INDEX

eA NAULTTLUS, XXXTE

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

ES EE Og Oe 118

menatineia buddi ...........-..- Peep sage OM i RES Sait 1 on

UR CRE TIS AL C92 Ais 50 dis citi, Sho arcluieip soln S'< viw-% aioe ei 89

RET A SUOMIASUCL ...> . . cs onc dunvere. bho gm, aie ap¢ Bin be sae 91

ESET CMET! COVE 17701): i on ea en a 47, 92

EMRE AEP UIATIC, Oo)... s ai's ve b)s pagina bie a's) = als 4 2 srs osisis 56

TEESE 2k 0 su. sh ia g: aie ome beda.'st cree erm tsretin 1S aint 65

Alaska, Mollusea of Forrester Island .................. 21

Amnicola winkleyi leightoni Baker, n. subsp. .......... 125

Ampullaria (Felipponea) neritiniformis Dall, n. sp..... 10

Ancylus obscurus Haldeman and species referred to it... 99

Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea in Colorado ........... 142

Argonauta compressa Blainv. (Pl. IT) ................ 75

ean alte MOR ON os 5. ao. cs - 2 3 we 30 wittelveye ma sees e's 76

Argonauta, some large specimens of .................. 74

Arizona, shells from the Chiricahua Mts. .............. 70

Auriculide and Planorbide from Panama ............. 76

PI a eee ey hee wht ls ale, om ote tb- abascanta wie ¢ 144

Benue nicromontanns Dall 2 . 2 ..)\2<< .0).2[s ieee = « 20

PMPRRAICTIEE SP DAUE 8 yas 5) cite err ike a) op fark couse yw * 63

Saneornia snelis of Lia Jolla 2... ois 5 oye ee tieles sae 62

feamacns torbes: W. EF. Clapp, n. sp. (PL 1), .. 2.2... 28

Ree IUCR GEWIATITOTINIS GAY! & ooc os bands es c.0s acess 6

merion, breeding experiments... 1. cece here eee 142

Memmrattas new Chinese) 2505. 5.4 sects 34 oss beccle eens 53

Clausilia (EKuphaedusa) steetzneri Pils. ............... 53

Climatie conditions as indicated by land shells on the

ESAS RR 8 EO a nia le te Se 89

Woclecentrum sicas v. Martens ... . 2.0.0. ee cate we as 79

lil

lv THE NAUTILUS.

Compsoplenura trinodosa Conr:=; :/. 5. 22802 ueeee eee 119

Corbicula cabbiena, Henderson; n,m...) 0)... aes eae 120

Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves 2% 2). .2.... os eee 121

Oy phoma e1bbOsa oe osc. 62 aie alee 2 eels oe 6

Cyprea pacifica Ostergaard, n. sp. (Pl. II) ............ 92

Gy prea. Spadieed:).\.)..'2\.e SER. Bowes 2. - 5 65

Cyrena califormesa Gabb 2250000 ..55 22. ac see 120

Cyrena obliqua Deshayes \):..2 22 ccc): - is. 2 pe ee 120

Cyrena carolinensis Bose. 6076.6. 6 bein os ee 7

Detracia zeteka Puls., ns@Ps oc o'hs oss 6a se 76

DPiplomeriza Dall, ni nie. 8 ea, Odes be ee 32

Donax.obesa Orb). Nee See oO oe er 4

Donax variabilis ‘Say. ot St Caio kee 4

Drupa walkere Pils. & Bryan = fuscoimbricatus Sowb... 71

Duplicaria; note’ onjthe name }:2).)...25.27 22.4786 pee 32

Pasciolaria: distans tam. \. osc... / 20 . So ee 47

Pasciolaria ‘errantea Kren «5064 %'.... ene eee 44

Fasciolaria gigantea var. reevei Jonas ...............- 46

Fasciolaria of the southeastern United States .......... 44

Fasciolaria ‘papillosa Sowerby .......... 02220. eee 142

Paserolana tulipa Linn... 22 6652.84. . 26 ene eee 46

Felipponea Dall, n. subgen. 2.2.2 .5.....5.2 0.) eee 10

Perrissia(Laevapex ):dalli; n. sp. 4.25.52 425. 6502 eee 102

Ferrissia (Laevapex) obscura (Hald.) ................ 101

Pissurella volcano Reeve... 5.00) et ee 66

Florida, an old collecting ground revisited ............. 1

Florida; land. shells of’ southern. . 0. /2.i.7 227. eee 18

Ploke in Philomycus’.). 256.0200. 9) ee eee 105

Goniobases ‘of Ohio... :)/2. 0012.2 2 ee ee 73

Guatemalan notes (02). 44504002 260)0e Se eee 79

Hahotis fuleens Reeve .4./0.5..02. 0h. 7S ee 62

Hawaii, a new Cyprea from .:..... 0.52.) 0) 5.200 eee 92

Hawaiian Islands, collecting trip on Oahu ............. 54

Helix aspersa: Db.) 54 0../.44044.6e6 8a be eee 64

Helix hortensis in shell-heap, Mahone Bay, N.S. ....... ia |

Helix: pisana im:-California ..........4.5.. 2 eee 63

Hodgson: collection: .....0...2...2. 445). eee 105

Hihinois, Molluscaof Dubois’... ..) 02.0 A a ee 14

Lampsilis in Lodgepole Creek, Colorado .............. 103

Gand ‘shells of Mame «::.0.0:.......02. Soeur ee 96

Lasmigona, viridis KRafinesque ...... . 20.00) fee 127

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley, n. sp. ............. 80

Limnaea (Polyrhytis) kingii Meek... 00.7.2. Vee 119

lhitorina irrorata Bay .. 2.42%... ..k0e ee). 119

Tucineg philippiana Heeve..:...3.)05 . 5. 10 Se See Mie:

THE NAUTILUS. v

Reereeseantce wimbosa SOls). oy... a. os dab es ee 4

emeamisoroce alone the 2... . 62: b. do Se inate ses bi 37

meena Fixtord: Pils... sp.. 20: 2222 )e. sks ae wks 53

Witew amandi- a correction ... 2.01.2. 2ecbec2-ssseees: 31

prpereseest PIAL TBD. fe Srchuc on ole Gls Bee alodardia le wal 6 103

Meemeeena Bartsch, 1. no... 2s. 4 25 o0 le ened ean ele. dL

rar Pie S NAMES AN: ss. 4 hil Deedee wee Dol. 133

NEE MR SRESUATINIS: © SS 15 hr Jah Jt PA eae Si ce Se 65

Wamea dakotensis Henderson, n.n. .......2..-..-..6.- 122

RUPE TPCHTEAIIS op hase cialis a bd cie sega Se wee dnaes 122

PEM 8s a day + 6 ehbe b ee eae seca 109

LOSES LU DS 0S), | ee ee er en 7

rer eared, Ea. se fad 5,4 b6 4 2 'd)s as so dds saa eee 7

New Jersey, collecting in the vicinity of Newark ....... 59

New Jersey, land shells of Laurel Springs ............. 67

ENE Fars ee ea ose eet Ble teriadd 31, 70, 105

Meeuis unpressa Conrad... 2. 02. 2.(ecs ea) ewe es eee 122

Oliva sericea miniacea var. johnsoni Eiseeviries By Ware. 53) DS

peas pumilum Pfr. in Philadelphia ..........042..... a1

uetrraneeiais Erinn. fo deel oe nner abide 80, 86

Eanes supelobosa Emmons ..........200..1)2..00.863 119

Panopea on eR En et 5)

Pecten islandicus pugetensis Oldroyd, n. subsp. ........ 135

Reem kineaid: Oldroyd, 0. Spi) io. inci bs ce ode ee we 135

Pemomyeus carolimianus Bose. .......5...0000)0008e eee 83

Pea@emyeus pennsylvanicus Pils. ....:0)25....00005.- 80, 88

Petemtyens rushi W. F. Clapp, n. sp...........5.%6. 84, 87

PEE MIOBEN OD. 6s... os ba ew eee dee eee 80

oo 1) De ee 126

LTE LSD) 1 7 a rn 118

Repenemrriaigted WUE |. 5) cies sales ts ho ea os OUR ees 118

PREECE SER, WICC nia so oid arplevletes Rede nets

Physa smithiana Baker, n. n. for P. smithi Baker ...... 142

Eugen destroyed by insect larve® ...........0..0000. 026% ‘4k

Peeeerasnmicus Pils. fi. sp. os... ys) 2s... oe oS e's 78

Planorbis pseudotrivolvis Baker, n. sp. ................ 123

Polita cumberlandiana G. H. Clapp, n. sp. ............ 8

Polygyra plana bahamensis Van., n. var. .............. 72

PemiedstGHS TCCEIVED 2... 26.26 le ele ese: 32, 68, 106, 142

Seeman ncanensis Call 2202... occ s ae ee eee 119

SEM MITIEBUICALASSOWD. < 222 5 oo5. fe eele'y ee os eo ees 6

Eapnonaria usguiragum Steams. ....... 2.00056. 6 oa e's 6

eee eerner, Huntingion 2)... ee ec eee 136

Sonorella cayetanensis Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ........... 19, 38

paueeeta cos Pils. & Perr, W. sp... .. 02. 20

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella elizabethe Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ............ 20, 41

Sonorella hinkleyi Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. .............. 19, 38

sonorella insignis Pils. .& Ferr.,n. sp.2¢ 5.2.0 eee 21

Sonorella montana Pils..&.Werr.. 3. se eee 19, 38

Sonorella montezuma Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ............ 20, 41

Sonorella mustang Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. oe gee ee 20

Sonorella patagonica Pils. & Ferr.,n. sp. ............ 20, 40

Sonorella tumacacori Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ............ 19, 38

Sphirerium hendersoni: Sterki <2). 21. 72 20 eee 105

staten Island, Marine; Mollusea of: .2... 2. 2S 1414

Subemarginula. yatest:Dalh. v.05... 6 se dne eee 27

Tebennophorus. carolanensis: :.).)..... 45...) one eee 80, 86

Thysanophora excoides (Tate), fig. 4 .................

Thysanophora fuscula (C. B. Adams), fig. 1 ........... 94

Thysanophora plagioptycha group, review of the ....... 93

Torticella haldemani «White »..:....))::).-.. 4. ene 118

Tritonalia fraser: Oldroyd, n. sp...) 2 ee eee 135

Turritidae versus ‘Turridae ') 2.) 1. Ae eee 130

Unio pressus: Lea: i525). Oe ee ee 127

Velutina cryptospita Midd, |;..).../.3.).).41 eee ee 25

Velutina rubra Willett, n.sp... 4:2. 0002 See eee 25

Vertigo allyniana Berry; n.-sp. ss 22/31.) 51

Vertigo allyniana xenos Berry, n. subsp. .............. a2

Vertigo californiea dieroensis St...) 2 0 pee 64

Vertigo hebarda Van. oo .3i ss ee 141

Vertigo ovata in. Florida (0c)... 8 er eee 141

Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry, n. subsp. ......... 48

Vitrea (Paravitrea) lamellidens Pils. ........ Ot, See 115

Vitrea (Paravitrea) multidentata Binn. ............... 115

Vitrea (Paravitrea) pilsbryana Clapp, n. sp. .......... 9

Vivipara(?) emmonsi Henderson, n.n. ............... 119

West Coast Shells «25003 000280.050d0 5. ben ee 135

Yoldia (Portlandia) astoriana Henderson, n. n. ........ 122

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Pe ERSRETIRCR er cos k's on Lis oe hs 11, 123

liney oF CULE RADE RRS 0 ee Ene iy ES en er 31

SS SARS Tt ee EL get ee 48, 130

2, Ee A MR SS GEN ee a 105

MEE METS he OU el aay 8, 115, 136, 141

NEBR at oie A es coats hap WR ae a ci 28, 83

MNRMNR ET oes 215. 152g occ.) c, 4 ees sla aw wise ess 10, 32, 103

0 UTES. MOSa 3 ES RM a err a 19, 37, 109

EE on Lae NEA IS ny gee eves 2 a 127

LDL DSU eS ot a ee cr Ee Ve:

PMMA AR eC 2s pet St Salas tal bos bis 6 a 1S ay doh tebe 54, 89

(2 TST EARS ESS UG orn ee i Oar ee CB yal

RE EMAMPE TEDINES Et eee oy oh Oe 108, 118

eg TL LE GET ya OSA SD oS 2 ee ee a 58

REI eRe 2s old as Mo lew ele vith 14, 79, 105

a SLE Ae cea a eon a BET

SPUN Us 29 an g550L cho eh lalate eae dave « 1, 36, 44, 74, 142

IS ORG ES 26, 28, 105, 135

nL TE ES Inset Ate sere CER ee 62

EE dis I SIRES TS ace eee oe ot ayer 71, 92

2. 0. A a ee 19, 35, 53, 68, 70, 76, 93

re eet alee idles iknow s 8d obec ce cles 80

we ETL LL 7 TA ne a ce 59

OL SDE 133

TTI E Lin) 2 a a 18, 31, 67, 72, 96

0 SELES. OLR a a ee cil

2 20, LETS = TLV AS eS ee eRe ae 99

a raat Ns ae ee 21

SE URS Dee a ra:

Gf Pt >

iti bP

HERBERT HUNTINGTON SMITH

AE NAUTILUS.

Vol. SXxXTTI JULY, 1919 No. 1.

AN OLD COLLECTING GROUND REVISITED.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

While a resident of St. Augustine, Florida, from 1880-88, I

made a careful study of the mollusca of the harbor and vicinity.

The habits of the various species and the factors governing their

distribution, which in many cases was much restricted, especi-

ally appealed to me. With these facts in mind it was with

great interest that I visited the old city after an absence of

thirty-one years. Time and the ever-shifting sands have played

sad havoc with many of my old collecting grounds, and I

looked in vain for some of the rarer species.

