INDEX

ooe NAUTILUS, XXV.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Abalone, Collecting shells from the . 73

Admete from Bering Sea, A giant 19

Admete regina Dall, n. sp. 20

Aesopus goforthi Dall, n. sp. . 127

Agriolimax agrestis on Nantucket aia Sata unk . 60

Alabama, The Mollusca of Monte Sano 428

Amasira, The distribution of Oahuan species of. 13

Amastra elongata Newc. 15

Amastra heliciformis Anc. 15

Amastra reticulata Ne. ee i

Ancylus burnupi Walker . . 142

Ancylus caffer Krauss . 1389

Ancylus c. capensis Walker . 141

Ancylus c. farquhari Walker . 140

Ancylus c. gordonensis M. and P. . 140

Ancylus c. nanus Walker. . 189

Ancylus c. stenochorias M. & P. . 140

Ancylus c. trapezoideus Bttg. . 141

Ancylus connollyi Walker. . 143

Ancylus equeefensis Walker . 148

Ancylus fontinalis Walker . 144

Ancylus mooiensis Walker . 141

Ancylus gaulus Gld. . 189

Ancylus obliquus Krauss. . 140

Ancylus transvaalensis Craven . . 142

Ancylus verreauxii Bet. . 142

Ancylus victoriensis Walker . 144

Ancylus zambesiensis Walker . : : 144

Anodonta and Anodontites ; ; : 88, 91

Anodonta couperiana and A. gibboea, Notes on. . 129

( iii )

Vv THE NAUTILUS.

Anodonta complanata : ae

Anodonta cygnea. A : ; ogee

Anodontinae Ortmann : ; nee)

Argyrodonax Dall, n. g. . ; : : eo

Argyrodonax haycocki Dall, n. sp. . . 385

Argyrotheca bermudana Dall, n. sp. : 2) 186

Arion rubellus Sterki in Lake Co., Ohio . J . Ge

Arkansas shell collecting . . 40

Arkansia wheeleri Ortm. and Walk., n. sh (PI. vit 2 98

Bermuda, A new Brachiopod from . g = G6

Bermuda, A new genus of bivalves from . : . 85

Bifidaria duplicata Sterki, n. sp. : . 116

Bifidaria hordeacella, reversed . s 4 B : > 196

Boston Malacological Club ! ; ea

Brazil, Correspondence from. Sig sae

Caldera, The land Mollusca of San Mateo Pot é: er i

Californian Mollusca, New : ; me U4

Chiton aureus Spalowsky. 886

Collecting from Haddock on the Genre’ s Bankes . 104

Collecting on the Sipsey River, Alabama . : : . 84

Colorado, Land Mollusca at Tolland. : : : Ge

Colorado, Oreohelix colonies. c . 133

Congeria, On the type of . : ’ . 95

Cuba, A vacation trip to . 7 hee

Cuban collecting, An incident in. : * 40

Diplodon australis, The anatomy of . . 100

Dosidicus gigas d’Orb. : ; ; ’ ae 9

Edson, Henry M. . ; ; ; ‘ . 182

Elliptio, The generic name 4 : . 68

Epiphragmophora californensis anal the shell’ commonly

called varieties thereof . : : ; 3 , GS

Epiphragmophora fidelis . : : 2) TB 6e

Epiphragmophora infumata Gld., Note on i . 69, 94

Eupleura grippi Dall, n. sp... : LoS

Florida, Land shells of Garden Key, Dry Tortuga ee |

Glabaris . A : : scoe

Glossina, The name. ‘ : : ‘ 1: )*96

Grippina californica Dall, n. sp. ; : : ‘ . 128

Grippina Dall, n. gen... ; ; : : . 128

Haliotis pourtalesii Dall . : ; a |

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Harford, W. G. W. (obituary). j Os

Harpa, The nomenclature of . ‘ / . 65

Helix (Dentellaria) badia Fer., New color varieties . . 48

Helix badia var. roseolabrum Smith, n. var. . phas

Helix badia var. unicolor Smith, n. var. . 48

Helix hortensis var. dichroa Ckll. n. n. for beeton Ckll.

not Picard . : . 60

Helix hortensis on Long Tatandh N. ae 92, 96

Hyridella australis (Lamarck), ae wf . 100

Keep, Professor Josiah tiie and portrait). Je Ak

Lampsilis discus Lea : ujESG

Leptothyra grippii Dall, n. sp. : 20

Limax maximus on Nantucket Island 3): 60

Locomotive disk of Stylommatophora . 62

Lymnaea auricularia in Ohio . : ; ; 4 Obt

Lymnaea auricularia in Canada ; : 41160

Lymnaea florissantica, Note on. : : . 24

Lymneide of Aroostook County, Maine . ; , LOT

Lymnium, The use of the generic name . . 88

Maine pearls . ’ : . 120

Margaritana margaritifera a : ioty 11622020

Margaritana monodonta Say, Dieeeiation offi: ere ff

_ Margaritana, The use of the generic name. : 2085

Margaritanide Ortmann . 4p 66

Maryland, Land mollusks of Gumet Gonty } ajhet

Mesomphix laevigata latior Pils. d : . 125

Modiolus demissus var. plicatulus in Brookline, Mass. . 1382

Mollusks of Wellesley Island and vicinity, St. Lawrence

River . i é ; £066

Mytilopsis Conrad . : : : 20°95

Musculium declive Sterki, n. sp. . 103

Naiad, A new North American . : . 98

Naides, The classification of the Patopean: 5, 21

ated and Scalaride, New Japanese. | ‘32

New Jersey, Land shells of Atlantic City . . 36

Notes . . 11, 24, 36, 48, 59, 83, 94, 120, 132

Omphalina epuelles WG Binin : . 124

Opeas gracile (Hutton) in the United States : . 114

Oreohelix, Notes on. ‘ ; , : . 18, 188

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. : : ‘ : . 138

vl THE NAUTILUS.

Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. . 18, 136

Oreohelix yavapai Pils. . : : ./ 58

Pachycheilus violaceus Preston, Note Oy: :, ; 88

Palzoglossa n. n. for Glossina . : : : me)

Pearls in one Unio . ; . 84

Pennsylvania, Land shells of Mpcroe teas : : me

Pennsylvania, Molluscan fauna of Northampton County . 26

Physa gyrina, Notes on . ; : j . 108

Pisidia from Alabama, New : : ; ‘ : sc (WE2

Pisidium dispar Sterki, n. sp. . wan

Pisidium inornatum Sterki, n. sp. . ee

Pisidium, The cardinal teeth of. , ; 4 lee

Planorbis campanulatus smithii Baker, n. var. . ~ 148

Plaxiphora setigera . : ; : ; : . 36

Polinices pila Pils., n. sp. : : « SOE

Polygyra ibelenee alleni Weth., ae other Missouri

Helices. : : . 180

Polygyra clarkii Derdte ra Weaetites n. var. » £20

Polygyra fuscolabris Pils. ‘ . 123

Polygyra laws Lewis ; . 132

Polygyra monodon cava Pils. A Vans n. iaak : (ae

Polygyra sargentiana J. and P. : i : . 124

Polygyra smithii Clapp . : : . 122

Polygyra (Triodopsis) obstricta, fecal tor : . 60

Pseudanodonta. ‘ : : 22

Publications received ; : ; ; 8, 23, 36

Rochefortia grippi Dall, n. sp. . : . 128

Scalariide, New Japanese. , : : . 982, 41

Scala kamakurana Pils., n. sp. ; . 41

Scala pretiosa var. multivaricifera peut n. var. . 06

Scala sagamiensis Pils., n. sp. . , : . 42

Scala stigmatica Pils., n. sp... ; : é i

Spondylus echinatus Naren 3 ; pat

Squid off the California coast, Gerace of a eae ae Yi

Stenogyra subula Pfr. : ; : mae

Strombus pugilis, Notes on the Demian = : : . 109

Stylommatophora, Additional notes on the locomotive

disk of . ; : j ; ; : . "62

Texas, Drift shells fom : : : : . : . 115

Thais (Purpura), Notes on ‘ ; é ; ae!

THE NAUTILUS.

Urocoptis Elliotti Poey

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) alvearis ime n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) cioniscus Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) dilatata Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) dimidiata Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) dimidiata intermedia Torre,

n. var.

Urocoptis fe origy lostoma) fallax Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) intuscoarctata Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) proteus Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) proteus castanea Torre, n.

var.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) proteus robustaxis Torre, n.

var.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) mayajiguensis Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) mayajiguensis fulva rag

n. Var.

Urocoptis Reka lostoma) Penuedientic Meare fi, ep.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) tuba Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) turgida Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) uberrima Torre, n. sp.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) villarensis Torre, n. sp.

Unio, A new Florida :

Unio, etc., The use of the generic name

Unio ee tmanides Hrierson, n. mn. (Pl. IL):

Unio compertus Frierson, n. sp. (Pl. III).

Unio detectus Frierson, n. n. (PI. I, IT)

Unio tenuisculus Frierson, n. sp. (Pl. I, figs. 4-6)

Unio varicosus and cicatricosus, Remarks on

Unionide. : : : ‘ , ; }

Vallonia in Chicago.

Vertigo concinnula Ckll. .

Vertigo modesta parietalis Ancey

Vitrea lewisiana Clapp

Vitrea multidentata Binn.

Vitrea radiatula electrina var. PP peiaistriata Taylor

Vivipara japonica Mart.

Vivipara malleatus Rve.

Vivipara, Asiatic, in California.

Voluta junonia.

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Allen, John A. : : : . : : . 60, 120

Baker, Fred. . : : : 37, 54

Baker F.C. . ‘ ; : i) 660s

BerrySais.. |. : 2) ary

Button, Fred. L.. é , : : 7 gee

Caffrey, G. W. = aes

Clapp, Geo. H. , : 91, 94, 132

Clapp, W. F. . : . 80, 104

Cockerell, T. D. A. . 24, 58, 60, 96

Dalle WH: .. : 8, 19, 25, 61, 85, 86, 87, 127

Daniels, L. E. : ? : Bai |:

Edson (Harry), Henry M. : ; : 17, 68

Frierson, L. S. : : : : : 36, 51, 129

Gifford, E. W. A : ; ‘ ; : . oe

Goodrich, Calvin. ; , 5 A

Hand, E. E. . ; ; ; ; ; 83, 95

Hannibal, Harold . ; : ; : ee

Hedley, C. . : ; A ~ ie

Henderson, Jr., John B. ; : ; : 49, 71 cae

Hinkley, A. A. ’ ; : : i . 408

Johnson, C. W. é ; 4 : 11, 109, 132

Nylander, 0. O. .. : : ; : : . 207

Oldroyd, T. S. : ; d ; Mare (3:

Ortmann, A. EF... : b, 20, 88, 97, 100

Pilsbry. H. A. ‘ 8 12, 13, 32, 34, 36, 41, 75, 95

Ramsden, Chas. T. 88

Sampson, F. A... ; : 40, 130

Smith, H. H. ‘ : : 4 . 84, 114

Smith, Maxwell . ‘ : : : 48, 56

Sterki, V. h : : . 1, 2, 62, 92, 1038, 115

Stone, Witmer. : : ; : ; : : ae

Torre, Carlos de la. k , 42, 75

Vanatta, E. G. : : ; : : » | E2120

Walker, Bryant. J : : 57, 97

Webb, Walter F. . ; : ‘ : : ; 3

Wheeler, H. E. : 4 . ; : , 121

Williamson, Mrs. M. Berton : ‘ : : . 30

Winkley, H. W. . , : ; : . : 7

( os )

Wee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV. MAY, 1911. No. 1

THE CARDINAL TEETH OF PISIDIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

It has been asserted by earlier writers that Pisidium amnicum

Miill. and virginicum Gmel. have two cardinal teeth in the right

valve, and mainly on the strength of that character, Clessin has es-

tablished the group Fluminina. Some authors have ascribed that

feature to other species of Pistdzum, or even to all, indiscriminately and

without examination. But the whole thing is based on a misappre-

hension ; the fact‘is that the two Pisidia named have only one cardinal

tooth in the right valve (and two in the left, like all others), and con-

sequently the feature holds good not only for Pisédium, but for the

whole family, Spheriide. It might be added that if those species

had really two teeth, Flwminina would mean a distinct genus, at

least.

In young, and even many half-grown specimens, there is plainly a

single cardinal tooth, strongly curved. With advancing age there

appears an indentation in the middle (above), as the anterior and

posterior parts are growing more. They grow also in thickness, even

the thinner anterior often becomes grooved, and at the same time the

whole tooth becomes more curved, resp. angular, resembling the two

in the left valve (inversely). But a careful examination will show

that the two shanks are connected.

On the other hand, in many specimens of P. compressum Pr., vart-

abile Pr., etc., there is a more or less marked indentation in the

middle of the right cardinal.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW PISIDIA FROM ALABAMA.

BY V. STERKI.

Among the latest sending of Spheriide from Alabama and Ten-

nessee, collected by Mr. H. H. Smith and sent for examination by

Mr. Bryant Walker, there were three Pistdia which could not be

referred to any of the established species and not to each other.

The mussels are all rather small, and none shows very salient feat-

ures, but sufficient to be distinct. The type lots are in the collection

of Mr, Walker, and specimens of the same in the Carnegie Museum,

Pittsburgh, Pa. (The numbers cited are those of my special collec-

tion of Sphertide).

P. albidum, n. sp.—Mussel rather well and regularly inflated, ob-

long-rounded on the posterior margin, subtruncate, supero-anterior

slope slightly marked ; beaks barely behind the middle, little elevated,

rather small and somewhat mamillar, rounded or slightly flattened

on top; surface dull, with fine to very fine, somewhat sharp, irregu-

lar, crowded striz, smooth over the beaks; color whitish to pale

corneous with narrow straw-colored zones along the margins; shell

opaque to subtranslucent, thin; hinge rather slight, cardinal teeth

well formed: the right curved to somewhat angular, slightly thicker

at the posterior end, left anterior angular, posterior oblique, slightly

curved ; ligament rather slight and short.

Long. 3.8, alt. 3.2, diam. 2.2 mill.

Long. 2.8, alt. 2.4, diam. 2 mill.

Hab.: A spring, Sparta Branch (Murder Creek drainage), 5 miles

south of Evergreen, Ala. (Conecuh Co.). [No. 6739]. |

Most specimens in the lot were juv. to half-grown, and only few

apparently mature, yet of rather different sizes, as indicated. The

oblong outlines, dull surface with rather sharp striz, and the whitish

color are sufficient to distinguish this Pisidium.

P. dispar, n. sp—Mussel short-oval to subquadrate, medium in-

flated with the lower part somewhat flattened; beaks barely or

not behind the middle, rather small, moderately prominent; su-

perior margin somewhat curved, bounded by a rounded angle behind,

barely any in front ; surface dullish waxy, strie very fine and slight,

shallow, crowded, subregular ; color pale-grayish horn, with narrow

straw-colored marginal zones; hinge rather slight, cardinal teeth

small, the right curved, with its posterior part thicker; a deep tri-

THE NAUTILUS. 3

angular excavation below it ; left anterior somewhat angular, pointed,

the posterior oblique, slightly curved ; lateral cusps short, pointed ;

ligament rather slight.

Long. 3.3, alt. 2.8, diam. 2 mill.

Hale.: Flood pools by Murder Creek, 3 miles south-west of Ever-

green, Ala. [ No. 6742].

Of the several dozen specimens, few if any, were full-grown,

probably, all were somewhat rusty colored by a slight ferruginous

deposit—combined with the size and shape, and color, the “ waxy”

dullish surface and the very fine slight striz are sufficient to distin-

guish the species.

P. inornatum, n. sp.—Mussel small, high, well inflated; beaks

little posterior, rather large, rounded somewhat prominent; superior

margin rather short, moderately curved, bounded by angles, supero-

anterior slope steep, slightly curved, anterior end rounded, posterior

margin subtruncate at nearly right angles to the longitudinal axis,

inferior margin well rounded; surface somewhat glossy, strie fine

and slight, subregular; color pale-corneous, shell translucent; hinge

well formed, plate rather broad; cardinal teeth thin lamellar, all

situated rather high up on the plate, the right curved, its posterior

part deeply bifid; left anterior angular, posterior long, nearly longi-

tudinal, curved ; “ side”’ cusps short, pointed, rugulose; ligament

rather strong.

Long. 3, alt. 2.7, diam. 2.1 mill.

Hab.: Swampy land, Roanoke, Randolph Co., Ala, [No. 6747].

Although only about half a dozen specimens, they are sufficient to

be recognized as representing a distinct species.

A VACATION TRIP TO CUBA.

BY WALTER F. WEBB.

If you have been working too hard on the farm, or feel all run down

from the laborious duties of an active business or professional life,

my advice to you is to take the first train for New York and get

aboard one of the steamers heading towards the West Indies. It

does not matter much where you get off; Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti or

any of the islands farther south.

I went down by train and came back by boat, and the latter is the

4 THE NAUTILUS.

most restful and the cheapest. I was determined to meet my old-

time correspondent, Mr. C. T. Simpson, and look over the little

earthly paradise he has created with his own hands, on a little plot of

15 acres bordering Biscayne Bay. He has one of the most interest-

ing arboretums in the country and one cannot help but admire the

artistic beauty of it all, reflecting, as it does, the genius and taste of

the owner.

If you want to collect land shells in the West Indies, journey to

the nearest hills, cliffs, railroad cuts, etc., and you will find them in

all kinds of weather. There had been no rain in two months when I

was in Cuba last December and I expected to find collecting poor. I

I feel sure it was a poor time from a Cuban standpoint, but com-

paring it with the United States it was a veritable paradise. I

landed at my hotel in Havana at 1l a.m. All settled in two hours,

and started for one of the nearest likely points. A misty rain set in,

which lasted until 3.80, and in two hours, with the aid of a helper,

quietly picked up over one thousand perfect live specimens of as

handsome Urocoptis, of several species, Chondropoma, Oleacina,

Helicina, etc., as one would wish to see.

The next day we visited a different locality, exploring some hol-

lows in stone walls, some good cactus patches near the old ocean,

where every bit of board end rubbish we turned over revealed from 6

to 15 fine Cerion, and our catch was nearly two thousand. Mostly

Chondropoma, Cerion, Cistula, ete.

We then started for the mountains in the southwest part of the

island, Pinar del Rio province. For days we wandered among lime-

stone cliffs several hundred feet high, explored wild caves evidently

the hiding places of numerous bands of guerrilas during the eight-

year war, and each day was a repetition of the other. Every section

would contain new species different from the day before. We were

very successful with the Urocoptis, part of which were always found

on the sides of cliffs, usually within 15 feet of the ground, and about

an equal number of species were always found under stones and other

refuse. ‘The Megalomastomas were about three inches deep in the

ground, and associated with them were numerous Chondropomas and

other operculates. The Oleacinas were always under the edges of

stones. Limestone fences well isolated from hills were good collecting,

as even some of the large Helix were hiding there, as well as Liguus.

One hollow tree was well coated with good things, and they were

hiding among the cactus as well.

THE NAUTILUS. ri)

A trip to the Province of Matanzas we found to be most interest-

ing. The so-called mountains contained a large list of species and

they were easy to collect. It reminded me of the old days years ago,

when we used to go berry-picking. For hours one could walk along

the face of the cliffs, and there was always enough in sight to keep up

plenty of enthusiasm, until one was so completely tired out he was

ready to quit. I had a young farmer with me from Indiana, a

typical Hoosier, never outside of his county before, and he declared

he never was so tired in his life. I will venture to predict that after

tramping over a part of the three provinces of Cuba after snails, he

will have more to tell his rural friends than the average tourist. His

remarks about the country and people from day to day were a con-

stant source of amusement, especially when he was unable to get a

thing to eat, in the midst of plenty. A little smattering of Spanish

is a good thing to take along with you when visiting a Spanish

country. My little guide-book was sometimes more precious than

gold, for we were in several towns where we could not find a person

who spoke a word of English, and we were equally as ignorant of

Spanish.

Not feeling at all sure that the editor of Tar Nauritus will care

for such a rambling article, I will refrain from further notes; but if

any reader contemplates a trip to some of the classic collecting

grounds of the West Indies, I will be pleased to give them such in-

formation as I can, which will help to make the trip a source of

pleasure and successful as well.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUROPEAN NAIADES.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Through the courtesy of Mr. W. Israél in Gera-Untermhaus,

Germany, I have received a great number of European Naiades with

soft parts, representing practically all species known to occur in cen-

tral Europe. I do not presume to judge on the validity of the num-

erous species described by certain European writers, but rely in this

respect on the opinion of the conchologists like Kobelt, Haas, Thiele,

Israél, and others, chiefly since they are at present rather unanimous

in assuming only a limited number of species, divided into a larger

or smaller number of forms, races or varieties. The chief object of

6 THE NAUTILUS.

the present communication is to point out the essential features of

the anatomy, as far as they are of systematic value. This I deem

an urgent necessity, since to all appearance the anatomy and the

systematic relationship of the European forms is not very well under-

stood among the European writers.

Family MarGariTANID& Ortmann.

The chief differences of this family are found in the incomplete

gill-diaphragm ; in the entire lack of a tendency to approach or to

unite the mantle margins to form siphons; in the structure of the

gills, which lack regular septa running parallel to the gill-filaments,

and consequently, in the lack of the well-defined water-tubes (ovisacs

in the female); in the marsupium being formed by all four gills ; and

in the small size and globular shape of the glochidium, without true

hooks.

The only known genus is Margaritana Schumacher.

Margaritana margaritifera (Linneus). I have the soft parts of

a specimen from Thuringia (Elster River drainage).

The soft parts agree in all essential points with North American

specimens of this species collected by myself in Schuylkill Co., Pa.

I have considered the identity of the species as established.

Margaritana sinuata (Lamarck). This species is not before me.

It is the Margaritana crassa of Simpson (P. U. S. Mus. 22, ’00, p.

667). The mistake of Simpson in using the specific name eras-

sus Retzius for this species has been amply demonstrated by Kobelt

(Zur Kenntnis unserer Unionen, in: Festschr. 100-jaehr. Best.

Wetterauisch. Ges. Naturk. Hanau. 1908, p. 99, and: Simpson und

die europaeischen Najaden, in: Beitr. Kenntn. mitteleurop. Naj.,

Beil. Nachr. Bl]. deutsch. malakozool. Ges. no. 3, 1909, p. 48). Re-

cently, Haas (Nachr. Bl. etc., 4. 1910, p. 181) has created the new

genus Pseudunio for this species, and gives a description of the soft

parts. Unfortunately he fails to say anything about the gill-struc-

ture. But as far as this description goes, it is absolutely identical

with that of the soft parts of Margaritana margaritifera, and the few

differences of these two species pointed out by Haas I cannot regard

but as specific differences, Haas apparently overestimates the differ-

ences, while he underestimates the resemblances, aside from neglect-

ing entirely one of the most important characters (gill structure),

Much stress is laid upon the presence of lateral hinge teeth in

THE NAUTILUS. T

Margaritana sinuata. but I see no reason, why there should not exist

species of Margaritana with hinge teeth, in fact, this is a logical

postulate, if Margaritana in general is a primitive genus. Similar

eases of genera containing species both with and without lateral teeth

are met with, for instance, in Alasmédonta and Symphynota. ‘Thus

Pseudunio is to be regarded as a pure synonym of Margaritana, and

has nothing whatever to do with Unio. Of course, the gill structure

is yet unknown, but we have every reason to expect, that it will

prove to be like that of Margaritana margaritifera, or will be very

close to it.

Family Unionip# d’Orbigny (restr.)

This family has the following characters. The gill-diaphragm is

complete; there is a tendency to approach the mantle margins at the

point where the gill diaphragm reaches the mantle margins, and a

tendency to unite these margins above the anal opening, so as to

form an incomplete anal siphon, and leave, above it, a supraanal

opening (This tendency is absent in a few North American types).

The gills always have well-defined septa running parallel to the

filaments, thus forming more or less regular water-tubes. In the

female, in the marsupial gills, these water-tubes become ovisacs, and

are much narrower than they are in the non-marsupial gills of either

sex. The marsupium is formed either by all four gills, or only by

the outer gills, or parts of the latter. The glochidium has various

shapes, with or without hooks.

(To be concluded.)

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

The Boston Malacological Club has just closed a most interesting

season of meetings. With a membership of about thirty, the attend-

ance has averaged twenty or more. It has been a matter of surprise

to the members to see the diversity of subjects well handled by the

different speakers. An idea can be had from the following as ex-

amples. Dr. Paul Bartsch on Collecting in the Philippines; Mr. F.

N. Balch on Nudibranchs; Mr. C. W. Johnson on Distribution and

variation of Busycon and Melongena ; Mr. D. L. Belding on Economic

forms in Mass.; Mr. Arthur Way on The Life of Say. Prof. Morse

on Eyes in Lamellibranchs and other topics; Mr. Winkley on

Mollusca and Changed Climate. We have also had exhibited in-

teresting letters, photographs, drawings and specimens.

Henry W. W sY, Sec.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

W. G. W. HARFORD.

We regret to record the death in Alameda, California, March

Ist., of W. G. W. Harford, well known to all Pacific Coast natural-

ists. Mr. Harford was in the eighties and, up to a very recent date,

in the possession of all his faculties. He had been the associate of

the Trask, Veatch, Voy, Newcomb, Stearns, and other pioneer

Pacific Coast naturalists, and for a long time kept ‘bachelor’s

hall” in a small shack on Telegraph Hill, with the late beloved

botanist Dr. A. Kellogg; practically realizing the Scotch ideal of

high thinking “ on a little oatmeal.’”” He was long a curator at the

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, and earned a precarious liveli-

hood by collecting seeds, plants and other objects of Natural History,

and by minor appointments at the University and other scientific in-

stitutions. He was especially interested in Conchology and was ap-

pointed naturalist to the U. 8. Coast Survey expedition to Alaska

in 1867 under the direction of Professor George Davidson ; his re-

port is printed in the Annual Report of the U. S. Coast Survey for

1867, Appendix 18.

He printed little and his life was devoted to helping others in their

researches. Over six feet in height, of a Lincolnian gauntness, and

a pioneer style of luxuriant beard and bushy eyebrows, his familiar

figure will be missed by the old members of the California Academy,

to whose meetings he was perennially faithful.

W: OD:

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Lymnz1p2 or Norru anp MippLe AMERICA, RECENT

anp Fossit. By Frank C. Baker (Chicago Academy of Sciences,

Special publication No. 3, Feb. 15,1911.) Pages xvi + 539, 58

plates). This handsome publication is the outcome of several years

of study by Mr. Baker, in the course of which all of the large col-

lections in this country containing type specimens have been exam-

ined. Chapters on the morphology, ecology, distribution, classifi-

cation and nomenclature, and descriptions of fossil species, precede

the systematic descriptions of the recent species, 65 in number, be-

sides numerous subspecies.

85 species and varieties occur between latitude 38° and 60°; 13

occur north of 60°, 29 between 88° and 30°, and only 7 south of

THE NAUTILUS. )

30°. The 105th meridian roughly divides the eastern from the

western Lymneid fauna, only 17 species and varieties being common

to both. The highest development of the group is in the glaciated

portion of the continent.

The classification adopted presents several interesting features.

Following Dybowski and some other European authors, Mr. Baker

separates the Planorbide and Ancylidz as families distinct from the

Lymneide, on the basis of differences iu the shell and soft anatomy,

which seem amply to justify that view.

The genus Lymnea, as hitherto used in this country, is divided

into the following genera and subgenera :

Genus Lymnea Lamarck, type L. stagnalis.

“© Pseudosuccinea Baker, type L. columella.

“Radix Montfort, type L. auricularia (Europe).

“ Bulimnea Haldeman, type L. megasoma.

* Acella Haldeman, type L. haldemani (L. gracilis Jay).

“ — Galba Shrank, type L. truncatula.

Subgenus Simpsonia Baker, type L. humilis.

“© Stagnicola Swainson, type L. palustris.

“ — Leptolimnega Swainson, type L. glabra (European).

“ — Polyrhytis Meek, type 1. kingit (fossil).

Genus Pleurolimnza Meek, type L. tenuicosta (fossil).

_ The genus Galba contains nearly all of our species, Lymnzxa

and Pseudosuccinea each having two, Bulimneza and Acella each one

species. The genera are based upon quite readily recognized shell

features, and rather small but apparently constant differences in the

soft anatomy, chiefly the genitalia and teeth. The anatomical differ-

ences between the genera are not so great as are generally recognized

as generic in the land snails, since they consist mainly of differences

in the proportions of certain organs, rather than in the possession or

absence of structures ; yet their value in classification depends upon

their constancy in long series of species. Many more forms should

be dissected with this in view. At present the evidence seems to

favor recognition of the several genera in the Lymnza group defined

by Mr. Baker.

Numerous figures are given of the dentition, jaws and genitalia of

American species,—one of the most valuable features of the work.

In the terminology of the genitalia we would suggest a change, in

order that it may conform to the usage in writings on land pulmo-

10 THE NAUTILUS.

nates. The “penis sac” of Mr. Baker's descriptions is the penis,

while the non-invertible tube surmounting it, which he designates

‘penis,’ seems strictly homologous with the eptphadlus of land snails.

Since these distinctions were introduced by the writer in 1892, they

have been adopted universally by workers on land snail anatomy,

and in the interests of uniformity it seems well to use the same terms

in aquatic pulmonates.

In his attitude toward species Mr. Baker sides with the “ splitters,”

quite as frankly as Binney, in Land and Fresh-water Shell IJ, in-

clined towards the ‘“‘lumpers.”’ It may turn out that the author has

attached too much importance to local forms, and failed to make due

allowance for variation of the same specific type under varying spe-

cial conditions. Yet after all, the question is not one for a snap

judgment; the status of each form must be decided separately, and

often by local study, where the influence of local conditions on the

associated species can be taken into account. It usually turns out

that a work of this nature raises more questions than can be settled

by a generation of conchologists. One of its valuable features is in

stimulating investigation of the vast variety of forms shown to exist,

of the correlation of shell-characters with ecologic factors, etcetera.

Many new species and subspecies, most of them originally described

in this journal, are illustrated here for the first time by excellent

photographic figures, which occupy 34 of the 58 plates, the others

being devoted to anatomical and ecologic illustrations. The facts of

distribution are graphically summarized by many maps printed in

the text. BALE.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY VITRINEL-

LID # from the west coast of America, by Paul Bartsch. (Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus., vol. 39, pp. 229-234. 1911.) Cyelostroma baldridget

(Gulf of Cal.); C. miranda (San Pedro); C. adamsi (Panama); Cir-

culus liriope (Gulf of Cal.); C. diomedex (Panama); Cyclostromella

dalli (Gulf of Cal.), are the new species described.

THE RECENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS ALABINA

from the west coast of America, by Paul Bartsch. (Proc. U.S. N.

M., vol. 39, pp. 409-418. 1911.) Seven new species and two sub-

species of this genus of minute Bittium-like shells are described from

the recent and Tertiary faunas, and all of the known species are re-

viewed. Like the last paper, this is illustrated with excellent line

engravings.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

NEw SPECIES OF SHELLS COLLECTED BY Mr. JoHN MACOUN AT

BERKLEY Sounp, VANCOUVER IsLanp, B. C. By William H.

Dall and Paul Bartsch. (Canada, Dept. of Mines, Memoir no.

14-N. 1910.) In reporting upon this collection—the first to be

made on the ocean side of Vancouver Island—attention is called to

the interesting fact that the inland passages of this region, “‘ perhaps

affected by the discharge of cold water from glacier-fed streams, and

the shutting-off of the sun’s rays from the narrow passages by their

mountainous shores and prevalent fogs, is markedly of a more boreal

character” than the ocean coast. New species are described in the

genera, Leda, Bela, Mangilia, Boreotrophon, Epitonium, Turbonilla,

Odostomia and Bittium, all figured.

NOTES.

SPONDYLUS ECHINATUS Martyn.—lI have recently received from

Mr. J. H. Holmes some fine examples of Spondylus echinatus, which

also rival in size and beauty the S. pictorum of the Gulf of Cali-

fornia. One of the specimens measures five inches in length, and

Mr. Holmes writes that ‘‘ some are six inches long.”’ ‘They were ob-

tained in ten fathoms near Rock Island, one of the Anclote Keys,

Florida.—C. W. Jounson.

LYMNZA AURICULARIA IN Ont0.—On March 21st last I found

Radix auricularia L, in numbers in a marshy stream forming the

northeast border of Toledo, Ohio, less than 100 feet from Maumee

Bay, Lake Erie. The shells were in two to eight inches of water,

moving slowly about on the bottom, upon sticks, and some, afloat at

the surface, were in the position of coition. Dead shells of aurieu-

laria were found also on the marshy borders of a bayou farther to

the north. Near this bayou are several greenhouses and I am in-

formed that it is the custom of the florists to import potted azaleas

from Holland and Belgium. In this way eggs may have been

brought here and reached the open water through drains. The pres-

ence of a large colony and the indications that another exists close

by would appear to bear out the comment of Mr. Frank Collins

Baker, in his recent work upon the Lymnzide, that “there is no

reason why it (awricularia) would not thrive in the ponds and rivers

of certain favorable localities of this country.”

12 THE NAUTILUS.

It is an interesting coincidence that that fecund traveler, Bythinia

tentaculata, is the most common shell to be seen on the mud flats of

these two marsh areas.—CALvin GoopRICH.

POLYGYRA MONODON CAVA n. subsp. The shell is larger than

P. m. fraterna ; more openly umbilicate, deeply impressed or exca-

vated around the umbilicus. Parietal tooth short, its ends about

equally remote from the terminations of the lip. Fulcrum well de-

veloped, notched above and below. Whorls 5. Pilosity fine and

short, about as in P. m. fraterna. Alt. 6, diam. 10.5 mm.

Types No. 90127 A. N.S. P., from Cazenovia, Madison Co., N.

Y., collected by Messrs. Henderson, Walker, Clapp and Pilsbry,

1905.

A recent review of specimens in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences shows the existence of a rather large and openly

umbilicate race in the Transition Zone, from Maine to Minnesota,

extending into Ontario. It coincides in part with the range of P.

monodon and P. m. fraterna, but does not extend so far south. It

intergrades to some extent with fraterna, but in most cases the two

are readily separable.

In this connection it may be noted that with the exceptions of P.

m. cincta and P. m. imperforata, the several races of monodon inter-

srade more or less. The following races form a series in which each

member is connected to the forms immediately following and pre-

ceding : monodon, alicia, friersoni, fraterna, cava, cincta.

Also in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences from

the following places: Ottawa, Ontario (F. R. Latchford). Maine,

Woodland, Aroostock Co., (O. O. Nylander); Knox Co., (N. W.

Lermond) ; Fairfield (J. H. Thomson); Buckfield, Oxford Co., (John

A. Allen). Willoughby L. Vermont (A. D. Brown); Mass., (Dr.

Mighels); N. Y., Herkimer Co., (A. Bailey); Chittenango Falls ;

Cazenovia, Madison Co., (H. A. Pilsbry etc.)

Md., Foot hills of Martin’s Mt., Cumberland Co., (H. A. Pilsbry

& J. Ives). Va., Harper’s Ferry, (G. W. Tryon) Mich., Grand

Rapids (A. O. Currier); E. Saginaw, (Lathrop) Minn., near Albert

Lea, (H. Hemphill); Iowa, Des Moines, (T. Van Hyning); Mar-

shallton, (Rev. R. B. Kendig).

The lowest figures on plate 41 of Terr. Air-breathing Moll. U.

S. Vol. III, seem to have been drawn from a specimen of this

variety. —Pilsbry3& Vanatta.

mae NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV. JUNE, 1911. No. 2

THE DISTRIBUTION OF OAHUAN SPECIES OF AMASTRA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

_ The genus Amastra, comprising dull ground-snails of Achatinellid

type, is found throughout the Hawaiian group from Kauai to Hawaii,

but is rather sparingly developed on the two terminal islands, reach-

ing its maximum in the intermediate islands, where special groups

have been differentiated. In this intermediate region there have

been two main centers of evolution, the one composed of Maui,

Molokai and Lanai, the other of the single island Oahu. Common

to these two centers are the group Cyclamastra (represented by

small umbilicate species, like A. wmbilicata, now mostly extinct),

and its derivative Pterodiscus.

The two centers are roughly comparable topographically. Oahu

consists of two mountain ranges, a western (Waianae range) and a

much longer northeastern or Main Range, separated by a lower

tract, not forested, and supporting no Amastre. In the other center,

Molokai + Maui represent the Main Range of Oahu, Lanai the

Waianae range; only there has been subsidence isolating the com-

ponent ranges. This may seem an idle analogy; but it was sug-

gested by the facts of molluscan distribution. Lanai by its Amastre

holds such a relation to Molokai as the Waianae range to the west-

ern end of the main range; while Molokai, west Maui and east Maui

are almost as closely related in their Amastre as corresponding

segments of the Main Range of Oahu, if this was broken by dropping

out a few valleys in two places.

Omitting a few species of which the exact locality is unknown, and

14 THE NAUTILUS.

for the time ignoring the numerous “ varieties’ or subspecies, Oahu

has 28 species of Amastra in the Main Range, 15 in the Waianae

Range. Such a proportion seems natural in view of the comparative

magnitude of the two ranges. The species fall naturally into five

series, which may be called the wmbilicata series, the undata, the

cornea, the inflata and the spirizona series.

The wundata series belongs to the Main Range, especially its

eastern half, where it is developed in a great variety of forms. Two

of the fourteen species have been found in the Waianae range, one

of them, Amastra albolabris unchanged, and another represented

in the Waianae Range by two varieties of A. reticulata, not very

different from the presumably parent form of the species in the main

range.

The inflata series is also wide-spread in the Main Range, but one

variable species, Amastra rubens, has several varieties in the Waianae

range, and one Waianae species, A. porcus, is distinct from any in

the Main range, though probably related to A. iristis.

The small cornea series has three species, one of them fossil, in

the Waianae Range, and one very rare species, A. emulator Pils.,

has recently been turned up in the Main Range.

The spirizona series comprises seven species in the Waianae

Range. Amastra porphyrea Ne. is found also in the Main Range,

where there is moreover a distinct but related species, A. porphyros-

toma. <A, spirizona of Waianae has several varieties in the Main

Range—xznigrolabris, chlorotica—and one derivative species, A. turrt-

tella. The last is the only form which has extended into the eastern

end of the Main Range.

In dealing with groups of closely related species in limited areas

there cannot be much chance of error in holding that the region of

greatest variety and abundance of strictly localized specific forms has

been the center of differentiation of those forms. If so, it may be

seen that the undata and inflata series had their rise in the

Main Range and the cornea and spirizona series in the Waianae

Range.

To evolve so large a variety of species, many of them strongly

individualized, the two ranges must have existed as separate tracts

for along time. It favors this view that fossil forms are found in

both ranges. Whether the separation was by water, or by a land

surface unfavorable to forest-snails, we have at present no means of

THE NAUTILUS. 15

knowing. This long period of separate evolution we further infer,

was followed by a brief period of union during which forests ex-

tended from the Waianae mountains across the valley to the western

part of the Main Range. This connection must have been quite

recent, within the life of existing species, for in several cases the

same species is found in both ranges. A few forms have been

specifically differentiated since the migration, or possibly they may

have died out in the original area. At the present time the forests

have receded up the mountains, and no migration from range to

range is possible. Moreover, there has doubtless been extinction of

many forms which once inhabited the lower region.

Most of the migrating species are exceptionally virile forms, shown

by their rather wide distribution and tendency to form varieties in

their home ranges. Such are A. spirizona, A. rubens, A. reticulata,

A. crassilabrum.

In the following list of Oahuan Amastre the Main Range species

are given in the left, Waianae species in the right column. A few

species of unknown habitat and some named varieties are omitted as

unessential.2 The new names for the latest discoveries of Messrs.

Thaanum and Spalding and Dr. Cooke will be defined in the next

number of the Manual of Conchology. Names of fossil species are

prefixed thus f.

- Forms which are believed to have originated in the Main Range

are printed in Roman type; those of Waianae origin in /talics.

Main Range. Waianae Range.

(Series of A. umbilicata.)

Sola.

ft Antiqua (Ewa) ? Heliciformis Thwing.°

1 Amastra reticulata was first named from the derivative migrant in the

Waianae Range, instead of from the descendants of the parent stock in the

Main Range, a circumstance which might lead to an erroneous idea regarding

the origin of the several forms.

2 Achatinella elongata Newc., an Oahuan species, has been omitied for want

of a knowledge of the apical sculpture to fix its systematic position, It may be

a sinistral member of the spirizona group, related to A. tenuispira, or it may

possibly prove to belong to the group of A. soror.

8 Mr. Thwing has figured as Amastra heliciformis Ancey a shell resembling

Amastra agglutinans Newc., of Maui. It can hardly be Mr. Ancey’s species,

which belongs to Pterodiscus (see Manual of Conchology, pl. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3);

and is much more depressed than Thwing’s figure. See Occasional Papers

B. P. B. Museun, III, no. 1, pl. 3, fig. 17,

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Main Range. Waianae Range.

7 Extincta (loc. uncertain).

{+ Hartmani (loc. uncertain).

(Series of A. undata.)

Textilis.

Gulickiana.

Spaldingi.

7 Caputadamantis.

Pellucida.

Irwiniana.

Davisiana.

Thaanumi.

Reticulata orientalis. Reticulata.

Reticulata errans. Reticulata dispersa.

Cookei.

Transversalis.

Albolabris. Albolabris.

+ Vetusta.

Undata.

Badia.

(Series of A. cornea.)

Cornea.

+ Subcornea.

Aimulator Crassilabrum.

(Series of A. inflata.)

Rubens kahana. Rubens,

Rubens infelix. Rubens corneiformis.

Rubens seminigra. Rubens castanea.

Tenuilabris.

Tenuilabris rubicunda.

Luctuosa.

Decorticata.

Inflata.

Rubida.

Elliptica.

Tristis. Porcus.

(Series of A. spirizona.)

Frosti.

Turritella. Tenuispira.

Sptrizona acuta,

THE NAUTILUS. 17

Main Range. Waianae Range.

Spirizona nigrolabris. Spirizona.

Spirizona chlorotica.

Intermedia.

Porphyrea. Porphyrea.

Porphyrostoma. Cylindrica.

Variegata.

THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF SAN MATEO POINT, CALIFORNIA.

BY HARRY EDSON.

San Mateo Point is a heavily-wooded knoll containing about one

and one-half acres of ground, on the San Francisco bay coast mid-

way between San Mateo and Burlingame. It is practically an

island as far as the land mollusca are concerned, being entirely sur-

rounded by water and salt marsh with the exception of a wagon road

that during the rainy season, the only time the snails travel in Cali-

fornia, is covered with water most of the time, so that there has

been no very recent addition to the molluscan fauna, which is rather

large considering the area of the collecting ground, and that the

nearest place any molluscs are found is over three miles away with

the town of San Mateo and the salt marsh intervening.

List OF SPECIES.

Epiphragmophora arrosa, Gould, found in large numbers on the

western or bay side exposure. I was unable to find any on the

opposite side.

This species showed a very great variation, running from a very

dark shell with no superior color band to a light-colored shell with

dark band, also an albino form some without any band and others

banded, one of the Jatter had a bright orange band.

Epiphragmophora nickliniana, Lea. This shell was found rather

sparingly, buried under the debris in some small water channels

running from the center of the point.

Circinaria vancouverensis, Lea, a few specimens found on the

west side.

Circinaria duranti, Newce., found on a little hill in the center of

the point that the Indians had evidently used as a place to hold clam

bakes,

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Punctum conspectum, Bland, found in large numbers around the

roots of the Eucalyptus trees on the east side.

Zonitoides minuscula, Binney, found at the roots of the Eucalyp-

tus trees.

Mr. E. W. Gifford! reported finding Hpiphragmophora fidelis,

Gray, at San Mateo Point, but I regard this as erroneous as the

farthest south it is known is the form infumata, Gould, found as

far south as Santa Rosa. As there is no land connection between

there and San Mateo Point, the only explanation would be that

they were washed into the bay on a log or a tree and drifted to the

point; but this is highly improbable, as they would have to stand

immersion in the salt water for many days, and IJ am positive that it

does not occur there now, so it is quite probable that he mistook one

of the light forms of Epiphragmophora arrosa, Gld., for fidelis, Gray.

NOTES ON OREOHELIX.

BY L. E. DANIELS.

During the fall of 1909 in company with J. H. Ferriss, I collected

snails in the Kaibab Mountains and the Grand Canyon of the Colo-

rado. Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. was the most abundant

species north of the canyon, O. yavapaz Pils., on the south side.

A few notes may be of interest to the readers of Tae NAvuTILus.

Oreohelix is viviparous, and when cleaning the shells if I observed

one that was gravid I made note of the number and color of the

embryos.

The first Oreohelix s. depressa collected was on August 28th on

Powell Plateau, and when cleaned nearly one-third were found to be

gravid, with from four to eight young in each shell, the young con-

sisting of from one and one-half to two and one-half whorls; all of

the adult shells were brown with dark bands, and the young were all

brown. Very few of the embryonic shells show bands and then only

a faint trace.

The last station, Spectacle Cove in the Grand Canyon, was col-

lected on October 23d, the number taken was 456 O. yavapai.

Only ten were gravid, or one in forty-five. Six of these contained

two, three contained three and one four embryos. This lot was

1Nauritus, XIV, page 144, 1901.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

hibernating and was not cleaned until January 15th after returning

home. Of this lot of ten shells, six were brown with darker stripes,

and four were white or albino. Five of the brown shells contained

brown embryos of from two to three in each, the other brown shell

contained three brown and one white; two of the white contained

two brown each; one white contained two brown and one white, and

the remaining white one contained two white. Whether the small

number in each shell of this lot tends to show that a portion of the

embryos may have been extruded and the remainder would have

been carried until the returning spring, I cannot say, or it may be

that this particular colony would not produce as many young, as the

adult shells are not more than two-thirds the size of those from most

of the other stations.

At a station in Quaking Asp Canyon, Kaibab Mountains, four of

the shells of Oreohelix strigosa depressa were gravid, three brown

with dark bands and one white. One brown shell contained five

brown; one brown contained nine brown; the other brown shell

contained three brown and two white, and the white shell contained

five brown and two white embryos. These shells were hibernating,

and they were collected on October 14th and opened January 15th,

1910.

At twelve stations taken at random the number of young ranged

between five and twelve from each shell. One shell from another

Station contained twenty embryos. All of the shells taken at these

thirteen stations were brown with dark bands and the embryos were

all brown.

In this connection I might say that in the fall of 1907 I collected

in the Huachuca Mountains. The species of Oreohelix there being

strigosa concentrata (Dall) and strigosa huachucana (Pils.). I did

not see a single albino and none among the embryos.

Query: In the light of the above notes what is to be done with

varieties alba and rubra among the species of snails.

A GIANT ADMETE FROM BERING SEA.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Among the collections made by me more than thirty-seven years

ago in Bering Strait and at Plover Bay on the Siberian side of the

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Strait a number of species of shells were procured, some of which

are widely distributed in the boreal seas while others are local.

Many of the specimens were exceptionally large, larger than others

of the same species collected elsewhere. In sorting the material,

which has been all these years in alcohol, a remarkable new species

of Admete was found, of which the description follows :

ADMETE REGINA 0. sp.

Shell large, solid, white, with a coffee-colored periostracum and

five or more whorls, the apex in every case being more or less

eroded ; spiral sculpture of fine, even-channeled grooves with flat-

tened or even slightly concave wider interspaces, covering the whole

shell except a space between the suture and the shoulder of the

whorls; there are about two grooves and an interspace to a milli-

meter; axial sculpture of a few feeble often more or less obsolete,

irregular, low plications, not quite reaching the middle of the whorl ;

suture very deep but not channeled; whorls moderately rounded ;

base attenuated, with a narrow, deep umbilical perforation ; outer

lip simple, hardly thickened, throat white, smooth, body with a

smooth, white layer of callus; pillar concavely arcuate, with six or

more feeble plaits, the anterior end of the pillar projecting over a

deep notch.

Height of shell 36, last whorl 27, of aperture 20, max. diam.

22 mm.

Type No. 221473, U.S. N. Mus.; dredged in Plover Bay in 25

fms., hard bottom, by W. H. Dall in 1874.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUROPEAN NAIADES.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

(Concluded from page 7).

I have divided the family Unionide into three subfamilies, only two

of which are found in Europe (compare: Nautilus, 23, Febr. 10, p.

114-120).

Subfamily: Unrton1in Swainson (restr.)

Supraanal opening rarely not separated from the anal, generally

well separated. Marsupium formed by all four gills, or only by the

outer ones, when charged only moderately swollen, and its edge not

THE NAUTILUS. 21

distending. No secondary watertubes developed within the marsu-

pium. Glochidia rather small, either semioval or semielliptic, with-

out hooks, or subtriangular, with hooks.—These forms have a short

breeding season.

The typical genus is Unio Retzius, of which the European species

Unio pictorum (Linnzus) is the type.

Unio pictorum (Linneus). A large number of specimens is at

hand, from various parts of Germany and Hungary, representing

several ‘ forms.”

The anatomy is typical for the family: the supraanal is well sepa-

rated from the anal by rather long mantle-connections. The mar-

supium is formed by the outer gills alone, and according to the struc-

ture of the edge of the gill, it does not seem capable of distending,

when charged.

No gravid females are at hand, but according to various authors,

the breeding season is short, and the glochidia are subtriangular,

with hooks.

This latter character distinguishes the European genus Unio from

the genus bearing the same name in North America. In addition,

in the latter, the mantle-connection between the anal and supraanal

is generally shorter, and the shell chiefly the beak sculpture, is fun-

damentally different. Thus we cannot place the North American

‘species in the same genus, and I have concluded to use for them

the name Hihptio Rafinesque.

Unio tumidus Retzius (about 10 specimens from Germany and

Hungary at hand); U. crassus Retzius (many typical specimens from

Thuringia), and the probably conspecific forms: batavus Maton &

Racket (5 specimens from Germany and Hungary), and consentaneus

Rossmaessler (one male from Bavaria), have essentially the same

anatomical structure as U. pictorum. A specimen of U. batavus

from Hungary had the outer gills partly filled with eggs. No lateral

water-tubes were observed.

Subfamily : ANoponTIN& Ortmann.

Supraanal always well separated from the anal opening, generally

by a very long mantle-connection. Marsupium formed only by the

two outer gills, when charged greatly swollen, and an extra thickness

of tissue at the edge permits them to distend. Within the water-

tubes of the marsupial gills, lateral (secondary) water-tubes, lying

22 THE NAUTILUS.

toward the faces of the gill, are developed during the breeding sea-

son, while only the central part of each original water-tube is used

as ovisac. The ovisacs are closed also at the base of the marsupium.

Glochidia rather large, subtriangular, with hooks.—These forms

have a long breeding season.

Also of this subfamily, the typical genus is European, and the

type-species is Anodonta eygnea (Linnzus) of Europe.

Anodonta cygnea (Linneus). I have a large number of speci-

mens, of both sexes, the females sterile or gravid, with eggs as well

as with glochidia, in my hands. They represent various forms of

this polymorphous species (piseinalis, fluviatilis, anatina, cellensis

etc.), but I agree with certain European writers in regarding them

all as one species. At any rate, in the anatomical structure, they

are all alike.

The soft parts of this species correspond to the characters given for

the subfamily above in every detail, and it is not necessary to describe

them again, except to make the .statement that the anal and supra-

anal openings are separated by a very long interval. It may also be

mentioned that I possess slides of this species, which show the for-

mation of the lateral water tubes of the marsupium most beautifully,

rendering it beyond doubt that these tubes are actually cut off from

the original water-tubes.’

Anodonta complanata Rossmaessler. I have six specimens from

Bavaria, among them two males, one sterile, and three gravid fe-

males, the latter with glochidia.

The structure of the soft parts is absolutely like that of A. eygnea

in all essential points. For this species the genus Pseudanodonta has

been created by Bourguignat, which recently has been taken up as

valid by Haas (Najadenfauna des Oberrheins, in: Abh. Senckenberg.

Naturf. Ges. 32, 1910, p. 170, and Pr. Malacol. Soc., g., 1910, p.

110). The characters originally given by Bourguignat, and added

to by Germain (see Haas), are taken from the shell, and, aside from

the compressed shape of the latter, are entirely ¢maginary. Later

on, the shape of the glochidia was added (Schierholz) as a further dif-

ference, and (by Clessin) the structure of the gills, in terms which

1 An epithelial fold each on two opposing faces of two septa grows into the

lumen of the water-tube, and these two folds come into contact. In this spe-

cies I have not seen them firmly united, as in other species, although this un-

doubtedly will be the case when they are tully developed,

THE NAUTILUS. 23

are hard to understand, and the meaning of which can only be

guessed. The latter were referred to by subsequent writers by the

mysterious words that there are ‘‘ anatomical ”’ or ‘‘ histological” dif-

ferences. My own investigations have convinced me that all ana-

tomical or histological elements in the gill-structure of A. complan-

ata are essentially the same as in A. eygnea, the only actual differ-

ence being a slighter development of the interlamellar tissue in A.

complanata. And further, the shape of the glochidium is indeed

slightly different, that of A. cygnea being a little larger, and higher

in proportion to length. For the rest, A. complanata is absolutely

like A. eygnea, and the general shape of the shell, chiefly the con-

formation of the beaks and their sculpture, indicates clearly that A.

complanata is not only a true Anodonta, but also belongs to the same

group of the genus, of which A. cygnea is the type (as distinguished,

for instance, from the North American group of A. grandis). The

very slight differences in the anatomy alluded to above, and in the

glochidium, cannot be regarded as of more than specific value.

Pseudanodonta, consequently, is a synonym of Anodonta, and I must

confess that I rarely have come across a more useless and superfluous

genus.

I hope to find occasion, in the future, to give a more detailed and

illustrated account of the European forms discussed here, and very

likely shall do so in connection with my studies of the soft parts of

a number of North American forms, in which I am now engaged.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Recent anpD Fosstt MOLLusks OF THE GENUS CERITHI-

OPSIS FROM THE West Coast or America. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, May 8, 1911). Former work on

the forms is reviewed, followed by a classification of the species into

the subgenera Cerithiopsis proper, Cerithiopsina, Cerithiopsidella and

Cerithiopsida, based upon characters of the embryonic and early

neanic whorls. Of 44 species known from the west coast of North

and South America, five occur only fossil, and 25 are described as

new. All the species are illustrated by photographic figures. It is

an important work on a difficult and hitherto little-known genus.

New SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM Bermupa. By W. H. Dall

24 THE NAUTILUS.

and Paul Bartsch (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, May 8, 1911).

The new forms are:

Mitra haycocki. Cerithiopsis movilla.

Columbella somersiana. Cerithiopsis ara.

Aclis bermudensis. Cerithiopsis pesa.

Turbonilla bermudensis. Fissuridea bermudensis.

Turbonilla peilei. Odostomia nioba.

Turbonilla haycocki. Ischnochiton bermudensis.

Columbella somersiana is a remarkably large form of the Merca-

toria group, described from an immature shell 24 mm. long. All

the species are well illustrated.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIFIC Wrirines oF R. E. C.

STteaRNS. By Miss Mary R. Stearns; with biographical sketch by

William H. Dall (Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, no. 18, 1911).

156 papers are recorded as published during a long life of varied scien-

tific activities, 111 relating to Mollusca, the others divided between

Ceelenterata, Agriculture, Forestry, Ethnology, et cetera. Many of

Dr. Stearns’s shorter articles were published in the Nautitus. A

good portrait, probably sat for about 1895, illustrates this paper,

which will be especially useful to those working with west coast

mollusks.

NOTES.

Note on Lymnea florissantica. In his very valuable work on the

Lymnzide, Mr. F. C. Baker has made a curious error in reference

to Lymnea florissantica. I sent him a photograph I happened to

have representing the cast of the body whorl of the type, in the

American Museum of Natural History. Through some misunder-

standing, he figured as the fossil a shadow on the photograph, which

accidentally resembles a shell. We have here at the University of

Colorado the reverse of the specimen photographed, showing the

outline nearly complete, the spire, etc., and also a more perfect but

smaller specimen collected since. These confirm my original con-

ception of the shell, and show that it does not at all resemble Z.

palustris. It is proposed to publish good figures in connection with

a general account of the fossil land and freshwater mollusca of Colo-

rado, later in the year.

It is worth while to add that LZ. florissantica shows a very strong

general resemblance to Lymnaea pachygaster (Thomé), which I col-

lected in the Miocene beds at Wangen, Baden, the year before last.

The types of 4. seuddert and sieverti are at the American Museum

of Natural History, not at the University of Colorado, as Mr. Baker

has it.—T. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado, Boulder.

mee NAUTILUS.

VOLE. Sov

JULY, 1911. No.3

A NEW LEPTOTHYRA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM Hd. DALL.

Mr. C. W. Gripp, of San Diego, Cal., recently obtained from a

fisherman a stone hauled up on a fishing-line from the rock-cod banks

off the entrance to San Diego harbor, in 100 to 150 fathoms. On

this stone, beside corallines, annelids, etc., were several mollusks,

Placobranchus ( Oscaniella?) californicus Dall, Crepidula nummaria

Gould, a Saxicava and two specimens of a Leptothyra, which is un-

described and markedly different from any other species of that

genus known to the Coast. Both specimens were immature, but the

older one lacks merely the thickening of the aperture which comes

with maturity. Both contained the operculum.

Leptothyra grippti n. sp.

Shell small, solid, of about five whorls; the apex slightly flattened,

nepionic whorls one and a half, small, nearly smooth, whitish; sculp-

ture on the spire on the second whorl three, increasing to five on the

last whorl, strong, prominent, squarish spiral cords, articulated in the

type with crimson and white, the interspaces at first smooth, on the

later whorls with one to three interealary much smaller spiral threads;

on the last whorl between the peripheral cord and the next posterior

cord five uniform fine threads, though this feature is probably vari-

able; base flattened, translucent white, with one articulated crimson

and white color band around the umbilical region, which is also white;

pillar broad, white, with one prominent knob of callus in the middle

of it; throat brilliantly pearly; the whorl is laid slightly above the

26 THE NAUTILUS.

peripheral cord, which is covered by the advancing whorl; body

color crimson; faint spiral striz on the flattened base; axial sculpture

only of incremental lines. Height of shell 6.25; of last whorl 4.0;

max. diameter 6.0 mm. Operculum as usual in the genus, with

about three whorls.

THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

BY G. W. CAFFREY.

So far as is known to the writer no list of the mollusca of this

county has been published up to this time. The species named in

the following list have been found within the county, and nearly all

occur in the vicinity of Bethlehem, as well as in other localities

explored.

Helix appressa Say, described by Hartman in ‘* Conchologica

Cestrica’’ as occurring ‘‘under flat stones on the Lehigh River,”

has not been found by the writer, though diligently sought along that

stream from Bethlehem to its confluence with the Delaware River at

Easton.

The physical conditions in the Lehigh Valley and adjacent lands

are favorable to the development of the shell-bearing mollusea, lime-

stone being abundant, and the waters strongly impregnated with that

mineral. The limestone cliffs, old quarries and abandoned lime-

kilns found on nearly every farm, afford good collecting ground for

FHelicide and Pupillide.

LIMACID2.

Limax marimus L. Bethlehem.

Limaz agrestis Mull. Bethlehem, W. L. King.

Limax campestris Binn. Bethlehem.

ZONITIDE.

Gastrodonta gularis Say. One specimen in drift on Monocasy

Creek.

Gastrodonta suppressa Say. Monocasy Creek.

Zonitoides nitida Mill. Bank of Monocasy Creek.

Vitrea cellaria Mill. Rare, West Bethlehem, bank of Monocasy

Creek, W. L. King.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Common.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Vitrea indentata Say. Uncommon, Bethlehem.

Vitrea viridula Mke. (radiatula Alder). Rare, Bethlehem.

ENDODONTID&.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Common, Bethlehem. Specimens of

a creamy-white, lacking the usual markings, have been found on the

Monocasy Creek.

Pyramidula striatella Anthony. Common, Bethlehem.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Quarries and limey situations, Beth-

lehem.

HELICIDA,

Polygyra (Mesodon) thyroides Say. Frequent, Bethlehem.

Polygyra (Mesodon) albolabris Say. Common, Bethlehem.

Polygyra (Triodopsis) tridentata Say. Common, Bethlehem.

Polygyra ( Triodopsis) introferens Bland. A single specimen (not

inflecta), Bethlehem.

Polygyra (Stenotrema) monodon fraterna Say. Common, Beth-

lehem.

Polygyra (Stenotrema) hirsuta Say. Common, Bethlekem.

Vallonia pulchella Mill. Common, Bethlehem.

Vallonia costata Mill. Not common, Bethlehem.

PUPILLIDA.

Pupa armifera Say. Very common, Bethlehem.

Pupa marginata Say (fallax Binney), Numerous in one locality,

Bethlehem.

Pupa contracta Say. Common, Bethlehem.

Pupa pentodon Say. One or two specimens, Bethlehem, W. L.

King.

Pupa corticaria Say. Under bark of dead willow tree, Monocasy

Creek, rare, Bethlehem.

Vertigo ovata Say. Rare, Bethlehem.

Vertigo milium Gould. Two specimens, Bethlehem.

FERUSSACID.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. (Ferussacia subcylindrica Auct.). Under

decaying leaves, woods north of Bethlehem.

Caecilionella acicula Miill. Lehigh Mountain, contiguous to

Fountain Hill Borough, spreading from greenhouses; also found by

Mr. W. L. King in his yard in Bethlehem.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

SUCCINEID.

Succinea obliqua, Say. Common, Bethlehem.

Succinea avara Say. Damp meadows on Monocasy Creek.

PHILOMYCID&.

Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. Freemansburg, Pa.

AURICULIDA.

Carychium exiguum Say. Bethlehem.

LIMNAEID&.

Limnaea catascopium Say. Monocasy Creek, unusually large

specimens taken, measuring, length 26, diam. 15 mill.

Limnaea desidiosa Say. Monocasy Creek.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, common.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Lehigh River, not common.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Canal and pond, Bethlehem.

ANCYLIDZ.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Delaware River, Easton, Pa.

PHYSID&.

Physa heterostropha Say. All streams.

Physa ancillaria Say. Monocasy Creek.

VALVATIDE.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Monocasy Creek, common.

Valvata bicarinata Lea. Pond, Bethlehem.

AMNICOLIDA.

Amnicola decisa Hald. Canal, Bethlehem.

Amanicola granum Say. Lehigh River.

Somatogyrus altilis Lea. Lehigh River.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Monocasy Creek, not common.

VIVIPARIDA.

Campeloma decisum Say. Lehigh River and Monocasy Creek

common.

Lioplax subcarinata Say. With the preceding species, common.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

PLEUROCERIDA.,

Goniobasis virginica Gmel. Shells badly eroded in the Lehigh

River, but perfect and large among rocks at the mouth of Monocasy

Creek.

SPHARIIDA.

Spherium simile Say. Mouth of Monocasy Creek, common.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Saucon Creek (W. L. King).

Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Lehigh River, Delaware River

(King).

Pisidium compressum Prime. Lehigh River.

UNIONID&.

Unio complanatus Sol. Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, common.

Unio ochraceus Say. Delaware River, common.

Margaritana marginata Say. Delaware River, common.

Anodonta fluviatilis Lea. Lehigh Canal; also ponds in the vicinity

of Bethlehem.

NEW FLORIDA UNIO.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

- No very clear idea of the Unio coruscus could exist because it

has never been figured. Through the courtesy of Mr. Van Name,

of the State Museum of New York, an accurate photograph of the

type shell is herewith given to readers of the Naurrius (Plate I,

figs. 1, 2, 3).

Mr. Van Name having also kindly compared suites of Florida

Uniones with Gould’s shells (three in number), an undescribed shell

has been found which is herewith described.

UNIO TENUISCULUS n. sp. Plate I, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell transversely elliptical, rather solid, quite small, being the

smallest member of the great buckleyi group yet published ; smooth,

eradiate (except when quite young), brown-olive, shining on the

sides, the posterior area rough and dull; dorsal and basal margins

nearly parallel (the former a little arched in some examples). Pos-

terior point low and widely biangulate ; truncate in front. Nacre

purple and salmon-colored. Teeth double in left, single in right

valve, quite stout. Length 364, alt. 20, dinm. 144 mm.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

The shell is differentiated from U. coruscus by being smaller ; by

its parallel outline ; by its posterior point being lower and more

biangular. In proportion to size, it is heavier in texture, and when

perfect shells of both are compared, it is not so shining as is coruscus.

The squarely built anterior end is a character common to a number

of Florida Uniones.

The habitat is Reedy Lake, Polk Co., Florida, in the Gulf

drainage. Specimens in cabinets of Mr. Bryant Walker, of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in my own.

A plate illustrating the type of U. coruseus Gld. and this species

will appear in the next number.

NOTE ON THAIS (PURPURA).

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON,

Having recently received a fine series of American Thais or Pur-

pura from Mr. Henry Hemphill, the well-known student of variation

in shells, it occurred to me that his notes on these shells would be of

interest to the readers of the Nautitus. The shells, compr‘sing

over fifty varieties of form, sculpturing, color, etc., were collected by

Mr. Hemphill on the coast of Maine, Puget Sound, Washington,

Oregon and California.

As the earlier readers of the NauTiLus are aware, Mr. Hemphill

takes one species as the type of a group, and around this type he

places other species as types of varieties.

Many years ago P. P. Carpenter and George W. Tryon ' noted

the strong resemblance between Purpura lapillus L. of the eastern

coast of North America, and P. saxicola Val. of the Pacific shore.

Mr. Hemphill, while agreeing with them, would group our west

coast species around P. Japillus L. as the progenitor of the whole

series. He compares shells he collected on the coast of Maine with

P. saxicola of the west coast, and a tray of these shells are, as he

says, ‘almost identical in every respect with Tomales Bay, Cali-

fornia, specimens.”” These selected specimens are puzzling indeed

when we consider the geographical area from which they were

collected.

1 Manual of Conchology, Vol. II.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Mr. Hemphill’s conclusions, as shown in the study collection re-

ceived from him, would be, in the grouping of the west coast Thavs,

as follows: Purpura lapillus L.; var. ostrina Gld., P. var. emarginata

Desh., P. var. saxicola Val., P. var. lima Mart., P. var. septen-

trienalis Rve., and P. var. erispata Rve. Variations, globose,

banded, etc., and color-variations very naturally are grouped under

each named variety, and present a series of variations typical of the

painstaking that has always been accorded this veteran conchologist

of the Californian coast.

FURTHER NOTES ON ASIATIC VIVIPARAS IN CALIFORNIA.

BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.

In Tue Naovtitus, V, 1892, p. 114 and VI, 1892, p. 51, W. M.

Wood reported Paludina japonica from the Chinese markets of San

Francisco. The writer has had an opportunity to examine some of

these specimens in the collection of W. S. Raymond, and they prove

to be Viviparus malleatus Rve., having been compared with malleatus

received under that name from Frederick Stearns at a time when

the Japanese Viviparas were was less known than at present.

Stearns (Nautitus, XV, 1901, p. 91) reported V. stelmaphora

(= malleatus) sent by Mrs. A. E. Bush, a shell enthusiast now

dead, ‘‘ from seven or eight miles from San José” (probably in the

Artesian Belt), and “a little valley at the foot of Mount Hamilton.”

The latter locality is probably erroneous; it has not been verified,

and the specimens seem to have passed through several hands. In

1908, the writer (Nauritus, XXII, p. 33) noted V. lecythoides

from the Artesian Belt between San José and San Francisco Bay.

Comparison with specimens from Nagasaki, Japan, proves this also

to be malleatus, and it is figured under that name in the 1910 edition

of West American Shells, PI. iii, fig. 8.

It is abundant at a number of points in the Artesian Belt since

this was at one time an extensive berry district where celestials were

employed. The species was brought from Yokohama and originally

planted between Alameda and Centerville to supply the markets

about San Francisco Bay where they bring 20 cents a dozen accord-

ing to Wong, a Chinese merchant, whence colonies have been dis-

32 THE NAUTILCS.

tributed to a number of points in the Sacramento-San-Joaquin

Valley as well. This is verified by specimens from an irrigating

ditch near Fresno received from C. E. Jenney. It may be expected

to turn up elsewhere.

A few days ago on a visit to the Coalinga Oil Fields a lengthy

wait at Hanford was necessary to make train connections. While

other passengers sat about with bored expressions or searched the

town for amusements, the writer welcomed it as an opportunity to

go forth in search of the elusive snail and walked out of town about

half a mile east to a dry irrigating ditch. This had recently been

prolific of molluscan life, and while scratching in the dried weeds for

Pisidia a specimen of another Vivipara was found. Pisidia were

forgotten and a systematic ‘‘ muckraking”’ of every weed up and

down the ditch for a hundred yards was only interrupted by the roar

of the coming train. The spoils proved to be Vietpara japonica

Mart., a number of which were still alive, though the ditch from all

evidences had been dry for months.

V. japonica may be readily distinguished from malleatus by its

sharper more acute spire, flatter whorls and fine spiral striae instead

of the four lines of revolving punctures. The carinate base is

usually retained throughout life while in all introduced malleatus

seen it becomes obsolete before maturity is reached.

The Japanese, who are also fond of these, call them Tanisha or

rice snails.

Pilsbry and Johnson (Nautixius, VII, 1894, p. 144) note that

Taylor reporis Paludina japonica (= Vivipara) from the Chinese

markets of Victoria, B. C.

NEW JAPANESE NATICIDAE AND SCALARIIDAE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Polinices pila, n. sp.

The shell is umbilicate, globular, with a short, conic spire ; brown

with lighter streaks, and partially covered with a very thin cuticle,

worn from the back, which is somewhat flesh-colored. The surface

is smooth except for fine, faint growth-lines which are strongly re-

THE NAUTILUS. ao

tractive below the suture, and very faint, fine spiral striz. Whorls

54, the earlier ones worn, blue, scarcely convex, the last 2 or 24

flattened below the suture, then convex ; last whorl is somewhat con-

cave below the suture, elsewhere well rounded. The aperture is only

slightly oblique, half-circular, brown inside, with a white band within

the acute lip, which is built forward near the upper insertion. The

columella is white, rather thick, with a very weak, low lobe partially

filling the umbilicus, above which a lobe projects angularly forward

and is appressed to the shell wall. The parietal wall is almost nude

in the middle but has a heavy white callus in and below the posterior

angle of the aperture. The umbilicus is narrow.

Alt. 41.5, diam. 35.5 mm.

The operculum is thin, rich chestnut-colored, somewhat concave

outside in dry specimens, with the nucleus near the columellar mar-

gin, as usual. It seems to comprise about 24 whorls.

Akkeshi, Kushiro. Cotypes no. 97973 A. N.S. P., and no. 1706

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This form belongs to the subgenus Lunatia. It differs from the

young stage of P. lewisdi by the shape and uniform whiteness of the

columellar callus (pla, a ball).

Polinices bathyraphe nv. sp.

The shell] is small, openly umbilicate, globose, white under a thin

light yellow cuticle. The spire is very short and low, the early

whorls white and worn. The suture is deeply impressed, and in

the last whorl conspicuously channelled. ‘The surface is shining,

marked with fine growth-lines and minute spiral strize, which are

strongest around the umbilicus. There are 84 convex whorls, the

last very large, flattened and depressed at the suture, elsewhere con-

vex. The umbilicus is large and open. Aperture very obiique,

half round, white within. Outer and basal lips are thin and sharp.

Columella concave, obtuse and simple below, but above, in the um-

bilical region, it dilates, forming a small, slightly thickened lobe, to

some extent arching over the umbilicus, and adnate above. The

parietal wall is very short, white, and heavily calloused throughout.

Length 6, diam. 6.5 mm.; longest axis of the aperture 5.3 mm.

