Spatha is apparently unknown, in fact, the larval

form, called Jasidium, is known only in two species of the genus

Glabaris,‘ and it is only by inference, on account of the supposed

1 According to v, Ihering (Zool, Anz. 14, ’91, p. 477 ff.), this connection is

variable in Castalina, present or absent.

2 Belonging to the delodontus group, and allied to xthiops (Lea) and wagner-

ianus Simps.; it is from Rio Iguassu, Parana, Brazil,

3Much more oblique than the glochidium of Diplodon peculiaris (Lea), fig-

ured by Lea (Observ. XII, pl. 34, fig. 80).

4See v. Ihering, Zool. Anz. 14, 91, pp. 480-482,

THE NAUTILUS. 119

similarity of the anatomy and shell, that a /asidium is attributed to

all Mutelide. Nevertheless, it is quite probable, that Spatha has

also a lasidium, for the South American genus Glabaris is still more

like Spatha in its structure, than is Hyria and its allied forms. I

have investigated a number of specimens of Glabaris, Fossula, and

Monocondylea, and they all had the essential structure of Spatha: a

firm bridge separating anal and branchial opening ; the same attach-

ment of the anterior end of the inner gill; the marsupium practically

occupying the whole length of the inner gill; and the gills with

well-developed water-tubes and heavy, continuous septa. The differ-

ences from Spatha are found in the connection of the inner lamina

of the inner gills with the abdominal sac, which I consider unim-

portant ; in the shape of the palpi, which are rather variable, but

always more or less rounded and broad, not falcate ; and in the anal

opening, which in Glabaris, Fossula, and Monocondylaa, is always

entirely open and closed nowhere. The most interesting fact in the

three latter genera is the similarity of the structure of the water-

tubes and septa of the gills to that of Spatha. If we may say that

Ayria, Tetraplodon and Diplodon ought to stand in the same family

with Spatha, we must also admit Glabaris, Fossula and Monocon-

dylea, and the latter are even more closely allied to Spatha than

the former. Thus it would be suggested that we have here one

family, possibly to be called Mutelide, which is divided chiefly by

the character of the gill structure and marsupium, but also by shell

characters (hinge),’ into two subfamilies, the one (Hyrtine) includ-

ing at least three South American genera, the other including three

South American and one African genus. For the latter possibly

the name Muteling might be used, but this depends on our knowledge

of the soft parts of the type-genus Mutela.

The conclusions to be drawn from the present investigations are:

1. Of the Asiatic so-called Hyriine at least Parreysia and Lamel-

lidens are to be removed, and are to be associated with the North

American genera Quadrula, Rotundaria, Pleurobema and Unio in the

subfamily Unionine of the family Unionide.

2. The African Mutelid genus Spatha and the South American

1 Also the larva (lasidium) might furnish a differential character, I have

seen several gravid specimens ot Glabaris, but they had only eggs, and no fully

@eveloped larve,

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Mutelid genera Glabaris, Fossula, Monocondylea, and further, the

South American Hyriine: Hyria, Tetraplodon and Diplodon, group

together, and their differences from the North American and Asiatic

forms discussed above are such that we are fully justified in placing

them in a separate family, whatever the name of the latter may be.

3. Within this Afro-American family we may distinguish two

types, differing in very important characters, which might properly

be subfamilies (Hyriing and Muteline).

4, The systematic affinity of African and South American genera,

already pointed out by v. Ihering, is much more striking, and much

better supported, than before, and it is of the most important value

for zodgeographical questions, namely, for the theory of an old con-

nection between these continents (Archhelensis theory of v. Ihering).

5. The natural system of the Matades expresses a tendency of

development and specialization of three chief anatomical characters,

which in turn are connected with certain functions. These are: (a)

the separation of the original simple branchial chamber into two

chambers, branchial and suprabranchial, by the diaphragm; (b) the

restriction of the brarichial and anal openings of the mantle edge to

defined parts of the latter, with a tendency to form siphons; (c) the

development of the gills into organs for carrying the eggs and larve

(marsupium), and the specialization and adaptation of the gill struct-

ure for this purpose.

(a) In the development of the diaphragm three types are distin-

guishable. The most primitive stage is represented in Margaritana,

where the diaphragm is formed by the growing together of the inner

lamin of the inner gills of the two sides of the body, and the fusion

of the outer lamine of the outer gills with the mantle. But here the

diaphragm is yet incomplete, in so far as the outer lamin of the

outer gills remain free at the posterior end, and are not connected

with the mantle to its posterior margin.

(To be concluded. )

NOTES.

Dr. W. H. Dall was elected president of the American Palaeon-

tological Society at its recent Pittsburg meeting.

ie NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIV. MARCH, 1911. No. 11

SOME NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE-—III.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The occidental species of the genus Oliva, from shell characters

alone, seem to divide into two groups, the one containing the larger

and beautiful O. porphyria Linné and the smaller splendidula Sowb.,

found only on the Pacific side from Panama to Mazatlan. The

other, a group of analogous species, is represented on the Pacific side

by O. spicata Bolten, peruviana Lam., incrassata Sol., and julietta

Ducl., and on the Atlantic side by O. reticularis Lam. circinata

Mart. and fulgurator Bolten. It is as difficult to clearly define the

species on this coast as on the other, and specimens of O. spicata and

reticularis often very closely resemble each other, thus indicating a

common origin.

Oxiva spicata (Bolten).

Porphyria spicata Bolt., Mus. Boltenianum, p. 35, 1798.

Porphyria arachnoidea Bolt., l. ec. p. 36, 1798,

Oliva araneosa Lam., Ann. du Mus. XVI, p. 315, 1810.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, tab. 48, fig. 509) and Bolten refers to it a second

time under arachnoidea. In adopting Lamarck’s names, venulata (p.

313) should have been the species, as it appeared before araneosa (p.

315). The first figure referred to by Lamarck under venu/ata is in

the Encycl. Meth., pl. 361, f. 5; the second reference is to Martini

(II, tab. 46, f. 488) and happens to be the figure on which Bolten

based his itterata. It includes the oblong forms scarcely separable

122 THE NAUTILUS.

from the typical spicata, it, however, prevents the use oi Lamarck’s

name of ltterata. O. graphica and porcea Mart. are only shorter and

more ovate forms.

Among the variations of this species is an interesting form from

San Ignacio Lagoon, Lower California, collected by Mr. Henry

Hemphill. It is noticeably narrower with a much higher spire and

the periphery slightly angulate, the reddish reticulations are obscured

by a milky-white layer. Represented in the Ford collection by six

specimens bearing the manuscript name of hemphilli. The variety

pindarina Ducl. (punctata Marr.) is the common, slightly angulate

form, quite regularly marked with dark-brown or white, obsoletely

marked with light-brown, frequently entirely white, fasciole reddish.