The accompanying maps can give only a general idea of the

changes that have taken place.’ The ‘‘ Lagoon”? of the eighties

is gone and there are now two inlets with about the same depth

of water on each bar according to the government chart, survey

of 1910, although I was told that the southern channel has now

much less water on the bar than the other. Marsh Island at

the mouth of Hospital Creek is also gone, and the sand bar that

was formerly only east of the island now extends to the fort.

There is no trace of the site of the old Spanish lighthouse,

1Figure 1 shows the harbor and vicinity about 1883, before the St. Sebas-

tian marsh was filled, also the approximate positions of the ‘‘ Lagoon’’ and

Marsh Island. The figures refer to the species mentioned in the text that

were found at those particular places.

Figure 2 is based on the U. S. coast survey chart, No. 159, survey of -

1910, and represents in a general way present conditions.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

which was probably at the extreme end of the now exposed

ledge of coquina and about 200 feet below the present high-

1 WASOLUSWWYD

Fig. 1. St. Augustine, about 1883.

THE NAUTILUS, 3

water mark. The government has endeavored to prevent the

wearing away of this portion of Anastasia Island by construct-

: \)

7 Fg .

. .- Cf)

N cs:

se avi?

7 F

Vane.

Fig. 2. St. Augustine at present.

4. THE NAUTILUS.

ing four jetties, one below and three above the ledge referred

to, but the erosion apparently still continues. The following

notes are based chiefly on those species that were very limited

in their distribution and which therefore may have become

locally extirpated by the many changes affecting their environ-

ments. A list of about 200 species published by the writer in

1890* forms the basis of some of the following remarks.

Macrocallista nimbosa Sol. (1) This is the Callista gigantea

Gmel. of my list. It was found only in the shoal water at the

head of the ‘‘ Lagoon,’’ seeming to prefer the quiet water, as I

never found a trace of it on the ocean beach. At most only six

or eight specimens were found, and many of these were broken,

probably by the large ray or ‘‘clam cracker’’ as the butterfly

ray (Pteroplatea maclura) is called by the fishermen.

Donazx obesa d’Orb. (2) This little chunky species was

formerly common on the sand bars at the mouth of the

‘* Lagoon,’’ where there was a slight shifting of the sand at

every tide. The larger species, Donax variabilis Say, was (and

probably is) exceedingly abundant on the ocean beaches,

especially the ‘‘South beach.’’ I was quite amused at Day-

tona to hear the popular name of ‘‘coquina’’ applied to this

shell, and one young man talking about ‘‘coquina bouillon.”’

While this is entirely proper, as the Spanish word coquina

means, broadly speaking, shell-fish, the name has become so

generally used for the shell-rock (often made up largely of this

species) that at first it sounded like pretty hard diet. JI am

sorry that opportunity did not permit my getting a large series

of this species including the young, as I should have liked to

have made some comparisons of the young of D. variabilis with

that of the typical or more northern D. fossor Say. As I re-

member I could never satisfactorily separate the two forms at

St. Augustine and omitted the latter from my list, although it

is recorded from the entire coast of Florida and westward to

Texas. Mazyck in his ‘‘ Catalog of Mollusca of South Caro-

lina,’’ says of D. fossor, ‘‘ very rare, Sullivan Island.”’

1 An Annotated List of the Shells of St. Augustine, Florida, Tau Navtt-

Luvs, vol. iii, pp. 103, 114 and 137, vol. iv, pp. 4-6.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

On one visit to the South beach I found it literally strewn

with perfect specimens of Dvivaricella quadrisulcata d’Orb.

(Lucina dentata of my list), but never again did I find them in

such numbers. At another time quantities of an Arca referred

to in my list as Arca americana Gray, were found. It is more

elongated than those found in the harbor, with a thinner and

lighter brown periostracum, and probably represents only a

variety or ocean form of A. campechiensis Dillw. (Arca pexata

Say).

Lucina philippiana Reeve (Loripes edentula of my list). Large

single valves were frequently found and occasionally at the

mouth of Hospital creek shells were found in the mud with

both valves intact, but like the Phacoides filosa Conr. in Portland

harbor, Maine, always dead. It may also be of interest to note

that two specimens of Solemya velum Say, and a few single

valves of Mya arenaria were found on the north beach, the

most southern records for the species.

Panopea bitruncata Conr. (5) This large and variable shell

which was referred to in my list under both Glycimeris reflexa

Say, and G. americana Conr., was later the subject of a paper

by the writer’ in which the synonymy was straightened out,

and a fine specimen found on the bar east of Marsh island was

figured. Common in the pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, but

recent examples are exceedingly rare. Living deep in the mud

they are difficult to obtain, unless on rare occasions extensive

harbor dredgings might bring some to the surface. They are

also very apt to be destroyed by changes such as encroaching

sand bars, sedimentary deposits, and harbor pollution.

The rocks that represented the ruins of the old Spanish

lighthouse (the tower of which fell in June, 1880, while the

keeper’s house had fallen several years before) were a favorite

place for Thais floridana Conr. (Purpura haemostoma var. floridana

of my list). During my recent visit I failed to find a living

specimen of this species either on the ledge or jetties, but the

tides were not very low and it may be that they could have

been found at a lower tide. On all of the rocks including the

1THE Navrtiuuvs, vol. 18, pp. 73-75, pl. 4, 1904.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

jetties were great numbers of Siphonaria naufragum Stearns (S.

lineolata d’Orb.). One thing that seemed to impress me more

than when I lived there, was the great abundance of oysters on

all the rocks, even around the water battery of the fort and also

on the piling. In speaking to an old friend regarding the

matter, he said he thought that around the fort it was due to

cleaning off the rocks a few years ago, thus presenting a clean

surface for the young to cling to. This array of bristling

oysters around the water battery of the fort deterred me from a

hunt for Nerita peloronta and N, versicolor (5), three living speci-

mens of which I found there together with Litorina angulifera,

being the most northern record for the three species.

Cerithidea scalariformis Say (6). The only place that I ever

found this species at St. Augustine was in the more sandy por-

tion of the marsh west of the city between King street and

Orange street, not far from where the Y. M. C. A. building now

stands. The filling-in of the marsh has probably locally ex-

tirpated this species. Another related species Cerithium flori-

danum Morch (7), C. atratum of my list, was also restricted

to a small area, an old oyster bed at the west end of Marsh

island. This is now a sand bar and the species may now be

entirely absent in the harbor. At the latter place I also found

my only living example of Murex fulvescens Sowb. (M. spini-

costata Val.).

At the mouth of Hospital creek was a large patch of the

grass-like Gorgonia—Leptogorgia virgulata. On this lived the

little Simnia uniplicata Sowb. 8 (Ovula uniplicata), as the Gor-

gonia varied in color so did the shells of the Simnia, agreeing in

color with the bunch of Gorgonia on which they were found—

either white, light-yellow, orange or pink. On one occasion

while hunting for Simnia a conspicuous object attracted my at-

tention, its flesh-colored mantle with irregular blackish mark-

ings was very striking, and as it contracted I found I hada

Cyphoma gibbosa Linn. (Ovula gibbosa), common to the West

Indies. For some time I wondered why the animal of this

shell should be so very conspicuous; then the thought occurred

to me that in more southern waters probably most of them live

on the ‘‘sea-fans’’ (Rhipidogorgia flabellum) and with their

THE NAUTILUS. i

reticulated structure as a background the animals would be

scarcely distinguishable, like the Sargassum fish (Pterophryne

histrio) in the gulf-weed (Sargassum).

Cyrena carolinensis Bosc. (9). In making a bridge across a

small branch of the St. Sebastian River I first discovered this

species. It was a large and interesting variety in which the

umbones were unusually high, many of the specimens closely

resembling in size and form the figure of C. olivacea Carp. from

Mexico, as given by Prime (Monograph American Corbiculidae,

p. 17, fig. 12, 1865). Although the tide flowed freely up the

little creek, there was at low tide a small stream of fresh water

even at the driest time. At the junction of this little stream

and the high ground there was a small colony of Neritina lin-

eolata Lam. (JN. reclivata Say). I looked in vain for this species

during my recent visit, nor did I find Cyrena near the little

bridge, but it may still exist in other parts of the stream which

time did not permit me to examine thoroughly. At the mouth

of Pellican creek near the Matanzas Inlet was a colony of

Neritina virginea Linn. They were the olive-green or more

brackish water type and probably represent the most northern

limit of this species on the Atlantic coast. About seven miles

south of Matanzas Inlet was a large cypress swamp in what was

known as ‘‘ Bike’s Hammock,’’ here was found Ampullaria

depressa var. hopetonensis Lea, which seems quite distinct

from those of the St. Johns River drainage. There were

also fine specimens of Ancylus peninsulae Pils. & Johns.—erro-

neously referred to A. filosus in my list. The east coast canal

has drained much of this section now called Bikes Prairie

on the coast survey chart. In many places I saw truck

arms as I passed through the canal on my way north from

Daytona.

These notes suffice to show some of the changes that can take

place in a limited area in a comparatively short time, and the

probable effect of such changes on certain species. It is not at

all peculiar to St. Augustine, for similar changes are going on

at many other places along the coast and in the vicinity of our

cities. The importance of a careful study of a local fauna can-

not be too strongly urged. The destruction of the forests, the

8 THE NAUTILUS.

draining and filling of swamps and marshes, the construction of

dams, etc., all tend toward lessening the fauna and flora of a

given area. .

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM ALABAMA AND TENNESSEE.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

PoLITA CUMBERLANDIANA, Nl. sp.

Shell widely umbilicated, flattened, very slightly convex

above and below, glossy, thin and translucent, light horn color,

regularly but lightly sculptured across the whorls by curved,

closely set radiating impressed lines parallel with the lines of

growth which are very faint; spire flattened; stature shallow;

whorls about 4, rapidly increasing, the last decending at the

aperture which is elongate-oval flattened above, lip very slight-

ly reflected at the columellar insertion; umbilicus wide, display-

ing all the whorls and contained about 4 times in the diameter

of the shell.

Greater diameter 8, lesser 2.5, altitude 1.25 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith on the Cumberland Plateau

near Stevenson, Jackson Co., Alabama, also near Anderson,

and near Sherwood, Franklin Co., Tennessee.

Types No. 9157 of my collection. Paratypes in the collec-

tions of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia and Bryant

Walker, Detroit, Mich.

At first glance this species may be taken for immature V.

radiatula as the general shape and the sculpture of impressed

radiating lines are the same, but it is uniformly small with the

same number of whorls, the sculpture is weaker and the shell

more flattened. Under high magnification there is merely the

faintest trace of impressed spiral sculpture. It is much smaller

than Polita rhoadst.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII PLATE |

CAMAENA FORBESI W. F. CLAPP

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Polita cumberlandiana: upper three figures.

Vitrea pilsbryana: lower five figures, two at the right being

immature shells, to show teeth of the neanic stage.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) PILSBRYANA, D. 8p.

Shell widely umbilicate, elevated, convex above, flattened be-

low, thin, translucent, highly polished when immature but be-

coming more opaque and yellowish in adults, light horn color,

sculptured with unequally spaced radial grooves stopping at the

periphery which is rather high; suture well impressed; whorls

about 8 very closely coiled and slowly increasing, the last flat-

tened above and below; lip simple very slightly reflected where

it joins the columella, ends united by a thin callus; umbilicus

wide, contained a little more than 3 times in the diameter of

the shell, and showing all of the apex.

There are 3 or 4 pairs of large, tubercular, sometimes slightly

oval teeth, visible thru the base of the shell at all stages of

growth and in immature shells the upper teeth are visible from

above. Theupper teeth, which are slightly below the periphery,

are the larger, more elevated and round at thetop. The lower

teeth are about centrally located on the base and are flattened

10 THE NAUTILUS.

on top. When four pairs of teeth are present they are equally

spaced at intervals of 90° and this appears to be the normal

arrangement as only a few shells show three pairs which are

spaced from 100° to120°. The single fully adult shell (figured)

appears to have but 2 pairs of teeth, but the shell is a dead one

and quite opaque. Two young shells, 1.5 mm diameter with

3.5 whorls and 2.5 mm. diameter, with 4.5 whorls, each have

3 pairs of teeth.

Greater diameter 5, lesser 4.5, altitude 2 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith in a ‘‘Cove’’ on the Cumber-

land Plateau, 3 miles north of Anderson, Franklin Co., Tenn.

Types No. 9159 of my collection. Paratypes in the collections

of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and Bryant Walker,

Detroit, Mich.

This species belongs to the same group as V. capsella lacteodens

and V. andrewse. It differs from both by the smaller size and

wider umbilicus and from andrewse by the tubercular teeth

arranged in pairs.

I name this species after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry whose ‘‘Revision

of Paravitrea’’, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, pp. 204-212, Pls.

X, XI, has done much to clear up this most interesting group.

A NEW FORM OF AMPULLARIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

AMPULLARIA (FELIPPONEA) NERITINIFORMIS 0D. 8p.