Fukura, Awaji, Cotypes no 97974 A. N.S. P., and no 1676 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

A miniature Polinices, resembling P. montagui Forbes and P.

pallida B. & §., but very distinct by its conspicuously excavated

suture (bathyraphe, deep suture.)

SCALA STIGMATICA D. sp.

Allied to S. maculosa Adams & Reeve. The shell is barely

rimate, white, marked below the perifery with oblique oval brown

spots in each inter-lamellar space, and sometimes with a few faint

ones above the perifery. These spots are not sharply defined, but

fade at their edges. The spire is straightly conic; embryonic whorl

or whorls wanting in the specimens seen. Succeeding whorls are

well rounded, separated by deep sutures. The last one or one and

a half whorls are so deeply separated that they seem to be in

contact only at the ribs. There is a very minute sculpture of fine,

close, unequal engraved spiral lines in the intercostal spaces. The

ribs are rather low and narrow, without points at the shoulder, or

with them very indistinct; at irregular intervals there are larger,

heavier ribs. Each of the last two whorls has eight ribs. The

aperture is oblique, short-oval ; peristome continuous, with a strong

lip-varix.

Length 24, diam. 84 mm.; whorls remaining 94.

Length 204, diam. 85 mm.; whorls remaining 10.

Fukura, Awaji, Japan. Cotypes no. 88318 coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila., from no. 1571 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species was determined as new in 1904, and was sent out

under the above name by Mr. Hirase. Subsequently I thought it

might be a form of S. maculosa A. and R., and the description was

therefore withheld. Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who received specimens

from Mr. Hirase, has kindly informed me that it is quite distinct.

S. stigmatica is ‘*much larger than S. maculosa, whorls more

rounded, ribs more distant, and not at all angular or aculeated”’ at

the shoulder.

(To be continued.)

LAND SHELLS OF ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

During August, 1909 and May, 1910, the writer spent two or

three afternoons exploring certain small groves or copses standing in

THE NAUTILUS. ap

the midst of the salt marshes which separate the coast islands from

the mainland of New Jersey. Those visited lie perhaps a half mile

out on the salt marsh from the inside or north shore of Ventner, a

suburb of Atlantic City. They are elevated a few feet above the

level of the surrounding marsh, and support a varied association of

plants. In one place a single large holly tree stands in a thicket of

low shrubs,/poison ivy, etc., the whole only a few rods in extent.

Here were found

Polygyra albolabris maritima (Pils.). Coehlicopa lubrica (Miuill.).

Vallonia perspectiva (Sterki). Pupilla muscorum (L.).

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Bifidaria contracta (Say).

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Bifidaria pentodon (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Vertigo milium (Gld.).

This place, on a subsequent visit, was found deeply buried in

sand, drifted from the surrounding area of made land, where it bas

been pumped out of the inlet.

Further eastward, and separated trom the preceding by about half

a mile of salt marsh, there is a narrow but rather long and sparse

grove or copse of cedars, with dense underbrush of wild rose, poison

ivy, sumac, grape, pokeberry, etc., etc. This is directly opposite

Vassar Place, Ventner, and perhaps a half mile out in the marsh.

Here were found:

Vallonia perspectiva (Sterki). Pupoides marginata (Say ).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Pupilla muscorum (L.).

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Bifidaria contracta (Say).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Bifidaria pentodon (Say).

In another place near by the same species were found with the

addition of Vertigo milium Gld. and the shells of Agriolimazx.

It is not easy to say how these snails reached such isolated spots,

especially since few if any of them are to be found in the interior of

New Jersey. The occurrence at sea level of such northern forms as

Pupilla muscorum and Cochlicopa is anomalous. With them there

is one distinctly southern species, Vallonia perspectiva, never before

reported from New Jersey or any other point of the Atlantic coastal

plain.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Reports on Mo.iusKxs.—Two interesting reports on the mol-

lusk fisheries of Massachusetts have been published during the past

year by the Massachusetts Commission on Fisheries and Game.

The reports represent a three-year investigation of the life, habits

and methods of culture of the clam, quahaug, oyster and scallop.

The work was done by Mr. David L. Belding, biologist. The sub-

ject is treated very thoroughly, with an account of their former natu-

ral abundance, historical wastefulness, present conditions and the

possibilities of development. ‘‘ Thousands of acres once productive

lie barren, and we have but a remnant of the former abundant yield.”

Massachusetts fishermen to-day receive an annual income of $685,705

from the shell fisheries, which approximately cover a productive area

of 40,000 acres. It is estimated that when the present vast areas

are again made productive the value of the annual catch should be

increased tenfold.

NOTES.

Chiton aureus Spalowsky, Prodromus in Systema Historicum Tes-

taceorum (Wien, 1795), p. 88, pl. 13, figs. 6a, 6b, “‘ Vaterland die

Siidsee (von der Insel Otaheiti?)” seems to be the common Magel-

lanic Plaxiphora setigera, and is the oldest name for that species.

It is described in a rare book, recently acquired by the Academy of

Natural Sciences, and which I do not remember to have seen re-

ferred to in any other work. The figures are excellent in drawing

and beautifully colored, much like those of Born. Most of them

represent well-known species of Linnwus and Gmelin.—H. A.

PILSBRY.

Nore on Lampsivis piscus (Lea.)—It may be worth while to

record a lapsus penne in the reference to this species in Mr. Simp-

son’s Synopsis of the Naiades, p. 705. Figure 310, plate LXII, of

the Conchologia Iconica, of Sowerby, is there cited by Mr. Simpson

under ZL. discus Lea. ‘That figure really represents U. crassidens

Lam., as noted by Simpson himself on page 707 of the Synopsis.

The true Z. discus Lea being shown in the Conchologia Iconica by

a fine figure under the name of “ Unio mexicanus Sowerby.” —L. S.

FRIERSON.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVv PILATE I,

Figs. 1, 2, 3.

Figs. 4, 5, 6.

1,2,3. UNIO CORUSCUS GOULD, TYPE P. 29.

4 UNIO TENUISCULUS FRIERSON, COTYPES, P. 29.

MHE NAUTILUS.

"A,

Von. XXV. AUGUST, 1911.

CORRESPONDENCE FROM BRAZIL.

BY FRED. BAKER.

Natal, Braziz, May 30, 1911.

As I have a chance to get letters away to-morrow, and as I have

a little breathing spell this afternoon, I will give you an idea what

we have been doing since reaching Brazil.

Unfortunately, we lost much time in Ceara waiting for the way

steamer to bring us to this smaller port, and as the vessel was ex-

pected from day to day we did not unpack our outfit, so our work

was not carefully done.

The authorities have been most considerate, admitting our things

without duties, and in every way facilitating our work. At Ceara

we were taken in a special train to Quixadia—164 kilometers—

where the largest dam in Brazil is located. It is a surprise to all of

our party who are new to the country to find that the States of Ceara

and Rio Grande do Norte, making up the northeastern portion of

Brazil, have a climate about as dry as that of Southern California

and not very unlike it in many other respects. Nowhere did we

see the luxuriant tropical vegetation which we were accustomed to

in Mexico and Central America. The whole coast is a line of sand

dunes, constantly shifting, varied by an underlying sand rock in

places, and as far as we went the timber is all small.

The dam at Quixadd is an enormous affair, and owing to the

scanty rainfall of the district and the limited watershed, which prob-

ably was never carefully estimated, it is much larger than is needed

and has never entirely filled.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

For two days we were the guests of the railroad and government

officials and were royally treated. The train made frequent stops at

stations and wherever there seemed any prospects of finding things

zoological. Before we reached jour destination we had scared the

natives by our collection of lizards, toads and snakes, and I had

been able to get a few specimens of land shells, to which I have

been able to add extensively since. J am unable to determine any-

thing with definiteness, but to date I have collected over a quart of

living and dead shells apparently representing Helix, Zonites, Buli-

mus, Bulimulus, Buliminus, Tomigerus and Stenogyra. In Ceara

the number of all except the last was very small, but back of Natal

I have found the other genera represented in considerable numbers.

In Natal we were again the guests of the railroad and government

officials for a run of 86 kilometers to Baixa Verde, located in the

‘‘Campos”’ couniry, the great rolling comparatively barren plains

of the interior of the State. On the way we passed a single lime-

stone cut furnishing a fine lot of fossils and also representatives of at

least three species of living shells. The low, brushy timber through

which we ran was largely made up of the Mangabeira, the rubber

tree of Southeastern and Eastern Brazil, which at a distance re-

minds one of a small weeping willow. This, in season, furnishes

employment for a considerable number of men, and yields sufficient

rubber to show considerable export. For the rest, Cactus, Acacia

and similar growths take one back in imagination to the lower parts

of Arizona and New Mexico.

Later we were furnished a custom-house steamer for a run of 20

miles down the coast to the little town of Piraugy. Here we dropped

into a typical tropical settlement, very primitive and poor, but most

interesting. This region is noted for its native pillow lace, and

here it was for sale very cheap, so that most of our party invested

small sums. We estimated the time spent in making some of it

and found the women selling the results of their labor for from two

to four cents a day.

I interested the native boys in collecting, and on the shore rocks

we got at least one species of Chiton, a small Arca like solidissima

and a small variety of things not yet determined. On a reef about

a mile out I added a few things, but my impression formed here and

at Ceara is that the conchological fauna is extremely poor both in

number of species and of specimens. JI spent an hour dredging at

THE NAUTILUS. 39

the boat’s anchorage in two fathoms of water and had much difficulty

in getting the material aboard as the sand was almost too fine to

stay in the dredge net. The material is not rich, but a large hand-

ful looked over yesterday yielded a Dentalium, a Turbonilla, and

three or four minute Rissoids.

At Ceara I found Neritina virginea very common and all along the

coast a Cryptogramma is in evidence. Also two species of the

Lucinidae, one measuring about two inches across are not rare, as

well as several representatives of the Tellinidae, always beach-worn.

A day’s very careful dredging over some nine miles of the estuary

on the side of which Natal is located, ranging from the muddy

mangrove swamps above to the shifting sands at the mouth gave

very little results, so that I am disappointed in the hope of securing

a large collection while here. However, as we shall stay a month

longer, I hope to be able to make a useful and fairly full report of

what is here. There is a company about to begin work with a

couple of deep-sea trawlers, and we have been invited to make our-

selves at home aboard as soon as they get to work. This should

give me a chance to see just what the bottom offers about this region.

Our original plan to work the coast from this point to Para has

been upset because the only available government boat is too small

to carry the necessary supply of coal and water to make the long

run between ports where coal can be had, and the owner of the only

available sailing vessel demands $3000.00 to take us to Para, al-

though the trip could be made in a month or six weeks. On this

account, and because of the great possibilities which the trawlers

offer, we have decided to make a careful survey of this region before

moving up the coast.

You asked me to write you of our trip for use in the NAuTILUus.

If any of the foregoing seems of sufficient interest for such use you

are welcome to use it. As you will see, our plans have been largely

changed, but it is the verdict of all concerned that a thorough survey

of this region, which has never been worked at all, may yield as

valuable results as anything we could do. We have passes over the

two railroads, and everything points to efficient work.

Meanwhile we are beautifully located on a hill overlooking bay

and ocean; there is a constant breeze from the ocean, and there is

no appreciable heat unless one exerts oneself; so we are in fora

delightful time, whatever our results may be.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

ARKANSAS SHELL COLLECTING.

BY F. A. SAMPSON.

In March of the present year I did some collecting at three places

in Arkansas, and below I give the result. The first place was at

Van Buren, Crawford county, on the bluff above the town. Here I

found only four species.

Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). Two shells were found, both dead

ones.

Polygyra appressa (Say). Two dead shells of 17 and 18 mm.

There was scarcely an indication of the lamella-like long denticle on

the basal margin that is mentioned in the type description.

Polygyra inflecta (Say). One-third of the fifteen shells did not

have the umbilicus entirely covered. ‘They were of five whorls and

9 to 10 mm.

Polygyra jacksont (Bland), At Eureka Springs, Arkansas, this

species is of five and one-half whorls, and 6 to 64 mm.

From various other counties of the State the size is about the

same, but from Sebastian county they were larger. The most of

those found here, seventy in number, were of 8 mm. and were of

decidedly darker color than those from other localities. The same

was true of the znflecta, but not as notably so. Shells were gener-

ally scarce under large single stones, and were found under piles of

stones.

IJ. The next locality was at Winslow, at the north end of the

tunnel at the top of the Boston Mountains. The first day I collected

on both sides of the valley and gathered a considerable number, in-

cluding perhaps fifteen Polygyra edentata, but by a misunderstand-

ing they were all thrown in the fire. The next day I went over

almost the same ground and got the following:

East side. West side.

Polygyra perspectiva, 1 15

P. labrosa, 40 77

P. dorfeuillana sampsont, i) 15

P. edentata, 8 5

P. jacksoni, 15 90

P. neglecta, 20

P. albolabris allen, 4

P. thyroides, 5)

Omphalina fuliginosa ozarkensis, 5

THE NAUTILUS. 4]

The allent were 24 and 25 mm. in diam., and the larger one of

the thyroides 20 mm., the others 18 mm. and of less than five whorls,

It will be noticed that no inflecta were found here.

IlI. The third locality was two miles north of Brentwood, the

first station north of Winslow, at a place on the railroad called by

the country people ‘acorn cut,’”’ from the fossil pentremites found

there. In the woods near the railroad I got:

P. albolabris alleni, 1 specimen; P. thyroides, 2; P. clausa, 3; P.

appressa, 4; P. neglecta, 2; P. edentata, 6; P. labrosa, 4; P. per-

spectiva, 5.

These were all found close to the valley, while at Winslow they

were found only high up on the mountain.

Columbia, Missourt.

NEW JAPANESE SCALARIIDAE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

( Concluded.)

Scala kamakurana, n. sp.

Related to S. turricula Sowerby. ‘The shell is imperforate, pure

white. The spire is straightly conic. First three whorls form a

smooth, embryonic shell. Following whorls sculptured with ribs

and spiral striz are well rounded, with deep sutures. The spirals

are cord-like, about as wide as their intervals; on the penultimate

whorl there are eight. They are wanting on the upper third of each

whorl, which is almost smooth. About twelve spiral cords can be

counted on the last whorl. The vertical ribs are mostly rather nar-

row and delicate, slightly recurved, but there are from one to three

stronger ribs on each of the last two whorls. Each rib has an angle

or ashort point above quite near the suture. There are fifteen ribs

on the last whorl of a shell 9 mm. long, and seventeen on a slightly

larger shell 9.8 mm. long. The ribs are for the most part connected

or continuous from whorl to whorl, but in some places they do not

connect. Aperture short-oval; columellar margin of the peristome

wider than the varix of the outer lip. Length 9, diam. 3.8 mm. ;

whorls 9.

Kamakura, Sagami. Types No. 70740, A. N.S. P., collected by

F. Stearns.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Shorter and broader than the following species, with the shoulder-

angles of the ribs nearer the suture.

Scala sagamitensis, n. sp.

This species is closely related to S. kamakurana, from which it

differs in the following respects: The shell is more slender, sutures

deeper. The spiral cords are somewhat stronger, eight or nine on

the penultimate, thirteen on the last whorl, the intervals below the

suture and above the spirals being smooth. Ribs rather narrow and

delicate, with occasional higher ones interposed at irregular intervals.

The smaller ribs are either unarmed or but weakly angular above,

but the larger ones have distinct points above, further from the suture

than in S. kamakurana. There are fifteen ribs on the last whorl.

The aperture is very shortly-oval. Peristome continuous, the outer

varix bearing a point above; columellar margin dilated at the base ;

parietal callus spreading forward.

Length 11, diam. 4 mm.; whorls remaining 8, the first one

smooth, the apical whorls wanting.

Kamakura, Sagami. Type No. 104696, A. N.S. P., collected by

F. Stearns.

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIDAE I.

BY PROFESSOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

The species described below were collected by the writer in the

northeastern angle of Santa Clara Province, from Remedios to the

Camaguay boundary, chiefly in the Sierras near the northern coast,

which may be reached from the towns of Remedios, Yaguajay and

Mayajigua.

Being Gongylostome, the species are of the west Cuban type, but

they have a particular facies of their own. The prevalence of forms

belonging to the section Hsochara is an interesting feature of this

fauna.

Illustrations of all the following species will accompany the con-

cluding paper.

Urocorris (GONGYLOSTOMA) VILLARENSIS, Nn. sp.

Shell rimate, swollen-cylindric, the upper third tapering to a nar-

THE NAUTILUS. 48

row truncation ; rather thin; streaked with white on a pale brown

ground. Surface silky, closely subarcuate-striate; suture simple.

Whorls 8-9 scarcely convex, the last shortly free in front witha

cord-like keel around the base. Aperture slightly oblique, subcir-

cular, slightly narrowed laterally, light brown within ; columellar

fold visible deep within ; peristome nearly white, expanded and re-

flexed throughout, but narrow in the peripheral region. Axis en-

circled by two subequal compressed lamelle, the lower denticulate in

the upper whorls, and both rapidly enlarged in the antepenult and

penultimate whorls, smaller in last whorl.

Long. 22, diam. 6.2, apert.5 mm. Whorls 9.

Long. 19, diam. 6, apert. 4.8 mm. Whorls 8.

Long. 20, diam. 6, apert. 5. Whorls 8.5.

Central Cuba ; El Purio, near Calabazar de Sagua and El Capiro,

near Santa Clara, Province of Santa Clara. A locality also called

“ Las Villas.”

This species obviously belongs to the Subgenus Gongylostoma. It

approaches U. obliqua but differs by its larger size, simple suture and

by the wider lamelle of the axis, ete.

Urocoptis (GONGYLOSTOMA) PROTEUS, D. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric, somewhat swollen, the upper third taper-

ing to a rather narrow truncation ; thin ; brown, marbled with white

flames ; surface obliquely rib-striate ; suture sub-crenulate. Whorls

9-11, a little convex, the last purplish, shortly free in front, with an

obsolete basal keel. Aperture slightly oblique, subcircular, brown

within ; peristome, columella and upper wall white; peristome ex-

panded and reflexed. Axis encircled by three compressed lamella,

the lowest denticulate above the middle, moderately expanded in the

three last whorls, the others disappearing in the penultimate whorl.

Long. 22, diam. 6, aperture 4.2 mm. Whorls 11.

‘Long. 17, diam. 5.2, aperture 3.2 mm. Whorls 9.

Long. 20, diam. 6, aperture 4mm. Whorls 10.

Central Cuba, Sierra de Bamburanao near Seibabo de Yaguajay

in the Province of Santa Clara.

Similar to U. villarensts but its whorls are more convex with rib-

lets separated by wide intervals, suture subcrenulate and the axis en-

circled by three instead of two compressed lamelle.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

U. PROTEUS CASTANEA, N. var.

Differs from the type in being of uniform brown, with last whorl

purplish. The suture is more distinctly crenulate.

Long. 18, diam. 5.5, ap. 3.8 mm. Whorls 9.

Long. 15, diam. 4.8, ap. 3.2 mm. Whorls 8.5.

Long. 16, diam. 5, ap. 3.8 mm. Whorls 9.

Central Cuba; Colonia Santa Cruz between Seibabo and Yaguajay

in the province of Santa Clara.

Differs from U. remediensis by the somewhat swollen shell, rapidly

tapering to a broader truncation, more solid, and chestnut-colored

without whitish spots; rib striate and more crenulate, ete. The axial

lamellz are also somewhat differently disposed.

U. PROTEUS ROBUSTAKXIS, N. var.

Shell smaller, cylindric, somewhat swollen, rapidly tapering to a

very narrow truncation; somewhat solid; pale chestnut with obsolete

whitish clouds; oblique, regularly rib striate; suture not crenulate.

Whorls 9-10.5, a little convex, the last one more free. Aperture as

in U. proteus, typical. Axis tri-lamellate, rather strong and stout in

the last whorls.

Differs from the variety castanea by its simple suture, more pro-

jecting last whorl, stouter axis, and by its color pattern of a few

white and chestnut spots on pale brown ground. The last whorl is

purple, as in the type.

Long. 18, diam. 4.8, ap. 3.8 mm. Whorls 10.6.

Long. 17, diam. 5, ap. 4mm. Whorls 9.

Long. 17, diam. 4.7, ap. 3.5 mm. Whaorls 10.

Central Cuba; Sierra de Santa Rosa between Remedios and Sei-

bubo de Yaguajay in the province of Santa Clara.

Urocopris (GONGYLOSTOMA) REMEDIENSIS, N. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper third (or half ) tapering to the

truncation; thin; brown with opaque whitish flames. Surface

obliquely weakly striate; suture slightly crenulate. Whorls 8-10, a

little convex, the last purplish, shortly free in front with a cord-like

keel around the base. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate rounded ;

dark brown within, but the peristome, columella and upper wall

nearly white. Peristome expanded and reflexed throughout. Axis

encircled by three compressed lamellz, the lower denticulate in the

upper and median whorls.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Long, 16, diam. 4, aper. 3.3 mm. Whorls 9.5.

Long. 14, diam. 3.2, aper.3 mm. Whorls 8.

Long. 15, diam. 4, aper. 3.2mm. Whorls 9.

Var. a. Somewhat larger and swollen. Whorls 9-11.

Long. 20, diam. 5.2, aper. 4 mm. Whorls 11.

Var. b. Chestnut-brown, spotted with white above sutures.

Long. 18, diam. 5, aper. 3.6 mm. Whorls 10.

Central Cuba ; Near Remedios; var. “‘a”’ from El Palenque de

Jaguayabon and Cerro de Guajabana; var. ‘‘ 5” from near Jaguaya-

bon, all in the Province of Santa Clara.

The complete shell has 17 to 18 whorls with a total length of 20

to 22 mm. The rejected or broken-off portion of the spire is atten-

uate, delicately striate and with a smooth translucent and bulbous tip.

Urocorptis (GONGYLOSTOMA) MAYAJIGUENSIS, N. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper half tapering to a narrow trun-

cation; thin; reddish chestnut profusely marbled with white, some-

times in zigzag pattern. Surface densely, obliquely striate; slightly

angulate along the suture. Whorls 10 to 11, slightly convex, the

last shortly free in front, with a basal, cord-like keel. Aperture

slightly oblique, rounded-ovate, brown inside; peristome pale brown,

expanded and reflexed. Axis encircled by two compressed lamellz,

the lower being larger in the later and slightly denticulate in the

_ upper whorls.

Long. 23, diam. 5.2, apert. 4.2 mm. Whorls 12.

Long. 19, diam. 4.8, apert. 3.6 mm. Whorls 10.5.

Long. 20, diam. 5, apert. 4mm. Whorls 11.

Var. “a.”? Smaller, more swollen, whorls almost flat.

Long. 18, diam. 5.2, apert. 4.2. Whorls 9.

Central Cuba; Las Llanadas, Sierra de Matahambre; var. ‘‘a”’

from Veredas de Aguada y del Alunado, in the district of Mayajigua,

province of Santa Clara.

Differs from U. villarensis by its more slender and tapering spire,

brown color, suture, number of whorls, etc., and from U. remediensis

by its bi-lamellate internal axis, ete.

The opaque white pattern is confined to the stri#, the intervals

being smooth.

U. MAYAJIGUENSIS FULVA, N. var.

Shell smaller, cylindric, more solid; light brown with a golden

46 THE NAUTILCS.

gleam ; striation coarser. Whorls 9 to 10, somewhat convex. Axis:

encircled by two compressed lamella, the lower more expanded than

in the type.

Length 17, diam. 4.8, aperture, 3.5. Whorls 10.

Length 16, diam. 4, aperture 3.2. Whorls 9.

Length 16, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.5. Whorls 9.

Central Cuba; Coqueron del Jatibonico at the boundary between

the Provinces of Santa Clara and Camaguay.

Some specimens show faint traces of white maculations.

Urocoprtis (GONGYLOSTOMA) CIONISCUS, n. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper fourth tapering to a rather wide

truncation ; somewhat solid ; ashen with occasional brown streaks ;

sculptured with narrow oblique riblets separated by much wider in-

tervals; suture simple. Whorls 9 to 11, somewhat convex, the last

shortly free with an obsolete cord-like keel around the base. Aper-

ture sub-circular, pale brown within, the peristome shining white,

expanded and reflexed; columella with a distinct fold deep within.

Axis bearing two lamelle, the lower one somewhat the larger,

denticulate above the middle and exterding to the last whorl, the

upper disappearing in the penultimate whorl.

Long. 26, diam. 5, apert. 5.2. Whorls 11.

Long, 24, diam. 5.2, apert. 5.8. Whorls 9.

Long. 25, diam. 5.2, apert. 5.8. Whorls 10.5.

Central Cuba; Cueva del Muerto, Sierra de Meneses in the dis-

trict of Yaguajay, Province of Santa Clara.

Differs from U. vignalensis by its more cylindric and less tapering

shell, the brown streaks, absence of granules along the sutures, and

the axis encircled by two (not three) compressed and wider lamelle.

(Described from dead specimens).

Urocorptis (GONGYLOSTOMA) TRANSITORIA, N. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper half or third tapering to a nar-

row truncation; thin; corneous-brown, with occasional stripes of a

deeper brown irregularly spread. Surface lusterless, sculptured with

narrow riblets separated by wider intervals. Whorls 9.5 to ll,a

little convex, the last slightly darker and free in front, rounded

below with an obsolete cord around the base. Aperture sub-circular,

a little narrower above, brown within; columella, upper wall and

THE NAUTILUS. 47

upper half of peristome white. Peristome well expanded and re-

flexed. Axis encircled by three lamelle, the lowest denticulate

above the penultimate whorl, moderately enlarged in the middle and

extending to the last whorl. The upper lamella, compressed at

first, becomes cord-like and disappears in the penultimate whorl; the

intermediate Jamella smallest and thread-like above.

Long. 24, diam. 5.8, apert. diam. 5.2 mm. Whorls 11.

Long. 20, diam. 5, apert. diam. 4.6 mm. Whorls 9.5.

Long. 22, diam. 5, apert. diam. 5 mm. Whorls 10.5.

Central Cuba; Sierra de Matahambre at Las Llanadas, in the

district of Mayajigua, province of Santa Clara.

This species is intermediate between U. czoniscus and U. fallax,

but is easily distinguished by its shape, color, and chiefly by the

columellar axis.

Urocortis (GONGYLOSTOMA) FALLAX, Nn. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper third tapering to a rather wide

truncation ; thin ; dull yellowish with occasional irregularly spaced

brown streaks. Surface lusterless, sculptured with narrow arcuate

riblets separated by much wider intervals. Whorls 9-11, convex,

the last purplish brown, shortly free in front, rounded below, with an

almost obsolete cord around the base. Aperture nearly round,

brown within; peristome, upper wall and columella white. Peris-

tome broadly expanded and reflexed. Axis stout and encircled by

three sub-equal compressed lamellz, the lowest largest in penulti-

mate whorl and smallest in the upper whorls where the upper

lamellae dominate ; lower lamella denticulate above.

Long. 25, diam. 6.2, apert. diam. 6. Whorls 11.

Long. 20, diam. 6, apert. diam. 5.6. Whorls 9.

Long. 23, diam. 6, apert. diam. 6. Whorls 10.5.

Central Cuba; Vereda de el Alunado, through the Sierra de

Jatibonico in the district of Mayajigua, Prov. of Santa Clara.

Superficially resembling U. intermedia but differing chiefly in its

more widely spaced riblets and in its axial structure. From U.

transitoria it differs by its stouter form, sculpture and columellar

axis.

Urocorris (GONGYLOSTOMA) DILATATA, D. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric, slightly swollen, the upper third tapering

48 THE NAUTILUS.

to the truncation; thin; grayish white, becoming slightly purplish

brown on the last whorl. Surface lusterless, sculptured with narrow

oblique riblets separated by much wider spaces; whorls 8-9, some-

what convex, the last rounded below with an obsolete cord around

the base, very shortly free in front. Aperture large, subcircular or

somewhat transversely oblong, a trifle brownish within, the peristome

shining white, broadly expanded and reflexed ; columella with a dis-

tinct fold. Axis encircled by two principal compressed lamelle, the

lower one largest, denticulate above the middle and extending to the

last whorl, the upper disappearing to the penultimate whorl; in the

median whorls a cord is sometimes interposed, particularly in the

ante-penultimate whorl.

Long. 23, diam. 7, aperture diam. 7. Whorls 9.

Long. 20, diam. 6.5, aperture diam. 5.8. Whorls 8.

Long. 22, diam. 6.8, aperture diam. 6. Whorls 8.

Central Cuba; Sierra de Boquer6n del Jatibonico at the boundary

between Santa Clara and Camaguay Provinces.

The complete shell contains 16-18 whorls with a total length of

24-28 mm. The rejected portion is rib-striate with smooth and

somewhat bulbous lip. Differs from U. fallax by its color, more en-

larged aperture and by the columellar axis.

(To be continued.)

NOTES.

New Coror Varieties OF HELIx (DENTELLARIA) BADIA

Fér.—There is in my collection a series of Helix badia Feér.,

habitat unknown, which exhibit considerable variation from the type

in their coloring. To call attention to their character I may be

justified in giving names to these extreme forms.

As Dr. Pilsbry points out in the Manual (Vol. V, p. 86) the type

of badia is ‘uniform dark chestnut colored.’ Between the typical

form and the variety I first describe is a transition stage which is

represented by an example before me.

Var. roseolabrum, n. var. Differs from the type in being much

lighter in color and having a rose-colored peristome. Type in my

own collection.

Var. unicolor, n. var. Distinguished by the light-colored shell

and pure white peristome and teeth. In the example before me the

umbilicus is not completely covered. Type in my own collection.

This form should not be confused with Pilsbry’s var. guadeloupensis.

The latter is chestnut-colored and carinated at the periphery.

MAXWELL SMITH.

mae NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV. SEPTEMBER, 1911. No.5

AN INCIDENT IN CUBAN COLLECTING.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

In the course of a number of collecting trips to the Antilles for

land shells I recall various instances of possibly more than average

interest to those who know the delights of a field naturalist. When-

ever some particular out-of-the-way locality was visited, often there

would be some one species sought and desired above all others, gen-

erally a species of very local distribution, and which on account of

rarity or beauty inspired us to greater efforts to find. So was it in

the case of that splendid big and lusty Plewrodonte gigantea at La

Ferriére in Haiti, and of Pl. cognata ina little valley in extreme

western Jamaica. Cuba is full of such preferred and desirable game,

but probably the special hunt for Urocoptis elliotti and its near ally,

U. dautzenbergiana, proved to be the most strenuous of all similar

experiences.

Mr. Charles T. Simpson was with me at the time in Havana, and

we were planning for a dash somewhere into the interior when our

excellent friend, Dr. Carlos de la Torre, a perfect encyclopedia of

Cuban mollusks, suggested we try for that remarkable pair of Uro-

coptid twins that are reported to live on two mountains near Guane,

and which had eluded all search since they were originally found by

some fortunate collector many years ago. We lost no time in get-

ting to Guane. Besides our special reason for going there, we well

knew the region to be rich in that splendid fauna of the inner range

of the Sierra de los Organos. There occur the lovely Hutrochatella

50 THE NAUTILCS.

regina, the parraiana group of Helices, a host of Urocoptids, fine

operculates and some peculiarly painted Liguus. Doctor Torre

couldn’t resist the temptation at the last second, so boarded the train

with us. The doctor is always a most welcome and charming

companion.

We located ovr mountains, which are in sight from Guane. One

of them is the ‘Sierra de Guane,”’ and somewhere upon its steep

and precipitous sides we must look for edlzotti; the other is called

‘« Sierra de Paso Real de Guane,”’ where presumably lived in security

from prowling naturalists the strange dautzenbergiana.

Now we simply had to have those fellows. We prepared for their

capture with the care and thought that mountain climbers give to

their campaigns against loftier peaks. On horseback and by volanta

we proceeded to the base of the Sierra and began our recognizance,

but without a sign, not a *‘ bone,” of edliott?, There were, however,

no end of other things, and the day was made glorious by a catch of

great size and interest. It is a day that fairly shines in memory,

and I have lived it over in retrospect with Simpson many times

since.

The next morning bright and early we made our second attack,

It was apparent that some climbing must be done. Far up on one

side a great white limestone escarpment projects out from the mass

of tropical vegetation covering the mountain, like the forehead of

some great giant of the Sierra. It is perpendicular, forbidding and

dangerous. Buzzards constantly circle about it, and it is likely to

be the nesting-place of millions of fretful wasps; but just in such

places live some of Cuba’s very best molluscan offerings. I felt it

must be attained, so up I ‘* goes,” scrambling, slipping, clinging to

trees, crawling along limbs, only stopping row and then to catch a.

breath or to pick some appealing Liguus. Up until the blue Carib-

bean glistened on the horizon and the plains of Pinar del Rio lay

stretched out like some huge map. At last the base of the cliff was

attained, but no elliott? as yet. Through narrow crevasses I wrig-

gled on up until finally, quite done for and exhausted, I lay for a

while upon a little projecting rock-shelf to cool off and to speculate

upon the folly of ever leaving a happy home, etc. Then, not sud-

denly, but gradually, I began to take in a remarkable sight. It

required some moments to acquire what the psychologists call the

“presentation” of the sight, but soon my heart began to thump and

THE NAUTILUS. 51

my excitement to grow until I almost feared to trust myself alone

upon such a height. All over the rocks, on the perpendicular cliffs,

and exposed to the glare of a dazzling sun, were myriads of U.

elliott?, clinging in their peculiar fashion to the surface, all alive and

in finest condition of unbroken spires, and that color tone of health

possessed only by fresh, living shells.

But now arose the problem as to how to gather them. It takes

one hand to hold a box, another to pick specimens from their moor-

ings, and it requires two more to hang on to the wall of smooth rock.

Fortunately there was a breast pocket in my shirt, and with a twig

I could keep it gaping open. Then with my lips I tenderly gathered

them one by one, slowly and cautiously, and spat them into that

happy pocket.

Had any telescope been trained upon me I would only have fur-

nished one further evidence of hopeless mental condition, for indeed

what sane man would spend an hour, or a moment as for that, fondly

kissing a lofty cliffin Pinar del Rio?

If any reader of the NaurTitus cares to take a chance on that

telescope down below, and also the risk of a long fall, I can assure

him that there are still a hundred thousand fine U. elliott? waiting

for him right there on the Sierre de Guane.

REMARKS ON UNIO VARICOSUS, CICATRICOSUS AND UNIO COMPERTUS,

NEW SPECIES.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

A study of the shells generally known as either Unio cicatricosus

Say or as varicosus Lea has brought to light a singular state of affairs.

The U. eicatricosus was described by Say in manuscript, *‘ together

with about twenty others,” in 1826, and published with such others

as he supposed had not yet been described by other authors, in 1829.

Taking, with his very incomplete description, the illuminating re-

marks following, we find that Say’s species was a large, thick shell,

with high beaks, but not so high as in the allied Unio cordatus

(obliquus Lam.), and having a single row of transverse elevations

down the center of the disc, and that it is ‘*a common inhabitant

of the Wabash river.”’ This is applicable to no known Unio except

the aesopus of Green. This conclusion is fortified by the fact that

52 THE NAUTILUS.

Conrad, who shortly atter this time had become quite intimate with

Say, so considered it in his ‘* New Fresh-water Shells,’ published

in 1834. So did Dr. Lea, but the opinion of the latter was dis-

counted by conchologists because of the well-known enmity which

unfortunately had sprung up between Say and Lea. Say himselt

placed Lea’s Unio varicosus as a synonym of his Unio cicatricosus,

in the short and exceedingly erroneous Synopsis of 1834. ‘This

dictum of Say has been accepted by nearly all conchologists since,

but Say had never seen Lea’s species, and his idea no doubt arose

from Lea having compared his varicosus with the aesopus of Green.

Say having shortly afterwards died, this dictum was never corrected

by him.

It is true that Green had in 1827 published his Unio aesopus ; but

Say tells us that he had to forego at this time (1829) a design of

compiling a synopsis of the western Uniones, because of the impossi-

bility of procuring books, etc., in his insulated abode, and Dr. Green’s

article, which was published in a rather obscure publication, no

doubt had escaped his notice. At any rate the assignment of the

Wabash as a common habitat of the czeatricosus effectually bars his

shell from being the same as Lea’s species, as the varicosus does not

live in that river. Say’s name then, being a synonym of aesopus,

cannot be used for Lea’s shell. Lea’s name, as he tells us himself, had

already been used by Lamarck; consequently his shell has no name.

Turning now to the shells themselves, we find equally as much

confusion. There are no less than four distinet species so called to

be found in our various museums and collections. Lea himself did

not know his own sbell very well, since, I am told by Dr. Dall,

specimens of genuine varicosus were labeled by him as subrotundus,

while on the other hand we are informed by Dr. A. E. Ortmann that

a shell labeled citeatricosus, from the Beaver river, Pa., in the

Academy of Natural Sciences, is in reality only an old Unio subro-

tundus. In the Conchologia Iconica of Reeve we are given two

plates of this species (figs. 31 and 50) which evidently represent two

different shells. Plates and names, therefore, will be given that

students may recognize the sundry shells which at present go under

the common names under discussion.

UNIO DETECTUS, new name. Plate II, lower, pl. III, upper figures.

This is the true varicosus of Lea, whose type shell is not typical

THE NAUTILUS. 53

of the species (i. e., is not an average specimen). The best figure of

this shell, though itself poor, is that given by Kuster (Taf. 58, fig. 2).

In its general facies the shell somewhat resembles the Unio pyra-

midatus, with the addition of the characteristic elevations. Mr.

Swainson mentioned that he had seen a specimen of mytilocdes with

pustules down the center. There can be no doubt that he had a

shell of this species before him. The specimen figured was given

me by Dr. Dall, and came from the collection of the National

Museum. It measures, length 87, alt. 70, diam. 394 mm.

UNIO CICATRICOIDES, new name. PI. II, upper figure.

This is the shell figured and described by Conrad in his Mono-

graphy (page 115, plate 64), and also by R. E. Call, Indiana Mol-

lusca (Indiana Geological Report, 1900), plate 55, to which descrip-

tion and plate reference is herewith made. Its general facies is

much more like aesopus than detectus, from which latter it differs in

being more inflated (especially behind) and is a larger shell; its

lateral teeth are much more club-shaped and larger; the posterior

sinus of the hinge margin is nearer the end of the ligament; the

color of the epidermis is also different from that of detectus. Length

95, alt. 69, diam. 554 mm.

UNIO COMPERTUS, new species. Pl. III, middle and lower figs.

Shell medium in size; length 2.3, height 2.1, diameter 1.3 inches.

Apparently dimorphic, the females (?) being broader behind than the

males and more rounded, the males (?) being somewhat triangular

and pointed behind, beaks high and well forward (their sculpture not

seen). Epidermis dirty yellow, darker before (as in ctrculus).

Basal outline rounded, and in the females expanded in the middle;

shell not very much inflated. The posterior ridge is rounded, and

becomes more and more inflated with age. The posterior area is

narrow, with several more or less well-defined lines from beak to

margin. Down the center of the disc runs a row of pustules, larger

in the females, as well as more numerous. Inside, the nacre is

white, quite thick in front, as far back as the center, or row of pus-

tules, from thence it becomes remarkably thin in comparison, pro-

ducing a trough-like excavation from beak to posterior base. Teeth

erect and fairly stout; two cardinals and two laterals in the left valve

and one each in the right.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Habitat: Clinch and Holston rivers.

The examples figured had been labeled Unio cicatricosus by Dr.

James Lewis, and his determination had been O. K.’d by Mr. C. T.

Simpson. Shells the same as these have been loaned the writer by

Mr. W. A. Marsh under the same name (i. e., varicosus). Others

of the same species had been given the writer by Mr. Bryant

Walker as being the varicosus of Lea. With their attention called

more carefully to the shell, however, both of these gentlemen now

concur with me as to their novelty. Type in my collection. This

shell is remotely, if at all, related to the other shells above men-

tioned. There is apparently a slight relationship to Unio propinquus

in its general facies, but the species is in reality very distinct.

Norre.—The term Unio is used above in the old broad sense of

denoting a naiad shell having both lateral and cardinal teeth, and

not in the restricted sense now held by our modern conchologists,

and so embraces the various divisions of Quadrula, Pleurobema, Ple-

thobasis, etc., etc., as the future study of the soft parts may incline

the future systematists to place them.

CORRESPONDENCE FROM BRAZIL.

BY FRED. BAKER.

8. S. Raartia, HAMBuRG-AMERICA LINE,

On THE Rio NeEcGRO, 950 MILES FROM THE MOUTH

OF THE AMAZON, July 24, 1911.

Dear Dr. Pilsbry:

This goes in compliance with my promise to report of our progress.

We left Natal, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, on July Ist for

Para, after a stay that was comparatively barren of results zoologic-

ally. The reptilian collection is good, but in all other lines the

number of species is small. My collection of marine shells—not-

withstanding several days spent in dredging—is small enough, so that

I feel sure that they are not to be found on this immediate coast, for

reasons that we can only guess at at present. By interesting the

ubiquitous small boy in a couple of interior towns I was able to secure

several thousand land and fresh-water shells of a rather limited num-

ber of species. I feel reasonably sure that I have two new species

THE NAUTILUS, XXV. PIRATE TS:

1. UNIO CICATRICOIDES FRIERSON.

2. UNIO DETECTUS FRIERSON.

THE NAUTILUS, XXV. PLATE Ill

14, UNIO DETECTUS FRIERSON.,

2, 3,4, UNIO COMPERTUS FRIERSON.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

of Tomigerus, but the other things, unless it be in Pisidiwm and

Planorbis, seem likely to prove well known.

On the way up the coast to Para two of us decided that it would

be a shame to visit Brazil and not go up the Amazon, so after seeing

the rest of the party off for New York we got aboard this ship for a

run at least as far up as Manaos, on the Rio Negro, 1004 miles from

the Amazonian mouths. Our experience would be a surprise to

Bates and Wallace, or even to Agassiz. Manaos is the real center

of the great trade in so-called Para rubber, and in these later days

great ships clear direct for this port from New York and various

European countries. So we were able to take passage for a thousand

miles in this transatlantic liner of 6600 tons, furnishing magnificent

accommodations and service, and we are just finishing the run against

the powerful current of the rivers in less than three and a half days.

We shall get in this evening, but shall not be allowed to land till the

morning.

Our further plans are a trifle in the air, but we are going to try

for passes up the Madeira river for some six hundred miles to the

works of the Madeira & Mamoré R. R. Co. Here the government

is building some two hundred miles of railroad at enormous expense

around the falls and rapids of the Madeira river to tap another thou-

sand miles of navigable river running into the heart of the rubber

country forming the angle of Bolivia and Peru. The enterprise is

largely in the hands of American and English engineers and physi-

cians, and we are assured of a warm welcome and much help in

collecting if the powers that be decide to send us up.

I believe that no land or fresh-water shells have gone out from

this Madeira country, so that I feel sure of getting material of much

value if I get any. Likewise my companion, the entomologist, knows

of nothing in his line that the country has furnished except some

butterfiies, so we are both extremely anxious to getin. If we succeed

we shall have at least a month on the ground for actual collecting.

Meanwhile we have had a most glorious sail up the Amazon till a

couple of hours ago, when we entered the Rio Negro. To avoid the

heavy current the ship has hugged the sides of the river, often within

a hundred feet, giving us a splendid chance to observe animal and

vegetable life at a reasonable range for field-glasses. Animal life has

not been plentiful, but it has been interesting. The harpy eagle,

parrots, toucans, kingfishers, terns and tliree species of heron bave

56 THE NAUTILUS.

been the most striking birds, with many that we could not place at

all. An occasional alligator or crocodile can be seen, but we are

surprised at the scarcity of this beast. During every minute of day-

light there has been something beautiful and interesting to look at,

and the cool nights are as delightful as the days, which are not

excessively warm. We are impressed with the fact that few people

realize that the round trip can be made from New York to Manaos

for $160, with stops of several days at Par& and Manaos, in really

fine vessels. Otherwise it seems probable that many people would

take the run. The ship’s surgeon is a noted German professor, who

takes this method of getting a splendid vacation.

P.S. Manaos, July 25,1911. Have just landed and got settled.

We learn that we shall be delayed a week waiting the return of the

Madeira & Mamoré Co.’s steamer and manager, but we are assured

that we shall be sent up to the Madeira river, as we had hoped, free

of cost for the trip and living expenses while there. Also we are

told that there are land shells about Manaos, so the time will not

hang heavily on our hands.

A NEW VARIETAL FORM OF SCALA PRETIOSA LINN.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

SCALA PRETIOSA (Linn.), n. var. MULTIVARICIFERA.

This form differs from the type in the broader shell and greater

number of varices. Comparing an average sheil with the variety,

the number of varices is as follows:

Typical form. Var. multivarierfera.

Embryonic whorl, Embryonic whorl,

Embryonic whorl (?), Embryonic whorl (?),

Third whorl, 8 varices, Third whorl, 8 varices,

Fourth whorl, 8 varices, Fourth whorl, 8 varices,

Fifth whorl, 8 varices, Fifth whorl, 8 varices,

Sixth whorl, 8 varices, Sixth whorl, 9 varices,

Seventh whorl, 8 varices, Seventh whorl, 11 varices,

Body whorl, 10 varices. Body whorl, 15 varices.

Around a portion of the body and upper whorl of the variety

THE NAUTILUS. 57

before me there is an impressed longitudinal line which interrupts

12 of the varices. When older the animal corrected this irregularity.

This line will probably be found absent in other individuals.

It seems remarkable that so striking a shell as this form has here-

tofore escaped notice. The habitat of the type, which is in the

writer’s collection, is supposedly China.

NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARGARITANA MONODONTA SAY.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In commenting, recentiy, on the distribution of this species (Proc.

Mal. Soc., IX, pp. 187-139, 1910), I stated that although it had not

been cited from the Ohio east of Cincinnati nor from the tributaries

of the Tennessee above Knoxville, in the absence of any records of

its occurrence west of the Mississippi, south of Iowa, nor in that

river below Adams County, Ills., ‘the inference would be that its

original point of dispersal was in the east, and that it had migrated

westward by two routes, one down the Ohio and thence into the

Mississippi Valley, and the other down the Tennessee from its tribu-

taries or head-waters. That it reached its present range by a migra-

tion from the southwest is, in view of the known facts of its present

distribution, quite improbable.”

Since the above was written some additional data of considerable

interest have been received.

In the fall of 1910, acting under the instructions of the U. S. Fish

Commission, Mr. A. H. Boepple explored the Cumberland River

from Pineville, Ky., to Celina, Tenn. In his progress down the

river he found JM. monodonta at the Sloan Shoals near Burnside,

between Eads’ Landing and Rowena, and at Cloyd’s Landing.

I have also recently received the species from three localities in

the Clinch River, Tenn., viz., near Needham’s Ford and between

Kelly and Sharp’s Ford, Union County, and between Agee and

Offut, Anderson County.

These records definitely determine the occurrence of the species

in all of the principal rivers that unite to form the Tennessee, ex-

cepting the Powell and the French Broad, and its presence in the

Clinch makes it reasonably certain that it will also be found in the

former. The head-waters of the latter rise in another, quite differ-

58 THE NAUTILUS.

ent region, and it may not be found in it at all, except, perhaps, near

its junction with the Holston.

The presence of the species in the Cumberland offers a possible

explanation for its occurrence in the Ohio below Cincinnati and in

the Wabash. But that, of course, can not be definitely determined

until all of the southern tributaries of the Ohio, which head in the

mountains of West Virginia, have been carefully explored. If the

species should be found in the Big Sandy or the Great Kanawha, for

instance, it would seem likely that it reached the Ohio from that

source, even though, at the present time, it is not found in that river

above Cincinnati.

But, however that may be, these new records tend to confirm the

opinion that the original point of dispersal of the species was in the

head-waters of the Tennessee system and that its present distribu-

tion is ‘‘ rather the result of an ancient migration from the northeast

than one from the southwest.”

LAND MOLLUSCA AT TOLLAND, COLORADO.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL,

On August 23 and 24 my wife and I collected snails at Tolland,

in Gilpin county, Colorado, at an altitude of 8900 to 9000 feet. The

list of species, though short, may be of interest on account of the high

altitude, and the addition of one species to the Colorado list.

Agriolimax campestris montanus (Ingersoll). Variable, some very

dark.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Abundant.

Huconulus fulvus alaskensis Pilsbry, abundant.

Vitrea radiatula electrina var. alba (Jeffreys) Taylor. One.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Common under Populus tremuloides.

Punctum pygmxum minutissimum (Lea). My wife found two by

carefully searching over dead leaves from the Populus tremuloides

zone. I believe only one specimen of this species has previously

been found in Colorado. Taylor (Monog. L. & F. W. Moll. Brit Is.)

cites Willow Creek and Cloudcroft, but the latter locality is in New

Mexico.

Sphyradium edentulum alticola (Ingersoll) The adult is over

THE NAUTILUS. 59

24 mm. long, and is to be compared with the European variety

columella (Von Mart.) or gredlert (Clessin).

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Abundant.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. Not uncommon.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller). One.

Pupilla muscorum (L.). Several of the typical edentate form.

Pupilla blandi Morse. Common.

Pupilla syngenes dextroversa P.& V. New to Colorado. One

shell, 4 mm. long, nearly 2 broad; whorls 74, the upper ones not

swollen as in typical P. syngenes.

Vertigo modesta parietalis (Ancey). Common. Rather small for

parietalis, but over 2 mm. long; palatal plice long, as in coneinnula;

shell clear chestnut; aperture strongly elbowed above. This is

apparently a distinct race, between parietalis and concinnula, but

hardly recognizable by a separate name. Ancey’s name, ingersolli,

certainly included such forms as this, and could be so restricted

without much risk of error.

NOTES.

Nore on EpipHRAGMOPHORA INFUMATA GLD.—In Mr. Edson’s

interesting paper on the Land Mollusca of San Matee Point, Cali-

fornia (on the western shore of San Francisco Bay), in the June

Nauvtivus (Vol. xxv, p. 17), occurs a statement as to the habitat of

E. infumata Gld. which needs correction. While he states the

southern limit of this form as Santa Rosa, which is about 50 miles

north of San Francisco, I have collected it for many years on the

eastern side of San Francisco Bay, in Alameda county. In his

Manual of American Land Shells (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., No. 28),

Mr. Binney also mentions the Bay region and Alameda county as

its home as far back as the year 1885. The shells found here are

the extreme form of this species (or var. of EZ. fidelis?), being black,

highly carinate, heavily hirsute, and bearing the scales mentioned

by Dr. Gould in his description well marked, as distinguished from

the specimens from Marin county and further north.

As to the typical £. fidelis, collected at San Mateo Point by Mr.

Gifford, it seems clear that they were chance specimens or exotic.

I might hazard an opinion that this form became introduced through

the oyster traffic in which, years ago, the native Washington bivalve

60 THe NAUTILUS:

was brought to our Bay in large quantities, or it may have been

planted there.—Frep L. Burron, Oakland, Cal., July 20, 1911.

EpiPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS.—I note in the Nauti us for June,

1911, that Mr. Harry Edson regards my record of Epiphragmophora

Jidelis from San Mateo Point, California, as erroneous. I would

state that the specimens were £. fidelis without the slightest doubt

Furthermore, I again collected living specimens in the same locality

on August 14, 1910.—E. W. Girrorp.

LYMNZA AURICULARIA LINNE In Canapa.—On July 23, 1911,

I found Lymneza auricularia Linné inhabiting a chain of pools on

the beach of Lake Erie at Kingsville, Ontario, about opposite San-

dusky. Young individuals were fairly numerous, but the only ma-

ture shell seen was a dead one.—Joun A. ALLEN.

Locality FOR PoLyGyRA (TRIODOPSIS) OBSTRICTA Say.—

Beyond Murphreesboro (Tennessee) there is a road turning square

to the right from the main pike. About half or three-quarters of a

mile out, on the right-hand side of the road, is the only good locality

I ever found for obstricta. There they were typical, large, fine

shells. They were found about dead logs and old stumps.—A. G.

WETHERBY, in letter, about 1898.

Limax MAXIMUS ON NANTUCKET ISLAND.—When recently at

the town of Nantucket, Mass., I found Limax maximus well estab-

lished. There were two varietal forms: (1) Mantle spotted, the

spots partly confluent; body marbled and with four gray-brown

bands, the two inner with blackish spots. (2) Mantle marbled;

body gray with three light bands, the inner rather dark-edged. I

also found Agriolimax agrestis at Nantucket; likewise on Cutty-

hunk, where it was the only terrestrial species I could find.

I take this opportunity to note that Helix hortensis var. bicolor

Ckll., 1891 (shell pink with upper part of spire yellow), is preoccu-

pied by var. bicolor Picard, 1840. My variety may be named

dichroa.—T. D. A. CoCKERELL.

Dr. ARNOLD ORTMANN has recently returned from a successful

campaign for Unionide in West Virginia.

PROFESSOR JOSIAH KEEP

eH Ee IN-AUPAL LS:

VoL. XXV. OCTOBER, 1911. No. 6

PROFESSOR JOSIAH KEEP.'

BY WM. H. DALL.

Professor Keep, whose death, July 27th last, at Pacific Grove,

California, was recently announced, was born in Paxton, Mass., in

1849, and was a graduate of Leicester Academy and Amherst Col-

lege (1874), taking his Master’s degree as a postgraduate student in

1877. In that year he married Amelia Caroline Holman, of Lei-

cester, Mass., and went to California. There he taught in the

Golden Gate Academy and the Alameda High School, being princi-

pal of the latter from 1881 to 1885. In 1885 he became Professor

- of the Natural Sciences in Mills College, which, from small begin-

nings as a private seminary for girls, has through the efforts and

generosity of its founders developed into a well-equipped and charm-

ingly situated college, the Wellesley of the Pacific Coast.

Here Professor Keep found his life-work as teacher and coadjutor

with the still surviving founder, Mrs. Mills, and saw the branches of

science originally confided to him alone, by degrees represented in

the teaching force by a number of competent instructors, while he

retained for himself the subjects of geology and astronomy.

With the wide general knowledge required by his field of work, it

was of course impossible for him to be a specialist in any, but his

deep interest had been aroused in the study of the mollusca in which

the Pacific Coast is so rich. Between 1881 and 1911 he published

a series of what might be called primers of west-coast shells, illus-

trated with figures, enabling the beginner to gain a preliminary

1 From Science, October, 1911.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

knowledge of the attractive shells of California. To these little

books we may fairly ascribe much of the wide-spread interest which

is to-day found among Californians and which by the cooperation of

amateurs with specialists, has immensely increased our knowledge of

the Pacific Coast fauna.

The last of these manuals was published only shortly before his

death. Professor Keep was one of the founders of the Chautauqua

Assembly which meets at Pacific Grove, and frequently lectured to

its classes on his favorite subject. He was also one of the most

earnest supporters of the Museum and Library at Pacific Grove.

Modest, courteous, indefatigable and enthusiastic, he was primarily

a teacher and organizer; beloved by his classes and appreciated by

those reached through his books and so led to the study of nature.

In his unassuming way he has done a good work and found his re-

ward in doing it. He leaves a widow, son and daughter to mourn

his loss.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE LOCOMOTIVE DISK OF STYLCMMATOPHORA.

BY V. STERKI.!

During the last years some additional observations on this subject

were made. Nearly all of the species mentioned in the former

article have been seen again and the data were verified, and some

others were examined. ‘To repeat, there are marked differences in

this respect, between species, genera and groups apparently or really

closely related, especially among the Zonitide, and these features

have probably much significance in classification, in connection with

the formation of the lateral (marginal) longitudinal groove or grooves,

on the upper surface of the foot (pedal grooves), and possibly the

presence or absence of the caudal mucus gland, as pointed out, e. g.,

by Dr. Pilsbry.? More observations and morphological and ana-

tomical examination are needed on the subject.

Zonitide.

Omphalina fuliginosa (Griff.). The median zone was seen (or

1See article in THs Navutinus, XXII, p. 49, 1908.

2In the generic position of Patulastra * * * with suggestions of a classifi-

cation of the American Zonitide, Tar Nauriuus, IX, p. 19.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

appeared) to extend to the very posterior end of the sole, and each

wave starts there.

O. inornata (Say). Foot very long and slender; zones rather

distinct, narrow, but widening to nearly the whole width of the sole

at the anterior end. Apparently there is an additional marginal

zone along each margin, quite narrow and whitish. Waves distinct

in the median zone, about 10 simultaneously.

O. levigata perlevis (Pils.) (from Ky.). Three zones slightly

marked, not in color, which is grayish with a slight olive tinge.

Waves plainly visible, about 8.

Vitrea [= Hyalina] wheatleyi (Bld.). Sole very narrow; zones

rather distinct, even with slight furrows marking them when the sole

is detached ; the median about the width of the marginals, in the

middle, wider near the anterior end. Waves distinct in the anterior

two-thirds (as in radatula),

V. draparnaldi (Beck). Sole narrow; three zones distinct, the

median slightly wider than the marginals, very narrow posteriorly,

and not reaching the posterior end. Here also, when the sole is de-

tached from the substratum, there are two rather deep sulci between

the zones. Waves distinct, 8-10, in rapid succession ; anterior end

of the foot progressing with a slight jerk as each wave reaches it.

Margin of the foot above marked off by two longitudinal furrows (on

each side).

Gastrodonta intertexta (Binn.). No zones marked, not a trace of

waves, just asin G. ligera. The margin of the foot above, outside

of the longitudinal furrow, is rather broad and of a more yellowish

tinge than the balance of the dorsum.

G. suppressa var.?' No zones, and no waves seen, even in direct

sunlight, transmitted.

EHuconulus chersinus (Say). No waves seen ; no zones on the sur-

face; zones slightly marked internally in transmitted light (as it

would be in all snails).

Limacide.

Limax maximus L. Sole with three zones rather sharply defined,

the median rather narrower than the marginals. Waves very dis-

tinct, about 20 in large specimens, from very near the tail end, each

1 Rather large, with higher spire; a heavy deposit (callus) in the last whorl

near the aperture, but no lamelle ; may be distinct.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

wave (= muscle contraction) much shorter than the interval (in

space).

Agriolimax agrestis (.).1. Three zones distinct, the median,

rather narrow, does not reach the anterior end, so the marginal is

continuous all around, Waves distinct, about 16 (in specimens

35 mm. long) in rapid succession.

Arionide.

Arion rubellus {St.2 A slightly and not sharply marked median

zone, wider towards the anterior end, somewhat hyaline, that is:

with few or none of the yellowish opaque (glandular ?) granules dis-

seminated in the rest of the sole. Waves visible, but not distinctly,

more remote from the surface of the sole than in Polygyra and

Limax, and more remote from each other than in Agriolimax agrestis,

and proceeding slower.

Philonaycide.

Philomyeus dorsalis (Binn.). No well marked zones, and no

waves seen.

Helicide— Polygyrine.

Some additional Polygyre examined show essentially the same

features as those noted before ; all with distinct zones and waves.

P. albolabris (Say). Foot and sole light-colored, not drab, and

color in the three zones little different ; waves about 12.

P. multilineata (Say). Sole drab-colored ; waves 9-10.

P. appressa (Say). Sole long and narrow; waves 10-11, com-

paratively numerous for the size of the snail.

P. stenotrema (Fér.). Waves about 7.

P. hirsuta (Say). Median zone grayish, marginal dull, pale red-

dish to purplish, with strongly marked transverse lines. Waves

about 7.

Pupide.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Foot very short ; zones not evident on

the sole; waves distinct, about 3, extending over nearly the whole

width of the sole.

1 From one place (in Lake Co., Ohio) several dozen were collected, showing

extremes of color: from whitish without any dark mottlings to almost entirely

black ; some of a tan to brownish tint.

2From a nursery in Lake Co., Ohio. Appears to be distinct from hortensis ;

described about 1682 ; European,

THE NAUTILUS. 65

THE NOMENCLATURE OF HARPA.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

Australian Museum, Sydney, N. S. Wales.

Application of the law of priority to the genus Harpa is attended

with the usual wreckage of familiar names. Not having observed

any recent adjustment of this nomenclature, I offer the following

notes :

The generic name of Harpa, as Dr. W. H. Dall has pointed out

(Journ. of Conch., XI, 1906, p. 296), should be ascribed to Bolten

(Mus. Bolt. [2], 1798, p. 149), not as in Fisher’s Manual, to

Rumphius, who was prenomial, or to Lamarck, who was a year later.

According to Hanley’s examination of Linnean types (Ipsa Linn.

Conch., 1855, p. 251), Harpa nobilis Lamarck, usurps the place of

Buecinum harpa Linn., which should become Harpa harpa Linn.

Yet most writers followed Lamarck in reducing Buccinum harpa to

the synonymy of Harpa ventricosa Lamarck.

Hanley continues to show that by Buccinum costatum Linn. is

meant Harpa imperialis Lamarck. Deshayes (An. s. vert., X,

1844, p. 129, footnote) had already censured Lamarck for his super-

fluous name, and recommended the restoration of Harpa costata

Linn.

Bolten was the first to separate binomially the species that Linné

had confused. For one of these, illustrated by Martini, figure

1090, be proposed (op. cit., p. 149) the name Harpa major.

Lamarck later included the same figure of Martini in the synonymy

of the species he proposed to call Harpa ventricosa.

Similarly for the species illustrated in the Conchylien Cabinet by

fig. 1092, Bolten proposed Harpa davidis, and for the same Lamarck

subsequently introduced Harpa articularis.

Again, to the shell shown by Martini in fig. 1094, Bolten gave

the name of Harpa doris, for which Lamarck afterwards substituted

Harpa rosea.

Finally, Bolten gave the name of Harpa amouretta to a species

illustrated by his predecessors, figure 1097. This later served to

express the Harpa minor of Lamarck.

Suter (Deutsch. Malak. Ges. Jahrbuch, IV, 1877, p. 129),

divided the genus into sixteen recent species. These Tryon re-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

duced to nine (Man. Conch., V, 1883, p. 97). Adding a distinct

Australian species to the latter estimate, the genus will stand thus

(synonyms in italics).

Harpa Bolten, 1798 = Harpa Lamarck, 1799.

. harpa Linné, 1758 = H. nobilis Lam., 1822.

. costata Linné, 1758 = H. imperialis Lam., 1822.

. major Bolten, 1798 = H. ventricosa Lam., 1822.

(1. articularis Lam., 1822.

( H. conoidalis Lam., 1822.

doris Bolten, 1788 — A. rosea Lam., 1822.

. amouretta Bolten, 1798 = H. minor Lam., 1822.

. cancellata Bolten, 1798 = H. striata Lam., 1822,

. crenata Swainson, 1822.

. gracilis Broderip. and Sowerby, 1829.

. punctata Verco, 1896.

. davidis Bolten, 1798 =

mt eo

MOLLUSKS OF WELLESLEY ISLAND AND VICINITY, ST. LAWRENCE

RIVER.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Several years ago the writer spent two weeks at Thousand Island

Park, and a collection of the mollusks of the nearby region was made.

Local lists from this part of New York State are lacking, and the

following catalogue may be of interest for this reason. The locali-

ties where collections were made are as follows, all being in Jeffer-

son County, N. Y.:

1. Goose Island, near Wellesley Island.

. South Bay, Wellesley Island.

. Blind Bay, New York shore.

. Watson’s Point, Wellesley Island.

- Thousand Island Park, Wellesley Island.

. Lake Waterloo, Wellesley Island.

The Thousand Islands lie in the head of the St. Lawrence at

the outlet of Lake Ontario. Wellesley Island is one of the large

islands. It is high and rocky, the rocks being granitic. It is well

wooded over a rolling surface, with here and there a pond or swamp.

a oe Oo bo

rHE NAUTILUS. 67

PELECYPODA.

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes), Station 2, rare.

Lampsilis radiata (Dillwyn). Stations 1, 2, common.

Anodonta marginota (Say). Station 2, common.

Unio nasutus (Say). Stations 1, 2, common.

Unio complanatus (Solander). Stations 1, 2, common.

GASTROPODA.

Campeloma decisum (Say). Station 6, rare.

Campeloma integrum obesum (Lewis). Stations 2, 3, rare.

Valvata lewisii (Currier). Station 2, rare.

Bythinia tentaculata (Linn.), Station 5, commen.

Goniobasis livescens (Menke). Stations 2, 6, common.

Physa gyrina (Say). Station 5, common.

Planorbis trivolvis (Say). Stations 2, 4, 6, common.

Planorbis binneyi (Tryon). Station 2, common.

Planorbis bicarinatus (Say). Station 2, common.

Planorbis campanulatus (Say). Stations 2, 4, 6, common.

Planorbis parvus (Say). Station 4, rare.

Planorbis hirsutus (Gould). Station 5, common.

Segmentina armigera (Say). Stations 2, 6, common.

Lymnea stagnalis appressa (Say). Stations 2, 3, common.

Galba palustris (Miiller). Stations 2, 5, 6, common.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Station 4, not common.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Station 5, common.

Succinea ovalis (Say). Station 5, common.

Succinea retusa (Lea). Stations 4, 5, common.

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Station 5, common.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Station 5, common.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Stations 4, 5, common.

Circinaria concava (Say). Station 4, not common.

Vitrea hammonis (Strém). Stations 4, 5, common.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Station 5, common.

Euconulus fulvus (Mill). Station 4, rare.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Stations 4, 5, common.

Agriolimax campestris (Binney). Station 5, common.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Station 5, rare.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Stations 4, 5, common.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Station 4, common.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALIFORNIENSIS, AND THE SHELLS COMMONLY

CALLED VARIETIES THEREOF.

BY HENRY M. EDSON.

My attention was first attracted to the complexity of the nomen-

clature of this group two years ago, while trying to identify a shell

which afterwards proved to be a deformed pip. nickliniana Lea.

Since then I have made a very careful study of the group, and have

collected over the entire distribution area, and particularly at the

type localities.

Dr. H. A. Pilsbry’s' catalogue of American land shells was the

last work of any scientific value dealing with these species, so I have

taken that as a base from which to work, and will discuss separately

each of the varieties he retained, and afterwards give my conclu-

sions. The following shells were retained in his list :

Epip. californiensis Lea.

Epip. californiensis, var. nickliniana Lea.

Epip. californiensis, var. anachoreta W. G. B.

Epip. californiensis, var. ramentosa Gld.

LE pip. californiensis, var. bridgesi Newe.

Epip. californiensis, var. diabloensis J. G. C.

EpIrPHRAGMOPHORA CALIFORNIENSIS Lea.

This is a species of the maritime region of the Upper Sonoran

faunal belt, of very limited distribution. It is found most abund-

antly at Point Pinos, Monterey Co., collected sparingly at Point

Cypress and Point Lobos, and at a few intermediate localities cover-

ing a distance of about twenty miles. It is usually found in the loose

sand at the base of plants and small shrubs; I have counted as many

as one hundred collected around the roots of a purple sea aster. The

young shells are conical with closed umbilicus.

EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS, var. NICKLINIANA Lea.

This is a subspecies of the wooded zone of the Upper Sonoran belt,

but overlaps into the Humid Transitional. It shows great variation,

which fact was early recognized by Dr. Newcomb.’ It is widely

1 NAUTILUS, xi, 1897.

2 Amer, Jour. Conch,, I, p. 342, 1865,

THE NAUTILUS. 69

distributed, extending from north of Santa Rosa, south on both sides

of San Francisco bay to Monterey on the coast, and San Benito Co.

in the interior.

In a shell of so large a distribution it stands to reason that there

will be variation, caused by lack of lime for shell-making in some

cases, and in other cases to lack of moisture. It has been my ex-

perience that the shells collected in wet places were larger, with a

more open umbilicus, than those from the more arid regions.

That nickliniana Lea is a variety of californiensis Lea I can find

no proof. The young of californiensis are high-spired with closed

umbilicus, the shells do not show the reticulated surface to any ex-

tent, and it is strictly a maritime species ; while the young of nicklin-

tana are planulate with an open umbilicus, the shells always show

the reticulated surface, and it inhabits the moister spots in the

wooded zone.

That nickliniana and ramentosa are identical no one can doubt

who has studied and collected them. I have in my collection a set

of twenty nickliniana from a small canyon in the foothills back of

Palo Alto, from which it is possible to select as many different forms,

running from a high spire with the lip almost entirely reflected over

the umbilicus to low spire with a widely-open umbilicus. The reticu-

lated surface and the purplish color of the nacre inside the aperture

are present in all of the forms of nickliniana. In some localities the

color band is obsolete.

E. nickliniana might be called the typical mollusk of the Upper

Sonoran fauna belt in the central portion of the Coast Range system.

EPpip. CALIFORNIENSIS, var. ANACHORETA W. G. B.

This was a deformed nickliniana, and was so recognized by Mr.

Binney’ in later writings.

Epip. CALIFORNIENSIS, var. RAMENTOSA Gld.

A small form of nickliniana from Bolinas, which does not differ

from nickliniana except in size. I have a set from the same

locality, which run from large to small, with both open and closed

umbilicus.

EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS, var. BRIDGESI Newe.

Described from a solitary dead shell from San Pablo, in which

1Bull, 28, U. S, N. M., p. 132, 1885.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Dr. Newcomb failed to recognize the connecting link between

ramentosa and nickliniana. He says, ‘* Its nearest approach to any

described California species is to H. ramentosa Gld., which is much

smaller in size, more solid in structure, with a more depressed spire,

lighter color and more scaly granulations; from H. nickliniana Lea

it is readily distinguished by its large umbilicus and difference in

form.”’

Mr. Binney ” placed it in the synonymy of ramentosa.

EpiIp. CALIFORNIENSIS, var. DIABLOENSIS J. G. C.

This was another solitary dead shell, in the California State Col-

lection, which was supposed* to have been collected in the Mount

Diablo range by Prof. Brewer of the Geological Survey, who crossed

the range near New Idria, in lat. 36° 30’, a distance of about two

hundred miles south of Mount Diablo, which later writers have

given as the type locality of diabloensis.

I fail to see anything in Cooper’s description which in any way

shows an affinity with this group, and suspect that the specimen was

a form of traski. I have traski from Coalinga, which is about

twenty miles south of New Idria, that fit the description very well.

The shell figured by Binney,‘ Fig. 118, seems to me to be identical

with the one figured as bridgesi, Fig. 109, and most certainly the

shells from the vicinity of Mount Diablo are not the diabloensis of

Cooper.

A list of the principal synonymy follows:

Epip. CALIFORNIENSIS Lea.

Helix californiensis Lea, Obs., II, 99, 1839.

Helix vincta Val., Voy de la Venus, Moll. pl. I, fig. 2.

EPip. NICKLINIANA Lea.

Helix nickliniana Lea, Obs., II, 100, 1839.

Helix californiensis Reeve, Con. Icon., no. 66.

Helix arboretorum Val., Voy de la Venus, pl. 1, fig. 3.

1Proc. Cal, Acad. Sci., II, .p. 91, 1861.

2) Bulle SU SNe Mei. 335 1885.

3J. G. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., III, p. 260, 1866.

4Bull. 28, U. S. N. M., p. 134, 1885.

THE NAUTILUS. (pl

Helix nemorivaga Val., Voy de la Venus, pl. 1, fig. 1.

Helix ramentosa Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 11, 1845.

Helix anachoreta W. G. B., Proc. Phil, Acad., 185, 1857.

Felix reticulata Pfr., Mal. Blatt., 87, 1857.

Helix bridgesii Newce., Proc. Cal. Acad., II, p. 91, 1866.

Artonta californiensis, var. nickliniana W. G. B., Bull. 28, 1885.