Specimens in which the markings are obscured by a dark-brown

layer constitute the fuscata Marr.; similar specimens having the

form of graphica are ustulata Lam. Brown examples of the typical

spicata might bear the name perfecta. Specimens abnormally angu-

lated at the periphery constitute the swbangulata Phil. The variety

polpasta Ducl. is the short broad form se densely marked as to form

an olive-green ground, spotted with dark-brown, and with white tri-

angles below the suture. The variety cumingii Reeve is yellow,

banded or streaked with brown, it often suggests O. peruviana

Lam.

OLIVA PERUVIANA Lamarck.

This species varies greatly in color, but lacks the finely reticulated

patterns of spicata. The typical form is spotted; those with irregular

longitudinal streaks of brown are the fulgurata Martens (non Ads. &

Rev.). The light-colored specimens might be called hvida and the

dark-chesnut-colored form castanea Ford, manuscript.

OLiva juLieTT# Duc os.

This is apparently a good species, the thickening of the outer lip

suggests a closer relationship to O. incrassata Sol. than to spicata,

although the young of the three species closely resemble each other.

OLIVA INCRASSATA (Solander).

Voluta incrassata Sol., Portland Cat., p. 171, 1786.

Oliva angulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 310, 1810.

Solander and Lamarck both refer to the same figures by Martini

(Conch. Cab., II, tab. 47, figs. 499, 500). The O. témorea Ducl.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

probably represents a small local variety, the locality “Timor” may

well be questioned. The white form is var. nivea Pilsbry (NAuTILUS

XXITI, 132).

OLIVA RETICULARIS Lamarck.

This is almost as variable in color as its Pacific analogue O. spi-

cata, but the tendency to become more or less angulate as in that

species is not apparent. The typical reticularis is the smaller form

reticulated with pink or purplish lines, common throughout the West

Indies. Large cylindrical forms from the Bahamas are figured by

Marrat as nivosa. These resemble very closely specimens of etr-

cinata from the Gulf coast of Florida. The O. pallida Marr., prob-

ably represents an immaculate form of nivosa, and quersolina Ducl.

as figured by Marrat, the albinistic form of the typical reticularis.

Specimens of nivosa banded and streaked with an outer layer of

brown are the formosa Marr., +- hepatica Marr. (non Lam.) + bifas-

etata Kuster.

OLIVA CIRCINATA Marrat.

Oliva litterata Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 315, 1810. Non

Bolten, 1798.

Oliva circinata Marr., Sowerby’s Thes. Conch. IV, Oliva, p. 21,

pl. 17, fig. 277, 1880.

The study of a very large series before me shows conclusively

that Marrat’s circinata is really a form of Lamarck’s Utterata

and will have to replace Lamarck’s name, which is preoccupied.

After describing the species Marrat says: ‘‘ The Brazilian represen-

tative of the West Indian O. litterata. It is more rounded and sym-

metrical and less oblique and the lip is not so spread at the posterior

end.’’ The reference to both Brazil and West Indies is very doubt-

ful. The locality is more’likely the Gulf coast of Florida as speci-

mens from there agree with Marrat’s figure. It is readily separated

from nivosa by its different color, darker bands and fasciculations

below the suture. Specimens from the east coast of Florida are

usually longer and more cylindrical. A bright yellowish form is

frequently found on the Gulf coast which might bear the name of

eitrina.

OLIVA FULGURATOR (Bolten).

Porphyria fulgurator Bolt., Mus. Boltenianum, p. 86, 1798.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Oliva ispida Link, Marrat, Thes. Conch., IV, Oliva, 12, figs. 15,

16.

Oliva fusiformis Lam., Ann. du Mus., XVI, p. 318, 1810.

Oliva obesina Ducl., Monogr., in Comp. Rendus, II, tab. 16, figs.

9-11, 1835.

Both Bolten and Lamarck again refer to the same figure by Mar-

tini (Conch. Cab. II, tab. 51, f. 562) Lamarck’s first reference is to

a similar figure in the Encyl. Meth., plate 367, fig. 7. The mark-

ings are coarser than in O. reticularis, Specimens are frequently

obsoletely banded or overlayed with brown. 0. bullata Marr., seems

to be a narrow form of this species.

Since my notes appeared in the October NauTiLus my friend Mr.

Charles Hedley, of Sydney, Australia, has written that Oliva oliva

Linné should be used in place of Oliva vidua Bolton. In this I now

agree although at first I thought it was d*flicult to decide just what

form should bear Linné’s name. Hanley says: ‘“ Still it is not un-

worthy of remark that the Oliva nigrita of Karsten (O. maura of

Sowerby, Genera Shells) has been indicated as the principal variety

or form in the ‘Museum Ulrice’ and that all cited engravings (Ar-

genville alone excepted) of the tenth edition of the ‘Systema’

wherein the species originally appeared, pertain to that shell.”

Mr. Hedley also calls my attention to Oliva annulata Gmelin

(Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1792) which I have entirely overlooked. This

replaces O. amethystina Bolten. Both references—Lister’s Conch.,

tab. 717, f. 1, and Martini, Conch. Cab., II, tab. 51, f. 567, refer

to the white form with a revolving ridge, ‘testa levi alba dorsi an-

nulo carinato.”” It seems unfortunate that this pale, abnormal form

should become the typical, and the beautiful normal form the variety

amethystina.

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA SHELLS. III.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

In a brief resumé of notable things observed in the collections on

the California coast which I was privileged to visit last summer, it

is impracticable to mention all the collections visited, notwithstand-

ing nearly every one contained something of special interest, and

the courtesy and hospitality of the collectors was unfailing and

THE NAUTILUS. 125

limitless. I can only faintly express once for all my feeling of ap-

preciation to each and every one of them.

In Los Angeles and its vicinity by common consent the collection

of Mr, and Mrs. T. 8. Oldroyd, of Signal Hill, has no equal. For

years they have been gathering the shells of the coast and sparing

no pains to correctly name and attractively arrange them. They

have also by exchange and otherwise gathered a fine series of exotic

shells. It is hoped that this entire collection will before long find a

place in the fine new fireproof building Los Angeles is erecting as a

-public museum. It would be a calamity if the Oldroyd shells, now

in a frame building far from any means of rescue, should much

longer be subjected to the risk of destruction by fire. The readers

of the NauTiLus are well aware of the large number of new species,

and species new to the region which have become known through

the researches of Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd, and have been described or

noticed in this journal during a long series of years.