Shell solid, whitish or lurid purple under an olivaceous rather

strong periostracum, frequently banded with four or five purple-

black broad spiral bands which are most conspicuous on the

white inside of the outer lip, the white interspaces being subequal;

these bands however show but little on the exterior except at

resting stages, in the specimens examined; the form of the shell

viewed from behind, strongly recalls that of Neritina reclivata or

meleagris though with a rounded base; from in front it looks like

a short spired heavy Campeloma. The nucleus is small and

THE NAUTILUS. ut

blunt, always more or less eroded; there are about four whorls

in the adult with indications of about five resting stages; the

surface is smooth except for inconspicuous lines of growth; the

young are somewhat naticoid, with a small umbilicus, but this

shape rapidly changes; the whorls enlarge rapidly, being as it

were appressed toward the suture which is distinct but not

channeled, while the umbilicus becomes relatively larger and

more or less funicular; the aperture is egg-ovate, entire, the

posterior commissure solidly filled with callus, the outer lip

internally thickened, patulous not reflected; the inner thickened,

continuous over the body; height of shell 33; of last whorl 31;

of aperture 23; maximum diameter (in front of the middle of

the whorl) 26mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 332780.

Habitat. Rio Uruguay, Department of Paysandu.

The operculum is horny, concentric, with the nucleus at the

inner third; the radula is typically Ampullarioid and might be

quite accurately represented by Troschel’s figure of the radula

of A. urceus, in the ‘‘Gebiss der Schnecken.’’

The literature has been carefully searched, both on the lines

of Ampullaria and Campeloma, but nothing of the sort has been

discovered.

The subgenus is named in honor of Doctor Florentino Felip-

pone, whose energy and interest in exploring the fauna of

Uruguay are deserving of great praise.

The peculiar form of this species, and its funicular umbilicus,

so different from that of any other in the genus, seem to authorize

its separation.

A NEW SPECIES OF PHYSA FROM NEW YORK STATE.

BY FRANK C, BAKER.

PHYSA ONEIDA n. sp. Shell of medium size, ovate, slightly

inflated; whorls about five, slowly increasing in diameter; spire

short, broad, the whorls flattened; color yellowish-horn; surface

smooth and shining, with rarely a trace of spiral striae, but the

12 THE NAUTILUS.

lines of growth may form more or less marked raised lines in.

some specimens; sutures slightly impressed, bordered below by

a wide white band; protoconch smooth, rounded, rich wine

color; aperture long-ovate, twice the length of the spire; peri-

stome bordered within by a thickened rib edged with dark

brown; columella thickened, slightly twisted; parietal wall

covered by a thin callus which is folded over into and com-

pletely closing the umbilical region.

Length, 11.0; width, 7.5; aperture length, 8.0: width,

3.5mm. Type.

Length, 138; width, 8.5; aperture length, 10.5 mm. Para

type.

Length, 10.5; width, 7.2; aperture length, 7.5; width,

3.7mm. Paratype.

Length, 15.0; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.0; width,

5.0 mm. Paratype.

This Physa has been included under warreniana Lea by the

writer for a number of years. It is a small edition of that

species agreeing in outline with Lea’s figure and description in

all essential details except size (see Lea’s Observations, xi, p.

120, pl. 24, fig. 81). Lea’s species, however, differs not only

in size but has strong spiral lines on the surface which are ab-

sent in oneida. The shell in the smaller species is also more

swollen and less cylindrical, and the spire is more depressed

than in warreniana. It resembles ancillaria and has been con-

stantly associated by the writer with that species as a variety.

The shell is not as broad as ancillaria and the whorls are not

shouldered. It perhaps more nearly resembles Walker’s an-

cillaria crassa, but differs constantly in being less solid, lacking

the variceal bands, the body whorl is less swollen, the columella

is not as heavy, the spire is higher, the outer lip is not as much

arched, and the aperture is more elongate. The color of crassa

is purplish-white with an opaque texture while oneida is

yellowish-horn, polished, with a translucent texture. Hetero-

stropha has a longer, more acute spire, a rounder aperture,

somewhat shouldered whorls, and a more twisted columella.

There is some variation in oneida in the height of the spire, im-

mature specimens having a somewhat longer spire than mature

THE NAUTILUS. 13

shells. The surface is usually destitute of spiral sculpture,

only a few faint impressions being observable in rare specimens.

One individual, however, had been injured when the body

whorl was about half completed and the part of the shell suc-

ceeding the injured portion is very heavily impressed with spiral

lines, while the rest of the shell is perfectly smooth.

This shell was first recorded from Tomahawk Lake, Wis-

consin, as Physa ancillaria warreniana. The same form occurs

in Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, on the shore of Lake Michigan

at Chicago, and a somewhat similar form has been received

from Georgian Bay, Canada. It is the most abundant mollusk

in Oneida Lake where it oceurs on a wave-beaten shore. It is

probably widely distributed, and will be found in collections

labeled ancillaria and heterostropha. Specimens that have sur-

vived a second year and are of large size compare favorably with

warreniana but may at once be separated by the absence of spiral

sculpture which is especially strong in shells of Lea’s species

from South Dakota and other western states.

The bibliography of the new species is as follows:

1902. Physa heterostropha Baker (non Say). Moll. Chicago

Area, Part II, p. 308, pl. 34, fig. 2 (part). Lake

Michigan.

1911. Physa ancillaria warreniana Baker (non Lea). Trans.

Wis. Acad. Arts, Sci. and Letters, XVII, p. 234. Tom-

ahawk Lake, Wis.

1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. Navtitus, XXX, p. 8.

Oneida Lake, N. Y.

1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State

Coll. For., Syracuse Univ., No. 4, p. 278, et seq., Fig.

45, nos. 34, 35. Oneida Lake.

1918. Physa warreniana. Navtitus, XXXI, p. 89. Oneida

Lake.

1918. Physa warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State Coll. For-

estry, No. 9, p. 173, et seg. Oneida Lake.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

MOLLUSCA FOUND IN THE VICINITY OF DUBOIS, ILLINOIS.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

For the identification of many of the species the author

is indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker, Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry, Mr. F. C. Baker and Dr. Geo. H. Clapp.

Polygyra appressa (Say). Lowland timber, a small form.

Polygyra pennsylvanica (Green). Upland timber, a smal!

rough form.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). General distribution, variable in

size, some small and thin.

Polygyra clausa (Say). Upland timber, depauperate, few

found.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Lowland, a few found but once. -

Polygyra monodon (Rack.) Upland timber, once found in

numbers about old logs in a pasture from which the timber had

been removed. This form has been known as P. leati (Ward).

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). On decaying logs and under

leaves.

Strobilops affinis Pilsbry. Found with the last.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). R. R. embankment, scarce.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Common.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Common, also a variety for

which Dr. Sterki has proposed the name abrupta.

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Found in numbers on stand-

ing trees.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Scarce, found in small num-

bers in an outside entrance to the cellar of a deserted house.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (Adams). A common species.

Vertigo milium Gould. Scarce, under pieces of board and

sticks.

Vertigo ovata Say. But one specimen found.

Circinaria concava (Say). Only one specimen.

Vitrea hammonis (Strém.). Scarce.

Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland). Rarely found.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Common, generally found in open

situations.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. With the above but not as

plentiful.

Euconulus fulvus (Mill). Not found often.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). All situations, numerous.

Zonitoides limatula (Ward). Lowland timber, scarce.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Not common.

Zonitoides milium (Morse). With the above, scarce.

Taxodonta significans (Bland). One dead specimen.

Agriolimax campestris (Say). During wet seasons they do

more or less damage to the fruit in the strawberry fields. In

the fall of 1916 they were innumerable in the orchard.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Common.

Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Under leaves in timber; like

many of the species found here these are of small size.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). A few found in one place.

Pyramidula perspectiva (Say). Common in the bottom

lands.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Rather scarce, a few have

been found in cellars.

Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Generally distributed.

Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) One specimen only,

although careful search was made in the same place three

times.

Succinea concordialis Gould. North of the R. R. bridge on

the west side of the embankment, where they were found for

three or four years; of late they have disappeared.

Succinea avara Say. Individuals are scattering but found in

various situations; some difference in size.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Wet place below the reservoir,

numerous under fallen leaves.

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Generally distributed in

the creeks.

Galba caperata (Say). In pools of a small branch near

Sheller lake.

Galba modicella (Say). Pools and mud of a dry branch,

Hinkley farm.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Beaucoup creek and Sheller lake.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks and Sheller lake.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis parvus Say. Pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Generally distributed.

Gundlachia stimpsoniana (Smith). Doubtfully determined.

Associated with Ancylus fuscus, in the reservoir; generally on

the under side of fallen leaves from the surrounding timber,

never on the leaves of the elm and hickory. Both species were

plentiful in 1908 and 1909, but have since disappeared.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Little Muddy creek.

Ancylus tardus Say. Beaucoup creek.

Ancylus fuscus Adams. Reservoir and Little Muddy creek.

Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Physa heterostropha Say. Sheller lake. (This is a R. R.

reservoir. )

Physa gyrina Say. All streams and other bodies of water.

Physa sayi Tappan. Reservoir, one specimen; it may bea

freak of gyrina.

Physa hildrethiana Lea. Pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Physa elliptica Lea. Above the R. R. bridge.

| Physa integra Haldeman. Pond on the Hinkley farm.

Physa oleacea Tryon. Pool near the R. R. bridge.

Physa crandalli Baker. Pond on the Hinkley farm.

Pleurocera neglectum (Anthony). Little Muddy between

Du Bois and Sheller lake; quite different from C. subulare.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lea. Puncheon, Locust and Little

Muddy creeks.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Low land of Little Muddy creek,

scarce.

Viviparus contectoides Binney. Beaucoup creek, a small

variety.

Campeloma subsolidum (Anthony). Little Muddy, Locust

and Beaucoup creeks.

Quadrula latecostata (Lea). Little Muddy creek.

Lampsilis distans (Anthony). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Lampsilis subrostratus (Say). Little Muddy creek and

Sheller lake.

Lampsilis texasensis (Lea). Little Muddy creek.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

Lampsilis parvus (Barnes). Little Muddy, Beaucoup and

Locust creeks.

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Creeks and ponds.

Anodonta grandis ovata Lea. Creeks and ponds, plentiful.

Anodonta grandis salmonia Lea. Beaucoup creek.

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Sphaerium sulcatum (Prime). Little Muddy and Puncheon

creeks, ;

Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Sphaerium stamineum (Conrad). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Sphaerium solidulum (Prime). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium transversum (Say). Little Muddy, Beaucoup

and Locust creeks.

Musculium contractum (Prime). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium elevatum (Hald.). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks and pond on the Hinkley farm. Closed to Musculiwm

hodgsonii.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Little Muddy creek, Sheller

lake and pond north of the R. R. bridge,

Pisidium fallax Sterki. Little Muddy creek.

Pisidium fraudulentum Sterki. R. R. reservoir.

Pisidium illinoisensis Sterki. Reservoir and pond on the

Hinkley farm.

Pisidium politum decorum Sterki. Pond north of the R. R.

bridge.

Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Little Muddy and Puncheon

creeks.

Pisidium punctatum inerme Sterki. Beaucoup creek.

Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Puncheon creek.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

The following species of land shells were picked from leaf

mould collected in Lee County, Florida, by Mr. Clarence B.

Moore on Keys not mentioned in THE NautiLus, volume XXVI,

page 16.

Weeks Place, Crawford’s Key near Marco.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Bld. Guppya gundlachi Pir.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Addison's Key near Marco.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Polita dalliana ‘Simps.’ Pils.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Demorey Key.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi Ptr.

Shutt. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Pupoides modicus Gld. Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils.

Josselyn Key, Pine Island Sound.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad. Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Thysanophora plagioptycha uglandina rosea parallela

Shutt. Binn.

Thysanophora ceca Guppy. Polita indentata Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Gastrocopta contracta Say. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

Be 2A lect

THE NAUTILUS. 19

NEW LAND SNAILS COLLECTED BY THE FERRISS AND HINKLEY

EXPEDITIUN OF 1919.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Sonorella montana. Resembling S. walkeri in form. Umbili-

cus one-eighth to one-tenth the diameter. Embryonic whorls

densely granulose with rather sparse protractive threads, the

next whorl indistinctly granose, later whorls very smooth.

Aperture large, the outer margin expanded, basal somewhat re-

flected. Anatomically it is distinguished by the extremely

short and slender penis, smaller than in any other species ex-

amined. Montana Peak, near the Montana mine, not far from

Oro Blanco, and Bear canyon, further southeast, Pajarito range.

Alt. 14, diam. 23.7, umbilicus 3 mm.; 4? whorls.

Alt. 16.3, diam. 25.5, umbilicus 2.6 mm.; 5 whorls.

Sonorella hinkleyi, n. sp. The shell is small, depressed, solid,

umbilicus about one-sixth the diameter. Embryonic shell

radially rugose with sparse, irregular divaricating threads, later

whorls slightly striate. Peristome very little expanded. A

dark band is normally present, but at Station 244 albinos were

found in abundance. Alt. 8.5, diam. 16 mm.; 4} whorls.

Cayetano Mountains. Anatomically characterized by the long

penis and vagina, the latter with a weakly marked muscular

dilation. Papilla spirally plicate.

Sonorella cayetanensis, n. sp. Shell thin, light, the band pale-

bordered above and below, umbilicus contained about 8 times

in the diameter. Embryonic sculpture about as in S. hinkleyi,

the later whorls polished, faintly striate. Peristome thin, little

expanded. Alt. 11.7, diam. 21 mm.; 4? whorls. A thinner,

larger, more capacious shell than S. hinkleyi, resembling it con-

siderably in soft anatomy. Highest peaks of the Cayetano

Mountains.

Sonorella tumacacori, n. sp. Except by its larger size, the

shell is similar to S. hinkle,i. The genitalia differ by the larger

node on the vagina, the more tapering penis-papilla and the

very short penial retractor muscle. Alt. 10.4, diam. 17.8mm.;

44 whorls. Stations 209, 210, in a large gulch draining the

northeastern side of Tumacacori Peak.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella patagonica, n. sp. The shell is rather capacious with

umbilicus about one-seventh the diameter, polished, rather

solid, the band rather wide, pale-bordered on both sides, sculp-

ture and form about as in S. papagorum P. & F. The vagina is

swollen at base; penis-papilla large, tapering, conspicuously

wrinkled transversely; flagellum distinct. Alt. 18, diam.