EXTRACTS FROM THE LOG OF THE EOLIS.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

The following extracts taken from the log-book of the Holis are

offered to the NauTiLus readers at the editor’s suggestion. The

Folis is a fifty-foot motor cruising yacht built by the writer es-

pecially for the purpose of dredging, and is provided with hoisting

machinery, etc. At the time of these entries in the log the boat

was cruising in south Florida waters, with Key West, and later,

Tortugas, as headquarters. Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburgh,

was on board during both cruises. The passages from the log are

taken quite at random:

*‘ April 18, 1910” (in the Hawk Channel). “. . . coming in

sight of Loue Key, a mere patch of coral sand on an exposed bit of

the outer Florida Reef, we decide to try for some reef collecting, the

tide being favorable. We run the Holis almost to the key on the

lee side, but with breakers all about us. The Captain, Clapp and I

go ashore in the tender, leaving the Hols rolling in uncomfortably

shoal water. It is difficult here to record the first impressions of

this our first experience on a tropical reef. At last the fine ones are

to be had for the picking. In nervous haste we turn over the coral

slabs and inspect their under sides. There they are, bright, shin-

ing, alive and beautiful: Cypraea cinerea and spurca, Conus mus

and floridana, Mitra barbaderis and nodulosa, one excellent specimen

of Mitra fergusoni, Cassis, Pisania, Trivia, Oliva, Olivella, and so

on. The wash of the surf over the coral rocks where we are col-

lecting, deprives us, I am sure, of many specimens, both by hiding

them from sight and by washing them away. ... Our catch, in

two rather strenuous hours’ work, is amazing in quantity and quality

. arrive in Key West at 3 p. m.”

“ April 19, 1910” (Key West). “4 a. m.—Start for outer

U?4 THE NAUTILUS.

channel buoy, cross the reef and put to sea for a few hauls on the

edge of the Gulf Stream. Weather fine, sea smooth .. . 3d haul

in 110 fathoms on a rocky rough bottom made even more difficult to

negotiate by the strength of the current. We are now fairly on the

‘ Pourtales Plateau,’ that narrow strip of sea-bottom which is pure

gold in our imaginations. Possibly we expect too much from this

happy hunting ground of Pourtales, for whatever may be its reputed

treasures they are certainly well protected by the nature of their

surroundings. This haul, made with great difficulty, brings up some

fine brachiopods, some very beautiful Marginellas, and Eureka!

Voluta dohrni. I am sure Clark will appreciate the wonderful

yellow sea-urchins. . . .”

“« April 22,1910. ... What a day this has been on Sand Key

Reef. Were it not that the keen edge of our excitement has been

dulled by a day on Loue Key Reef I am sure some of us would have

become ‘dippy.’ As it is, our conduct to any chance observer might

have raised suspicions. We danced and sang and called to each

other in our eagerness to exhibit new things discovered. We must

all drop everything and go over there to see the beautiful calico-

patterned orange-colored mantle of Ultimus gibbosus, or all must

hurry over here to see this octopus before he succeeds in wholly

effacing himself. We fairly reveled in Cypraea, Conus (especially

very fine O. nebulosus), Mitra, Pisania, Pecten, Columbella, Margi-

nella, Calliostoma, Turbo, Purpura, Latirus, Phos, Tritonidea, Lima,

Avicula, Lithodomus, etc., etc. . . . Blow, blow, blow, will it ever

stop blowing so we may go to work outside again? We pick over

siftings for hours until our eyes rebel against the strain. The

amount of small and minute stuff is astonishingly great in the sift-

ings. So much of this escapes detection when the material is wet.

A most gratifying number of species of Drillia, Mangilia, and other

Pleurotomids turn up this way. Especially noteworthy are the

pretty Ancistrocyrinx radiata and Niso interrupta, both of which

have a Chinese or Japanese appearance. Numbers of Pyramidellids

are appearing in the pickings. We all like these graceful highly-

sculptured little shells; the crew call them ‘peakers.’ I hope

Bartsch will not get too much discouraged when he sees them.

There are so many little bivalves that I have never seen before, and

indeed many Gasteropods of genera wholly unknown to me. . . .”

( To be continued.)

Mee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV. NOVEMBER, 1911. No. 7

COLLECTING SHELLS FROM THE ABALONE.

BY T. S. OLDROYD,

At White’s Point, four miles from San Pedro, California, is a

station for the Japanese abalone gatherers. They go around to the

different islands and places along the main shore where they are

plentiful. The divers, in their suits, go down in from two to six or

eight fathoms, pry the shells from the rocks, and put them in a sling

net, and they are hauled on deck, the average day’s work being from

_ one to two tons. They are brought to the station, where the meat is

taken out, boiled, dried in the sun, packed in cans and shipped,

mostly to China, I am told, where they are considered quite a deli-

cacy. The shells are piled up on shore, and are sold to jewelry

and novelty manufacturers. The red abalone (Haliotis rufescens

Swains.) they get on the island of Santa Cruz and places to the

north of here, while the Green Abalone (Haliotis fulgens Phil.),

the corrugated (Haliotis corrugata Gray), and the black (Haliotis

eracherodii Leach) are found further south. The shells are not

things of beauty to look at in their natural state, most of them being

badly worm-eaten and covered with moss, barnacles and Vermetus

tubes ; Lithophagus plumula Hanl., and Pholadidia sagitta Stearns

bore holes in the shells and sometimes bore through and the animal

has to protect itself by covering them over with patches of nacre.

Among the moss barnacles and Vermetus, are ideal protected places

for the small and microscopic shells to live in. None of these live

on the abalone exclusively, but in the protected places in the rocks

and stones, as well. I do not know as they prefer the Haliotis to

74 THE NAUTILUS.

the rocks, but I think he is a good-natured inoffensive big fellow and

does not eat up his little neighbors and companions. We have a

Barleeia that is said to be a lover of the Haliotis, but I have found

but very few of them, the Odostomia being by far the most plentiful.

When it gets dull on the farm and we want a day’s outing, Mrs,

ldroyd and myself go to White’s Point for a day’s collecting. We

do not have to wait for a low tide or go near the water, but make us

a comfortable seat at one of these large piles of shells and pick off

the little shells till we get tired. We find out where the abalone

comes from so as to get the locality of the small shells.

The following list is what we got in a few days’ collecting, but

this is nowhere near the limit to what might be found. They were

determined from others in our collection, which were determined at

Washington through the kindness of Doctors Dall and Bartsch :

Odostomia tenuisculpta Cpr.

Odostomia straminea Cpr.

Odostomia helga D. & B.

Marginella varia Sby.

Marginella regularis Cpr.

Marginella pyriformis Cpr.

Marginella jewettii Cpr.

Diala marmorea Cpr.

Diala acuta Cpr.

Triforis catalenensis Bartsch.

Triforis montereyensis Bartsch.

Eulima distorta Cpr.

Jeffreysia bifasciata Cpr.

Jeffreysia translucens Gld.

Rissoina dalli Bartsch.

Rissoa grippiana Dall.

Ethalia supravallata Cpr.

Vitrinella oldroydi Bartsch.

Cerithiopsis assimilata C. B. Ad.

Cerithiopsis cosmia Bartsch.

Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr.

Bittium rugatum Cpr.

Turbonilla buttoni D. & B.

Turbonilla tenuicula Gld.

Leptothyra bacula Cpr.

Phasianella pulliodes Cpr.

Eulithidium substriatum Cpr.

Calliostoma supergranosum Cpr.

Erato columbella Mke.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

Isapis fenestrata Cpr.

Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall.

Amphissa versicolar Dall.

Mitramorpha aspera Cpr.

Mitramorpha filosa Cpr.

Columbella penicillata Cpr.

Barleeia subtenuis Cpr.

Barleeia haliotiphila Cpr.

Placiphorella velata Cpr.

Anachis subturrita Cpr.

Lepidopleurus oldroydi Bartsch.

Lepidopleurus nexus Cpr.

Acanthochites diegoensis Pils.

Trachydermon dentiens Gld.

Crepidula dorsata Brod.

Lyonsia inflata Conr.

Lima dehiscens Conr.

Cardita subquadrata Cpr.

THE NAUTILUS.

Mangilia nitens Cpr.

Aesopus myrmacoon Dall.

Tornatina harpa Dall.

Leptothyra paucicostata Dall.

Leptothyra paucicostata var.

rubra Dall.

Kellia laperousii Desh.

Lasea rubra Cpr.

Saxicava arctica Linn.

Bryophila setosa Cpr.

Sphaenia californica Conr.

Hipponix tumens Cpr.

LAND SHELLS OF MONROE CO., PENNSYLVANIA.

BY H. A.

PILSBRY.

During September, 1909, I spent a couple of weeks at Bartons-

ville, Monroe Co., Pa., and employed some of my leisure in collect-

ing shells.

The country rock is a shale of Hamilton age.

The

shells were mostly taken on a steep, stony, wooded hillside facing

east, and in a pasture under stones.

See also Nautitus XXI, p. 67, where Mr.

greater part common.

The species taken are for the

Joshua Baily, Jr., lists Monroe County shells.

Polygyra albolabris (Say).

Polygyra tridentata (Say).

Polygyra fraterna (Say).

Polygyra hirsuta (Say).

Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Pyramidula cronkhitei catskill-

ensis (Pils.).

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Punctum pygmeum (Drap.).

Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.).

Vitrea hammonis (Strém),

Vitrea rhoadsi (Pils.).

Vitrea indentata (Say).

Euconulus chersinus (Say).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).

Succinea ovalis Say.

Vallonia excentrica St.

Vallonia costata (Miull.).

Bifidaria pentodon (Say).

Vertigo ovata Say.

Vertigo gouldi Binn.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.).

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIDG, II.

BY PROFESSOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

(Concluded from p. 48.)

Urocorrtis (GONGYLOSTOMA) TURGIDA 0. sp.

Shell rimate, swollen-cylindric, rapidly tapering to a truncate cone

above; suture simple.

Whorls 8-9, a little convex.

Brown, mar-

76 THE NAUTILUS.

bled with zigzag whitish flames; last whorl violet-brown. Surface

shining, weakly ribbed striate. Aperture large, transversely ovate-

oblong, with the internal axial fold strong. Axis encircled by two,

rarely three, compressed lamelle, the lowest broadly expanded in the

last two whorls; other axial characters as in U. proteus.

Long. 25, diam. 8.6, ap. long. 6.2, ap. diam. 5.2. Whorls 9.

Long. 20, diam. 7.5, ap. long. 5.6, ap. diam. 5. Whorls 8.

Long. 22, diam. 8.6, ap. long. 6, ap. diam. 5. Whorls 8.5.

Var. ‘‘a.’”’ Smaller, more swollen-fusiform.

Long. from 16 to 19 mm.; diam. 7 to 8 mm.

Central Cuba; Sierra de Bamburanao near Seibabo de Yaguajay,

province of Santa Clara.

This may be regarded as a more obese member of the U. proteus

group. Both forms live in the same locality, but U. proteus dwells

under stones, while U. turgida finds a permanent habitat on the

upper side of stones.

Urocoprtis (GONGYLOSTOMA) UBERRIMA, 0. Sp.

Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, very inflated, more swollen above the

middle and rapidly terminating in a narrow concave truncation ;

somewhat solid; pale chestnut colored indistinctly clouded with

darker brown and with whitish areas, last whorl purplish brown.

Surface obliquely regularly rib-striate ; suture simple. Whorls 7-8,

a little convex, the last shortly free in front, with a cord-like keel

around the base. Aperture transversely ovate, brown within, the

peristome, columella and upper wall, white. Axial fold prominent.

Peristome expanded and reflexed. Axis encircled by two subequal

lamelle above the middle, somewhat stout, and by three lamelle in

the antepenultimate and penultimate whorls, the lower the largest.

Long. 17, diam. 8.2, ap. diam. 4.5, ap. long. 5.2. Whorls 8.

Long. 14.5, diam. 8, ap. diam. 4.3, ap. long. 5. Whorls 7.

Long. 16, diam. 8, ap. diam. 4.2, ap. long. 5. Whorls 7.5.

Central Cuba; Sierra de Santa Rosa, between Remedios and

Seibabo de Yaguajay, Prov. of Santa Clara.

Differs from U. turgida by its smaller size, obovate shape, less

distinct color pattern, and by the axis.

UrocorrTis (GONGYLOSTOMA) INTUSCOARCTATA, N. sp.

Shell similar externally to U. cioniscus but the axis bears two

THE NAUTILUS. 77

small sub-equal compressed lamelle above, the upper one disappear-

ing or becoming a low cord at the middle, and the lower, denticulate

above, expands in the antepenultimate whorl into a somewhat

upward flaring broad plate, asin U. fabreana: in the last two whorls

this lamella is reduced again, almost disappearing in the last one.

Long. 29, diam. 6, apert. diam. 5.3. Whorls 13.

Long. 23, diam. 5.6, apert. diam. 5. Whorls 10.

Long. 25, diam. 6, apert. diam. 5.2. Whorls 10.

Central Cuba; Sierra de Canoa at Las Llanadas, District of

Mayajigua, Province of Santa Clara.

This species belongs to the Section Hsochara Pils. and Van., and

is near U. fabreana, but differs in color, the close riblets, whorls

more convex, and chiefly by the upper lamella of the axis not being

obsolete above. Affinities with U. intermedia, etc., are evident.

Urocoptis (GONGYLOSTOMA) DIMIDIATA, N. sp.

Shell very similar externally to U. turgida, though differing in

color, the whitish flames being fewer and less undulated. Axis (as

in U. strangulata) ‘with two spiral lamellae above, the lower one

expanding in a broad, flat plate or spiral disk in the antepenultimate

and penultimate whorls, nearly reaching the outer wall of the cavity.”

In the last whorl this lamella is reduced and the upper one effaced.

Long. 28, diam. 9, ap. diam. maj. 7.2, ap. diam. min. 6.2, whorls 10.

Long. 22, diam. 8, ap. diam. maj. 6.6, ap. diam. min. 6, whorls 8.

Long. 25, diam. 8.8, ap. diam. maj. 7, ap. diam. min. 6, whorls 9.

Central Cuba: Vereda de los Boqueles, over the mountain near

Aguada, district of Mayajigua, province of Santa Clara.

The rejected portion of the spire (7 to 8 whorls) rapidly and con-

cavely tapering, striate, with the two and one-half embryonic whorls

smooth, corneous and slightly bulbous. Differs from U. strangulata

by its swollen shell, color pattern, less widely-spaced riblets, larger

and transversely ovate aperture, etc. From U. intuscoarctata differs

by these same characters and also by the more expanded disk of the

lower lamella, and the upper one effaced only in the last whorl.

U. DIMIDIATA INTERMEDIA, nN. var.

Differs from typical U. dimidiata ‘n more slender contour of shell.

Its color is corneous, with occasional inconspicuous brown streaks.

Aperture sub-circular.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Long. 26, diam. 6.8, ap. diam. 5.4, whorls 11.

Long. 21, diam. 6, ap. diam. 5, whorls 9.

Long. 23, diam. 6.5, ap. diam. 5.2, whorls 9.5.

On stones: Vereda del Chorreron, near Aguada, in the district of

Mayajigua, province of Santa Clara.

An entire small specimen contains 16 whorls and has a length of

25mm. This variety is somewhat similar to U. fallax, but internally

it is intermediate between U. dimidiata and U. intuscoarctata.

Urocoprtis (GONGYLOSTOMA) ALVEARIS, 0. sp.

Shell thin, shortly rimate, oblong, widest above the middle; spire

tapering to a very short truncate cone; brown, becoming purple-brown

on last whorl. Sculptured with narrow, oblique, whitish ribs sepa-

rated by spaces about four times width of ribs. Whorls 7-9, slightly

convex, the last very shortly free, its base defined by a very low or

obsolete cord. Aperture nearly circular, dull purple within; colu-

mella and upper portion of the peristome white. Peristome broadly

expanded and the upper margin reflexed. Columellar lamella promi-

nent. Axis with two compressed lamelle, the lower one larger,

broadly expanded in the last two whorls, forming a horizontal disk

extending one-third distance from axis to outer wall.

Long. 20, diam. 9.2, ap. long. 6.7, ap. diam. 7.2.

Long. 16, diam. 8, ap. long. 5, ap. diam. 5.5.

Long. 20.8, diam. 8, ap. long. 6, ap. diam. 6.5.

Central Cuba: La Puntilla, near Remedios, in the Santa Clara

province.

Differs from dimidiata and turgida by the shorter, broader shape

and much more widely-spaced ribs and less expanded axial disk.

The two and one-half embryonic whorls are smooth and very convex,

as in other species of this group, with a diam. of 1.4mm. The fol-

lowing four whorls are weakly and very obliquely striate, after which

the ribbed sculpture is assumed, irregular and rather weak at first,

but becoming strong and regular on the eighth whorl. The first

eight whorls increase in diameter very slowly, after which the shell

abruptly expands.

Urocorris (GONGYLOSTOMA) TUBA 2. sp.

Shell similar to U. alvearis in color, sculpture and axial plan but

differs from that species by its more slender contour and by the much

THE NAUTILUS, XXV- PEATE IV-

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID&.

LEENA URIMUSS 2oxVe PICA:

x : aa £

Poe

;

}

Pp.

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIDAs,

THE NAUTILUS, XXV. PLATE VI,

i\ \\ i

Ny)

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID.

THE NAUTILUS, XXV. PLATE VII

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID®.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

more gradually tapering spire, the lateral outlines of which are not

so deeply concave.

Long. 24.5, diam. 7.5, ap. long. 6.3, ap. diam. 6.5, whorls 10.

Long. 20.3, diam. 7.1, ap. long. 6.5, ap. diam. 6.9, whorls 7.

Central Cuba; Cerro de Guajahana near Caibarien in the Pro-

vince of Santa Clara.

REFERENCE TO Piates I1V_-VII.

Plate IV.

Figs. 1, 5. Urocoptis villarensis n. sp. Page 42.

Figs. 2, 3, 6. Urocoptis proteus n. sp. Page 48.

Fig. 4. Urocoptis proteus castanea n. subsp. Page 44.

Figs. 7, 8. Urocoptis proteus robustaxis n. subsp. Page 44.

Figs. 9,12. Urocoptis mayajiguensis n. sp. Page 45.

Figs. 10, 11. Urocoptis cioniscus n. sp. Page 46.

Plate V.

Figs. 13,14. Urocoptis remediensis n. sp. Page 44.

Fig. 15. Urocoptis remediensis var.a. Page 45.

Fig. 16. Urocoptis remediensis var. 6. Page 45.

Figs. 17, 21. Urocoptis mayajiguensis fulva n. subsp. Page 45

Figs. 18, 19, 20. Urocoptis transitoria n. sp, Page 46.

Figs. 22, 23. Urocoptis mayajiguensis var. a. Page 45.

Plate V1.

Figs. 24, 25. Urocoptis turgida n. sp. Page 75.

Fig. 26. Urocoptis turgida var. a. Page 76.

Figs. 27, 30, 81. Urocoptis tuba n. sp. Page 78.

Figs. 28, 29, 34. Urocoptis dilatata n. sp. Page 47.

Figs. 32, 33. Urocoptis fallax n. sp. Page 47.

Plate VII.

Figs. 35, 36, 37, 38. Urocoptis alvearis n. sp. Page 78.

Figs. 39, 40. Urocoptis uberrima n. sp. Page 76.

Figs. 41, 42. Urocoptis dimidiata n. sp. Page 77.

Figs. 43, 44. Urocoptis intuscoarctata n. sp. Page 76.

Figs. 45, 46. Urocoptis dimidiata intermedia n. subsp. Page 77.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

A GOOD COLLECTING GROUND FOR SMALL 8HELLS.

BY W. F. CLAPP.

The shells listed below were gathered at High Pines, Duxbury

Beach, Mass. High Pines is a small hummock, separated from the

mainland and any vegetation by eight miles of beach and sand

dunes. The hummock itself which is only an acre in area, is cov-

ered with a dense growth of scrub oak, beach plum and sumac.

Considering the above conditions, it is interesting to note the

quantity of specimens obtained from one square yard. I have in-

cluded in the list approximately the number of specimens of each

species found. Several of the species listed I have been unable to

find in Duxbury on the mainland, and, on the other hand, species

found in considerable quantities in Duxbury do not appear to inhabit

High Pines.

On old charts of Duxbury Beach, the area connecting High Pines

with the mainland appears as thickly wooded, but storms have re-

moved all visible evidences of the former vegetation.

“For the benefit of those from Missouri,’”’ I will add, that I have

a small quantity of soil similar to that from which these shells were

taken, and will be pleased to divide the spoils with anyone caring to

sort out the remainder, and thus verify my figures.

Vallonia pulchella Muller. . . . .... . . 1800

ZOOGENMEE NATMG SAY... s/h ape lal eet, ee ee

Pupiwlamuscorum Linn: 020. ates, ees PaO

PONMOLMESATOOER SAY... vcs 5) itis, Site wa, eee em

Ooehlicopa twbrica) Mull... ne sis ey ee ot 3 OO

Helicodiseus parallelus Say. 2%. \s «\\s ie fo

Helix hortensis Muller |. oe see eee

Wertigo amebum Gould «5... j.ua.s acies eo © YOU

Vitrea hammonis Strom. ..... ePIC eaten Lint:

Biydarmacurvudens Gould... i.) vie.) stent tet eee

Punetum pygmaeum Drap. ...... .-. - 28

Succinea ovalis tottentana Lea. . . . 1... . «(217

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyt Pils... .. . 2

THE NAUTILUS. 81

EXTRACTS FROM THE LOG OF THE EOLIS.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

(Concluded from p. 72.)

“May 30, 1911” (off Key West). “...6a.m.—We take a

position about where we failed yesterday in 50 fathoms, using the

medium dredge for several unsuccessful hauls ; then we bend on ‘old

Sampson’ (our largest and heaviest dredge) and lower away. This

time the bag comes up full of large broken shells, mostly Pectens

and large bivalves all dead and worn, from shallow water ; this is no

good at all. Run out to 90 fathoms and make three very good hauls

on the edge of the Pourtales Plateau. The features of the bag are

some very interesting Murices of the Pteronotus group with wide

foliated varices and quite suggestive of certain Pacific Coast species.

Also Murex beauii, a very fine species of that fine genus. We especi-

ally rejoice over these Murices for with them added to our records

we have nearly completed the list of Atlantic Coast Muricide.

Voluta dohrni, Calliostoma batrdii, a superb Fusus eucosmia twice

the size of any specimens I have ever seen. It nearly took our

breath away, . . . The clearness of the water here is most striking.

We always watch over the side of the boat to see who will first dis-

tinguish the dredge as it is being hauled up by the power winch.

Its white skirts begin flashing so far below the surface we have been

speculating upon the actual distance. We measured the rope to-day

and found that we could actually see the dredge at 104 feet.”

“ June 11, 1911” (Key West). ‘In bagging the dried siftings

of a haul made yesterday in 90 fathoms, we made the splendid dis-

covery of a Haliotis. This is probably Haliotis pourtalesti of Dall,

described by him from memory of the unique specimen which was

destroyed in the Chicago fire. Pourtalés obtained his specimen

right about here. ‘This one just taken is now the only specimen ‘in

captivity.’ We are quite excited about it... alas, we need all

the cheer we can find, for the loss of our two carefully designed traps

and ‘old Sampson,’ all in one day, has cast a gloom upon us...

61 fathoms, a fragment, though brightly colored, of Voluta junonia,

the first in our records.”

“ June 6, 1911” (Key West). ‘‘. . . proceeding out we meet a

stiff wind with swell and a nasty chop on top, but we try out a few

82 THE NAUTILUS.

hauls nevertheless in shallow water, 20 fath. Position, close to

outer edge of Florida Reef. Excellent bottom, though not very

rich in mollusks. Anapparently new Scala, with deeply channelled

sutures, giving it a pagoda-like appearance, the ribs quite obsolete.

The animal placed in alcohol at once exuded a large amount of

purple liquid. We are pleased to see that it is possible to dredge in

so rough a sea, but when wind, sea and current all pull together, it

is hard.”

«June 9, 1911” (Tortugas Islands). “ .. . about three miles

out from the big red sea buoy, five hauls on rough to hard sand

bottom,—the poorest five hauls that any one ever made. One bright

spot in the morning’s work is a living Voluta junonia, a young speci-

men, but at last we may say that we have collected this rare and

most desirable shell alive.” ... (on Garden Key, Tortugas).

«©. . . we discover a patch of coral rock making out from shore and

we fall greedily upon it. The rock extends out but a short distance

to the edge of the dredged channel to the Fort; there the bottom

falls steeply to a depth of about thirty feet, the water being clear

as crystal. Upon this pile of half-submerged rock we obtain some

delightful collecting. Very fine specimens of a small race of Cypraea

exanthema are abundant along with the usual run of reef species, all

shells being very free of calcareous deposits. Red and yellow

Pectens are abundant, clinging, for the most part, to the rocks by

byssi ; there are also pure white Limas that display their wonderfully-

decorated mantle edges; they are very agile and dart about by a

rapid spasmodic opening and closing of their shells. The larger

specimens are always fixed by the byssus in crevices of the rocks.

The Trochids and Turbinidg are especially well represented on this

reef. To facilitate our work we all enter the water regardless of

clothes. It is too deep for rubber boots, the sun is too powerful for

naked backs. We vary our labors by an occasional swim about the

outer edge of the rocks,—it feels so odd to be fully clothed in the

water ... this little reef is perfectly delightful. A large quantity

of exquisite fish of the ‘ Angel fish’ type,—veritable butterfles as to

color—hover about, almost touching our hands and acting in the most

friendly and confidential manner, yet always skilfully avoiding cap-

ture by just eluding one’s grasp; they seem not in the least frightened

by such hostile demonstration. Now and then large fish weighing

ten to twenty pounds come leisurely swimming along and inspect us

THE NAUTILUS. 83

carefully, and then decide to hang around awhile. Weare in a per-

fect aquarium,—a part of it—and we are upon the most intimate

terms with all the other inhabitants. Great care must be taken to

avoid touching the sharp-spined sea-urchins, especially the Diadema,

whose purple and black spines are six inches long and as sharp as

needles, brittle as glass and poisonous . . . such a wealth of cru-

stacea, such beautiful Eolids with green and yellow filagree-work

along their backs ; they craw] over one’s hands under water like cat-

erpillars ; such stealthy Octopi sneaking over the rocks,—one recoils

from them as fromasnake. How fascinating this reef collecting is.

Poor Clapp ; if these were only land shells, how much more he would

enjoy it. ...

”?

NOTES.

A ConcnHo.oeist’s Directory.—The undersigned intends pub-

lishing, on or before January 1, 1912, a Directory of American

Conchologists. No charge is made for inserting names and ad-

dresses, but if a copy of the Directory is desired, send 25 cents as

early as possible.

Persons ordering in advance may choose a subject and have the

same designated after their name. Conchologists should state if they

have a collection, the size of the same, and whether exchanges are

invited, etc.

If sufficient interest is shown, the Directory will be published

annually until the formation of a national society. Address,

MaxweELt Smita, Hartsdale, N. Y.

Teacuine Naturat History.—So far as I know, this is the

only high school in America where an effort is made in the regular

zoology classes to teach pupils the systematic collection and naming

of our common insects and shells. This may be right or it may not,

but the unusual interest manifested in our classes urges me to write

this, thinking that it may be helpful to others. I shall speak of the

shells only.

I read to all my classes the peculiar incident told by Mr. Hender-

son in his Cuban trip collecting Urocoptis elliott’. It will open the

eyes of over 100 boys and girls to see things when they go to Cuba,

84 THE NAUTILUS.

I say ‘‘see’’ advisedly, for they have already seen two very remark-

able things right here at home. ‘The first was a find of Valvata in

Washington Park, and the second a remarkable find of five species

of land shells at 63d and Prairie Ave., where the South Side ele-

vated ‘goes round the bend.” ‘There were hundreds of Pyramidula

striatella, Zonitoides, Vitreas and Vallonias. These, mind you, were

brought in by pupils who a month ago knew not of their existence.

They also visit the greenhouses and pick up V. draparnaldi. And

the keepers help them in their search. If we have no shell col-

lectors in the next generation ’twill be no fault of mine.—E. E.

Hanp, Department of Zoology, Wendell Phillips High School,

Chicago.

NINE HUNDRED AND TWELVE PEARLS IN ONE UNiIo.—W. H.

Toms, a clam-digger of Adrian, Mich., found 912 pearls in a Raisin

River clam. One hundred were of marketable size. Fifty are

beauties, for which he expects a fortune.— Public Ledger, Phila.

CoLLECTING ON THE SripsEY RiveR, ALABAMA.—Since writing

last I have made several excursions to the Sipsey. You will remem-

ber that, after my work at the Forks, we considered it rather a poor

stream for Unionide. My present impression is that it is going to

turn out one of the richest in Alabama, and decidedly peculiar. It

is, in fact, very different from other rivers which I have explored.

Most of it is ‘‘ dead water,” with a steady, pretty strong current and

three or four feet deep; it is very crooked and choked with drift logs.

Now and then there are gravel shoals, shallow, with an even, strong

current, and these are the places for the mussels, especially Pleuro-

bemas. These gravel shoals are altogether peculiar in my experience.

The bottom is a layer of gravel, a foot or so thick, cemented so that

it is quite hard; under this there is loose gravel, in which the mus-

sels generally live. At the Forks I used to wonder why the musk-

rats left so many shells and I found so few. A farmer there, who

had taken out river gravel for a road, gave me the explanation,

which I have verified: only a few mussels are in the top layer, but

great numbers of them under the cemented portion; the muskrats

get to them through small crevices. The proper way to work these

shoals will be to have a man dig away the cemented part, which is

not very hard, and get to the layer beneath.—H. H. Smiru.

He NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV. DECEMBER, 1911. No.8

A NEW GENUS OF BIVALVES FROM BERMUDA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Among various minute shells sent for examination to the National

Museum by Mr. Arthur Haycock, of Bermuda, is a minute trian-

gular bivalve which at first looks like a very small, solid Oumingia,

but on careful scrutiny under a compound microscope proves to be a

new genus of the family Mesodesmatide. One complete specimen

and a single valve are in the collection of Mr. Haycock.

ARGYRODONAX, DN. g.

Shell small, concentrically sculptured, porcellanous, with a minute,

L.1.0r101.1.

R.0.17010.0

Pallial sinus large and deep, muscular scars large and strong; pos-

smooth, nearly circular prodissoconch, Hinge formula

sessing a feeble external ligament and a narrow but strong resilium.

General form tellinoid. Type:

ARGYRODONAX HAYCOCKI, N. sp.

Shell small, white, subtriangular, attenuated behind; sculpture of

concentric threads growing coarser and more or less irregularly

grouped toward the margin; lunular space impressed but not defined

by any limiting sculpture; there is no escutcheon; ligament feeble,

short, amphidetic external; resilium narrow, strong, situated ip front

of the posterior left cardinal tooth, and in the right valve in front of

a ridge, which may be a feeble cardinal tooth or merely the raised

86 THE NAUTILUS.

edge of the resiliifer; the right valve has a short, stout anterior and

a high, thin, elongate posterior lateral tooth; both the laterals fit

under the margin of the left valve with no obvious sockets. The

anterior end of the shell is longer than the posterior, and is rounded;

the shorter posterior end is subtriangular; the muscular scars are

large for the size of the valve, especially the posterior scar; the pallial

sinus is deep, high, rounded behind, confluent with the pallial line

below.

Length 5.5, height 4.5, max. diam. 2.6 mm.

Habitat: Bermuda.

This shell is perhaps nearest to Anapella, which has no pallial

sinus and a simpler binge-armature. I know of no other genus of

the family which can be said to approach it more nearly.

A NEW BRACHIOPOD FROM BERMUDA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Another of Mr. Haycock’s interesting discoveries is a small brachi-

opod belonging to the genus Argyrotheca (formerly Cistella), which

occurs in the shell sand of Bermuda.

ARGYROTHECA BERMUDANA, D. sp.

Shell minute, varying from nearly circular to slightly quadrate-

rounded, with a feeble concave median inflection of the hemal valve

which does not obviously undulate the distal margin. Color white,

clouded with pale scarlet; area wide, smooth, with a very large tri-

angular opening for the pedicel; surface smooth with rather large

punctations. Hinge teeth short, strong. Ventral valve with a me-

dian, rather low septum, extending nearly to the distal margin.

Hemal valve with a strong septum, widest distally and with a dis-

tinctly serrate front edge. Apophyses broad and horizontally in-

curved, and in large part free from the valve except near the septum.

The largest specimen is 2.5 mm. wide and about as high, moderately

convex.

None of the specimens contained the remains of the animal. In

form and character this is a very distinct species; in color it may be

THE NAUTILUS. 87

compared to Frenulina pulchella Gray. It cannot be confounded

with the heavily ribbed Antillean A. rubrotincta.

A NEW CALIFORNIA EUPLEURA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

The following species was dredged off San Diego, outside the kelp

beds, in 15 fathoms, by Mr. C. W. Gripp, whose success in getting

new and interesting forms is well known to readers of the NauTILUs:

EUPLEURA GRIPPI, nN. sp.

Nucleus small, of a single whorl or slightly more, dark chestnut-

brown in color, smooth and slightly tilted, followed by four and a

half subsequent whorls, with the inception of which the sculpture

changes abruptly; the first has two, the second three, the third four

spiral threads between the periphery and the subsequent suture; the

two original threads stronger than the others, but all becoming rela-

tively feebler, and on the last whorl obsolete; the posterior slope of

the whorls is smooth except for lines of growth; on the last whorl

there are very obscure indications of obsolete spiral sculpture; the

whorls have, in the type specimen, about five obscure nodes at the

shoulder, reminiscent of the varices of the other species of the genus;

whorls increasing in size rapidly, the shoulder slope flattish, situated

at the posterior third on the last whorl, the suture distinct but not

appressed; aperture ovate, the body with a light glaze, the outer lip

thickened, sharp-edged, tinged with orange color; the type has eight

small denticles within on the callus; canal short, open, slightly re-

curved; general tint of the type specimen dark, livid, olive color;

operculum muricoid,

Height of shell 21.5, of last whorl 18.0, of aperture excluding the

canal 10.0; max. diameter of the shell 11.0, of the aperture 6.2 mm.

The animal, like that of the other species, is purpuriferous. It

presents a strong contrast to the other species of the genus in its

general smoothness and absence of conspicuous sculpture and the

bright color of the lip.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON PACHYCHEILUS VIOLACEUS PRESTON.

BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN,

Guantanamo, Cuba.

This species, the largest Melanian of Cuba, was described by Mr.

Preston in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London,

ix, p. 199, March, 1911, the locality being indefinitely given as

‘“« Cuba, alt. 2000 feet.”” The circumstances of the discovery of this

remarkable species may be of interest. I found it in the Santa Maria

river at Camp Yberia, 2000 feet above sea level, on September 17th,

1909. This place is 25 miles west of the city of Baracoa, on the

north coast of Cuba. The hills in which Camp Yberia lies are

known as the Sierra del Cupey, and the place is by no means easy

of access.

The shells are quite abundant, all being squarely truncated. They

are purplish-brown, almost black, with indistinct light bands below

the suture, at the periphery and around the axis. These bands show

distinctly on looking through the shell from the inside. Or the shell

might be described as pale olive, with two broad purple-brown bands-

The surface has the fine striation of the Central American species of

Pachychetlus.

THE USE OF THE GENERIC NAMES UNIO, MARGARITANA, LYMNIUM

AND ELLIPTIO, AND OF ANODONTA AND ANODONTITES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

Recently an attempt has been made to show that the general use

of the old names of Unio, Margaritana and Anodonta is not correct,

but that they should give way to Lymnium, Unio and Anodontites,

respectively. This was first indicated by Thiele (Nachr. Bl. deutsch.

Malakozool. Ges. 41, Heft 1, 1909, p. 29) and carried out by him

subsequently (J. Thiele, Mollusken, in: Brauer, Suesswasserfauna

Deutschlands, Heft 19, 1919, pp. 32-35).

I. To the first change (Unio into Lymnium, ete.) an objection was

promptly taken by F. Haas (Nachr. Bl. deutsch. Malakozool. Ges.

41, Heft 2, 1909, pp. 68-72), to which, however, Thiele replied,

maintaining his view (Beitr. Kenntn. mitteleurop. Najaden, Beil.

Nachr. BI., etc., No. 3, 1909, p. 48).

THE NAUTILUS. 89

The evidence offered for either view may be condensed as follows:

The original genus Unio of Retzius, 1788, contains species both

with and without lateral hinge teeth, and no type is named. In

1792 Bruguiére describes the genus Unio as possessing such teeth,

without saying, however, what is to become of those species which

have no lateral teeth. In 1815 Oken divided the genus Unio, call-

ing the species with lateral teeth ymnium and those without teeth

Unio. In 1817 Schumacher did the same, but retained Unio for

the species with teeth, while for those without teeth he introduced

the new generic name Margaritana.

Thiele now claims that Oken was the first to split the old genus,

and that his names have the priority, while Haas claims that Bru-

guiére had the intention to split the old genus, and that he thus has

the priority over Oken. With reference to the latter claim, Thiele

says that there is no evidence whatever in Berguiére’s paper to show

that he intended to divide the genus Unio.

Both authors are right. Bruguiére may have had the intention of

dividing the genus, but there is no positive proof of it, and as long

as the dispute concerns the possible intentions of Bruguiére the ques-

tion will never be settled. But I should like to offer here two sug-

gestions which probably will help us.

(1) Unio Retzius is a genus without a type, but with a diagnosis,

which includes species with and without lateral teeth. No matter

what the cntentions of Bruguiére were, the fact remains that he, with

a full knowledge of Retzius’ diagnosis, gave another diagnosis, in

which he mentions only the presence of lateral teeth. Thus, although

we cannot say that the genus Unio has been split or divided, surely

the concept has been changed and restricted. This is a perfectly

legitimate way in nomenclature, and thus Bruguiére introduced the

first change in the definition of the genus, and consequently has the

priority over Oken. Oken, according to our modern rules, had no

right any more to use Unio in such a way that it would exclude all

of Bruguiére’s species.

(2) Unio Retzius is a genus without a type, that is to say we do

not know which one of the six species enumerated by Retzius is the

type. Yet looking again at the diagnosis, we see it says that in

** most ’’ species (¢ plurimis) lateral teeth are present. This makes

it perfectly clear that Retzius regarded the absence of lateral teeth

(in one species) as an exception to the rule, while the other five spe-

90 THE NAUTILUS.

cies represent the rule, or typical condition. While we thus do not

know the type, we know, on the other hand, which species should not

be the type.

Now if any subsequent author is to select a type species, this latter

surely should correspond to the original diagnosis, and should repre-

sent the rule but not the exception. Haas cites a rule of the inter-

national code of nomenclature (section 35), which says that no species

should be selected as type which has only ‘ doubtfully ” been as-

signed to the genus by the original describer. Of course, taken

verbally, this rule does not entirely fit the present case, but without

much difficulty it might be stretched so as to cover it. If U. mar-

garitiferus is selected as type, as Oken does, a species is taken which

is abnormal and does not fully correspond to the original diagnosis,

while a number of species which do fit the original diagnosis are

thrown out. While Bruguiére’s change in the diagnosis consists

only of the dropping of the word “ most” ( plurimis), thus throwing

out the exceptional case only, Oken’s definition of the genera involves

a complete change, for instead of having lateral teeth ‘*in most

cases,”’ as formerly, Unio now has ‘‘ never any” lateral teeth, prac-

tically the opposite.

These two considerations are, as far as I can see, consistent not

only with common sense, but also with the rules of nomenclature.

There is no rule which says that an author has no right to change

the concept of a genus by modifying the diagnosis, as long as one or

some of the original species remain included, and this is what Bru-

guiére has actually done, and we see it black or white before us.

And further, in doing this, Bruguiére simply carried out an idea

already suggested by Retzius, namely, that the genus Unio consists

of a number of species representing fully the normal condition of the

genus, and of an additional one which forms an exception.

Consequently Bruguiére has the priority, and Lymniwm of Oken

becomes simply a synonym of Unio, as restricted by Bruguiére. For

the remaining species (U. margartferus) Schumacher’s name Mar-

garitana is to be used.

I may mention here incidentally that a number of North American

species are retained under the genus Unio by Simpson. I do not

think that they should remain congeneric with the European forms,

for reasons which will be set forth in another paper. For most of

the American forms the generic name Eiliptio Rafinesque, 1819,

THE NAUTILUS. 91

which has been used by Simpson for a section of Unio, will be appro-

priate, and its use will conform to the rules of nomenclature. The

type species of Elliptio is U. crassidens Lamarck. Congeneric are

at least the following species: gibbosus Barnes, complanatus Dillwyn,

Jisherianus Lea and productus Conrad, and probably most of the

other North American species, at least those which group with the

species named.

II. The substitution of Anodontites Bruguiére, 1792, for Anodonta

Lamarck, 1799, has also been advocated by Thiele (1. c.), and is not

objected to by Haas (I. ¢.).

I think this case is absolutely clear, and there is no earthly reason

for this change. Anodontites was created by Bruguiére in order to

describe a new species, A. erispata, from South America. He also

says that several other species belong to Anodontites, two of Linnzus,

which he names, and seven others which he does not mention. This

leaves not the slightest doubt that Amodontites crispata is the type

of Anodontites. It is the first species described under this generic

name, and it consequently always has to remain with this genus un-

less the latter is dropped for other reasons. In Simpson’s synopsis,

however, this species stands under Glabaris Gray, 1847. This is

against the rules. Since there is no objection whatever to the gene-

ric name Anodontites, Anodontites crispata has to stand, and all other

species of the modern Glabaris have to go with it, so that Glabaris

becomes a synonym of Anodontites, which is a South American genus.

This opens the way for the admission of Lamarck’s Anodonta, the

type of which is, according to Simpson, Mytilus cygneus of Linneus.

We may now rejoice, for we have three valid generic names

among the Najades which we must not confuse, Anodontites Bru-

guiére (= Glabaris Gray), Anodonta Lamarck and Anodontoides

Simpson, disregarding the synonyms Anodon Oken, Anodontes Cu-

vier, Anodontopsis Simpson and the fossil Anodontopsis McCoy.

THE LAND SHELLS OF GARDEN KEY, DRY TORTUGAS, FLA.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

While at Key West last June on the “ Eolis,’’ Henderson and I

were invited by Dr. Alfred G. Mayer, in charge of the Carnegie

Institution Biological Station on Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas, to

92 THE NAUTILUS.

come over and make a call. As it was only a matter of about 65

miles each way we decided to accept, so the day after their boat, the

“ Anton Dohrn,”’ started we followed, and spent four delightful days

on and around the keys.

Our anchorage was just off Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, and

knowing that the Fort had been occupied for a great many years we

thought there might be some land shells. A careful turning over of

boards, bricks and stones inside the Fort yielded nothing but an

occasional scorpion. Finally Henderson climbed to the top of the

old magazine, which was covered with a heavy growth of vines and

weeds, and almost immediately turned up an Opeas micra. We

then discovered a Bifidaria on the under side of a brick, so gathered

a lot of dirt and dead leaves which on picking over yielded the

following :

Opeas micra (Orb.). Very common, mostly dead.

Bifidaria rupicola (Say). Not common, many alive.

Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. Common, mostly dead.

A careful search under stones and boards on top of the Fort

yielded nothing.

On the beach among drift I picked up four dead, bleached Poly-

gyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.) and two immature Certon incanum

(Binn.), evidently ‘ floaters’ from one of the eastern keys.

A FEW SUGGESTIONS.

BY V. STERKI.

Can the NauTiLus give a little space for a few suggestions which

it is hoped will not be offensive to the readers and collaborators, but

meet with approval and—application ?

1. The terms “‘ Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” or “‘ Terrestrial

and Fluviatile,” or even ‘“‘ Extra-marine,”’ are somewhat lengthy

and cumbersome. We might say ‘“ Inland Mollusca”’ somewhat like

the German ‘* Binnenmollusken,” and even more expressive. In a

short time we should be accustomed to it and find it convenient.

2. The terms ‘“‘ Malacology ”’ and “ Malacologist,’”’ generally used

elsewhere, have been used occasionally also by American writers in

preference to ‘‘ Conchology ” and ‘‘ Conchologist,”” which date from

THE NAUTILUS. 93

the time when the shells, or conch, were the things collected and

studied. Now we are studying mainly the soft parts; better, the

animals, ‘* Malacozoa,’’ and might as well use the proper term.

Malacology is a permissible, or excusable, abbreviation of malaco-

zoology.

3. In somewhat the same sense we still are too much accustomed

to the word ‘Shells’’ used indiscriminately. ‘ Land Shells of

North America ”’ or the ‘‘ Shells of Tennessee” is improper. In the

first place we really mean the animals, and in the second there are

many snails without any shells. The words ‘‘ Snails,” ‘‘ Mussels ”’

and * Slugs” are not objectionable, have been used, and their mean-

ing is clearly defined. Restrict the use of ‘‘ Shell’ to what it really

means.

4. In looking over the files, e. g. of the NauTiLus, we find scores

of heads of articles like, ‘*A New Species of Unionide.” If the

name of the species described were the title we would not only at

once know what it is, but it would be easier to find a certain article,

and registration would be simplified.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, Sept., 1911.

NOTE ON A NEW ABRALIOPSIS FROM JAPAN.

BY S. S. BERRY,

Stanford University, California.

Preserved among some miscellaneous invertebrates in the Stanford

University collections were found specimens of a very distinct and

interesting new species of Abraliopsis, with respect to which the fol-

lowing notes may be regarded as merely preliminary to a more ex-

tended account in a paper now in hand.

Abraliopsis scintillans, new species.

Animal small, mantle elongate conical, tapering; fins large,

broadly sagittate, well produced posteriorly to an acute point, about

two-thirds as long as the body.

Head large, flattened, with large, prominent eyes.

Arms moderate, nearly of a length, their relative order 4, 3 = 2,

1 (the dorsal arms counting as 1); armed for the most part with 11—

12 small alternating hooks, but these give place to two rows of

94 THE NAUTILUS.

minute suckers at the tips, except on the ventral pair, which show

the usual modifications.

Tentacles as long as the mantle, their clubs not expanded ; armed

with four rows of small suckers over the distal two-thirds of the club,

proximal to these a ventral row of two large hooks opposed by a dor-

sal row of 4—5 very minute suckers. Fixing apparatus composed of

four suckers and four pads alternating in two rows.

Photophores numerous on the ventral aspect of the mantle, bilater-

ally arranged but notin clearly defined series ; on the funnel in about

ten rows; on the lower surface of the head nearly as many, including

a distinct circlet about each orbit; on the ventral arms three rows,

only one of which persists to the tip; on the third arms one short row.

Length of mantie 59 mm., of fins 39 mm., width across fins 38

mm., length of ventral arms 27 mm.

Habitat: Japan.

NOTES.

Aw AppITIONAL ReEcORD FoR HELIx HOoRTENSIS MuLL.—Dr.

Percy E. Raymond, of the Geological Survey of Canada, has recently

sent to the Carnegie Museum 21 specimens of Helix hortensis from

Neuville, Points aux Trembles, Portneuf Co., about 22 miles west

of Quebec. There are 21 shells in the lot, all bright yellow, with

the following band formulas : ;

Six var. arenicola, 12345 transparent, 4 and 5 faint.

Three var. arenicola, 12545 transparent, 4 and 5 very faint.

Three var. arentcola (?), 12300 transparent.

One var. arenicola, 12000 traces of 1.2 near aperture.

One, 00000.

One, 12345, young shell, 4 whorls.

Six immature, 4 to 44 whorls, all showing translucent bands.

Largest shell 22 x 18 x 164 mm.

Smallest shell 184 x 16 x 15 mm.—Gero. H. Cuappe.

As a small contribution to the discussion in the NautiLus In re

the Southern Range of Hpiphragmophora infumata, I collected a

fine living specimen of the typical form in the ‘* Muir Woods,” Mt.

Tamilpais, in May, 1909. This is in Marin county, and I believe

about twenty miles north of San Francisco.—Gero. H. Ciapp.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

VALLONIA IN CuicaGco.—Eleventh month, eleventh day, 1911.

Funny date, funny day! Thermometer standing at 72°, wind at 40

miles per hour. ‘Thought I must do something unusual, so at 9 a. m,

took my little tin tobacco box and walked to 63d and Prairie Ave.,

near where the South Side Elevated goes round the bend, and

looked for Vallonias. About a month ago I captured 1782 in two

hours. To-day I returned in an hour, and must have four or five

times as many. It may not be news, but they reminded me of white

ants, the way they ‘bored into”’ the decaying sticks and wood.

I think this is a ‘record ”’ for collecting so many near the heart

of a great city. If any one wishes samples let him speak out.—E. E,

Hanp, Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, Ill.

On THE Type or Concerta.—The genus Congeria Partsch was

proposed for four new species of the Hungarian miocene, C. subglo-

bosa, C. triangularis, C. balatonica and C. spathulata. No type was

selected, and so far as I can learn none has been expressly selected

by any subsequent author. Professor Karl von Zittel, in his well-

known Handbuch der Paliontologie, figured C. subglobosa, and that

only as an example of the genus (Vol. I, p. 43, fig. 56), but by some

error, such as may overtake even the most careful naturalists, he

wrote the name ‘“‘ Drezssensia (Congeria) conglobata Partsch.”’ This

error was perpetuated by Dr. Paul Fischer (Manual de Conchyl., p.

973). The same species is mentioned and figured in the English

translation of Zittel’s Text-book of Paleontology, 1, p. 387, fig. 685

(1896), and here the name under the figures is correctly given, sud-

globosa Partsch. The general use of this species as an example of

Congeria renders it expedient to select it as type. Congeria subglo-

bosa Partsch is therefore the type of Congeria.

C. subglobosa is very aberrant for a mytilaceous bivalve, being

thick, rounded-quadrate, with somewhat the general contour of the

deep valve of Hxogyra. Dr. Dall, to whose work on Pelecypods we

naturally turn for such information, considers our American Dreis-

senids to belong to Congeria rather than to Dreissena, the common

European genus, which he shows to be generically different (Ter-

tiary Fauna of Florida, p. 808). It must be admitted, however,

that the American forms by their shape and thinness differ a good

deal from the type of Congeria, so that the group Mytilopsis Conrad

96 THE NAUTILUS.

(Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1857, p. 167) will probably be retained for

them, in a subgeneric sense. Its type and only species was MW. leu-

cophxatus Conr., of the Atlantic coast north to Chesapeake Bay.

Partsch’s article appeared in a very rare periodical, and is entitled

‘‘ Ueber die sogenannten versteinerten Ziegenklauen aus dem Plat-

tensee in Ungarn mit ein neues urweltliches Geschlecht zweis-

chaliger Conchylien,” von Paul Partsch, published in Annalen des

Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte, I, pp. 93-102, 1835. Con-

geria is first mentioned and defined on p. 97 (not p. 93, as has been

cited).—H. A. Pinssry.

Tue Name Gvossina.—lIt is a curious illustration of the wide

separation of different groups of zoologists that the name Glossina

has been permitted to remain in use for a Brachiopod, apparently

without protest, while it rightfully belongs to the well-known tse-tse

fly, the carrier of the sleeping sickness organism. This double use,

contrary to the rules of nomenclature, is perhaps still more objection-

able since we discovered the Dipterous Glossina in the miocene of

Colorado, and the name consequently enters paleontology. Prob-

ably those who may have noticed the conflict have found that the

nomenclators give no date for Glossina Wiedemann, and conse-

quently no certain indication of its priority. It was published,

however, in 1830, while the Lingulid Glossina Phil. (type Lingula

attenuata Sowerby) did not appear until 1848. The Lingulid genus

or subgenus (Dr. Charles Schuchert writes me that ‘‘at present the

name cannot have greater value than that of subgeneric rank ”’) may

take the name Palgoglossa.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

Heiix Horrensis on LonG IStanp, N. Y.—Smith and Prime,

in their list of Long Island mollusks, 1870, p. 404, reported H. hor-

tensis from Long Island, without citing any definite locality. The

undersigned will be grateful for any further information. Where on

Long Island, or elsewhere in New York, has the species been found,

and in what collections are specimens preserved ? Similar informa-

tion on the occurrence in New York of Polygyra inflecta Say, P.

appressa Say and P. multilineata Say is desired.—H. A. Pilsbry,

Acad. Nat. Sciences, Logan Square, Philadelphia.

THE NAUTILUS, XXV. PLATE VIII.

ARKANSIA WHEELER], N. <P.

mee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV. JANUARY, 1912. No. 9

A NEW NORTH AMERICAN NAIAD.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN AND BRYANT WALKER.

ARKANSIA, N, g.

Shell moderately thick, subrotund to subovate or subrhomboidal,

inflated, with full beaks. Disk sculptured with irregular, oblique

folds, which are sometimes indistinct. Beak sculpture poorly de-

veloped, consisting of two to three double-looped bars, the loops

slightly swollen or tubercular, disappearing toward the disk and not

continuous with the sculpture of the latter. Hinge well developed,

with strong pseudocardinals, a very strong interdental projection in

the left valve and well developed, strong, but rather short laterals.

Soft parts: Supra-anal opening separated from the anal by a

mantle connection, which is somewhat variable, but rather long (a

little shorter to somewhat longer than the anal; the supra-anal is

correspondingly longer or shorter; in one case there is a double

mantle connection). Mantle edges, between the anal and branchial,

drawn together by the gill-diaphragm but not united. Inner edge

of anal almost smooth, that of the branchial with papillae.

Outer lamina of outer gills connected with mantle to its posterior

end, and thus the gill-diaphragm is complete. Anterior end of inner

gills located about midway between the posterior base of the palpi

and the anterior end of the outer gills. Inner lamina of inner gills

free from the abdominal sac, except for a short distance at the

anteriorend. Palpi of medium size, subfalcate, their posterior mar-

gins connected for about one-third of their length.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Gills with well-developed septa and water-tubes. The septa are

rather distant in the male and in the inner gill of the female. The

outer gill alone is marsupial in the female, with very close septa.

Edge of marsupium with slightly thickened tissue, indicating that it

is capable of being stretched out when gravid.

Type: Arkansia wheeleri Ortmann and Walker.

ARKANSIA WHEELER], n. sp. Pl. VIII.

Male and female shells alike. Shell subrotund to subovate or

subrhomboidal, inflated, rather thick and solid; dark reddish-brown

or black, usually lighter toward the beaks, which in young shells are

chestnut-colored ; epidermis with a silky luster; beaks very prom-

inent, projecting anteriorly and incurved over the large lunule, their

sculpture consisting of two or three double-looped bars, the loops

slightly swollen or tubercular; sculpture restricted to the extremity

of the beaks, the remainder of the umbonal region being entirely

smooth ; posterior half of the disk sculptured with irregular, oblique

folds, sometimes nearly obsolete, which on the dorsal slope curve

upwards, and in front of the posterior ridge are crossed by numerous,

irregular, radiating, small folds or wrinkles at right angles to the

lines of growth ; anterior portion of the disk smooth ; anterior mar-

gin nearly straight in front of the beaks, then projecting in a regular

curve, which continues around the basal margin until it meets the

posterior margin at an obtuse angle about one-third up from the

base; binge margin nearly straight; posterior margin slightly

curved ; posterior ridge not prominent, usually rounded, but some-

times obscurely biangulate ; hinge complete ; pseudocardinals strong,

ragged, in the left valve, two, not strongly differentiated and coal-

escing along the hinge line, the anterior narrow and parallel with

the hinge line, the posterior somewhat wider and heavier and

scarcely separated from a strong projection of the interdentum,

which is continuous with the lower lateral and slopes gradually to

its extremity ; upper lateral low, the groove between them deep and

extending nearly to the beak ; a single, strong pseudocardinal in the

right valve with a deep pit behind it to receive the anterior pseudo-

cardinal of the left valve, interdentum cut away to make room for

the interdental projection in the left valve; a single strong, but

rather short Jateral; ligament dark brown; muscle scars not very

deep, those of the anterior adductor and posterior adductor large,

THE NAUTILUS. 99

those of the arterior retractor and pedal protractor rather small and

inconspicuous ; cavity of the beaks very deep; nacre usually salmon-

colored above the pallial line, bluish-white below (sometimes en-

tirely white) and rather thin, slightly iridescent with a wide, dark

prismatic border.

Length (of type) 73.5, height 62, diam. 41 mm.

Types (No. 33754, coll. Walker), from the Old River, Arka-

delphia, Arkansas. Co-types in the collections of the Carnegie

Museum, the Phil. Acad. of Science, the U. S. Nat. Museum, and

Rev. H. E. Wheeler.

The shell characters of this fine species and most interesting ad-

dition to our fauna are very peculiar and can be compared only with

Arcidens, to which genus, Arxansia, undoubtedly, is the closest

affinity. In general, the external appearance is quite similar, and

in both the smaller series of radiating wrinkles and the curved folds

of the dorsal slope are very much alike. But Arkansia is a much

heavier and. more inflated shell, with the beaks fuller, more project-

ing and more anterior, and the strong, oblique folds, like those of

Quadrula plicata, are peculiarly its own. It differs, also, entirely

in the beak sculpture, which is comparatively simple and confined to

the extremity of the beak, and is quite similar to that of certain

Quadrule. In hinge characters it differs in having strong, well-

developed laterals. In the presence of the interdental process in

the left valve and the cutting away of the interdentum in the right

valve opposite it, it is related to both Areidens and Symphynota.

The smallest specimen examined (in Mr. Wheeler’s collection),

measures length, 35; heighth, 33, and diam. 23 mm., being almost

circular in shape, and looks, externally, very like a young, smooth

Q. pustulosa Lea, the oblique folds being only slightly evident in

the post-basal region.

A very large specimen, also in Mr, Wheeler’s collection, measures

length, 87; height, 73, and diam. 48 mm.

The structure of the soft parts agrees entirely with that of the

_ subfamily Anodontinae, chiefly so the mantle edge and the outer

marsupial gill. Unfortunately only sterile females have, as yet,

been obtained, but it is hoped and expected that this deficiency will

soon be remedied,

We take great pleasure in naming this most interesting addition

to our fauna after its discoverer, the Rev. H. E. Wheeler of Arkae

100 THE NAUTILUS.

delphia, Ark., who is actively engaged in developing the fauna of

Arkansas. The generic name is an abbreviation of the name of its

native state.

THE ANATOMY OF THE NAJAD HYRIDELLA AUSTRALIS (LAMARCEK)

(= DIPLODON AUSTRALIS).

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

Through the courtesy of Mr. L. S. Frierson, I have received the

soft parts of a male and a female of an Australian Najad, Diplodon

(Hyridella) australis (Lamarck) (see Simpson, Pr, U. S. Mus. 22,

1900, p. 890). Mr. Frierson obtained these specimens from Mr.

William T. Bednall, who collected them in Gippsland, Victoria. I

also received a shell which agrees well with specimens of this species

represented in the Carnegie Museum collections. An examination

of the soft parts revealed the following characters:

Anal opening (a) closed above by the connection of the inner

mantle edges, without forming a supraanal opening. Closed part

about four times as long as the anal opening, forming a rather broad

membrane between the outer mantle edges, and around the anal. The

latter is short, subcircular or slightly subelliptic, and much shorter

than the branchial opening (only about one-fourth as long). It is

separated from the branchial opening by the solid union of the inner

mantle edges (m). Inner edge of anal practically smooth, that of

the branchial (b) with distinct papillae, which stop suddenly in

front, thus defining sharply the anterior end of this opening. There

is no sign of a coalescence of the two mantle halves at this point.

Farther in front, the inner mantle edge is smooth, and becomes in-

distinct anteriorly.

Pulpit subtriangular, about as long as wide, with the posterior

point not produced. Posterior margins connected about half their

length.

Gills rather long and wide, the inner the wider, chiefly so an-

teriorly. Edge of inner gill with a longitudinal furrow, which is

absent in the outer gill. Outer gill gradually narrower anteriorly,

with its anterior end situated at the highest part of the mantle-

attachment-line. Inner gill very slightly narrower anteriorly, with

a broad anterior insertion occupying the whole space between the

THE NAUTILUS. 101

anterior end of the outer gill and the posterior base of the palpi.

However, this gill is not actually connected with the palpi, but its

anterior end begins immediately behind the posterior end of the

palpi.

Outer lamina of outer gills entirely connected with the mantle;

inner lamina of inner gill entirely connected with abdominal sac.

Posteriorly to the foot, the two inner laminae of the inner gills are

entirely connected, thus forming a diaphragm completely separating

the suprabranchial canals from the branchial cavity. This gill-

Figure 1.

Maedcoussanen SEA:

eh fe

2 bo

ah, ts

é ’ al

we eove

Anatomy of Hyridella australis (Lamark) (female). Side view of soft parts

after removal of left half of mantle. a, anal opening; 4, branchial opening;

m, solid mantle connection between anal and branchial opening; z, hole by

which the cloacal and branchial chambers communicate.

diaphragm does not extend entirely to the posterior margin of the

mantle, and the posterior part of the diaphragm is formed by the

bridge (m) which unites the two mantle margins and separates the

anal from the branchial openirg. But there is a small median hole

(x) between the posterior end of the gills and this bridge, connecting

the cloacal cavity (and anal opening) with the branchial cavity.

In all four gills of the male the two laminae are connected by

very faint, distant, and often incomplete and interrupted septa, run-

ning in the direction of the gill-filaments. The outer gill of the

female, and the most anterior and most posterior parts of the inner

gill have the same structure; the rest of the inner gill of the female

(its larger middle part) has marsupial structure (see figure), with

strongly developed interlamellar connections. In the sterile female

at hand, the solid parts are slightly elongated in the direction of the

102 THE NAUTILUS.

gill-filaments, and stand in rows, forming interrupted septa and in-

complete, intercommunicating water-tubes. Toward the base of the

gill the interruptions are short and the interlamellar connections

stand close together, resembling almost continuous septa. ‘Toward

the edge of the gill the interlamellar connections are more distant,

showing a tendency to fall into transverse rows, but these are rather

irregular, and in some places an almost reticulate appearance is

presented.

The female examined is sterile, and thus nothing can be said

about the eggs and glochidia, A slide, belonging to the same

species, and kindly communicated by Mr. Frierson, shows vertical

cross sections through the inner gill of a female, containing eggs,

but no glochidia.

The rest of the soft parts offers nothing remarkable. The foot

has a sooty-black color in its distal parts, sharply marked off from

the whitish basal parts.

It is evident that this structure agrees to a remarkable degree with

that of the South American genus Hyria, described previously

Navtiius, 24, Jan. and Febr., 1911, pp. 108 and 114): In fact,

practically all the essential features are identical. The South Amer-

ican genera Diplodon, Castalina, and Tetraplodon possess the same

anatomy, except that in some of them we observe a tendency to

form a mantle-connection in front of the brachial opening.

The only differences I am able to discover in the Australian form

are: 1. The anal opening is much shorter and approaches more a

circular outline, and, at the same time, the united mantle edges form

a much broader membrane between the outer edges, and are broader

around the anal, so that is is probable that the anal of the Australian

species was capable of being stretched out as a tubular “siphon,”

much more pronounced than in the South American forms; 2. An

unusual feature is the hole by which the cloacal cavity communicates

with the branchial under the bridge, which separates anal and branch-

ial openings. This hole is clearly seen in both of my specimens,

and does not look like an accidental or abnormal condition, I have

not seen anything like it in any South American form.

The connection of the posterior margins of the palpi probably is

of no consequence; there is great variability in this feature in other

groups.

It seems to me that the above differences are important. Of

THE NAUTILUS. 103

course their existence in other Australian species should be con-

firmed. For the present, I think, it is well to separate the Australian

form generically from the South American Diplodon, or, in other

words, we should give to the subgenus Hyridella Swainson, 1840,

generic rank. This is supported by the fact that Hyridella also

differs in certain shell characters from the typical Diplodon, as has

been recognized already by Simpson (I. c. p. 888).

One very important conclusion, however, is now finally estab-

lished: Simpson’s opinion that the Najades of the type of Diplodon

(Hyridella) australis ave closely related to certain South American

forms (typical Diplodon), is fully justified, and there remains not the

slightest doubt about this. The structure of the soft parts of both

groups is so similar and so greatly different from the true Unionidae

of the rest of the world, that Hyride/la, no matter whether we regard

it as a genus or a subgenus, must be placed with the family

Mutelidae (?) and the subfamily Hyriinae (see NautiLus 24, March,

1911, pp. 129, 130). This affinity is of the utmost zodgeographical

tmportance.

MUSCULIUM DECLIVE, N. SP.

BY V. STERKI.

Mussel rather small, subequipartite, slightly to moderately in-

flated ; beaks not or little anterior, somewhat prominent over the

valve margin; the latter, anteriorly and posteriorly, straight or

slightly curved, forming the two shanks of a rounded angle between

the beaks, of about 130°, the posterior incline placed higher up than

the anterior; balance of the outlines rounded without any angles in

full-grown specimens ; in half-grown and adolescent there is a short

truncation at the posterior margin, at right angles to the longitudinal

axis, and a similar one at the anterior, somewhat oblique; in young

—post-nepionic—specimens, the posterior part of the mussel is

shorter and higher than the anterior; surface glossy to waxy, with

very fine (microscopic), sharp, crowded, concentric strie, and

usually one or two lines of growth, and faint, irregular radial mark-

ings; shell thin, transparent to translucent; color light amber, to

somewhat grayish or brownish in old specimens; hinge rather long ;

104 THE NAUTILUS.

left posterior cardinal tooth rather long, curved, the anterior small,

sharply pointed, strongly curved upward, corresponding with an ex-

cavation below the right cardinal; lamin [‘ laterals’ ] compara-

tively stout, the anterior of the left valve markedly projecting

inward; ligament rather long; long. 7, alt. 6, diam. 4 mill.; soft

parts not examined ; Justice Latchford writes that the mussel “ is

of a bright chrome yellow when fresh, and seems to be unlike any

other.”

Distribution: Blue Lake, Muskegon Co., Michigan, collected and

sent by Dr. R. J. Kirkland in 1899—the type lot, No. 1697 of my

collection of Sphgriide ; Pine Lake, Marquette Co., Mich., col-

lected by Mr. Bryant Walker in 1902; Gorman Lake, Renfrew

Co., Ont., collected by H. Justice F. R. Latchford in 1911. From

the two last named places the specimens are considerably smaller,

slighter, and little inflated, the nepionic shell is smaller, and in some

specimens barely or not marked off (zstivale form).

This is a clearly distinct and well-marked species, apparently

ranging nearest M. rosaceum Pme. It should be looked for at other

places, and especially fossil, in marl deposits, etc.

COLLECTING FROM HADDOCK ON THE GEORGE’S BANKS.

BY W. F. CLAPP.

Many malacological students believe that shells taken from fish

stomachs have no practical locality. It has been argued that it

would be an easy matter for a haddock to change it’s position 150

miles in 24 hours. It is possible that a fish may retain its food that

length of time. Therefore a shell, found in a haddock caught near

Cape Cod, may have been in Nova Scotia waters the day before.

This of course would apply only to those shells which had passed

through a considerable portion of the intestines, for one is sure of

the habitat of a shell in proportion to the distance it has traversed

the digestive tract. I believe that Gould and other authors who

have described shells found in fish, intend the word stomach to in-

clude the entire alimentary canal. Less than 5 per cent. of the

shells I have found in fish came from the stomach proper.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

My object in writing this note is merely to show plausible reason

for placing more confidence in fish-stomach localities. Under cer-

tain conditions I believe them to be fairly accurate.

On November 20, 1911, I examined the contents of nearly 1000

fish caught in ‘*Cove Clark,’ Georges Bank, lat. 41.18 N., long.

68.40 W., in 60 fathoms. This locality is known to fishermen as a

‘‘ spaghetti’ spot, on account of the great masses of worm tubes found

on the muddy bottom. These worn tubes accumulate in such quan-

tities that it isalmost impossible to use a beam trawl successfully. I

obtained several hundred specimens of Yoldia, Nucula and Leda

from haddock, also quantities of the worm tubes, but no gasteropods.

The dredge produced the same results with the addition of Cyrto-

daria siliqua Daudin and Panomya norvegica Spengl. to the Mol-

luscan fauna of this spot. It contained even a greater proportion of

the worm tubes. The similarity of the mass of animal life and mud

obtained from the fish stomachs to that obtained from the dredge

was very noticeable.

On November 21 the position of the vessel was changed to a sta-

tion about ten miles to the eastward. The depth here was about 40

fathoms, the bottom coarse gravel and there were no worm tubes.

The first haddock I examined from this new locality contained about

50 shells, nearly all of which were gasteropods. I examined over

500 haddock during the day and at dark had filled a ten-quart pail

with Mollusca.

The dredge was set six times during the day and the contents

compared in a surprising degree to the contents of the fish stomachs,

not only in Mollusca but in other phyla. Not one specimen of

Yoldia, Nucula or Leda could I find in either the dredge or the tish,

and yet ten miles to the eastward I had obtained plenty of all three,

from the haddock stomachs and from the dredge.

There is nothing definite in these observations, I do not insinu-

ate that all haddock-stomach localities would be as accurate as these

appear to be. It is only by recording an observation of this kind

that we can ever hope to arrive at definite knowledge on the subject.

I merely suggest the possibility that fish-stomach localities are more

accurate than most of us have generally supposed.

The following species were removed from haddock November 20

and 21, Lat. 41.18, Long. 68.40 W.

106 THE NAUTILCS.

Puncturella noachina Linn.

Margarita cinerea Couth.

Solariella obscura Couth.

Scala groenlandica Perry.

Amauropsis helicoides Jobnston.

Polinices heros Say,

triseriata Say.

immaculata Tott.

nana Moll.

Natica clausa Brod. & Sowb.

Marsenina glabra Couth.

Trichotropis borealis B. & S.

Crepidula plana Say.

Mesalia erosa Couth.

Aporrhais occidentalis Beck.

Couthouyella striatula Moll.

Nassa trivittata Say.

Chrysodomus decemcostatus

Say.

Sipho stimpsoni Morch.

pygmaeus Gould.

Buccinum undatum Linn.

Admete couthouyi Jay.

Bela incisula Verr.

cancellata M. & A.

gouldii, Verr.

pleurotomaria Couth.

nobilis Moll.

harpularia Couth.

decussata Couth.

bicarinata Couth.

bicarinata, var. violacea

M&A:

rosea Sars.

concinnula Verr.

Cylichna alba Brown.

Retusa gouldii Couth.

Philine quadrata S. Wood.

lima Brown.

Dentalium entalis Linn.

Nucula tenuis Montg.

proxima Say.

Leda tenuisulcata Couth.

Yoldia limatula Say.

sapotilla Gould.

Solemya velum Say.

borealis Tott.

Anomia simplex d’Orb.

Mytilus edulis Linn.

Modiolus modiolus Linn.

Modiolaria corrugata Stimp.

Crenella glandula Tott.

decussata Monte.

Pecten islandicus Muller.

magellanicus Gmel.

Venericardia borealis Conrad.

novanglii Morse.

Astarte castanea Say.

quadrans Gould.

subaequilatera Sowb.

Cyclas islandica Linn.

Thyasira gouldii Philippi.

Macoma calcarea Gmelin.

Spisula solidissima D‘llwyn.

Cardium pinnulatum Conrad.

ciliatum Fabr.

Siliqua costata Say.

Saxicava aretica Linn.

Cyrtodaria siliqua Daud.

Thracia truncata M. & A.

For a more definite knowledge of the fauna of the ‘ Georges’

one should consult the excellent paper by S. I. Smith and O. Harger,

“Report on the dredgings in the region of St. George’s Banks ”’

(Trans. Conn. Acad., III, pp. 1-57, 1876).

THE NAUTILUS. 107

LYMNEIDZE OF AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE.

BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.

In recording some additional notes on the Lymnzidz of Aroostook

County, I have followed Mr. Frank Baker’s valuable work on the

Lymneide of North and Middle America. Galba umbilicata is the

Limnzxa humilis and G. obrussa the L. desidiosa of my previous lists.

Galba umbilicata C. B. Adams. Fine specimens of this species

were common in damp places and ditches along the roads in Caribou

and surrounding towns.