Mr. Herbert N. Lowe, of Long Beach, has gathered an interest-

ing collection where I noted especially large and fine specimens of

the Williamia vernalis from San Nicolas Island, and some remark-

ably distorted specimens of Neverita recluziana.

In the collection of Mrs. Zech, of Long Beach, I noticed a speci-

men of Lottia gigantia 105 x 85 millimeters in dimensions; a fine

specimen from Monterey of the rare Ovula vidleri Sby. (1881) and

a large suite of O. barbarensis Dall, both from Newport, Cal. In

this as in most of the other local collections were remarkably large

and fine Acm@a scabra, persona and spectrum from the new govern-

ment breakwater at San Pedro, which is also the locality for re-

markably clean and large Omphalius aureotinctus and Calliostoma

supragranosum. <A study of a very large number of the latter species

rank. Miss Zech has personally picked up on Vashon Island,

Puget Sound, a specimen of Chione fluctifraga, doubtless carried

there in ballast by some of the lumber vessels returning from the

South.

In the collection of Mrs. Eshnaur at Terminal Island, was a speci-

men of the curious convex, fan-shaped variety holzneri Hemphill, of

Haliotis cracherodit, from five miles south of Redondo, collected by

Mr. Eshnaur. Most of the specimens so far obtained of this form

are reported to have come from the Pacific coast of Lower Cali-

126 THE NAUTILCS.

fornia. Also Pinna oldroydi from over 100 fathoms, off Newport, and

Capulus californicus on Pecten hastatus, hitherto reported as com-

mensal only with P. diegensis. Another ballast shell from Puget

Sound was noted, in a specimen of Oliva angulata.

The collection of Hermann, later the Hettrick collection, formerly

well-known to San Francisco collectors, and containing the largest

known specimen of Cancellaria coopert, is now the property of Mr.

and Mrs. Golisch of Los Angeles. It offers many interesting Cali-

fornian and exotic shells for study.

In Mrs. Ball’s collection a fine and brightly colored series of An-

gulus carpenteri Dall (variegatus Cpr. not Gmelin) was especially

notable, as well as many other attractive and interesting local

species.

Mrs. Baldridge of Los Angeles, Mrs. Bentley and Mrs. McFarren

of Venice, Dr. J. J. Rivers of Santa Monica and several other mem-

bers of the flourishing Conchological Club of Los Angeles, have

collections well worthy of examination. Mrs. Burton Williamson,

whose contributions to the conchology of the coast are well-known,

has given her collection to the new museum of Los Angeles where

it will be suitably installed when the building is completed.

The San Francisco collectors were, without exception, the victims

of the fire following the recent earthquake. Those of Oakland were

more fortunate, and, notwithstanding the destruction caused at’

Stanford University by the earthquake, their collections were not

seriously damaged. At Stanford is the large collection made at the

Galapagos Islands by the expedition sent out by the California

Academy. It was fortunate enough to arrive in San Francisco after

the great disaster and when worked up by Mr. Ochsner, one of the

expedition, will eventually take its place in the new Museum pro-

jected by the Academy, for which the city has offered a site in the

Golden Gate Park, where the danger from fire will be almost nil.

Prof. Raymond of the University of California is working at the

collection made near San Pedro, by the party directed by Prof. Ritter

in 1899, which contains many interesting and novel forms. Among

these was noticed a fine new species of Calliostoma, pure white in

color. A specimen of C. gloriosum from Pt. San Pedro, 12 miles

below the Cliff House at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, is in

Prof. Raymond’s collection. This, is I believe, the most northerly

locality yet reported for the species.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Mr. Button’s collection at Oakland is notable for its fine series of

Cypreas, including some of the rarest Pacific coast forms of Trivia.

The collection of the University contains a number of Cooper’s

and Carpenter’s types, but awaits a new building for its proper

display.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN EXOTIC NAIDES COM-

PARED WITH THAT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMAN.

(Concluded from page 120).

In all other cases the diaphragm is complete, and extends to or close

to the posterior margin of the mantle, where it separates the anal from

the branchial opening. ‘Two types are recognizable, which form as

many distinct and fundamentally different groups (families). In the

one (Unionide of North America and Asia) the gills alone form the

diaphragm. In the other (South American and African forms, pos-

sibly to be called Mutelide) the diaphragm is formed anteriorly by

the gills, but posteriorly by the union of the mantle itself.

(b) The mantle edges are originally free all around. But a ten-

dency develops soon to form two distinct openings, the siphons. In

Margaritana the most primitive conditions are observed, and the two

openings are distinguished oaly by the development of the papille.

Closely allied conditions are found in a genus of typical Unionide

(Rotundaria), But the general tendency is, among the Unionidae,

not only to draw the mantle edges together by the diaphragm, thus

separating anal and branchial, but also to limit the anal above by the

junction of the mantle edges, which, however, leaves open above the

anal a supra-anal opening, which only in rare instances becomes

closed (Lampsilis parva). The branchial opening in the Unionide

is never defined anteriorly by a growing together of the mantle mar-

gins. (In the higher forms of the Unionida, subfamily Lampsiline,

special structures develop in front of the branchial opening, chiefly

in the female, which serve as devices for the aeration of the marsu-

pium during the breeding season.)

In the other family (Mutelide?) the two openings are always sep-

arated from one another by a diaphragm formed by the mantle. In

some cases the mantle edges are free from the rest. In other cases

128 THE NAUTILUS.

the anal opening is defined above by a growing together of the man-

tle margins, but here a supra-anal is never formed, the fusion of the

mantle edges being complete up to the upper posterior end of the two

mantle halves. In addition, we find in certain forms of this group a

further step in advance, which consists of the anterior demarcation

of the branchial opening by a growing together of the mantle edges.

It is hard to say which is to be regarded as the primitive condition,

but probably originally all four gills served as receptacula for the

ova, and the space between, the two laminz of each gill was not

differentiated and divided.

Out of this original condition more advanced structures have de-

veloped, which generally exhibit the tendency to localize the mar-

supium in certain gills or parts of gills, and to divide the interlaminar

space into compartments (ovi-sacs and water tubes). In the differ-

ent groups these purposes have been accomplished in different ways

and to different degrees. In Margaritana the gills do not possess

partitions, and, consequently, are primitive in this respect, and ap-

parently no water-tubes and ovisacs are found. Unfortunately, the

gravid female of this form is unknown to the writer.