22 mm.; nearly 5 whorls. Itisoften larger. Mt. Washington,

Patagonia Mts.

Bulimulus nigromontanus, n. subsp. Differs from B. nigro-

montanus by the narrower umbilicus, and is therefore tempor-

arily separated as a subspecies. Pina Blanca in the Pajarito

Mountains.

Sonorella mustang, n. sp. The shell is rather openly umbili-

cate, dilute cinnamon-buff with a pale-bordered dark band,

glossy, nearly smooth, the embryonic shell coarsely, irregularly

wrinkled with some irregular protractive threads. Last whorl

descending rather deeply. Peristome expanded, the edge of

parietal callus usually distinct. Alt. 15.3, diam. 26.5 mm.;

5 whorls. Mustang Range. Albinos were taken at Station 284,

Sonorella montezuma, n. sp. The shell is small, narrowly

umbilicate, cinnamon, fading to nearly white on the base and

on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embryonic whorls

without protractive threads. Peristome slightly expanded,

Alt. 9.4, diam. 15 mm.; 43 whorls. Montezuma Canyon,

Huachuca Mts. It is smaller than any known Huachucan

species except S. g. parva, which inhabits the opposite end of

the range.

Sonorella elizabethae, n. sp. Shell dilute cinnamon-buff fading

on the base and on both sides of the narrow chestnut-brown

band. Embryonic whorl having numerous, irregular portrac-

tive threads; later whorls microscopically lineolate-granulose.

Aperture small, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 10.7,

diam. 19.2, umbilicus 3.2mm. Canillo Hills.

Sonorella cotis, n. sp. Shell dilute cimnamon-buff fading on

base and on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embry-

onic whorls with weak protractive threads. Last whorl rather

deeply descending in front. Peristome somewhat expanded,

edge of the parietal callus distinct. Alt. 12.3, diam. 20, um-

THE NAUTILUS. 21

bilicus 3.8 mm.; 44 whorls. Whetstone Range. Most speci-

mens taken this year are larger than the type lot, collected by

Ferriss and Daniels in 1914.

Sonorella insignis, n. sp. The shell is much depressed, rather

solid, openly umbilicate. Band is broad with pale borders.

Surface roughened by low wave-like ribs in the direction of

growth-lines, and microscopic incised lines. Aperture small.

Peristome very little expanded, blunt. Alt. 9.8, diam. 20.5

mm.; 44 whorls. Whetstone Range. One of the finest Sono-

rellas collected in 1919, recalling S. dalli by its depressed form.

MOLLUSCA OF FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA.

UNIVALVEs (Continued from page 69).

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

Tornatina carinata Gld. Tornatina culcitella Gld. Cylichna

alba Brown. These three species were taken occasionally in the

dredge, the latter being the most uncommon.

Dentalium pretiosum Nutt. Very plentiful in 10-40 fathoms.

Dentalium dalli Pils. A few young specimens secured in 50

fathoms.

Inmacina pacifica Dall. Appeared swimming in the water in

great numbers at times during calm weather. Extensively

eaten by several species of fish.

Siphonaria thersites Cpr. Abundant in some localities, mostly

in short moss growing on the rocks considerably above low tide

line.

Crassispira perversa Garb. Dredged occasionally in 40-50

fathoms.

Crassispira rotula Dall. More plentiful than the last in about

same depth.

Crassispira (Suavodrillia) sp.? A specimen dredged is now in

National Museum. Stated by Dr. Dall to be undescribed.

Mangilia oldroydi Arnold. Mangilia eriopis Dall. Mangilia

crebricostata Cpr. A very few specimens of each of these three

species were taken in the dredge.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

Bela tabulata Cpr. Bela fidicula Gld. Bela impressa Beck.

Bela pyramidalis Strom. The two former fairly common, the

two latter rare, all being taken in dredge.

Taranis strongi Arnold. Fairly common in 45-70 fathoms.

Dr. Dall informs me that my Forrester Island specimens are

the first living ones known to science, the species having been

described from fossils taken in California.

Cancellaria modesta Cpr. A few dredged in 40-50 fathoms.

Taken in inside channels, between Dall and Prince of Wales

islands, in less than 15 fathoms.

Cancellaria couthouyi Jay. Three dead specimens dredged in

about 50 fathoms.

Olivella pedroana Conr. Very abundant 15-40 fathoms. Ap-*

parently much larger than along the California coast; many

specimens being well over 20 mm. in length and correspond-

ingly broad.

Volutella pyriformis Cpr. Dredged occasionally; taken at

Waterfall, Prince of Wales Island, under rocks near low tide

line.

Mitromorpha gracilior Hemp. A few taken in dredge.

Alectrion mendicus Gld. Common 15-25 fathoms.

Buccinum cyaneum Brug. Common under rocks in many

localities well above low tide mark. Occasional on rock walls.

Buccinum plectrum Stimp. Dead shells dredged occasionally

in 40-60 fathoms. Not taken alive.

Buccinum erronis Dall. Very few dead specimens taken in 50

fathoms.

Chrysodomus phoeniceus Dall. One dead shell taken in 40

fathoms.

Chrysodomus liratus Mart. One dead young shell dredged.

Rather plentiful in some localities in inside waters.

Chrysodomus rectirostris Cpr. Fairly common 40-70 fathoms.

Beringius crebricostatus undatus Dall. A dead young speci-

men taken in 50 fathoms. Possibly brought to the locality by

currents.

Columbella tuberosa Cpr. Columbella gouldi Cpr. Former

rather common 10-30 fathoms, and latter common in about 50

fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

Columbella californiana Gask. One living specimen taken

from root of kelp washed ashore in storm. Common under

rocks at Waterfall.

Amphissa corrugata Rve. Common on rocks near low tide

line.

Amphissa versicolor reticulata Dall. Abundant 15-20 fathoms.

Purpura foliata Mart. Rather common on rocks near low

tide line. Most specimens on Forrester Island are much worn

by heavy seas.

Boreotrophon stuarti Smith. Boreotrophon tenuisculptus. Cpr.

Both of these forms dredged occasionally in various depths, the

latter the most plentiful.

Boreotrophon pacificus Dall. Occasional on rocks near low tide

line, much more abundant at waterfall. —

Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. Ocinebra lurida aspera Baird. Fairly

common on rocks near low tide line.

Thais emarginata projecta Dall. Locally on rocks well up to-

ward high tide mark. Extremely variable in color, running

from gray through brown, purple and green into yellow and

red. Practically all seem to have drawn-out spire typical of

this form.

Thais lima Mart. Thais canaliculata Ducl. Both these species

are common on the rocks near low tide line. The former is the

more gregarious and appears to favor the smoother rocks, while

the latter is more scattered and is found mostly among short

moss or in mussel beds. JT. lamellosa Gmel., abundant in in-

side waters, apparently does not occur on Forrester Island.

Epitonium wroblemski Morch. LEpitoniwm pluricostatum Dall.

Both dredged at various depths, the former common, the latter

rare.

Epitonium gronlandicum Perry. Only noted from fragment

dredged.

Epitonium indianorum Cpr. LEpitonium columbianum Dall.

Epitonium catalinae Dall. The first dredged quite commonly in

25-60 fathoms. The latter two taken in about same depths but

much less frequently.

Melanella micans borealis Bartsch. Melanella macra Bartsch.

Melanella tacomaensis Bartsch. Four specimens of the first,

24 THE NAUTILUS.

three of the second and one of the last species, represent all the

Melanellas taken during the four seasons spent on the island.

They were all dredged.

Turbonilla lordi E. A. Smith. Dredged occasionally in 25-50

fathoms.

Turbonilla canadensis Bartsch (Proc. U.S. N. M., Vol. 52,

p. 640). The type and eight more specimens dredged in 25-50

fathoms.

Odostomia satura Cpr. Odostomia cookeana Bartsch. Odos-

tomia amtchitkana Dall. Odostomia vancouverensis D. & B.

Odostomia stephensi D. & B. Odostomia columbiana D. & B.

Specimens of all of these forms were dredged, though in small

numbers. Satura and Amtchitkana were seemingly the most

common. At Waterfall I also secured specimens of O. talpa

D. & B., grippiana Bartsch, and willetti Bartsch (Proc. U. S.

N. M., Vol. 52, p. 666).

Priene oregonense Redf. Common from the low tide line to

about 15 fathoms. Specimens in former locality are shorter

and heavier than those found in deeper water.

Cerithiopsis stephensae Bartsch. A few dredged. Specimens

of two other, apparently unnamed, species were also taken.

Bittium filosum Gld. Bittiwm attenuatum Cpr. Common, the

former a little above low tide line and the latter in 10-20

fathoms. 5 ;

Alvania dinora Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 52, p. 678).

The type and four additional specimens dredged.

Alvania carpenteri Wein. Dredged occasionally.

Rissoina newcomber Dall. Dredged with last.

Trichotropis cancellata Conr. Rather common from low tide

line to about 20 fathoms.

Trichotropis conica Moll. Two specimens dredged in 50

fathoms. Dr. Dall informs me that this is the first record for

the Pacific coast.

Caecum crebricinctum Cpr. Dredged abundantly in 20-30

fathoms.

Veremetus squamigerus Cpr. Abundant on rocks near low

tide line.

Tachyrhynchus lacteolus Cpr. Rather common 50-60 fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Littorina scutulata Gld. Littorina stitchana Phil. The former

not very common, the latter abundant and varying greatly in

color.

Lacuna divaricata Fabr. Fairly common on rocks.

Calyptraea mamillaris Brod. Common in 15-25 fathoms.

Crepidula nivea Gld. Crepidula dorsata Brod. Neither very

common, but found occasionally from low tide line to 30

fathoms. The young of the former species is frequently found

on the operculum of Priene.

Natica clausa B. & S. Rather common 15-40 fathoms.

Lunatia pallida B. & 8. Not rare in 50-60 fathoms.

Velutina laevigata Linn. Fairly common in spongy growth

on rocks near low tide line.

Velutina cryptospira Midd. Found common only in one local-

ity. A short distance off shore was a large rock with a crevice

ten to fifteen ft. wide worn right through the center from one side

to the other. The water in this crevice was deep and the walls

nearly perpendicular. On these walls at about the extreme low

tide mark were great numbers of Ascidians and in these crypto-

spira was found in abundance. Though it was seldom smooth

enough to allow me to enter this crevice with a boat at extreme

low tide, I was able to do so on two or three occasions and

obtained a fine series of living specimens. Some of these were

very large, one measuring 31 by 28 millimeters. I am very

much averse to referring this and the next species to the genus

Velutina, as in life they are so entirely dissimilar to laevigata,

the type of that genus. In Jaevigata the shell is mossy and is,

so far as I have seen, entirely bare, while in these two species

the shell is smooth and completely covered by the animal. On

the other hand, both the animal and shell differ markedly from

the genus Lamellaria.

Velutina rubra, new species. Description. In life similar to

V. cryptospira but animal bright vermilion in color (this color

soon disappears in alcohol). Shelli smaller than that of erypto-

spira, rounder and with only a trace of spire. The type meas-

ures 134 mm. in length by 9 mm. in breadth. This type to-

gether with four additional specimens were taken on Forrester

Island by the writer. Three of these specimens were found at

26 THE NAUTILUS.

extreme low tide mark and the other two were dredged in 40

fathoms.

Lamellaria stearnst Dall. Two living specimens taken from

among Velutina cryptospira.

Acmaea persona Esch. Acmaea pelta Esch. Acmaea patina

Esch. Abundant on rocks, the first being found in somewhat

more exposed positions than the other two.

Acmaea instabilis Gld. Three living specimens were taken on

stems of holdfast kelp at extreme low water line. One dead

specimen also found, as well as a few fragments.

Lepeta concentrica Midd. Dredged rarely.

Molleria quadrae Dall. Two specimens dredged.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils. Rather common on rocks.

Calliostoma costatum Mart. Calliostoma annulatum Mart.

Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. The first was common on rocks

near low water line, the second rather common from low water

mark down to 20 fathoms, and the third was much legs plentiful

and taken only with the dredge in from 15-40 fathoms.

Margarites pupillus Gld. Margarites helicinus Fabr. Marga-

rites succinctus Cpr. Margarites laevior Jeff. All rather common

about low water mark. Over 900 of the latter species were

taken from the craw of a surf duck ( Oidemia perspicillata).

Tegula pulligo Mart. Fairly common along extreme low tide

line.

Solariella peramabilis Cpr. Abundant in from 15-50 fathoms.

Some specimens taken were very large, measuring over twenty

millimeters in height.

Solariella cidaris A. Ad. Fairly common in from 30-50

fathoms.

Solariella obscura Couth. Seven specimens dredged in about

50 fathoms.

Halistylus pupoides Dall. Three specimens dredged.

Haliotis kamtchatkana Dall. Common at low water mark.

Puncturella multistriata Dall. Puneturella cucullata Gld.

Puncturella galeata Gld. Puncturella cooperi Cpr. All four of

these species were dredged in from 15-50 fathoms. Culcullata

was also taken rarely at extreme low tide mark. Multistriata

and galeata were rather rare.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Subemarginula yatesi Dall. It was a very pleasant surprise to

find this species—previously known, I believe, only from near

Monterey, California—occurring at Forrester Island. It was,

however, quite rare and, though particularly sought for, only

nine specimens were taken. Five of these were living when

found and the other four dead. One small live one was taken

at extreme low water mark and all the others were dredged in

from 15-30 fathoms. The largest, a dead one, measures 77 x 57

millimeters.