Galba obrussa Say. This variable shell is common in the Aroo-

stook River. The following varieties are most prevalent :

Galba obrussa peninsule Walker. Specimens were collected in

the southeastern part of the town of Castle Hill, in wet places along

the road.

Galba obrussa exigua Lea. Common on rocks at low water in

Aroostook River. Many colonies were found in Caribou stream,

and some are exceedingly variable, hardly two specimens being

exactly alike.

Galba obrussa decampi Streng. A common fossil in the marl de-

posits of Aroostook County. Living specimens were found in a

small brook, tributary to the south branch of Caribou stream in

Woodland and in Salmon brook.

Galba emarginata Say. Many colonies were found in Fish River.

Galba emarginata mighelsi W. G. Binney. Square Lake, Cross

Lake, Eagle Lake and Portage Lake, all on the Fish River. The

specimens from Square Lake are typical of this variety, and are the

largest and finest specimens known.

Galba oronensis Baker. A large colony of this species was found

in Caribou village where the Caribou stream enters the Aroostook

River. The specimens were found on rocks at low water. The

color of the animal is bluish-black or mouse color.

The Caribou stream is full of rubbish from the starch factories,

saw-mills and grist mills, and the refuse of the village which fur-

nishes the G. oronensis with abundance of food. There is one

potato-starch factory about three bundred feet from the shells, and

sometimes the colony is nearly covered with the refuse from this

108 THE NAUTILUS.

place. I have examined the river for many miles, but have never

found any of the shells elsewhere.

NOTES ON PHYSA GYRINA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

A small spring, the basin of which has been dug to the depth of

three feet or more and walled with rock to the surface of the ground,

has been the home of Physa gyrina for many years. The water

spreads out some as it leaves the basin and then drains into a ditch

nearby.

Until this year, this colony has been nearly typical of the species.

On April 28th I noticed that there was quite a number of good-

sized shells around the borders of the basin, and on examining them

was surprised to find an unusual roughened or malleated surface

amounting to folds and humps on some individuals. The roughened

surface was confined to the last stage of growth, which rarely ex-

tended back much over half the whorl. On this date egg-masses

were numerous on and under leaves, which were in the shallow

water. All mature shells I could find were taken for my cabinet.

On May 8th a few more mature shells were found, at this time

most of the eggs had hatched and the minute shells were very

numerous.

November 26th a visit to the spring in the morning surprised a

pair of kildee plovers feeding in the shallow water, no Physa were

visible around the borders, a few were found under leaves, but the

shells could be seen on the bottom of the basin, and where the water

issues from the rock they were piled up several deep.

Afternoon I returned with a net and took some fifty of the

largest, most of these have two callus deposits or bands, and a few

three; these bands are not the same on any two shells, they may be

close together or half a whorl apart, the last one may be the borders

of the outer lip or as far as one-fourth of a whorl back. The lines

of growth may be a little stronger than usual, but none of these

shells show the roughened surface of those taken seven months ago.

It will be interesting to see what develops by the time the year is past.

He NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV. FEBRUARY, 1912. No. 10

NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF STROMBUS PUGILIS.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

A large series of Strombus pugilis Linné, with its varieties alatus

Gmel. and nicaraguensis Fluck, together with its Pacific analogue,

S. gracilior Sowb., and their Oligocene precursors, S. proximus

Sowb. and S. pugiloides Guppy, form a very interesting group for

_ studying the evolution and variation of a species.

Young specimens (lacking the body whorl) differ even more in

general appearance than the adults. The apices of most specimens

are usually wanting, but a young example of the typical form and

one of the variety alatus, in the collection of the Boston Society of

Natural History, show the following differences: In pugilis the first

two whorls are entirely smooth ; the third with obsolete longitudinal

ribs; the fourth, fifth and sixth with prominent ribs and two or three

varices to each whorl, but without spiral lines; seventh with ribs,

spirals and varices; eighth nodulose, with a varix and prominent

spirals ; ninth nodulose, with prominent spirals; tenth with coarse

spirals and fine intermediate lines; the row of nodules are almost

covered by the following whorl; the eleventh (preceding the body

whorl) has long spines at the periphery, a few spirals below the suture

and at the anterior half, the remainder of the whorl being smooth ;

length of specimen 42 mm.

In the specimen of alatus the protoconch is broken, but a part of the

third whorl would indicate two smooth whorls, as in pugilis; the

110 THE NAUTILUS.

fourth whorl has some obsolete longitudinal ribs and spiral lines at

the base ; the fifth, sixth and seventh have prominent longitudinal ribs

and spirals, without varices; e?gith with similar sculpture and one

varix; on the ninth the ribs and spirals form slight nodules at the

shoulder, with one varix ; tenth subnodose with coarse spirals ; eleventh

subnodose with coarse spiral ridges and fine intermediate lines cover-

ing the entire whorl. Length 49 mm.

Though larger, it is apparently the same age as the specimen of

the typical form, Whether the above characters will prove to be

constant I cannot say. The typical form seems to assume the larger

spines of the adult one whorl in advance of the variety alatus. The

variety nicaraguensis is smaller than either pugilis or alatus, and the

spiral ridges usually cover the entire body whorl of the adult shells.

S. gracilior loses its spirals much earlier than S. pugilis.

In the adults there are some marked variations both in color and

form. The typical pugzts is less variable in color, ranging from an

orange-yellow to carnelian-red ; alatus varies from white to purple,

and from a purplish brown to deep orange or carnelian-red. Exter-

nally pugilis is usually a uniform yellowish brown, while alates

varies from a light yellow to a dark brown, the latter color often dis-

posed in bands or zigzag markings; nicaraguensis is of a uniform

dark salmon color.

The length and shape of the spines vary in both forms. A figure

in Chemnitz (Conch. Cabinet, X, tab. 196, f. 1493), shows the rows

of spines at the periphery ; the two united would give the broad, ver-

tically compressed spines as figured by Chenu (Manuel Conch., I,

p- 225, fig. 1582). In the many specimens which I have examined

I have never seen these forms; they probably represent unique ab-

normal specimens. ‘Tryon is wrong in making the non-spinose form

of alatus typical. ‘The figure referred to by Gmelin (Conch. Cab-

inet, III, tab. 91, f. 894) is the common brown form of Florida, with

a row of subacute tubercles on the body whorl. Lamarck, under S,

pyrulatus, refers to the same figure. Specimens of alatus, in which

the tuberculate spines are entirely wanting, are not common, only

about five or ten per cent. I found the greatest number at Marco,

Florida. <A spineless form of pugilis has also been recorded. A

specimen in the Boston Society’s collection has the spines wanting in

the greater portion of the body whorl, as figured by Knorr, III, tab.

16, fig. 1.

THE NAUTILUS. 111

LAND MOLLUSKS OF GARRETT COUNTY, MARYLAND.

BY WITMER STONE,

While the writer is not a conchologist, he has for a good many

years been picking up such land snails as came in his way in the

course of field work in other branches, and submitting them to Dr.

Pilsbry for the collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences, at

Philadelphia. With an experience limited mainly to the eastern half

of Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, where snail shells are

conspicuous by their scarcity and small size, his enthusiasm for con-

chology did not rise to a very high pitch, and it is therefore not sur-

prising that his first experience in a region where land snails really

did thrive and multiply impressed him not a little.

The first visit to Garrett county, Maryland, was made in June,

1907, in company with Messrs. Bayard Long and Thomas D. Keim.

We stopped at the little lumber village of Jennings, as the guests of

Mr. Herman Behr, who was in charge of the timber operations, and

who gave us every possible assistance in carrying on zodlogical and

botanical collecting, and whose personal knowledge of the country

and its flora and fauna was invaluable.

_ Jennings is located near the head of the Castleman River, a branch

of the Youghiogheny, which flows down into Somerset county, Pa.,

directly north, and is bounded on the east by Meadow Mountain and

the west by Negro Mountain, 2000 to 3000 feet elevation, the former

being the watershed between the Potomac and Ohio drainage.

Castleman River is lined for a good part of its course with rocky

woodland of hemlock, sugar maple, beech, birch, oak, ete., much

more varied in character and with a larger percentage of hard wood

than the primeval forests of the central Pennsylvania mountains.

These woods are often dark and damp with quantities of loose stones

and rocks forming their floor, partly covered by moss and low herbs,

but with numerous miniature caves and passages extending down

among them, and old moss covered tree-trunks here and there in all

stages of decay. During the two days of our stay there was an almost

constant drizzling rain, which, however unpleasant it might have

been for collectors, was ideal weather for snails. They simply

swarmed on old stumps, logs, rocks, and even on the stems and

leaves of herbs and low shrubs. A modest tin box brought along

112 THE NAUTILUS.

for the accommodation of casual snails and other lower forms of life

was soon filled to the brim, then a couple of handkerchiefs knotted

into loose bags accommodated a quart or so, until it became evident

that the size of the catch was only a question of the time at our dis-

posal, and attention was directed to other fields,

A second trip of a week’s duration was made to Jennings in

August, 1911. The weather was clear, and this fact, together with

the heat of midsummer, drove the snails into subterranean retreats,

so that they did not seem so numerous, although a good series was

obtained and more attention directed to the smaller species, yielded

a number of forms not secured in the first trip.

Vitrea carolinensis, a species of the southern Alleghenies, was ob-

tained at Jennings, extending its known range very materially to the

northward; also Mesomphyx laevigata monticola, a southern Alle-

ghenian shell already known from a little farther north in Pennsyl-

vania. Vitrea ferrea, of boreal distribution, not known south of the

Pocono Mountain in Pennsylvania and Ohio, so far as I am aware,

was also secured.

While these species are interesting to a student of geographic dis-

tribution and coincided nicely with similar cases of range among the

birds and plants, the big Polygyras were what really appealed to me.

In eastern Pennsylvania P. thyrotdes is the only land shell of any

size that is generally distributed, though favorable localities yield

moderate-sized FP. albolabris, and towards the mountains we come

upon an occasional Omphalina cuprea. But here at Jennings we had

an abundance of good, big P. albolabris, as well as of P. profunda,

P. zaleta and P. dentifera, and now and then the northern P. sayana

and P. palliata, together with a dozen species of medium size, only

four of which are found in eastern Pennsylvania.

My first collection was placed in a wooden cigar-box in order to

keep them alive,and next morning I had the pleasure of seeing them

festooning the bureau and looking-glass in my bed-room, long, slimy

trails marking their line of escape. The combined strength of the

big fellows had been enough to topple the weight off the lid and so

enable them to force their way out.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry and Mr. E. G.

Vanatta for identifying my material, all of which is now in the col-

lection of the Academy. A list of the species follows, as it seems

important in view of the rapid deforestation of this country, to pre-

THE NAUTILUS. 113

serve records of the relative abundance of all forms of life where pri-

meval conditions still remain :

Polygyra tridentata Say. Common.

Polygyra fraudulenta Pilsbry. Frequent.

Polygyra profunda Say. Common.

Polygyra sayana Pilsbry. Three examples.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Common, but no specimen of variety

dentata.

Polygyra zaleta Binney. Common.

Polygyra dentifera Say. Common.

Polygyra palliata Say. Frequent.

Polygyra monodon fraterna Say. Frequent.

The Polygyras were most abundant in damp, dark woodland.

Curiously enough, I found not a single specimen of P. thyrozdes or

P. hirsuta. The former has been taken by Mr. S. Brown at Laurel

Ridge, Somerset county, Pa., and the latter at Ohio Pyle, Fayette

county, Pa. Possibly they do not push so far back into the moun-

tains as the other species.

Bifidaria corticaria Say. Eight specimens.’

Bifidaria contracta Say. Two specimens.

Vertigo gouldii Binney. Eighteen specimens.

Circinaria cancava Say. Common.

Omphalina cuprea Raf. Common.

Mesomphyx inornata Say. Common; most frequent on dead

leaves on the floor of the forest.

Mesomphyx laevigata monticola Pilsbry. Three examples.

Vitrea indentata Say. ‘Twelve specimens.

Vitrea carolinensis Cockll. One specimen.

Vitrea multidentata Binn. Two specimens.

Vitrea ferrea Mse. Four specimens.

Vitrea milium Mse. Two specimens.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Common.

Gastrodonta intertexta Binney. Several.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Frequent. This and the preceding

seemed to be most abundant in open sugar-maple groves.

1Mr. Vanatta kindly sifted a quantity of dirt and leaves, collected for

Pupidae, etc., and the actual number of specimens of these minute species ob-

tained from it are given as a possible indication of their abundance,

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. Common.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Common, especially on tree-trunks.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Common on fallen logs.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Two specimens.

Carychium exile Lea, Three specimens.

OPEAS GRACILE (HUTTON) IN THE UNITED STATES.

BY HERBERT H. SMITH.

During a hurried collecting excursion in the outskirts of Mobile

(low land near the river) I found a single specimen of Opeas gracile.

The Museum of the Geological Survey of Alabama has three lots of

this species, all collected near Mobile, respectively by Dr. E. R.

Showalter, Dr. Charles Mohr and Mr. H. P. Léding. It appears to

be rather common, at least in the immediate vicinity of the city.

Dr. Pilsbry’s list of localities (Man. Conch., XVIII, pp. 198, 199)

shows that it is found all around the Caribbean Sea, on both sides of

Cuba and Santo Domingo and on the Gulf coast of Mexico. Whether

or not it is indigenous on the Alabama coast remains to be seen. It

is a shore species, hardly ever found more than a mile or two from

the sea, and it might easily be transported on timber which has lain

on the beach, or in ballast. On the other hand, it should be re-

membered that we know very little of the land-snails living on or

near our Gulf coasts. The question of a recent or older introduction

of this species can only be settled when we have studied the Alabama

coast region thoroughly ; if it is a recent introduction, its range must

be limited to the immediate vicinity of Mobile and perhaps the

upper bay; if it is older it will, no doubt, be found on the low lands

of Baldwin county, and in Florida.

Not feeling quite sure of my determination, I sent specimens of the

shell to Mr. Bryant Walker. In a recent letter he says: ‘It is

Opeas gracile Hutt. as you suspected. Thereare no published U.S.

records that I know of, but last spring, when I was in Charleston,

S. C., Mr. W. G. Mazyck gave me some that he had collected there

and said it was very abundant in that one locality.” In this case it

seems very probable that the species has been introduced by com-

merce.

Museum of the Geological Survey of Alabama, Sept. 6, 1911.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Nore.—Under the synonymous name Stenogyra subula Pfr. this

species was reported from Mobile by W. G. Binney, Manual of

American Land Shells, p. 426, noted in Man. Conch., vol. 18, p.

199.

O. gracile was taken by Mr. C. T. Simpson and myself on Key

West in 1907. It is particularly abundant in the cemetery. It was

not found by us on the other Keys, and did not turn up in the copi-

ous collections made by Mr. Moore in the Ten Thousand Islands.

It seems likely, therefore, that the species was introduced by com-

merce at Key West and Mobile. Binney also speaks of it as

‘“¢ introduced.” —Ep.

DRIFT SHELLS FROM TEXAS.

BY V. STERKI.

Mr. Bryant Walker has kindly sent me a portion—about half a

pint—of fine drift siftings, gathered from the Paluxy Creek, at

Glenrose, Somervell Co., Texas, southwest of Fort Worth. It con-

tained a large number of mollusk shells, of various groups, many of

which are interesting with respect to distribution, or systematics, or

both, as the list will show.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say), a few, juv. and immature.

Z. minusculus (Binn.), numerous and variable ; mainly two forms:

one with the whorls narrow and the umbilicus very wide, especially

by the last whorl receding outward towards the aperture, and even

ascending above on the penultimate; the other with the whorls

wider and the umbilicus narrower. Beside these, there are a few

specimens very small, with narrow whorls.

Z. leviusculus (St.), numerous, but few specimens full-sized.

Z. singleyanus (Pils.), var., numerous, somewhat variable.

Z. nummus (Van.), about 40.

Z. milium (Mse.), about 30.

Vitrea indentata (Say), a few dozen, juv. and half-grown.

V. dalliana roemeri (Pilsbry), about a dozen.

Helicodiscus lineatus (Say), a few.

Punctum pygmaum (Drap.), about 150.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Strobilops affinis (Pils. or near), mostly juv. and adolescent, few

mature.

Bulimulus dealbatus mooreanus (W. G. Binn.?), a few juv.

Polygyra, a few juv.

Pupoides marginata (Say), about 30 or more, juv.; generally small

(larger specimens probably retained on the sieve).

Bifidaria corticaria (Say), two.

B. tappaniana (Ad.), numerous; part are quite small and low

(f. curta).

B. pentodon (Say), numerous and somewhat variable; generally

small.

B. pentodon floridana (Dall), a few and intermediate forms.

B. holzingeri (St.), one.

B. procera (Gld.), about 60.

B. duplicata (St.), new, abundant ; somewhat variable as to size ;

brown to light horn to colorless (albino).

This Bifidaria has been known for many years, but was not pub-

lished. It is much like B. procera cristata Pils., averaging slightly

smaller, but differs mainly by its parieto-angular lamella, being

always long and complex, while that of erdstata is shorter and ap-

parently simple, and it ranges nearer procera than cristata does.

The latter is known from New Mexico and Arizona, duplicata from

New Mexico to Texas (southwest, south and north) to Kansas.

Among the present material not one specimen was seen which even

approached cristata. More details in regard to the relations of these

and other Bifidarie of the group will be given elsewhere.

B. hordeacella (Pils.), abundant; mostly of the typical form, but

somewhat variable; some specimens quite small with fewer whorls;

a few are albinos, One specimen is reversed (sinistrorse).

B. contracta (Say), abundant, with little variation.

B. armifera (Say), a few juv. only.

Vertigo milium (Gld.), 2.

V. rugosula (St.), one; known from Florida to southern Texas.

Carychium extguum (Say), about 20.

C. exile (Lea).

Lymne@a (Galba) parva (Lea?), a few.

Lymnea (Sp.), one, juv., very small.

Planorbis parvus (Say), a few dozen.

P.carus Pils & Ferr. (?), 2 juv.; somewhat like parvus, but smaller

THE NAUTILUS. 117

and more depressed [not umbzlicatellus Ckll.]._ These are fresh,

while all parvus are chalky.

P. bicarinatus (Say), one juv.

Physa, a few juv., very small, apparently of a small and slender

form.

Helicina, probably orbiculata (Say), juv. only. Two opercula of

an Amnicolid.

Paludestrina diaboli (Pilsbry).

Pisidium limatulum (St.), one, immature; known from Alabama

and Mississippi.

P. singleyi (St.), one adult and one juv.; known from Alabama to

Mexico.

Eupera singleyi Pils. (?), one puerile, somewhat different from the

southern Texas; less inflated, beaks pointed.

Remarkable is the abundance of some Bifidarie compared with

the scarcity of others and of Vertigo; also the total absence of

Vallonia.

Drift material is a valuable asset for faunal studies, giving ‘‘ point-

ers,”’ and should be carefully collected wherever possible. It might

be suggested, by the way, that not too fine a sieve or strainer should

be used, one of about six meshes to the inch, although the siftings

may become rather bulky.

But then local collecting should be done in order to have the

species and forms from their several habitats, the specimens fresh,

with the soft parts, for studying their relations. In the present in-

stance this would be desirable especially with respect to the small

Zonitide, which appear to need a careful revision on good material

from many places.

To Dr. Pilsbry I am indebted for the identification of some species.

NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF A GIANT SQUID OFF THE CALIFORNIA

COAST.

BY S. S. BERRY.

Outside of Alaska the largest species of squid which has hereto-

fore been recognized from the Pacific Coast of North America is the

Dosidicus gigas (d’Orbigny), which ranges north at least as far as

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Monterey, and is in proper season a fairly frequent inhabitant of the

waters just off shore, attaining a leneth of four or five feet. It is

with considerable interest, therefore, that I have recently received

information from Dr. C. H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, regard-

ing the occurrence of a much more formidable species, as represented

by a single specimen found dead and floating on the surface of

Monterey Bay by some of the Monterey fishermen in June, 1911.

The monster was brought to shore and dragged up on the wharf,

where it was measured by one of the men receiving fish and cast

back into the water. He reported that its dimensions, inclusive of

the tentacles, were over thirty feet. The animal was in very bad

condition, there was no color left, and the epidermis had all sloughed

off. Unfortunately, Dr. Gilbert was not at Monterey the particular

day that the creature came in and did not himself see the specimen,

s0 no attempt was made to preserve any portions whatever for pur-

poses of identification. Although it would be fatuous to hazard a

suggestion as to what species was here represented, we can at least

affirm that it was most certainly not D. gigas.

Of course newspaper and magazine accounts of off-shore encounters

with even more titanic monsters than this one are frequent enough,

but from the nature of the case it seems worth while to place even

the most meager facts on record whenever any really definite data

are to be obtained.

Stanford University, October 8, 1911.

A NEW PLANORBIS FROM MICHIGAN.

FRANK C. BAKER.

Mr. Frank Smith, Associate Professor of Zoology of the Illinois

State University, recently submitted some molluscan material for

identification, collected in Douglas Lake, Cheboygan county, Mich-

igan. Among the Planorbis is one form which seems to have been

unnoticed, and which is easily separable from all other forms. It

may be described as follows:

PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS SMITHII nov. var.

Shell discoidal, solid, the aperture sinistral; periostracum light

THE NAUTILUS. 119

horn colored, frequently stained reddish from the iron oxide in the

water ; surface shining, lines of growth very heavy, more or less rib-

like, equidistant ; spiral lines absent or very faint ; whorls 44, closely

coiled ; spire flat, or a little convex, all but the last whorl coiled in

the same plane; umbilicus wide and deep, somewhat funnel-shaped,

exhibiting two and one-half whorls; the whorls are sharply carinated

above and below, the last whorl being particularly so marked; this

carination of the whorls causes a flattening of the periphery ; the last

whorl at a point about midway suddenly bends upward, causing the

aperture to be elevated half the diameter of the whorl above the spire,

and also causing the umbilicus to form a crater-like contour when

viewed laterally ; aperture campanulate, wider below and angled

above; the sutures are distinctly marked, even channeled in some

specimens; outer lip sharp; inner lip appressed to body whorl,

which is covered with a callus.

Height of Greatest Least Aperture Aperture

last whorl diameter diameter height breadth

9.00 17.00 12.50 9.00 6.50

8.50 16.75 13.50 8.50 8.50

8.00 15.00 11.75 7.00 6.00

7.50 18.00 13.50 8.50 8.00

This was at first thought to be Dall’s rudentis, but by a compar-

ison with his description’ and with specimens believed to be au-

thentic, it was seen to be quite different. The spire of rudentis is

flat and elevated above the last whorl, forming, as observed by Dall,

an aspect like a miniature coiled hawser. In smithii the spire is

depressed and more or less funnel-shaped. In rudentzs the last whorl

is deflected, being on a plane or a trifle below the base of the shell,

while in smithii the last whorl is elevated far above the plane of the

spire. The umbilical region is also very different in smithii, The

sharply carinated whorls also afford a striking difference. Typical

campanulatus is smaller, the whorls are usually coiled in the same

plane and the whorls are rounded and not sharply angulated. P.

smithit was at first thought to be a good species, but the presence of

the typical form in the lake, which shows marked variation toward

the smithii type, leads to its restriction as a strongly marked variety.

1 Alaska Moll., p. 90.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Over 200 specimens of the new variety have been examined and its

novelty seems constant. Both rudentis and smithit represent

extremes of variation of a common type. It is named in honor of

Professor Frank Smith, who collected the specimens.

NOTES.

POLYGYRA CLARKI BRADLEYI 0. var. Similar to typical elarkit,

but lacks the basal tooth. It has the base malleate but without

strong radial sculpture.

Alt. 10.5, diam. 14 mm.

Locality: Black Rock Mt., Rabun Co., Georgia. Type in the

collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 104800. Named

in honor of the collector, Dr. J. Chester Bradley. Figured on plate

VIII, to appear next month: E. G. Vanatta.

Maine PeArts.—Fresh-water pearls are obtained in Maine, as

far as I know, exclusively from Margaritana margaritifera Linné.

Eight or nine years ago this noble mollusk was abundant in the small

streams about my home at Buckfield, Maine; but its numbers have

since been regrettably thinned by the ravages of pearl-hunters.

Probably, however, it will not be exterminated, since some individ-

uals will remain in hidden and inaccessible situations.

I have found pearls rather copiously while collecting large mature

shells for specimens; but most of them were dull or leaden-colored.

The largest shells found exceeded six inches in length.

I recently conversed with a carpenter of Turner, Maine, who has

hunted pearls in his spare time. He did not destroy the clams in-

discriminately, as is done by the more ignorant and reckless pear]-

hunters, but only opened those which indicated by some external

malformation the probable presence of a pearl. He said that many

of the clams lived buried completely below the surface. These were

imbedded in the sand at the bottom of the brook and covered by a

layer of mud of vegetable origin perhaps six inches thick.

He found one very large and fine pearl, spherical, ‘about as big

as a marble,” in a conspicuously deformed shell. This brought him

$400, and it may be presumed that the ultimate purchaser paid a

considerably larger sum for it.—Joun A. ALLEN.

wee NAUTILUS.

Von, XXV. MARCG, 1912. No. 11

THE MOLLUSCA OF MONTE SANO, ALABAMA,

BY H. E. WHEELER.

Monte Sano is one of the most picturesque spurs of the Cumber-

land Plateau. It is situate in Madison County, Alabama, just east

of the Huntsville meridian, and rises nearly 1000 feet! above the

valley in which the city of Huntsville lies.

Going east from the heart of Huntsville the pike first crosses a

ridge known as Little Mountain, the home of many a choice shell,

and then winds its way up the noble brow of Monte Sano, and

around to its eastern slope, giving an all-around view of the splendid

valleys below from the south and west to the north and east.

From the city the distance is nearly five miles. On account of its salu-

brious climate it is far famed as a summer resort.

In all this limestone region many “ Big Springs” are to found.

They issue from large caves, or rise from the foot of a bluff, continu-

ing oftentimes on the surfaces the course of subterranean creeks, per-

haps connecting some of the smaller rivers at their sinks with the

Tennessee River which is but ten miles distant from Huntsville on

the south. These springs furnish the coldest water in the state.

The valleys of the table lands are the work wholly of erosion,? and

1The elevation of Monte Sano is given on the topographic sheets of the U, 8,

Geological Survey as 1600 feet.

See McCalley, Valley Regions of Alabama, I. p. 14 seq.

122 THE NAUTILCS.

are everywhere developing many deep and shaded coves, which for

the trained collector are a thing of beauty and a joy forever,

The mountain streams of north Alabama flow through a region as

attractive to the tourist as it is fascinating to the collector. Who

knows what knowledge lies buried in the dashing waters of Hurricane

Creek, or waits some intrepid wader in the numerous shoals of Flint

and Paint Rock rivers?

Monte Sano is already a classic collecting ground. Years ago it

was made famous by its subcarboniferous fossils, and many a botanist

has climbed with eagerness its precipitous slopes. Here the curious

Chittamwood (the Great American Smoke Tree)—Cotinus cotinotdes

(Nutt.) Britton, whose type locality is the Grand River, Arkansas,

finds a congenial home.’ It is not improbable that it was rediscov-

ered by Buckley on this very mountain.

But to the conchologist Monte Sano is chiefly interesting as the

type locality of three land shells, all of which were introduced to

science by that indefatigable naturalist, Professor Herbert H. Smith,

whose versatility of mind, keenness of vision, and scientific caution

universally commend him.

Carychium nanodes Clapp,’ is one of the smallest, if not the small-

est, of all land shells. It prefers the damp woods, hiding between

half-decayed leaves in sheltered situations, near the mountain top.

Vitrea lewisiuna Clapp,’ is still to be considered one of our rarest

shells. ‘The yellow animal is clearly visible through the thin white

shell, and when crawling on the under surface of the dull-colored

rocks, which it seems to prefer, makes a most pleasing picture.

Polygyra smithii Clapp,‘ has a very evident fondness for mud and

clay. Even when it shows itself on some damp day in the crevices

of an old wall, or on a pile of rocks, its hirsute epidermis betrays its

domicile, and often, under logs, it is found partially buried or

“balled’’ in clay. When cleaned up, however, by gently brushing

under tepid water, a method which preserves the hairs (and for

‘Mohr, Plant Life of Alabama, pp. 34, 54, 600, and Plate VI. See also

Gattinger, Flora of Tennessee, p. 114, where for ‘‘ Limestone County,” read

‘¢ Madison County.”

7 Navutiuus, Vol. XIX, p. 91.

3 Nautitus, Vol. XXI, pp, 129, 130.

4Nautitus, Vol. XIX, pp. 73, 74.

TUE NAUTILUS. 123

which important discovery we are also indebted to Professor Smith),

it makes a most attractive appearance.

The following list cannot be complete, or even nearly so, as the

writer was able to do only occasional field work in a busy pastorate

of a single year at Huntsville. The species listed were collected

partly on Monte Sano and partly from the contiguous territory.

The determinations have been made largely by Mr. Bryant Walker,

although I am indebted to Mr. Geo. H. Clapp and to Professor

Smith for much help.

GASTROPODA.

Aelicide.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Common. Thousands may be gathered

on damp days from the cedar trees or from the moss- grown limestone

rocks. The Pyramidulas and Pupide are also lovers of cedar.

Helicinide.

Polygyra plicata Say.

Polygyra troostiana Lea. This and the preceding species are gre-

garious. But the one species is not apt to be found in association

with the other.

Polygyra fraudulenta Pils. Common on all the mountains, but

Polygyra tridentata Say, though probably here, was not collected.

Polygyra inflecta Say.

Polygyra albolabris Say.

Polygyra fuscolabris Pils. The racial validity of this species im-

presses the collector more than it would the student within doors. It

is a shell of the mountain tops, choosing the crevices of large rocks

and cave entrances preferably, though sometimes found under logs.

It is not easy to bridge the gap between this and albolabris by a

series collected in the same locality. The pink lip, however, is not

a constant character, being nearly as often white as pink. But its

larger size, splendid symmetry and richer color readily endorse it for

specific rank,

Polygyra zaleta Binn. More common on the lower ridges. Here

it often develops a lilac ‘* bloom.” = Polygyra elevata Say, not found

on Monte Sano, is reported from Gurley, Alabama, collected by

Prof. Smith.

Polygyra palliata Say. Collected by Prof. Smith in the lowlands

south of Huntsville, July, 1910.

194 THE NAUTILUS

Polygyra obstricta Say.

Polygyra obstricta carolinensis Lea. Between the species and the

variety there is no dividing line.

Polygyra sargentiana J. and P. A young shell from the south

end of Monte Sano is certainly this species. At Gurley, ten miles

east of Huntsville, a smooth form of sargentiana is common, and will

likely be found also on Monte Sano.

Polygyra appressa Say. Quite common in gardens.

Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pils. Appressa is the common

form in this region, contrary to the usual collector’s experience in

North Alabama.

Polygyra thyroides, Say.

Polygyra spinosa, Lea.

Polygyra stenotrema, Fer.

Polygyra hirsuta, Say var. Differs constantly from typical hir-

suta by its smaller size and pronounced apertural features.

Polygyra fraterna aliciz, Pils.

Polygyra rugeli, Siutt.

Polygyra smithii, Clapp.

Bulimulide.

Bulimulus dealbatus, Say.

Pupillidez.

Strobilops labyrinthica, Say, var.

Pupoides marginatus, Say.

Bifidaria procera, Gld.

Bifidaria armifera, Say.

Bifidaria tappaniana, C. B. Ads.

Vertigo rugosula, Sterki.

Vertizo ovata, Say.

Vertigo concinnula, Ckll. Very rare. Previously reported only

from the Rocky Mountain region; determined by Dr. Pilsbry.

Circinariide.

Circinaria concava, Say.

Zonitida.

Omphalina kopnodes, W. G. Binn. This species attains its maxi-

mum development in this region. It is an abundant species, prefer-

ring the lower ridges rather the mountain-tops.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Mesomphix levigata, Pfr.

Mesomphix levigata latior, Pils. Save ina characteristic green

color, this subspecies is almost inseparable from levigata zpse.

Vitrea carolinensis, Ckll.

Vitrea indentata, Say.

Vitrea lewisiana, Clapp.

Vitrea (Paravitrea) capsella, Gould.

Vitrea radiatula electrina, var. circumstriata, Taylor. This shell

has also been identitied from Arkadelphia, Arkansas by Mr, George

H. Clapp. The species may be found all the way between, but

Arkansas is at present its southwestern limit.

Vitrea ( Paravitrea) multidentata Binn. This extra-limital locality

for multidentata evidences the keenness of Mr. Smith’s eyes. It is

very rare, and found only in sequestered cleavages of the rocks on

the mountain terrace.

Euconulus chersinus Say.

Euconulus sterkii Dall. Only one specimen found.

Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Zonitoides minusculus Say.

Zonitoides milium Morse.

Gastrodonta suppressa Say.

Gastrodonta interna Say.

Gastrodonta ligera Say.

Gastrodonta gilaris Say.

Gastrodonta demissa Binn.

Gastrodonta collisella Pils. Rare.

Endodontide.

Pyramidula alternata Say.

Pyramidula cumberlandiana Lea. Found on Smither’s Mountain,

a peak five miles northwest of Huntsville. Not on Monte Sano.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say.

Punctum pygmaeum Drap.

Succinea sp.?

Lymneide.

Lymnea humilis Say.

Lymnea columella Say.

126 TIE NAUTILUS.

Lymnea obrussa Say (= desidiosa Binn.).

Ancylus sp.?- Braham’s Springs, west of Huntsville.

Ancylus sp. nov. Mastin’s Lake, two miles north of Huntsville.

Ancylussp. Collected from Braham’s Springs, west of Huntsville.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis parvus Say, var. A minute form from Mastin’s Lake,

which may prove to be new.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis alabamensis Pils. ?

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Flat form.

Physide.

Physa sp. These shells collected in Mastin’s Lake are probably

crocata Lea (Walker), which is, however, only a form of mtcrostoma

Hald. (Crandall). See Nauriivs, Vol. XV, p. 70.

Physa halei Lea. Braham Springs.

Physa distorta Hald. From Big Spring Creek.

Auriculide.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea.

Carychium nanodes Clapp.

Pleuroceratide.

Goniobasis striatula Lea.

Pleurocera excuratum Con.

Pleurocera brumbyi Lea. This and the two preceding species were

collected from Big Spring Creek.

Pleurocera currierianum Lea. From Bird Spring.

In “ The Fresh Water and Land Shells of Alabama,” by Dr.

James Lewis, M. D., Goniobasis perstriata Lea and Goniobasis de-

campii Lea are listed from Huntsville. But like many other species

in our smaller streams, they may be already exterminated by the

ducks and geese. Campeloma lima Anthony and Somatogyrus cur-

rierianus ea are also given as coming from Huntsville, but I ob-

tained no specimens.

Viviparide.

Vivipara contectoides Binn.

Campeloma coarctata Binn. (non Lea). From Bird Spring.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Pomatiopside.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say.

Corbiculade.

Musculium elevatum Hald.

Pisidum virginicum Say.

NEW CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA.

BY WM. Ii. DALL.

During the later portion of the life of the late W. C. Goforth, he

paid much attention to the natural history of the places in California

which he visited, and made some collections which were transmitted

to the U. S. National Museum after his death by a relative, Mrs.

Emma C. Ingersoll. Among them were two or three small speci-

mens of shells, supposed to have been collected at Monterey. Curi-

ously enough, one of these specimens represents a species hitherto

undescribed, and which it gives me pleasure to name in honor of the

regretted collector.

Aesopus gofortht Dall, n. sp.

Shell smooth, slender, elongate, with inconspicuous sutures and

about eight whorls; nucleus defective, smooth; subsequent whorls

gradually increasing, moderately convex; color greenish-waxen with

flammules of dark chestnut so arranged on the last whorl as to form

two irregular bands, one above and the other below the periphery,

which also show in the interior of the aperture and on the base of the

pillar; the paler portion of the surface is also irregularly mottled

with opaque whitish blotches. Aperture short, rather wide; the

outer lip simple, sharp, smooth within ; body and pillar smooth,

with a thin wash of callus; canal short, wide, not recurved. Length

of shell 13, of last whorl 6, of aperture 4 nm., max. diam. of shell

3.3 mm.

Type No. 249624, U. S. N. Museum.

While destitute of the spiral sculpture which marks many species

of the genus, it is not without smooth congeners as, for instance,

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Aesopus metcalfei Reeve, of the Antilles. The coloration recalls

that of the common Californian Astyris.

An examination of the siftings dredged by Mr. C. W. Gripp, out-

side the Kelp beds off the entrance to San Diego harbor, in 16 to 20

fathoms, has resulted in the discovery of several interesting shells.

Mangilia interlirata Stearns has its range extended southward from

San Luis Obispo, A new species of Rochefortia, and a minute shell’

probably allied to the Corbulas, but requiring a new generic name,

were among the prizes.

Grirrina Dall, n. g.

Shell slightly inequivalve, donaciform, small, with a well-marked,

rounded, ascending pallial sinus; right valve receiving the dorsal

edges of the left in grooves beneath its own dorsal margins ; cardinal

teeth two, large, subequal, prominent, horizontally produced and

fitting under the beak of the left valve; resilium strong, compressed,

situated between the two cardinals attached under the beak of the

left valve, and having on its ventral surface a thin calcareous coating

or ossiculum,

This genus differs from Corbula in the nearly equal valves, the dis-

tinct pallial sinus, and the absence of a resiliifer in the left valve; in

Corbula, too, the posterior cardinal is rarely developed and always

very inferior in size to the anterior tooth. The form of the teeth in

the two genera is quite different. Type:

Grippina californica Dall, n. s.

Shell minute, subtrigonal, whitish, solid for its size, finely concen-

trically sculptured ; beaks moderately elevated, smooth ; inner mar-

gins of the valves smooth, the left valve with no hinge-plate; a narrow

lanceolate lunule and subequal, similar escutcheon present; each

bounded by a marked ridge; outside of the escutcheon a second ra-

diating ridge extends from the beak to the lower posterior margin of

the valves but without producing a notable angulation of the margin.

Interior of the valves dull white, the muscular impressions and pallial

line distinct. Length 2.5, height 1.2, diameter 0.7 mm.

For other details see the generic description.

Rochefortia grippi Dall, n. s.

Shell small, thin, equilateral, ovoid, with a dull brownish perios-

THE NAUTILUS. 129

tracum, more or less incrusted with irun oxide, and sculptured only

by feeble incremental lines. Beaks inconspicuous, hinge as in the

genus, bearing two very small diverging cardinals in one valve with

a rather strong resilium between them which seems to carry a small

lithodesma; opposite valve edentulous; pallial line entire; inner

margins of the valves simple. Length 4.5; height 2.5; max. diam-

eter 1.3 mm.

This species is proportionately much more elongate than any of

the other Pacific coast species and can be recognized at once by its

form. All of the others are more or less conspicuously equilateral,

and nearly all are larger.

Habitat: with the preceding. The species is named in honor of

its discoverer. Only one specimen of this and the preceding species

has been seen. The present specimen within the valves had a large

number of minute smooth larval bivalves, but whether they belong

to the same species is uncertain, since the specimen did not contain

any of the fleshy portions of the animal.

NOTES ON ANODONTA COUPERIANA AND A. GIBBOSA.

BY L, S. FRIERSON.

In the “ Synopis of the Naiades” of Mr. C. T. Simpson (1900),

it is stated that the Anodonta couperiana Lea (with its variety A.

dunlapiana), is a synonym of the Anodonta gibbosa Say. In this

statement Mr. Simpson is followed by nearly all students who have

handled the subject, rendering a difficult study still more confused.

These species are quite distinct and belong to separate groups. and

even possibly to different genera.

Anodonta couperiana is a fairly common species in most collec-

tions of any size. It is a handsome shell, with a bright, shining

epidermis, and [ am informed by Mr. T. Van Hyning that it very

seldom cracks as other Anodontas are so prone to do. Its umbones

are like those of Anodonta imbecillis Say, t. e., they hardly rise above

the hinge line. The corrugations are similar to the imbecillis, and

some specimens verge towards the Ano suborbiculata of Say, which,

despite its large size and different shape, belongs to the same group.

1380 THE NAUTILUS.

On the other hand, the Ano. g/bbosa Say, is a rather rare shell

and generally misnamed. It is remarkable for the great protuberance

of its beaks and umbos, and the swelling of the umbos continues

(with the growth of the shell) downwards and backwards. This

peculiarity gained for the species its name. A. gibbosa belongs to

the group of cataracta Say, having a double row of undulations on

its beaks, and it is really very doubtlully distinct from this variable

species.

Mr. Lea, having obtained specimens of this shell, in which the

umbo to post-basal swelling was not very pronounced, he made a

new species, which he called A. dardensis. The gibbosa being a rare

shell, as such ita identity has well-nigh been lost. For example, a

typical specimen, so-called by the late G. W. Tryon, was labelled as

A. dariensis by Mr. Simpson, and the Anodonta dariensis figured by

Sowerby is a gibbosa. So also is the gibbosa figured by Sowerby

(or Reeve) in plate XT, fig. 23. (This figure is not mentioned by

Mr. Simpson). The shell is well figured also by Clessin, plate

XVIII, figs. 3 and 4, under its proper name. Mr. Simpson refers

these figures to gibbosa Say, correctly. But he also refers (as this

species) to Sowerby’s couperiana, and especially to Clessin, plate

50, figs. 3 and 4,

Evidertly Mr. Simpson did not compare these figures with one

another, for that Clessin’s plate 50 figures 3 and 4, and plate 18, fig.

3 and 4 represent two entirely diverse species would be apparent to

the veriest tyro. Couperiana, Lea (with ¢ts variety dunlapiana)

then is to be recognized as a good species, and gibbosa, Say is also

a good species with dariensis as a synonym, or at best a variety.

POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS ALLENI WETH., AND OTHER MISSOURI

HELICES.

BY F. A. SAMPSON.

Years ago when collecting shells at Eureka Springs, Arkansas,

Charles C. Allen, then of that place, later of Florida, became inter-

ested in conchology, and a variety of P. albolubris found there was

named for him by Prof. Wetherby, and it has since been decided

that all of the P. albolubris west of the Mississippi and south of Iowa

are of that variety.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

I have in my collection specimens from sixteen counties in Mis-

souri, and these vary greatly in size from 18 mm. to 32 mm. diam-

eter. The largest is from Scott county in southwest Missouri; from

Galena, Stone county they vary from 26 to 30 mm.; from Boone

county from 23 to 30 mm.; and from Kansas City 18 to 27 mm.

The specimens from Kansas City are interesting, and the average

size at two points within the City differs quite markedly. From an

old cemetery near Main and 27th streets I collected more than

ninety living shells, and from the bluffs about the Union Station I

found eight dead shells; ths following table will show the sizes from

the two places :

Diameter, Mm. Cemetery. Bluffs.

18 2

18.5 2

19 11

19.5 7

20 20 1

20.5 8

21 16

21.5 6

22 7

22,5 5

23 5 1

23.5 1 2

24 ] 1

24.5 1

25 1 1

27 1

At Boonville I found one dead but fresh shell of Polygyra multili-

neata Say, the only one 1 have found in the State, The Po/yyyra

divesta Gld., is found living in the southern counties of the State,

and I have it from the Postpliocene at St. Joseph. From the Post-

pliocene of Boone and Moniteau counties I have the Polygyra pro-

Sunda Say, but have not found it living in the State. To the

Nautitus for June 1894, I noticed finding Polygyra andrewse W.

G. B. in St. Francois county. Ihave P. pennsylvanica trom St.

Louis county, and from the Postpliocene of Boone county.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

HENRY M. EDSON.

We deeply regret to announce the tragic death of Henry M. Edson,

of Palo Alto, California. In alighting hastily from a car he was

struck by a passing train, death resulting from the injuries received.

He was 35 years of age and a native of New York. He had served

in the army in the Philippines and received an honorable discharge.

Of late years he became greatly interested in the study of mollusks,

contributing a number of articles to Tue Navutitus. His genial

disposition won him many warm friends,

NOTES.

MODIOLUS DEMISSUS VAR. PLICATULUS LAM., IN BROOKLINE,

Mass. Until two or three years ago this marine shell lived in a

little piece of marsh at Cottage Farm, along the south side of Com-

monwealth avenue, between Essex and St. Paul streets, the marsh

having an outlet under Commonwealth avenue and the Boston and

Albany Railroad into the Charles River. The first improvement

detrimental to the life of the mussels was the building of the dam

forming the Charles River basin and shutting out the salt water from

that partof the river. The persistent oiling of the ditches to destroy

mosquitoes, and finally a public dump preliminary to forming a

street, has so polluted the marsh as to undoubtedly cause their death.

C. W. Jounson.

POLYGYRA LAW#.— While examining some Polygyra law@ Lewis,

collected by Herbert H. Smith at Woodstock, Bibb county, Ala., I

noticed that they are covered with very fine, short hairs arranged in

diagonal rows. As this character is not mentioned in the descrip-

tion given in Binney’s ‘ Manual,” p, 317, I examined four adults

and one young in the Dr. James Lewis collection from Hayesville,

N. C., and, while the shells have the appearance of being weathered,

a magnification of 10 diameters showed the hair-scars. Perfectly

fresh specimens have a beautiful silky lustre and the embryonic

whorls are densely granulated like the Stenotremas.

GrorcE H. Crapp.

WHE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXV.

APRIL, 1912.

OREOHELIX COLONIES IN COLORADO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

The native species of land snails in Colorado are mostly small—

from the size of Pyramidula cockerelli down to Vertigo and Vallonia.

The only known exception is the genus Oreohelix, which is much

better represented, both in numbers of species and abundance of in-

dividuals, than has generally been supposed. My first experience

with the genus was along the eastern foothill belt of the Rocky Moun-

tains, the eastern limit of its range in Colorado. There I found

Oreohelix strigosa depressa Cockerell (then considered O. strigosa),

very generally but sparingly distributed, never obtaining more than

half a dozen live er freshly dead specimens. Several facts led to the

natural conclusion that the genus was approaching extinction in Col-

orado. (1) The scarcity of live specimens along the foothills. (2)

The occurrence of large numbers of fossil specimens in a small ex-

posure near Boulder, taken in connection with the widespread belief

in a marked desiccation of the West and Southwest since middle

Pleistocene time, which would make conditions less favorable for

these snails. (4) Ingersoll’s report (Hayden Survey, Ann. Rept.,

1874, p. 396; Binney’s Land Shells, p, 166) that dead O. cooperi

were abundant in North and Middle Park, but that live ones were

not common. (4) Numerous dead shells received from various lo-

calities west of the Continental Divide, with no live ones. (5) The

occurrence of O. haydeni fossil in large numbers near Glenwood

Springs, with no live or freshly dead ones reported.

More recent discoveries have rendered that view wholly untenable.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

During the past five years all the species of the genus now known to

inhabit Colorado have been found alive in flourishing colonies, so

that it seems probable they are as abundant as they ever were.

The first important colonies to come to my attention were of O.

haydent Gabb and variety gabbiana Hemphill, discovered on the

bluff above the Hotel Colorado, at Glenwood Springs, by the well-

known botanist and naturalist, Professor E. Bethel, of Denver.

The colonies were in close proximity, one above the other. They

were on limestones, sandstones and calcareous shales. O. haydent

was easily recognized, but the others were sent to Dr. Pilsbry, who

wrote:

‘«‘ The shells are indistinguishable from O. haydeni gabbiana Hemp-

hill. It is also to be noted here that Hemphill found gabbana and

a form with strong spirals, hardly separable from typical haydenz, on

the same mountain-side, though in separate colonies.”

Unfortunately Professor Bethel’s vivid and interesting description

written at the time, was lost in transit to Dr. Pilsbry, and I have

never been able to get him to attempt to rewrite it.

Later Mr. Albert Dakan, of Longmont, visited the locality and

collected both species, though I am not certain that they are from

exactly the same colonies. He locates his haydeni colony on a lime-

stone formation ‘‘on the mountain-side on the north side of the

Grand River just above the point where the Glenwood water-main

crosses it.” His gabbiana colony he places on Blocks 51 and 52 of

the town plat. His account of gabbana throws such light on the

habits of the genus, is so in accord with my own experience elsewhere,

and so well explains why live Oreohelix have not been found abun-

dantly in the State by earlier collectors, that I feel justified in quot-

ting it somewhat fully, as follows:

«‘ While returning from a little climb on the hill at the northeast

corner of the town, on the afternoon of April 8, 1908, I noticed a

few snails, and gathered what scattering ones I could find on a zig-

zag course down the hill-side. I had gathered up nearly a handful,

when suddenly one that was in my fingers showed signs of life.

This aroused a lively interest in the search, but it was some little

time before the second live one was found. After that they were

easy to find. My hands were soon full, but mostly of dead ones.

Not caring to discard any of them I went to the foot of the hill and

ot a three-pound lard pail and then went after them in earnest.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

The hill-side is covered, though not thickly, with low brush and

scattered bunch-grass. The earth is of disintegrated calcareous

shale. Under the clumps of bushes was a sprinkling of dead leaves

matted down by the winter’s snows. Here were snails by the hun-

dred. It was a populous city of slow-feet all out on parade. There

had been light showers during the afternoon. ‘The ground was very

damp, but not muddy. Everywhere the snails were erect, and as

the eye became accustomed to their appearance when in motion

their numbers seemed to greatly increase. I soon had over a pint

of live specimens—enough, it would seem to satisfy anyone that

there is one place at least in Colorado where lack of numbers and

difficulty of access cannot be pleaded as an excuse for not knowing

more of the habits of this creature. Two days after the above find

I returned to the snail city in company with Mr. Underwood, prin-

cipal of the local high school. Neither he nor his instructors knew

of the existence of the live snails so near town. It was about five

o’clock in the afternoon. The weather had cleared up and the hill-

side was comparatively dry. I had been enthusiastic in telling of

the number of snails to be found, so was not a little surprised in not

finding immediate verification of my story. Indeed, very few were

to be found. I went from clump to clump of bushes, each time dis-

appointed, for, where two days before there were hundreds, now none

could be seen. Then I begana closer search. Snail habits were

unknown to me, but their ability to hide so effectively was about the

last thing thought of. We soon began to find them under sticks,

roots, bunch-grass and stones, and in the small crevices of the loose

earth. None of them had migrated. Under one protecting stick a

dozen or more were found. Soon we had nearly a pint of shells,

each full of life. It was then easy to understand why they had not

been discovered. Human pedestrians do not choose drizzly days for

their strolls, while such weather is the snail’s delight. But in dry

weather they very effectually hide themselves. It is easy to find the

bleached, white, empty houses of the dead, while in life the snails

are so nearly the color of the ground that they easily escape notice.

In fact, it would be hard for the untrained eye to see them even

when exposed to view. This I appreciated more fully after I had

placed about a dozen of them on the ground near the rear wall of my

home. The ground was dry and the snails were soon practically out

of sight. I have been speaking of them in hundreds, but after a

136 THE NAUTILUS.

more careful view will increase to thousands the numbers which may

be seen under favorable conditions. Several pairs were observed in

the act of copulation—in fact, this was a very common thing on this

visit.”

Mr. Dakan found another colony of gabbiana at Newcastle, where

he collected over a thousand live ones in twenty minutes. Since then

I have collected all along the Grand Hogback from Newcastle to

Meeker and north to Axial, up White River to Trapper’s Lake and

Marne Lakes, in North Park and Middle Park, and everywhere

under favorable conditions have found the shells of this genus in

great abundance, each species usually occupying a colony by itself,

though in some instances they intermingled. While scattering ones

are found elsewhere, they are abundant only on slopes or ledges of

limestones or calcareous soils or shales, where there are bushes of

various kinds. They are found indifferently under sage brush, wild

rose bushes, mountain mahogany, Amelanchier and many other

bushes, but are not often abundant under aspens or oaks, in this re-

spect differing from the smaller species of snails. Loamy, willow-

covered bottom-lands do not appeal to them. Where they occur in

numbers they are easily found alive on moist days, when it is raining

or the bushes are dripping with fog or dew. I have seldom found

other snails common where Oreohelix are abundant.

Without attempting to enumerate all the localities from which a

few specimens have been collected, I give below a summary of the

more important colonies and some other records to show the general

distribution of the species, the collector’s name being given except

where I conducted the material myself, these records being all based

upon material in the University of Colorado Museum.

OREOHELIX STRIGOSA DEPRESSA CkIl.

To this form I have assigned all our Colorado material formerly

considered strigosa. Present but not abundant usually along the

eastern foothills of the Front Range from Pueblo to Belleview.

The finest specimens we have are a few from an altitude of 11,000

feet on Mt. Audubon (A. Mackenzie, 1905), one very strigose spec-

imen from near Ohio City, at 11,800 feet (Frank Rohwer). A few

are from Treasury Mountain, Gunnison county, at 10,900 feet (Prof.

R. D. George). The highest record is from 14 miles west of Lead-

ville, at 12,700 feet (H. A. Aurand). Binney and Cockerell have

THE NAUTILUS. 137

recorded it from Durango. A thriving colony was found just north

of Morrison (Rohwer).

I visited this colony on September 23 with Mr. Rohwer, and find

it the most remarkable yet discovered east of the Front Range.

Though scattered snails were found over the whole slope above, they

were abundant only under three small groups of skunk-bush (Rhus

trilobata Nutt.), where the soil contained many fragments of lime-

stone which had slid down from up the slope, the aggregate area of

the groups covering less than 100 square feet. Under one root were

46 specimens clinging one to another in a cluster. As they average

over three-fourths of an inch in major diameter, one may imagine the

size of the cluster. On the under surface of a board on an area of

48 square inches, 98 were found, making almost two layers. Under

a rock 5 by 6 inches were 23. Within a radius of 8 inches were 80.

These were all alive. Ina short time we collected 953 live ones.

Though the weather had been exceedingly dry and warm for weeks,

they were scarcely buried, the soil being too hard for them to burrow

into had they wished to, except an inch or so of debris and leaves on

the surface. In digging we found none deeper than 3 or 4 inches,

none below the loose debris, mostly barely covered and many ex-

posed, but all dormant. We carried them home in a box and the

combined moisture of the mass seemed sufficient to awaken them, so

that the next day they were all active and their shells moist. This

may suggest the reason for clustering in this semi-arid region.

With this exception, the finest colony yet reported is one I found

last August north of the river a mile below Steamboat Springs, on a

steep, dry, south-facing slope of lower Mancos Cretaceous shales and

limestone. Time was too limited for much collecting. At the first

point of contact with the colony O. cooperi predominated, while less

than half a mile to the west depressa predominated, thus: At the

west 112 depressa and 16 cooper? collected; at the east 106 cooper?

and 77 depressa. Hot, dry weather, live snails well concealed. A

considerable proportion of both species were quite dark and many

showed the color characters of O. s. albofasciata Hemphill, the upper

dark band extending to the suture, the lower one to the umbilicus,

with a white band on the periphery, but other examples showed com-

plete gradation into the typical forms. As I have found this varia-

tion and gradation in other colonies of each of the two species, and

finding none that cannot be referred to one or the other, the record

138 THE NAUTILUS.

of albofasciata should be eliminated from the Colorado list. Not

having seen Utah specimens of Hemphill’s sub-species, I cannot say

whether it is valid.

OREOHELIX COOPERI (W. G. B.)

I have seen no live ones east of the Front Range, and but few

dead or fossil ones, but it is exceedingly abundant on the outcrops

of lower Mancos (or Niobrara and Benton) cretaceous limestones

and calcareous shales, nearly everywhere I have been west of the

Front Range, as well as on the Mesa Verde sandstone slopes at

Rio Blanco and at Axial, probably where thin limestone bands in

the sandstone furnished lime for the soil. Also found it more spar-

ingly up White River to Trapper’s Lake, 10,000, feet. Abund-

ant dead but fresh shells have been found on the Laramie, North

Park, near Gleneyrie (Wm. Fleming). Probably a search would

have revealed a strong living colony. A flourishing colony of large

live ones occurs at Montrose (Bethel) and a few dead ones came

from Wolcott. There are many fine colonies on the Benton and

Niobrara formations in the valley of Muddy Creek, north of

Kremmling, Middle Park. One of the best is about 25 miles north

of Kremmling, on a dry, unmixed sage brush terrace, with no pro-

tection except the scattered and dwarfed sage a foot or two high, yet

the shells are about of normal size. On a south-facing, brush-cov-

ered slope of calcareous shales, on the north side of the creek where

the wagon road from Kremmling to Steamboat Springs crosses the

southwest corner of North Park, ona moist morning last July I collected

511 active specimens in a short time on a distance of 72 feet along

the trail, without including the numerous young ones and only tak-

ing those easily seen without searching. At one point there were 19

crawling about within a radius of five inches. Altitude 8,860 feet.

In adjacent bottomlands, where a black loam was covered by scrub

willows, there were no snails. Ten were found in an aspen grove

half a mile away, including one albino. At Rio Blanco a thriving

colony was found under aspens, and at Newcastle a fine lot were ob-

tained from beneath narrow-leaved cottonwoods. At Steamboat

Springs, in addition to the mixed strigosa-coopert colony, I found a

pure cooperi colony, yielding abundant very robust specimens, on the

west side of the river above the town. The center of abundance was

in a narrow-leaved cottonwood grove on a steep, east-facing slope,

THE NAUTILUS. 139

where the soil probably receives considerable lime from the lime-

stones further up the slope. Altitude 7,000 feet. The snails were

hiding under rose, sage and other brush, but not hard to find. The

colony extended over the whole slope, but individuals were scarce in

the aspen and scrub-oak groves. Throughout the whole region I

have not found the snails abundant on the non-calcareous formations-

(To be concluded.)

A REVISION OF THE ANCYLI OF SOUTH AFRICA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Several months ago Messrs. H. C. Burnup of Maritzburg, Natal,

John Farquhar of Grahamstown, Cape Colony, and John Ponsonby

and M. Connolly of London, placed in my hands for examination a

large collection of the Ancyfi of South Africa. In order that the

results of the investigation might be available for immediate use

elsewhere, the following summary has been prepared. A fully illus-

trated report with complete bibliographic references, comparative

remarks, etc., is in preparation and will be published in the immedi-

ate future.

The region included in the report is bounded on the north by the

Zambesi and Kunene rivers.

Genus AncryLus Geoffroy.

Section Burnupia n. sec.

Shell dextral ; apex punctate, in a more or less radial pattern.

Type: Ancylus caffer Krauss.

I. Ancylus caffer Krauss.

1848. Ancylus caffer Krauss, Sudafr. MolL, p. 70, pl. 4, fig. 13.

1859. Ancylus gaulus Gould, Pr. B. S. N. H., VII, p. 40.

Type locality : (caffer), Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

(gaulus), Cape of Good Hope.

Also: Umkomaas; Imputyni stream near Maritzburg; Inkwalini

stream near Maritzburg; Tongaat; and Equeefa River, Natal

(Burnup).

Var. nanus n. v.

Shell smaller than typical caffer, proportionately shorter and

140 THE NAUTILUS.

broader, being obovate rather than oval; apex less depressed; dark

brown.

Length 4.5, width 3.5, alt. 1.75 mm.

Type locality: Karkloof stream, Natal (Toynton). Also:

Maritzburg, Natal (Ponsonby).

Type, No. 36002, coll. Walker.

Var. gordonensis Melv. and Pons.

1903. Ancylus (Ferrissia) gordonensis M. and P., A. M. N. H.,

Xii, p.(606, pl. xxxi, fig. 2.

Type locality: Gordon Falls, near Pietermaritzburg, Natal. Also,

Edendale Falls, Umzindusi River; Howick Falls, Umgeni River ;

Nottingham Road; ‘Town Bush Valley stream, Maritzburg ; Sweet-

water stream near Maritzburg; Aarvogel Krantz, Umgeni River;

Dargle, Umgeni system (Burnup); Karkloof stream (Burnup and

Morton) and Umgeni River, Natal (Ponsonby); Zoutspansberg,

Transvaal (Cragoe).

Var. farquhari n. v.

Much smaller than typical gordonensis, to which it is most closely

allied ; thicker and darker ; apex more prominent, but scarcely at all

depressed.

Length 4.8, width 3.75, alt. 2 mm.

Type locality: York, East Griqualand (Farquhar). Also, Teko

River, Transki (Hickey).

Type, No. 36003, coll. Walker.

Var. stenochorias Melv. and Pons.

1903. Ancylus (Ferrissia) stenochorias M. and P., A. M. N. H.,

xli, p. 607, pl. xxxi, fig. 1.

1853.? Ancylus obliquus Krauss, in Kuster Con. Cab., Ancylus,

pl. 1, figs. 18-20, non Brod. and Sby., 1832.

1882.? Ancylus caffer Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylus, p. 36, pl. 1,

figs. 18-20.

1889.? <Ancylus caffer Morelet, J. de Con., xxvii, p. 20.

Type locality: Ebb en Vloed, Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.

Also, Van Staden’s River and Bog Farm, Port Elizabeth (Pon-

sonby); Bakken’s River, Port Elizabeth (Farquhar); Upper Retreat

and Klipplatz River, Cathcart (Ponsonby); Kaiser River, Montagu

(Connolly); King William’s Town Road Dam and Kowie River,

Grahamstown (Farquhar).

THE NAUTILUS. 14]

Var. capensis n. v.

Shell rather thin, translucent, oval, brownish horn color, darker

on the apex; surface with fine, regular growth-lines and very fine,

close, somewhat irregular radial strie; apex prominent, subacute,

strongly turned to the right, but not much deflected except at the

extreme tip; anterior slope convex, somewhat flattened towards the

apex; posterior slope concave; right slope convex; left slightly

concave.

Length 7.5, width 4.5, alt. 2.6 mm.

Type locality: Lakeside, Cape Peninsula (Connolly). Also,

Hoot Bay, Cape Peninsula (Connolly) ; Woost Hill River and

Blaukrantz River, Grahamstown (Farquhar).

Type, No. 36004, coll. Walker.

Var. trapezoideus O, Beettger.

1907. Ancylus trapezoideus O. Beettg., in Schultze, “ Aus Nama-

land und Kalahari,” p. 708,

1910. Ancylus trapezoideus O. Beettg., Abh. Senckenb. Naturf.

Ges., Frankfurt, xxxii, p. 45, pl. 28, fig. 15.

1897.? Ancylus caffer, v. Mts., Beschalte, p. 151, pl. 1, fig. 19a,

ce and d.

Type locality : Witkop, British Bechuanaland, Sub-fossil. Also,

Pretoria (McBean) ; Pretoria Distriet (Connolly); Valsch River,

Lindley, Orange Free State (Connolly); Crocodile Drift, Transvaal

(Connolly); Zoutspansberg, Transvaal (Cragoe); ? Bach Tararo,

Umdussuma (Stuhlmann).

Il. Ancylus mootensis n. sp.

Shell slightly obovate, the greatest width being in front of the

center; thin, translucent, shining, light horn-color; surface with

regular, but very fine, growth-lines and exceedingly delicate, wavy,

radial strie ; apex about half-way between the center and the pos-

terior margin, subacute, not prominent, but slightly turned to the

right and very little deflected ; anterior slope convex, but flattened

above and nearly straight as it approaches the anterior margin;

posterior slope long and regularly, but not deeply, concave; right

slope slightly convex ; left nearly straight, slightly concave about

half-way down.

Length 6.25, width 3, alt. 2.5 mm.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Type locality: Mooi River, Potschefstroom, Transvaal (Living-

ston).

Type, No. 36005, coll. Walker.

Var. dubtosus n. v.

Shell narrower; apex more obtuse, less prominent and decidedly

turned to the right.

Type locality: Pienaars Poort near Pretoria (Connolly). Also,

Woost Hill River. Grahamstown (Farquhar),

Type, No. 36006, coll. Walker.

III. Ancylus transvaelensis Craven.

1880. Ancylus transvaalensis Craven, P. Z. §., London, 1880, p.

617, pl. lvii, fig. 11.

1907.? Ancylus (Ferrissia) stenochorias O. Boettger, in Schultze,

‘* Aus Namaland und Kalahari,’”’ p. 708.

1910.? Aneylus (Ferrissia) stenochorias O. Boettger, Abh.

Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii, p. 450.

Type locality: Mooi River, Transvaal (Craven). Also, Pretoria

District, Transvaal (Connolly); Vereeniging, Orange Free State

(Johnson); Prieske, Orange River system, Cape Colony (Pon-

sonby);? Witkop, British Bechuanaland (Boettger).

IV. Aneylus verreauxiit Bourguignat.

1853. Ancylus verreauxti Bgt., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 351.

1854. Bat., ibid., 1854, pl. 1, fig. 1.

1856. Bet., Amen. Mal., p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 1.

1882. Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylus, p. 60, pl. 5,

fig. 4.

1862. Ancylus verreauxii Bet., Spicil. Mal., p. 194.

Type locality: ‘* Ville de Constance,” Cape of Good Hope. Also,

Retreat, Cape Peninsula (Connolly).

Section Ferrissia Walker, 1903.

Ferrissia Walker, Naurizus, XVII, p. 15.

Type, Ancylus rivularis Say.

V. Ancylus burnupt n. sp.

Shell small, depressed, long oval, lateral margins nearly parallel,

only slightly convex, the left more than the right, anterior margin

THE NAUTILUS. 143

regularly rounded, posterior margin more or less obliquely truncated

on the right side; very thin, diaphanus, translucent, white, shining,

polished; lines of growth regular, but minute; anterior surface with

faint, irregular, radial ripples; apex about half way between the cen-

ter and posterior margin, obtuse, scarcely projecting and slightly

turned to the right; anterior slope but slightly convex; posterior

nearly straight; a little concave in the center; right slope slightly

convex; left nearly straight.

Length 4; width 2.2; alt. 1 mm.

Type locality: Equeefa River, Natal (Burnup). Also, Brack

Kloof River, Grahamstown, Cape Colony (Farquhar).

Type, No. 36007, coll. Walker.

VI. Ancylus connollyi n. sp.

Shell small, subconical, oval, lateral margins nearly parallel, the

left slightly more convex, anterior and posterior margins regularly

rounded; thin; translucent, light horn-color, almost white; growth-

lines fine, rather irregular, anterior surface somewhat wrinkled trans-

versely ; apex about one-fifth from the posterior margin, obtuse,

prominent, slightly turned to the right ; anterior alone slightly con-

vex ; posterior slightly concave, nearly straight ; lateral slopes nearly

straight, the right a little convex.

Length 3.75; width 2.2; alt. 1.5 mm.

Type locality: Black River, Maitland, Cape Colony (Connolly).

Also, King William’s Town Road Dam, Grahamstown, Cape Colony

(Farquhar).

Type, No. 36008, coll. Walker.

VII. Ancylus equeefensis n. sp.

Shell small, depressed, oval, the left margin slightly more curved

than the right; anterior and posterior margins regularly rounded ;

thin, light horn-color ; lines of growth fine and regular; apex close

to posterior margin, very obtuse, but not prominent, distinctly

turned to the right; anterior slope straight, except as it slightly

curves towards the apex, posterior nearly straight from below the

apex for two-thirds of its length, thence oblique to the margin ; right

slope slightly convex; left a little concave.

Length 3.75 ; width 2.1; alt. 1 mm.

Type locality : Equeefa River, Natal (Burnup).

Type, No. 36009, coll. Walker.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

VIII. Ancylus fontinalis n. sp.

Shell small, depressed, long, oval, narrow, lateral margins parallel

and nearly straight, anterior margin regularly rounded, posterior

margin slightly truncated on the right side; thin, white; growth-

lines very fine and regular ; apex about half-way between the center

and the posterior margin, rounded, obtuse, quite prominent, only

slightly turned to the right; anterior slope long and nearly straight ;

posterior slope oblique, straight from the base of the apex to the

margin, lateral slopes oblique, nearly straight, slightly incurved

towards the margin.

Length 3.25, width 1.8, alt. 0.8 mm.

Type locality: Ranjesfontein, Pretoria District (Connolly).

Also, Morgendal, Orange River Colony and Pienaars Poort, Pre-

toria (Connolly).

Type, No. 36010, coll. Walker.

IX. Ancylus victoriensis n. sp.

Shell minute, rather narrow, slightly obovate, the greatest width

being at the anterior third of the length, anterior and posterior mar-

gins regularly rounded, lateral margins slightly curved, the left more

than the right; thin; light greenish horn-color; lines of growth

rather coarse and irregular, more or less rippled on the anterior

slope ; apex posterior, large, prominent, obtuse, scarcely, if at all,

turned to the right; anterior slope very convex; posterior slope

very short, nearly straight and scarcely oblique ; lateral slopes about

equally convex, the apex being in the longitudinal axis of the shell.

Length 2.25, width 1.5, alt. 0.75 mm.

Type locality : Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (Connolly).

Type, No. 36011, coll. Walker.

X. Ancylus zambesiensis n. sp.

Shell minute, subdepressed, short oval, anterior and posterior

margins broadly rounded, lateral margins about equally curved ;

light greenish horn-color; surface with lines of growth distinct and

irregularly rippled on the anterior slope ; apex rather prominent, ob-

tuse, in the longitudinal axis of the shell and not perceptibly turned

to the right; anterior slope slightly convex; posterior slope oblique

and straight; lateral slopes oblique and only slightly convex.

Length 2.25 ; width 1.6; alt. 0.75 mm.

Type locality: Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (Connolly).

Type, No. 36012, coll. Walker.

18 5a

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXVI.

MAY, 1912, to APRIL, 1913.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

|, A. Prispry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natura! Sciences

PHILADELPHIA,

C. W. Jonxson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural Histo) ps

BosTon.

INDEX

Sah NAUTILUS, XXXVI

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Abnormal shells (Pl. V) . ; ; ‘ : : 38

Agriolimax, Feeding habits of . ~ 108

Alabama, Additions to the list of Mollusca from Monte

Sano . : 14

Amnicola winkleyi Pils., n. sp. (Pl. fi figs. 9, 10) : as |

Ancellaria castanea Sowb. ; : SET

Anculosa minor Hinkley, n. sp. (Pl. y figs. ie.) ae ey

Annularia ramsdeni Pils. & Hend., n. sp. ; : . 942

Annularia pseudalatum Torre, n. sp. : : ; . 43

Aplexa hypnorum Linné . , 2 4 } f . 64

Ashmunella ashmuni Dall : , : ee

Ashmunella thomsoniana, Pecos River, N. M. : . 69

Baldwin, D. D. (obituary and portrait) : : . 48, 82

Bermuda shells ; : : : ap

Bifidaria contracta . : ; 17

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella (PL 1) ; : ‘17, 21, 31

Bifidaria pellucida parvidens 81

Boston Malacological Club : : : : : . 144

Bryant, F. W. (obituary) : ehg

Buccinum solutum Herm. —Chrysodomus heros Gray 86

Buccinum stromboides Herm. . : é . 47

California, Two new land shells from J : : USE

Campeloma decisum Say, reversed . ; : é J\'E

Cannibal snails : ; ‘ 2 : : . 132

Carocolus sagemon var. semiaperta : ; : : . 106

Carychium minimum at niga a Mass. . : ‘ . 24

Cepolis alauda Fer. . : : ; . ; +1 ae

Cerion pinerium Dall : : RE 3 b

Chondropoma carenasense Pils. & Hend., n. sp. 2 . 44

Chondropoma wilcoxi Pils. & Hend., n. °P. : : . 45

Chondropoma dissolutum. : ; : . 112

Chondropoma picta Pfr. . ! : . 104

Cincinnatia in the Delaware drainage . 96

Circinaria concava from Sheboygan County, Michigan | ie

Colombia, Land shells of Carthagena : 84

Columbella misera Sowb. var. californica Rve. (Pl. IV,

fig. 15). : ; Na}.