In the more primitive Unionide (subfamily Unionine), either all

four gills still serve as marsupium, and have thus preserved the orig-

inal condition, or only the outer gills serve this purpose, and further, °

here the interlaminar space is divided by septa into rather regular

compartments, running vertically to the edge of the gills, and parallel

to the gill filaments. The same fundamental characters, restriction

of the marsupium to the outer gills and development of water tubes

and ovisacs, are found in the more highly-developed Unionide

(subfamilies Anodonting and Lampsiling), but here specializations

are met with, which are to be regarded primarily as adaptations to

a prolonged breeding season, and to a peculiar way of discharging

the glochidia.

In the Afro-South American group of Najades (Mutelide ?), all

cases so far known show the marsupium restricted to the inner gills.

Two main types may be distinguished among them, according to the

inner differentiation of the marsupial gill. In one case, the mar-

supial part of the inner gill is rather restricted (to the middle por-

tion), and here very incomplete and intercommunicating water tubes

are formed by rows of interlamellar connections; in the other case,

THE NAUTILUS. 129

complete and heavy septa separate completely isolated water tubes.

In none of these cases the structure of the marsupial gill is identical

with that of the Unionidz, although the septa and water tubes in the

latter case show certain analogies to those of the Unionide. How-

ever, the finer structure being different, I consider this a case of

convergency of structure.

(7) Of these anatomical differences representing functional differ-

entiation, we may say that the oldest must be the formation of the

diaphragm, for the tendency to form siphons necessarily must start

with it. Almost as old as this is the differentiation of the marsupium,

and thus the location of the latter and its structure must be essential.

To these characters we consequently should attribute the greatest

systematic value, and thus it is evident that the genus Margaritana,

which I have placed formerly (Nautiuus 23, Feb., ’09, p. 116) in

a subfamily by itself, but within the family Unionid@, should rank

higher, and I do not hesitate now to call it a family. Thus we would

have the following three families among the Navades :

Family: MarGariranip&. Diaphragm incomplete, formed

only by the gills. Anterior end of inner gills distant from the

palpi. Brancbhial and anal siphons ill defined, and not closed above,

and no supra-anal developed. Gills without water tubes and with

irregularly scattered interlamellar connections. Marsupium and

glochidia unknown.

Family: Unronip#. Diaphragm complete, formed only by the

gills. Anterior end of inner gills distant from the palpi. Branchial

and anal siphons sharply separated from one another by the dia-

phragm. Anal very rarely not closed above, generally closed, but

with a supra-anal opening (which very rarely may be obliterated).

Gills with water tubes and distinct, continuous, interlamellar septa.

Marsupium in all four, or only in the outer gills. Larva a glo-

chidium. (Contains three subfamilies: Unionine, Anodonting and

Lampsiline. )

Family: Mureriv2.’ Diaphragm complete, formed anteriorly

by the gills, posteriorly by the mantle. Anterior end of inner gills

in contact with the palpi. Branchial and anal siphons sharply sep-

arated from one another. Anal open or closed above, but there is

never a supra-anal opening. Gills with very indistinct and inter-

communicating water tubes or with well-developed water tubes.

Marsupium only in the inner gills.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Subfamily: Ayriine. Anal closed above. Marsupiem with

interrupted interlamellar connections, standing in rows, and forming

incomplete, communicating water tubes. Non-marsupial gill with

poorly developed, scattered interlamellar connections. Larva a

glochidium. (Hyria, Tetraplodon, Diplodon, Castalina.)

Subfamily : Mutelinz. Anal open or closed above. Marsupium

with well-developed, continuous septa, forming well-defined water

tubes. Non-marsupial gills also with distinct water tubes. Larva a

lasidium. (Spatha, Glabaris, Fossula, Monocondylea.)

(8) Our chief attention should now be directed to the study of

further genera from Africa and Asia, and also the European forms

should be more closely investigated.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate VI.

Diagrammatic side views of the soft parts of Naiades, with the left

half of the mantle removed along the mantle-attachment line, show-

ing the arrangement of palpi, gills, diaphragm, anal, supraanal and

branchial openings.

In all figures the letters indicate:

m. Right half of mantle.

ml. Mantle-attachment line.

aml. Ascending part of mantle-attachment line.

f. Foot.

p. Palpi.

i. Inner gill.

e. Outer gill.

sa. Supra-anal opening.

an. Anal opening.

b. Branchial opening.

d. Diaphragm.

x. Mantle connection in front of branchial opening.

Fig. 1. Margaritana margaritifera (L.). Specimen from Indian

Run, Rene Mont, Schuylkill Co., Pa.

Fig. 2. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). Specimen from Allegheny

River, Kelly, Armstrong Co., Pa.

Fig. 3. Unio gibbosus Barn. Specimen from Little Beaver Creek,

Enon Valley, Lawrence Co., Pa.

Fig. 4. Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea). Specimen from Bombay,

India.

Fig. 5. Spatha kamerunensis Walk. Specimen from. Kamerun,

Africa.

1 The nomenclature depends on the knowledge of the genus Mutela.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Fig. 6. Hyria corrugata Lam. Specimen from Rio ‘l'apajos, San-

tarem, Brazil.

Fig. 7. Tetraplodon undosus (vy. Mart.). Specimen from Rio Tiété,

Itapura, Brazil.

Plate VII.

Horizontal cross-sections through the gills of Naiades. All sections

from sterile females. In all figures, i— inner gill, e= outer gill.

Photographs taken with B. & L. 1-in. objective.

Fig. 1. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Specimen from Lake Erie, Cedar

Point, Erie Co., O.

Fig. 2. Unio gibbosus Barn.

Fig. 3. Parreysia wynegungaensis ( Lea).

Fig. 4. Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea).

Fig. 5. Spatha kamerunensis Walk.

Fig. 6. Hyria corrugata Lam.

Fig. 7. Tetraplodon hasemani nov. |

(Specimens of Figs. 2,3,5,6, 7 from same localities as on Plate VI;

specimen of Fig. 4 from India.)

NOTES ON SOME PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA WITH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Some years since Prof. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of

Georgia, called my attention to a small block of soft marl in the

State Museum which had a number of shells in it, and at my solicita-

tion the same was kindly forwarded to me for examination. I found

the specimens were a mixture of fresh water and marine, and that

the fresh water ones seemed to be new besides being more or less

distorted. The specimens were very fragile; notwithstanding the

greatest care many of the most distorted were badly broken. It is

hoped that a future examination will reveal more species and an as-

sortment of forms far greater than those here described. The hori-

zon is probably Pliocene, and seems to represent a southern fauna.

The exact locality is four miles south of Atkinson, Wayne Co., Ga.,

on the Saltilla River. The list of species is as follows :

Rangia cuneata Gray. (Common, rather small.)

Mulinea lateralis Say.

Mulinea congesta Con.

Dosinia sp? (Young shells.)

Modiolaria sp?