Fissuridea aspera Esch. Common along low water line.

Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall. Fairly common on rock walls

near low water mark. Largest measuring 18x13 millimeters.

Leptochiton cancellatus Sby. Dredged in 20 fathoms.

Tonicella lineata Wood. Adults common along low tide line.

Young rather common in 15-20 fathoms.

Tonicella ruber Linn. ‘Tonicella submarmorea Midd. Dredged

in from 15-30 fathoms; the latter the most plentiful.

Cyanoplaz raymondi Pils. Schizoplax brandti Midd. Common

locally along low tide line, generally in crevices in rocks.

Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld. Ischnochiton mertensi Midd.

Abundant at from 10-20 fathoms.

Ischnochston willetti Berry. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p.

236). Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Taken at about the same depth

as the last but in much smaller numbers, willetti being fairly

common and trifidus rare. J. radians was taken at Waterfall

but not on Forrester.

Ischnochiton retiporosus Cpr. Occasional in from 15-50 fathoms,

occuring in deeper water than any other chiton found in the

locality.

Trachydermon flectens Cpr. A few dredged in from 15-30

fathoms.

Mopalia ciliata Gld. Mopalia ciliata wosnessenskii Midd. Fair-

ly common from a little above low water line to about 15

fathoms. I find considerable difficulty in differentiating these

two forms but Dr. S. S. Berry tells me that, while most of my

specimens are referable to wosnessenskii, there are a few that are

nearer true ciliata.

Mopalia hindsi Rve. Mopalia lignosa Gld. Rather rare on

28 THE NAUTILUS.

rocks between tides. Seven specimens of the former and two

of the latter were taken. All the former were exceptional in

size, one measuring 90 x 45 millimeters.

Mopalia imporcata Cpr. Mopalia sinuata Cpr. Dredged in

from 15-25 fathoms, the former fairly common, the latier rare.

Placiphorella velata Cpr. Only two specimens, both taken at

extreme low tide line.

Placiphorella rufa Berry (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p.

241). The type and about fifteen additional specimens of this

new form were dredged in from 15-25 fathoms.

Katherina tunicata Sby. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. The

former abundant, the latter common between tides. The

Katherina is eaten to a considerable extent by the natives.

LanpD Mo .uuscs.

Circinaria vancouverensis Lea. Common.

Ariolimaz columbianus Gld. Abundant in following colors:

white, black, gray, yellow and mottled.

Polygyra columbiana Lea. Abundant.

Pupa (sp. ?). A single Pupa was seen in a dead spruce

cone. It was lost before being identified.

A NEW CAMAENA FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

BY WM. F. CLAPP.

CAMAENA FORBESI n. sp. Puate I.

Shell solid, globose, depressed, opaque, with numerous faint

oblique growth-wrinkles throughout, faintly spirally striate

only on the post-nepionic whorls; the ultimate whorl naples

yellow with a narrow russet line at the suture, a russet band

between the suture and the periphery and a broader russet

band just below the periphery, the bands becoming fainter on

the earlier whorls; whorls five, consisting of two nepionic and

three post-nepionic, slightly convex, the last slightly deflexed,

suture very slightly impressed, last whorl rounded; peristome

expanded, light purple drab, excepting where the light sutural

zone terminates; the slightly thickened and reflexed edge wal-

nut brown, margins connected by a very thin transparent

THE NAUTILUS. 29

callus; columellar lip reflexed over one-third of the umbilicus;

aperture oblique showing the bands within.

Four specimens give the following measurements:

Altitude. Greater diam. Lesser diam.

1 type No. 35601 29.5 mm. 37.5 mm. 33. mm.

2 25.3 36.5 32.

3 24.0 35. 29.5

4 29.3 37s oS

Specimens of this new species were included in a large col-

lection of Philippine shells given to the Museum of Comparative

Zoology by W. Cameron Forbes, former governor of the Philip-

pine Islands. They were collected by Mr. C. W. Weber at

Bacuit, northern Palawan. I have named this shell for Gov-

ernor Forbes as a slight acknowledgment of the great interest

that he has taken, and the work that he has accomplished, in

adding to our knowledge of the fauna of the Philippine Islands.

The specimen selected as the type, and described, is the most

typical of the species. The specimen designated as number

two in the table of measurements, is exactly similar to number

one in color, and in the arrangements of the bands, differing

only in being more depressed. Number three is very similar to

number two in size and shape, but differs from numbers one

and two in color, the lower band in this form having spread

over the entire base, the upper band extending to the suture,

leaving only at the periphery a narrow band of the typical

naples yellow. Number four is similar to the type in size and

form, and to number three in color. The variation is therefore

expressed along two independent lines; first, a tendency for the

shell to become more or less depressed; and secondly, for the

bands to become broader and darker. Intermediates between

all forms are in the series before me. The tendency in each in-

dividual specimen for the color to become darker as the shell

increases in size, is constant in both the light and the dark

forms.

The differences between this species and the description of

what appears to be the most closely related species, Camaena

30 THE NAUTILUS.

avus, as described by Pfeiffer (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852,

p. 83) are constant and may be tabulated as follows;

Camaena avus Camaena forbest

whorls 4 whorls 5

last whorl carinated last whorl rounded

aperture scarcely oblique aperture oblique as usual in

Camaena

peristome thick | peristome slightly thickened

peristome white peristome dark

margins joined by thick callus margins joined by very thin

transparent callus

altitude 18 mm. altitude 29.5 mm.

The figures of Camaena avus in the Manual of Conchology

(ser. 2, vol. 6, 1890, pl. 27, f. 15, 16, 17) were copied from

Pfeiffer’s original figures in the Conchylien Cabinet, t. 157,

f. 12-14, and, besides showing a much more widely expanded

and thickened peristome than occurs in C. forbesi, also show that

C. avus is far more widely umbilicate.

Hidalgo (Obras Malacologicas, Estudios preliminares sobre

la fauna malacologica de las Islas Filipinas, 1901, p. 196) states

that the C. avus in the Quadras collection is similar to the C.

avus of Mollendorff (Verz. Philipp. Landmollusk., 1898, p. 64)

but differs from C. avus of Pfeiffer in size, in the bands, and in

the umbilicus. It is possible that the C. avus of Quadras and

Mollendorff is equal to C. forbesi. The figures of C. avus given

by Hidalgo (loc. cit. pl. 138, fig. 4y5), however, do not repre-

sent C. forbest.

Note.—In the figures (pl. I) reproduced from photographs

by Mr. George Nelson, the reflected light on the glazed surface

of the parietal wall greatly exaggerates the parietal callus, mak-

ing it appear somewhat heavy and opaque, whereas in the spec-

imen photographed it is very thin and transparent. The photo-

graphs have also failed to show sufficiently well the dark color

of the lip.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

NOTES.

MiTRA AMANDA: A CorRRECcTION."—In my little preliminary

paper ‘‘ New Marine Mollusks from the Philippine Islands,’’

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume

31, pp. 181-188, December 30, 1918, I published Mitra amanda

new species from the Philippines, type Cat. No. 221815, U. S.

N. M., collected by the author at Dumurug Point, Cataingan

Bay, Masbate.

In monographing this group I note that the same combina-

tion was used by Lowell Reeve, Proceedings of the Zoological

Society London, 1842, p. 59, and Conchologica Iconica, 1845,

species number 318, type ‘‘from the islands of Burias and

Negros, Philippines,’’ now known as Turricula amanda Reeve.

It is therefore necessary to bestow a new designation on my

shell, which may now be known as Mitra signa.—PauL BARTSCH.

OPEAS PUMILUM PFR. IN PHILADELPHIA.—This snail has been

living in the decayed boards of fences at the rear of the houses

in the 1800 blocks of North 17th and N. Willington Streets for

some time. I found the first specimen in 1917 and collected

eight others April 30 and May 22, 1919. It may be of interest

to record this West Indian species as it is new to Philadelphia.

The colony is in the built-up part of the city, at the sides of a

cemented alley and not near any hothouse. The animal ex-

cretes a white froth like soapsuds when it retracts into the shell.

The eyes are very small and black. The body of the living

specimens is pale yellow in color, with lighter tentacles. They

are quite active in daylight after a rain.—E. G. VaANarta.

Dr. HERMANN voN IuERING, formerly Director of the State

Museum of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has accepted the position of

Director of the State Museum of Sta. Catharina, to be organized

by him. During the last few months he has been sent by the

government on a scientific expedition to Argentina and Chile,

charged with the study of the fishes and fisheries of these Re-

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

publics. He hopes to be back and take up his new work in

May. His address is: Director do Museu do Kstate,

Flerianopolis (Estado de Sta. Catharina, Brazil).

Note on THE NAME Dup.icaria.—In 1908, in THE Navtiuvs,

volume XXI, p. 124, I used the name Duplicaria for a subdi-

vision of the old genus Jerebra. I had omitted to notice that

Rafinesque had used the same name for a species of Chilina in

1833, in his Atlantic Journal, p. 165. I propose, therefore, to

substitute for the preoccupied name the new appellation Diplo-

meriza, with the same type, Terebra duplicata Lamarck.—W. H.

DALL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Two New Lanp SHELLS oF THE EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TRASKII

Group. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp.

523-524, pl. 83, 1918). The new subspecies are E. cuyama-

censis lowei and E. traskii isidroensis.

New Marine SHELLS FROM PANAMA. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 571-573, pl. 88, 1918).

The new species are Cylichnella zeteki, Odostomia zeteki, Heliacus

panamensis, Discopsis panamensis and D. argentea.

New Marine Mo.iuusks FRoM THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs. By

Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 181-188,

1918). Eight new species and two new subspecies are described.

THREE New Puiviprine Istanp Lanp SHE.is. By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 189-202, 1918).

A REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE

Genus IscHNoRADSIA. MoNoGRAPH ON THE GENUS STENOCHITON

witH Descriptions oF Two New Species. Notes on SouTH

AUSTRALIAN PoLYPLACOPHORA, WITH ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA,

TOGETHER WITH A LisT oF AUSTRALIAN POLYPLACOPHORA, SHOW-

ING THEIR DIsTRIBUTION IN THE AUSTRALIAN States. By Kd-

win Ashby (Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, vol. 42, pp.

62-87, pls. 138 and 14, 1918).

THE NAUTILUS. 33

THe DoLABELLINAE. By F. M. MacFarland (Mem. Museum

Comp. Zool., vol. 25, pp. 301-348, pls. 1-10, 1918). The

systematic characters of the Opisthobranchiata, the bibliography

of the described species of Dolabella and description of a new

species Dolabella agassizi, is followed by a most extensive ac-

count of its internal anatomy, beautifully and clearly illustrated.

A New West Inp1an Fosstt Lanp SHELL. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 605-6, pl. 93). Pleuro-

donte debooyi, from kitchen-midden deposits on Salt River, St.

Croix. This is the flat-whorled form long known from St.

Croix as P. caracolla. The same form occurs living in Vieques

and some places in Porto Rico, such as Arecibo and Utuado.

At Guayama and in the Sierra de Luquillo the whorls are not

quite so flat, and it is rather difficult to say where the line is to

be drawn between this race and typical P. caracolla.—H. A. P.

On THE GENERIC PosITION OF SONORELLA WOLCOTTIANA

Bartsco. By H. A. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila.,

p. 139, 1918). The soft part shows that it belong to genus

Micrarionta.—C. W. J.

THE JouRNAL oF ConcHoLoey, Sept., 1918, Vor. 15, No. 10.

The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts, and

Buck. By A. W. Stelfox, pp. 298-304, pls. 7-9. One new

species P. tenuilineatum.

Descriptions of a new Zebina and a new Iiotina. By J. R. le

B. Tomlin, p. 305, pl. 10. (Z lis and L. cycloma, Japan. )

Description of three new species of Marginella from South Africa,

with a note on M. sutoris Dunker. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, pp.

306, 307, pl. 10. (M. aphanacme, M. ithychila, and M. atractus. )

Neritina fluviatilis at Chester. By W. H. Davies, p. 307,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SociETY oF LONDON,

Ave., 1918, Vor. 13, Parts 1 anp 2.

On the Radula of the genus Acanthina, G. Fischer. By the

Rev. A. H. Cooke, pp. 6-11. A paper of special interest to the

West Coast Conchologists. A new subgenus Acanthicella is

proposed for A. punctulata Sowb. ,(=lapilloides Conr.); A. unicar-

34 THE NAUTILUS.

inata Sowb. (=engonata Conr.) and A. puncilirata Stearns. The

subgenus Neorapana is proposed for Monoceros muricata Brod.

and M. grandis Sowb.

On the Taxonomic Position of Zemira H. and A. Adams. By

the Rev, A. Cooke, pp. 12-14. The character of the radula

would place it in the family Muricidae.

On the Occurrence in England of Hygromia odeca ( Locard) [ Helix

limbata Drap., 1804, non Da Costa, 1778]. By A. S. Kennard

and B. B. Woodward, pp. 14, 15.

On Siliquaria wilmana n. sp., from South Africa. By J. R.

le B. Tomlin, p. 16.

Note on a white specimen of Ena montana (Drap.) By H. Over-

ton, p. 17.

Description of two new species of land Mollusca. By G. K. Gude,

pp. 17, 18 (Khasiella fultoni, Assam; Plectotropis chondroderma

var. subinflata) Tonkin.

On Everettia klemmantanica n. sp. from Borneo. By G. K.

Gude, p. 19.

Note on the Malacophagous Propensities of Helix nemoralis Linn.

By Dr. W. T. Elliott, p. 20.

On the North American genus Oreoheliz. By Junius Hender-

son, pp. 21-24.