Columbella picta Reeve ( Pl. IV, fig. 43). ee

Columbella propinqua E. A. Smith (PI. IV, fig. 14). San’

( iii )

xvii THE NAUTILUS.

Columbella terpsichore Leathes Cane DY, Ae. si : Met (©

Columella=Sphyradium . : (60

Conchological chat from London ‘ ; oe

Conchological Museum . : ; : : . 04

Cryptogirasia . ; ; : : : Bey |

Cryptosoma, Theob., 1857, not Bruelle = Megaustenia,

ins jay ; lie ok : ge

Cuba, A day’ 8 collecting at Antilla ; : é Sates

Cuba and the Isle of Pines, A collector in western Oe aae

Cuban land shells, New. , ; : . 42

Cuban, Pleistocene fossils from Eastern. . 69

Cuban Urocoptis, New. 5b, 109, 125

Cumberlandia, A new genus of Naiades 13

Cumberlandia monodonta Say . : : ; . 14

Cyclas albula Prime ! : , . : . 139

Cyclostoma semicanum . , ik

Cypraea erosa carmen Smith, n. var. (Pl. re fig. 10) tS

Cypraea erosa nebrites Melv. (Pl. IV, fig. 9) . ones

Cypraea erosa subalba Smith, n. var. (Pl. IV, fig. 11) ats

Cypraea helvola Linné (Pl. IV, fig. 8). Pare h:

Cypraea helvola Linné, var. mascarena Milv. ( Pl. i

figs: G) «. 78

Cypraea hirasei Roberts, n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 1 2, 3) 97

Cypraea hungerfordi ktiensis Robt., n. subsp, feet VI,

figs. 5; 6, 7,:8) °. 98

Cypraea ‘pantherina and vars. . : : ‘ : ee

Cypraea turdus Lam. i , , 2S

Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi ‘cuestana Edson, n.

subsp. . : . : ; en

Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi ; 49

Epiphragmophora or cue Lea, Notes on the validity o of 49

Eulima tenostoma . : ‘ : 55

Floridian Viviparus, Anew. : : ; ¢ . 48

Florida, Land shells of southern : : oy ebGi iad

Fresh-water Mollusca living out of the water 64

Galba montanensis Baker, n. sp... ; : : dab

Glandinella poeyanas Pfr. ; ‘ : : : . 112

Gripp, Charles W. (obituary) . : . 182

Guatemala, Notes on shells from Quirigua jw

Harmandia somboriensis Rochebrune 5 ' ‘ ees

Helix alonensis Fer. (Pl. IV, fig. 5) : : ee

Helix hortensis Mull. ; 5 (ne

Helix (Iberus) qualtierana Linn. (Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2, a) ieee

Helix (Iberus) qualtierana, var. erandae Smith, n. var.

CPETV dig ayy 27

Hermann (Dr. Johann), Work in ‘Der Naturforscher, ”

ATSiC yy ; . 45

Holospira bilamellata Dall a ‘Y, figs. ae fey . uel

Holospira mesolia Pils., n. sp. . ‘ 2/89

Hyria : } 4 : , . 141

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Lamarck’s Collection of Shells . 119

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes) in the ‘upper Potomac

drainage ; : , 51

Lymnea auricularia near Philadelphia : : Ba et |

Lymnea from Montana, A new : : 405

Lymneea parva. : ‘ 2 BO

Lymnea (Radix) auricularia at Cambridge, Mass. . 116

Lymnea (Radix) auricularia in Colorado. : 2384

Macroceramus canimarensis rotundibasis Pils., n. subsp. . 130

Maine mollusca, Notes on 73

Marine gasteropoda from Aden with description of new

forms . F aL! f:

Marginella obscura Reeve, Gk Baie fig. 16) 5 : ey i

Megaustenia Ckll. n. n. for Cryptosoma preoccupied . sh eG

Mexico, Shell collected at Manzanillo, west : : . 148

Microceramus perconicus trinidadensis Pils., n. var. (Pl.

Wl, figs, 15, 17,18) . : ; : : 2g

Microceramus sanctispiritensis Pils., n. sp. (Pl. VIII, figs.

teed). f . : . La

Missouri, Shells of southeast. 4 . : 180

Mitra costellaris Lam. ; ' Ane

Mitra deshayesii Reeve. 77

Montana, A list of the Mollusca from the Mussel Shell

valley . , 130

Murex Mastectas Linné ; Hinee

Murex fulvescens Sowerby ; : : witew

Musculium orbiculare Sterki, n. sp. . . 140

Nassa pulla var. minor Smith n. var. Sib IV, fi, 17 ) EY i!

New England notes . ; y (tae

Nerita cancellata Herm. . , : . 46

New Mexico, Mollusca from N orthern ; ; 47160

New Orleans mollusca_. : : : Pap.

Nodularia jourdyi Morelet ; . 141

Notes . . 12, 24, 35, 48, 59, 69, 84, 96, 108, 119, 132, 144

Nyctilochide . 59

Nyctilochus Gistel = - Septa Perry = = Triton Auct. . «+ 59

Odostomia trifida, winkleyi, ete. f Bag TA

Oliva andamanensis Bdg. (Pl. IV, fig. 7). ; viet

Opeas clavalinum kyotoense at Cambridge, Mass. . 24

Oreohelix alta Pils., n. var... , , . 144

Oreohelix carinifera Pils., n. sp. : . 89

Oreohelix colonies in Colorado . “los

Oreohelix cooperi W.G. B._. as 7 Aare

Oreohelix cooperi minor Ckll. . scyiee

Oreohelix haydeni betheli n. subsp. Pils. and Ckll. . . 144

Oreohelix haydeni Gabb. 1 S388

Oreohelix haydeni gabbiana Hemp. ; i.) RSG

Oreohelix hendersoni Pils., n. sp. tidy} Eee

Oreohelix strigosa depressa Cial (Pl. Y; fig. 16) Jil gon

Ovula (Neosimnia) hirasei Pils., n. sp. (PL VII, fig. 4) . 114

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Ovula nipponensis Pils., n. sp. (Pl. VII, fg. 2 : yili4

Panama, Collecting in. i220

Paludestrina salsa at Row ley, Mass. : : . 54

Parreysia dalliana Frierson, n. i ; : ‘ i . 142

Physa sayi : ; : . 66

Physunio micropterus Morelet_ ; : : . 141

Pisidium abditum Hald. i ! AG.

Pisidium abditum subrotundum Sterki : : ; 7, 65

Pisidium alleni Sterki, n. sp.

Pisidium columbianum Sterki, n. sp. ; pn 3 7s

Pisidium fraudulentum Sterki, n. sp. ; : iD

Pisidium furcatum Sterki, n. sp. ya! bil.

Pisidium (furcatum var. 2) rhombicum Sterki ‘ hes

Pisidium glabellum Sterki, n. sp... ‘ Pale) Gi

Pisidium lermondi Sterki, n. a 4 ; : . 138

Pisidium minus Ad. Wg

Pisidium (nevadense var. or sp. ?) modicum’ Sterki, Dy.) th key

Pisidivm overi Sterki, n. sp. . . 136

Pisidium peraltum Sterki. ; : ; ‘ : he 15)

Pisidium regulare Prime . : ; ‘ ; ofa

Pisidium sphaericum Sterki, n. sp. HANKS

Planorbis bicarinatus Say, abnormal (Pl. V, fig. re al

Pleistocene fossils from Eastern Cuba A 31168

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) goldmani=sipunculata : ; 60

Pleurodonte marginella Gmel. . . 2 ke

Polygyra albolabris Say (Pl. V, fig. 13). : : . 40

Polygyra appressa Say. . ! : 1, 93

Polygyra cereolus (Pl. V, figs. 1 2, 3). : : : £39

Polygyra cereolus and var. carpenteriana t 16, 81, 33

Polygyra elevata Say (Pl. V, fig. 15) ; : ; 40, 91

Polygyra exoleta Binn. (Pl. V, fig. 14) . : 1 4g

Polygyra fallax Say. : f . + 189

Polygyra fallax goniosoma Pils. Sl, subsp. i £1,580

Polygyra fraterna Say (Pl. V, fig. a : : . 4098

Polygyra hirsuta Say : ; 40, 91

Polygyra hopetonensis var. obsoleta. : ay e:.

Polygyra inflecta Say (Pl. V, fig. 6). : : mts ae 3) |

Polygyra mobiliana, banded’. é i . 120

Polygyra palliata Say, in New England t ; : 21069

Polygyra profunda Say (Pl. V, fig. 12). s . 40

Polygyra texasiana. : : . 90

Polygyra tridentata Say (Pl. V, figs. 10, 11) : ‘ite

Polygyra vannostrandi Bld... : ; ee)

Polymita muscarum ; ; : Aitee 4

Pseudogalba new name for Simpsonia : : A . 120

Publications received : b NGO aa

Pyramidella bartschi—Odostomia bartschi. : ; Jbe

Pyramidella fusca and producta at Chatham, Mass. . . 0d

Radix auricularia at Cambridge, Mass... : ./ 196

Rostellaria curvirostris Lam. (young) : 3 : it

THE NAUTILUS. Vii

Rumina decollata in Mobile and New Orleans . alae

Septa Perry, Note on the genus. ; m 58

Snail trap : *, 60

Solenaia (Mycetopus) rugatus Sow erby : . 142

Sonorella argus Edson, n. sp. . : , : : wy '37

Sonorella coloradoensis Stearn . red

Spain, Notes on the Molluscan fauna of the Sierra Elvira . 25

Sphaerlidae old and new . : SiGe 117

Sphaerium acuminatum Prime. : ; , . 139

Sphaerium occidentale Prime . : . 64

Sphaerium ohioense Sterki, n. sp. . . 18

Sphyradium, American species of . 60

Spondylus americanus Hermann (1 781)=echinatus Mart.

(1784). ; . 46

Strange names for old acquaintances. . 465

Strombus columba Lam. . ay phe

Taylor, D.D., George W. ( obituary ) pant

Terebra clarkei Smith, n. sp. (Pl. IV, fig. 18). MEY 2

Thysanophora cockerelle Pils., n. sp. (PL I, figs. 5, GA

Trapezoideus misellus Morelet . : Agee

Trivia eos Roberts, n. sp. (Pl. VII, figs. 10, 11 ae “ae

Trochetella stellata Pory . Bis 8 ba!

Turbo canaliculatus Herm.=T. spenglerianus Gmel. $0 4g

Unio (Lampsilis?) purpuriatus Say (Pl. III, figs. 4,5) . 22

Unio (Nodularia) putzeysi Preston, n. n. for N. subnigra

Preston , nals 5

Une (Obovaria) jacksonianus Frier. ,h. sp. (Pl. II, figs.

2552, 3. ; fie

~ Unio silongweensis, n. n. for N. vicinus Preston not Lea . 3

Unionidae, A criticism of Dr. Haas’ monograph . 141

Urocoptis acicularis Worre: np. (hie Vile fie. G))), Mel os

Urocoptis bacillaris Torre, n. sp. (PI. VI, fies. 1/3): Mast

Urocoptis bacillaris exilis Torre, n. var. (Pl. “VI, fig. 10) . 58

Urocoptis bacillaris albicostulata Torre, n. subsp. (PLAVE

fig. 9). 66

Bhovoptis bacillaris sordidula Torre, n. subsp. (PI. VI, fic.

Urocoptis boqueronis Torre, n. ‘sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 1, 2, 3) . 67

Urocoptis camagueyana Torre, Hap. OF. VI, figs. 12, 13) 68

Urocoptis canteroiana Arango (PL WERE fos 205)". 126

Urocoptis cara Pils. & Hend., n. sp. (PI. VI, figs. 27-

30) 110, 128

Urocoptis. cienfuegosensis Pils., n. sp. (PI. VII, figs 6,

i 3) ‘ rae © |

Urocoptis cinerea Pfr. (Pl. VE, ‘figs. 14, 15) ; 55

Urocoptis (Cochlodinella) mediana Pils., n. sp. (Pl. VII,

figs. 1, 2, 3). : . 126

Urocoptis fortiuscula Torre, n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 24, 25, 26) 57

Urocoptis hidalgoi cabrasensis Pils. & Hend. , 0. var. (Bl

VIII, fig. 16) : ERG

vill THE NAUTILUS.

Urocoptis ischna Pils... . 105

Urocoptis livida Torre, n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 21, 92) Ain 2°)

Urocoptis livida occulta Torre, n. subsp. (Pl VI, fig. 23). 56

Urocoptis longa Pils. & Hend., n. sp. (P]. VIII, figs. 5, 10) 128

Urocoptis pallida Torre, n. sp. (POV E tige! 18, 19, 20) | 57

Urocoptis parallela Torre, n. sp. Cn VI, ss 4, she Maths

Urocoptis philippiana Pir. . 104

Urocoptis pruinosa Mor. . : Ras tp by.

Urocoptis scaeva Gund. . . 104

Urocoptis stricta Torre, n. sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 16, eA NGS

Viviparus contectoides in Philadelphia : 84

Viviparus walkeri Pils. and Johns, n. sp. oy: III, I, fe 6, 7) 48

White, James Johnson (obituary ) 35

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker, H. B. . é . : sit hae

Baker, F.C. . , ; : . 115, 120

Barret, Wm. T. :; «i yaa

Berry, S: 8... . : . 180

Clapp, Geo. H. ; , . 120

Clapp, W. F.... ; » es A

Cockerell, T. D. A. . 69, 70, 144

Dall cWieeke »\ : 4 158, 208, 132, 143

Daniels, Ls : : : . 38

Edson (Harry), Henry M. : : .» piss

Frierson, L. 8. ‘ ‘ : 22, 23, 14a

Gaines, Marshall R. : : ; . 34

Hanham, A. W... : t ; . 83, 138

Hedley, C. : - : 45, 85

Henderson, Jr., John B. . ; : : : 2, 42, 109

Henderson, Junius . : . 9, 80, 84

Hinkley, A. A. ; |, eae

Johnson, C. W. ‘ : : ; : 48, 59, 120

Long, Bayard . , : 27

Ortmann, A. E. : : ; 13, 51

Pilsbry, H. 'A., 1, 11, 29, 42, 45, 48, 60, 72, 79, 84, 88, 109,

114, 125, 144

Presbrey, Eugene W. ; . : : pe ee |

Preston, H. B. : : : ; : ; 35, 70

Roberts, S. peeceend : . oe

Sampson, Beane ; . : 90

Smith; ee.» f : : : : 4

Smith, hie ; ; 2 2 : ; 25, 74

Sterki, V. . é eo 64, 95; dui 136

Torre, Carlos dela . ; ; 55, 66

Vanatta, E. G. : ; , : 12, 16, 31, 69, 84. 96

Wheeler, H. E. ; : : 14, ‘99, 111

Winkley, H. W._.. ‘ : : : 54, 73, 144

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI. PLATE I

“aac.

WRRRI

MUN Ms

Sct

QS \\

2. POLYGYRA CLARKII BRADLEYI VAN. (VOL. XXV, p. 120).

4. ALDRICH & PILSBRY: A NEW PLIOCENE NERITINA.

6. THYSANOPHORA COCKERELLA PILSBRY.

8. HINKLEY : ON ANCULOSA.

9, 10. AMNICOLA WINKLEYI PILSBRY.

11, 12. ASHMUNELLA FERRISSI PILS. ARIZONA.

Mae NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVI. MAY, 1912. No. 1

A NEW SPECIES OF AMNICOLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY,

AMNICOLA WINKLEYI, n.sp, Plate I, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is umbilicate, ovate-conic, composed of 44 to nearly 5

strongly convex whorls, separated by a very deep suture; whitish

corneous when cleaned of the thin brown stain, glossy, faintly striate ;

apex rather acute, aperture ovate, nearly vertical ; peristome contin-

uous, a little flattened where it is very shortly in contact with the

proceeding whorl.

Length 4.8, diam. 3.1 mm.; length of aperture 2.2 mm.

Saco, Maine.

By its dentition this species belongs to the group of Amnicola

lustrica Pils., the shape of the central tooth and its denticulation

being quite unlike A. limosa. It differs from hmosa by its projecting

first whorl, that of imosa being flat on top. A Justrica is smaller

and more slender. A schrdkingeri Ffid. is closely related but is a

very much smaller species. Frauenfeld gives the length as 3.15

mm., and the largest in a series of over 100 before me is 3.2 mm.

long, with 44 whorls.

A. winkleyi has some resemblance to A. (Cineinnatia) cineinnatt-

ensis Anth. by its acute apex and very convex whorls, but it is less

solid, and differs very widely in dentition.

This species is one of the fruits of the careful examination of the

New England fauna by the Rev. Henry W. Winkley, during the

past decade or more. Doubtless the species exists in many collec-

tions under one name or another. My attention was called to it in

the course of a study of the northern species for a monograph of the

New York fauna.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

A DAY’S COLLECTING AT ANTILLA, CUBA.

JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

The very new little town of Antilla, at the head of Nipe Bay,

Cuba, is a very unlikely looking place for land-shells. Off in the

distance are fine ranges of high mountains that beckon to the col-

lector, but the few hills near Antilla are low and seem always to be

surrounded by mangrove swamps and therefore quite inaccessible.

In the hopes of finding something we turned to the only approachable

hill, one lying just at the edge of the town. It is a wretched little

apology for a hill, without rocks or any good feature for the collector

other than a somewhat vigorous crown of vegetation. Arrived at

the spot we found the place most uninviting. Goats, pigs, chickens

and the whole assortment of Cuba’s domesticated fauna ranged the

woods, and a very dead horse sent clear to Heaven a protest against

our invasion.

But no collector of land-shells happening along Antilla way should

neglect devoting an hour or so to these goat-infested woods, for right

there live in reasonable abundance the finest Polymita muscarum

that ever came out of Cuba. Practically all the color varieties

known of that really exquisite arboreal snail appear to live there.

They range from black (with one orange band) through the yellows

and reds (generally brilliantly painted in bands) to the pure china-

ware glazed white. One would naturally suppose that so bright a

color spot on a tree as this shell presents would be most easily

detected. When once seen it certainly looks easy enough, yet I

feel sure that we collected but a small proportion of the inhabitants.

The reason is that the snail usually hides in the crotch of a limb, or

fastens itself to the trunk of shrub or tree at just the spot where a

convenient leaf covers him. The best manner of stalking them is

to look along the ground for ‘‘ bones” and when a “ cemetery ”’ is

found then turn the eyes upward to the vegetation, for these creatures

seem to have a gregarious habit and live in colonies. This may not

be true in the rainy season when all tropical snails are more active.

From this little wooded hill we took besides the muscarum some

very fine Cepolis alauda Fer, of the more typical form than is usually

seen in collections. This is also a tree snail with much the same

habit as the muscarum but they do not affect the colonial mode of

life as definitely, and they are less shy in exposing themselves on

THE NAUTILUS. 3

the tree to full view of the eager collector. The great range of

variation in this species, not only in color but in size and form

causes one to wonder if there are not possibly several distinct species

included in the one comprehensive name of “alauda.” There is

also there, in these woods, but rather sparingly, Plewrodonte mar-

ginella Gmel. of a very dark color form. These also live on the

trees, but only on the large trees and then invariably on the trunks.

They look just like great big buttons and may be detected a hundred

feet away. On the ground, quite common, were Pleurodonte auricoma

provisorta Pfr. and a Helicina that we may call, for the present,

submarginata Gray, also, Oleacina subulata Pfr. On the tree trunks,

low down near the ground, very strictly of social habit, were Mac-

roceramus pictus (Gundl.) Ptr. and, more commonly distributed, the

Chondropoma revinctum Poey.

We answered the call of the more distant mountains later and I

would like to tell of that trip when I shall have had time to identify

the material collected. That is up inthe “picta” country. I know

of nothing more wonderful for jaded nerves and “ that tired feeling”

than to range the woods and banana fields for Polymita picta.

NOTES ON CIRCINARIA CONCAVA (SAY) FROM SHEBOYGAN COUNTY.

MICHIGAN,

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER.

Circinaria concava was considered to be a typical shell of the

Upper Austral, and in the southern peninsula of Michigan was not

known to extend much farther north than the old Saginaw-Grand

River outlet. In consequence, it was a surprise to find it last sum-

mer near the north shore of Burt Lake, Cheboygan County, about

one-hundred and fifty miles north of this line. Even more peculiar,

however, was its habitat, as it was living in and along the edge of a

large, boreal, cedar-spruce-fir (7hwa-Picea-Abics) bog, along with

such a typically boreal species as Pyramidula asteriscus (Morse).

A quite thorough search of the hardwoods and other transition

habitats of the region failed to reveal this shell, so it appears we

have an austral shell living in a boreal bog in a transition region.

One is tempted to conclude that this species, weakened by living too

far north, is unable to cope with its competitors in the more favor-

4 THE NAUTILUS.

able habitats, and is, for that reason, restricted to the unfavorable,

sparsely populated, boreal bog, just as the boreal plants and animals

are confined to these relict islands throughout the transition and the

northern parts of the Upper Austral zones. These rivals would

probably not be other shells in the case under consideration, as Cir-

cinarta is the only snail in the region that is mainly carnivorous in

habits, but would probably be some of the carnivorous arthropods.

The shells themselves show the influence of poor conditions as

they are, thin, fragile, and dwarfed. The largest specimen collected,

which was a shell of four and one-half whorls measures: greater

diameter 11.9 mm., lesser diameter 10.4 mm., altitude 5.3 mm.,

while a shell with five whorls from southern Michigan measures:

18.9 mm., 16 mm., 8.5 mm.; and a young shell of four and one-half

whorls from the same region as the latter: 13.9 mm., 11.8 mm., 6.4

mm. This difference in size is even more marked in the embryonic

first whorl, and the northern shells are more transparent and vitreous

than the southern, have little of the latter’s clouded, milky appear-

ance, and truly resemble in texture an over-grown Vitrea. In addi-

tion, the revolving, microscopic wrinkles, which mark the typical

shells over the entire upper surface but most strongly along the

inner, sutural slope of each whorl, are more delicately and strongly

marked in the northern form.

The question as to how this form got into this region is, at present,

unanswerable, but the fact that the bog, in which it was found, lies

between the Nipissing fossil beach and the present shore of Burt

Lake is at least interesting in this connection.

RUMINA DECOLLATA IN MOBILE AND NEW ORLEANS.

BY. HERBERT H. SMITH.

This species is common in Southern Europe and has been carried

by commerce to Bermuda, Havana and other places. As far as I

know, the only recorded North American locality is Charleston,

S. C., where it has been fully naturalized for many years. For its

discovery in Mobile and New Orleans we are indebted to Mr. L. H.

McNeill, of the former city. This gentleman sent to me a drawing

of the shell, stating that he had first noticed it in New Orleans as

THE NAUTILUS. 5

early as 1907,’ and subsequently found it common in Mobile. Mr.

MeNeill is interested in shells and had collected them with the late

Dr. Charles Mohr: he did not remember seeing this species in the

Mohr cabinet or elsewhere, and asked me for information. The

drawing, though he apologized for it, was so good as to leave little

doubt in my mind; moreover, Mr. McNeill stated that the shells

were always decollate ; and, from their occurrence in the older or

French parts of the two cities, he believed them to be introduced.

At my request he took the trouble to gather and forward more

than 100 living specimens; and a few days after, he sent some dead

but good shells which he had brought from New Orleans. These

are like Charleston or Bordeaux specimens. Mr. McNeill’s notes

are so good that I gladly transcribe them :

‘‘The Mobile specimens were gathered at the S. E. corner of

Monroe and Royal Sts. Another location is the S. E. corner of St.

Emanuel and Canal Sts. Both are in the oldest parts of the town,

and the first on the site of old Fort Charlotte (Fort Conde of the

French ;) there were dozens of them crawling across the sidewalk,

it being a damp and cloudy day, and many had been crushed by

pedestrians. The shell is found over quite a large area of the city.”

With regard to the New Orleans specimens he writes: ‘‘I noticed

them first while putting up a building on the uptown side of Jackson

Ave., two doors towards the river from Prytania St., and afterwards

in other locations, including Girod and Claiborne Cemeteries. I

also saw a gardener destroying several of them, remarking that they

were a pest among the violets, which suggests that they are well

known all over the city.”

These exact locality notes are interesting. In Mobile, at least,

the snail appears to be common only in the older or French streets,

and probably that is why so large a species has been overlooked by

Mohr, Showalter and other good collectors. During a recent brief

visit, I collected in vacant lots where rubbish piles, stones, etc., gave

plenty of shelter: snails were much in evidence, but no Rumina

was seen. I was not looking for it, not knowing, at the time, that

it lived in the city ; but I could hardly have missed so large a species

had it been at all common. These lots were in newer parts of the

1 After this was written and sent to press I learned that Mr. Ferriss collected

Rumina at New Orleans, some years ago, As far as I know the fact was not

published.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

city, a mile or more from the French streets. Probably the species,

though fully naturalized, has not extended its range so far.

All the indications are that Rumina was introduced in Mobile a

century or more ago, during the French rule, and in all probability

it was brought from some French port. The New Orleans race may

be as old or older; both cities date from the 17th century. I shall

not be at all surprised if Rumina turns up in Pensacola, another old

colony; and it is more than probable that other European species

may be found in these Southern cities.

SPHAERIIDAE, OLD AND NEW.

BY V. STERKI.

A revision, or monograph, of the North American Spha@riide has

been demanded for years. But the way is not |clear: very much is

yet to be learned with respect to many species, their interrelations,

the extent of their variation, and their distribution. A great deal

of material for study from all over the continent is still desirable.

A catalogue of the known species, with some notes will be published

soon, and on the following pages will be found some descriptions and

rectifications.—The numbers cited are those of the special collection

of Spheriide.

Piridium abditum Haldeman, Proc. Acad. Phila., I. p. 53, 1841;

Prime, Mon. Corb. 1865, p. 68.—The P. abditwm muddle has been

the greatest stumbling block in the otherwise difficult study of

Pisidium. Beginning with T. Prime, this “ species” has been the

general dumping ground into which almost anything was thrown

that was not plainly ‘‘a black bass or a snapping turtle,” or to re-

main serious, any Pisidiuwm, even such as noveboracense, variabile,

equilaterale, compressum, etc.. and occasionally Sph. occidentale.

The authentic specimens, from Lancaster Co., Pa., in the T.

Prime collection! are of a rather small form but serve to define the

1They had been there for about seventy years, and remained covered with a

ferruginous crust so that their real shape, surface sculpture and color could

not be seen. Now they areclean. Of the seven, five are immature, of a rather

small form, as noted, 2.8-3.3 mm, long, the others, two pair of valves, are

3.8-4 mm. long. The description, in Mon. Corb., is quite inadequate, even

with respect to the original form: “very inequilateral”’ [should be inequi-

THE NAUTILUS. 7

species, which is really widely distributed, common and very vari-

able, even if restricted after eliminating the three following species

and some others which are clearly distinct.

The mussels of the typical and near-typical forms average larger

and more inflated. It appears that there are several geographical

subspecies ; the following is one of them :

P. abditum subrotundum St. (P. subrotundum, The Nautilus XX,

p- 19, 1906) The mussel is less inflated than in abditum, averaging

smaller, the beaks are broader and less elevated ; rather uniform.

Appears to be a northern form ; New England to Ontario, Michigan

and northern Ohio.

P. minus (Ad.), Cyclas minor Ad., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. I,

p. 48, 1841; ranged under the syn. of P. abditum by Prime, Mon.

Corb., p. 68. Is distinct so far as can be judged from the authentic

specimens (3 valves, from Waybridge, Vt.) in the T. Prime collec-

tion, but appears to be rather rare. Specimens fairly well agreeing

with them have been seen from: Duxbury, Mass. (W. F. Clapp,

No. 6969); Denisville, Me. (Dr. Jas. Lewis’ collection, now Mr.

Bryant Walkers’ No. 2582); Klinger’s Lake, St. Joseph Co. Mich.

(B. Walker, 6846); Ann Arbor, Mich. (H. E. Sargent, No. 3099,

none full-grown); Cowley Farm, Nepean, Ont. (Justice F. R.

Latchford, No. 6929), and apparently Greenport, L. I, N. Y. (J. B.

Henderson from Sanderson Smith, No. 675).

P. regulare Pme., Boston Journ. VI, p. 363, pl. XII, figs. 11, 12,

1852. Also arranged under the synonymy of P. abditum, in Mon.

Corb., l. c.; certainly not a form of abditum, to judge from the single

specimen from ‘ Ohio” in the Prime collection, ranging nearer P.

noveboracense Pme., but appears to be distinct. Specimens identical

were collected near Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan,

1911, by Mr. H. B. Baker, Nos. 7084 and 7085, and probably the

same near Geauga Lake, southeast of Cleveland, Ohio, by Mr. John

A. Allen, 1910, No, 6542. Others were seen before but not recog-

nized.

partite]: generally not so, and the figure shows rather the contrary and, by

the way, has the beaks too high and otherwise faulty; ‘‘ generally light straw

color’’ is exceptional: generally light to dark corneous, often yellowish

“cardinal teeth separate’’ is meaningless; “long, 0.15, lat. [= alt.] 0.14:

diam. 0.09 inches” does not agree with “ shell elongated,” and with the figure

‘¢ The surface is at times also quite rough and the stria coarse ’’—conf. with ;

“the exterior surface is much smoother” (than in P, noveboracenae).

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Pisidium sphericum, n. sp.—Mussel very inequipartite, strongly

inflated, nearly globular ; superior margin nearly straight, short, pos-

terior subtruncate, the others rounded, supero-anterior slope barely

marked; beaks near the posterior end, high, prominent over the

hinge margin, rounded; scutum and scutellum distinctly marked ;

surface dull to slightly glossy, with fine, irregular strie and a few

lines of growth, color yellowish to grayish corneous, lighter along the

margins, often with brown to blackish mottlings, whitish to straw in

the young; shell rather strong, posterior muscle scars and pallial

lines distinct; hinge stout, curved, cardinal teeth rather small, the

right angular, with the posterior part thicker and grooved, the left

anterior short, abrupt, angular, the posterior steeply oblique, little

curved; ligament strong. Soft parts not examined.

Long. 5.6, alt. 5.3, diam. 4.6 mm. (100: 95: 82).

Long. 4.8, alt. 4. diam. 3.4 mm. (100: 84: 71).

Hab.; New England to Virginia, Ontario and Wisconsin (?) :

Westbrook, Me., coliected by Prof. A. H. Norton; Saco, Me., Dan-

vers and Lynnfield, Mass., by the Rev. H. W. Winkley; George R,

North, Warren, Knox, Co., Me., by N. W. Fermond: Cambridge

and Woburn, Mass., by Wm. F. Clapp.; Va. oppos. Washington,

D. C., Sterki; Unalitoulin Id., Ont., by Justice F. R. Latchford;

Fox River, Wis., by Geo. T. Marston, sent by E. W. Roper (if no

label was misplaced ; one of the two specimens in the collection is

true, the other isa P. abditum).

Types: No. 797, Westbrook Me., for full-grown specimens, No-

727 Saco Me., and 6641, Lynnfield, Mass., for juv. and adolescent

of a smaller form; yet anyone of the lots in the collection might

serve as types.

This very distinct and characteristic Pis¢diwm has been known

for many years, but unfortunately much misunderstood and _ill-

treated. Generally it has been taken for a form of abditum; the

late E. W. Roper named it adams?, and under that name, specimens

are in various collections; I have named it P. minus, having seen

two specimens under that name, ina collection, but from that species

it is also distinct, as evidenced by authentic specimens of minus.—

From larger forms of abditum it is easily distinguished by the large

and prominent beaks situated close to the posterior end of the mus-

sel, and the strong hinge. In the young, the superior and supero-

anterior margins form a peculiar somewhat angular curve, much as

THE NAUTILUS. 9

in the young of P. compressum Pme.—It cannot be mistaken for

any other species.

Pisidium alleni, n. sp.—Mussel rather large, well inflated, oval to

ovoid in outline, without any projecting angles, beaks slightly behind

the middle, large, prominent, rounded ; scutum and scutellum slightly

marked, small; surface shiny, with irregular strie and several (4-6)

strongly-marked lines of growth, color straw to light yellowish,

plumbeous around the beaks in old specimens; shell and hinge me-

dium strong, the latter rather long, cardinal teeth placed on the

upper part of the hinge plates, the right angular with the posterior

part thicker and grooved, left anterior short, pointed, the posterior

oblique, rather long, nearly straight, ligament strong.

Long. 6.2, alt. 5, diam. 3.8 mm. (100: 81:61). Half-grown

specimens are rather different in shape, somewhat oblique, moder-

ately inflated, posterior margin subtruncate, beaks markedly low and

broad, apparently more posterior; young mussels are very flat.

Hab.—New England, New York ; Hebron and Buckfield, Oxford

county, Me., collected by Mr. John A. Allen; Franklin county, Me.,

by Mr. N. W. Lermond; ‘“ N. H.” in the collection of Dr. James

Lewis (B. Walker’s), and that of the Cincinnati Soc. N. H.,; Clifton,

Staten Island, N. Y., Mr. J. B. Henderson, from Sanderson Smith.

Types No. 5871a from Hebron, Me.

The only species to which this has resemblance is ropert St., which

is much smaller, with shell and hinge slighter, and half-grown speci-

mens not so oblique, and markedly constant over a wide territory. I

take pleasure in naming the species in honor of Mr. J. A. Allen,

who has done much good collecting in New England and Ohio.

(To be continued.)

OREOHELIX COLONIES IN COLORADO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

(Concluded from Vol. XX V, p. 139)

OREOHELIX COooPERI (W. G. B.)

Where the formations were badly cut up by igneous intrusions

and displaced by folds and faults, in the neighborhood of Rabbit

Ears, and elsewhere, attention was sometimes called to the existence

of the calcareous formations in unexpected places by the presence of

10 THE NAUTILUS.

numerous dead snail shells lying on the soil-covered surface. The

species is very abundant about nine miles east of Meeker, on a Lower

Mancos shale slope, with ;gabbiana. We have but one reversed

specimen of the species.

These records show that cooperi is much more generally dis-

tributed than any other Oreohelix in Colorado, with its variety minor

a close second, and depressa third.

OREOHELIX COOPERI MINOR CkIll.

I recently found dead shells very abundant, including one reversed

specimen, on the exceedingly dry slopes of a gulch where the red

Carboniferous sandstones were almost barren of soil and vegetation,

except dwarf cedar and pinyon pine, altitude 7,200 feet. There are

thin limestone bands in the formation. By 15 minutes’ search 37

live ones were obtained, the majority being, to my surprise, under a

small pinyon log and the cones which had lodged against it, the bal-

ance two or three at a time under small cedar logs. This form also

occurs on a similar slope about two miles distant, and I found no

other species of Oreohelix there. A few were found on a steep Nio-

brara slope southeast of Sulphur Springs. A very fine colony occurs

on a steep, rather dry terrace south of White River, about two miles

southeast of Meeker, under Amelanchier, etc., and another four miles

southwest of Meeker. These were by no means as unfavorable lo-

calities as the McCoy and Sulphur Springs colonies of minor occupy,

and seemed much better suited to snail life than the flourishing

Muddy Creek colony of cooperi, and as well suited as the big de-

pressa-coopert colony at Steamboat Springs. My first impression

was that perhaps minor was merely an ecological form of coopert,

dwarfed by unfavorable environment, but more careful consideration

of the facts of distribution and an examination of our large series of

both, seem to render that supposition untenable. Four dead speci-

mens are from Placerville, San Miguel county, and twelve from

Montrose, were collected by Mr. E. R. Warren, the well-known

mammalogist. We have a lot from near Ohio City, Colo. (Frank

Rohwer), and ten dead ones from Johnson county, Wyoming (N.

DeW. Betts). This form has been likened to O. s. concentrata Dall

(NavtiLus, XVI, 106-107), but I have compared it with authentic

concentrata received from Dr. Dall and find it quite distinct. I

should say that minor is a dwarf variety of coopert and concentrata

perhaps a dwarf form of depressa type.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

The Ohio City specimens were abundant at 11,000 feet, just above

timber line, near a snow bank. ‘That it was not a case of dwarfing

of specimens of coopert on account of lack of moisture or low tem-

perature is indicated by the fact that O. s. depressa at that and

higher altitudes seems at its best.

OREOHELIX HAYDENI (Gabb).

The only place in Colorado from which this species has been re-

ceived is Glenwood Springs, where it was found alive in such abund-

ance by Bethel and Dakan, and some fossil specimens collected near

there. I see no reason for Binney’s conclusion that it is only a vari-

ety of strigosa.

OREOHELIX HAYDENI GABBIANA (Hemphill).

In the Glenwood Springs colony hereinbefore described there is

some tendency to intergrade with hayden, and the sculpture of the

embryonic whorls further indicates a close relationship. Dakan found

another astonishing colony near Newcastle, from which he brought

over 1,000 very fine adult specimens collected alive in a few moments.

I found them more sparingly at another point near there, on Lower

Mancos shales. Nine miles east of Meeker I found a colony on

Lower Mancos shales, where they were mingled with coopert in about

equal proportions. It was raining, and the snails were crawling

about under the bushes by the hundreds.

OREOHELIX HENDERSONI Pilsbry.

Known only from the type locality, where dead shells were col-

lected three years ago by Mr. A. Dakan, on Little Thompson Creek,

ten miles northwest of Longmont, on a talus slope of Niobrara lime-

stone. Dr. Pilsbry considered it new, so I asked Mr. Dakan to search

for live ones. Last July, during better snail weather, he returned to

the place and had no difficulty in getting 160 live ones and many

more dead ones. He says “it appears to be a small, healthy colony.”

NOTES ON SHELLS FROM QUIRIGUA, GUATEMALA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

In the course of a recent visit to Guatemala, chiefly for studying

insects, Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell collected the following snails, all

from Quirigua.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperostoma dysoni ( Pfr.)

Ampullaria sp. (young).

Helicina ameena Pfr.

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shuttl.)

Thysanophora cockerellz n. sp.

Opeas micra (Orb.)

Euglandina cumingi ( Beck.)

Ceecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. and F.)

Succinea sp. (immature).

Aplexa princeps Phillips.

THYSANOPHORA COCKERELLZ n. sp. PI. I, figs. 5, 6.

Related to 7. conspurcatella, hornii etc. The spire is conic, com-

posed of nearly 44 very strongly convex whorls united by a very

deep suture, the last whorl regularly rounded, rather coarsely striate.

Umbilicus contained 3} times in the diameter. Aperture subcir-

cular, about one-fifth of the circumference occupied by the preceding

whorl.

Alt. 2.4, diam, 3.4 mm.

Quirigua, Guatemala, W. P. Cockerell, 1912.

The spire is decidedly higher than in 7. conspurcatella Morel.

It is nearer 7. proxima Pils., from the state of Michoacan which agrees

in size of umbilicus, but the spire is higher in 7. cockerelle. T.

Jischeri Pils. is a more delicate shell with narrow umbilicus. Seven

specimens were collected, the largest being measured above and fig-

ured. Most of the lot are decidely smaller with 4 whorls. The

surface is not in good condition, but will probably prove to have

cuticular processes like those of the related species mentioned.

It is named for Mrs. Cockerell.

NOTES.

BERMUDA SHELLS.—Mr. Arthur Haycock presented to the Acad-

emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia a set of shells from Whitby

Cave, Bermuda, including Strobilops hubbardi Br., Zonitoides bris-

toi Gul., Thysanophora hypolepta Shutt., Bifidaria rupicola Say,

and Striatura milium meridionalis Pils. The Striatura is new to

the Bermuda fauna.—E. G. VANATTA.

Errata.—February number, page 110, end of sixteenth line from

bottom, for ‘‘ the rows”’ read two rows.

mre NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVI. JUNE, 1912. No. 2

— Ee ee — x

CUMBERLANDIA, A NEW GENUS OF NAIADES.

BY A. E, ORTMANN.

The type-species of this new genus is Unio monodonta of Say,

which stands, in Simpson’s system (Pr. U. 8. Mus. 22, 1900 p 679)

as Margaritana monodonta (Say).

As Simpson has correctly recognized, this species has affinity with

the genus Margaritana (Type: margaritifera Linnaeus), and, con-

sequently belongs to my family Margaritanida (Navtitus, 25,1911

p. 129). Through the courtesy of Mr. Bryant Walker I had the

opportunity to examine the soft parts of a number of individuals

from the Cumberland River, and was able to ascertain that all

essential characters given by me for this family are present, chiefly

so the conformation of the diaphragm, of the posterior end of the

gills, and of the anal and branchial openings. But there is one

interesting difference. While in other species of the genus Margari-

tana the interlaminar connections of the gills are scattered, and

irregularly distributed, or fall into more or less distinct oblique rows,

in the present species these irregular, interrupted rows are developed

as continuous septa, which run obliquely forwards. In the middle of

the gills, these septa are well developed und quite continuous, but

rather distant from each other. Toward the ends of the gills they

are more irregular, shorter, and chiefly at the posterior end they are

somewhat interrupted, and thus it is clearly seen that they represent

a further development of the oblique, interrupted rows present in other

species of Margaritana.

The septa of this species (monodonta) have nothing to do with the

septa of the family Uniondda, for in the latter they run parallel to

14 THE NAUTILUS.

the gill-filaments while here they cross them obliquely. Moreover,

the septa of the Uniontde are much more closely set (chiefly in the

females), and much more regular.

Margaritana monodonta differs by this structure markedly from

all species of Margaritana 1 know. I have seen the typical Mar-

garitana-structure not only in Margaritana margaritifera (.) (both

from Europe and northeastern America), but also in two specimens

of Margaritana sinuata (Lam.) (= erassa Simpson, 1, c. p. 678)

from near Perpignan, France (sent to me by Mr. W. Israél), and

in a number of specimens of Margaritana hembeli (Conr.) from

southern Alabama (I am obliged to Mr. H. H. Smith for these).

While I thus consider these three species as congeneric (the creation

of Pseudunio for stnuwata by Haas notwithstanding), JM. monodonta

differs from them in an important structure, which undoubtedly

represents a higher specialization, a forward step in evolution, and it

is, as I believe, entitled on this account to the rank of a separate

genus, which I propose to call Cumberlandia (Type: monodonta

Say).

As to the distribution of Cumberlandia monodonta, Wa\ker’s papers

should be consulted (Pr. Mal. Soc. 9. 1910 pp. 187-139, and

NavtTitus, 25. 1911 p. 57-58). According to this, the metro-

polis of it seems to be in the Cumberland and Tennessee

Rivers, but it has spread into the lower Ohio drainage, and into

Indiana and Illinois. In the Ohio, it was not known, up to the

present, above Cincinnati: but I may mention here, that I found

last summer (July 13, 1911) a dead specimen of Cumberlandia

monodonta in the Ohio River at Buffington Island, near Portland,

Meigs Co., Ohio. I also may add, that according to the experience

gained by my last year’s collecting, it is entirely excluded that this

species occurs anywhere in the Big Sandy or Great Kanawha Rivers,

and that I do not think that it reached its present range by coming

‘¢down” the Ohio. But this will be discussed elsewhere.

ADDITION TO THE LIST OF MOLLUSCA FROM MONTE SANO, ALABAMA.

BY. H, E. WHEELER.

Through the kindness of Prof. Herbert H. Smith, conchologically

the “discoverer” of Monte Sano, and Mr. George H, Clapp, who

THE NAUTILUS. 1

determined the collections from this region, I am able to make the

following additions to the list published in the March number of the

Naurtitus for the current year. It should be noted that some of

the species listed then and now were not found on the mountain

proper, but, living on the foothills or in the adjacent valleys, are

entitled to enumeration in the fauna of the region.

Polygyra auriformis, Bld. This and the species clausa are low

land shells, collected near the base of the mountain.

Polygyra pustuloides, Bld. Near Huntsville, and also on the

mountain.

Polygyra tridentata Say. ‘‘ Common in the whole region, and

probably on the table land of the Mountain.” Smith.

Polygyra clausa Say.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. Typical hirsuta is found on Monte Sano

according to Clapp.

Strobilops virgo Pils.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Bifidaria corticaria Say.

Bifidaria pentodon Say.

Bifidaria pentodon gracilis Sterki.

bifidaria clappi Sterki. See Naurtizus, Vol, XXII, pp. 108,

109. Sterki gives Huntsville, Alabama as one of the type

localities. Clapp has it also from Monte Sano.

Vertigo milium Gld.

Vertigo rugosula oralis Sterki. “In the Huntsville region, and

almost surely from the mountain.’’ (Smith).

Vertigo gouldii Binn.

Cochlicopa lubrica morseana P. From the western part of Vin-

cent Mountain. This is one of the numerous connected spurs of the

same mountainous chain, and the species is likely to be found on

Monte Sano in suitable situations.

Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp. See Navutirus, Vol. XVIII, p. 30.

Collected by the writer at Normal, several miles north of Huntsville,

Alabama, and by Smith on Monte Sano.

Euconulus chersinus dentatus, Sterki. ‘‘ More correctly a ‘ form’;

certainly not a variety.” (Smith).

Gastrodonta intertexta Binn. Collected by the writer at Hunts-

ville, and by Prof. Smith on the mountain.

Gastrodonta acerra Binn. Huntsville region. Should be found on

the mountain,

16 THE NAUTILCS.

Punetum blandianum Pils.

Pyramidula cumberlandiana, Lea. Rarely at the southern end

of Monte Sano. ‘This record, furnished by Smith, cancels the nega-

tive note in previous article.

There is a variety of Pyramidula alternata, Say, which is quite

constant, distinguished principally by its sub-carinate contour, which

was collected on an isolated peak (Ward’s Mountain?) three miles

south west of Huntsville.

Pyramidula sub-sp. nov, (Pilsbry). A splendid sub-species of

bryanti which has been described by Dr. Pilsbry, but not yet pub-

lished. Locality a dry ridge about 6 miles north of Monte Sano.

Succinea avara Say. Reported by Clapp.

Carychium exiguum Say. ‘ Associated with exile, H. C. Lea,

but rare and local.’’? (Smith).

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA,

This list is based upon shells picked from leaf-mould collected in

Florida by Messrs. Clarence B. Moore, H. A. Pilsbry, C. T.

Simpson, Stewardson Brown, H. W. Fowler, and J. 8. Raybon.

All are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Many of the specimens of Truncatella bilabiata are a rather smooth

form parallel to 7. c. succinea Ad.

The typical Polygyra cereolus Mihl. were at first divided by size

from the var. carpenteriana Bld., but these two forms intergrade as

shown by the following count of specimens in a large series from two

localities. In a lot from Little Pine Key there are 46 Polygyra

cereolus measuring from 14.5 to 10.5 mm.; 700 Polygyra ec.

carpenteriana measuring 10.3 to 7.5 mm., and 40 measuring 8.3 to

7 mm. in diameter.

From Big Pine Key at Robert Watson's place there are 12 P.

cereolus measuring 14.5 to 11 mm. in diameter; 1009 var. carpen-

teriana measuring 11.3 to 9 mm., and 16 from 9to7mm. It will

be seen that no definite division can be made. Each of these lots

represents a single colony, the snails being scraped up with the dirt,

without selection, from under stones in an area of a square rod or

two.

THE NAUTILUS. iW

The Bifidaria contracta from Florida form a race in which the

inner portion of the parietal lamella is divided from the forward part

by a depression, as if it were another lamina joined to the main one.

In picking them over, one has a tendency to divide each lot of

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella from Florida into four forms, figured

on plate II, as follows:—form A, long, figs. 1. 3, 4, 5, 9,10, 15;

form B, medium-sized, figs. 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 17,19; form C, small,

figs. 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, and form D, obdese, figs. 12, 18, 22.

All these forms seem to intergrade in size through a small number of

examples. The variation observed is largely due to the formation of

a lip when the shells have made a different number of volutions, as

the long forms have about 54 whorls and the short forms only about

4 whorls. It is peculiar that the long shells from Florida have weak

teeth and the short specimens have strong teeth; while in Texas

the converse is often the case.

To give an idea of the relative abundance of the forms, in a lot of

Bifidaria p. hordeacella from Bahia Honda Key I counted 25 long,

81 medium, 15 small, and 7 obese shells. In another series from

Key West there are 111 long, 358 medium, 22 small, and 140 obese

specimens. Each of these lots was from dirt gathered in the area of

a square yard or Jess. The size in mm. of the several forms may be

measured by the scale supplied on the plate.

Vertigo variolosa is very scarce, as only four perfect specimens

were found. Helicina tantilla also continues to be excessively rare.

Many other equally small species were obtained by thousands.

For lists of species from other keys visited, see the THE Nauti-

Lus, xix, 1905, p. 38, and xxi, 1908, p. 99. Altogether over 50,-

000 specimens have been picked from dirt and débris obtained on the

Florida Keys.

Bauia Honpa Key, Lee Co., collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Truncatella caribeensis succinea Ad.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Polygyra cereolus Muhl.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Bld.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p, hordeacella Pils.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella gracillima floridana Pils.

Bue Hix, Horr’s Isianp, Lee Co. (near Key Marco), collected

by Clarence B. Moore.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Vertigo variolosa Gld.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Vitrea dalliana ‘ Simps.’ Pils.

Boca GrRaNDE Key, Monroe Co., collected by Stewardson Brown

and H. W. Fowler.

Drymeus multilineatus Say.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Succinea floridana Pils.

Boca Cuica Kerr, Monroe Co. Collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

C. T. Simpson, S. Brown and H. W. Fowler.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘Sby’ Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Helicina orbiculata clappi Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Praticolella jejuna Say.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Vitrea dalliana ‘ Simps.’ Pils.

FIKAHATCHEE Key, Lee Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

° *, FC

\ oan

! : l ro a &

‘ ~~ ae

e or)

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI. PLATE II

VANATTA: VARIATION OF BIFIDARIA PELLUCIDA HORDEACELLA.

PLATE III

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

3. UNIO JACKSONIANUS FRIERSON.

5. UNIO PURPURIATUS SAY.

7. VIVIPARUS WALKERI PILS. & JOHNS

a Pw

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Strobilops hubbardi Br.

EKuglandina rosea Fer.

Vitrea dalliana ‘Simps.’ Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

A SMALL KEY OPPOSITE FLAMINGO, Monroe Co. Collected by

Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

GiILBERT’s, Lee Co. (near Matanzas Pass). Collected by Clar-

ence B. Moore.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Grass Key, Monroe Co. Collected by J. S. Raybon.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘ Sby’ Rve.

Key West, Monroe Co. Collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and C.

T. Simpson.

Truncatella caribzensis ‘ Sby.’ Rve.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Polygyra cereolus Mublf.

Urocoptis poeyana variegata Pfr.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Opeas gracile Hutt.

Opeas micra Orb.

Euglandina rosea minor Binn.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Succinea campestris Say.

Lignum Vitr# Key, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B.

Moore.

Helicina o, clappi Pils.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Lossman’s Kry, Monroe County. Collected by Clarence B.

Moore.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Thysanophora caeca Guppy.

Polygyra cereolus Muhl.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Polygyra septemvolva Say.

Microceramus pontificus Gid.

Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Vitrea indentata Say.

Vitrea dalliana ‘ Simps.’ Pils.

Euconulus chersinus Say.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides arborea Say.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana Dall.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

* McILvaine’s PLACE,” on a small key two miles northeast of

Marco, Lee Co. Collected by Clarence B, Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacelia Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Vertigo rugosula oralis St.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

LirrLe Marco Key, Lee Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Microceramus floridanus Pils.

Mormon Key, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘ Sby.’ Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

NameEvess KEY (Mr. Addison’s), two miles east of Marco, Lee

Co. Collected by Mr. Moore.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

No Name Key, Monroe Co. Collected by Dr. Pilsbry.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Praticolella jejuna Say.

Drymeus multilineatus Say.

Microceramus pontificus Bld.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Strobilops floridanus Pils.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Vitrea dalliana ‘ Simps.’ Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Big Paro Arto Key, Dade Co., collected by Clarence B.

Moore.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

PanTHER Key, Lee Co., collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

EXPLANATION OF Pirate II.

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella (Pils).

Fig. 1, 3,5. Forma. Key West Fla. A. N.S. 104029.

Fig. 2. Forma. New Braunfels, Texas. A. S. N. 68888.

Fig. 4. Forma. Summerland Key, Fla. A. N.S. 104021.

Fig. 6,7, 8. Form }. Key West. A. N.S. 104029.

Fig. 9,10. Forma. Bahia Honda Key, Fla. A. N.S. 105521.

Fig. 11. Form d. New Braunfels, Texas. A. N.S. 68888.

Fig. 12. Formd. Key West. A. N.S. 104029.

Fig. 13. Form 6. Key West. <A. N.S. 104029.

Fig. 14. Forme. Bahia Honda Key. A. N.S. 105521.

Fig. 15. Forma. Key West. A. N.S. 104029.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

Fig. 16. Form}. Key West. A. N.S. 104029.

Fig. 17. Form 6. Bahia Honda Key. A. N.S. 105521.

Fig. 18. Formd. Bahia Honda Key. A. N.S. 105521.

ig. 19. Form J. Bahia Honda Key. A, N.S. 105521.

Fig. 20, 21. Forme. Key West. <A. N.S. 104029.

Fig. 22. Formd. Key West. A. N.S. 104029.

Fig. 23. Forme. New Braunfels Texas. A. N.S. 68888.

Fig. 24,26, 27. Forme. Summerland Key. A. N.S. 102742.

Fig. 25. Forme. Bahia Honda Key. A. N.S. 105521.

(Key West, figs. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22.

Bahia Honda Key, figs. 9, 10, 14, 17, 18; 19, 25. Summerland

Key, figs. 4, 24, 26,27. New Braunfels, Texas, figs. 2, 11, 23).

(To be concluded).

UNIO (LAMPSILIS?) PURPURIATUS SAY.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Though Mr. Say describes very well his Unio purpuriatus, its

identity seems to have been nearly lost. That it may again be

known to students, it is now figured, plate III, figs. 4, 5, and his de-

scription repeated. <‘* Transversely oval, slightly oblong, in some

specimens with a little tendency towards ovate; dirty yellowish or

fuscous, obscurely radiate with blackish green; beaks behind { be-

fore| the middle, hardly raised ; anterior [ posterior | edge rounded,

or rather composed of two nearly rectilinear lines; posterior [ an-

terior | margin rounded ; hinge margin regularly rounded; cavity of

the hinge membranes (behind [ before] the beaks) narrow but very ob-

vious; basal margin arquated, a little compressed in the middle and

sometimes almost contracted in that part; within purple, margin

livid, anterior [ posterior] submargin iridescent; primary teeth

nearly direct, rather thick, striated; lateral teeth hardly extending

beyond the sinus of the hinge margin. Length [hezght] one inch

and three-fifths ; breadth [length] three inches and one-tenth. Con-

vexity over nine-tenths of an inch.

Remarks,—Conrad’s identification of this species with U. medell-

inus Lea no doubt has confused the situation. Crosse and Fischer

doubted this identification of Conrad’s, but they erred in thinking

that the name was badly spelled and meant to be purpuratus, preoc-

THE NAUTILUS. 25

cupied by Lamark. Mr. Say intended this name to show that his

shell was the Mexican analogue of purpureus, and hence his name

purpuriatus is a valid name. Mr. C. T. Simpson’s remark in his

Synopsis that U. strebeli Lea was a young medellinus was an error,

and still further confused the situation! Examples of U. purpuri-

atus were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley and distributed as JU.

strebeli.

The species occurs in both white and purple nacre, and many are

entirely rayless. The example figured is smaller than Say’s, but

some of Mr. Hinkley’s specimens attained the dimensions given by

Say.

UNIO (OBOVARIA) JACKSONIANUS, NEW SPECIES.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Shell ovate, smooth, rounded before and below, nearly straight

from beak to post-point, which is about half way the height of the

shell ; umbonal ridge low, and the posterior area very narrow ; beaks

not high, sculpture not seen ; nacre bluish white ; iridescent behind ;

teeth double in left, single in right valve ; cardinals stout, erect, lat-

erals not very large; muscle scars confluent behind, separate before ;

pallial line obsolete behind. Length, 45 mm.; height, 33 mm.;

thickness, 20 mm.

Habitat: Pearl River, Miss. (and also in the Yalabusha River,

Miss. ).

Numbers of this species have been in band for several years and

have been distributed largely under the name of ** U. castaneus Lea,

Variety.”’ Collectors will rectify their names accordingly. The

novelty of the present species was determined by gravid specimens

collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, and by a comparison with castaneus

of the Lea collection by Mr. Bryant Walker. This species has not

the female form of castaneus and the dorsal scars are in the bottom of

the beaks in place of being on the teeth.

In outline it is nearly exactly the same as U. strodeanus B. H.

Wright (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1900, Plate 1, fig. 3), but dif-

1This error was caused by someone having marked a young U. medellinus

“type’’ and misplacing it; and it finally got into the tray of streteli, This

explanation was given by Dr. Wm. H., Dall,

24 THE NAUTILUS.

fers in being greenish, while stvodeanus is dead black ; its beak cav-

ties are deeper, and its teeth are much longer, stouter and more

erect,

From U. eurtus, to which it is allied, it differs, lacking the pro-

nounced swelling before.

Many of these shells show a constriction like the U. constrictus of

Conrad, and it may be that this is a sexual mark.

Figs. 1 and 2 represent the normal shape, Fig. 3 the constricted

form.

Types in the Academy of Natural Sciences, cotypes in my own

collection, in the National Museum, and specimens of the same lot

are in many other cabinets as ‘ castaneus.”’

NOTES.

CaRYCHIUM MINIMUM Mull.: It may interest students of geo-

graphical distribution, to learn that a thriving colony of Carychium

minimum Mull., has been found in a greenhouse at Quincy, Mass.

I have observed this species at intervals for nearly a year, and as it

is becoming more plentiful, there seems to be a reasonable chance

that it may escape to the surrounding country. Considering its

natural habitat, there is a possibility of its becoming accustomed to

our climate. Wik. Crane:

OPEAS CLAVULINUM KYOTOENSE Pils.: I have found a few speci-

mens of Opeas clauvulinum kyotoense Pils., in a greenhouse at Cam-

bridge, Mass., but only in the hottest house, although they are very

hardy if kept in a warm vivarium. ‘They wiil not survive a slight

drop in temperature. Therefore there seems little likelihood of this

species becoming a permanent addition to our northern fauna. Un-

like the majority of our North American pulmonates this species

does not appear to mind direct sunlight, but will leave the shade of

a protecting leaf, to spend an hour or two in crawling on the glass,

exposed to the rays of a bright midday sun.

I am indebted to Mr. George H. Clapp for the identification of

this species. He states that specimens have also been found by him

in Phipp’s Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1901, and by Mr.

Bryant Walker in a ‘“Bigonia House” at Buffalo, N. Y.

W. F. Cuarr.

7 . ‘ Bed

Np et:

ia pa

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI. PLATE IV

SMITH: MOLLUSCA OF THE SIERRA ELVIRA.

MOLLUSCA OF ADEN.

moe NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXVI. JULY, 1912. No. 3

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE SIERRA ELVIRA, SPAIN.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

While staying in Granada, Spain, during April 1910, the writer

made several excursions for the day to the Sierra Elvira mountains,

This striking range rises from the plain before Granada and may be

distinctly seen from the battlements of the Alhambra.

The Sierra Elvira is a treeless Jurassic range named after the

ancient town of Iliberris. It is covered with rocks so sharp in places

that shoe leather offers little protection to the feet and climbing is

necessarily a slow operation. Ona clear day the sun reflected on

the rocks makes the place not unlike a furnace. When the day isa

cloudy one the biting cold wind from the snow-covered Sierra

Nevada constantly keeps up. Nevertheless the splendid view amply

repays the climber even if he is not in quest of snails. There are

several small caves in a lofty valley several miles from the railway

which skirts the base of the Sierra far below. Several species were

found near the mouth of one of these caves. The more distant

portions of the range no doubt contain other species not taken by

the writer.

One day the ascent of the Sierra Elvira was made from Pinas

Puente a quaint old town in an attractive situation on the Cubillas,

In the brooks flowing into this stream a species of Melanopsis was

noticed in abundance. It was at Pinas-Puente that Columbus was

overtaken by the messenger of Queen Isabella in 1492, when in

1 Read before the Brooklyn Conchological Club, January 29, 1912.

26 THE NAUTILCS.

despair he had given up negotiations with the Spanish monarchs and

was actually on his way to France.

I was accompanied on these trips by William M. Bunker, Hon-

orary President of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce. Mr.

Bunker assisted in turning over many large stones, adhering to the

under surface of which the majority of the specimens were found.

Leucochroa candidissima Drap. ‘This species lives on the southern

sides of the Sierra.

Helix sp. A small form of the caperata group.

Helix alonensis Fér. (pl. 1V, fig. 5). One example obtained,

Helix (Iberus) gualtierana Linn. Plate IV, fig. 1 (typical), 2, 3,

(convex form).

Eighteen specimens are before me: a selection made with a view

to proportion, arranging these in lots according to the height of the

spire, there are :

10 shells with a flattened spire (a few are sunken above) (fig. 1).

4 shells in which the spire is more produced (fig. 2).

4 shells with the highest spire (fig. 3).

In the first lot the examples appear to approach closely the typical

form of gualtierana, which was described by Linn. The typical

form may easily be distinguished by the flattened or sunken spire,

the half or nearly covered umbilicus, the strongly carinated peri-

phery and the aperture which is decidedly broader than high.

Pilsbry’s figure (Manual, Vol. IV, plate 53 fig. 6) agrees perfectly.

A variety (plate 4 fig. 2) has the aperture of the type but with a

more developed spire. In the third lot (fig. 3) the shells run

about the same size as the type. The peripheral keel is similar.

On the other hand the aperture is of a distinctly different shape.

In the majority of the examples examined 7t zs nearly as high as

wide, less extended laterally than in the typical form.

Helix gualtierana var. laurenti Bourguignat (Revue et mag. de

zoologie, 1870, p. 95, pl. 14, figs. 5-7) was based on a shell froin Mt.

Gador, near Almeria. It is decidedly conie above, the apical

portion is not depressed as in convex forms of guwaltierana though a

little flattened at the tip; the base is figured as rather strongly

convex. Figs. 11-13 of pl. 53, Man. Conch. IV, are similar though

larger, but figs. 9, 10, copied from Kobelt, cannot be this race.

I took a solitary example, dead and bleached, which agrees with

the original account of dawrenti in the conic top. It is solid, much

THE NAUTILUS. 27

more finely sculptured than guwaltierana, umbilicus wholly closed. It

differs from daurenti by the more deeply descending last whorl and

the much less convex base. Alt. 20, diam. 31 mm. If found to

be a different race, it may be called ver. granad@ (pl. IV, fig. 4).

Helicodonta (Curacolina) lenticula Fér. The examples before me

are smaller than the Sicilian specimens.

Buliminus quadridens Mill. Several dozen specimens were taken.

Dr. Pilsbry, to whom I submitted the form, writes, “ The Buliminus

is B. quadridens Miill., rather a long form of the species, but

‘certainly that.”

LYMNAEA AURICULARIA NEAR PHILADELPHIA.

BY BAYARD LONG.

The writer’s proper field of activity belongs in the realm of botany;

but like many another, he sometimes wanders from the beaten path

of his own special science. A note, however, upon the occurrence

of a foreign species markedly thriving in our own natural habitats,

and there associating with indigenous forms in so perfectly a

naturalized state that only a knowledge of the normal distribution of

the species makes it possible to detect the status of its occurrence:

such a note seems rather familiar ground, since there is such a host

of introduced plants whose migrations must be kept under observa-

tion. So the writer may, in a measure, be justified in breaking into

Conchology. Botanists make rather a point of putting upon record

the early occurrences of foreign elements entering into our flora,

because, besides being of an historical interest, a lack of such

data, among plants at least, has often led to considerable confusion

and error as to what are actually indigenous plants of any given

area. Such a condition is probably not so likely to occur among

shells, but still it may be of no less importance to have definite

record of observations of species becoming naturalized, in case the

forms should possibly become widespread and a knowledge of their

original centres of dissemination lost.

In 1910 there was brought to the Philadelphia Academy by

Samuel R. Jacob some shells which he had casually collected in

Europe, and also some specimens of Lymne@a auricularia (Linn.)

which, however, were said to have been collected from near

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Philadelphia in a pond about one mile south of Ogontz, Montgomery

County, Penna., along Old York Road. A possibility of accidental

mixture of specimens was thought to exist, and no published record

made of it.

Upon Mr. E. G. Vanatta's learning that I lived near the auricularia

locality, he mentioned the case to me and I felt confident that the

station referred to must be that known as Dobbin’s pond at Old York

Road and Ashbourne Road. He asked me if I would not sometime

examine the pond with the hope of verifying the Jacob record. I

accordingly did so on May 22nd of this year and found, associated

with Planorbis antrosus Conrad, an abundance of a large Lymnea

which proved to be the desired ZL. auricularia, as was verified the

following morning by Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Vanatta when I brought

in living material.

Dobbin’s Pond was doubtless at one time well kept, since it is

situated on private property, but for many years the estate has been

largely left to take care of itself, and consequently much debris of

refuse, dead leaves and sticks has collected in it. A delta formation

of considerable extent occurs at the inlet stream. Few, if any, large

water-plants, like pond-lilies, occur, but there is an abundance of

algal growth, and pond-scums cover much of the surface.

The Lymnea is a very striking species, both because of the large

size of full-grown individuals, and, of the conspicuous dark mottling

of the mantle ona light yellow ground as seen through the shell on

the younger individuals. The mottling was commonly obscured in

the large specimens because of algal growth and dirt. Most of the

animals, especially the half-grown ones, were found crawling around

in shallow, quiet water on the muddy bottom, along the sides of the

delta. The large individuals were generally found attached to

floating logs or sticks, and one was seen sticking to grass stems

hanging into the water. The majority of the specimens seen were

doubtless half-grown individuals from the past season. The shells

were found to measure on the average about 17 mm. X 12 mm.

The largest shells measured about 28 mm. X 21 mm., but some of

Jacob’s collection are as large as 30 mm. X 24mm. One specimen,

found dead, has the aperture very beautifully and widely flaring but

in most of the material this is not well-developed, or else has been

broken away.

Except for a very possible solution, suggested by Mr. Vanatta,

THE NAUTILUS. 29

I am rather at a loss to account for the occurrence of this European

species at this station. In both the localities previously reported,

that of Mr. H. E. Walter at Lincoln Park, Chicago, reported by

Mr. F. C. Baker,! and that of Mr. R. E. Call, at Flatbush, Brooklyn,

N. Y.,’ the introduction of the species seems to be satisfactorily

traced to European plants cultivated in either green-houses or ponds.

But neither of these conditions certainly prevail at the present time

at the new locality, or to furnish a particularly satisfactory solution.

Mr. Vanatta suggests that, from the common use of these snails in

aquariums, and the pond being on private property once doubtless

well taken care of, it is very possible that the contents of an

aquarium may have been transferred to the pond at some time or

other. I have since made inquiries and am told that the pond has

contained gold fish for many years and that they are at present still

frequent there. So the evidence seems rather suggestive that this

solution may be correct.

Suffice it, however, that the species has certainly become exten-

sively naturalized in this pond and (is actually one of its most

prominent molluscan elements,

A NEW OREOHELIX FROM COLORADO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

We have recently received from the Hon. Junius Henderson a

series of shells collected by Mr. Albert Dakan, which seem to

represent a new specific form, which may appropriately be named for

Mr. Henderson, whose scientific works include an excellent account

of the mollusks of Colorado.

OREOHELIX HENDERSONI, D. sp.

The shell is solid, in shape much like O. str7gosa depressa (Ckll.),

the last whorl angular in front of the aperture, becoming rounded in

the last half, shortly descending in front. First 24 whorls rusty

brown; the ground color then becomes very pale brown, and a

narrow darker band midway between sutures appears, usually not

continuing upon the last whorl, which is lighter, more cream-colored,

1Nautilus xv, p. 59, 1901,

2Science, New Series, xvi, p. 65, 1902.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

beneath. Old shells, by loss of the cuticle, have the last 14 whorls

opaque white with some faint corneous or ruddy stains. Embryonic

shell of 23 whorls, the first somewhat convex, first balf whorl smooth,

next whorl having fine, close, radial thread-like stria, last 134 whorls,

having similar striz and spiral cords, becoming coarse on the last

half whorl. This sculpture stops abruptly at the end of the embry-

onic stage. Neanic and adult stages have rather fine, irregular

wrinkles of growth, indistinctly cut by very weak lightly impressed

spiral lines which are often almost obsolete. Aperture quite oblique,

nearly round.

Alt. 8.6, diam. 16.3 mm.; whorls 43.

Genitalia as figured for O. s. depressa and O. elrodi, the end of the

penis closely resembling the latter species. LEpiphallus tapers at the

end. Length of penis 13.6, of epiphallus 54, of spermatheca and

duct 144 mm.

North bank of Little Thompson Creek, about 10 miles N.-W. of

Longmont, Colorado. About 160 living and over 100 dead shells

found among roots of ‘* woodbine ”’ in loose limestone talus, at south-

ern point of ridge of Niobrara Limestone, July 26, 1911, by Mr.

Albert Dakan.

The strong spiral sculpture of the embryonic shell, abruptly giv-

ing place to oblique wrinkle-striz at the inception of the neanic

stage, distinguishes this species from O. strigosa depressa (the com-

mon Colorado form of strigosa), to which it is related by the soft

anatomy. The early stages are much as in O. yavapai, but that

species and its varieties differ strongly by the very short penis.

O. gabbiana (Hemph.), from the Oquirrh Mts., differs from hen-

dersoni by the less strong embryonic spiral and more strongly de-

veloped, widely spaced spirals of the last whorl, which is carinate or

angular. An Oreohelix from Glenwood Springs, Colo., which has

been provisionally referred to gabbiana is probably a form of hen-

dersont. Another form which seems referable here is from New-

castle, Colorado, also collected by Mr. Albert Dakan. The shells

are very large, alt. 14.5, diam. 24 mm., with 53 whorls. It was

found on a hillside, out by thousands on a moist day.

I should not complete this account without offering an apology to

Mr. Henderson for allowing the name of this species to appear in his

article on Oreohelix Colonies (p. 10 of the May number), in advance

of any published description. I had written the above account some

THE NAUTILUS. 31

months before, when the shells were received. The press of other

matter and the habit of giving other contributors precedence over

the Editors in our limited space, explain the appearance of the MS.

name, To tell the honest truth, I had forgotten that it was not pub-

lished!

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

[ Concluded for p. 22.]

PaviLion Key, Monroe Co., collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘ Sby.’ Rve.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Prerican Key, Lee Co., (A small key near the entrance to

Chokoloskee Key), collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Some of the specimens lack the

internal lamella.

Pine Isianp, Lee Co., collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella caribzensis ‘ Sby.’ Rve.

Truncatella ¢. succinea Ad.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Practicolella jejuna Say.

Polygyra septemvolva volvoxis Pfr.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pls.

Euglandina rosea Fer.

Euglandina rosea parallela Binn.

Zonitoides singleyanus Pils.

Littte Pine Key, Monroe Co., collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry

and C. T. Simpson.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘ Sby.’ Rve.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Praticolella jejuna Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Vitrea dalliana ‘Simp.’ Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Succinea floridana Pils.

Big Pine Key, Monroe Co. Collected by H. A. Pilsbry, C. T.

Simpson, S. Brown and H. W. Fowler.

Truncatella caribeensis succinea Ad.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Helicina tantilla Pils.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Urocoptis poeyana variegata Pfr.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Vertigo variolosa Gld.

Euglandina r. parallela Binn.

Vitrea dalliana ‘ Simps.’ Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Succinea floridana Pils.

PorpoisE Point, Monroe Co. Part of a key. Collected by

Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Raspit Key, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Bld. Many of the specimens

from this place lack the internal lamina.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

East Carer, Cape Sasie, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence

B. Moore.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

THE NAUTILUS. sts)

SEMINOLE Pornt, Monroe Co. Part of a key. Collected by

Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘ Sby.’ Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Many of the specimens in this

lot have the internal lamina reduced to a few indistinct nodules.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Vertigo rugosula oralis St.