Gemma purpurea H. C. Lea.

Neritina sp? (Too poor for identification. )

Neverita sp? (Fragments.)

a ik lt el ict dots

132 THE NAUTILUS.

New Species.

9. POTAMIDES SALTILLENSIS n. sp. Pl. 8, figs. 1, la, Ib, and le.

Shell medium, the largest specimen about an inch in length,

whorls nine. Most all the specimens being decorticated ; surface

marked with transverse lines which vary in intensity, also becoming

nodulous near the spire, generally the younger forms are cancellated

(fig. la). In mature Specimens there are three revolving lines

above; the uppermost one just below the suture, being nodulous or

spinose, this line continues to the base and becomes coarsely nodul-

ous, generally making a shoulder. The other lines are less promi-

nent and increase to 5 or 6. Suture deeply impressed, base coarsely

striated. Aperture ovate and smooth, slightly channeled above and

below (fig. 1 = normal form). Length of largest specimen is

24 m.m. and breadth of body whorl 9 m.m.

Remarks: Figure 1 — largest.

Figure la = young, 6 mm. in length.

Figure 14 and 1e are variations.

Resembles in a general way the Floridian Goniobases. Is related

to lagoon forms of the Bahamas.

(To be concluded.)

NOTES.

Notes oN AMMONITELLA LUNATA, Conrap. A paper published

by Conrad in the Amer. Jour. Conch. in which he described and

figured two fossil shells from the John Day region in Oregon, seems

to have been overlooked by more recent writers on the same subject.

The one with which this paper deals was described as Planorbis

lunatus, and was collected by the Rev. Thomas Condon at Bridge

Creek, Ore. It was later redescribed and figured by Stearns as

Ammonitella yatesi praecursor, a comparison of the descriptions and

figures will leave no doubt of the two being identical. The syn-

onymy will stand as follows: Planorbis lunatus, Conrad, Amer.

Jour. Conch., VI, p. 315, pl. 13, fig. 8, 1871; Report of Geol. Sur.

P. 448, 1883 ; Gonostoma yatesr, Cooper, Bull. 18, Geol. P. 16, 1885;

Ammonitella yatesi praecursor, Stearns, Wash, Acad.. Sci., II, p.

656, pl. 35, figs. 8-12, 1900; Science n. ser. p- 158, 1902; Bull.

Geol. N. C., p. 67, 1906. _ Harry Epson.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PLATE V111.

ALDRICH: PLIOCENF FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA.

Ags

VoL. XXIV. APRIL, 1911. No, 12

COLLECTING IN MEXICO.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

At San Dieguito, State of San Luis Potosi, February 5th, 1909,

after an hour’s walk to the north of town, 2 o’clock found the writer at

the foot of a mountain on which a perpendicular wall of rock faces the

west. It is more or less broken by openings or small ravines and

shelves. Above and below the bluffs there is more or less timber,

with undergrowth and creepers. From a distance it looked like a

good place to find Holospira, Macroceramus, Helicina, Streptostyla,

etc.

The first part of the way up the mountain was over a burned-over

tract, where an occasional dead specimen of Helicina and Pratico-

lella was to be seen, but search under loose rocks failed to disclose

living specimens of either. Crossing the burned tract a heavy growth

of grass was entered, through which walking was difficult. Some

search was made in the grass for shells, but with no success.

When the timber was entered progress was still slower, owing to

the creepers, all] of which seemed to be supplied with thorns. As the

bluffs were neared loose rocks became more numerous, the search here

for a while producing nothing. Finally on turning a rock there lay

exposed to view a single shell entirely new to me. With a thrill of

delight it was picked up and examined. It was an inch and a-half

long, not quite as thick as a common lead pencil, truncated at the

summit, about 12 whorls remaining. Had all the whorls been

present it would have exceeded two inches in length. The trun-

cated summit, cylindric shape and color of the shell somewhat re-

sembles Stenogyra decollata. Close hunting over considerable ground

134 THE NAUTILUS.

resulted in finding 19 good specimens and a number of dead and

broken ones, the latter looking as if some small rodent had broken

them to get the animal for dinner. This shell has been named and

described by Dr. Pilsbry in the Naurizus, Vol. 22, page 138, as

Ceelocentrum hinkleyi. At the base of the bluffs the walking was

good to what it had been below, and here are found Macroceramus.

mexicanus, Holospira hinkleyi, Schasicheila hidalgoana, Streptostyla

gracilis, Streptostyla supracostata, Helicina vanattg and a tew dead

Euglandina corneola and Euglandina oblonga potosiana ; also a few

specimens of a number of other species.

On the 8th of February the same bluffs were again visited. This

time an early start in the morning put the writer on the ground before

the sun made the climb uncomfortably warm. The entire day was put

in around the bluffs and resulted in near fifty good specimens of the

fine Calocentrum, but no additional species were added to the first

half-day’s work.

During the day a nest of small bees was encountered. This nest

was made of the same material as our hornets’ nests ; it was trumpet-

shaped, big end up, and stood at an angle from the rock to which it

was attached. Being open, the bees could be seen within; they re-

sented the presence of a stranger by buzzing about my face, but made

no attempt to sting.

Standing on an elevated point of rock, which was reached ahten a

little climb, a good view of the valley was before me. Through this

valley the Mexican Central Railroad passes in nearly a straight line.

The valley is cut up into small farms, occupied mostly by people

from the United States who are clearing the land and planting

sugar-cane, orange trees, bananas, and growing some vegetables,

making homes for themselves in this mild southern country.

A COMPARISON OF THE UNIONIDE OF THE PEARL AND SABINE RIVERS.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

A collection of Unios from the Pearl River, at Jackson, Miss.,

made by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, proves of remarkable interest, when

compared with the Unios of the Sabine River, Texas; these two

rivers being so far apart, and separated by the immense “ bottom”

of the Mississippi, which area has, in large part, a different set of

inhabitants,

Pearl River.

Anodontoides,

. Gracilis,

Cornutus,

Aspera,

. Perplicata,

. Trapezoides,

Heros,

. Purpurata,

9. Confragosa,

10. Donaciformis,

11. Elegans,

12. Tuberculata,

13. Castaneus,

14. Riddelii,

15, Cerinus,

16. Concestator,

17. Inflata,

18. Excavata,

19. Claibornensis,

20. Beadleana,

21. Refulgens, )

22. Sphaerica, )

23. Ebenus,

24. Crassidens,

25. Complanata.

SAAS wwe

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Sabine River.

Anodontoides,

Gracilis,

Cornutus,

Aspera,

Perplicata.