On the dates oy issue of the parts of Forbes and Hanley’s History

of British Mollusca. By Alexander Reynell, pp. 25-26.

The Index Testaceologicus of W. Wood and S. P. Hanley. By A.

Reynell, pp. 26-27.

Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems No. 1. By Tom Iredale, pp.

28-40. The author starts this interesting article with the fol-

lowing summary:

Tritonia, Cuvier discussed.

Euphurus, Rafinesque, 1815, should replace Triopa, Johns-

ton, 1838.

Sphaerostoma, Macgillivray, 1843, must be used instead of

Tritonias Cuvier, 1803, and of recent authorities not of Cuvier-

Lamarck, 1798-1801.

Dotona, gen. nov. for Melibza fragilis Forbes—Doto, Oken,

1815, not 1807.

Eubranchus, Forbes 1838, should be used for Galvina Alder

and Hancock.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Laskeya, nom. nov. for Eumeta, Moérch, 1868, not Walker,

1855.

Collonista, gen. nov. for Collonia picta, Pease.

Talopena, gen. nov. for Monilea incerta, Iredale.

Korovina, gen. nov. for Vanikoro wallacei, Iredale.

Forskalena, gen. nov. for Trochus fanulum, Gmelin.

Enigmonia, gen. nov. for Anomia rosea, Gray—=Aenigma aenig-

matica, Ancti.

Amyclina, gen. nov. for Buccinum corniculum, Olivi.

Pyreneola, gen nov. for Columbella abyssicola, Brazier.

Caporbis, Bartsch, is a Vermetid nucleus.

Propebela, gen. nov. for Murex turricula, Mont.

Calceolata, nom. nov. for Calceolina A. Adams.

Mirothyca, not Microtheca.

Turrid names discussed:

Colicryptus, gen. nov. for Buccinum fusiforme, Broderip.

Siphonorbis marshalli, nom. nov. for Fusus attenuatus, Jeffreys.

Cominella and Euthria subdivided:

Afrocominella, gen. nov. for elongata, Dunker.

Burnupena, gen. nov. for porcatum Gmel. = cincta, Bolten.

Ewarna, H. & A. Adams, must be used for linea, Martyn.

Euthrena, gen. nov. for vittata, Quoy & Gaimard.

Japeuthria, gen. nov. for ferrea, Reeve.

Syntagma, nom. nov. for Donovania, Bucquoy, D., & Dollfuss.

Acostza, Orbigny, will replace Mulleria, Ferussac, 1828.

Gistel’s Molluscan Generic Names, 1848, enumerated.

Damoniella, gen. nov. for Bulla cranchii, Fleming.

Muricodrupa, gen. nov. for Purpura fenestrata, Blainville.

Teretianax, gen. nov. for Scalenostoma suteri, Oliver.

Presidential Address. By J. R. LeB. Tomlin. A Systematic

List of the Fossil Marginellidae, pp. 41-56.

A SyYNoPsis OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRESH WATER

Mottiusca oF NortH AMERICA north of Mexico, and a Cata-

LOGUE OF THE MORE RECENTLY DESCRIBED SPECIEs, with notes.

By Bryant Walker. Univ. of Michigan Mus. of Zoology, Misc.

Pub. No. 6. Students of North American fresh-water mollusks

of this generation have had as a basis the invaluable manuals

36 THE NAUTILUS.

by W. G. Binney, Prime and Tryon, issued by the Smithsonian

Institution, 1865-73, and the works of Lea on Unionidae, of

about the same date. Some single groups have been elaborately

treated since, the Uniones by Simpson, the Lymnaeidae by

Baker; but most of the progress in the last fifty years has been

recorded in a host of papers, by many authors and in many

journals. To systematize this material and make it readily ac-

cessible, Dr. Walker has prepared this synopsis of the classifica-

tion as understood today, giving definitions of the families, —

genera and minor groups, with figures of types or typical species

of each, frequently also of anatomical structures important in

classification.

The second paper is devoted to species published since the

appearance of the monographic works alluded to above, together

with those omitted, formerly misunderstood, or concerning

which there has been diversity of opinion. The great utility of

such a catalogue will be apparent.

Together, these papers give a most interesting epitome of the

progress made by the present generation in the study of our

fresh-water mollusks, so far as classification and description are

concerned. Dr. Walker’s long familiarity with the subject

enables him to present it lucidly and completely.—H. A. P.

New LanpD SHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINE IsLaNps. By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, pp. 291-307, pl. 18—

20, 1919). Six new species and subspecies of Cochlostyla, one

new Chlorea and a new Leptopoma are described and figured.

Descrierions OF New SprcIEs oF CHITONS FROM THE PACIFIC

Coast oF AmMERIcA. By William H. Dall (Proc. U.S. Nat.

Museum, vol. 55, pp. 499-516, 1919). Five new species of the

genus Lepidopleurus; two new Nuttallina, fourteen new Ischno-

chiton, one new Chaetopleura, seven new Callistochiton, four new

Mopalia, M. grisea being the type of a new subgenus Semimopalia,

one new Acanthochiton and two Tonicia. None are figured.

Tur UnIoNE Fauna OF ALABAMA. By Bryant Walker (20th

Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1918). An interestingsummary. The

State has the largest Unione fauna of any area of similar size in

the world. Three faunas are represented known as the Tennes-

see, Alabama and Atlantic faunas. Of the 533 species of

Unionidae belonging to North America, more than 300 are

found in Alabama.—C. W. J.

mae NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII OCTOBER, 1919 No. 2.

ALONG THE MEXICAN BORDER, 1919.

BY JAMES H. FERRISS.

New Year’s day a turkey dinner in Tuscon with Frank Cole.

The next day Sonorellas in the Santa Catalina foothills; but it

was not until the 13th, at the Tumacacori Mission, on the Santa

Cruz river that the whole party answered roll call. A. A.

Hinkley, our Mexican and Central American explorer, of Du-

Bois, I).; Robert Camp, collecting everything, alive or dead,

for the American Museum, of Brownsville, Texas; Miss Eliza-

beth Pilsbry, of Philadelphia, daughter of our Nautixus Editor,

and Mrs, Ferriss answered. Icalled the roll. Miss Rell Gelder,

of Detroit, Michigan, joined the party later.

This camp was in easy walking distance of the Tumacacori

and San Cayetano ranges, and in an hour by auto we attacked

the slides of the foothills south of the Santa Ritas. It was a

rich location, also agriculturally and historically. Here came

the Spanish priests from Mexico as early as 1601. The founda-

tion of the Mission was laid in 1700 and the building still occu-

pied in i911. Here too was a mining city, Tubac, in the midst

of rich fields of gold and silver. The priests were also miners,

and later came a company equipped at Los Angeles, Texas, that

prior to the civil war took out silver by the million dollars.

In fact the Aztecs were energetic miners way back, and the

ruins of a large city in the Tumacacori mountains is supposed

to mark the town site of one of those seven cities of Cibola.

Says J. Donald Mitchell, an Arizonian historian: ‘‘ On the sides

38 THE NAUTILUS.

of the mountain lie the ruins of many dwellings and on top,

carved from the solid rock, is the Aztec god standing guard over

the silent city. Near by on a large flat rock are the basins, or

cups, carved in the rock, that held the bleeding hearts of the

unfortunate victims that were sacrificed to appease the wrath of

this stone god. History tells us that often the victims were

pretty little girls chosen from among the thousands who visited

these Aztec cities every year during the great fiesta.”’

Aztec legends tel] us 2050 burro loads of white silver and 905

of gold and silver were buried by those Indians a certain num-

ber of paces from a certain point, but the rare and noble Sonorella

walkeri aguacalientensis P. & F. was again discovered by us in a

small group of hills on Josephine Canyon between the Santa

Ritas and the Cayetanos. Three new Sonorellas were dug up

in the Tumacacoris, S. twmacacori, S. hinkleyt fraterna and S.

walkeri montana ; in the Cayetanos S. hinkleyi and S. cayetanensis.

Miss Pilsbry put the Mission on canvas and sketching pad.

Camp gathered many kinds of bats and lizards. Others have

given a lifetime here at Tubac, digging and exploring, tormen-

ted by cat-claw, cacti and rough traveling, but have not found

the Aztec gold or silver.

These many generations of miners have left but little timber

on the hills. A few oaks on the mesas and peaks, and only in

the heads of deep gulches is there anything like reforestation.

In earlier days, with Arizona snail hunters it was at least a

climb of 8,000 ft. for Sonorellas, and rock covering of three feet

or no work. In the Cayetanos without regard to elevation they

were found in the soil next to boulders and under spawls lying

about the gravelly cliffs. Often a cliff or rock slide ten feet

square would yield a cocoa-can full. Once we obtained two

cans full, 452 by count, and all albinos except 24. Near the

peak of the highest mountain at the southern end of the range,

on the north-east side, is a gentle sloping cove of about forty

acres of Sonorella rocks. But the sun was just going down as

it was discovered and only a few Sonorellas were gathered.

The Pajarita Range is a wide expanse of rolling hills, a

continuation of the Tumacacori, on both sides of the interna-

tional line, timbered, well watered and sodded. The Governor

THE NAUTILUS. 39

of the state of Sonora has built a barbed-wire fence along the

line to keep the cattle thieves on theirown side. Although not

in the cattle business we did not cross over. It was a different

country in character from anything seen in Arizona, and so

pleasing we camped in these hills for three weeks.

We spread our blankets under the wide branches of the live

oaks and visited the Phil Clark ranch. A couple of caged eagles

were at the door and young Clark was found reading by lamp

light with a fool quail perched on his shoulder. This is one of

the rarest of the quail family, a good introduction. We talked

birds and things till a late hour. Clark junior led us to the

snail slides and the bat caves the following day, and ever after

was a very helpful companion in our excursions. The first day

out he heard something in an old mining tunnel he was explor-

ing for bats, and a shot in the dark brought a wild pig. We

ate about all but its head and feet. We camped again in Pina

Blanca Canyon at the Moon U.S. Forest Station, and I went

with Clark to the Bear Canyon, a scenic picnic resort, and

found Asplenium firmum, a fern rare even in Florida, and again

rediscovered Agave parvifolia, the smallest of the century

plants. We picked up a new pin-cushion cactus large as a table

bowl. Also a pair of whip snakes for Camp. We found Sono-

rella walkeri montana here and at the Tumacacori pass and it was

also found by Hinkley at the Montana Mine, near Oro Blanco.

Among the smaller Sonorellas in the Pina Blanca Canyon and

again across the mesa in the Tumacacori, the first Bulimulus for

Arizona was noted living in a strange situation, for it is a snail

of the grass and brush.

At old Calabasas at the mouth of Sanoita creek, emptying

into the Santa Cruz, junction also of the two branches of the

Southern Pacific Railway entering Mexico, we camped a few

days to work that end and the best of the Cayetanos. Again

we were in claw and thorn desert surroundings. At the Mission

robins by the thousand, bluebirds, thrashers, cardinals and jays

and Gamble’s quail came after the hackberries, but the Calaba-

sas camp was a little tame. However Camp secured rats, mice

and gophers on the kangaroo plan, and our luck in snails was

pleasing.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

In the Eighties Calabasas was one of the wonders of that dec-

ade, according to the promoters’ literature in New York. The

Metropolis of the Far West was its name. Side-wheel steamers

plied the Santa Cruz, whereas we had a hard time crossing that

stream in the dry sand. The docks were piled high with cotton

and tobacco bales in the pictures, hogsheads of sugar and pigs

of metal. Picturesque Mexicans hustled cattle into the stock

yards. The Indians just across the river were chasing buffalo,

deer and elk. Lithographs also revealed hotels, boards of trade

and banks, their corridors filled with excited investors in silk ©

hats and sombreros. The hotel and another large building re-

main, but the land for miles around after being in the courts for

many years is now in the possession of the heirs of a Spanish

grant—the Bacca Float.

On the west side of Mount Washington, of the Patagonia

range, Sonorella patagonica can be found in the boulder dikes and

islands of the canyons and the dead were plentiful in the foot

hills west of the Nogales-Duquesne highway. A hard half-day

in the brush and briars of the Red Mountain, property of the

Red Mountain Mining Co., north side, netted two Sonorellas.

Mt. Washington seemed to be above 8,000 feet high, and our

camps about 5,000. There was much snow on both sides, east

and west, and the pass was long and steep. Army-truck drivers

camped with us for the night as the pass was too difficult for

anything except the best of daylight. It took three trips to

get our party over and then Hinkley with the empty auto and

empty trailer on the fourth trip was hung up on the brow of the

mountain in a snow storm all night. Merely for company I

was in the party. With a good fire we were fairly warm and

dry, and slept some.

At Duquesne Sonorella parietalis was found in the same colony

with patagonica, sixty of them alive. A large collection of

Pupas and other small ones were gathered and Mr. Hinkley is

now sorting them out of the dirt. He also has the fresh-water

collection. This mining property owned by the George West-

inghouse heirs was the liveliest camp in our journey. Copper

was being rolled out at war-time speed and the ore shipped

to El Paso via a Mexican R. R. station, at the foot of the San

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Jose peak, where Sonorella mearnsi dwelt at the time of the

Boundary Survey.

Bound for the Huachucas to pick up better sets of former

collections, we dropped down the Patagonia mesa through a

thick grove of young oaks with cultivated ranches in the can-

yons. Then out upon a Kansas prairie landscape where the

highway crosses the head of the Santa Cruz running south and

the Barbacomari running north. Here are a number of prairies,

without brush or thorns as beautiful to the eye as any state can

produce. The Canillo Hills for thirty miles or more are covered

with a thick growth of oak and juniper. At the high peak east

of our road we found Sonorella elizabethae in abundance, and in

the limestone hills west were small colonies of Holospira for

three miles under spawls close to the stratified terraces, but a

foot or so in height. Also in the rocky hillsides.