Snake Key, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. The specimens from this place

are very small and many have a very high spire; they also almost

lack the internal lamella.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Snipe Key, Monroe Co. Collected by S. Brown and H. W.

Fowler.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

SuGar-Loar Key, Monroe Co. Collected by H. A. Pilsbry and

C. T. Simpson.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Polygyra cereolus Muhif.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Strobilops floridanus Pils.

Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Vitrea dalliana ‘ Simps.’ Pils.

StuMMERLAND Key, Monroe Co., collected by Dr. Pilsbry.

Truneatella bilabiata Pfr.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Helicina tantilla Pils,

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Polygyra cereolus Mull.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Vitrea dalliana ‘Simps.’ Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Torcu Key, Monroe Co., collected by H. A. Pilsbry.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Truncatella caribeensis succinea Ad.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Truncatella clathrus Lwe.

Polygyra cereolus Mublf.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM.

Conchologists the world over are interested in the work of Mr. Y.

Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan. I doubt if many of them are aware how

deeply they are indebted to him. His quarter century of explora-

tion of Japan, by land and by sea, of Corea, and of China, at great

personal sacrifice of money and time, has given to science many new

species, enriching cabinets all the world round with choice specimens

most delicately handled.

He has an extensive and valuable collection of material, contain-

ing co-types of the numerous new species brought to light by his

efforts. He has plans for the establishment of a Conchological

Museum for the preservation and exhibition of this collection. He

has in hand cash for about three-fourths of the cost of this under-

taking. He still needs $5,000 to finish the work as planned.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Mr. Hirase has expressed to me, in writing, his willingness, in

case he is aided by friends in America to the extent of $5,000, to

have that sum expended under the supervision of the Trustees of the

Doshisha University, in paying the last bills on the plant; to guar-

antee perpetually the free use of the Museum to students of the

Doshisha University; and, in case of the discontinuance of the

Museum, to cover into the treasury of the Doshisha for the use of

that institution, the $5,000 advanced in aid of his undertaking.

A number of genilemen have already by word of mouth or in

writing indicated a desire to aid Mr. Hirase. Is not the present the

best time to carry out this purpose ?

Please send your checks—large or small—to Mr. C. W. Johnson,

Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., and thus dis-

charge, in part, the debt due Mr. Hirase. He does not seek pay.

He is worthy of our best sympathy and encouragement.

A good museum of the kind he plans will be of immense value to

Japan and the world of science, will be a generous crown to his life

of hard work, and an encouragement to other lovers of science to

emulate his example. Marsuati R. GAINEs.

NOTES.

JAMES JOHNSON Wuite.—We regret to announce the death of

our friend Mr. J. J. White, which occurred at Rockledge, Florida,

April 26, 1912. He was born in Kittanning, Pa., Feb. 13, 1846.

Moved with his parents to Illinois, and later lived in Iowa. In

1885 he removed to Florida, living at Palm Beach, and since 1892

at Rockledge. Mr. White was deeply interested in the study of

mollusca, and by correspondence and exchange was known to many

of the readers of Tue NautTitus.

UNIO SILONGWEENSIS, a new name for Unio vicinus Preston not

Lea. Mr. Bryant Walker has called my attention to the fact

that the name Unio vicinus, used by me in the Annals & Magazine

of Natural History, Ser. 8, Vol. VI, 1910, p. 60, Pl. 1V, fig. 7 for

a Central African species, was preoccupied by Lea in 1856 (Jl.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 61 and Lea, Obs. on genus

Unio, Vol. 6, p. 61). I now propose the new name Unio silong-

weensis for the African form.—H. B. Preston.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. C. T. Simpson, the well-known author of the ‘‘ Synopsis of

the Naiades,” has arranged for the publication of his ‘ Descriptive

Catalogue of the Naiades.” This is the companion volume to the

Synopsis and was prepared immediately after that work appeared,

but for various reasons its publication has been delayed until now.

It will contain full descriptions of all the species recognized in the

« Synopsis’? with comparative notes, keys, etc. Descriptions and

references to all the species described since the publication of the

‘« Synopsis’ have been added, bringing the subject down to date.

Unfortunately it is not to be illustrated, but its publication will for

the first time place in the hands of the students of the Uniontde

adequate descriptions of all the species in one volume. The cost and

in many cases the practical impossibility of obtaining the literature

necessary for any accurate work in studying this family has been a

great drawback to interesting our American collectors in this group,

and, in the absence of a fully illustrated manual, this work of Mr.

Simpson’s will go far towards supplying the long-felt want of such a

publication.

It is expected that the Catalogue will be published early in the

fall and will be a volume of from 800 to 1000 pages. It is to be

published by Bryant Walker of Detroit, Mich.

New Orveans Moryivusca.—The writer with Mr. J. B. Upson,

spent the best part of one day the last week of December, 1880, on

the shore of Lake Pontchartrain, to the east of Spanish Fort and

collected the following species :

Polygyra espiloca Ravenel, common.

Polygyra febigert Fér., abundant. These two species of Polygyra

were determined for the writer by Thomas Bland, in a letter dated

May 20, 1881.

Zonitoides arborea Say.

Zonitoides minuscula Binney.

Glandina bullata Gould. Mr. Bland said of this form ‘ Glandina

truncata, var. (scarcely bullata)”’ several fine specimens were found

and some quite young.

Rumina decollata L. One dead example.

Succinea campestris Say, common.

Planorbis lentus Say, scarce.

Segmentina havanensis Pfr., common.

Lymnea techella Hald., few.

Gnathodon cuneatus Gray, great quantities of dead shells.

Also young specimens of Viviparus, Campeloma and Spherium.—

A. A. HINKLEY.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI. PLATE V

DANIELS: ABNORMAL SHELLS.

meee NAUTILUS:

VoL. XXVI. AUGUST, 1912. No. 4

TWO NEW LAND SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY HARRY EDSON

SONORELLA ARGUS, n. sp.

Shell small, depressed, flesh-colored, with a narrow brown band

encircling the whorls a little above the periphery. This shell ap-

proaches very nearly S. fishert, Bartsch but differs in color, size, and

in having a wider umbilicus.

Collected by Mr. A. M. Strong at the Iron Cap copper mine,

Argus range, Inyo Co., California. Cotypes in the geological

museum of Stanford University, and A, N. §. Phila.

The type measures: maj. lat. 11.3 mm., min. Jat. 9.5 mm.. alt.

5.7 mm., aperture: maj. lat, 6 mm., alt. 5.8 mm,, umbilicus, 2 mm.

EPIrPHRAGMOPHORA DUPETITHOUARSI CUESTANA, N. subsp.

Shell large, depressed, polished, obliquely striated, with seven

whorls, the last whorl descending slightly near the aperture ; deeply

and widely umbilicated, showing three volutions; lip slightly re-

flexed, the ends approaching ; color translucent brown, circled near

the top of the whorls by a dark brown band edged with yellow.

The type measures; greater diam. 264 mm., lesser diam. 224

mm., alt. 154 mm. ; aperture, width 16 mm., alt. 134 mm., includ-

ing peristome.

This shell is quite similar to seguotcola Cooper, but shows no signs

of being hirsute and has much coarser striations.

Habitat Cuesta Pass, Santa Lucia Mts., California, collected by

Mr. Harold Hannibal. Cotype in coll. A. N.S. P.

Both species will be figured on a future plate.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

ABNORMAL SHELLS

BY L. E. DANIELS

In the United States as elsewhere shells are frequently met with

that are abnormal to a greater or less degree due to the shell having

met with an injury during its growth.

Tryon, in the American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 2, plate 1,

fig. 4, figures an abnormal specimen of Planorbis bicarinatus Say,

from the collection of Charles M. Wheatley Esq., of Phoenixville,

Pa., collected by him at Mexico, Oswego Co., N. Y. He says

‘this is the first American specimen which we have observed to

deviate much from the normal form; reversed or scalariform shells

being very much rarer in America than in Europe. Some of our

species of Lymne@a are sometimes slightly scalariform, and in the

Viviparide this is more frequent, but the deviation has never been

observed to be very great. Melantho integra and decisa are both

occasionally met with, reversed. I believe that no scalariform Helix

has been observed in the United States, and the reversed specimens

known do not exceed ten or twelve.”

Thomas Bland in ‘‘ Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Helicide Part 3,” 1862, says. ‘In one of my specimens of H.

tridentata, after completion of the shell, the animal continued the

last whorl about 2 mill beyond the lip, partially reflected the new

lip, and added two incipient teeth in advance of the old ones. On

plate 4, fig. 20 a sketch is given of the very singular reparation of

one of my specimens of H. septemvolva. The fracture was behind

the aperture, which the animal in consequence abandoned, but it

formed a new one by reflecting the outer lip, on the lower part of

which it added a small tooth,—it found insufficient space for another

partial tooth behind the old aperture.”

Binney in the Manual of American Land Shells, page 282, fig.

300, figures an abnormal specimen of Stenotrema monodon. The

peristome having been broken after the animal’s arrival at maturity,

a new peristome has been formed somewhat in the rear of the first,

and a new parietal tooth added. On page 291 he figures P. triden-

tata with a double peristome.

S. C. Wheat in Bulletin of the Brooklyn Conchological Club

figures a specimen of Pyramidula alternata Say (fig. 5) found near

THE NAUTILUS. 39

Ithaca, N. Y. It is terraced, the suture being placed far below the

carina of the preceding whorl. The carina is unusually sharp.

Another specimen (fig. 4) was flat, the suture being above the carina

and deeply impressed. He also figures an abnormal P. thyroides

and P. tridentata.

H. A. Pilsbry in Mollusca of the Southwestern States I, page

274, say: ‘‘ Scalariform monsters are not rare, but the inception of

that abnormal condition seems to be invariably traceable to an in-

jury of the shells.” He figures on plate XXIV fig. 32 a scalariform

specimen of Oreohelix strigosa concentrata (Dall).

Through the kindness of the Editors of “The Nautilus” I am

enabled to present to its readers the following descriptions and fig-

ures of abnormal specimens in my cabinet.

Sonorella coloradoensis (Stearns).

East side of Powell’s Plateau near Mojave Creek, Grand Canyon,

Arizona, 1909.

The shell is scalariform, due no doubt to an injury when young.

Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf). Pl. V, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Long Boat Key. Tampa Bay, Fla., 1900.

One specimen (fig. 1) is normal up to the end of the eighth whorl.

A break then occurred, after which the whorl deviates downward, is

abruptly recurved, traversing the base across the umbilical region.

A nearly normal aperture is formed. In another shell, fig. 2, the

whorl adjacent to the aperture dips down for a short distance, sub-

sequently rising above the level of the spire. A well-formed nor-

mal example is shown in fig. 3.

Polygyra tridentata (Say.) Pl. V, figs. 10, 11.

Wyandotte, Crawford Co., Ind., 1903.

This shell had been broken back of the peristome, the animal in-

stead of repairing the break retreated eight mm., and formed a new

peristome and parietal tooth.

I succeeded in extracting the animal without breaking the outer

peristome although the attachment to the shell was very slight, this

(the outer) peristome being dead.

Polygyra inflecta (Say). Pl. V, fig. 6.

Jeffersonville, Clark Co., Ind., 1903.

Peristome malformed, the callus wanting above, teeth rudi-

mentary.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra profunda (Say). Pl. V, fig. 12.

Near Hoge’s Bridge, Morris, Ills., 1910. This shell had formed

a peristome, then carried the shell forward twelve mm. and formed a

second peristome. The shell between the two peristomes is white,

has no epidermis, and has a rough appearance.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Pl. V, fig. 13.

North Vernon, Jennings Co. Ind., 1903. In one specimen the

last two-thirds of the body-whorl has been injured, resulting in a

linear furrow running parallel with the suture. Another shell

(fig. 13) was injured before forming the peristome which has two

projecting points. The umbilicus is partly open.

Polygyra exoleta (Binn). Pl. V, fig. 14.

Mitchell, Ind., 1901. Peristome malformed, bisinuate.

Polygyra elevata (Say). Pl. V, fig. 15.

Mitchell, Ind., 190i. This specimen appears to have attained its

growth, and apparently had partially formed the peristome, for at

the proper place a parietal tooth was formed which is about one-half

grown. The last half of the body-whorl was then broken off and a

new peristome and parietal tooth were formed.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Pl. V, fig. 7.

Bass Lake, Starke Co., Ind., 1902.

Aperture malformed exactly as in the specimen of elevata des-

cribed above, the last part of the whorl having been broken off after

the parietal tooth was half formed, and a new peristome.and tooth

were developed a fourth of a whorl behind the original aperture.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Pl. V, fig. 5.

Brookville, Ind., 1903.

This shell had formed a peristome and parietal tooth, then carried

the shell forward five mm. and formed another peristome and parietal

tooth, the last aperture being small. The original parietal tooth

remains standing deep within. This shell belongs to the same class

of monster described above for P. profunda. It is unlike most

abnormal shells which are due to breakages, for here a second period

of growth is superposed upon a normally formed and completed

shell.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Holospira bilamellata Dall. Pl. V, figs. 8, 9.

Hacheta Grande Mts., New Mex., 1910.

This shell was normal up to the penultimate whorl, when without

any apparent injury it contracts suddenly to three-fifths the former

diameter. The last whorl enlarges again somewhat, and is nearly

normal. A normal example is figured for comparison, fig. 9.

Holospira n. sp.

Dragoon Mts., Arizona, 1910.

A strongly ribbed new species which will shortly be described by

Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss. The shell was broken at the end of

the eighth whorl. The next 24 whorls are ribless; ribs then begin

again irregularly, finally becoming normal on the last whorl.

Oreohelix strigosa depressa (Ckll) Pl. V, fig. 16.

Jacob’s Canyon, Kaibab Mts., Ariz., 1910.

A scalariform specimen, the last whorl free in front. There are

no signs of this shell ever having been injured in theleast. Normal

shells are shown in figs. 18, 19.

A reversed specimen from Powell Plateau, Grand Canyon, Ariz.,

1909 is shown in fig. 17. J. H. Ferriss of Joliet, Ills., has a similar

one.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. PI. V, fig. 4.

Lily Lake, La Porte, Ind., 1909.

This extraordinary specimen has the general shape of Viviparus

tntertextus with a small umbilicus and a deeply channeled suture.

The aperture is oval with expanded peristome. So abnormal in

shape is this specimen that it takes some study to see the common

Planorbis bicarinatus in it.

Campeloma decisum (Say).

Pine Lake, La Porte, Ind., 1906.

While reversed specimens of Campeloma are not rare the novelty

of this one is that it contained three young, all of which are reversed.

Nore By THE Epitror.—Little has been published upon abnormal

shells in this country, though there must be abundant material scat-

tered among collections. The notes given above afford suggestions

for a classification of teratologic shells into several classes as follows :

1. Shells in which growth has been resumed after the completion of

a normal peristome, figures 5 and 12.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

2. Shells in which broken parts have been repaired or restored.

2a. Broken peristome repaired, figs. 13, 14.

2b. A new peristome developed behind the original one after

breakage, figs. 7, 10, 15.

3. Shells coiling abnormally.

3a. Shell sinistral, fig. 17.

36. Shell scalariform, figs. 4, 16.

3c. Shell irregularly coiled, figs. 1, 2, 8.

Part of these cases are always due to breakage; others, such as

no. 1 and 3a to more obscure constitutional conditions. Scalariform

shells may be due to several causes. The subject is of some import-

ance from an evolutionary standpoint because the modifications

denoted by classes 1, 3a, 3b and 4c have in some cases become

actually characteristic of species or genera.

Collectors having material enlarging our knowledge of the subject

as illustrated by Mr. Daniels are invited to make it known.

Figures 1 to 9 of plate V are about double the natural size.

NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS: I. ANNULARIA AND CHONDROPOMA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

The following species will be illustrated in connection with the

second paper of this series.

ANNULARIA RAMSDENI D. sp.

The shell is openly umbilicate, wider than high with conic spire,

Last whorl brownish-corneous or whitish, the spire light red, whorls

41, strongly convex, the last tubular. Suture narrowly channeled,

the axial threads forming little points where they pass over the raised

edge of the channel. Sculpture of closely crowded lamina-like axial

threads, their intervals having one or two smaller threads, There

are a few low spiral cords within the umbilicus and a stronger one

near its opening. The first 1? whorls are smooth and well raised.

Aperture oblique, circular, pale red within the lip. Peristome

expanded, duplicated by a thin outer lamina on the columellar and

upper sides, dilated in a forwardly concave lobe above, which is

appressed to the preceding whorl.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Operculum of three whorls, each nearly covered by a white, level

lamella arising from the inner margin, spreading nearly to the outer.

Male: alt. 11.8, diam. 13 mm.

Female: alt. 12.5 diam. 15 mm.

El Jique de la Argolla, Barrio de Rio Seco de San Antonio, 15

miles northeast of Guantanamo, under stones, Charles T. Ramsden

12-24-11.

The cotypes figured were observed coupling Mar. 19, 1912.

This species is closely related to A. pseudalatum. It is larger,

with more rapidly enlarging whorls, the aperture relatively larger,

its diameter more than half that of the shell, while in A. pseudalatum

it is less than half; and it differs especially in sculpture, the major

axial threads being much more numerous and closer together.

Annularia (or Choanopoma) alatum Pfr. is a more opague, solid shell

with no sutural channel, coarser, unequal strie, and a differently

formed lip.

In both A. ramsdeni and A. pseudalatum the last whorl is free in

front just before finishing the lip, but the additional thin lamina and

superior appendage of the lip connect with the preceding whorl in

the fully adult stage. This species is named for the discoverer, Mr.

Charles T. Ramsden.

Dr. W. H. Dall has called attention to the fact that the generic

name Annularia has precedence over Choanopoma for species of

this type.

ANNULARIA PSEUDALATUM Torre, n. sp.

The shell is openly umbilicate, wider than high, with a low conic

spire ; corneous; whorls 3} to 44, very convex, the last tubular,

barely in contact with the preceding at the aperture. Sculpture of

straight, slightly retractive and very thin axial threads, separated by

intervals in which there are several (three to five) delicate axial

strie. There are several weak spiral cords within the umbilicus, the

lowest one stronger than the others. The first 1? whorls are smooth.

Aperture oblique, circular, the peristome thin, narrowly expanded,

duplicated by a thin outer lamina along the columellar, parietal

and upper margins, this lamina expanding in a forwardly concave

lobe above. Operculum of about 3 whorls, similar to the preceding

species.

Alt. 7.2, diam. 10.2 mm.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Alt. 8, diam. 10 mm.; diam. of aperture, with peristome 4.5 mm.

Alt. 7, diam. 9 mm.

Farallones east of Hermitage, Charles Wright.

This form is described and figured from specimens determined by

Professor de la Torre, for comparison with the preceding. It is not

uncommon in the older collections, under the name ‘ Choanopoma

alatum Pfr.’ Pfeiffer’s species is larger, more solid, opaque fleshy-

white, with the interior orange ; the aperture is much more oblique

and the sculpture entirely different.

CHONDROPOMA CARENASENSE DN. sp.

The shell is perforate, tapering-cylindric, truncate, about 34

whorls remaining ; very pale brown, with small often indistinct dark

spots arranged in vertical series at irregular intervals, sometimes

having 5 or 6 narrow, faint, spiral bands, with spots as above.

Sculpture of many fine spiral cords, 10 to 14 on the penult whorl

crossed by more closely set vertical lamina-like threads which have

small nodes where they cross the spirals, and finely crenulate the

suture, where each stands separate. Whorls convex, the last

ascending a little in front. Aperture ovate; peristome expanded,

built out in a narrow flat margin, widest as the columeller margin

and at the posterior angle, where it ascends in a very short lobe or

obtuse point; parietal margin appressed to the preceding whorl.

The operculum retracts about one-fourth of a whorl within, is light

brown, with a spiral convexity just outside the suture.

Length 12.5, diam. 7.5 mm.; length of aperture with peristome

6 mm.

Length 12, diam. 7 mm.; length of aperture with peristome 95.7

mm.

Length 10.3, diam. 6 mm.; length of aperture with peristome 5

mm.

Cayo Carenas, in Cienfuegos Bay, Pilsbry, 1903, and Henderson

1910.

C. candeanum (Orbigny) tapers more, to a narrower truncation,

and the sutural denticulation is more widely spaced. In C. earen-

asense every vertical thread denticulates the suture, none being

united or dropped out there. It is an abundant snail on Cayo

Carenas, a tiny islet now nearly covered with residences.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

CHONDROPOMA WILCOXI nN. sp.

The shell is perforate, ovate-twisted, truncate, 3 to 35 whorls

remaining. Pale fleshy buff, indistinctly marked with spiral series

of small brown dots. On the last whorl there are 6 such rows, three

more distinct ; on preceding whorls there are four rows of dots; the

suture has a narrow whitish margin below. Sculpture of many

subequal spiral threads intersected at right angles with narrower,

slightly weaker, axial laminz, producing an evenly latticed surface ;

on the last whorl there are about 40 spirals. The whorls are rather

strongly convex ; last whorl ascending slightly to the aperture. The

aperture is vertical, ovate, somewhat acuminate above, brown inside.

The peristome is white; it expands a trifle, and is somewhat thick-

ened on the face, which is narrow and convex. At the upper angle

it is a very little dilated.

Length 19, diam. 11, length of aperture 84 mm.

Rosario, east shore of Ensenado Cochinas, in forest. Henderson

and Simpson.

STRANGE NAMES FOR OLD ACQUAINTANCES

BY C. HEDLEY AND H. A. PILSBRY.

It is pleasant to find that there was a time when the editor was

not regarded as the natural enemy of his contributor. Thus when

Dr. Johann Hermann, aforetime Professor at Strassburg, presents

an essay on conchology to his friend the editor of ‘‘ Der Natur-

forscher” he greets him cordially and at the conclusion takes affec-

tionate leave.

Did this quaint old essay not disturb our nomenclature, we should

not need to disturb the dust which for nearly a century and a half

has gathered on this venerable periodical. But the names which

Hermann gave have escaped the attention of most modern writers,

yet they are presented regularly and precede several now in use.

Like Marryat, the novelist, our author made but a single contribu-

tion to molluscan literature. In the professor we find a careful

worker: not only did he fulfill the modern requirements of nomencla-

ture, but he embellished his paper by a colored engraving illustrating

five species.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Two species of Spondylus are contrasted and are named respec-

tively S. mediterraneus and S. americanus (Der Naturforscher XVI,

1781, p. 51). The former is evidently S. gederopus Linné. The

latter must be the common spiny species of the West Indies com-

monly known as S. americanus Lamarck, for which Doctor Dall

(Trans. Wagn. Inst. III, part iv, 1898, p. 759), after a consideration

of the extensive synonymy, adopts the name S. echinatus Martyn,

1784, which apparently should now give place to S. americanus

Hermann, 1781.

TURBO CANALICULATUS, Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, X VI, 1781, p. 52, PI. ii., fig. 1.

This species is clearly the ordinary large Turbo of the West

Indies, usually known as 7. spenglerianus Gmelin. The latter

author, though he cited Hermann’s work (Syst. Nat., xiii, 1790 p.

3571), made the double error of using his name in another sense and

of bestowing a subsequent name upon Hermann’s species. Both the

species termed Turbo canaliculatus by Gmelin and Kiener respec-

tively, are Oriental.

NERITA CANCELLATA, Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, xvi, 1781, p. 56, pl. ii, fig. 8. 9.

Here again Gmelin has misunderstood the work of Hermann.

After quoting (p. 3670) the above reference, he adds from Chemnitz

accounts of two distinct shells, the one Natica sulcata Born, a West

Indian Watica, the other Vanikoro cancellata, Lamarck. In his turn

Lamarck was thus led to confound these species, a confusion which

was unraveled by Deshayes, (An. s. vert. [2] viii, 1838, p. 644).

Hermann’s illustration well represents Merita suleata, Born (Index

Mus. Caes. Vind., 1778, p. 416, Pl. 17, fig. 5, 6), which is main-

tained by three years’ priority.

BuccinumM soLtutumM Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, X VI, 1781, p. 53, Pl. ii, fig. 3, 4.

Dr. W. H. Dall kindly gave us the benefit of his wide knowledge

of this boreal group. Hermann’s figure appears to him to represent

a short form of Chrysodomus heros Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p.

14, Pl. VID) a species erroneously united by Kobelt, Conch. Cab.

Fusus, 1881, p. 61, to Neptunea fornicata Gray non Gmelin. Her-

mann’s name should therefore be maintained.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

BuccinuM sTROMBOIDES Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, X VI, 1781, p. 54, Pl. ii, figs. 5, 6.

This has been recognized as a fossil from the Paris basin and was

used by Mérch (Journ, de Conch. VIII, 1858, p. 43) as the type of

the genus Cryptochorda.

Murex vespectus Linné.

Hermann, Der Naturforscher, XVI, 1781, p. 54, PI. ii, fig. 7.

Here Hermann professes to figure a sinistral Chrysodomus despectus

but Dr. Dall points out to us that the illustration better suits a

sinistral ©. antiquus.

A NEW SPECIES OF ANCULOSA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

ANCULOSA MINOR, n. sp. Pl. 1, figs. 7, 8.

Shell small, depressed, thick, light olive in color, whorls five, those

of the spire flat; periphery angulate or carinate; lines of growth fine

and cut by fine revolving impressed lines, giving the surface of the

shell a reticulate appearance under the microscope ; peristome

straight and thin ; aperture ovate, columellar callus thick, wide, dark

colored or white, extended across the parietal wall; umbilical region

indented. Three specimens measured length 33, diam. 27, length,

30, diam. 24, and length 30, diam. 25 hundredths of an inch.

Habitat—near Florence, Alabama, in the Tennessee river, near

the south bank, in a shaded situation where there was but little

current and a good many leaves in the water and on the bed of the

stream. A. A. H. Nov. 10,1904. Cotypes in coll. Hinkley and

A. N.S. Phila. (No. 105866).

This little species has been referred to Aneulosa carinata, but I am

sure they are distinct ; compared with that species they are smaller,

thicker, spire not as elevated, aperture more regular oval and the

columellar callus thicker. From A. costata it differs in being more

elevated, thicker, whorls flat and suture linear, aperture smaller.

The young of this species is very much like the young of A. erassa

Haldeman, but are more elevated, have no bands and the impressed

lines are more strongly marked; nor does erassa have the second

carina. The young are quite close to those of A. praerosa and

tintinnabulum (see the Nautilus vol. 21, page 110, plate 10, figures

48 THE NAUTILUS.

1, 7, and 8) A. minor is a little more elevated than the former, has

5 flat whorls and the space between the carine is on the same plane

as the rest of the base of the shell, the revolving impressed lines are

more prominent than on either of the above species, the mature

shell has more in common with A. melanoides, but that species is

more elevated with no carina or impressed lines.

A NEW FLORIDIAN VIVIPARUS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND C. W. JOHNSON.

VIVIPARUS WALKERI n. sp. Plate ITI, figs. 6, 7.

The shell is perforate, moderately solid, globose-conic, dull yellow-

ish-brown, lighter beneath, with three or four very indistinct pur-

plish-brown bands, or dull purplish-brown without bands; faintly

striated. Spire short, much eroded and whitish in adults, which

retain about 3 whorls. Whorls very convex, somewhat flattened

horizontally below the very deep suture. The aperture is large,

slightly oblique, ovate, livid and showing the bands within by trans-

mitted light, when any are present.

Length 26, diam. 22, length of aperture 164 mm.

Length 26, diam. 21, length of aperture 15 mm.

Types no. 70,053 A. N. S. P., collected by Pilsbry and John-

son in Juniper Creek, Lake County, Florida, 1894.

This species differs strongly from other Viviparas of Florida by

its broad, short form. It was taken in considerable numbers in the

type locality, but was not found elsewhere. V. waltoni Tryon is the

prevalent form in Lake George, and V. georgianus in the St. John’s

River. It is named in honor of Mr, Bryant Walker, whose work on

fresh-water shells is well-known to readers of THE NavrILus.

NOTES.

WE have to record the recent death in Honolulu of the veteran

Hawaiian conchologist, D. D. BaLtpwin. A sketch of his life and

work will be given later.

Mr. Cuarites Hepwey of the Australian Museum has been

studying the museums of this country during June and July.

Messrs. J. B. HENDERSON, JR., and Greorce H. CLapp have

returned from a cruise in the western Bahamas on the yacht Zolis.

Dr. Paut Bartscu has also visited the Bahamas on the Carnegie

Institution yacht Anton Dohrn.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI. PLATE VI

TORRE: CUBAN UROCOPTID&.

(X 2)

mae NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVI. SEPTEMBER, 1912. No. 4

NOTES ON THE VALIDITY OF HELIX (EPIPHRAGMOPHORA) OREGON-

ENSIS LEA.

BY HENRY M. EDSON.

[The article following is probably the last written by Mr. Edson whose un-

timely death was recorded in Toke Navritus for March, p, 132,]

This species seems to be recognizable. but has been buried for a

long time in the synonymy of Epiphragmorphora dupetithouarst

Desh. It was described by Dr. Lea’ in 1836 from specimens col-

lected by Mr. Nuttall in Oregon; after a careful reading of the

original description and comparing it with Pfeiffer’s description of

mormonum I am convinced that Epip. mormonum is synonymous.

The type locality of mormonum was Mormon Island in the Amer-

ican River in Sacramento Co., Cal; it has also been collected at

Redding, Shasta Co., by McGregor,’ in Tuolumne Co., by Hemp-

hill, and at Klamath,‘ Oregon. Dr. Lea’s description of oregonensis

follows, ‘‘Shell subcarinate, thin, smooth, reddish-brown, double-

banded on the carina, above slightly convex, below somewhat in-

flated ; Habitat, Wahlamet near its junction with the Columbia

River; Diam., 6, Length .4 of an inch.” ®

Dr. Lea also states that the specimen was immature so that of course

the description would be somewhat defective. “ That part of the

1 Lea Obs. Vol. II, 1836, p. 100.

*Nautilus, XIII, 1899, p. 64.

Nautilus, XIII, 1899, p. 128.

4Washington State Museum, fide H. Hannibal.

5Diam, 15 mm., Alt. 9 mm.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

specimen which has the epidermis presents in it, under the micro-

scope, a remarkable waved appearance.” He also says, ‘‘ shell sub-

carinate,” and his figure’ shows it to be so. This feature alone

would eliminate Hpip. dupetithouarsi, for although the very young

shells of dupetithouarst are planulate the whorls are always rounded

and especially in a shell of the size of Dr. Lea’s specimen, which

must have been over half grown. This taken with the subsequent

collection of mormonum Pfr., at Klamath, Ore., which is close to the

original locality of oregonensis, and the fact that Dr. Lea also de-

scribed Polygyra townsendiana,’ from the same locality at the same

time, makes it pretty certain that Helix mormonum Pfr. was the

shell Dr. Lea described, and nota specimen of dupetithouarst ;

While Dr. Lea’s description was based on an immature shell I con-

sider it quite recognizable, as Nuttall was not likely to confuse his

localities, and dupetithouarst does not by any chance get so far north.

Dr. Lea described Helix oregonensis in 1836; it thus has precedence

of mormonum Pfr. by twenty-one years, as Dr. Pfeiffer did not de-

scribe mormonum until 1857.

The synonymy would stand as follows :

1836. Helix oregonensis Lea, Obs. II, p. 100, xxiii, fig. 85;

Pfeiffer Mon. Hel. Viv., I, 1848, p. 428.

1857, Helix mormonum Pfr., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1857, p. 109;

Mon. Hel, Viv., iv. p. 276; Fischer & Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat.,

1870, p. 251.

1885. Arionta mormonum, W. G. Binney, Manual Amer. Land

Shells, Bull. 28, U. S. N. M., p. 14.

1897. Epiphragmophora mormonum Pfr., Pils. Naut. xi, p. 48.

Keep, West Coast Shells, 1911, p. 277.

Norr.—As the type of Helix oregonensis Lea is now in the U. S.

National Museum we requested Dr. Paul Bartsch to compare it with

mormonum in view of the identification advocated by Mr. Edson.

He writes as follows. ‘‘I have been looking over Mr. Edson’s

manuscript and also Lea’s type of Helix oregonensis. I consider

that oregonensis has nothing to do with dupetithouarst Desh. The

latter species in the young stage has a well rounded periphery, while

in oregonensis we have a strong keel at the junction of the dark and

1Lea Obs. II, 1836, pl. xxiii, fig, 85.

2 Lea Obs., II, 1836, p. 99.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

light band. The anterior light band is about as wide as the dark.

The posterior one is scarcely indicated, being represented by a mere

line. The nepionic whorls of the two shells are also different : that

of oregonensis being papillose while that of the dupetithouarsi is

wrinkled. The young oregonensis is also much larger considering

the same number of whorls in the two species. Then too, the sculp-

ture of the adult whorls is quite different ; in oregonensis we have a

surface which is covered by a crinkly epidermis, the crinkles

placed obliquely. The lines of growth are irregular and not well

marked, while in the dupetithouarsi we have regularly impressed

lines and none of the crinkled epidermis, the latter being smooth;

dupetithouarst has a well-rounded spire while in oregonensts it is

flattened, etc. I believe that oregonensis comes nearer to the

group of H. mormonum than £. dupetithouarsi, You have the types

of cala and buttont, so I will leave the comparison of them with you.”

It seems from the above that we will have to write oregonensis

in place of mormonum, but whether Lea’s name applies to the typical

middle Californian mormonum or to one of the described sub-

species remains in doubt. Adult specimens from Oregon are needed

to settle this question.

He :Ac oP

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA (BARNES) IN THE UPPER POTOMAC DRAINAGE.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

Some time ago the writer reported (Mem. Carnegie Mus., 2, 1906,

p- 373) that a western species of crawfish, Cambarus obscurus Hagen,

is found in the Potomac drainage, in Wills Creek, at Ellerslie, Alle-

gany Co., Md., and Hyndman, Bedford Co., Pa. This fact was dis-

cussed on p. 445 (1. c.), and explained in general terms as an “ arti-

ficial introduction by human agency.” I may add that this crawfish

apparently has increased in numbers since its first discovery (August

10, 1904, and May 8, 1905), for on September 7, 1909, I found it

very abundantly at Hyndman (for about a mile in the creek above

the tannery). And further, on May 6, 1912, this species was seen

in the South Branch Potomac at Romney, Hampshire Co., W. Va.

Although only a cast-off shell was found, this was of a male of the

first form, and positively established the presence of this species at

this locality.

a THE NAUTILUS.

A case parallel to this has now come to light: the presence, in

the Potomac system, of a western mussel, Lampsilis ventricosa

(Barnes). This is a form common, for instance, in the Ohio drain-

age in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but it is not found

in any of the Atlantic river systems investigated by the writer ( Dela-

ware, Susquehanna, James). The following records are at hand:

September 4, 1909. Potomac River, Hancock, Washington Co.,

Md. Here it was in the smaller branch of the river in great num-

bers and in all sizes, from 41 mm. long upward. About two dozen

were taken,

May 9, 1911. South Branch Potomac River, Southbranch,

Hampshire Co., W. Va. About a dozen were found within the first

mile of the South Branch above its junction with the North Branch.

All were of medium size.

August 16,1911. Shenandoah River, Harper’s Ferry, Jefferson

Co., W. Va. A single male was found, below medium size.

May 6,1912. South Branch Potomac River, Romney, Hamp-

shire Co., W. Va. About a dozen were found in a very small

branch of the river. Some were rather large, but most of them

were quite small (smallest 20 mm. long). These small ones were

found all together in fine gravel at the head of a riffle, in shallow

water, attached to small pebbles by their byssus.

In other parts of the Potomac drainage, thoroughly investigated,

this species was not found, and this is especially true for the head-

waters of the Shenandoah River and the northern tributaries of the

master stream (Antietam, Conococheague and Great Tonoloway

Creeks in Pennsylvania and Wills Creek in Maryland).

It is probable that this species will turn up elsewhere in the

Potomac. The localities known at present are all to the West of the

Blue Ridge Mountain, that is to say, within the Great Allegheny

Valley and the Allegheny Mountains. It should be noted, that its

representative Atlantic form, Lampsilis cariosa (Say), which is so

common in the Delaware and Susquehanna, is not found in this

region, but is present farther below in the Potomac: I have speci-

mens from Cabin John, Montgomery Co., Md.

There is no question that we have to deal with a form of Lamp-

silis ventricosa. It is true that the Potomac form represents a pecu-

liar type in so far, as all the specimens collected are rather uniform

in shape, but the same shape is frequently met with in western speci-

THE NAUTILUS. 53

mens, although there is a much greater range of variation in the

latter, The Potomac specimens are rather high and short, and their

size remains far below that of western ventricosa. My largest speci-

men (a male from Hancock) is 114 mm. long, 82 mm. high, and 58

mm. in diameter, while I have many individuals from western Penn-

sylvania, which are 150 mm. long and over. Further the posterior

ridge of the shell is in the Potomac form a little more distinct than

in the average of the western specimens, but again in this character

there are western specimens, which agree with the eastern.

In all other particulars the two forms agree, and also the color

and color markings (rays) of the epidermis are the same, and quite

variable. But on account of the small size, the shorter and higher

outline, and somewhat more distinct posterior ridge, we might regard

the Potomac-race as a variety, which I propose to call : Lampsilis

ventricosa cohongoronta (an old Indian name of the Potomac). I

may add, that I have investigated the anatomy, of males, sterile and

gravid females, and that there is no difference whatever. Also the

glochidia are the same.

It is evident that this shell is, zodgeographically, out of place in

the Potomac, and, considered together with the case of the western

crawfish mentioned above, we must conclude that both are artificial

introductions into this river, probably quite accidental, and the idea

is suggested that the shell might have been transported in the larval

stage, as glochidium, during its parasitic life upon certain fishes.

Western species of fishes have repeatedly been transplanted into the

Potomac system. H. M. Smith and B. A. Bean (Bull. U. S. Fish

Comm. 18 (or 1898) 1899 pp. 179-187) mention no less than seven

species (disregarding four European), and among them are the fol-

lowing: Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris (Raf.)), Large mouth

Black Bass Micropterus salmoides (Lac.), and Crappie (Pomozxts

annularis Raf.),

Now just these have recently been given by G. Lefevre and W. C.

Curtis (Bull. Bur. Fisheries, 30, 1912, pp. 157 and 160) as most

susceptible to infection with the glochidia of species of Lampsilis,

among them Lampsilis ventricosa. The introduction of Black Bass

was in the Shenandoah River in 1889; that of the other two fishes

in various parts of the Potomac and the Chesapeake-Ohio Canal

chiefly in 1894. I do not hesitate to attribute to this fact, the trans-

plantation of certain western fishes, the accidental introduction of

54 THE NAUTILUS.

glochidia of this mussel, which found in this region congenial envi-

ronment, and thus the mussel became established and is propagating.

In the western waters, Z. ventricosa prefers similar ecological condi-

tions: rivers and streams of medium or small size, with riffles and

rapidly flowing water, and gravelly bottom.

Very likely the same cause accounts for the accidental introduc-

tion of Cambarus obscurus; in seining for bass, for instance, in

western Pennsylvania, it would be quite impossible not to catch a

number of this crawfish.

This is an interesting instance of the stocking of a stream with a

mussel species by the help of fish. Lefevre and Curtis (I. c., p. 192)

discuss this way as a possible means of mussel transportation; how-

ever, they express some doubt as to its practicability. But here we

have, apparently, the demonstration that this 7s possible, and having

happened once quite by accident, it is to be expected that it also

might be successfully accomplished when intended and done with

the proper care.

NEW ENGLAND NOTES.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

A careful search at Wood’s Holl and Chatham, on Cape Cod,

reveals more specimens of the species described as Pyramidella

(Sulcorinella) bartschi. These have been compared with the type

by Dr. Bartsch as well as myself, and they show it to be an Odosto-

mia. ‘The name is therefore changed to Odostomta (Evalea) bartschi.

Mr. W. F. Clapp has also found it within the cape.

Short trips to a few points reveal Odostomias, and their distribu-

tion should be noted. The four species, Odostomia trifida, bisutur-

alis, winkleyi and P. fusca, are to be found at low tide in inner

waters as follows: In a small creek in the marsh near the station at

Rowley, Mass. (This same spot is the most northerly locality where

I have found Paludestrina salsa.)

At old Newbury, Mass., in the Parker River, in eel-grass patches,

is another colony. The third is in Great Bay, New Hampshire, at

a spot half way between Dover and Portsmouth.

Last summer I obtained the best lot of Pyramidellidz I have ever

seen. My stay at Chatham was short, and confined to low-tide col-

THE NAUTILUS. 55

lecting. One small area revealed excellent specimens of P. (Syrnola)

fusca and producta, with one specimen of winkleyi. At Wood’s

Hole I found much material of species already recorded and a few

of Turbonilla verrilli. also got a good series of Turbonilla sumnert.

Eulima stenostoma and conoidea occur at Wood’s Holl, and a few

specimens of Zellimya ferruginosa were found at the locality where

Verrill located them years ago. While Turboniilla is ordinarily to

be found only by dredging, it does occur at some places at low tide.

A chance to observe leads me to think it is a burrowing shell, hence

collectors will do well to sift sand in seeking this form. Another

suggestion for collectors is, watch carefully for Eulima. I accident-

ally discovered in sifting that E. stenostoma after being sifted from

the mud has a tendency to float on the surface of the water, as does

also Solenomya. In working at low tide and sifting there is a tempta-

tion to float off dead eel grass, leaving the shelis at the bottom of

the sieve. Watch carefully, lest Hudima floats away.

A trip made the day before writing this revealed a few Odostomia

trifida in the creeks back of Nantasket Beach, Mass. I cannot too

strongly urge on field workers the duty of sweeping with a dip-net in

places where eel grass abounds, and be sure to take at least an inch

below the surface of the mud or sand in which it grows. Shells are

abundant there, and occasionally rare forms, Odostomia gibbosa, tor

example, of which I obtained two more specimens last summer.

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIS OF THE U. CINEREA GROUP.

BY DOCTOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) cinerea Pfr. Plate vi, figs. 14, 15.

This species has hitherto been known only from the original de-

scription in the Conchylien Cabinet and its copy by Pilsbry in the

Manual, xv, page 273. The exact locality of its occurence in Cuba

has also been unknown, collectors apparently having missed it.

In my recent conchological excursions through the central part of

the island I obtained it both in its typical form and through a series

of varieties and mutations which appear to define a natural group

containing a number of species and subspecies.

Specimens agreeing closely with Pfeiffer’s description generally

36 THE NAUTILUS.

have 9-10 whorls; if the shell is entire (rare) there are 22-24

whorls, the two embryonic ones being smooth, corneous and some-

what bulbous. The radula formula is 7.2.1.2.7, there being 19 teeth

in each transverse row ; the inner two laterals on each side are much

larger than the others, the third tooth becoming abruptly smaller

than the second; the outer laterals are capped with a low ledge in

place of cusps. The internal axis of the shell is encircled by a low

thread below, which in the upper whorls is lamelliform and bears

very delicate filament-like spines. This last character determines

the position of this species in a group along with U. wrighti,

baculum etc., although the radula frequently indicates the Section

Teterentodon.

Central Cuba on walls and stones at Cerro de Guajabana near

Caibarien, Santa Clara Province.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) livida, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 21, 22.

Shell slenderly fusiform, somewhat swollen in the middle third,

tapering to a narrow truncation above ; livid-colored, fleshy above

and bluish or purplish below. Surface glossy, sculptured with obli-

quely subarcuate riblets not flattened on the lower whorls. Remain-

ing whorls 10-12, somewhat convex, the last free in a descending

curved neck scarcely carinated. Aperture asin U. cinerea but paler

within. The spiral thread of the axis is stronger and perceptibly

spinose in the middle and upper whorls.

Longitude 16, diameter 2.7, aperture diameter 2.1, whorls 112.

Longitude 17, diameter 2.9, aperture diameter 2.3, whorls 12.

Longitude 12.5, diameter 2.2, aperture diameter 2, whorls 11.

Central Cuba: On walls and large stones at El Palenque de

Taguayabon and La Puntilla, near Remedios in the Province of

Santa Clara.

This species differs from U. cinerea Pfr. by its more fusiform

shell, livid color, glossy surface and by its regular sculpture; also by

its stronger internal axis.

Urocoptis livida occulta n. subsp. Plate vi, fig. 23.

Differs from the type in sculpture and color; the surface is glossy

and nearly smooth, the riblets being obsolete in the middle whorls

but well raised on the free curved neck; the color is livid pinkish

above and violet below with scattered corneous streaks, peristome

white.

THE NAUTILUS. an

Longitude 15, diameter 2.9.

Longitude 12, diameter 2.3.

Longitude 13, diameter 2.5.

Central Cuba: Under stones at the sides of the road between

Remedios and Taguayabon in the Province of Santa Clara.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) pallidula n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Belonging to the cinerea and livida group, it differs in its sculp-

ture and color; the surface is obliquely subarcuately striate, the

delicate strie being closely spaced to the last whorl, where they

become coarser and more widely spaced riblets; the color is fleshy to

pale yellow, with scattered corneous streaks, sometimes bordered with

an opaque white patch. In general shape, though slightly fusiform,

it resembles typical U. livida with its descending curved neck and

moderate aperture. The internal axis is somewhat sinuous, and the

lamelliform spiral thread is well developed for this group, lying near

the base in each whorl.

Long. 18.3, diam. 3, ap. diam. 2.6, whorls 13.

Long. 15, diam. 2.4, whorls 13.

Long. 15, diam. 2.2, whorls 20 (entire).

Central Cuba: On walls and stones at Mogotes de las Jumaguas,

very near Sagua la Grande, in the Province of Santa Clara.

Urocoptis ( Gongylostoma) fortiusculan.sp. Plate vi, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Resembles U. livida oceulta in color. The median whorls are

finely striate, but it differs from the last in its stronger and rather

swollen shell, the last whorl less or not at all descending, and the

aperture being larger. The internal axis is slightly sinuous and the

lamelliform spiral thread is near the base, as in U. pallidula.

Long. 17.5, diam. 3.8, ap. diam. 3, whorls 11.

Long. 14.5, diam. 3.2, whorls 94.

Some specimens from the same locality are much smaller:

Long. 10, diam. 2.6, ap. diam. 2, whorls 8.

Long. 12, diam. 3, whorls 9.

Central Cuba: On and under stones at Casimba de Buenavista,

district of Malpaez near Sagua la Grande, in the Province of Santa

Clara.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) bacillarts n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 7, 8.

Slenderly fusiform, somewhat swollen in the middle third, taper-

58 THE NAUTILUS.

ing to a narrow truncation above; thin, pale corneous, profusely

variegated with cream-white and having pale brown streaks. Sur-

face glossy, sculptured with rather strong and oblique sinuous riblets,

separated by wide intervals; suture subcrenulate. Whorls 12-15,

somewhat convex, the last free in a moderately long descending

curved neck. Aperture subcircular, a little oblique, the peristome

white, sometimes brownish below, expanded and somewhat reflexed

throughout. Axis encircled by a thread-like lamella, spinose in the

median and upper whorls, and a low spiral cord above it; in the last

two whorls the axis is simple and sinuous.

Long. 17, diam. 2.8, ap. diam, 2.3, whorls 144.

Long. 13.8, diam. 2.2, whorls 134.

Central Cuba: On stones at the Sierra de Matahambre y Tati-

bonico, and Veredas de Aguada y del Chorreron, in the mountains

near Las Llanadas, district of Mayajigua, in the Province of Santa

Clara.

Related to U. contentiosa Ar., but differs by its sinuous and more

widely spaced riblets and by the free and descending last whorl.

Urocoptis bacillaris exilis n. var. Plate vi, fig. 10.

Smaller than typical bacillaris; slenderly fusiform, often entire,

the upper two-thirds conspicuously attenuate to the bulbous apex,

the lower part somewhat swollen; paler, variegated colored, sculp-

tured with oblique and sinuous thread-like riblets, suture subcrenu-

lated. Whorls 22-24 in the entire shell, 12-13 in the truncated

specimens, a little convex. Axis twisted and encircled by a delicate

spiral thread, spinose above.

Long. 14.7, diam. 2.1.

Central Cuba: On stones at Vereda le los Negros, a road between

La Legua and Tatibonico, district of Mayajigua in the province of

Santa Clara.

NOTE ON THE GENUS SEPTA PERRY (TRITON AUCT.).

BY WM. H. DALL.

A recent article in the Victorian Naturalist (Australia) by Messrs.

Mathews and Iredale, on the hitherto unnoticed Arcana of George

Perry, shows that another change is necessary in the nomenclature

of this genus. It appeared that although Perry states in his ‘* Con-

THE NAUTILUS. 59

chology” that several of his genera are “for the first time pub-

lished” in that work (the text of which probably was written first),

yet some of them actually appeared in print a year earlier in his

short-lived journal called the ‘“‘Arcana.”” Among these was Septa,

which appeared in connection with the single species Murex rubecula

Linné, which of course must be taken as the type. Perry's idea of

his genus doubtless was that it covered the species called Triton by

Lamarck, and so, in intent, it is a synonym of Cymatium Bolten,

1798. On account of the character of the type however, it might be

retained as a section for the species I formerly ranked under Lam-

pusta Schumacher, 1817.

The first name available for the group typified by Murex tritonis

L. seems to be WNyctilochus of Gistel, 1848, and if, in accordance

with usage, we take this as the typical genus of the family, the

family name would be Wyctilochide. The genus Aquillus Montfort,

1810, upon which the family name was based by Dr. Pilsbry some

years ago, is unfortunately synonymous with Cabestana Bolten, 1798,

and therefore cannot be used.

NOTES.

POLYGYRA PALLIATA Say IN NEw EnGLanp.—The occurrence

of this species in New England has for a long time needed verifica-

tion. Repeated search in the Berkshires and Green Mountains by

the writer has failed to reveal its presence, although the other species

with similar distribution have been found. C. B. Adams, in Thomp-

son’s History of Vermont, p. 159, 1842, says: ‘It is seldom found

in Vermont.’”’ W. G. Binney includes the species in the ‘‘ Inverte-

brata of Massachusetts,” but gives no locality. In July Messrs.

G. M. Allen and W. S. Brooks while trapping for small mammals

on Mt. Ascutney, Vt., obtained three specimens, one adult and two

young; the latter were found feeding on the wet oat-meal used in

baiting the traps. It is somewhat surprising that this species should

turn up at last in this more isolated peak in the Connecticut Valley

and not in the Green Mts. proper, although there is little doubt but

that it will be found there with more thorough collecting.—C. W.

JOHNSON.

Tue University of Michigan has conferred the honorary degree

of Doctor of Science upon Mr. Bryant Walker, of the class of 1876,

in recognition of his valuable work on mollusks.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Snait Trap.—* A woman whose garden was being overrun with

snails wrote to the Bureau of Agriculture at Washington for a remedy.

She was told to put large pieces of cut raw potato on the under side

of a board, raised at one end a few inches from the ground. This

she did, with the result that in one week a thousand snails had col-

lected in that one spot.”

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

New Species oF LAND-SHELLS FROM THE PANAMA CANAL

ZonE.—By William H. Dall. Smiths. Misc. Coll. vol. 59, no. 18,

July 27, 1912.

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) goldmani and Plekocheilus pirriensis

are described as new. The latter is a large and fine form related to

P. coloratus of Colombia, Not having seen the specimens I may be

wrong, but P. goldmani does not appear distinct from sipunculata

Forbes, which I have ranked as a variety of P. otis. The specimen

figured as P. labyrinthus Desh. seems to be what I described as P.

otis orthorhinus. It is not labyrinthus Dh., which is the same as P.

otis Sol. Ace

THe AMERICAN SPECIES OF SPHYRADIUM, with an inquiry as

to their generic relationships. By G. Dallas Hanna. U. S. Nat.

Mus. Proc. vol. 41, pp. 371-376. The type species, S. edentulum

Drap. ( Vertigo simplex Gld.) has been dissected by Mr. Hanna, who

shows that by the direct ureter and genitalia it belongs to the Pupil-

lide, closely resembling Vertigo. The jaw however is composed of

16 overlapping plates, as in Punctum. The classification proposed

by Dr. Sterki and generally adopted recently will therefore give way

to the old view that edentulum is a Pupoid snail. Until Punetum

can be examined, its position must be held in suspense. If the foot

has pedal grooves, it will remain in Hndodontide. Otherwise it may

be a helicoid form of Pupzllide, but this does not seem likely. Mr.

Hanna gives S. alticola Ingersoll specific rank, and describes a new

form from the Pleistocene of Kansas as S. hasta. It is nearly 6

mm. long.

It may be mentioned in this connection that the name Sphyradium

is not tenable for this group, which must be called Columella. The

argument in the case will be given in a monograph of New York

shells now in preparation.—H. A. Pirssry.

He NAUTILUS:

VoL. XXVI. OCTOBER, 1912. No. 6

————————

THE MUSSEL SHELL BEDS NEED PROTECTION.

BY WILLIAM T. BARRET.!

I began in the mussel shell business in the season of 1902 on the

Ohio river at Henderson. Ky. ; have been in it ever since that time,

and have done practically all of my work on the Ohio. The first

five years I never worked above Louisville, finding all the shells

that we could sell in that territory, that is, from Louisville down.

The beds were large and very productive. I have known from 50

to 60 boats to work on one bed, and some beds produced from 3000

to 5000 tons of shells before they were whipped out. What I mean

by being,‘‘ whipped{out”’ is, that there are not enough shells left to pay

wages for catching them. A mussel catcher could work faithfully

for 10 hours and not catch over a box of shells on these beds. The

price for catching is from 25 to 40 cents per box. The price de-

pends on the quality of shells caught. These boxes will hold about

100 pounds of cooked shell.

In the early days the mussel catchers caught from 10 to 15 boxes

per day on these beds. As this territory became less productive, it

was necessary for me to find new territory where shells were more

plentiful. I came to the upper Ohio, and with camps scattered along

the river, have worked it from Louisville, Ky., to Parkersburg, W.

Va., the last four years. There may be some wild beds left, but

there are very few, if any.

1 From a memorial addressed to the General Assembly of Kentucky.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

The Ohio has been worked hard from one end to the other, and if

the present system of working the beds continues, in two or three

years, they will all be ‘‘ whipped ont.” Under the present system

you can work where you like, so naturally everybody likes to work

where the mussels are the thickest, and the catchers keep right after

them until they whip the bed out.

I remember when the bed at Shawneetown, IIl., was found, and

it was one of the best ever found on the river. The mussel catchers

working on the Wabash river in Indiana heard what a fine bed it

was, and came out of the Wabash, floated down the Ohio to

Shawneetown until there were over 100 boats at work on that bed.

They worked it out ina few weeks. Since that time it has been

worked some each year, but has produced very little. It was found

seven years ago and produced that season about 2000 tons of shells.

and the total production since that time will not exceed 200 tons in

the seven years.

Over 25 per cent. of the mussel shells caught in the Ohio river

today are practically wasted—they are so small that the cutters in

the blank factories, who work by the piece, can’t make anything cut-

ting them, so naturally they throw them in the waste shell if the

foreman of the shop isn’t standing right by looking. In most shops

they work as many as 100 cutters, and one foreman; so you see he

can’t see many.

My idea is that the State, through its Legislature, should take con-

trol and regulate the number of boats per mile that work these beds.

I think that four boats to the mile would be about right and only

allow them to catch 15 tons to the boat. In other words, confine the

production to 60 tons to the mile of shell beds per year.

There are about 90 miles of shell beds in the Ohio river in Ken-

tucky’s boundary from Cattletsburg to Cairo, and equally as many

in her tributaries. This would mean a production of from 5,000 to

10,000 tons per year. This production would save the mussel beds,

and they would continuously consume the sewerage, thereby purify-

ing the water, and would insure from 5,000 to 10,000 tons of raw

product annually for the button factories of this country.

The Legislature could pass a bill granting the State the right to

protect the beds by license for a term of years, say on a royalty basis

of $1.00 per ton for all workable shells produced. This would give

the state a revenue from this source of from $5,000 to $10,000 per

THE NAUTILUS. 63

year, and it would be handled without any expense to the state.

The State Auditor should be given the power to make a contract along

the lines mentioned for their protection. The contracting party

could be required to send an invoice of each shipment monthly, to-

gether with check for royalty to the Auditor, thereby saving the

State any expense. The books to be always open for inspection, and

a bond given the State that will guarantee this contract to be carried

out to the letter.

The Legislature in making a law giving the State this right should

embody in it all the things necessary to protect the mussels and

mussel beds, viz.: That 60 tons of button shells to one mile of mussel

bed is all that can be taken out in one year; this to apply to beds of

less than a mile proportionately, one-quarter of mile, 15 tons; one-

half mile, 30 tons, ete. No dredges of any kind, or oyster tongs

should be allowed—nothing but the hook that catches the mussel as

an individual. And the hook should not be allowed to work on any

mussel beds when there is more than 20 feet of water on the nearest

government gauge. When there is more water than this, the current

is much stronger and drags the hooks over the beds so fast that they

often catch into the mussel itself, thereby killing it and losing the

shell entirely. I have seen boats working in high water that would

pull up as many as 25 of these mussel meats at one time. This is

ruinous to a mussel bed.

The catchers like to work on high water because there is more

food in the water for the mussel at that time, and consequently more

mussels come to the surface to feed, and they can catch them faster.

There should be a fine of not less than $25.00 nor more than $50.00

and 30 days in jail for each offense for any one violating any of

these laws. Each county should have legal jurisdiction to prosecute.

First Step Toward Protection.—lowa is the oldest state in experi-

ence with the mussel-shell button industry. The first factory was

started at Muscatine about 16 or 18 years ago. They got the shells

from the upper Mississippi river, and for several years found suffi-

cient quantity there to run their plants. As the business increased,

it became necessary for them to hunt new fields. ‘They have con-

tinued to do this until to-day the Mississippi river and all its tribu-

taries have been worked and worked without any idea of protecting

the mussel beds.

The button industry has made tremendous strides—9 years ago

64 THE NAUTILCS.

consumption of shells by the button factories was from 10 to 12

thousand tons—to-day the consumption of a normal year will exceed

100 thousand tons. The State of Iowa has seen how necessary it

was to do something to insure the raw product for the button fac-

tories. To this end through their Congressmen they got the Fed-

eral Congress at Washington to appropriate money for the protection

of the mussel. With this money they have established at Fairport,

Jowa, a mussel hatchery, where they are experimenting and trying

to raise the mussel in ponds. They realize the necessity of produc-

ing the shells.

Instead of working the mussel beds until we are forced to hatch,

cultivate and raise them, why not protect the wild beds that we

have, and harvest the crop that they produce annually ?

There is no doubt but this is the better way; and Kentucky has

in its boundary the major portion of the Ohio river with 90 miles of

shell beds. Protect them and save this raw product for the button

industry. It is valuable to Kentucky and to the whole world.

This is the right way—take the lead, and the other states will follow.

FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA LIVING OUT OF THE WATER.

BY V. STERKI.

Aplexa hypnorum (L.) and Spherium occidentale Pme. are well

known examples of mollusks living at places where water stands only

during part of the year, often for short periods in spring, and

occasionally after heavy rains. The last named species appears to

be especially well adapted to that kind of habitat, and even recently

discharged young mussels have often been found living on apparently

quite dry soil under a thin layer of dead leaves. It is also known

that small Lymnzxa, and Pomatiopsis are ofter found crawling out of

water.

Fresh-water mollusks of almost all groups bury themselves in the

soil, with the disappearance of surface water, and survive for shorter

or longer periods. But quite a number of pulmonates and branch-

iates appear to remain not only alive but active and propagating for

long periods or permanently. How much this fact has to do with

THE NAUTILUS. 65

the evolution of terrestrial life from aquatic, and what physiological,

and eventually anatomical and embryonic changes are involved,

must be left to the scientists.

The following observations may be worthy of notice in this con-

nexion.—In low woods, north of Geneva, Ohio, Segmentina armigera

(Say) were found alive in company with Spher. occidentale, and in

the same woods Physa gyrina were found, then mostly dead shells,

where they could not have been transported from any permanent

body of water.

In damp woods at Kenmore, Summit Co., Ohio, among patches

of various terrestrial mosses, a few dozen Amnicola limosa Say

(A. parva ?), living and of various ages, were found (late August),

and with them a few puerile Physa apparently sayi Tappan.

No water was standing in the woods, even after heavy rains, and

moreover these snails or their parents must have survived e. g. the

exceptionally hot and dry summer of 1911.

In July of that summer, in a marsh near Hudson, Ohio, which

had been dry asa bone for weeks, like hundreds of others, Dr. Rush

and I found several dozen specimens of Lymnea apparently lanceata

Gld., living and in good condition, clinging to stems and leaves of

sedges (Carex and Scirpus), several inches above the ground. There

is hardly a doubt that they had been gathering all the moisture they

could from dew at night.

In woods of that vicinity we found Pistdium abidtum subro-

tundum, typical, full-grown to young, under dead leaves in a damp

spot. Other Pisidia have been found at similar places, and also in

swamps among mosses, out of water, and even on steep banks where

water could never be standing.

Small Lymnea, apparently parva Lea, are often found in green-

houses, on mossy flowerpots, sometimes in large numbers, evidently

doing well and propagating.

Similar observations have doubtless been made by other

malacologists,

66 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIS OF THE U. CINEREA GROUP.

BY DOCTOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

( Concluded from page 58).

Urocoptis bacillaris albicostulata n. subsp. Plate vi, fig. 9.

This species differs from the type and its other varieties in the

sculpture of stronger white thread-like riblets.

Long. 18.2, diam. 2.9, whorls 17.

Long. 12.9, diam. 2.1, whorls 13.

Central Cuba: On stones at Cueva Bonita and Rosa Perdida in

the northeastern limit of the Santa Clara Province.

Urocoptis bacillaris sordidula n. subsp. Plate vi, fig. 11.

This is the smallest of the bacillaris race. It is slenderly fusi-

form and truncate above, corneous and whitish streaked but the sur-

face is lusterless; sculptured with less oblique and sinuous thread-

like riblets separated by less wide intervals. Whorls 10—41 a little

convex, the last free in a shorter neck, with the aperture more ob-

lique. Axis twisted and encircled by an inconspicuous spiral thread,

minutely spinose above.

Long. 12, diam. 2.1, ap. diam. 2 mm., whorls 12.

Central Cuba: On stones along the road east of El Bano de

Mayajigua in the Province of Santa Clara.

This may be regarded as a degenerate form of U. bacillarts living

in the plain near the foot of the mountains where the typical form

lives.

U. (Gongylostoma) stricta n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 16, 17.

Differs from U. bacillar’s in its more slender shell which in this

species is not swollen and is almost cylindric in the middle third ;

also differs by the sinuous, well-raised riblets, more regularly wide-

spaced throughout which are somewhat tubercular at their upper

ends. Whorls slightly convex. Axis encircled by a thread-like

spinose lamella which in some of the whorls has an indistinct spiral

cord above it.

Long. 19, diam. 2.2, ap. diag. 2, whorls 164.

Long. 13.7, diag. 2, whorls 124.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Central Cuba: On stones at Lomas del Purio near Calabazar de

Sagua in the Province of Santa Clara.

This species resembles U. wrighti Pfr. though it is less slender

and more strongly sculptured.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) boqueronis, n. sp. Plate vi, figs, 1, 2, 3.

Slenderly fusiform, tapering to a narrow truncation above; thin,

corneous with some indistinct darker streaks; regularly sculptured

with narrow thread-like whitish riblets which are slightly arcuate,

somewhat oblique in the upper half, less so in the lower, and sep-

arated by intervals two or three times their width. Whorls 11-13,

a little convex, the last free and produced into a rather short neck.

Aperture subcircular, a little oblique, the peristome whitish, ex-

panded and somewhat reflexed. Axis encircled by one spiral

spinose lamella with a low spiral cord above it.

Longitude 13.2, diameter 2.4, aperture diameter 2, whorls 134.

Central Cuba: On walls exposed to the sun at the entrance to El

Boqueron, an underground passage of the river Tatibonico del Norte

through the Sierra de Tatibonico, in the eastern limit of the Santa

Clara Province.

This species differs from U. bacillaris and its varieties by its non-

sinuous but slightly arcuate riblets, more uniform color, less produced

neck, etc.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) parallela, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 4, 5.

Slenderly fusiform, frequently entire, somewhat swollen in the

middle, tapering to a narrow truncation or to the bulbous apex : pale

brown in color; sculptured with strong wide-spaced riblets which are

nearly straight; whorls 26-28 (entire), 12-14 in the truncate

specimens, somewhat convex, the last one free and produced ina

long curved neck. Aperture subcircular, slightly or not at all obli-

que, peristome whitish, expanded and reflexed as in the other related

species. Axis encircled by one spiral spinose lamella and a well

developed spiral cord above it.

Longitude 20, diameter 2.9, aperture diameter 2.5, whorls 26,

(entire).

Longitude 15.2, diameter 2.9, aperture diameter 2.6, whorls 134,

(truncated).

Central Cuba: On walls exposed to the sun at the north side of

68 THE NAUTILUS.

El Boqueron where reappears from underground the river Tatibonico

de Norte, in the eastern limits of the Santa Clara Province.

This species resembles U. boqueronis but is easily distinguished

from it by the larger size, uniform color, the straighter riblets which

are also stronger and wider spaced.

Urocoptis acicularis, n. sp. Plate vi, fig. 6.

Cylindric-subulate, very slender, the upper third tapering to a

very narrow truncation or to a bulbous apex; brownish with scat-

tered dark corneous streaks bordered with white patches. Sculpture,

delicate thread-like and wide-spaced riblets which are nearly straight

and slightly or not at all oblique. Whorls 25—28 in the entire shell,

14-16 in the truncate specimens, nearly flat, the last free in a curved

neck with a weak basal keel. Aperture subcircular, brownish in-

side, the peristome white, glossy, expanded and flatly reflexed.

Axis encircled by one spiral, denticulate or spinose, well-developed

lamella without a noticeable cord above it.

Longitude 17, diameter 2, aperture diameter 2, whorls 27,

(entire). ;

Longitude 14, diameter 2.1, whorls 154, (entire).

Longitude 15.2, diameter 2.3, whorls 154, (entire).

Central Cuba: On stones and walls at Chinchilla and the Mogotes

de las Tumaguas, near Sagua la Grande in the Province of Santa

Clara.

Characterized and distinguished from the others of the group

chiefly by its cylindric form and very slender shell.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) camagueyana n. sp. PI. vi, figs. 12, 13.

Fusiform-cylindric, more swollen above the middle and slowly

tapering to a wide truncation; cream-colored or pale corneous, a

little darker below. Sculptured with very strong cord-like whitish

riblets which are in part hollow but rarely broken, more inflated

and closely spaced in the upper than in the lower whorls, where they

become degenerate, though again becoming somewhat lamellose on

the neck. The suture is denticulate by the projection of the ends of

the riblets. Whorls 7-9, somewhat convex, the last one free and

produced in a long, round, twisted neck. Aperture subcircular,

slightly oblique, the peristome whitish, expanded and a little re-

THE NAUTILUS. 69

flexed. Axis encircled by an inconspicuous spiral cord which is

somewhat lamellose and minutely spinose above.

Long. 11.3, diam. 2.5, ap. diam. 2, whorls 8,

Long. 14.5, diam. 2.8, whorls 13.

Central Cuba: On stones at El Cercado, Cerro de Tuabaguey,

and Los Paredones, a narrow pass across the Sierra de Cubitas, in

the northern part of the Province of Camaguey.

This little species, notable for its wide truncation, strong cord-like

riblets and the long contorted neck, belongs to the same group as the

more elongated preceding species of the neighboring region of Santa

Clara province, but it is also geographically and morphologically one

of the most distant forms of this section. Notwithstanding, in the

young specimens, when the shell is complete, it has the shape of J.

boqueronis and U. parallela, its singular form being due to the muti-

lation suffered in the adult stage; the aperture and peristome are

similar; the internal axis, though different at first sight, because it

is encircled by a low cord, if attentively examined in the first whorls,

appears to be somewhat lamellose, and bearing very minute charac-

teristic spines at the edge; and finally the radula is of the same type

as in JU. bacillaris, etc., similar to that of & baculum Pilsbry, and

to Pilsbry’s section Tetentrodon: 15 to 19 teeth; but in &% cama-

gueyana the two last lateral teeth are so degenerated that only

their places remain on the radula, so that the formula could be

(2)5.2.1.2.5(2).

NOTES.

PLEISTOCENE FossiLts FROM EasterRN Cusa.—Mr. Clarence L.

Aman at my request investigated a deposit of clay exposed in an

excavation at Guamo, on the Rio Cauto, Oriente Province, Cuba.

He sent the following species to the Academy of National Sciences :

Marginella minuta Pfr., Bittium gibberulum Ad., Caecum ( Meioceras)

nitidum Stimp., Leda acuta Conr., Polymita picta Born, Cepolis

strobilus Feér., Cepolis lucipeta Poey and Pleurodonte emarginata

Gdl. This find is interesting as it shows that in Pleistocene times

the sea extended far up the Cauto valley —E. G. Vanarra.

ASHMUNELLA THOMSONIANA,—I recently collected a dead shell

of this species in a new locality, the steeper part of the trail between

70 THE NAUTILUS.

the Field and Viveash ranches in the cafion of the Pecos River, New

Mexico. The specimen is to be referred to thomsoniana proper,

having the basal tooth simple, but it is the smallest on record for

that species; diam. max. 114, min. a scant 10, alt. 63; whorls 43.

Should this small size and number of whorls prove constant in the

locality, the snail would I think deserve to be separated as a race.—

T. D. A. COCKERELL.

THE GENERA CRYPTOGIRASIA AND Cryptosoma. In the

Fauna of British India, Mollusca (vol. I, 1908), p. 203, Godwin-

Austen adopts the generic name Cryptogirasia, crediting it to

‘¢ Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 99 (no description).”

The name Cryptogirasia was a manuscript one of mine, dating from

1891; but as a matter of fact it was printed in the plural form

(Cryptogirasig) in the place cited. It was not wholly without

description ; this and the other genera and groups of ** Helicarionina,

sens. lat.”” were defined by a table. From the standpoint of generic

nomenclature, Cryptogirasia must date from 1908, when it was

adopted and defined by Godwin-Austen. The other genera credited

to me in the same work were published in the correct form, either

in P. Z.S. or Naurtitus. They were defined in the table cited.

Cryptosoma Theobald, 1857, applied to an oriental genus of the

same family, is a homonym of the earlier Cryptosoma Brullé, used

for a genus of crabs of the family Calappide. I have not found the

exact date of Brullé’s genus, but it is not later than 1848. The

Molluscan Cryptosoma may take the name Megaustenia; type

Megaustenia prestans ( Vitrina prestans Gould, 1848).

T. A. COCKERELL.

Unio (Nopuiaria) Purzeyst new name for U. (Nodularia)

subnigra Preston.—Mr. Bryant Walker having pointed out to me

that the name “subnigra”’ used by me (Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist.,

London, Ser. 9, vol. IV, 1909, p. 89) for a species of Unio from the

Lower Belgian Congo is preoccupied, I now propose to substitute

for this the name ‘* Putzeyst”’ in honour of Dr. S. Putzeys of

Brussels, whose work on the land and fresh-water molluscan fauna

of the Belgian Congo is well known to every student of the con-

chology of that region.—H. B. Preston.

THE NAUTILUS. 7 |

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tue Maraco.LoeicaL Society or Lonpon has given variety to

the last number of the Proceedings by adding a department of

humorous fiction. In it they print a fantastic farce entitled “A

synopsis of the recent and tertiary fresh-water mollusca of the

Californian Province.’”’ A leading part in this piece is taken by a

weird character called “ Syntonia,” or the ‘* Syntonic Form”—a

sort of djinn or genie, competent to produce any transformation

desired with the aid of a pinch of magnesium salts, which the author

obligingly supplies when it cannot be found otherwise.