Trapezoides,

Heros,

Purpurata,

Confragosa,

Donacifornus,

Elegans,

Tuberculata,

Castaneus,

Riddelii,

Cerinus,

Nigerrimus,

Amphichena,

Satur,

Hydiana,

Askewii,

§ Nodifera,

( Mortonii,

Notwithstanding the absolute identity of the first fifteen species,

yet there is a well-marked tribal difference between the two sets,

the Pearl river U. heros being nearly full-blooded boykiniana, and

with a yellow nacre.

The U. riddelii of Pearl river inclines towards rubidus, some being

of a warm, rich rose color.

These Pearl river shells vary also in

having the successive lines of growth so heavily impressed that the

shell sometimes has humps as well defined as in the well-known U.

dromas Lea.

Perhaps the most interesting feature, however, lies in the list

where the species differ :

U. concestator vs. nigerrimus. Large suites of both show their

identity, with only slight differences.

of concestator.

U. nigerrimus is only a variety

136 THE NAUTILUS.

U. excavata vs. satur. These two are the same species!

U. satur is not, strictly speaking, a variety of ventricosa, but be-

cause of priority it is a good species, and excavata becomes a syn-

onym!

U. claibornensis vs. hydiana. The greatest difference existing here

is the lack of rays in clatbornensis.

U. beadleana,

U. chickasawensis

the varietal differences being no more than the different hab‘tats

should demand.

Proptera inflata vs. amphichena. A suspicious piece of evi-

dence is to be noted in the fact that where one of these species is

found, there is a lack of P. levissima !

However, amphichena has no wing, even when young and per-

fect.

U. refulgens and sphzricus. These two species are identical and

form a well-marked subspecies characterized by purple nacre.

U. ebenus and crassidens do not grow in the Sabine.

Margaritana complanata is by this find considerably extended

down South. They were gravid when taken in November.

: vs. Askewti. These three species are identical,

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS AND PLEURODONTE ANGULATA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Some recent studies have shown that the nomenclature of these

species is somewhat intricate, and an examination into their history

proves that the names in current use cannot be held.

The records bearing on the question follow.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Lamarck.

In the Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris V, p. 36, 1804, La-

marck describes a fossil under the name Planorbis bicarinata, which

was figured on plate 62, fig. 3 of the Annales du Muséum viii, 1806.

It was also described in Animaux sans Vertébres Supp., vii, p. 542,

1822, Deshayes in the Anim. s. Vert. Bassin, Paris, ii, p. 438,

1864, placed this species in Adeorbis.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Say (not Lam.)

In the Third American Edition of Nicholson’s British Encyclo-

pedia, Philadelphia, 1819, Conchology, pl. 1, f. 4, Say, described

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Planorbis bicarinatus from the Delaware River. Sowerby, in The

Genera of Shells, Planorbis f. 4, Mar. 30, 1822, named and figured

this shell again as Planorbis bicarinatus. Amos Eaton in the Zool.

Text-book, p. 194, 1826, redescribes Say’s species of Planorbis

under the generic name Helix, but his Helix bicarinatus has nothing

to do with Helix bicarinata Sowb., Zool. Jour., 1825, p. 458, pl. 3,

= 7:

Hevix anGuLata Rackett (not Burrow.)

Helix angulata Rack., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii, p. 42, pl.

5, f. 1 (read June 1, 1819, published before 1821), was based on

specimens of Planorbis trom Lake Huron, Canada. But this name

is preoccupied by Helix angulata Burrow, in the Elements of Con-

chology, by Rev. E. I. Burrow, London, 1815, pl. 26, f. 1, which is

Pleurodonte acutangula Burr. This name was also supposed to be

preoccupied, but Planorbe anguleux Brard, Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat.

xiv, p. 435, pl. 27, f. 23, 24, 1809, was not Latinized by him. It is

merely a French name for another shell.

PLANORBIS ANTROSUS Conrad,

Described in American Journal of Science and Arts, New Haven,

xxv, pt. 2, p. 343, Jan. 1, 1834, from Randon’s creek near Clai-

borne, Alabama, is therefore the first name which can be used for

the freshwater shell generally known as Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

The next name is Planorbis engonatus Conrad, New Fresh Water

Shells of the United States, Appendix, p. 8, pl. ix, f. 8, Oct., 1839,

based upon the same species of shell from Albany, New York.

Planorbis angistoma Hald. Monogr. Fresh Water Moll. U. 8., no.

7, Planorbis, p. 7, Jan. 1, 1844, is according to Mr. Walker,

Nautilus, xxiii, p. 5, probably typical antrosus. If this is a distinct

form Conrad’s name is earlier.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS MAJOR Beck.

H. Beck in the Index Moll., p, 118, 1837, lists the name Planorbis

bicarinatus Say, and divides it into two forms: a. major, from the

Schuylkill River and refers to Sowb. Genera, iv, f. 4. (Mr. E. R.

Sykes in the Proc. Mal. Soc. London, vii, p. 194, Sept., 1906, states

that part iv, of Sowb. Genera was published on March 30, 1822),

and to Wood, Index Test. Suppl. vii, 12, Planorbis angulatus Wood.

b. minor, New Jersey, citing with a question Planorbis ebur-

neus Chemn., ix, 1123? from the West Indies, as a synonym.

138 THE NAUTILCS.

As Sowerby’s and Wood’s names both refer to the typical form

of bicarinatus Say, as defined in Mr. Walker’s excellent paper

(Nautilus, xxiii p. 1. & p. 21, 1909), the name major Beck becomes

synonymous with that form.

The form described by Mr. Walker on p. 5, of the Nautilus xxiii

1909 should be written corrugatus ‘ Curr.’ Wkr.

PLEURODONTE ACUTANGULA Burrow.

Burrow’s name for the shell generally known as Pleurodonte

angulata Fér. from Porto Rico, should be used. Part of the syno-

“nomy is given below. Pfr. (Monogr. I, p. 197, 1908) thought

Burrow’s shell was Helicostyla papyracea Brod., a mistake which was

perpetuated in Manual of Conchology, ix, p. 219.

Helix acutangula Rev. E. I. Burrow, Elements of Conchology,

London, 1815, pp. 183 and 248. Beck. Index Moll. 1837, p. 45,

No. 6, Pilsbry, Manual Conch. ix, 1894, pp. 99 and 219.

Helix angulata Burrow, Elem. of Conch. 1815, pl. 26, f. i. Fer.,

Hist. Nat. Moll. I, pl. 61, f. 2, (published after 1821 and before

1825). Gray, Ann. Philos. London, n. s. ix, p. 412, 1825. Pfr.,

Monogr. I, p. 297, 1848. Desh. in Fer., Hist. Nat. Moll. I, p. 343,

1850.