Across another beautiful prairie we were again in the Huachu-

cas at the Manilla mine, at the northwestern end. Here we

were comfortably housed at the property owned by some of my

Joliet friends, and at the home of the typical Holospira ferrissi

Pils. It seemed convenient to have lamps and a cook stove.

Again we camped in Carr Canyon, near the home of our friend

Biederman the entomologist and father of walnut grafting. Side

trips were made to Garden, Brown, Miller and Ash Canyons.

Around the southeast point of the range we went into new

territory, Montezuma and Copper Canyons, and again gathered

Ashmunella heterodonta at Ida Canyon. These are rich canyons

and so extensive they have not been thoroughly explored. One

of the smallest of Sonorellas turned up in Montezuma Canyon,

Sonorella montezuma. It was found abundant in lime, granite

and porphyry. Again we had splendid quarters, a stove and

lamp, on the State of Texas mining property. These mountain

ridges run into Mexico, and ranchmen obtain permits from the

Mexicans, when they desire to journey into Tombstone, Naco

and Douglas with a vehicle.

From the Huachuca camps several raids were made on the

Mustang and Whetstone ranges about twenty miles away. The

first range, about 6,000 feet, has shells in every stone-pile, and

the climbing is easy and clean. It is a model for collectors to

42 THE NAUTILUS.

follow. In one colony of large Sonorellas about one in ten was

an albino, beautifully modeled and with yellow lips. We

worked here into a bank of clay and broken stone until we had

a face to our mine high as our heads. The Sonorellas dwelt in

the spaces between the clay and stone and at twenty feet in live

Sonorellas were found. It was then dark and I had undermined

a large Ocotillo that rolled me over and left a bump on my head

for this summer. Again we had trouble in finding Sonorella

dalli Bartsch, at Garden Canyon (Tanner’s) in the Huachucas.

Here we followed a wide crevice in the limestone filled with ~

soil. Ata depth of about two feet we followed crevices a couple

of times and found over seventy alive. The sixty Sonorellas at

Duquesne and as many red Sonorellas in Miller Canyon were

found in like manner. In Brown Canyon at the foot of a high

cliff of limestone dead shells were abundant. Accidentally a

scale of the cliff was torn off, and here was the live Sonorella

granulatissima latior, we were looking for, with Oreohelix and

Ashmunellas.

About this time we admired our skill. After these many

years, one of us said, we have become 100 per cent. shell

collectors. On my first journey to Arizona I had raked over the

leaves and turned logs and stones lying on the soil. I walked

through the grand Tanner Canyon cms past these rich

Sonorella mines.

But to follow this mutual admiration convention, we did not

find live Oreohelix in the Mustangs though dead shells covered

the ground and crowded the rock slides. Here however the

limestone cliffs did not scale. They were cracked apparently

from one side to the middle, or the other side.

We made two trips to the Whetstones before finding a shell

of any kind. We thought we knew whether a mountain had

shells or not by merely looking at it. On the third trip a long

slide facing east was discovered. This had a great abundance

of the most delicate and artistically constructed Sonorella so far

identified. All were dead except a few less than half grown.

The colony had been destroyed by some insect that had evi-

dently dissolved the lime with some of its juices, making a

hole in the shell large enough to crawl in and eat’em up. The

THE NAUTILUS. 43

opening was usually oblong and about one or two millimeters

long. Here the trail was so thorny and the gulches so deep we

could walk only about a mile per hour in the mountain. Two

days were given to the slide.

We had good success in the Tumacicori, Cayetano, Patagonia

and other mountains on all sides of the peaks and had forgotten

that in some ranges shells lived only on the north side. On the

fourth trip to the Whetstone, while passing the north side of a

small peak to get to the largest in the range, another Sonorella

was found alive and plentiful. Also Oreohelix hwachucana and

a Holospira.

We feel certain there are a considerable number of undis-

covered snails in the limestone, well watered and timbered (8,000

feet) peaks of the Whetstones, on the north side. Some of these

we examined, on the south side.

The rains arrive in Arizona in July, which is the best grow-

ing month; but this year in the first week of May the Mariposa

group of lilies covered the slopes. The west mesa of the Santa

Ritas was a golden yellow, for the poppies were in bloom. Also

the large white thistle poppy. The Ocotillo (Crown of Thorns)

with a deep crimson spike, and cactus bloom, white, crimson

and orange, warmed up the desert hills. The last night out

blankets were spread in the dry bed of a stream in a pass of the

Mustangs. It was really a beautiful place. Gravel makes a

good bed, as desert beds run, and the banks were decorated with

spreading walnuts and oaks. The junipers and cottonwoods

were artistically rounded and all in full leafage. Three kinds

of doves were talking, a cardinal, a thrasher and the vermillion

fly-catcher were singing just at sundown, and the black and

white scolding hummingbird in our tree, nervous in the face of

distinguished company, had settled down in his thimble nest

for the night.

The Mustangs are not large mountain, but they have pleasing

profiles, domes and table tops, for background purposes, when

the moon is up a little way and the evening star is in close con-

junction. Arizona nights are a cut-glass, crystal affair. Not

smoky and beclouded.

When the after-glow was just about right I led the partner

44 THE NAUTILUS.

who has made life so pleasant these many years in housekeeping

and business, over the shallow bank where only a few nicely

terraced oaks were to be seen, and striking an attitude, front of

stage, exclaimed ‘‘ Look at that. That is perhaps the one best

view, celestial, we will ever get.’’

In the morning Henry was halted at the windmill to be filled

up. The owner of the pasture, we had learned to like; ‘‘he is

white’’ we said, with his helper was doing his chores. He

carried a double row of cartridges in his belt; a forty-five and a

telescope lay upon a barrel-head, and a rifle rested against the -

derrick. The equipment was the best.

‘¢Going a hunting?’’ I asked, innocent-like.

‘Not this morning,’ he answered. ‘‘The fact is,’’ he

added, ‘‘it takes two of us to watch that fellow over in the other

house. We have been shot at in this corral several times. Our

fences have been cut and three horses and a cow shot this week.

He wants me to buy him out and J don’t want his ranch at the

price he asks.”’

It is but a short distance from one thing to another all round

the world. On the fifth of May we were again in Tuscon hay-

ing collected at 134 stations.

NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF FASCIOLARIA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN

UNITED STATES.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The following notes of long standing are brought together for

the purpose of pointing out some discrepancies that seem to

have passed unnoticed. Another object is to supply a demand

from some of our readers for something more pertaining to the

marine mollusks.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener.

F. papillosa Sowerby, Tankerville Cat. App. p. 15, 1825; Reeve,

Conch. Icon., (Fasciolaria) vol. 4, pl. 1, f. la, 1b, pl. 7,

fleg kd 1847,

F. gigantea Kiener Icon. Coq. Viv., (Fasciolaria) p. 5, pl. 10

and 11.

Tryon’s Manual Conch., vol. III, p. 75, fig. 14-16, 1881.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

F. crocata Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 25, 1848: Abbild.

Besch. Conch. III, (Fasciolaria) Tab. I, f. 3, 1849.

F. reevei Jonas, in Philippi, Abbild. Besch. Conch. III, (Fasci-

olaria) Tab. III, f. 2, 1850.

Even this large shell is not free from a nomenclatorial tangle.

F. papillosa Sowb., as pointed out by Tyron, seems to be the

oldest name. I have not access to the Tankerville Catalogue,

but if the young specimen as figured by Reeve (fig. la, b) and

copied by Tryon (fig. 15) is the type, then this name seems

somewhat doubtful. The spire and canal are both too long for

a specimen of that size, in fact I cannot see any difference in

figs. la and 1b, and the figure of F. coronata Lam. as figured

by Reeve (pl. VI, f. 14a, b.) Figure 1c and d of Reeve and

copied by Tryon (fig. 16) is F. gigantea. . The F. crocata Phil.

from Yucatan is undoubtedly the young of this species and not

related to F. filamentosa as suggested by Tryon.

In regard to its size, Tryon says: ‘‘ Length 1 to 2 feet. This

is the largest known species of univalve shell.’’ Charles

T. Simpson (Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., v, 51, 1886), says:

‘On the Keys I have seen dead shells two feet in length, the

largest Gastropod in the world.’’ In THe Naovritus, XIX, 108,

I had occasion to review Mr. Charles Hedley’s paper, ‘‘On a

large example of Megalatractus aruanus (L.), and incidentally

mentioned that this Australian giant had a rival on our Florida

coast, F. gigantea, quoting one of the above references. Mr.

Hedley replied in a letter saying: ‘‘ Give it in inches, I do not

like the sound of the word feet.’’ I remember a specimen 23

inches (about 575 mm.) in length, and there was a very large

specimen in the collection of the late Joseph Wilcox which I

cannot now locate. In writing to Dr. Dall, he says: ‘‘The

largest specimen we have of F. gigantea measures 20 inches in

length, with probably half an inch lost from the tip of the spire

and as much more from the end of the canal; I have seen a

bigger one but I do not remember the exact length of it. Call

ours 530 mm. and it would, I think, be fair.’? The largest in

the American Museum of Natural History is 20.25 inches and

that in the Academy of Natural Sciences about the same.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. reever Jonas,

This is not a form of F. princeps as suggested by Tryon. Al-

though the type is comparatively small (135 mm. in length)

the form is easily recognized and not uncommon on the Gulf

coast of Florida. It was found by the writer at Marco. The

prominent nodes become obsolete or wanting, especially on the

body whorl; the shell is also thinner and does not reach the size

of the typical form. While /. gigantea and F. princeps (from the

west coast of Central America resemble each other superficially,

there is a most remarkable difference in their opercula. The

former has only the prominent concentric lines of growth on the

exterior, while the latter has five deep longitudinal furrows. on

the middle and inner edge and irregular diagonal ribs on the

outer edge.

The large bunches of egg-capsules of F. gigantea are conspicu-

ous objects on the Florida beaches. These are poorly figured

by Tryon (Manual, Vol. 2, pl. 7, figs. 78 and 79) as ‘‘ Capsules

of an unknown Muricoid mollusk.’’? A bunch of capsules

from Key West, Fla., nine inches in length and containing

approximately 400 capsules was attached to a broad band

which has no doubt contracted considerably in drying.

Three of the capsules contained respectively 66, 70 and 76

embryonic shells. If these should average 70 per capsule, the

entire bunch would produce upwards of 30,000 shells, but the

death rate is enormous and very few ever reach maturity. Each

capsule is wedge-shaped, the angles slightly winged and the

sides with five or six irregular ridges. It is about 40 mm. in

length, attached to the band by a pedicel about 12 mm. long.

The capsules of F. tulipa are in small clusters attached to

shells and stones. It is also wedge-shaped and pedunculate,

the sides are smooth, but the upper edge is ornamented by

numerous undulations around its entire margin. In F. distans

there is only a single indentation on the upper edge, forming a

lobe that extends over the opening through which the young

shellsescape. The latter is figured by Tryon (Manual II, pl. 7,

fig. 77) as F. tulipa ?

Fasciolaria tulipa (Linné).

Colus achatinus Bolten, Mus. Bolt., 117, 1798. A variable

THE NAUTILUS. 47

shell both in sculpture and color. A _ perfect shell of the

smooth or more typical form shows interesting phases in sculp-

ture in the early growth of the shell, the protoconch and about

half a whorl of the young shell being smooth, followed by

about half a whorl with only longitudinal ridges; this is fol-

lowed by two whorls with prominent spiral ridges which gradu-

ally become obsolete or wanting except near the suture, these

subsutural ridges increasing in prominence and often becoming

crenulated or beaded on the last two whorls. On the anterior

portion of the shel] are also prominent spiral ridges. Some of

the specimens from the Bahamas have a decided shoulder on

the body whorl. Color whitish, mottled with brown or reddish

blotches and with from 26-33 dark-brown spiral lines on the

body whorl. Two specimens from the West Indies are uni-

formiy light brown with the usual dark-brown spiral lines.

Simpson says: ‘‘A mahogany-colored form is occasionally

found on the Keys.” It varies in length from 5 to 8 inches

(125 to 200 mm.) and is found from North Carolina to the

West Indies and Venezuela.

The varietal name of obsoleta was applied to a smooth form

from St. Thomas, but this cannot really be separated. There

is, however, a form in which the spiral grooves and ridges cover

the entire shell. Tryon (Manual III, 74) says: ‘‘I figure a

rugose form which Dunker intended at one time to describe as

F.*scheepmakert but finally illustrated in his ‘ Novitates’ as a

variety of F. tulipa.’’ This name might therefore be used in a

varietal sense for this form which is quite common on the Gulf

coast of Florida.

Fasciolaria distans Lamarck.

As pointed out by Dr. Dall and others, this is a good species

and not a variety of F. tulipa Linn., as stated by Tryon and

later by Miss Rogers in the ‘‘Shell Book.’’ It is smaller and

smoother, having only faint spiral sulcations on two of the

early whorls near the nucleus, and spiral ridges on the narrow

anterior portion. ‘There is also present an internal ridge on the

body whorl in front of the suture. Color whitish, with bluish-

gray or brown blotches and usually with five or six equidistant,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

revolving, dark-brown lines. One specimen shows ten, but five

of these are somewhat obsolete and close together near the

narrow anterior portion of the shell. I have found living speci-

mens at St. Augustine, Fla., in which the blotches were a light

rose-pink, with the six revolving lines of a similar color. Dr.

Dall records, from Belize, a pale salmon-colored specimen with

the lines obsolete. The species varies in length from 65-85 mm.

It ranges from North Carolina to Florida and westward to

Mexico.