That magnesium salts are ‘producing the mischief’? with the

snails is proved by an act with “ balanced aquaria,’’—conditions,

results and laboratory where done not specified.

What the Syntonic Form cannot do is readily accomplished by an

“‘accentuation of the evolutionary influences”’ which, along with

other deviltry, are to blame for making Lymnea auricularia out of

the ‘‘ so-called peregra and catascopium.’ Curious nobody ever

thought of this perfectly lucid explanation before.

But what occult influence is responsible for subgenera based on

forms ranked as subspecies of species belonging to other subgenera ?

Or putting a genus in one subfamily, its subgenera in another (done

several times on p. 147)? ‘The method of classification is blamed

on Professor Hyatt, but we all know that Hyatt was a good natura-

list. He was above all a believer in strictly phylogenetic classifica-

tion. He had little use for such elementary trifling in taxonomy as

grouping together genera of different phyla which have reached

superticially similar or analogous evolutionary stages.

Time wasted in looking up type specimens might be saved if

naturalists would get syntonic brains by judicious dosing with

magnesium salts. Just see what has been done to the freshwater

Mollusca of the Californian Province! Synonymy can be made by

glancing over a few books; classification by drawing the names

out of a hat after they have been well shaken up. The study of

variation and inheritance may be be left to old fogies who want to

know what really happens under known conditions.

We fear that the Malacological Society has started out too well in

its department of humorous conchology. Merely ignorant or wrong-

headed articles they may possible get, but where such another

contribution to the gayety of nations as this?—H. A. P.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

Tue Mo.tiusca or Cororapo, PartIIl. By Junius Henderson

(Univ. of Colo. Studies, vol. IX, May, 1912). Contains numerous

additional locality records (of which fourteen pertain to species and

subspecies not included in former parts of the work), some rectifica-

tions, and evidence for the removal of a few species given in former

lists. A faunal work is never finished, but the papers by Mr, Hen-

derson form a good foundation for further work in Colorado. It is

by far the most complete account of any Rocky Mountain mollusk

fauna.

Tue West American Mo.uusks of the genus Eumeta.

The recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis from the

west coast of America.

The recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Bittium of the west

coast of America.

New mollusks of the genus Aclis from the North Atlantic.

The west American mollusks of the genus Amphithalamus.

The recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Alvania from the

west coast of America.

The west American mollusks of the genus Cingula.

These papers by Dr. Paul Bartsch published in the Proceedings

of the National Museum for 1911-12 are well-illustrated monographs

of the west American species of the genera named. All are small or

minute shells, the identification of which has hitherto been of great

difficulty owing to the brevity of the scattered literature concerning

them, and the lack of illustrations. Dr. Bartsch has described the

old and new species with a fulness of detail which all who work

with these forms hereafter will appreciate.—H. A. P.

Report ON LANDSHELLS COLLECTED IN PERU in 1911 by the

Yale Expedition under Professor Hiram Bingham. By William

Healey Dall (Smithsonian Misc. Coll. vol. 59, No. 14, 1912).

Extensions of the known range of a considerable number of species

are given, but the chief interest of the paper attaches to the discovery

that a group of slender Andean Bulimuli including scalaricosta,

infundibulum, umbilicatellus, tubulosus and spiculatus have an internal

lamella on the axis, somewhat as in Holospira. ‘The new subgenus

Phenacotaxus (type umbilicatellus Pils.) and the section Ataxiellus

(type pectinatus Dall) are proposed to receive these forms. The

color-variation of Dryme@us poecilus Orb. is discussed.—H. A. P.

mae NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVI. NOVEMBER, 1912. No. 7

NOTES ON MAINE MOLLUSCA.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

For the purpose of making a more careful examination of the

warm-water colonies in Maine, the writer spent two weeks at Wis-

casset and the same time at Orr’s Island in Casco Bay. General

collecting at Wiscasset revealed the same species that I found on

former visits. A careful search in sheltered places revealed several

colonies of Odostomia trifida and bisuturalis, especially large and

abundant at Edgecomb. A drive of five miles and work in a

drenching rain at Sheepscote Bridge gave one or two specimens of

- Odostomia bisuturalis var. ovilensis, Modiolus demissus var. plicatulus

and Ostrea virginiana. Unfortunately the refuse from a saw-mill

has nearly exterminated life at the type locality for ovilensis. Ten

miles east of Wiscasset, at Newcastle and Damariscatta, I had only

one low tide, but I found Modiolus demissus var. plicatulus, Crepidula

convexa, Ilyanassa obsoleta, Haminea solitaria, Urosalpinx cinereus,

Astyris lunata and P. (Syrnola) fusca, the last two new to Maine, I

believe. Odostomias have been found here by Mr. Wentworth, but

I didn’t have time to visit the locality where he found them.

At Orr’s Island I found two more colonies of Astyris /unata, a

few Odostomia bisuturalis; other forms of interest were Cingula acu-

leus, Skenea planorbis of a light color, Retusa pertenuis and gouldit,

Bela bicarinata var. violacea (one specimen at low tide) and Mysella

planulata, with of course the more common forms. I found only one

land shell, Zonitoides arborea.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

A day was spent in the famous Quohog Bay. I dredged the whole

length of the bay and found it absolutely barren, except a very inter-

esting colony at the head of the bay. The species found there were :

Ensis directus, Callocardia morrhuana, Macoma calcaria, M. bal-

thica, Yoldia limatula (the largest I have ever seen), Venus merce-

naria, Mysella planulata, Gemma gemma, Tellina tenera, Retusa

pertenuis, Crepidula convexra, Haminea solitaria, Astyris lunata,

Odostomia trifida, bisuturalis, winkleyi and gibbosa.

A trip to the biological laboratory at South Harpswell enabled me

to rob the cemetery in the next lot, result equal: Vitrina limpida,

Cochlicopa lubrica, Pupilla muscorum, Vallonia excentrica and Pyra-

midella cronkhitei var. anthony.

The famous Brown Cow Island was visited. Helix hortensis

banded and plain was there, but not so abundant as sixteen years

ago. I also obtained a few of the beautiful wine-colored Polygyra

albolabris, together with Succinea ovalis, Pyramidula alternata, Vitrea

hammonis, Vitrina limpida, Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi, Helico-

discus parallelus and Cochlicopa lubrica.

On the whole a very satisfactory summer, with several species

added to the marine list.

ON A COLLECTION OF MARINE GASTROPODA FROM ADEN WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

(Read before the Brooklyn Conchological Club Jan. 29, 1912).

The collection which forms the subject of this paper isa portion of a

series collected by Mrs. Blair, the wife of a Governor of Aden. The

greater portion of this interesting collection is housed in the Royal

Scottish Museum of Edinburgh. During the summer of 1910 Mr.

Eagle Clarke, the Curator of the Department of Mollusca, placed in

my hands a number of shells selected from the Blair collection.

Upon reaching London I compared many of the species with the

types in the British Museum and also examined the collections

made by Messrs Yerbury and Baynham which are preserved in the

same institution.

A brief résumé of the work that has already been done at Aden

THE NAUTILUS. 75

may be of interest. One of the most exhaustive treatises dealing

with molluscan life in these waters may be found in the proceedings

of the Zoological Society of London, 1891, part iii. In this paper

Mr. E. A. Smith lists the collections made at Aden by Major

Yerbury and the Rev. Mr. Baynham. Mr. Smith also gives a

review of the principal collections previously recorded from Aden,

Signor Caramagna, Dr. Jousseaume and the Rev. A. H. Cooke

reported on mollusks from the vicinity of Aden. After the appear-

ance of Mr. Smith’s paper Commander E. R. Shopland was appar-

ently the next person who collected extensively at Aden. His field

work was accomplished between 1892 and 1901. An account of the

results may be found in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society

of London (Vol. 5 page 171).

My best thanks are due Mr. Eagle Clarke of Edinburgh and Mr.

E. A. Smith of London for their kindness in supplying data, with-

out which it would have been impossible to prepare this paper.

Sepia rouxti D’Orb. According to Tryon this cephalopod in-

habits the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It is thus natural to find it

in the Gulf of Aden, which connects the two.

Conus amadis Auct.

Conus betulinus L.

Conus cuviert Crosse. As Mr. E. A. Smith writes, this species

is not identical with C. cervus. In my opinion euvideri is a distinct

species.

Conus nussatella L.

Conus taeniatus Hwass.

Conus textile L.

Terebra carulescens Lk.

Terebra cinerea Born.

Terebra clarkei n. sp. Plate IV, fig. 18.

Shell slender, shining, suffused irregularly with golden brown ;

whorls 9-10, somewhat gradually increasing, distinctly rounded ;

apex acute, darker in color; surface closely plicated, forming on the

earlier whorls slightly crenulated sutures, plications extending to

the base; distinctly three banded, the two lower bands closer

together ; aperture long.

This species comes in the same section of the genus as 7. nitida

Hinds. From Terebra celidonota Melvill & Sykes it differs in being

more slender. ‘The aperture is also longer and there are three spiral

76 THE NAUTILUS.

bands in place of the one band, near the suture, which occurs in

celidonota. In clarket only one of the bands is visible on the upper

whorls. I take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. Eagle

Clarke. Type in the writer’s collection,

Terebra lamarckii Kien. I agree with Mr. Smith upon the

validity of this species. The examples before me are well defined

and show little variation. Tryon and Reeve considered it a variety

of JT. duplicata L. In the latter the longitudinal strize are farther

apart. The style of coloration is also strikingly peculiar.

Pleurotoma tigrina Lk.

Murex palma-ros@ Lk. Not previously reported from Aden.

Murex ramosus L.

Murex rota Sowb. Fresh beach specimens were obtained of this

beautiful species.

Murex tenuispina Lk. This and M. palm-rose may have been

obtained at some distance from Aden.

Columbella picta Reeve. Pl. IV. fig. 13. Up to the present the

locality of this species has been unknown. The specimen before me

agrees perfectly with the type in the British Museum.

Columbella misera Sowb. var. californica Reeve. Plate IV, fig.

15. Dr. Pilsbry, to whom I submitted the single example, writes

“this occurs in Japan—not in California, which was an error of

Reeve’s.”’

Columbella propinqua E. A. Smith. Plate IV, fig. 14. The type

is in the British Museum.

Columbella terpsichore Leathes. Plate IV, fig. 12. Aden, as the

first locality known for this species, was reported by Shopland.

The type is in the British Museum.

Eburna valentiana Swainson, Iam inclined to believe that this

is only a stout form of H. spirata as pointed out by Von Martens.

Nassa albescens Dunker.

Nassa areularia L.

Nassa bimaculosa A. Ad. From other examples in my collection

I conjecture that b/maculosa is a valid species.

Nassa canaliculata Lam.

Nassa coronata Lam.

Nassa fissilabris A. Ad.

Nassa gemmulata Lam.

Nassa nodifera Powis.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

Nassa pulla L.

Nassa pulla L., var. minor, u. var. Plate 1V, fig. 17. The

length of this shell is about the same as the aperture of the type.

All the examples obtained are of the same size.

Vasum cornigerum Lam.

Ricinula ricinus L.

Rapana bulbosa Solander.

Cancellaria melanostoma Sowb.

Mitra costellaris Lam. Apparently the first record of the species

in these waters. Shopland reports 50 species of Mitra as occurring

at Aden. With the addition of two species taken by Yerbury and

Baynham, and the present two species, the total number is brought

up to 54.

Mitra erenulata Lam.

Mitra deshayesii Reeve. This species may be said to inhabit the

triangle formed at the corners by Polynesia, Mauritius and the Red

Sea. It has not before been reported from the Gulf of Aden.

Mitra plicata Lam.

Latirus polygonus Gmelin.

Harpa minor Rumph.

Harpa ventricosa Lam.

Oliva andamanensis Bdg. Plate IV, fig. 7. The four examples

before me agree perfectly with those in the British Museum, which

were taken at the Andamen Islands.

Oliva inflata Lam, From the number of individuals taken, this

must be an abundant form.

Ancillaria acuminata Sowb.

Aneillaria albisulcata Sowb. A characteristic feature of this

species is the long white columella.

Ancillaria castanea Sowb. I am inclined to believe that this

species will prove to be a variety of A. fulva. ‘The color is the only

distinction.

Ancillaria fulva Swains. The columella of this species is con-

siderably thickened at the base.

Marginella obscura Reeve. Plate IV, fig. 16. The locality of

this species was for many years unknown. In 1891 Mr. E. A.

Smith discovered the species among the Yerbury and Baynham

Collections and included it in his list (P. Z. S. L.). When in

London I examined these shells and also the type. The Blair shells

are slightly larger, but otherwise similar to the type.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Cassis nodulosa Gmelin. The example before me is remarkably

fine. There are 12 tubercles on the margin.

Lotorium pilearis L.

Natica lineata Lam.

Natica chinensis Lam.

Naticina papilla Gmel.

Cyprea elandestina L.

Cypr@a cruenta coloba Melvill.

Cyprea erosa nebrites Melvill. Plate IV, fig. 9.

Cypre@a erosa subalba, n. var. Plate IV, fig. 11.

This beautiful new variety of erosa comes nearest to nebrites. It

differs from the latter in possessing milk white ‘‘ specks ” on a violet

white ground. The ocellations are not so persistent as in the var.

nebrites. The brown square spots, however, are similar. Type in

the writer’s collection.

Oyprea erosa carmen n. var. PI. 1V, fig. 10. Sides much swollen,

pitted and furrowed above the callus on the left side. The base is

white, having none of the stippling of nedrites, and the squarish spot

at the side is nearly or quite covered by the basal callus. The back

is pale lilac-pink with traces of white spotting at the sides only.

Two cotypes measure 82 and 24 mm. long, in coll. A. N. 8. P.

(No. 106457) and my own.

Cyprea errones L.

Cyprea felina ursellus Gmel. This variety may easily be

distinguished by the white base.

Cyprea helvola L. Pi. IV, fig. 8.

Cyprea helvola L. var. mascarena Melvill. Plate IV, fig. 6.

Cyprea isabella, L.

Cyprea pantherina Sol. Among the series are the vars, thertaca

(one nearly black), albonitens and syringa.

Cypraa staphylea L. ‘This species has apprently not been

reported from Aden.

Cyprea stolida L. ‘This new record extends the western range

beyond Ceylon.

Cyprea talpa L.

Cyprea tigris L. One individual is 44 inches long.

Cyprea turdus Lk. The Aden shells are large. I have in my

collection three similar specimens which where taken at Muscat,

Arabia. This species reaches its greatest development in the Per-

THE NAUTILUS. 79

sian Gulf, where the shells are of the same size but greater in

weight. The dorsal surface of the Persian Gulf examples I find

white and the coloring also somewhat lighter.

Turritella columnaris Kien.

Mitrularia equestris L. var. tortillis Reeve.

Strombus columba Lam. Tryon when writing the Manual was

uncertain as to the presence of this species in the Red Sea. Shop-

land’s report and the present record confirm the presence of the

‘species in these waters.

Strombus gibberulus L.

Strombus mauritianus Lam. Tryon and Paetal cite Mauritius as

the home of this Strombus. I doubt if it was collected so far north.

Strombus variabilis Swains.

Rostellaria curvirostra Lam. A young specimen is of interest.

There are 14 whorls present. The embryonic whorl is pearly, the

following 103 whorls covered with the longitudinal plications, the

remaining whorls smooth except the lower portion of the body whorl

which is ornamented with spiral lines. The opercula of an adult is

twisted and the under surface raised in the center.

Bullaria ampulla L.

Hydatina physis L.

Umbraculum indicum Lam.

NOTE ON A VARIETY OF POLYGYRA FALLAX.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The group 7rzodopsis in States of the Atlantic slope presents

numerous forms which by their variations perplex the conchologist.

Polygyra ( Triodopsis) hopetonensis (Shuttlw.) in its various varieties

is a widely-spread species. The variety obsoleta from Newbern,

N. C., probably belongs to it, but it needs further investigation with

more specimens.

Polygyra vannostrandi (Bld.) is distinct by its closely coiled

whorls, but the aperture is like that of P. fallax, both having large

teeth, the basal tooth inclined to be double and the outer lip-tooth

wide and deep-seated. The two species are not always easy to tell

80 THE NAUTILUS.

apart, but are doubtless distinct. P. v. alabamensis and another

variety, with decidedly wider umbilicus, but still unnamed, replace

typical vannostrandi in Alabama. Neither is so distinct as to be

startling. ;

Polygyra fallax is common in southeastern Pennsylvania, and

extends south to the Carolinas at least. Specimens taken by Messrs.

Henderson, Walker, Clapp and myself at Smith’s Island, Cape Fear,

are much smaller than Pennsylvanian shells. In the western part

of the Ozark region the closely related and still smaller P. cragint

(Call) oceurs, being widely separated from all parts of the range of

P. fallax.

When collecting fossils in Florida in 1900, Mr. C. W. Johnson

found a peculiar variety which seems referable to fallax, and which

I think is worthy of a name.

Polygyra fallax gontosoma n. subsp. The shell differs from P.

fallax by being distinctly or strongly angular in front, the angle

being situated high on the whorl. Sculpture of rib-strie stronger

above the angle, the striae becoming smaller below it, and usually

more numerous by intercalation of strie. Aperture as in fallax, the

outer lip retreating, outer lip-tooth broad and deeply placed, basal

tooth buttressed on the columella side, parietal tooth angularly bent.

Alt. 7, diam. 12.4 mm.; whorls 54.

Alt. 6.2, diam. 10.3 mm.; whorls 54.

Blountstown, Calhoun Co., Florida, under oak logs in oak and

pine woods, collected by C. W. Johnson, 1900. Cotypes no. 77948

BeOS ak.

This form may possibly be referable to P. vannostrandt, but in the

number of whorls it agrees better with P. fallax.

MOLLUSCA FROM NORTHERN NEW MEXICO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In 1910, while engaged in ethno-zoological work for the School

of American Archeology, at its summer camp in the canyon of El

Rito de los Frijoles, about thirty-five miles northwest of Santa Fe,

New Mexico, and also in the near-by Jemez Mountains, near Valle

Grande, I collected the following species of mollusks:

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Ashmunella ashmuni Dall. Abundant at Rito. A few immature

specimens from the mountain locality may possibly be the variety

robusta Pils. ‘The Rito is not a great distance from Bland, the type

locality of ashmuni, and robusta was described as from ‘ Jemez

Mountains near Bland, New Mexico, at higher elevations than

ashmuni.”

Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. Three dead specimens at the

mountain locality.

Pupilla muscorum L. One at the Rito.

Pupilla blandi Morse. Abundant at both the Rito and the moun-

tain locality.

Bifidaria pellucida parvidens Sterki. One at the mountain

locality. Identified by Prof. Cockerell.

(Vertigo coloradensis basidens P. & V. Though the type locality

is Bland, N. M., none were found at the Rito.)

Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller. Common at the Rito.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Abundant at the Rito and common

at the mountain locality.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Three dead ones at the mountain locality

and four at the Rito.

Euconulus trochiformis alaskensis Pils. Common at the Rito and

one at the mountain locality.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Abundant at the Rito and common at

the mountain locality.

Pyramidula shimekii cockerelli Pils. Only two at the summer

camp at the Rito, but abundant two miles above.

Succinea avara Say. One at the Rito.

With the exception of Ashmunella and Bifidaria, it will be noticed

that this is the fauna common in the mountainous portions of Colo-

rado, in similar situations. It would be interesting to know how far

north Ashmunella extends, which could be determined by an exami-

nation of the Rio Grande Valley and adjacent mountains from

Buckman northward into Colorado.

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

DAVID DWIGHT BALDWIN.

D. D. Baldwin, the veteran Hawaiian conchologist, died at

Honolulu, June 16th, at the age of eighty years and seven months.

Burial was in the old Makawao Cemetery, Maui.

Mr. Baldwin was born at Honolulu November 26, 1831. His

childhood was spent at Waimea, Hawaii, and his boyhood at Lahaina,

Maui. From 1844 till 1851 he attended the Punahou School, where

he was prepared for college under the tuition of the Rev. Daniel

Dole. In 1852 he sailed for the United States by way of Cape

Horn. He entered Yale College in 1858, and graduated there with

honor in 1857, taking the astronomical prize. During his college

course he became acquainted with Miss Lois Gregory Morris, whom

he married October 7, 1857. Returning to the Islands he became

principal of the Lahaina School, which he conducted for seven years.

Latterly he engaged in the cultivation of sugar cane. From 1865

to 1872 he was manager of the Kohala Planatation, where he intro-

duced the so-called Lahaina cane, to which that plantation owed its

success. He then visited New Haven, Conn., where he remained

overayear. On his return, in 1874, he was appointed vice-principal

of Lahainaluna Seminary.

In 1877 Mr. Baldwin was appointed Inspector-General of Schools,

holding that post for eight years. During his administration, and

largely by his influence, the number of schools in which the English

language was the basis of instruction increased from five to one

hundred. He also drew up the first course of study for such schools.

In October, 1885, he retired from the arduous position of

Inspector-General to take his former position as vice-principal of

Lahainaluna Seminary. In 1891 he removed to Haiku, Maui, and

finally retired from educational work in January, 1905, having been

connected with the Department of Public Instruction for thirty-eight

years.

While Mr. Baldwin’s energies were largely devoted to education,

he was deeply interested in the natural sciences, especially studying

shells, ferns and mosses. In conchology he was esteemed the chief

Hawaiian student, and almost the only one to publish original work

on Achatinellide between the period of Newcomb and Gulick and

the present time. Baldwin’s Catalogue of Land and Fresh-water

Shells of the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu, 1893), though brief and

THE NAUTILUS. 83

unpretentious in form, has been most useful to other investigators

for its judicious and reliable synonymy and its locality records, the

fruit of extensive collecting and inquiry.

Many beautiful new species of Achatinellide were described by

Baldwin in articles published in the Proceedings of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1895) and in THe Navtitus.

Among them are several of exceptional interest to those tracing the

relationships of the species and genera.

Mr, Baldwin was known extensively among conchologists in

America and abroad as a kind and generous correspondent. He

supplied many of the new Hawaiian species described by Ancey,

Sykes, Pilsbry and others.

His extensive collection and scientific library remain the property

of his son Mr. E. D. Baldwin, of Honolulu.

Species of the genera Amastra, Leptachatina, Tornatellina, Philo-

nesta, Endodonta, Cecilioides, Succinea, Helicina and Melania have

been named in honor of Mr. Baldwin, and Ancey dedicated to him

the group Baldwinia, a section of Partulina. These, with his good

work on Achatinellidx, will keep his memory green.

GEORGE W. TAYLOR, D. D.

_ The Rev. Dr. George W. Taylor died at his home on Departure

Bay, Vancouver Island, August —, . Dr. Taylor was well

known as a student of Pacific coast shells, especially those of British

Columbia. A keen collector in conchology and entomology, he was

also well posted in many other branches of natural history.

When a biological marine station was established on this coast, he

was put in charge by the Dominion government, remaining in that

position until his death. He was largely responsible for the estab-

lishment of this station, chose the site on Departure Bay, near

Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, and bad the building of the station left

entirely in his hands.

Dr. Taylor leaves a very large and valuable collection of shells,

particularly rich in Limpets and Unionide. In the Transactions of

the Royal Society of Canada, 1895-96, he published a Preliminary

Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of the Pacific Coast of Canada,

with notes upon their distribution; also a Supplement to the same a

84 THE NAUTILUS.

year or two later. He was engaged upon a new Catalogue for pub-

lication when I visited him two years ago, which owing to poor

health was never completed. Dr. Taylor was a Fellow of the

Zoological Society and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

He also published lists of the land and fresh-water shells of Van-

couver Island and of British Colambia.—A. W. Hanyam.

NOTES.

Lanp SHELLS OF CARTHAGENA, CoLomBia.—During a brief

stop at this port Dr. A. P. Brown collected the following snails on

the hill La Popa, about a mile from Carthagena: Huglandina

cumingi (Beck), Oxystyla maracaibensis (Pfr.) and Bulimulus kreb-

sianus Pils. The hill is chiefly composed of recent corals and sea

shelis. EL Aj se

VIVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES IN PHILADELPHIA.—Mr, J. Baily,

Jr., discovered V. contectoides Binn. in a lily pond near Memorial

Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, in June, 1909; Mr. S. Jacobs

collected some at the same place in 1910, and Mr. H. L. Mather

found it again on April 20, 1912, showing that the species is well

established there. E. G. VANATTA.

LyMNAEA (RADIX) AURICULARIA Linn. in Colorado.—Mr. F.

R. Warren, the well-known mammalogist, has transmitted to me

for examination five specimens of this species, which were collected

alive in a pond on Monument Creek, in Colorado Springs, Colorado,

by C. F. Fraker. I wrote to Dr. F. C. Schneider, of Colorado Col-

lege, which is located in that city, and asked him to look for more.

He replied : ‘* We went to the pond in Monument Park for them,

only to find it recently cleaned. As a result we took only one spe-

cimen.’”’ There is no reason to doubt that the species has been acci-

dentally introduced there, and it will be interesting to note how it

withstands the climatic conditions of Colorado, at an altitude of

nearly 6,000 feet.

JuNIUS HENDERSON,

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

mHE NAUTILUS:

Vou. XXVI. DECEMBER, 1912. ; No. 8

CONCHOLOGICAL CHAT FROM LONDON.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

Like so many kindred institutions the Natural History Museum

at South Kensington has suffered from its architect. Space and

funds have been lavished on fantastic decoration which would have

gone far to improve laboratory accommodation. Our subject has

suffered with others, perhaps more than others, from cramped space

and poor illumination.

The hall devoted to conchology is about a hundred and forty feet

long and forty broad, and is lit by windows in the roof. From the

ceiling hangs two huge American models of Cephalopoda with out-

stretched tentacles. These fearsome things are the principal attrac-

tion for the casual visitor.

Around the walls special series are displayed. The wants of the

local students are satisfied by an excellent exhibition of British

Mollusea; the slugs and minute shells being shown by drawings.

General morphology is admirably illustrated by models, figures

and specimens, both whole, sectioned and dissected. The operculum

for instance is traced through various modifications. Branchix and

other organs are shown in large models, There are micro-photo-

graphs of lingual ribbons. A movable frame imitates the torsion

of the prosobranchiate viscera. Monstrosities have a case to them-

selves. Application of shells to arts and industries, to wit, ostreacul-

ture, cameo cutting and the pearling industry are appropriately

86 THE NAUTILUS.

displayed. Parts of perforated bulls or piles exemplify the damage

inflicted on the works of man by the shipworm.

In this high latitude and damp climate the colors fade but little.

Protection in this respect is afforded by drawing the window blinds

on a bright day.

The floor of the hall is occupied by about two hundred glass-

topped double-deck cases standing waist-high above chests of locked

drawers. These run in four rows down the room and are divided

by broad gangways.

A modern policy in museum administration is to divide collections

into a general exhibit and a special study series. The former

presents an epitome of the subject for the use of the public or the

beginner in science, the latter to contain types and full series for the

study of the specialist. Such special collections are kept in rooms

from which the public is excluded, where books, microscopes and

the like are available and where drawing or dissecting can be done.

This arrangement is current in other departments at South Ken-

sington but not in that of conchology.

Practically the whole of the museum collection of shells is exhib-

ited or stored in the public hall. Shown in the glass cases to the

general public are named examples of almost all the shells of the

world.

When a specialist consults the collection, an attendant unlocks

the drawers or cases indicated and waits beside the student till the

case is to be locked up again. To the public an open case and a

conchologist at work are part of the show. So he is tormented and

distracted by rustics who try to read what he is writing in a note-

book, by children who want to finger the priceless types he is ex-

amining, or by beginners who want his help in naming shells. If

the public were excluded it still would be sufficiently difficult to

make observations and comparisons with a pocket lens in a dim-lit

hall and write with a fountain pen upon the cases for a table.

Recent acquisitions to the collection are mounted in black, square,

glass-topped boxes, and labeled both under the lid and on the

bottom of the box. The bulk of the collection is, however, gummed

on paper-covered wooden tablets. Labeling consists of the separate

specific name and author, written or printed on white paper in the

lower center, the locality in the left lower corner. Where “type ”

occurs it is at the left top corner. The generic name in larger print

THE NAUTILUS. 87

occupies a separate tablet. On the under surface of the tablet,

H. C. in the corner, means that it was a part of the famous Hugh

Cuming collection. Besides, the under surface sometimes has a

wealth of scientific information ; critical notes by those who have

worked upon the collection. Here the specialists gather a harvest

of synonomy, references to literature, comparisons, collected notes

on habitat, and so forth. The register number, including the year

of accession, when it occurs, is given here. But the student may

glance over the face of the collection and miss the information

jotted down by his predecessors, but concealed below. Frequent

reversal of the tablets helps to dislodge the specimens. Types are

not invariably thus distinguished. I noticed several ‘‘ Challenger ”

shells, which though evidently types, were not so marked. There

is more strictness in this respect of late years than of former.

After a lapse of time the gum becomes brittle, so that the opening

and shutting of a drawer or the lifting of a tablet may unfasten a

shell. The loose shell may readily be returned to a wrong tablet

and thus originate error. For this reason it is to be hoped that the

whole collection will be ultimately transferred to boxes. Aguin in

boxes they are easier to examine, far safer from dust and from

accidental crushing.

In former years no clear distinction prevailed between the range

in space of a species and the source of a particular specimen. So

.* localities ’’ were “‘ added ” rather recklessly and perhaps sometimes

erroneously to old specimens not provided with a ‘‘ habitat.” Even

upon the original tablet of a type subsequent specimens have some-

times been intruded. Again in the union of names, a species was

apt to be submerged under the name of another species with which

it was thought identical. Varietal names were disallowed, so that

an absolute synonym and a geographical race were treated alike in

elimination.

On the whole, the nomenclature is well up to date. Recent sug-

gestions by Dall and Pilsbry, and the restored names of neglected

authors like Bolten and Perry, are incorporated.

Compared with other large museums the staff is weak. Instead

of two or three or four naturalists that we find elsewhere, there is but

a single scientific officer. He is aided by a couple of attendants who

perform such mechanical work as labeling, registering or packing.

There is no departmental artist.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

The maintenance of so large a collection is sufficient occupation

for the time of a single officer, and the increase of the collection is

therefore slow. To attempt any field work is contrary to the tradi-

tions of the institution. Englishmen, both at home and abroad,

loyally contribute to their great museum. But the casual efforts of

amateurs do not give the results of professional collectors. So that

additions are sporadic and usually consist of chance gifts from the

friends of the museum and small purchases of dealers.

Unlike other museums of the front rank, South Kensington pro-

duces no official conchological publication and lacks the organization

and inspiration which such would afford.

It follows that the London collection, which was once the largest

in the world, will cease to be so in the near future, if indeed it has

not already lost this supremacy.

This year the veteran Mr. E. A. Smith retires to enjoy a well-

earned pension. For half a century he has helped the conchological

workers of the world. And we from the ends of the earth, alike

with these in the center of civilization, cannot find expressions to

convey our appreciation of his patience, his geniality and his learn-

ing. We are like the Fijian chief who exclaimed, “ Would that we

were dogs, that by the wagging of our tails we could show what we

feel.”’

TWO NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELLS COLLECTED BY MESSRS. HEBARD

AND REHN.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The form described below was taken at Garrison, Montana by

Messrs. Morgan Hebard and J. A. G. Rehn during their entomo-

logical expedition of 1909, On superficial examination it was at

that time referred to O. alpina Elrod. A few specimens had been

picked up also at Garrison by Mr. E. M. Kindle in 1907 and trans-

mitted tome by Mr. J. H. Ferriss. Both lots consist of ‘‘ dead”

shells only. Doubtless where the “ bones” are so abundant as to

attract the attention of non-conchological naturalists, there are plenty

of living snails to be found hard by.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

OREOHELIX CARINIFERA, N. sp.

The shell is lenticular, carinate, umbilicate, the width of umbilicus

between a fourth and a fifth that of the shell, whorls 44, slowly

increasing, the first 24 strongly convex, obliquely striate, the striz

finer on the embryonic portion. Subsequent whorls are strongly

convex around the upper (inner) part, becoming concave near the

outer edge; the striation is rougher, and some weak traces of spiral

striz appear in places. The last whorl is noticeably concave above

and below the peripheral keel; it descends very slightly or not at

all in front, and on the base there are very inconspicuous, well

spaced spirals composed of granules. The oblique alt. and the

diameter of the apeture are equal, and there is a slight angle at the

termination of the keel.

Alt. 5, diam. 9.4 mm.; width of umbilicus 2 mm.; oblique alt. and

diam. of aperture 4 mm.

Garrison, Montana. Type and paratypes No. 99253 A. N.S. P.

Oreohelix alpina Elrod, which comes from high elevations (8,500-

9,000 ft.) in the Mission Mountains, is about the size of this snail,

but the whorls are less convex, the convexity of the later ones is

simple, while in carin7fera there is a concavity above the periphery.

O. alpina has no spiral sculpture or granulation, and the keel is less

pronounced. I regard such similarity as exists as due to converg-

ence rather than to actual relationship. O. hemphilli Ne. differs in

the sculpture and shape of the embryonic whorls.

O. carinifera is one of the smallest Oreolelices, the dimensions

given above being those of the largest shell out of about 20 in the

two lots seen, A very similar small form was taken with O. haydent

in the Wasatch Mountains many years ago by the Wheeler Expe-

dition, but I think it will prove to be distinct. Its exact location in

that range is not known, and it was not among the forms taken by

Hemphill there.

HOLospPIRA MESOLIA, 0. sp.

The shell is cylindric-fusiform, of a delicate pink-white tint, the

upper part white with blue stains; dead shells white throughout.

Whorls 14, the first 24 smooth, forming the mamillar embryonic

shell, the first whorl rapidly increasing, second swollen, next half

whorl very narrow. Subsequent whorls are nearly flat, rather finely

but strongly striate, regularly increasing to the 8th or 9th whorl,

90 THE NAUTILUS.

where the shell reaches its greatest diameter. After that the whorls

are nearly smooth, rather glossy, and the shell diminishes slowly in

diameter to the base. The last two whorls have retractive axial

ribs which gradually increase in strength, and are strongest on the

straight part of the last whorl and base. The last whorl is some-

what compressed laterally and projects, carrying the aperture well

forward. Aperture is very shortly ovate, almost circular, light brown

within. Peristome very broad, flatly reflexed, white. The internal

axis is smooth throughout, rather slender, tapering downwards, with

a diameter of about 1 mm. in the widest part.

Length 23.5, greatest diam. 6 mm.; whorls 14.

Length 22.6, greatest diam. 6.3 mm.; whorls 13.

Length 20, greatest diam. 5.8 mm.; whorls 122.

Sanderson, Terrell Co., Texas, on a low limestone ledge along the

railroad. Elevation 2800-2900 ft. Types no. 107001 A. N.S. P.,

collected August 25, 1912 by Messrs. Morgan Hebard and J. A. G.

Rehn.

This handsome Holospira is most closely related to H. semisculpta

Stearns, which was described from a canyon above San Carlos,

Chihuahua, a place on the Mexican side of the Great Bend of the

Rio Grande. Dr. Dall and Dr. Bartsch have kindly compared

specimens with the type of semtsculpta, and report that the new

species “ differs in the profile, which in your shell is more contracted

toward the base, rendering it spindle-shaped, while the former is

more cylindrical. The ribs in yours do not extend over so many of

the basal whorls, and the expanded peristome gives it a very distinct

appearance. It is doubtless a distinct species.”

With the Holospira were found specimens of Polygyra texasiana

tecasensis and a Succinea.

SHELLS OF SOUTHEAST MISSOURI.

BY F. A. SAMPSON, COLUMBIA, MO.

During a late trip through southeast Missouri I had a few hours’

time for collecting shells, and the result, combined with some former

collecting, is here given.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Fern Glen, St. Louis County.

This is on the Merimac river, twenty-one miles from St. Louis.

The rock exposures are of Chouteau and Burlington limestone, but

none of the shells were found in abundance.

Polygyra zaleta Binn, These cannot be distinguished from Ohio

specimens, and are of about the same size, up to 29 mm. diameter.

From other places in Missouri I have the P. zaleta ozarkensis of 19

mm. or less diameter, contrasting quite sharply with these.

Polygyra thyroides Say. I found only dead shells, but doubt not

that on the low ground living ones could be found.

Polygyra clausa Say. Dead shells not differing from others in

the state.

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. A single shell that looks like a

postpliocene fossil, but I think it isnot such. I have found it in the

postpliocene at Providence, Boone county, and living as noted below.

Polygyra elevata Say. ‘Typical shells.

Polygyra appressa Say. With rather heavy striation, and from

174 to 25 mm. diameter.

Polygyra fraudulenta Pils. Rather more numerous than any

other kind, and not found in Missouri except in localities noted on

this trip.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Three dead shells. The umbilicus of two

was not covered. Similar specimens are noted from Shepard’s

Mountain and from Rivermines.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. A single shell. Pilsbry says that evi-

dence is wanting to show that this is found west of the Mississippi

and south of Kansas and Pettis County, Missouri whence I re-

ported it some years ago. The shell from this place and those

from two other places, hereafter noted are of this species; they

certainly are neither blandiana nor uncifera.

Polygyra fraterna Say. With quite small umbilicus,

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. This is the farthest north that I have

found this species.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. <A single shell, which like the penn-

sylvanica looks like a postpliocene fossil but I do not think it is such.

Cireinaria coneava Say. A number of dead shells up to 29 mm.

diameter.

Bifidaria armifera Say.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Pupoides marginata Say.

Gastrodonta ligera Say.

Vitrea indentata Say.

Physa gyrina Say. Inasmall pond by the side of the railroad

track.

From a pile of mussel shells left by a pearl-hunter I noted seven-

teen or eighteen species.

Kemmswick, Jefferson County.

Polygyra appressa Say. A search by the railroad and on the

bluff above gave a single dead shell of this species, but no other.

Washington County.

Here we are getting away from the limestone formations, and

shells are scarce.

Polygyra fraterna alicig Pils. Mineral Point.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Potosi.

Pupoides marginata Say. Potosi.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Mineral Point.

Zonitoides minusculus Binn. Potosi.

Vitrea indentata Say. Potosi and Mineral Point.

Physa gyrina Say. In a spring branch at Potosi. In a large

stream close by no shells were found. A swift-flowing clear stream

at Mineral Point did not show any shells.

Ironton, Iron County.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. A single dead shell was found

on Shepard’s Mountain adjoining the town. The other land shells

were found at the same place.

Polygyra inflecta Say. The umbilicus of the single shell found

was not covered.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea.

Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Physa gyrina Say. Inaspring branch. Ina larger stream close

by no shells were found.

St. Francots County.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Farmington and Rivermines, the latter

193 to 25 mm. diameter.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Polygyra appressa Say. Farmington. One of the shells did not

have the umbilicus covered.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Rivermines. In three of the shells the

umbilicus was not covered.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Rivermines. The small, widely um-

bilicated shell, not distinguishable from the northern shell, except

that the color is not uniform, but usually more or less in stripes with

the lines of growth alternately light and dark-colored. A shell from

Jackson, Cape Girardeau county, shows the same stripes.

Polygyra fraterna alicig Pils. Farmington and Rivermines.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. Farmington.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Farmington and Rivermines.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Farmington and Rivermines.

Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Rivermines.

Pupoides marginata Say. Rivermines and Farmington.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Rivermiues and Farmington.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Rivermines and Farmington.

Vitrea indentata Say. Rivermines.

Helicodiscus lineata Say. Farmington.

Cape Girardeau County.

Three places in this county were visited: Allanville in the White-

water river bottom, Cape Girardeau on the Mississippi river, and

Jackson on higher ground between.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. Cape Girardeau.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Allanville and Cape Girardeau, the

largest from the former, 284 mm. diameter.

Polygyra clausa Say. Jackson.

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. Jackson. This is the only place

in the State where living shells have been found.

Polygyra fraudulenta Pils, Allanville. Somewhat larger than

those from Fern Glen, 174 mm. diameter.

Polygyra appressa Say. Cape Girardeau, Allanville. Those

from Cape Giradean vary from the small light colored, very finely

striated shells to the larger, dark colored, coarsely striated, but not

the same as large, dark reddish colored ones from Allenville, which

Pilsbry reports similar to some Arkansas and Illinois shells. They

are an unusual variety. An interesting specimen shows that by

some injury a part of the last whorl was broken away, and a new

94 THE NAUTILUS.

lip was formed more than a half-whorl short of the original one.

The original parietal tooth is more than a half-whorl beyond the new

one.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Cape Girardeau.

Polygyra leporina Gld. Jackson.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Jackson. See remarks under St.

Francois County.

Polygyra fraterna imperforata Pils. Cape Girardeau.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. Jackson and Allanville, the latter the

larger.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Jackson and Allanville.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Allanville and Jackson.

Omphalina friabilis W. G. B. Cape Girardeau. Pilsbry and

Ferriss distinguish this species from fuliginosa largely by the ap-

pearance of the apical whorls, these being smooth, whitish-corneous

and unworn, while in southwestern fuliginosa the summit is invari-

ably worn, the cuticle removed from the earlier whorls. The shells

from Cape Girardeau are very fine, measuring 28 mm. diameter, and

the apex not worn in the least.

Vitrea indentata Say. Allanville.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Cape Girardeau and Allenville.

Helicodiscus lineata Say. Allanville.

Suecinea sp. Cape Girardeau.

Physa gyrina Say. Allanville and Jackson. From a pond on

the west side of the Whitewater river at Allanville. The shells

were small; from one on the east side a single larger one and of

short spire.

Sphaerium solidulum Prime. Jackson.

Musculium elevatum Hald. Jackson.

Musculium transversum Say. Jackson.

St. Genevieve, St. Genevieve County.

Polygyra appressa Say. Found more abundantly than any other,

and more like those from central Missouri than others herein noted.

Polygyra fraterna Say.

Polygyra fraterna imperforata Pils. Of ten fraterna found six

were imperforate, and the others almost so.

Polygyra inflecta Say.

Pupoides marginata Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Bifidaria procera Gld.

Lymne@a obrussa Say. Ina spring branch these and the two fol-

lowing were found.

Physa gyrina Say.

Pisidium sp.

SPHERIIDE, OLD AND NEW, II.

BY V. STERKI.

PisIDIUM PERALTUM St. Tue Navritus, XIV, p. 5, 1900.—

Specimens have been received from some other places: near Doug-

las Lake, Cheboygan Co., Mich., collected by Mr. H. B. Baker, and

Cedar Lake, Lake Co., Ill., by Dr. F. C. Baker. But those from

Ky., Ill. and Ia., formerly referred to peraltum, are distinct and

range with the following:

PIsIDIUM FRAUDULENTUM, n. sp.——Mussel of medium size, barely

longer than high, somewhat oblique, rather well inflated; superior

margin curved, passing with angles into the adjoining; supero-

anterior slope well marked, steeply oblique, straight or nearly so, an-

terior end a rounded angle situated near the ventral side, inferior

margin rounded, posterior truncate at right angles to the longitud-

inal axis ; beaks rather large, rounded or somewhat flattened on top,

moderately projecting over the upper margin ; surface dullish or with

a silky gloss, rather smooth, with fine, crowded, somewhat irregular

striz ; color corneous to yellowish ; shell opaque or subtranslucent,

rather strong, hinge strongly angular, curved, very stout, its whole

surface rugulose; right cardinal tooth angular, enclosing a deep ex-

cavation for the left anterior, often emarginate in the middle, its

anterior part thin, the posterior very thick and usually grooved ; left

anterior rather short and massive, strongly curved upward, with

apex pointed, the posterior short, steep oblique, slightly curved ; liga-

ment and resilium rather short, the latter strong.

Long. 4.5, alt. 4.3, diam. 3 mm. (100: 95: 66).

Habitat: Va., Ky., Ill., Ia., Mo., Miss.; ditch on the Cameron Run,

west of Alexandria, Va., No. 602, types, and Roach’s Run, Va.,

96 THE NAUTILUS.

opposite Washington, D. C. (No. 628), both in tide water, collected

by myself, Oct. and Nov., 1896; Bowling Green, Ky., Habana, Ill.,

Towa City, Ia.; as mentioned (under P. peraltum, |. c.); creek below

Elizabethtown, Ill., collected by Mr, A. A. Hinkley, 1894 (received

1904); Flat Creek, Pettis Co., Mo., by Mr. F. A. Sampson, and

from the same place in Mr. Bryant Walker’s collection; north-

eastern Mississippi, collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley.

This differs from P. peraltum as follows: the superior margin is

somewhat less curved, the angle formed by it and the supero-anterior

slope is more projecting ; the mussel is larger but somewhat less in-

flated ; the color is corneous to yellowish, that of peraltum is pale

corneous to nearly colorless or grayish, and the shell is more trans-

lucent; the surface of P. fraudulentum is more dull. As written,

these differences may not appear striking, but they are constant so

far as known; P. fraudulentum is remarkably uniform.

It appears also that our species ranges near some forms of P.

compressum, and is of the same group; but the mussel is not so

oblique, the beaks are broader and without ridges; moreover, the

two were found associated at several places, and distinct.

(To be Continued.)

NOTES.

CINCINNATIA IN THE DELAWARE DratinaGeE.—On October 1,

1912 Mr. Delos E. Culver collected some pond-weeds at the settling

pond on Darby Creek near Addingham, Delaware Co., Pa., which

contained living specimens of Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis Anth. and

the following other species of shells: Planorbis antrosus Conr.

parvus Say; dilatatus Gld.; Lymnaea columella Say; Physa hetero-

stropha Say ; Campeloma decisum Say (one specimen is sinistral);

Amunicola limosa Say; Lyogyrus granum Say; Musculium trans-

versum Say ; Pisidium noveboracense Pr.; variabile Pr.; compressum

Prime. So far as I know, this is the only record of C. ezneinnatiensis

in the Delaware drainage, or anywhere between New York state and

the Potomac River.—E. G. Vanatra.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI. PLATE VII

9, OVULA NIPPONENSIS PILS.

10, 11. TRIVIA EOS ROBERTS.

1-3. CYPR/A HIRASEI ROBERTS.

4. OVULA HIRASEI PILS.

5-8. CYPREA HUNGERFORDI KIIENSIS ROBERTS.

mee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXVI. JANUARY, 1913. No. 9

NEW CYPREIDZ.

BY S. RAYMOND ROBERTS.

Recently there was sent to me for examination by Mr. Y. Hirase,

Kyoto, Japan, a small but extremely interesting lot of shells, mostly

belonging to the Cypreida, two species of which I believe to be

new to science.

CYPRZA HIRASEI, n. sp. _ Plate 7, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell pyriformly ovate, extremities produced, base convex; only

moderately calloused laterally, the callus extending well up the dome

on the left side, but not on the right. Dorsal surface longitudinally

and spirally faintly ridged or malleated in irregular spiral series,’

this sculpture obsolete towards the anterior end. Aperture nearly

straight, the upper fourth a little curved; inferior third a little

dilated; teeth small, about 27 on each side and well within the

aperture. Ground work of dorsal surface creamy white, three

banded with flesh color, over which there is a tracery or imperfect

reticulation and near the borders of the lateral calluses a few blots

of yellowish brown ; topped with a conspicuous irregular blotch of a

darker shade. Extremities pink, base white, sides, especially the

left side, faintly spotted pinkish brown.

Length 51, diam. 32, elevation 26 mm.

Habitat, Tanabe, Kii Coast, Japan (Hirase).

1 This malleation, while conspicuous enough in tbe shell does not show in

the photographic figure. It resembles the malleation of a rough Lymnea

palustris.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

The sculpture and pattern of the dorsal surface of this beautiful

shell resembles somewhat that of some ovate examples of C. subviridis

Rve., it differs however in having the spire produced, instead of

sunken; the aperture is less curved posteriorly, the teeth more

numerous and the sides faintly spotted, the form of the columella

within the aperture is also entirely different, being broad and

excavated, with a second series of about 6 teeth deep within.

But one specimen was obtained which belongs to the collection of

Mr. Hirase, in whose honor it gives me great pleasure to dedicate

the species.

Mr. Hirase sent me also two specimens of a Cypraea which after

as exhaustive a study as I have been able to make, I am inclined to

consider a strongly marked variety if not sub-species of C. hunger-

fordi Sowb. The following description is therefore offered.

CYPRHA HUNGERFORDI KIIENSIS, n. subsp. PI. 7, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8

Shell pyriform, dorsal surface creamy white, closely freckled with

light chestnut-brown spots and indistinctly banded with pale purplish-

brown clouds or diffuse spots ; extremities, sides and base salmon,

the sides more or less spotted with blackish-brown, along the edges

of the lateral calluses. Aperture nearly straight, teeth in outer

lip rather coarse, 17 or 18 in number, those on columella marginal,

white, somewhat smaller and extending well within the aperture.

Length 31, width 194, alt. 15} mm.

Length 31, width 19, alt. 15 mm.

Habitat, Kii coast, Japan (Hirase). The dorsal surface of a speci-

men not fully mature is faintly ornamented with a broad, brown-

ish band, the spots on the sides are more numerous and run

together (fig. 9).

Compared with the description of the typical C. hungerfordi, a shell

which I have never seen, it has fewer teeth and the margins are not

thickened. This is obvious in figs. 5-7, which represent a shell cer-

tainly adult. The coloration is also quite different and were it not

for the locality from which it was obtained, I might claim for it

recognition as a full species.

There were also in the collection, much larger specimens of C.

cernica Sowb. than I had before seen, and 77ivia insecta, Mighels,

grando, Gask., oryza, Lam. and pilula Kien. This last shell, which

heretofore I had placed in the synonymy of 7rivia globosa Gray, is

THE NAUTILUS. 99

to my mind undoubtedly entitled to specific distinction, which more

recent observers have accorded it.

TRIVIA EOS, n. sp. Plate 7, figs. 10, 11.

Shell globosely ovate with rounded base, white, rather finely

ribbed. Dorsal line indicated by a narrow smooth area from which

ribs diverge in every direction, a few being interposed on both sides ;

posteriorly they pass directly over the spire, which projects well,

showing five whorls. On the ventral side the spiral ribs have an

oblique trend and extend well into the aperture, where they decrease

in number and become coarser. The aperture is rather narrow,

but slightly wider anteriorly, outer lip thickened outside, strongly

ribbed transversely, with about 29 ridges forming teeth on the inner

margin; retracted anteriorly, The inner lip bears a very small

callous projection above, and near the base there is a rounded ridged

lobe projecting inward.

Length 25.7, diam. 20, alt. 17 mm.

Habitat, Boshu, Japan (Hirase).

This magnificent 7rivia is named for the “Sunrise Kingdom,”

Type in the collection of Mr. Hirase, In size it is approached only

by T. oniscus Lam. of South Africa, which however differs by its

pink color, larger smooth dorsal area, fewer ribs, shorter spire, and

especially by its much wider aperture, as in other members of the

South African group of Trivias, to which 7. eos has but little affinity.

It should be noted that the irregularity on the left side of fig, 10 is

wholly an effect of light in the photograph, as that slope of the shell

is perfect and evenly curved.

A COLLECTOR IN WESTERN CUBA AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

BY REV. H. E. WHEELER.

A mid-winter vacation is of such rare occurrence in a minister’s

career that the generosity of a congregation that made such a thing

possible deserves special mention. It was my purpose to join my

genial correspondent, Mr. Walter F. Webb, at Baracoa on the

North Coast of Cuba, for which port he sailed early last January,

but it turned out that we were separated by the length of the island,

and my excursion to the Oriente Province was abandoned. Enroute

100 THE NAUTILUS.

for Havana I had the unexpected good-fortune to be on the first

regular train which passed over the sea-going extention of the Florida

East Coast Railway, completing the line from Knight’s Key to Key

West.

Shortly after my arrival in Havana, I met Dr. Carlos de la

Torre, Curator of the Zoological Department in the Academy of

Sciences, Havana, and Professor of Biology and Zoology in the

University of Havana, and before I could protest I found myself in

the toils of characteristic Cuban hospitality. The Doctor’s contri-

butions to the literature of Cuban malacology are too well known to

readers of the Nauriius to need any reference here, but it may not

be so well known that he was the favorite pupil of Felipe Poey, the

most brilliant naturalist which Cuba bas produced.

To see his collection is worth the expense of a trip to the Antilles.

So far as the described Cuban fauna is concerned it is almost com-

plete. Here are specimens of nearly every species, and for the

display of a variable shell like Po/ymita picta, Born, or Coryda

alauda, Fer., many ample drawers are required. You may see

specimens of Licina percrassa (Wright) Pfr., rarest of Cuban mol-

lusks, and of which no living examples have ever been found. Its

habitat is Luis Lazo, Pinar del Rio Province, in one of the highest

peaks of the Sierra de Los Organos.

In fact a drawer of Cuban shells calls up many a vivid scene and

many an honored name among the students of molluscan life. Poey

and Gundlach and Pfeiffer seem to spring out of the past, speaking

with such versatility that you give them respectful audience ; in

your imagination Wright and Arango are on the trail of a hundred

new species which unaccountably have been overlooked ; the Count

Morelet is on the high seas again exploring regions that no natur-

alist ever saw before him; and Férussac is rampant with chagrin

that some oft-handled snail is crawling about with a name wholly

unworthy of its race.

Once on Cuban soil, under the spell of matchless evening skies,

the dormant or overworked energies aroused by all that a tropical

winter can be, why should one sleep? A single rainy day at Ceiba

Mocha, at Rangel, or on any limestone mountain-side, and how shall

arid plains or denuded hillsides, where only shells of somber hue

and homely feature care to dwell, claim any longer a collector’s

enthusiasm ? For here is l’fe and color and health, not only in the

THE NAUTILUS. 101

lowly kingdom of crawling things, but for the student also who

searches out their haunts.

It was quite natural that the first shells collected by the writer

should have been those introduced by commerce, namely, Rumina

decollata, Linn., and Subulina octona, Brug., but surely I must have

seemed, both to natives and tourists, more like an escape {rom some

asylum than a would-be naturalist, engaged, as I was, in turning

over unceremoniously the flower-stands in the Parque de Colon,

right in the heart of Havana,

It was 1878 that Arango published a catalogue’ of Cuban shells

which included also those from the Isle of Pines, In it 578 land forms

alone are enumerated, but since that list was prepared more than a

hundred species and sub-species have been described. But this is

only a numerical evidence of the richness of the fauna.

Arango’s collection is at the Academy of Sciences, and Gundlach’s

«¢ Museum ’”’ may be seen at the Institute. His (Gundlach’s) obser-

vations were published only after the most painstaking study ; birds,

reptiles, insects, and shells all claiming his interest. With a con-

science for accuracy which is the naturalist’s only passport in the

scientific world, he would delay the taxidermy of a mammal or bird

until he understood its anatomy and had become thoroughly tamiliar

with its habits.

Though I have hardly a bowing acquaintance with ornithology,

there were some birds which interested me. Among them was a

Phethon,? the nearly extinct ‘‘guacamayo”’ (Ara tricolor), and the

“ carpintero real”? (Picus buirdi). The stately flamingo (Phent-

copterus ruber Linn.) is common enough, I suppose, but of irresistible

plumage.

I was attracted by a turtle (Hmys rugosa), which 1 saw in great

numbers near Camoa, and my attention was called to a curious

fresh-water fish*® which has survived the evolutional changes of

nobody knows how many thousand years. Here also could be

1% Ta Fauna Malacologica Cubana, par Rafel Arango y Molina,” Havana,

1878,

2 Phethon flavirostris Brandt, the only representative of the Phethontide

which visits our Eastern seaboard.

8 Lepistosteus (Atractosteus) tristechus, Block, a species still living in Mexico

and the Southern United States.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

studied that rare insectivorous mammal, which from its channeled

teeth, is called Solenodon (S. cabanus Peters). There is a related

species' in Santo Domingo, but nowhere else, I believe, except in

Madagascar, is there an animal, the Centetes, at all like it. The

Hutia, a large rodent, which in war times was hunted for food, is

represented by three species,’ but one of these, as well as the Soleno-

don, belongs to the fauna of Eastern Cuba.

At the University of Havana nothing is more touching than the

regard in which Felipe Poey is held. His statue, a magnificent

work of art, is the chief memorial in the quadrangle, and his library

with many interesting relics, and many of his types have their

repository in the spacious Museum. The present University, by the

way, represents only one of the many far-seeing services rendered

the Cuban people, during the American intervention, by Gen.

Leonard Wood. He converted the old ordnance factories into

University buildings which now fittingly crown the Vedado.

At the time of my visit the Professor’s assistants were mounting a

recently captured ray (Lebisa), a fish well known by name only to

Poey and mentioned in his several works, but which has never been

described.§ This curious inhabitant of the Caribbean Sea is from

one to two meters in diameter, having a rough spiny skin which has

been used by the natives as a dish rag. It hasa long, slender,

sharply-pointed tail, near the base of which are erected two obliquely-

set and forbidding spines, which look much like the stoutly grown

thorns of a healthy locust tree.

For one who is interested in botany the notes of A. Richards in

Ramon de la Sagra’s ‘¢ Historia Fisica Politica y Natural de Cuba,”

will be found instructive, and other works, such as the ‘* Flora

Cubana,” of Sauvalle, the “Flora Havanensis,” of Gomez de la

Maza, and the *‘Plora of the British West Indian Islands,” of Grise-

bach, have an honorable place among the older authorities.‘

1 Solenodon paradoxus Brandt.

2Capromys fournieri, Desmarest; C. prehensilis, Poeppig; and C, melanurus,

Poey.

3 The description will appear in Poey’s ‘‘ Jctiologia Cubana,” which Dr. de la

Torre is now editing for publication,

4This painstaking catalogue has the advantage of being written in English.

Its author, A. H. R. Grisebach, M. D., was Professor of Botany in the Uni-

versity of Géttingen, and the first edition was published in London in 1864,

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Of characteristic trees one should mention the gigantic Ceiba,’ the

‘¢ West-Indian God-tree,” with its strangely distorted and buttressed

trunks; the Almacigo,? whose maroon-red bark peels off much after

the fashion of our sycamore; and a heavy-foliaged evergreen, the

Indian laurel* everywhere abundant. The deep holes which often

corrugate the trunk of the last-named species are favorite retreats

for Liguus fasciatus, Mill., and the common Eurycampta bonplandi,

Lam. On the Giiiness road near Camoa, I took sixteen specimens

of this noble shell from the * crevices’’ of a single tree.

At Matanzas I saw the Salvadera,* a rather large tree whose

fruit, when fully ripe, discharges its wedge-shaped seed from a large

spherical pod with a violent explosion. When such a catastrophe

overtook one of my specimens in my room at the hotel, Iam not

sure but that the other guests had good cause to suspect a suicidal

termination of an unclassified American.

On my trip to Camoa I collected ashrub, the leaflets of which

strongly reminded me of our native holly. That evening my Cuban

host, seeing what I had in my bag, held up his hands in horror,

erying, ‘** Guao! Guao!,” and immediately calling some tongs into

requisition, unceremoniously disposed of my beautiful plants. I had

collected one of the most poisonous plants® on the Island. A

terrible pain and swelling usually attends infection, often fever, and

some natures are so sensitive to it that they cannot pass under its

shade withont being poisoned. But though it was prophesied that I

would pay dearly the penalty of my ignorance, no appreciable

inconvenience was suffered. Being already immune to its relative,

our common poison-oak,® I am tempted to experiment next with that

unnamed plant which Professor Simpson so utterly abhorred.?

1 Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. —Eriodendron anfractuosum D. C.

2 Bursera gummifera L., of the older authorities, now called Elaphrium

simaruba (L.). This tree is common in Florida, there being known as the

“ gumbo-limbo,” 3 Ficus nitida L.

4 Hura crepitans L., of the family Euphorbiacee, called in English-speaking

countries ‘ sand-box.”

5Comocladia platyphylla. Another member of this genus which occurs in the

Western provinces of Cuba is C. dentata. The (Hippomane mancinella L.),

however, is a much more dangerous plant, and immunity from one class of

poisons does not justify such a prospect in respect to others,

6 Rhus radicans Linn. ™See “Collector’s Journal,’ Vol. I, No. 4, in loco.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Ceiba Moche, a little village of thatched cabins near Matanzas, is

a famous place for shells. Though the season was unusually dry, I

collected the following species there in a few hours :

Oleacina oleacea, Fér. Helix (Microphysa) stigmatica, Pfr.

Oleacina solidula, Pfr. Jeanneretia multistriata, Desh.

Thysanophora vortex, Pfr. Eurycampta bonplandi, Lam.

Cysticopsis debilis, Pfr. Thelidomus auricoma, Feér.

Cysticopsis cubensis, Pfr. | Liguus fasciatus, Mull.

Urocoptis scaeva, Gund. One of the two sinistral representatives

of this genus found in Cuba, the other being Urocoptis coronadoi,

Ar., from Marianao, near Havana.

Urocoptis fortis, Gund. Urocoptis gracillima, Poey.

Urocoptis philippiana, Pfr. This beautiful species has not been

previously reported from this locality. It had chosen a piece of wall

unoccupied by other Urocoptids, and seemed to have developed a

prosperous colony.

Megalomastoma apertum, Poey. Ctenopoma rugulosum, Pfr.

Chondropoma dentatum, Say.

Chondropoma pictum, Pfr. This species is distinct from pfe7ffer-

tanum, Poey. The animal differs by having red tentacles, and in

the shell the peristome is simple. The sexes are separate, the male

being always about one-third smaller than the female. On the

female shell is generally to be seen a white mark caused by the

abrasive contact of the male.

Eutrochatella sloanei, Orb. Emoda submarginata, Gray.

Helicina adspersa, Pfr. Alcadia nitida, Pfr.

Alcadia hispida, Pfr.

The Jeanneretia multistriata calls to mind a bit of history. Ch.

Jeanneret was a Swiss watch-maker who, in 1868, was living at

Santiago de Cuba. He discovered many important species, and was

a valued correspondent both of Gundlach and Poey. But being

taken for a spy during one of the political uprisings he was shot from

across the river. His co!lection was lost. The subgenus Jeanneretia,

erected by Pfeiffer in his honor, isa genuine Cuban group, and is

remarkable for its spiral ridges. Its most typical representative is

Jenneretia sagraiana, named by A. d’Orbigny in honor of Don

Ramon de la Sagra, the author of the famous “ Historia fisica,

politica y natural de la Isla de Cuba,” 10 volumes, Paris, 1840-

1850.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Another species which bears the name of an almost forgotten

naturalist is Helix parraiana, Orb. D. Antonio Parra was a native

of Spain, and has the distinction of having written the first work on

Cuban fishes. This was published in 1787, the engravings being

made on wood by his son. His expedition was furnished by the

Museum of Madrid, but his work on the fishes and crustaceans was

printed in Cuba.

The Loma de Camoa’ is a locality which has been thoroughly ex-

plored, but as it can be reached in an hour from Havana on the electric

railway, it is impossible to pass it by. Here I collected the following

species:

Oleacina oleacea, Fér. Polygyra paludosa, Pfr.

Oleacina solidula, Pfr. Helix (Microphysa ?) stigmatica, Pfr.

Oleacina subulata, Pfr. Cysticopsis cubensis, Pfr.

Thysanophora vortex, Pfr. Jeanneretia multistriata, Desh.

Thelidomus auricoma, Fér. Eurycampta bonplandi, Lam.

Liguus fasciatus, Mill. At Cardenas this species is white, gen-

erally devoid of all markings, save occasionally a few green lines on

the last whorl. But at Matanzas—less than twenty-five miles to the

west—it is richly adorned, and like Joseph’s coat, with many colors,

and the apex is almost invariably a rosy hue.

Urocoptis humboltiana, Pfr. Urocoptis cyclostoma, Pfr.

Urocoptis ischna, Pils. I am convinced that isclina is only a

form of cyclostoma. The smooth form is generally found in the

stone walls at the base of the hill, and on either side of the pro-

vincial road, but with it is a costate form that links it with the

ribbed variety. ‘This (ischna) is usually collected on the exposed

cliff above where the heat of the sun would supposedly develop such

a protective sculpture, and a series of specimens can be laid down

showing the imperceptible transition from the typical and original

form down to the elaborately ribbed variety.

Succinea sagra, Orb. Eutrochatella sloanei, Orb.

Cistula catenata, Mke. Eutrochatella babei, Arango.

Chondropoma dentatum, Say. Helicina adspersa, Pfr.

Chondropoma pfeifferianim, Poey. Aleadia nitida, Pfr.

Proserpina depressa, Orb., a species without operculum.

' Loma = hill; otherwise known as ‘‘ Jamaica,” and for that reason a

frequent occasion for confusion of localities.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

The following species are also known from this locality :

Hyalinia gundlachi, Pfr. Macroceramus unicarinatus, Lam.

Microceramus turricula, var. perconicus, Pils.

Melaniella acuticostata, Orb. Urocoptis camoensis, Pfr. and

Vertigo pellucida, Pfr., which I found abundantly at Mariano.

In a small “‘ laguna ” near Camoa I found Ampullaria conica, Wood,

a Planorbis, Ancylus havanensis, Pfr., and Physa cubensis, Pir.

At Guanabacoa in the Havana Province there is a vigorous colony

of Carocolus sagemon, var. semiaperta, Mart., which has a curious

history. The species belongs to Eastern Cuba. Some fifty years

ago Dr. Nicolas Gutierrez, the founder of the Academy, and one of

Cuba’s most distinguished scientists, put some young sagemons in

his garden at S. Francisco de Paula, near Guanabacoa. They were

typical Caracolus arangiana in different colors, some with and some

without umbilicus. But all are now umbilicated, and correspond

precisely with the variety named by Martens, semiaperta (not in

Arango), which came originally from the Cauto river near Bayamo.!

Cardenas and Matanzas are well worth a visit whether one has

visions of snails or not. The former city—the fifth in size on the

Island?—is 106 miles from Havana by rail, and its commerce in

honey, mahogany and asphalt has been augmented greatly by Ameri-

can enterprise. Indeed Cardenas has been called an American city,

though I saw fewer Americans and heard less English there than in

other western ports. However, the whole city turned out on Sun-

day to witness the increasingly popular American game—baseball.

I heard a missionary, whose church joined hard against a black-

smith shop, patiently compete for a hearing with its busy anvil, and

just across the narrow street rang deafeningly and incessantly the

electric gong of a moving picture show, which form of amusement

has become as fully identified with Cuban life as it has oztrun our

American taste for cheap entertainment. The beautiful Bay is very

ample but shallow, and lies over extensive beds of asphalt. The

water is almost fresh from the constant upward flow of some mighty

subterranean river, or perhaps from many streams flowing through

the limestone rock of this region.

Here I found flourishing churches, well disciplined schools, and

1Prof. Pilsbry considers semiaperta only a variety of arangiana.

2Its population is about 25,000.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

an extensive Museum, whose director, Sr. Francisco Blanes, is an

ardent conchologist as well as a devout Christian. In fact, the

Museum owes many of its choicest collections to this generosity, and

in token of their appreciation the Trustees have given him a life

pension and made him honorary curator.

In the court of the new Museum building Bulimulus sepulchralis,

Poey and Ennea bicolor, Hutt., the latter introduced within the past

decade, bad found a congenial home.

At Matanzas I was the recipient of many courtesies. Dr. Luis

A. Cuni, Professor of Natural Sciences in the Instituto de Matanzas,

gave me an automobile excursion through the beautiful Yumuri

Valley, which lies under the protecting care of the Palenque de

Matanzas, and its twin “loaf” the Pan de Matanzas.!_ We ascended

the San Juan river in a trim launch getting a magnificent view of

the verdant meadows and the palm-crested mountains. At the

Bellamar caves our guide was an old Cuban who claimed to be their

discoverer fifty years ago, and who seemed to be veritably a part of

their grotesque formations. With Dr. Valdez graciously serving as

interpreter, Dr. Cuni and I compared notes on Natural History, and

parted the best of friends.

To the west of the city rises the Loma de Simpson. On its

summit is a hermitage—the Ermita de Montserrate—which preserves

a cherished memorial of Spanish ecclesiastical history. In this

revered situation I collected two interesting Urocoptids—U. poeyana,

Orb., and UW. elegans, var. auberiana, Orb.,—and many beautiful

Liguus from the thorny hedges of the Euphorbia? I reached the

crest of the hill in the early morning, and I shall not soon forget the

panorama of La Cumbre, the mountains set against the deepest of

blue skies, the Valle de Yumuri, a mighty garden of Royal Palms

and tropical flowers, nor the beautiful city itself, whose buildings in

dazzling white seemed to step down to the bay with stately tread.

The Bay of Matanzas is an esthetic challenge ; not until you see for

yourself, my gentle reader, will you believe that it has mastered the

science of color and perfected the art of display.

1 Both of these mountains are famous for their shells. Nothing is more

attractive in the cabinet than a well selected series of Chondropoma presasianum,

Gundl., and Chondropoma irradians, Shutt., which can be collected on both

pans.”

2 Euphorbia lactea, Han,

108 THE NAUTILUS.

The Matanzas fauna was studied and described by Pfeiffer. Dr.

L. Pfeiffer came to Cuba from Germany with Dr. Juan Gundlach,

the ornithologist, and Edward Otto, the botanist, in 1839. Pfeiffer

and Otto left after a residence of two months, but Gundlach re-

mained, and for more than fifty years he devoted his talents to the

exploration of Cuba’s Natural History, becoming a worthy co-laborer

of Poey.

(To be concluded.)

NOTES.

Dr. Pilsbry will sail from San Francisco Jan. 7th, for the

Hawaiian Islands, where he will spend several months in studying

Achatinellide for the Manual of Couchology. Articles and notes

for publication in ‘Tue Naurtitus should be sent, up to April Ist,

to Mr. Johnson.

FEEDING HABITS OF ARIOLIMAX.—Dr. C. Hart Merriam who

has been summering in the redwood forest of Marin County

California sends some interesting notes about the feeding habits of

Ariolimax columbianus. He observed it taking the fallen drupes

of the California laurel (Umbellularia) which have a tough skin

covering a_ layer of pulp outside of a hard kernel. The snail took

the fruit by the end which had been attached to the stem and was

able, by protruding the buccal mass, to eat out the pulp between

skin and kernel for about half the surface of the fruit without break-

ing the rind. Subsequently it was observed to gnaw off the base of

a toadstool about 3 inches in height with a stem a quarter of an

inch in diameter, and make a meal of the stem. It is probable not-

withstanding its ‘‘carnivorous”’ dentition that these slugs live

chiefly on such vegetable matter. W:;: Bi; Dara

Mussets 1n A Water Matn.—The London Metropolitan Water

Board officials have just made an extraordinary discovery. Re-

cently it was found that a 36-in. water main at Hampton-on-Thames

was showing signs of becoming choked. It was opened, and 90 tons

of fresh-water mussels were taken out of a quarter of a mile of the

main. The mussels were so tightly massed that the bore was

reduced from 36 in. to 9 in.— Popular Mechanics, Nov. 1912.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI. PLATE VIII

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIDA.

He NAUTILUS.

Von. XXVI. FEBRUARY, 1913. No. 10

TWO NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIDE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

Urocoptis (GonGYLostToMA) LONGA,n. sp. Pl. VIII, figs. 9, 10+

The shell is cylindric or pillar-shaped, a trifle widest in the

middle, tapering slightly to the rather wide truncation; whitish or

pale brown, indistinctly mottled or rather distinctly streaked with

brown; glossy, smooth, the last whorl thread-striate, contracted and

angular above the origin of the neck, which is free and descends

shortly. The aperture is somewhat oblique, subcircular. The

peristome is rather broadly expanded, reflexed, white, usually brown-

tinted below. Axis slender, encircled with a small, sub-basal

lamella which is minutely spinose in the upper whorls.