For the rest of the synonomy see Fér., Hist. Nat. Moll. I, p. 3438

and Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ix, 1894, p. 99.

Helix angulata Fér., Tabl. Syst. Anim. Moll., Prodrome Gon

1821, p. 36, is a nude name.

NOTES ON SOME PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA WITH DESCRIP-

TIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

(Concluded from page 152.)

10. PoTAMIDES CANCELLOIDES n. sp. PI. 8, figs. 2, 2a.

Shell small, whorls about seven or eight, first two smooth, the |

next three convex and cancellated, the transverse lines strongly

raised, generally two in number and nodulous at the intersections.

Body whorl in both specimens carrying four or more transverse

lines. Aperture ovate-elongate; canal short twisted.

Length of No. 2a, 34 mm. Fully grown example is at least 15

mm.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PILALE IX.

ALDRICH: PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIV. PLATE X

ALDRICH: PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM GEORGIA.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Remarks: This species is smaller than the one previously de-

scribed. The sides more nearly parallel, the canal more twisted,

and in the young we find two strong transverse lines with « flattened

space between. Sometimes they are smooth otherwise and sometimes

strongly marked with raised axial lines.

11. PALUDESTRINA PLANA n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 3.

Shell small, acuminate; whorls seven, smooth and rounded, suture

deep, aperture oblong-ovate, outer lip slightly expanded; peristome

continuous; umbilicus open but minute.

Length 4 mm.

Remarks: In some specimens the body whor! is slightly separated

from the preceding ones, probably pathologic. In others the outer

lip is thickened and a slight callus shows over the inner lip. A few

distorted specimens with thickened shell were obtained.

12. AMNICOLA SALTILLENSIS n. sp. Pl. 9, 10, figs. 5-12, 15.

The extraordinary distortions of nearly all the species of this genus

makes any specific determination difficult. Three species are de-

scribed; perhaps there should be four. The typical form of this

species is shown in figure 5.

Shell small, surface smooth, whorls five tapering regularly, suture

distinct, whorls sometimes slightly shouldered. Body whorl rotund,

umbilicus small, aperture pointed slightly above, rounded at base,

outer lip slightly thickened.

Height 2 mm., body whorl 1 mm. in breadth. The greater num-

ber of the distorted forms are assigned to this species.

List of illustrations is as follows:

No. 5 — normal.

No. 6 — young shell (may be distinct).

No. 7 — distorted at apex with body whorl enlarged.

No. 8 — the distortion begins with the older whorls, younger part

is normal.

No. 9 = a different view of No. 8.

Nos. 10 and 11 = two views of still another form.

No. 12 = both the apical and body whorls involved.

No. 15 — young shell with the apical whorls sunken in.

13. AMNICOLA GEORGIENSIS n. sp. Pl. 9, 10, figs. 4, 4a and 13.

Similar to the preceding, not so elevated, with wider umbilicus,

140 THE NAUTILUS.

whorls five, slightly shouldered, body whorl more swollen aperture

pointed and slightly expanded at junction with body whorl.

ReMARKs: Shell as broad as it is high. Figure 4 and 4a is the

nearest to normal obtained. In figure 13 we have all of the whorls

except the apical ones entirely separated.

14, AMNICOLA EXPANSILABRIS n. sp. Pl. 10, figs. 14, 14a.

Shell small, whorls five and one-half, smooth, suture deep, umbil-

icus small, outer lip expanded and thickened,

Height 3 mm.

Remarks: This species is the largest of all and is distinguished

by its form and thickened outer lip. Strongly resembles a species

of Pachydrobia, yet it may also be a pathologic freak. The above

three species seem to be distinct, the variations and deformations

may all be forms of one species. More material is necessary to de-

cide. They certainly form an interesting study for the evolutionist.

Is it environment and food or salt and saltation?

15. PLANORBIS ANTIQUITUS n. sp. Pl. 10, figs. 16, 16a and 16).

Shell small, whorls four, rather flattened above, suture moderate.

Lines of growth coarser and rougher as they approach the aperture.

The younger shell shows numerous very fine growth lines, umbilicus

deep with straight sides, aperture flattened ovate, outer lip somewhat

expanded and slightly thickened within. The peristome thin, but

continuous in old specimens. The umbilicus shows more of the

whorls than the upper surface.

Remarks: This form belongs to the Planorbis bicarinatus group

and is quite distinct.

NOTES ON COLLECTING SPHAERIUM AND PISIDIUM.

BY JOHN A. ALLEN.

In collecting Spherium and Pisidium I have obtained the shells

most copiously and with the least amount of labor and eye-strain by

the process described below. In Ohio the cold water and soft bot-

tom make rubber wading-boots necessary. The collecting tool is a

scoop of wire netting sold as a kitchen utensil under the name

‘‘ strainer.’’ The larger sizes, which are most efficient, usually need

some improvement by cutting off projections or strengthening with

solder.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

The strainer is provided with a short handle. If a long handle

happens to be required, the strainer can be temporarily fastened on

a stick by winding around with a cord. Scrape off a slice of the

bottom mud with the strainer, bring the rim above the water-surlace,

and swirl around. Mud and sand wash out, and a mixture of trash

and shells remains. The strainer is now most easily emptied by

passing it through water contained in a wash-basin. A dish-pan, if

it is practicable to carry such a bulky utensil, is still better, because it

will float beside the collector when working away from shore. If

one is without any basin, the contents of the strainer are knocked or

shaken upon a cloth.

The total product is usually carried home for treatment and put in

a coarse sieve, which fits into a dish-pan or light steel kettle full of

water. My sieve is made by nailing wire netting of one-fourth-inch

mesh on a wooden frame. The mixture is worked with the fingers

until the bivalves have passed out of the sieve into the dish. The

sieve is now removed with its contents of sticks and leaves. These

are looked over before being thrown away, as they often contain Physa,

also may include very large Spheria, such as S. simile, too big to pass

through the sieve. Now one stirs up the water with the fingers and

pours it off cautiously, puts in more water, and repeats the process as

many timesas required. The trash is thus washed away and a residue

is obtained, consisting mainly of shells. If stones are present, a proper

motion of the dish will now bring them to the opposite side from the

shells, so that they can be removed. Then any conspicuous pieces

of trash yet remaining are removed by hand-picking. Now, if any

fine sand is present, the shells are brouglit into a strainer of finer

mesh than the collecting strainer and washed free from it. The

shells are now put in alcohol. Sometimes the use of the coarse sieve

can be omitted, because little or no trash coarse enough to be re-

tained by it is present. After one to three days the shells are taken

from the alcohol and spread out to dry. If they are left too long in

the alcohol there is danger of the valves opening.