Length 14.2, diam. 2.1, aperture 2 mm.; 134 whorls.

Length 15.5, diam. 2.1, mm.; 133 whorls.

A small rocky hill at Zaza del Medio, at the junction’ of the

Sancti Spiritus branch with the Cuban Central R. R., Province of

Santa Clara, collected by H. A. Pilsbry, April 15, 1904.

This species belongs to the group of U. wrighti as defined in the

Manual of Conchology, vol. XV, p. 263. It differs from the species

there described by its smooth surface. It is also different from the

several new forms recently found by Professor de la Torre, all of

which have been compared.

110 TUE NAUTILUS.

Unrocorris (GONGYLOSTOMA) CARA n. sp. Plate VI, figs. 27-30.

The shell is very slender, pillar-shaped, of nearly equal diameter

throughout, or tapering slightly towards the truncate summit,

whitish, copiously mottled and streaked with brown; glossy, smooth

(or rarely showing very weak traces of widely spaced strix), the

last whorl regularly thread-striate. The whorls are slightly convex,

the last compressed towards its base, which is angular above the

origin of the neck, last half whorl free, tubular and descending,

rounded or having a weak keel below. The aperture is subcircular,

white within, rather oblique; peristome broadly expanding, reflexed,

white. The axis is encircled by two small, nearly equal Jamelle

the upper one more oblique, the lower thinner and shortly spinose.

In the penultimate whorl the axis becomes noticeably gyrate and the

upper lamella disappears.

Length 16.5, diam. 2.1, aperture 2.1 mm.; 144 whorls.

Length 22.3, diam. 2.3, aperture 2.3 mm.; 20 whorls.

Lenath 138, diam. 2 mm.; 124 whorls,

‘San José rocks’’ about 2 miles northeast of Sancti Spiritus,

Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, H. A. Pilsbry, April, 1904.

Several hundred specimens were taken from the vertical rocks

where they clung in abundance, though in the main lodged in

crevices and holes, like most of the slender Gongylostoma, they vary

widely in size and number of whorls. No complete individuals were

found; and it appears that about 12 or 15 whorls are lost in large

adults.

U. cara differs from species of the U. wrtghti group by having two

equal axial lamellae. It is probably related to the unfigured U.

imparata (Arango) which is described as fusiform-cylindric, whitish,

with entire spire and 17 whorls.

UnocopTis NIDALGOI CABRASENSIS, n. var. Pl. VIII, fig. 16.

Differs from U. hidalgot by the sparse, weakly developed sutural

nodules, shorter, less closely costate neck, and by having an inter-

mediate collumellar lamella between the two large ones in the

autepenultimate whorl. The shell is corneous with white streaks

and macul, smooth except on the last whorl. Length 134, diam.

in the middle 8 mm.; 94 whorls remaining. Cerra de Cabras, Pinar

del Rio, collected by J. B. Henderson, Jr., 1909.

TUE NAUTILUS. by eI

A COLLECTOR IN WESTERN CUBA AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

BY REV. ll. E. WHEELER.

(Concluded from page 108).

The last few days of my vacation were spent on an excursion to

the Isle of Pines, and [ was fortunate in having Dr. de la Torre for

a travelling companion. Looking at the map one sees that in out-

line it is very like the profile of an ancient volante, the typicay

Cuban carriage, and this comparison has been handed down by those

who travelled in that curious and now almost forgotten vehicle.

Baron von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland visited the Island

early in the nineteenth century, making important geological and

botanical observations. The first conchologist to explore its slores

was D. Jose M. Velasquez. This was sometime in the early thir-

lies, but he published no description of the species collected. A

little later Count Arthur Morelet made an expedition to the Antilles,

sailed around the Isle of Pines, landing near the present capital,

Nueva Gerona, on the Casas River. His book, entitled ‘+ Testacea

Novissima Insule Cuhbane et America Centralis,” describes species

collected here as well as in Cuba and Central America. The

species described from the Isle of Pines were:

Oleacina folliculuris (= O. subulata, Pfr?).

Oleacina paragramma (= O. solidula, Pfr.).

Cylindrella (Urocoptis) pruinosa,

Cyclostoma semicanum, a very rare species from the South Coast.’

Cyclostoma pupoides.

Cyclostoma disjunctum (a synonym of C. moreletiana, Petit, dis-

junctum being preoccupied).

Helicina (Priotrochatella) constellata,® and Helicina scopulorum.

Poey described Trochatella stellata‘ from Velasquez’? manuscript.

This species is not found on the Sierra de Casas, the home of its

nearest congener, Trochatella consfellata, but on the Sierra de

1Published 1849-1851.

2 At Carapachi Bei, meaning ‘Turtles’ Bay,” a name given to it by the

fishermen of Cayman’s Islands.

3See Revue Zool., 1847, p, 147.

4See Poey, Mem. I., pp. 117, 447; and Jay, Cat. 1850.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Caballos, a mountain some three miles to the East of Las Casas and

across the Casas River.

Gundlach visited the Island about the year 1854 and collected all

the species previously described and some others which were de-

scribed by Poey and Pfeiffer. These were:

Chrondropoma dissolutum, Pfr., a species so near Chondropoma

pictum that it may be worthy of a varietal position only.

Trochatella luteo-apicata, Poey. Trochatella callosa, Poey.

Helix (Jeanneretia) pityonesica, Pfr., which so far as studied

does not appear to be distinguishable save, in size from the common

mulltistriata.?

Helix (Cysticopsis) comes, Poey (near cubensis, Pfr.).

Glandinella (Bulimus) poeyanus, Pfr., together with a new genus,

Pineria, which is represented by four species only two of which

were described from the Isle of Pines. These were: Pineria

beathiana, Poey, and Pineria terebra, Poey. The latter is not

only one of the rarest, but also one of the most curious, of land

shells.

The only addition to the fauna of the Isle of Pines since Gundlach

is Cerion pinerium, Dall, and a variety of this species is claimed by

its discoverer to be the smallest of the genus.

It was Dr. de la Torre’s hope to find some new thing in the Sierra

de la Canada in the interior of the Island. But this range proved

to be a quartz formation covered with pine trees,’ which surely have

the right of way, so far as native vegetation is concerned, on the

Island. The common grass of this region is Hypertcum galiotdes,

Lam. At the foot of the mountain, however, we collected

Oleacina oleacea, Fer. Subulina octona, Brg.

Helix (Jeanneretia) pityonesica, Pfr. Thysanophora vortex, Pfr.

On the Sierra de Casas we collected all the known species from

that locality, Urocoptis pruvnosa, Mor., rather plentifully. There

seemed to be two forms of this species, one which was stout and

large, the other much more slender, but fully as long. Near Nueva

1The generic position of muliistriata is still problematical, and can only be

definitely established by an examination of the soft parts.

2 Pinus caribea Morelet. This tree grows also in Western Cuba, Florida and

the Bahamas, and until recently (1904) has been confused with J%nus cubensis

Griseb., the pine of Eastern Cuba.

TIE NAUTILUS. 113

Gerona we collected two fresh-water species, Ampullaria conica,

Wood, and Physa enbensis, Ptr.

Everywhere we saw great colonies of ants? which are there so

destructive to vegetation. One of the most dread pests, however, is

the Jejene? (pronounced hay-bay-nie), a tiny fly, smaller than a

gnat, whose sting, while not very paintul, raises innumerable little

bumps on the skin which smart unpleasantly. They travel in swarms

and are not barred by ordinary mosquito netting, and, their favorite

time for attack being in the night, one can only escape their ravages

under a canopy of closely woven goods. When the Cuban wishes

to take off a conceited man, he says: ** He knows also where the

jejene lays his eggs,” something, by the way, which even the

Naturalist has not yet discovered,

Of the parrots the Ara tricolor is about extinct, but the ‘ Catarra ”

(Chrysolis leucophulv), the white-lheaded parrot, is still abundant, as

well as the ** Perteo”’ (Conurus evops), « small paroquet with a long

tail. Some six thousand of these birds are exported annually for

pets, but to be trained to talk must be taken from the nest. The

rare * Cuyama,”’ known to us as the Wood Ibis ( Tantalus loculator,

Linn.), seems here to adorn itself with all the glory it can borrow

in a tropical environment,

The giant among the trees of this Island is the Yagruma,’ whose

dead leaves infold themselves making a good retreat for snails and

wasps alike. One of the abundant wild fruits is the Zeaco‘ used in

preparing a sweet jelly, but this is found also in the coasts of Cuba.

At the foot of the Sierra de Casas we saw that peculiar Anacardium'

which produces a huge seed, shaped like a pear, externally to the

fruit. The bottle palm,’ called in Spanish Barrigona, having a

bulge in its trunk like an Indian club, could not fail to attract

attention, and another common palm was the A/fraguana,® with

slender trunk, whose leaves filled out a circle as perfectly as a daisy.

'Spanish ‘ Bibijagua,” Alia cephalotes,

2(Leacta furens, Poey, not to be mistaken for the larger and less vivacious

sand-fly.

8 Cecropia peltata. See Prof, Simpson’s reference to this and other Cuban

trees in the ‘Collectors’ Journal,” Vol. I, Nos. 3, 4 and 5, His paper is

entitled; ‘“‘ Notes from a Collecting Trip in Cuba.”

4Anacardium occidentale, L. 5 Colpothrinaz wrightii Griseb. and Wendland,

6 Colpothrinax miraguano.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

What of commercial opportunities in the Isle of Pines? Opinions

will vary. But some indication may be had in the fact that out of

a total population of eight thousand, five thousand are Americans.

The land itself is by no means fertile. There is nothing specially

inviting in the scenery, excepting the North Coast, and educational

advantages are quite meager. Schools and churches there are, and

many cultured people, but morals are at a low ebb generally. The

climate is the Island’s greatest asset, and its chief products will

always be the citrus fruits.

NEW JAPANESE OVULIDE.

BY . A. PILSBRY.

Ovura (NEOSIMNIA) HIRASEI, n. sp. Plate 7, fig. 4.

The shell is fusiform, its greatest diameter contained 2.8 times in

the length; thin, bluish white, the ends pale ochre colored for a

distance of 4 or 6 mm.; glossy, under the lens showing distinct very

fine longitudinal striation, and about 6 oblique, low and well sepa-

rated spiral cords at the lower end, one or two more than this at the

summit. The rest of the surface has a microscopic spiral striation,

so minute as to be hardly noticeable except under the compound

microscope. The two ends are about equally produced, pointed.

Outer lip thickened outside and within, retracted at both ends, very

indistinctly angular near the lower end, columella straight and

simple. Near the summit there is a low, indistinct spiral swelling

very obliquely encircling the axis. Length 28, diam. 10 mm,

Province of Tosa, Japan, Y. Hirase.

This species is longer and less swollen than O. sowerbyana Wein-

kauft (= Ovulum spelta Sowb., Thes. p. 480, pl. 100, f. 63, 64, not

of Linné). It is decidedly more inflated than O. carpenter? Dkr,

The axial fold above is quite weak in O. Adraset, and the coloration

is characteristic.

OvuLA NIPPONENSIS, n. sp. Plate 7, fig. 9.

The shell is oval, angular at the ends, glossy, bright flesh-pink

gradually becoming paler towards the lip; very indistinctly 4-

banded with brown, maculate with brown on the back and behind

THE NAUTILUS. TLS

the ends of the outer lip, which is fleshy yellowish on the face.

Sculpture of irregular growth-lines and weak, microscopic spiral

striation, scarcely visible except under the compound microscope,

At each end there are about seven spiral grooves, which are widely

separated except close to the ends. ‘The outer lip is very convex on

the face, somewhat thickened outside, incurved and armed with

about 28 unequal, not very strong teeth. The grooves between the

teeth extend as far as the middle of the face of the lip. The colu-

mella bears a strong white fold, terminating outwardly in a vertical

callus on the ventral side of the base of the shell. There is scarcely

any anterior notch. Posteriorly the callus of the peristome extends

downward from the apex and towards the aperture. Deep within

the aperture there is a longitudinal callous ridge on the parietal wall

of the aperture. Length 13.5, diam. 9 mm.

Fakara, Awaji, Japan, Y. Hirase.

This belongs to a rather numerous group of species, among which

it is nearest to O. bulla Adams and Reeve (Zool. Samarang p. 21,

pl. 6, fig. 5). ‘The new form is less narrow anteriorly and differ-

ently colored. It is blunter at the ends than O. punetata.

A NEW LYMNAEA FROM MONTANA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

GALBA MONTANENSIS, n. Sp.

Shell of medium size, rather thin, translucent, ovate-turreted ;

periostracum light horn color; surface shining, lines of growth

distinct, crossed by very fine wavy spiral lines; whorls six, convex,

the body whorl somewhat obese; sutures deeply impressed ; spire

acute, longer than the aperture ; aperture ovate, outer lip thin; inner

lip wide, somewhat triangular, reflexed over the umbilical region ;

there is no distinct axial plait, but the inner lip is slightly indented

where it touches the parietal wall; the umbilical chink is narrowly

open. There are two rest period marks on one adult specimen,

Length 14.00; width 6.50; aperture length, 6.80; width 4.00

mill. adult,

Length 9,00; width 5.00; aperture length, 5.50; width 3.00 mill.

juy.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 14.25; width 8.00; aperture length, 7.00; width 4.00 mill.

adult.

Length 10.00; width 5,25; aperture length, 5.00; width 3.00

mill. juv.

Type locality. ayes Creek, near Ward, Montana, in the Bitter

Root Mountains, altitude 3825 feet.

Types in collection of L. E. Daniels.

This Lymiuxid belongs to the palustris group and is related to

being more solid, the periostracum more polished, and the aper-

ture rounder. The greatest difference is in the inner lip, which

is roundly and evenly reflexed over the umbilicus, lacking the

twist so noticeable in this group, and resembling in this respect such

species as Galba bulimoides cockerelli and Galba caperata. Walf-

grown specimens might easily be mistaken for Galba bulimoides,

the spiral lines and narrow umbilical chink, however, easily separat-

ing them. Vah/ii has not been found south of the 55th parallel, and

there is, therefore, a wide gap in the range of the two species.

The specimens at hand show some variation, one specimen being

very obese; while another, which is believed to be typical, has a

rather long, turreted spire. The young, half-grown specimens are

always obese. ‘The specimens were collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels

in April 1912.

RADIX AURICULARIA AT CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.

BY W. F. CLAPP.

About four years ago, a dam was built across the Charles River

at Boston. Above this dam, nearly four miles of the river, which

was formerly salt and full of marine life, is now fresh water, In the

Navtitus, Vol. 25, p. 182, Mr. C. W. Johnson writes of a colony

of Modiolus demissus v. plicatulus Lam., which until a few years ago,

lived about two miles above the dam. I collected a very fine set of

Paludestrina salsa Pils., and a few Odostomia b/suturalis and trifida,

in 1593, nearly three miles above where the dam now stands. But

records of the marine molluscan fauna of this part of the river seem

to be very scarce.

TILE NAUTILUS. 117

In August, 1912, Dr. Walter Faxon brought me three specimens

of Radix auricularia (Linn.), which he had found very near the

place where I had collected P. salsa, and O, bisuturalis and trifida

in 1893. In October, 1912, Dr. Faxon and I collecting again at

this spot, secured several more specimens, varying in age from very

young to fully mature. All we found were on Chara, and in more

or less deep and exposed parts of the river. I examined quantities

of Potamogefon without securing a specimen, but nearly every clump

of Chara yielded at least one. In the shallow sheltered coves and

ditches we found great quantities of Galba palustris, Planorbis

trivolvis, Plunorbis albus, Physa heterostropha and Ancylus parallelus

but these species all avoided the deep water of the river as surely

as PR. auricularia kept away from the shallow places. I have never

found Galba palustris, P. trivolvis, ov R. auricularia in that part of

the river above Watertown which has always been fresh water.

The common species there are Pseudo succinea columella and Plan-

orbis bicarinatus, neither of which have yet been found in the river

at Cambridge.

There are numerous explanations for the sudden appearance of

exolic species in unexpected localities. A very popular, and probably

in many cases a true one, is that they have escaped from some nearby

greenhouse, In support of this theory, I will admit that there are

several greenhouses in Cambridge, and that from some of them to

the river would be but a short walk, but a comparatively long crawl.

SPHERIIDE OLD AND NEW, III.

BY V. SrERKI.

P. COLUMBIANUM,' n, sp.—Mussel of medium size, strongly

inflated, outlines (along the valve edges) oval to elliptic without any

angles, beaks somewhat behind the middle, large, prominent,

rounded or slightly flattened on top, or even calyculate; surface

more or less uneven from lines of growth, somewhat shining, with

fine irregular strix, color light corneous to yellowish, often in alter-

nating zones, shell thin, sub-translucent ; hinge rather slight, cardinal

teeth small, the right curved with the posterior end thicker, left

1The name is not strictly in conformity with the rules, but appears prefer-

able to columbiense.

118 TUE NAUTILUS.

anterior with apex pointed, posterior quite short; ligament and

resilium rather short and slight.

Long. 4.2, alt. 3.6, diam. 3 mm. (100: 86: 71).

Long. 3.3, alt. 2.6, diam. 2.3 mm. (100: 79 : 70).

Hab.: British Columbia, apparently widely distributed and

common, and rather variable with respect to size and shape (no

doubt, also in Washington, etc.). Vicinity of Esquimalt, collected

by Mr. ‘Taylor over twenty years ago, sent by Justice F. R. Latch-

ford, No. 6362 cotypes with the lot in Mr. Latchford’s collection,

and lots simply marked * B. C.”’ at least some of them from that

vicinity, are in various collections; Chilliwack Creek and Lake,

B. C., collected by a member of the Canada Geol. Surv. staff, sent

by Mr. Whiteaves ; a marsh, Duncans, B. C., received from Mr. A.

W. Hanham. The first specimens were received in 1895, and the

species has been regarded as distinct ever since.

P. fureatum, n. sp.—Mussel oblique, medium inflated, superior

margin little curved, posterior and inferior forming one continuous

curve to the rounded-angular anterior end, or the posterior margin

slightly subtruncate; supero-anterior slope at an angle with the

upper margin, well marked, straight or little curved, at an angle of

alt. 49° to the longitudinal axis; beaks slightly behind the middle,

rather large, rounded or slightly flattened on top; scutum and

scutellum slightly marked, small; surface polished, with slight,

shallow striw; color plumbeous around the beaks, straw along the

margins, the two shades not sharply defined, shell subtranslucent in

the plumbeous area, rather opaque in the light zones; hinge mod-

erately strong, right cardinal tooth curved with the posterior part

bifid, the outer, or posterior, shank separated by a groove even

above, straight or curved with the convexity below, left anterior

short with apex rounded, posterior oblique, slightly curved, the space

between them wide posteriorly ; outer laminz of the right valve

small; ligament and resilium short, moderately strong.

Long. 4, alt. 3.6, diam. 2.3 mm. (100 : 90:57).

Hab.: Green Lake, Seattle, Washington, collected by Mr. P. B.

Randolph, with P. ddahoense Roper and others; types acc. No. 5896

b, part, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Probably none of the

specimens are full-grown. The mussel resembles some forms of P.

variabile Pme., but is more oblique, the color is different, and the

cardinal teeth are markedly different ; named from the strongly bifid»

or bifurcate, right cardinal.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

The mussel also somewhat resembles P. randolphi Roper, from

Seattle, Washington, but is much more oblique, the beaks are larger,

and the surface striw sre slighter, more shallow, and more distant.

P. (fureatum var?) rhombicum.—Mussel smaller, more oblique,

rhombic in outlines; beaks small, color more yellow; the posterior

part of the right cardinal tooth is thin and plain and correspsndingly

the space between the two left ones is quite narrow; ligament short

and slight. Long. 3, alt. 2.6, diam. 1.8 mm. (the largest specimen),

Also probably none of these are full-grown. Hab.: with the preced-

ing,inthesame lot. Apparently of the same group with P. furcatum,

to judge from the shape; more material will prove whether the two

are distinct or forms of one species.

F. W. BRYANT.

Mr. F. W. Bryant, of San Diego, Cal., while visiting Hawaii,

died of heart failure on Octover 23, 1912. Born in Ohio about 70

years ago, he was an old friend of the late Prof. A. G. Wetherby,

with whom he often collected. He described several species of

Californian land shells in ‘Tur Nautitus (vol. XIII, pages 122

and 113, 1900 and Vol. XVI, page 70,1902). Pyramidula bryanti

Harper, was named in his honor.

NOTES.

LaMArck’s CoLLecTION or Sue_its.—We take the liberty of

quoting from a letter to one of the editors written by Mr. Charles

Hedley from Geneva, Oct. 18,712. ‘*I have just been through

Lamarck’s types and have been rewarded for my trouble by recover-

ing two or three lost species. The Lamarckian collection was as

you know bequeathed by Delessert to the Geneva Museum. It is in

excellent preservation, kept locked up apart from the general collec-

tion in four cabinets. The shells are gummed on the usual tablets

and in the case of the bivalves the original label in Lamarck’s writing

is pasted to the under surface of the tablets. Each tablet has a

colored margin to indicate geographical division ; thus Australasia

dark blue, Indian ocean yellow. ‘ There is also a copy of the

120 TIIE NAUTILUS.

Animaux sans vertebres annotated by Lamarck himself. I supposed

that this neat mounting was done by Chena, but the present custo-

dians did not know. The director and his assistants pay great regard

to this collection but they have not a conchologist on the staff. One

part of a memoir illustrating by photography the shells of Lamarck

has already appeared. I saw proof of the next part which should

be issued this year, and will include the bivalves.

“Tunis Museum has also the complete collections of Brot, the

specialist on Melania, who was a Geneva citizen. Also the collection

of Bourguignat, who left it here.”’

Banvep PoLyGyra MOBILIANA: Some months ago I received

from Herbert H. Smith a few Polygyra mobiliana Lea from near

Mobile, Ala. Most of the shells were immature but I noticed that

three adults were distinctly banded and some of the young also

showed a faint band. On bringing the matter to Mr. Smith’s atten-

tion he examined all that he had remaining and found that the

majority of them were banded. Since then Mr. L. H. McNeill of

Mobile has collected numerous specimens and finds most of them

banded. J have just received 17 specimens from him of which 16

are banded. The band is brown, much darker than the balance of

the shell, and is located just above the periphery. Shells collected

at Foley, Baldwin Co., are bandless and Smith says that he has seen

no banded shells of this species except those collected near Mobile.

Mr. McNeill informs me that he got a great many of this species by

“sweeping ” the grass at night with an insect net.—GeEo. H. Clapp.

Murex FULVESCENS Sowerby: Some handsome specimens of

this species, pure white in color and measuring about seven inches in

length, were recently obtained by Mr. J. H. Holmes in the Gulf of

Mexico, off Wakulla Co., Fla., at a depth of 125 feet.—C. W. J.

PsEUDOGALBA, NEW NAME FoR Simpsonta.—Mr. Bryant

Walker has called my attention to the name Simpsonia, which is

preoccupied by Rochebrune (1905), for the Naiad previously known

as Chamberlaina duclerci. The name Pseudogalba may be used in

place of Simpsonia (Lymneidx of North and Middle America, page

236). It is perhaps expressive of the relationship of the group to

Galba.—F rank C. Baker.

Bere NAUTILUS:

VoL. XXVI. MARCH, 1913. No. 11

COLLECTING IN PANAMA.

BY EUGENE W. PRESBREY.-

In 1850, C. B. Adams, Professor of Zoology in Amherst College,

spent six weeks collecting in the waters of Panama Bay. In 1882,

under his own direction, he published a complete catalogue of species

collected, with careful notes on synonymy, stations and number of

each species taken.

The writer recently spent two weeks covering carefully exactly

the same territory, from Old Panama to Taboga Island, about fifteen

miles. It may interest the readers of Tue NavutTiius to know what

changes in numbers, stations and characteristics may occur in sixty-

three years. Many changes have occurred, due probably to dis-

turbed environment. Adams, in six weeks, took 41,835 specimens,

516 species! ! Of these there were 88,920 Gasteropoda, 376

species! ! In the same season of the year, from the same rocks and

sands, with the same tides—eighteen to twenty-four feet—the writer,

in two weeks, under most favorable conditions, was able to find only

112 species of Gasteropoda, and about 1000 specimens. Some of

these species were not found at all by Adams, who was a careful

collector, letting nothing escape him, not even numbers. But the

peculiar and interesting fact is that few of the species found in great

numbers by Adams are plentiful now, and many of those species are

not to be found at all. In many stations otber species have taken

the place of those found by him.

Adams collected 4500 Oliva volutella. These are not there now.

Two dead on the beach, and one alive, were all that I found. Of

122 THE NAUTILUS.

Oliva porphyria, Adams found only a broken fragment. I hunted

in vain for even that. I doubt if Panama is now its natural habitat,

as the shell was scarce in 1500 and is not found there now. Adams

took 1500 Nassa panamensis on the reef that juts out from the old

sea wall. Not a single Nassa is to be found there now. Of Nassa

lweostoma, Adams took 380 near the old sea wall. They are not to

be found there now, they having migrated two miles across the bay

where a bushel could be taken at one tide. Adams found fourteen

species of Nassa, I found four. Adams found incredible numbers of

Nerita, two species, took 3200 specimens. Of these only 400 were

Nerita scubricosta, the only species to be found in considerable num-

bers now on the high-tide rocks. Adams found 29 species of Col-

umbella, 8000 specimens ! ! Four good specimens of C. harpae-

formis, brought up by hermit crabs, and halt a dozen other species,

beach worn, rewarded persistent search.

Monoceros cingulatum. Adams found only 75, most of them

young. Of these one may get a thousand adults in one tide—but

not at Panama, at Taboga Island. Adams took 3900 specimens of

Litorina, 12 species. Now, only one species to be found in consid-

erable numbers. Adams found 110 specimens of Ricinula reeviana,

I found one.

Conus, then and now: brunneus, 4—0; gladiator, 70—1; ma-

hoyant, 17—0; nusx, 2—12; princeps, 8—4; purpurascens, 12—1;

regularis, 1—0; mus, 0—25. 1 was fortunate enough to find two

specimens of Conus panniculus Lam. at ‘Taboga, one alive, and both

splendid specimens. Has this or any other of the Texti been re-

corded from the Panama Province? <A fine specimen of Conus

Sergusoni Sby. was found, a species not recorded in the Conch.

‘ Jeonica, and considered doubtful by Tryon. This specimen, after

removal of the olive-green, persistent epidermis, shows perpendicular

stripes of delicate yellow alternating with lavender, from rounded

shoulder to base where the colors merge into pale ashy brown, colu-

mella and interior violaceous white. All other specimens that I

have seen are dead white. The figure in Tryon’s manual is not C.

Jfergusoni either in form or color. Fergusoni has the rounded

shoulder and heavy form of Conus betulinus or C. glaucus, depressed

accuminated spire, whorls eight, rounded and canaliculate.

Purpura seems to be more plentiful than whem Adams was there.

He found 8 species, 600 specimens. Two miles from Panama one

THE NAUTILUS. 123

might take a thousand each of four species in « single tide. These

seem to flourish under conditions that have driven other species

away. Iam unable to recognize many of Adams’ species.

Many Marginellas dead in the sandy mud, few alive. Adams saw

only fragments of Strombus galea, easily found now, both young and

old. All the Strombi attributed to this province are found in good

condition but, like other species, washed ashore. They are more

plentiful than when Adams was there, but found at Taboga only.

Ranella caelata, Adams took 190 specimens, alive, at half tide.

None alive from high to low tide now. Crabs bring them up in

great numbers and good condition.

Adams found Murex, 9 species. Found them alive, from half

tide to low. Not now. Hermit crabs and diving black boys are the

collectors now. Many beautiful and absolutely perfect specimens,

too, are washed up dead, to half tide. 1 found six varieties.

Adams names only one species of Fusus (bellus). I took four

species at Taboga, two species alive at half tide. Hermits could

have furnished a peck. Cancellaria about the same but not alive.

Pleurotoma abundant, but in no such numbers as indicated by

Adams. Few alive. Cerithium. Adams found 14 species, 3400

specimens! ! Half a dozen species now brought up by hermit crabs.

Turritella banks’. Adams took 350 specimens, one-third of them

alive. They have gone to deeper water but crabs bring up fine

specimens. Adams found 90 specimens of Pedipes angulata under

Panama sea wall, and 650 Auricula panumens’s in same station.

Not a specimen of anything to be found there now except Purpura

in small numbers and Nerita out of water. Adams indicated

scarcity of Pecten and Pectunculus. Now most plentiful decoration

of the beaches. Adams found Cypraea cervinelta, arabicula, punctu-

lat’s and pustulata on the Panama reefs. Not one of these there

now. There is no coral. To be found in small numbers at Taboga

where there are small patches of coral to furnish food.

Recapitulating : for four miles either side of the Canal mouth in

the Bay all but the coarser, sturdier forms have disappeared. Chi-

tons, Purpura, Siphonaria and Fissurella are there, but few others,

and all in small numbers. There is no food on the reefs. Every-

where, in the region covered by Adams, the stations and habits have

materially changed. It might be interesting to compare individual

specimens of to-day with those of same species taken by Adams

124 THE NAUTILUS.

sixty-three years ago. Forces capable of changing habitat and habit

might change form and characteristics.

My method in collecting is to traverse the beaches and from dead

or brcken fragments of shells, observation of tide currents, eddies,

and prevailing winds, mark out probable stations at low water or

beyond. The method is seldom wrong and leads to live specimens,

either for wading or dredging, in shortest time.

Some species in Panama Bay have gone to other stations. Some

have disappeared. Nearly all have sought deeper water and stay

there.

Very solid volcanic rock, some of it nearly pure iron, is continu-

ous from two miles west of Panama City to Taboga Island, fourteen

miles. The Canal runs through part of it, and over the rest of this

strata. Heavy dynamite blasts on the main Jand and on the islands

in the Bay where Canal fortifications are to make another Gibraltar,

can be felt distinctly at Taboga, too far away to be heard, sometimes.

These concussions are frequent, occurring many times a day. A

breakwater extends from the mouth of the Canal to the island forti-

fications. This breakwater is two miles long, and all day long train-

loads of dynamited rock are dumped into the waters of the Bay on

either side. It is possible that four years of concussion and waters

more or less poisoned by nitroglycerene, plus the sewerage of Pan-

ama, may have destroyed food and driven the species to new stations,

to deeper water, or worse, destroyed many of them. ‘The volcanic

reef ends abruptly a mile out and the water suddenly deepens to

thousands of feet. At Taboga the conditions are more favorable

and there is superb collecting ground, but even there low tide does

not expose the live species—to any encouraging extent. The infer-

ence that all Panama species near the Canal have sought deeper

water is justified.

There is a big suction dredge at Balboa near the mouth of the

Canal. This dredge takes up everything from bed rock to top sand

and sends a twelve-inch stream of water, mud, and millions of shells

(seldom alive), a mile or two inland to make new land. Most of

these shells liave not been dead long, some are semi-fossil. There

is fine collecting at the end of that pipe. But specimens taken there

indicate wholesale destruction of molluscan life at the mouth of the

Canal.

The most interesting ‘station’ however on the Isthmus is in

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Culebra Cut, 150 to 260 feet above mean tide level. There, in

squeezed-up marine strata, easily recognizable marine species may

be found in considerable numbers. Some are, perhaps, as old as the

Tertiary period, but many of them can be duplicated, alive, on the

Pacific beaches. Coral is found 262 feet above present mean tide.

Fifteen miles away in the Chagres basin marine deposits are also

found. Sometime, not so very long ago, there was an open strait

where the Isthmus now is. Is the Isthmus younger, very much

younger, than scientifically supposed? How much younger? Is

there any evidence—not of its age—but of its youth, to be found in

the five tons of shell-bearing material sent to Washington by the

diggers in Culebra Cut? I don’t know. I’m only a gatherer of

shells—with an imagination and some disposition to ask qzestions.

ON SOME CUBAN UROCOPTIDE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The following notes relate to new or rare species collected by the

writer in 1904. My journey was a rather rapid one, undertaken

with the object of seeing something of the mollusk fauna of the

central part of the island, as nearly all the Cuban shells I had studied

had been taken in the relatively far richer and more frequently ex-

plored regions from Havana Province west, and in Santiago Prov-

ince, or Oriente as it is now called.

My route was from Havana to Cienfuegos by rail, thence to

Casilda, the Port of Trinidad, by the Menendez steamship line,

thence to Tunas de Zaza on the south coast; by rail then to Sancti

Spiritus, eastward to Majagua in Camaguey Province, and return

by way of Matanzas, Collecting was done at the places mentioned

as well as at many places along the route, and others within a day’s

journey on foot or mule from those named.

Around Havana, Matanzas, ete., various well-known Urocoptide

were taken which call for no special notice, and also several forms

of the U. elegans group—a very difficult series, not yet worked up,

and extremely abundant in the environs of Matanzas and in Havana

Province. Urocoptis cara P. & H., U. longa P. & H., and the fol-

lowing species may be mentioned among the new forms taken.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Urocoptis (COCHLODINELLA) MEDIANA, n. sp. Pl. VIII, figs.

| ea»

The shell is cylindric-fusiform, the upper half or third tapering

slowly to the truncate summit; thin; whitish-corneous with some in-

distinct clear corneous maculation. Sculpture of thread-like rib-

striae, equal to or narrower than their intervals, nearly straight,

slightly oblique, and somewhat irregular, as though a thread were

here and there omitted. Close behind the lip the striation is crowded.

Suture distinctly denticulated by the rib-strie. The whorls are

slightly convex, the last very shortly free in front, with a cord-like

basal keel. The aperture is oblique, circular; peristome expanded

and shortly reflected. The axis is slender and simple, as in U.

poeyuna.

Length 18, diam. 4, diam. aperture 3 mm.; 114 whorls.

Length 16.5, diam. 3.4, diam. aperture 3 mm.; 11 whorls.

Length 15.5, diam. 3, diam. aperture 2.4 mm.; 10 whorls.

Zaza del Medio, Province of Santa Clara, on a small rocky hill

close to the Cuban Central R. R., under stones.

This species is closely related to U. poeyana, from which it differs

by the coarser striation, which is moreover irregular in places, while

in U. poeyana the sculpture is close and even.

Urocorris (GONGYLOSTOMA) CANTEROIANA (Arango). PI. VIII,

figs. 4, 5.

Cylindrella canterotana Gundlach MS., Arago, Anales Real Acad.

Ciencias Habana, XII, p. 284, 1876.

A translation of the very brief and unsatisfactory description of

this species may be found in my Manual of Conchology, XV, p, 254.

In 1904 I collected it on the fine hill ** La Vigia,”’ which forms the

background of the town of Trinidad, and where Gundlach had col-

lected the types a half-century before. I found it on the slope look-

ing out over the Caribbean Sea, on the west slope, and in a cave

near the foot. Also in the foothills of the Trinidad Mountains on

the west side of the valley of Trinidad, and along the trail in these

mountains about two miles from San Joan de Letran.

The shell is cylindrical, the upper half or third tapering to a

rather narrow truncation; uniform light brown, with lighter riblets ;

somewhat glossy. Sculpture of even, rather strong rib-stria, nearly

straight except on the last whorl or two where they are slightly

THE NAUTILUS. 127

curved, as wide as their intervals. Sutures rather deep, whorls

slightly convex, the last rounded below, very shortly free in front.

The aperture is somewhat oblique, shortly oval, a little longer than

wide. Peristome continuous and free, very little expanded, some-

what thickened, narrowly reflected. Axis bears one thin, minutely

crenulated spiral lamella.

Length 14, diam. 3 mm.; 13 whorls.

Length 12, diam. 2.6 mm.; 134 whorls.

Urocoptis (GONGYLOSTOMA) CIENFUEGOSENSIS,n.sp. Pl. VIII,

figs. 6, 7, 8.

The shell is cylindrical, the upper half or third tapering to a

rather small truncation ; white, mottled and streaked with corneous-

gray, as in U. variegata; glossy. Sculpture of rather low, coarse

rib-striz, closer and sharper on the tapering whorls and on the neck

behind the lip. Whorls slightly convex, the last rounded below,

very shortly free in front. The aperture is slightly oblique and a

little longer than wide. Peristome white, expanded and reflected,

continuous and free. Axis encircled by a small, thin, minutely

serrate lamella.

Length 15, diam. 3.1 mm.; 13 whorls.

Length 12.5, diam. 3 mm.; 12 whorls.

“‘ Lagunilla,” a place about 6 miles due north from Cienfuegos,

where there are several small brackish lagoons.

This species has much external resemblance to U. poeyana lacteo-

flua Pils. It is most closely related to U. canteroiana Arango, from

which it differs by the variegated coloration, weaker ribs and smaller

axial lamella. It is the only species of Urocoptis I found in the en-

virons of Cienfuegos. The small lagoons at Lagunilla are slightly

salt to the taste. The rocks and sticks are thickly coated with

Congeria, and there is alsu Neritina virginea.

MICROCERAMUS SANCTISPIRITENSIS, n. sp. Pl. VIII, figs. 11,

12, 13.

The shell is shortly rimate, oblong-territe, tapering from the last

or the penult whorl in a long cone which is slender and straight-

sided above. Ground-color brownish-corneous, becoming gray-

corneous on the last whorl, the apex whorl or whorls brown or gray

subsequent whorls with sculpture of rib-stria which are white except

128 THE NAUTILUS.

where interrupted by narrow patches or streaks of darker ground-

color. Qn the base there are often several spiral corneous bands,

leaving one to three spiral zones of long white granules. The rib-

strix are nearly as wide as their intervals, weaker in the corneous

patches, and continue upon the base. Whiorls rather convex, the

upper ones more convex ; Jast whorl rounded, with a very weak spiral

cord defining the base, sometimes almost obsolete. The aperture is

oblique; peristome well expanded, white, the columellar margin

built forward, in a plane with the outer lip.

Leneth 12.7, diam. 5.5 mm.; whorls 10.

Length 11.38, diam. 5 mm.; whorls 94.

Leneth 9, diam. 4.8 mm.; whorls 9.

Near Sancti Spiritus, Province of Santa Clara, at a place called

This is a larger shell than MZ. petitianus (Orb.), also known as

M. tunicula (Ptr.), with stronger, closer striz continuing over the

base; it is not so wide and the spire is less attenuated above. The

smallest shell found in a large series is 9 mm. long. Nearly all are

over 10 mm.

San José rocks, conspicuous from Sancti Spiritus as a white ridge,

stand upon a low ridge of gneiss which runs north of Sancti Spiritus.

The rocks cover only a small area, but form a labyrinth of fissures,

caves, tunnels, deep holes and knife-like crests, the whole clothed

with trees and vines. Deeper and deeper I went, getting big Me-

galomastomas and Helicea in the cool rock chambers, ‘The charm-

ing new Urocopt’s cora hung on the cliffs. Operculates quite new

to me were turning up. Finally I was quite lost in this absurdly

diminutive jungle. I had dropped down several cliffs of eight or

ten feet in gaining the heart of the thicket, and there was nothing

to do but go on in as straight a course as I could steer. After a

hard scramble of half an hour I emerged on the lower side, wet with

perspiration and scratched by the sharp rocks, but happy in the pos-

session of a fine bag of snails.

The rocks of San José are apparently a remnant of the Oligocene

deposits which must once have heavily blanketed the gneiss in this

region. Little trace of these beds remains in the country around

Sancti Spiritus.

I found a variety of this species at Zaza del Medio, where ona

small rocky hill or on the adjacent slope to the river I picked up two

THE NAUTILUS. 129

lots, of 13 and 5 specimens respectively.' In one lot the shells are

more conic than the types, with the rib-stria more delicate and

sharp, obsolete on the base. Specimens measure :

Length 10.5, diam. 5 mm.; 94 whorls.

Length 10, diam. 5 mm.; 9 whorls.

Length 9, diam. 4.2 mm.; 9 whorls.

In the other Jot the shells are Jarger but also sculptured with deli-

cate, thin rib-stria, much narrower than theirintervals. Length 13,

diam. 6 mm., 10 whorls. This race may be called var. tenu/striuta

(pl. VIII, fig. 14).

MicrocERAMUS PERCONICUS TRINIDADENSIS, n. var. P). VIII,

figs. 15, 17, 18.

The shell is imperforate, the last two whorls forming a broad,

shortly cylindric part, those above rapidly tapering in form of a

straight-pointed cone, slender above ; rather glossy ; corneous-brown,

the last 4 or 5 whorls nearly covered with patches on which the

strie are opaque white, Whorls convex, the earlier ones more

strongly so. Sculpture of regular, closely set, retractive striw, as

wide as their intervals, every second or third one a little enlarged at

the upper end, forming an irregular series of subsutural papille.

The last whorl is rounded, or there may be an inconspicuous very

low cord upon which the strie enlarge, defining the base. The

aperture is oblique ; peristome scarcely expanding, slightly thickened

‘and white within, the interior elsewhere light brown. Columella

vertical, straight, projecting forward a trifle near the insertion, the

margin dilated above and adnate, not built forward.

Length 7.3, diam. above aperture 3.2, including aperture 3.75

mm.; whorls 83.

Length 7.7, diam. including aperture 3.9 mm.; 9 whorls,

Lenath 5.8, diam. including aperture 3.2 mm.; 8 whorls.

West side of ‘* La Vigia,” Trinidad, under stones, ete. Also on

the northwest side.

M. perconicus trinidadensis stands near A/. angalosus (** Gundl.,”’

Pfr.) which it resembles in sculpture and in the structure of the

columella, but it differs by the much more obese shape constant in a

large number collected, and by the stronger sutural denticulation.

1 Most of the small shells I got at Zaza del Medio were Jost through an acci-

dent. These two lots were saved by being in bottles carried in my pockets,

130 THE NAUTILUS.

The shape, indeed, is almost exactly that of the west Cuban &M.

denticulatus—a species less closely striated and having a rimate base

and built-forward columellar margin. J/. petitianus has narrower,

more separated striz and no denticulation below the suture; more-

over, it has a shortly rimate base and forwardly-built columellar

margin.

M. perconicus (which I described as a variety of petit/anus) is

doubtless a species distinct from petitianus, differing in sculpture

and the columella, which is not in the least built forward. It is

more strictly conic than trinidadensis, without sutural denticles,

otherwise the same. JZ. palenguensis, which I have not seen, seems

to be broader with a larger aperture.

The specimens recorded as MM. turricula Pfr. from Trinidad were

probably ¢trinzdadensis. I have not seen the form reported from

Cabo Cruz.

MACROCERAMUS CANIMARENSIS (Pfr.).

A single specimen, typical in form and sculpture but white with

a corneous base, I found among rocks in a precipitous, shaded place

on the northwest side of La Vigia. It has already been reported

from Trinidad.

MaAcrOCERAMUS CANIMARENSIS ROTUNDIBASIS, n. subsp.

The shell differs from cantmarensis by having only a very weak

trace of the subperipheral keel (which is strongly developed in cant-

marensis); the base being much more convex than in canimareasis,

and not so strongly striated.

‘San José rocks” near Sancti Spiritus.

I did not find this species living, but dug it from a bed of clay

formed by disintegration of the limestone.

A LIST OF MOLLUSCA FROM THE MUSSELSHELL VALLEY, MONTANA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

Except for the brief lists by Squyer (Nautitus, Vol. VIII, pp.

63-65, 1894) and Elrod (Bull. Univ. Montana, No. 10, pp. 170-174,

1902), there are very few molluscan records extant for the entire

THE NAUTILUS. 131

state of Montana, so that the following list of species from the upper

Musselshell Valley, in the central part of the state, is of interest

from a distributional standpoint. The exact locality is Winnecock,

Meagher County, where the writer has done a little collecting dur-

ing August of two succeeding years (1911-1912). The fresh-water

species were taken in the various springs and overflow pools border-

ing the Musselshell River, and the terrestrial species occurred under

sticks, leaves and stones in the more moist places among the sur-

rounding cottonwoods. No species were taken in the swift-flowing

waters of the river itself, and no land forms were found at a greater

distance from the river than a few rods. All except Vertigo bin-

neyana, Zonitoides minuscula and Planorbis callioglyptus were of

fairly frequent occurrence. The elevation of Winnecock is about

4000 feel about sea level.

Vallonia costata montana Sterki. The specimens appear to cor-

respond very well with Dr. Sterki’s diagnosis, and specimens sent to

Mr. George H. Clapp were similarly determined by him. They are

possibly the same as the ‘* Vallonia gracilicosta var., close to costata

Say,” of Squyer’s list.

Vitrea radiatula Alder (hammonis Strém.).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney).

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller).

Agriolimax campestris (Binney) var. The specimens are perhaps

to be referred to the montanus of Ingersoll.

Pyramidula cronklitei (Newcomb) near var. anthonyi Pilsbry.

Succinea avara Say.

Suecinea retusa Lea.

Lymnea palustris Miiller.

Lymnea caperata Say.

Planorbis parvus Say,

Planorbis calliog/yptus Vanatta. A single poor specimen is thus

somewhat doubtfully determined.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad (= bicarinatus Say).

Physa gyrina Say var,

Aplexa hypnorum Linné.

132 THE NAUTILCS.

CHARLES W. GRIPP.

Mr. Charles William Gripp, of San Diego, Cal., who is known to

many of our readers as an indefatigable collector and generous cor-

respondent in exchanges of shells, died as the result of a serious

accident in San Diego, January 3, 1913, aged forty-eight years.

Mr. Gripp was a native of Odeshég, Sweden, and came to America

in 1875. Since 1897 he was connected with the San Diego post-

office. The funeral services were held on January 6th, and inter-

ment was made in the Masonic cemetery. Mr. Gripp was especially

interested in the Californian, and particularly the San Diego mollusk

fauna. He made various excursions beyond the entrance of the

harbor in fishing boats, and by careful attention to bottom samples

and stones brought up on the roots of kelp, discovered in this way a

number of new species and increased our knowledge of the old ones.

His collection was very complete in his specialty, and arranged and

labeled with that neatness and care more common with European

than American collectors. Personally he was agreeable, generous

and considerate, and will be much regretted by his correspondents.

He left a widow, who was, at the time of his death, seriously ill in a

hospital, thereby adding to the pathos of the circumstances under

which he died. W. nD:

NOTES.

CANNIBAL SnaiL.—A carnivorous mollusk called Glandina was

imported into France from Mexico some months ago, and at a meet-

ing of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, Professor Bouvier asserted

that its cannibal propensities were conferring immense benefit on

market gardeners.

Snails commit serious depredations on French cabbages and

salads, but since the arrival of the Glandina, which lives on snails

and slugs, the latter have largely decreased, and agriculturalists are

able to send their produce to the Halles in perfect condition.

When the Mexican mollusk encounters a French snail, it thrusts

forward its head, and, penetrating to the innermost recesses of the

enemy’s shell, devours its prey alive. The eggs of the Glandina

are as large as those of some birds.

‘The experiments conducted with a hundred giant snails from Mex-

ico have proved so satisfactory that arrangements are being made to

supply 2000 more to the market gardeners round Paris.—Daily Mail.

fee NAUTILUS.

No. 12

Vou. XXVI. APRIL, 1913.

NOTES ON A FEW BRITISH COLUMBIA MARINE SHELLS.

BY A. W. HANHAM, DUNCAN, B. C.

The following notes do not refer necessarily to rare, or even

“uncommon species and are in some cases only a comparison of

common species occurring at different localities, sometimes not very

widely separated.

Victoria is on the south end of Vancouver Island, inside the

Straits of Juan de Fuca; Maple Bay and Departure Bay lie on the

East or inside coast of Vancouver Island, the former South of

Departure Bay and distant about 30 miles; both are sheltered or

more or less jJand-locked; Salt Spring Island lies along outside the

entrance to Maple Bay, and in the channel outside this entrance the

water is very deep.

Terebratella transversa Sowerby. ‘This species is common on the

underside of rocks at Maple Bay, and may be found not far below

high water mark where the shore shelves steeply and the rocks are

well piled up.

Pecten hastatus Sowerby and Pecten rubidus Hinds. These species

occur together, and in the channels off Nanaimo and Departure Bay

I have seen them brought up in the dredge by the pailful. Both

are sometimes coated, even on both valves, with a native sponge,

bright yellow in color when living, named Myzxtiis parasitica, Lambe.

Hinnites giganteus Gray. Very fine specimens muy be taken

among the rocks at Maple Bay at low tides, but the big fellows are

hard to detach without breaking or chipping the lower valve. A

nicely grown specimen makes a good ash-tray.

‘

134 THE NAUTILUS.

Azxinaea septentrionalis Midd. Reported by the late Rev. G. W.

Taylor as being not uncommon on the Northern and Western Coasts

of Vancouver Island, but not observed by him at Victoria or

Departure Bay, so that I was all the more surprised this summer,

to pick up a specimen in good condition at Maple Bay lying on the

beach near high water mark. Through the kindness of Mr. Taylor

I possess a good set of the species trom Northern waters.

Psammobia rubroradiata Nuttall. The late Rev. G. W. Taylor

in his List of the Marine Mollusca of the Pacific Coast cf Canada,

refers to this as being a rare species, stating that he had not seen

living specimens, At Maple Bay this appears to be one of the

species occurring there in numbers, broken shells are in abundance,

and quite good ones are often washed up, many still retaining the

animal, and of quite a fair size. This shell seen lying in the water

is rather a beauty, but in the cabinet a very ordinary shell, as the

color seems largely to disappear.

Semele rubropicta Dall. Quite a rare species at Maple Bay, and

while it might be captured by dredging, half a dozen specimens or

odd valves represent the catch for almost as many seasons.

Volutella pyriformis Carpenter. This is a little beauty, and while

Taylor refers to it as a common species, I have only been fortunate

enough,—with the exception of a tiny juv. specimen at Maple Bay,

—to find it once, and that was at Foul Bay, near Victoria; here

under a stone in a cavity under a large boulder, I secured a small

colony.

Purpura lima Martyn. (== canaliculata Duclos). This is the

only Purpura that I have taken in any of our inside coast waters

since leaving Victoria; there, P. crispata, Chemnitz, and saxicola,

Val., occurred in perhaps equal numbers with Lima: this absence

seems rather strange. The P. lima of Maple Bay is very common,a

large shell, solidly built, heavy, and sometimes brightly colored and

banded.

Cerostoma foliatum Martyn. I took only two specimens of Cero-

stoma all the time I lived in Victoria, and those at extreme low

tide; at Maple Bay this is a fairly common species among the rocks

between tides, and juv. specimens are quite abundant.

Eulima micans Carpenter. This species is usually only to be ob-

tained in our Northern waters by dredging in from ten to forty

fathoms, but I have met with it rarely at Maple Bay at extreme

THE NAUTILUS. 135

low tide buried in a sponge on the underside of large flat rocks on

which this sponge sometimes grows in masses.

Bittum filosum Gould. ‘The species is abundant at Maple Bay on

rocks at low tides among the sea weeds, and many of the living

shells are white in colour.

Isapis obtusa Cpr. Since my notes on this species in the Febru-

ary Number of Vol. xxlv, a further search the following August in

the same locality, showed the shell to be quite plentiful on its same

host, Tapes staminea Conrad.

Natica clausa B. & S. and Lunatia pallida B. & S.A few small

specimens, living and dead, fell to my bag on one of my few dredg-

ings in Departure Bay.

Velutina laevigata Linn. At Maple Bay very occasional at ex-

treme low tides among the rocks, but not, I believe, a rare species

when dredging in from 10 to 50 fathoms.

Acmaea patina Esch, This and allied species are of course

plentiful both at Victoria and on all our rocky coasts, but none of

the shells found in our inside waters are of any size, miserable

specimens when compared with those taken at Victoria, from which

locality I have some beauties.

Acmaea mitra Esch. The same remarks apply to this species,

except that at Maple Bay it is in addition quite a rare shell, and

those taken have been very small and depauperate-looking, while in

Departure Bay I have not yet met with it.

Fissuridea aspera Esch. This is one of our common species at

Maple Bay between tides, and generous in size, like those I have

from near Victoria, and certainly much more abundant than there.

Leptothyra bacula Carpenter. A rare species, I believe, in north-

ern waters, and the only specimen that I have taken—except on

Southern California beaches—was a small one out of a root of kelp

washed up after a storm. This root was still attached to some very

large barnacles, and was rather a “gold mine”’ for small species, as

Alvanias, ete.

Margarita lirulata Carpenter. At Maple Bay by far our most

abundant ‘ top; ’’ swarms in certain seaweeds on the rocks at ex-

treme low tides, and stray specimens may even be taken on the

under side of stones between tides, associated with small Littorina.

As Taylor has pointed out, this is a very variable species in our

waters.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Margarita helicina Fab. Reported not uncommon between tides

around Victoria; not yet discovered at Maple Bay.

Solariella peramabilis Carpenter and Solar/ella eidaris Carpenter.

I have a few nice examples from dredgings in or near Departure

Bay, the latter though, only from channels outside the bay.

Note. While I have been able to do much more collecting at

Maple Bay than at Departure Bay, dredging has as yet been

attempted only at the latter locality.

“ Errata.”"’ Nautivus, Vol. xxiv, page 114, line 10, read “ tiny ”’

instead of ‘ fine.”

SPHERIIDEA, OLD AND NEW, IV.

BY V. STERKI.

Pisidium overt, n. sp.—Mussel rather small, oblique, with the ante-

rior part somewhat longer, medium to well inflated ; superior margin

short, nearly straight, posterior subtruncate to rounded, inferior well

curved; supero-anterior slope beginning with an angle, close to beaks,

rather long, straight to slightly curved; anterior end situated well

below the median line, rounded angular; beaks rather small, rounded;

surface dullish to somewhat glossy, with very fine subregular strix;

shell thin, translucent, nearly colorless to pale corneous; hinge me-

dium stout, plate narrow; cardinal teeth rather long, moderately

curved to nearly straight, the right not, or little thicker in its poste-

rior part, left anterior with its apex rounded to somewhat pointed in

old specimens; ligament and resilium rather short and slight.

Long. 3.5, alt. 3, diam. 2.4 mm. (100: 91: 68).

Long. 3.3, alt. 2.7, diam. 2.1 mm. (100 : 82 : 64).

Hab.: Clear Lake, Deuel Co., S. Dakota, collected by Mr. W. H.

Over, in several lots, in 1906 and 1908; types No. 5752 and corre-

sponding with those in Mr. Over’s collection, in whose honor the

species was named (in 1906). Apparently the same Pistd’um is from

Cannon Lake, Rice Co., Minnesota, collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels

in 1905 (No. 5595); the two specimens in the collection are some-

what larger and more inflated, with the beaks higher.

P. overi sumewhat resembles walkert St. in shape and appearance,

THE NAUTILUS. Mays

but is smaller, the anterior part of the mussel is much smaller, and

the cardinal teeth are markedly different, as seen in quite a number

of specimens.

Pisidium nevadense, n. sp.—Mussel inequipartite, oblique, higher

in front of the beaks than behind, medium inflated ; superior and

posterior margins little curved with a rounded—somewhat over right

—angle between them, inferior rather long, somewhat descending

toward the rounded anterior end, supero-anterior slope somewhat

curved ; beaks nearer the posterior end, medium large, rounded,

slightly prominent over the hinge margin; scutam and scutellum

barely marked ; surface somewhat shining, with slight irregular

strie and a few slight, impressed lines of growth; color: straw,

shell subtranslucent, rather strong; hinge curved, medium stout,

plate rather broad ; cardinal teeth rather large, the right with the

anterior part somewhat thickened, the posterior much thicker, with

a deep groove, nearly bifid, left anterior long, angular-curved, pos-

terior long curved, oblique, extending forward well beyond the apex

of the anterior ; laminz little projecting inward, cusps short, pointed,

especially those of the left valve; ligament and resilium rather long,

moderately strong. Long. 6, alt. 4.8, diam, 3.3 mm, (100 : 80 : 55).

Hab.: Nevada Co., California ; types no. 56278 in the National

Museum, and my collection no. 2726 ; of the former, one specimen

is 6.4 mm. long. For my specimens I am indebted to the late

R. E. C. Stearns, being identical with those of the National

Museum, which were received from (and collected by ?) J. J. Rivers.

Evidently distinct from all described species, but the specimens were

shelved in the hope of getting additional material. This Pistdium

has the best-formed cardinal teeth of any seen.

P. (nevadense var., or sp.?) modicum, n.—Mussel of similar ap-

pearance, but smaller, less oblique, not higher in front of the beaks

than behind, beaks somewhat broader, color more whitish ; long. 4.3,

alt. 3.5, diam. 2.6 mm.

Hab.: White Pine, Nevada. Specimens are in the collection of

Mr. B. Walker, from the Wetherby collection, and my collection

no. 5813, part of the original lot; more are probably in other col-

lections.

P. glabellum, n. sp.— Mussel small, somewhat oblique, rather well

inflated ; superior margin nearly straight, bounded by angles in front

and behind, supero-anterior slope nearly straight, anterior end

188 THE NAUTILUS.

rounded, posterior and inferior margins forming one curve; beaks

slightly posterior, rounded or somewhat flattened on top, moderately

prominent ; surface polished, with very fine, slight striz, color corne-

ous, occasionally with a slight reddish tinge, to clear amber, shell

transparent to translucent; hinge stout, plate rather broad; right

cardinal curved, its posterior part thicker, left anterior with apex

pointed, posterior rather short, oblique, well curved; ligament and

resilium short, strong.

Long. 2.2, alt. 1.9, diam. 1.4 mm. (100 : 87 : 64).

Hab.: New England to Pennsylvania and Minnesota. Types

No. 324 from Hess Lake, Newaygo Co., Mich., collected by Mr.

L. H. Streng, received in 1895, then regarded as distinct and named.

No. 78977 of the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, from Point

Pleasant, N. J. (F. H. Brown, Aug., 1890), conform with the types.

From various places there are specimens of nearly the same size and

appearance, but more or less different in shape: superior margin

more curved, beaks narrower and more elevated, the anterior end

more angular, e. g. from Graham’s Creek, Nepean, Ont., collected

by Justice F. R. Latchford in 1911, No. 6812. They appear to

represent a variety.

P. glabellum has some resemblance to small forms of P. splen-

didulum St.; the latter is widely distributed, common and very vari-

able, but from all its forms, glabellum proved distinct. The hinge is

markedly strong and somewhat like that of P. variabile and com-

pressum; the mussel is somewhat like a miniature P. vartabile, and

it appears to range with that group.

P. lermondi, n. sp.—Mussel rather small, subequipartite; outlines

nearly elliptical along the valve edges, well inflated around the beaks,

impressed along the margins, with cutting edges; beaks a little pos-

terior, rather small, somewhat prominent over the margin; surface

polished, with shallow, irregular striz; color deep corneous to some-

what olivaceous, shell transparent to translucent, thin; hinge slight,

plate quite narrow; cardinal teeth little curved, the right with its

posterior end slightly thicker, left posterior short, quite above the

anterior; lamine rather short and slight, cusps in the left valve

pointed; ligament and resilium slight.

Long. 3.4, alt. 3, diam. 2.6 mm. (100: 88 : 73).

Hab.: Duck Pond, Warren, Me., collected by Mr. N. W. Lermond

(in whose honor the species was named), Sept., 1909. Types No-

THE NAUTILUS. 189

6364, and in the collection of Mr. Lermond. Also at other places

in the vicinity of Warren, Me.

The shape of the mussel is quite peculiar, especially in front or

rear aspect, and if there were only one or a few specimens, they

might be regarded as abnormal. Some forms of P. medianum St.

are of somewhat similar shape, in lateral view, but they are of light

color, the shell is not transparent, the surface dullish, and the hinge

is quite different. Young and half-grown specimens may be mistaken

for P. splendidulum.

Spherium acuminatum (Pme.), Cyclas acuminata Prime, Proc.

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 155, 1851, was made a synonym of S.

striatinum (Lam.) in Mon. Corb., p. 37, by Prime, but it is dis-

tinct, as evidenced by the specimens (a few valves) in the Prime

collection."

Cyclas albula Pme., |. c., is probably the same, to judge from the

specimens—two poor, washed left valves in the Boston Society Nat-

ural History (No. 8086)—but not from the description. There are

no specimens of C. albula in the Prime collection (Mus. Comp. Zool.),

and for the above reasons it appears proper to use the name acumi-

nata, though albu/a has precedence, yet both are on the same page.

The species is common in the great-lake region, and rather

variable.

S. ohioense n. sp.—Mussel somewhat inequipartite and elongate,

moderately inflated, the valves rather flat toward the margins,

superior and inferior margins slightly curved, anterior margin

rounded or obliquely subtruncate above, posterior obliquely truncate

to subtruncate, end rounded ; beaks small, slightly elevated ; scutum

and scutellum rather long, narrow; surface dull, with rather fine

strie—or sulci; color straw to yellowish corneous to grayish in old

specimens; shell rather thin, hinge slight, plate narrow; cardinal

teeth small, short, posterior part of the right thick, nearly cubical,

lamine slight ; ligament and resilium rather long, slight.

Long. 11.5, alt. 8.2, diam. 5.3 (100: 73: 45).

Soft parts not examined.

Hab.; Ohio River and tributary. At Cincinnati on Nov. 1, 1895,

I collected a good number of specimens, young to adult, in com-

1“ Origin,” probably from Lake Superior, also two valves in the Boston So-

ciety of Natural History (No. 8085).

140 THE NAUTILCS.

pany with S. striatinum and stamineum. Types, No. 1172. Ohio

River at Cannelton, Ind., collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, Sept. 23,

1904; Elk River at Shelton, Clay co., W. Va., collected by Dr. A.

E. Ortmann, July 10, 1911. A. Sphaerium almost exactly like

these, and apparently identical, was collected at Joliet, Ill., by Mr.

Jas. H. Ferriss, in 1896, (No. 1354).

Musculium orbiculare n. sp.—Mussel rather small, inequipartite,

nearly circular in outlines with the postero-inferior part slightly ex-

tended, moderately and evenly inflated ; beaks quite small, narrow,

little prominent, calyculate, somewhat inclined forward ; surface

somewhat shining, smooth, with slight, microscopic striz; color

pale corneous to grayish with narrow straw colored zones along the

margins: shell thin, hinge slight, cardinals small, the right angu-

lar with the posterior part about as thick as long; the whole tooth

is little projecting, inclosing a triangular excavation for the left

anterior; lamin rather long, slender; ligament and resilium rather

long, slight ;

Long. 83, alt. 7.5, diam. 3.8 (100: 90: 48).

Hab.: Ill., Ind.; Athens, Ill., Nason collection in the Illinois

State Lab. Nat. History seen in 1911. Types No. 6796. Hammond,

Ind., collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, Aug. 3, 1904 (No. 4400).

This species is markedly different from all others seen and ap-

pears to be distinct. It has some resemblance to M. elevatum Hald.,

but is much smaller and slighter, less inflated, the beaks are much

smaller, and it differs from half grown elevatum of about the same

size more than it does from adults.

There are still large numbers of Spheriide@ on hand, of all three

genera, which cannot be referred to any of the described species.

Yet it is precarious to establish new species on them, considering the

great variation of many species. On the other hand, haphazard

lumping would do more harm then good, and is unscientific. More

good material from all over the continent is desirable, and will help

ascertaining their real relations. Also a large number of well

marked varieties and subspecies, partly very interesting in several

respects, systematically and geographically, are on file, and will be

published later.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

SOME CRITICISMS ON DR. F. HAAS’ MONOGRAPH OF THE UNIONIDE.

BY 1.. S. FRIERSON.

The well known Monograph of Unionide of H. C. Kuster is now

being continued by Dr. F. Haas, and 35 plates of fine figures have

been received. Dr. Haas is a prolific maker of new genera, he hav-

ing added already 14 new ones to the tremendous total, although

three plates only deal with the groups of eastern Asia. The new

genera are fully as heterogeneous as are many of those of his

predecessors.

Shells so close as Nodularia jourdyi Morelet and douglasie Greg.

are widely separated, and yet such diverse material as jourdyt and

asperula Lea are placed together. The Physunio crossei and Nodu-

laria rusticus, by Simpson’s classification, are placed by Dr. Haas in

the same genus, etc., etc.

The specific determinations are equally open to criticism. A few

of the more striking are as follows: On plate 33, figs. 7, 8 and 9 are

given as P. micropterus Morelet, and Unio pulcher Tapperone-Canefri

is given aga synonym. While these species bear considerable resem-

blance in their external facies, yet they are so diverse as to warrant

their being placed in different genera, as was properly done by Mr.

C.T. Simpson. P. micropterus has very small but well-defined beak

cavities, while pulcher has none. L.pulcher has a row of several dorsal

muscle scars, while micropterus shows none (7. e., hidden beneath

the interdention). More especially, micropterus has a “ third mus_

cle scar” over the anterior adductor, not shown by pulcher, and the

latter has the anterior adductor and protractor scars widely separate

(which is shown in Haas’ figure), while in micropterus they are con-

fluent. Other differences might be noted, the whole forcing us to

place mtcropterus in Physunio, while the pulcher belongs to Lamel-

lidens, as Mr. C. T. Simpson properly placed them.

Figures 11 and 12, plate 31 are said to be figures of the Harmandia

somboriensis Rochebrune. If these figures are from authentic

specimens, then Harmandia must lose its place as a genus, for figures

11 and 12, are young Hyria, from South America. Even more

singular is the treatment of the genus 7rapezoideus, on plates 32 and

$3. It is impossible that the sundry figures given as Trapezoideus

142 THE NAUTILUS.

misellus Morelet can represent a single species. If Fig. 4, plate 33,

is not an abnormal or diseased shell it must be a Solenaia, probably

the Solenaia (Mycetopus) rugatus Sowerby.

The figures 3, and 4, plate 32, are equally impossible. ‘They are

supposed to be Trapezotdeus foliaceus, Gould, but are really an un-

described shell, not far removed from the WV. dimotus Lea (figured in

the work, on plate 19). I have had for several years, a set of

these, purchased, with a label “ Zrapezoideus foliaceus, Gould, Ex.

Berlin Museum, Birma,’’ and possibly a part of the same lot figured

by Dr. Haas. Not being able to match them with Gould’s species,

I submitted them to Dr. Dall, who placed them near to dimotus, I,

therefore propose for the species as figured by Haas, (fig. 8, and 4,

plate 32) the following name.

PARREYSIA DALLIANA N. sp.

Shell small, rather thick, somewhat ovate. Length (of a medium

specimen) 4.5; height (mear end of ligament) 2.7; Diameter 2,

mm. Rounded before, basal and dorsal lines nearly straight, post

basal point rounded. Epidermis olivaceus, greenish in young shells,

brownish in old specimens, and frequently bleached. Beaks very

small, pointed, low, and incurved, with fine zigzag radial sculpture,

which extends a little down the shell, and especially down the post

slope ; in dirty, or eroded specimens hardly to be noticed. The

shell is a little inflated, the post ridge rounded. Inside the nacre is

soft cream or white. The left valve has two cardinals, the anterior

blade-like, and the posterior much smaller, and tubercular. The

laterals are double (or even inclined to be trifid); in the right valve

the cardinals are split or double, and the laterals single.

The anterior cicatrices are confluent, and also those of the poster-

ior.

Habitat is stated to be *‘ Birma.”

The shell is stouter, shorter and more inflated than P. foliaceus,

and the posterior portion is not as green. The species lacks the

sculpturing of P. dimotus, and the direction of the cardinal teeth is

different. The shell is a Parreysia according to Simpson’s ideas of

classification.

a tl i i i i Ol

THE NAUTILUS. 143

SHELLS COLLECTED AT MANZANILLO, WEST MEXICO, OCT., 1910,

BY C. R. ORCUTT, IDENTIFIED BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Gadinia peruviana Sby.

Siphonaria lecanium Cpr.

Bulla punctulata Ads.

Terebra variegata Gray.

Conus princeps Brod.

Conus arcuatus Sby.

Conus nux Brod.

Conus gladiator Brod.

Mitra funiculata Rve.

Vasum cestum Brod.

Lyria barnesii Gray.

Latirus ceratus Wood.

Purpura triserialis Blv.

Cantharus sanguivolentus Ducl.

Nassa corpulenta C. B. Ads.

Columbella major Sby.

Columbella festiva Sby.

Anacehis coronata Sby.

Anachis sulcosa Sby.

Nitidella cribaria Lam.

“Muricidea dubia Sby.

Craspedotriton scalariformis Brod.

Morum tuberculosum Sby.

Cypraea arabicula Lam.

Trivia pacifica Gray.

Strombus gracilior.

Cerithium maculosum Kien.

Cerithium uncinatum Gmelin.

Cerithium gemmatum Hinds.

Planaxis nigritella Forbes.

Planaxis nigritella var.

Littorina conspersa Phil.

Hipponix grayanus Mke.

Crepidula onyx Sby.

Calyptraea mammillaris Brod.

Trochita spirata Forbes.

Crucibulum imbricatum Brod.

Natica chemnitzianum Pfr.

Polinices uber Val.

Scurria mesoleuca Mke.

Turbo squamigerus Rve.

Uvanilla unguis Mawe.

Tegula globula Cpr.

Nerita bernhardi Recl.

Fissurella alba Cpr.

Fissurella microtrema Sby.

Fissurella rugosa Sby.

Chiton albolineatus Shy.

Area grandis B. & S.

Perna chemnitziana Orb.

Lima pacifica Orb.

Phacoides lampsus Dall.

Cardium consors Sby.

Cardium magnificum Desh.

Venericardia crassicostata Sby.

Venericardia cuvieri Brod.

Anomalocardia subimbricata Sby.

Chione undatella Sby.

Paradione squalida Sby.

Tellina cumingi Hanley.

Tellinides viridotincta Cpr.

Semele proxima C. B. Ads.

Tagelus politus Cpr.

Thracia plicata Desh.

The above list hasa value for geographical distribution, which

justifies its publication.—W. H. Dat.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

The November meeting was devoted to reports by members on the

work done during the summer, collecting or otherwise. At the De-

cember meeting Mr. C. J. Maynard gave an account of the distribu-

tion and variation of the species of Certon in the vicinity of Nassau,

New Providence, Bahama Islands, showing a large series of speci-

mens and illustrating with the aid of a map how the various species

and varieties were distributed from what he considered the original

starting point. At the January meeting the Secretary gave an ac-

count of the various forms of the foot in mollusca, and its adaptation

to the habits of the species. Mr. Olof O. Nylander, of Caribou,

Maine, spoke at the meeting, February 10, on the distribution and

variation of Lymnea emarginata Say and the var. mighelsi W. G,

Binney, in Aroostook Co., Me. A large map, on which was marked

the various colonies, clearly showed its limited distribution through-

out the Fish River lakes, and a beautiful series used in illustrating

his paper published in 1901, with many additional specimens, showed

all the gradations between L. emarginata and mighelsi. The speaker

referred to the great abundance of the species in some years and their

scarcity in others, and the probable causes; also of the changes which

are now taking place in the region detrimental to their existence.

Henry W. WInkLey, Secretary.

NOTES.

A New Form or Orvouerix.—Oreohelix haydent betheli, n.

subsp. ‘Typically flat and broad, with a lower spire and wider um-

bilicus than true (Utah) O. haydeni; last embryonic whorl concave

or even grooved next the suture. The spiral cords are strong

throughout, often more numerous than in typical haydeni, 10 to 16;

fine interstitial spirals visible. Alt. 10, diam. 21mm. Abundant

under rocks on north side of Grand River at Glenwood Springs, Col-

orado, collected by E. Bethel, J. Henderson, T. D. A. Cockerell and

others. The true betheli occurs on the north side of the river, but

on the opposite side is a related form (alta Pilsbry, n. v.) with the

spire conoidal and the umbilicus narrower, and also other forms to

be described later.—H. A. Pitspry and T. D. A. CocKERELL.

Mr. C. J. Maynard is now in the Bahamas making further studies

on the distribution of the various species of Cerion.