The final purification can be deferred until winter, if wished. The

shells are poured upon a sheet of paper in portions of about a half

teaspoonful at a time, and a camel’s-hair brush is used to push shells

one way and dirt another. Before doing this it is often useful to re-

move the finest dirt, and then divide the shells into two or more

sizes by a series of strainers or sieves of different mesh.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

The minuter species of Amnicola may sometimes be collected by

a process similar to that given above; except that for these one does

not plough up the bottom, but strikes the strainer over the bottom or

through the weeds. A mixture of species is usually obtained, which

may be advantageously sorted with a reading glass.

NOTES ON FOSSIL CALIFORNIAN PLEUROTOMIDAE.*

BY IRA M. BUELL.

The very large collection of fossil forms of this group, made in the

Pliocene of Santa Monica, California, by Dr. Rivers, formerly

Curator of the Museum of the State University, has afforded the

writer opportunity to institute interesting comparisons between forms

previously classified under several subgenera of this group. The

collection contains over one thousand specimens of these forms,

hence the means to test the value of specific distinctions were far

more perfect than were apparently present when the species were

first described.

Subgenus Borsonta.

Distinguished by plication on columella.

1. Borsonia hoovert Arn. Of 27 specimens examined, 16 have

faint to obsolete columellar plication. One shows three faint ridges,

while the rest lack the subgeneric distinction entirely. All agree in

outline and number of whorls with Arnold’s type, but about half

have almost obsolete nodes on apical whorl like D. renaudi Arn.,

which this approaches.

2. Borsonia bartscht Arn. Of 70 specimens studied, 20 show

plications faint to obselete in most individuals, one has three, and

one has two faint ridges on columella. About half have transverse

ribs on the body whorl, and the rest are marked like D. renaudt,

* The Rivers Collection of above 100,000 specimens of fossil Californian

Mollusca now becomes the property of Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, and

Pomona College, Claremont, California, half going to each of these institutions, —

Numerous important comparative studies have been made while the entire col-

lection is still intact. This great collection indicates one thing with great

certainty and that is that the work on the San Pedro and Santa Monica fossil

Mollusca will have to be entirely recast, An examination of the material in

Fusus, Natica, and other genera, indicate a condition similar to that described

above for certain Pleurotomide.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

but with fewer whorls. The specimen named by Raymond does not

show plication.

3. Borsonia dalli Arn. Only four specimens are found under this

label. Two show no plication, and the others, though plicate, have

one and three more whorls than the type. In this case Arnold’s

figure does not agree with the description.

4, Drillia merriami Arn. Of ten specimens all agree with the

author’s figure and description in surface markings, Six have the

form of B. bartschii but differ in the transverse ribs on the body

whorl, and one has a plication on the columella. Four slender forms

agree with the type, but one has nine whorls and two have plications

like Borsonia,

5. Drillia renaudi Arn. Of 27 specimens examined, 10 agree in

form and surface markings with B. bartschit. One has columellar

fold almost obsolete, 20 agree with the type in the absence of ribs on

the body whorl, but have from one to three fewer whorls, while 8

have faint plications on the inner lip.

6. Drillia pedroana Arn. Of 20 specimens examined, two broken

ones agree with Arnold’s figure and description, but the others have

from one to three more whorls. Half of these have a distinct sutural

band, while the rest approach the next.

7. Spirotropis smithi Arn. Of 150 specimens examined, 10 agree

in form and surface markings with D. pedroana as above noted in

the perfect forms. Several have faint spiral lines on the body whorl

like the last. One half exceed the type in size, approaching 50 mm.

8. Pleurotoma perversa Gabb. About 600 individuals were

brought together under this name in the Rivers Collection, and

simply because they happened to be sinistral forms. About half are

very robust, approaching 60 mm. in length, with broader, more

ventricose whorls than the figure and description, but among these

are a few which duplicate the dextral S. smithi. The smaller forms

noted as young” in the collection are more slender with flattened

volutions, and absolutely duplicate, in sinistral form, the dextral

types of D. pedroana, B. dalli, and B. hoover.

These notes lead to rather interesting conclusions :

1. The predominating type in these beds is the sinistral. All of

the smooth dextral forms, B. dalli, D. pedroana, and S. smithi, have

exact counterparts with reversed coil.

z. This duplication of dextral and sinistral forms minimizes the

value of reversal of coil as a specific distinction in this group.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

3. The intergradation of supposed specific distinctions in the case

of all these described species points to a most chaotic condition in

the group, and suggests the need of a reclassification of the group

based on broader knowledge and far more extensive material.

NOTES.

Mipway-PrerNamMBuUCcO Fauna :—On several occasions I have

called attention to the fact that Dr. White’s ‘‘ Cretaceous ”’ fauna

published in the Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro,

vol. vii, is a mixture of Midway Eocene and true Cretaceous forms

(See Bull. Am. Pal. vol. i, p. 154-157.) Especially have I main-

tained that the Maria Farinha beds are Eocene. That in eastern

Brazil there may be both Cretaceous and Eocene, alike in lithologice

appearance and general attitude may well be allowed. But owing to

the profound hiatus in our Southern States between the two terranes

(though lithologically sometimes similar and formerly supposed to

intergrade, Bull. 43, U.S. G.S.) there seemed good reason for

supposing that the east Brazilian fossils represent two distinct hori-

zons whose remains had not been carefully discriminated or labeled

in the field.

In looking over a box of fossils carefully labeled as to exact

horizon from eastern Venezuela a few days ago, I found the typical

Midway fauna with the Maria Farinha representatives without the

slightest indication of any Cretaceous forms.

The point therefore which I wish to make is this, that, if the

Midway as far south as Venezuela shows no trace of Cretaceous

forms, it is fair to presume that even somewhat farther south in

Brazil the Midway and Cretaceous are still entirely distinct.

Again, this shows quite clearly too that, as we had often maintained,

the Midwayan is a tropical, or warm-water fauna, though occurring

as far north as west Tennessee. G. D. Harris.

Bermupa SHELLS. By E. G. Vanatta (Proc. A. N. S., Phila.,

1910). Recent specimens of Kaliella turbinata, Vertigo numellata

and marki, and Carychium bermudense are recorded. ‘These forms

were described as fossils in the aeolian limestone. A fresh-water

fauna was formerly supposed not to exist in Bermuda, but the follow-

ing new species are now described and figured. Physa caliban,

Planorbis uliginosus, P. imus, Ancylus bermudensis, Pisidium voluta-

bundum and Paludestrina bermudensis. Mr. Vanuatta also found

fresh-water diatoms. Several other species new to Bermuda are re-

corded.

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