THREE NEW ALPINE VERTIGOS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

Among numerous Pupillidae collected from the higher moun-

tain regions of California during the past few years appear

several apparently undescribed forms, diagnoses of three of

which are given below.

VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA, new subspecies. Figs. 1-6.

The shell is cylindro-conic, rimate-umbilicate, thin, very

pale horn color, by transmitted light transparent and colorless.

The surface is glossy and distinctly irregularly, obliquely

striate, especially on the upper whorls. The spire tapers from

the last whorl, at first gradually, then more rapidly, to the

obtuse apex. The whorls are strongly convex, the last with an

indentation just back of the aperture over the lower palatal

tooth, subsequently with a narrow, abrupt, axial constriction,

then swollen to form a low, wave-like crest just back of and

parallel to the lip. The aperture is rounded triangular, scarcely

constricted on the outer margin, the peristome thickened and

porcelain white in color, showing through the back of the shell

as a white line, but the sharp lip scarcely reflected except over

the columella. The posterior angle of the outer lip curves in

rather sharply to the body whorl. The number of teeth varies

from 2 to 5. The palatal and columellar lamellae are always

well developed. In addition there is almost always a well

developed lower palatal. A smaller, but variable upper palatal

THE NAUTILUS. 49

is frequently present, as also a minute angular lamella. All the

teeth are porcelain-white in color.

1-6, VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA. 7, VERTIGO ALLYNIANA.

8, V. A. XENOS.

Length of type 2.6; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aper-

ture 0.9 mm.; whorls 5.

Type: Cat. No. 2740 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes in

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, California

Academy of Sciences, Southwest Museum, United States

National Museum, and the private collections of Mr. George H.

Clapp and others.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

Type Locality: 7,550 feet altitude, cienaga near Bluff Lake,

San Bernardino Mountains, California; under sticks and logs at

edge of forest; Nina G. Spaulding, G. E. Dole and S. 8. Berry,

August, 1910; 59 specimens in this and neighboring cienagas.

Also taken at 7,200 feet altitude, west slope of Falls Creek

Canyon, near the narrows about one mile above Dobbs Cabin,

Dollar Pass Trail, San Bernardino Mountains, California; under

small sticks and pine cones on springy slope; G. HE. Dole and

S. S. Berry, Sept. 29, 1918; 32 specimens.

Remarks: This very puzzling little mollusk is one of the most

beautiful of American Vertigos. It is very close to V. modesta

parietalis and may also be described as an albinistic race of that

subspecies, but it is a protean form and some shells are equally

close to V. modesta modesta or even to V. m. castanea. That it

is more than amere ‘‘albino’’ of the recognized type is strongly

evidenced by its occurrence in such abundance and at scattered

localities, as also by the fact that its distribution is by no means

coincident with that of any of the other forms mentioned.

Nor, although usually associated, do the white or brown shells

occur in any apparent regular ratio. At the second locality

above cited diligent outlook yielded but three specimens of the

brown parietalis. It is evidently a comparatively recent offshoot

from the parent stock, but the field evidence is that it already

is a race with its peculiar characters heritable to a marked

degree.

It seems rather remarkable that such features as the color,

shell texture, and similar characters in this form should exhibit

such constancy as compared with the variability shown in the

development of the lamellae. In 39 specimens of the type lot

now before me, 1 has only 2 teeth (columellar and parietal),

15 have 3 teeth (columellar, parietal, and lower palatal), 9

have 4 teeth (an upper palatal usually the one added), and 14

have a full set of 5 teeth. No mature specimens with fewer

than 2 nor more than 5 teeth have been noted. This variation

in a single well-defined colony (its members having, as shown

by the other characters noted, an undoubtedly close phylo-

genetic relationship with one another) throws a valuable bit of

light on the difficulty of attempting the separation of the var-

THE NAUTILUS. 51

ious races of the modesta-series by means of variations in the

number of teeth alone. It chances that the specimen chosen as

type is one of the 3-toothed forms.

The animal is bluish-gray or slate in color, the body quite

dark, the foot and peripheral portions much lighter and semi-

transparent. A rough sketch of the cephalic region of one of

the Falls Creek specimens is offered in fig. 6.

Whether the hereditary value of this race is that of a ‘‘ form”?

or a subspecies can only be shown by the more detailed study

which must be left for the future. Until then the personal

equation must necessarily largely govern. In any case it will

prove useful to have a name for it.

VERTIGO ALLYNIANA New species. Fig. 7.

The shell is minute, short, robust, ovate-conic in outline,

thin, dark reddish-brown in color, with only a dull gloss;

weakly, irregularly striate. The spire tapers with increasing

rapidity from the last whorl to the obtuse apex. The whorls

are convex, the last having a shallow but distinct excavation in

the palatal region and a weaker one over the upper palatal tooth,

the latter extending to the lip, which thus becomes flattened or

very slightly indented on its outer segment. The aperture is

pyriform in outline, and would be rather small except for the

quite flaring lip, which is little thickened and very fragile at

the edge. There are 5 teeth constantly developed in all the

material examined. The parietal, columellar, and upper and

lower palatal lamellae are well developed, and there is a distinct,

though small angular lamella. The columellar is situated well

back in the aperture and quite high up on the pillar. The

lower palatal is also rather deeply immersed.

Length of type 2.1; diameter to lip edge 1.3; length of aper-

ture 0.81 mm.; whorls 4.

Type: Cat. No. 3764 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes in

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the

private collection of Allyn G. Smith.

Type Locality: Donner Lake, California; A. G. Smith, May

30, 1916; 22 specimens.

Remarks: I am not quite certain of the relationships of this

52 THE NAUTILUS.

small Vertigo. The texture of the shell, as well as the shape,

are strongly reminiscent of V. occidentalis Sterki, a more weakly

toothed species from the San Bernardino Mountains. None of

the other species with which I am familiar require any special

comparison. V. corpulenta (Morse) has a somewhat similar

‘outline, but otherwise does not seem especially close.

VERTIGO ALLYNIANA XENOS, new subspecies. Fig. 8.

With the preceding occurred a single specimen of a very

similar form having the same number of teeth, but differing

abruptly in its shorter, much more robust and swollen outline,

its more transparent, glossier texture, and lighter brown color.

The columellar tooth is placed distinctly further down on the

pillar, and the remaining lamellae differ slightly from those of

the shells described above both in size and position.

Length of type 2.0; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aper-

ture 0.85 mm.; whorls 43.

Type: Cat. No. 4128 of the writer’s collection.

Type Locality: Donner Lake, California; A. G. Smith, May

30, 1916; 1 specimen.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Figs. 1-5. Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry. Camera

drawings of type (Fig. 2) and four other specimens of the

original lot, showing variation in number of lamellae and shape

of shell.

Fig. 6. Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry. Camera draw-

ing of cephalic region of living animal as extended in crawling.

Fig. 7. Vertigo allyniana Berry. Camera drawing of type.

Fig. 8. Vertigo (allyniana var?) zenos Berry. Camera draw-

ing of type.

All figures drawn to same scale.

Redlands, California.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

A NEW CALIFORNIAN MICRARIONTA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

MIcRARIONTA RIXFORDI N. sp.

The shell is strongly depressed, umbilicate, the diameter of

umbilicus contained about 5 times in that of the shell. Em-

bryonic shell of 14 whorls at first densely pitted, the pitting

rather irregular, passing into granulation, and on the last half

whorl transformed into short strong wrinkles, roughly parallel

to the suture and often anastomosing. Subsequent whorls are

delicately marked with growth lines only, moderately convex,

the last slowly and rather deeply descending to the aperture,

rounded peripherally, and encircled with a brown band above

the periphery. The aperture is strongly oblique, irregularly

oval. The peristome is thin, basal margin narrowly expanded,

columellar margin somewhat dilated, but covering only a very

small part of the umbilicus. The parietal callus is very thin.

Alt. 9.5; diam. 16.6 mm.; umbilicus 3.1 mm.; 42 whorls.

This snail was received too late for illustration in the present

number. It was collected by Dr. Emmet Rixford among rocks

at the foot of the mountains on the southern edge of the Mojave

Desert about 10 miles west of Twentynine Palms, Riverside

Co., California. Type and two other specimens, No. 129781

ASN. Sy P.

Compared with M. indioensis (Yates), which is its nearest

neighbor, this species is far more depressed and more openly

umbilicate. M. desertorum Pils. & Ferr. and M. hutsoni Clapp

are much smaller related forms from Arizona.

The specimens were picked up dead and except for the

shoulder band, show no color.

A NEW CHINESE CLAUSILIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

CLAUSILIA (EUPHAEDUSA) STEETZNERI N. 8.

The shell is very slender, slowly tapering, the outlines of the

spire straight, very slightly concave near the summit; opaque,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

not glossy, vinaceous-russet fading to cinnamon-brown at the

early whorls. First 3 whorls nearly smooth, the rest ribbed,

the ribs straight, narrower than the slightly striate intervals,

about 25 on the last whorl. The upper whorls are rather con-

vex, the penult somewhat and the last strongly compressed

laterally. The aperture is small, about one-sixth as long as the

shell, piriform, the light brown peristome expanded and slightly

reflected. Superior lamella rather small, marginal, oblique, not

continuous with the spiral lamella, which is about a half-whorl

long. The inferior lamella is situate high, converging to the

superior; it ascends in a broad spiral a little past the dorsal line.

The subcolumellar lamella is very deeply immersed, not visible

in the mouth, but rather strong within the back. The principal

plica is rather short, dorso-lateral, its lower end visible with

difficulty in an oblique view in the mouth. There are quite

short, subparallel upper and lower palatal plicae.

The clausilium is quite broad, curved almost in a semicircle,

passing without notch or excision into the filament.

Length 13.6; diam. above aperture 2.4 mm.; length of aper-

ture with peristome 2.3 mm.; 13 whorls.

Wenchuan (Wentschuan), Szechuan, China. Type 44660

A. N.S. P., coll. by Mr. Steetzner, received through Dr. Bryant

Walker.

The dull, strongly sculptured surface, small aperture and

large number of whorls are the more salient external features of

the species, and distinguish it from other Euphaedusae having

similar palatal structure, such as C. planostriata Hde. It is

named for the collector.

A COLLECTING TRIP ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS,

BY THE GULICK NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

BY JOSEPH J. GOUVEIA.

Karly Sunday morning on May the 25th, 1919, we started on

the first trip planned by the Gulick Natural History Club. The

purpose of this trip was to give the members of the club an

opportunity to work on different lines.

THE NAUTILUS. dD

Mr. F. Grinnell, with his necessary paraphernalia, started

out prepared to collect plants and insects, while Messrs. Bryan,

Emerson, Antone Gouveia and the writer for goats and shells.

The writer and Antone Gouveia took the first car towards

Waialae, which leaves Kalihi Street at 5:45 a. m., and, after

riding fifty minutes, we joined the rest of the members at the

end of the car line.

At 6:45 we started out for Keawaawa. We had about eight

miles to go before we could reach the foot of the valley and

about three miles to go before we reached our hunting grounds.

The day was clear, and while on our way up the valley the

talk was upon different subjects pertaining to the Hawaiian

Islands and their history, among them the decrease of the

Hawaiian population. When the white people first came to

these islands they found them thickly populated with pure

Hawaiians. To-day, about two-thirds of the Hawaiian popu-

lation are half-breeds. Discussing the cause of their disappear-

ance, we agreed that it was due to the following: wars, human

sacrifice, pestilence, oppression by kings, chiefs and priests,

liquor, wearing of clothing, and amalgamation with white

people.

After an eight-mile walk along a hard coral road we reached

Keawaawa at 8 o’clock. We were now ready to face a trail

well overgrown on both sides with the Glue Bush and Lantana.

It is not very pleasant to hike through these on account of

their thorns. After about an hour’s walk we arrived at the

forest, our shelling grounds. On our way up we followed

cattle trails which led along the bottom of the valley, and up

near the drops we followed a zig-zag trail which wound to the

top of the west Keawaawa ridge.

When we reached the outskirts of the forest, Grinnell and

Gouveia followed a ravine on the right-hand side going up.

This is where our day’s collecting began. The following shells

were collected in the above ravine:

Philonesia baldwini var. 6 specimens.

Tyropupa magdalenz 6 spec.

Lyropupa microthauma var. 4 spec.

Lyropupa microthauma var. 6 spec.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Nesopupa plicifera 3 spec.

Nesopupa wesleyana var. tryphera 1 spec.

Tornatellides procerulus var. acicula 2 spec.

Tornatellides macromphala var. 63 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 6 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 23 spec.

Leptachatina fusca 3 spec.

Amastra tristis 2 spec.

Edwin Bryan, Oliver Emerson and the writer followed the

ridge trail. We collected shells on our way up to the backbone.

Shelling is not what it used to be, for shells are very scarce in

this section of the Koolau Range. We managed to get seven

specimens of Achatinella viridans: we considered this a lucky

find. While on our way to the backbone, we heard some goats

in the valley west of Keawaawa (Kuliouou Ike valley). Mr.

Emerson carried a 45-70 caliber rifle, an efficient weapon for

reducing the mountain pest.

Mr. F. Grinnell and Antone Gouveia joined the other mem-

bers at the backbone. After a few minutes the party separated

again, and this time we all started off in earnest for our differ-

ent aims. Emerson and Bryan started across the backbone to-

wards Kuliouou over a narrow goat trail about a foot wide in

places; barely enough for one to crawl over, while Grinnell,

Antone Gouveia and the writer started east looking for insects

and shells. We were not able to find any Achatinella. We

traveled a little further on until we came to a grove of banana

and here we found the following shells:

Nesopupa plicifera 6 spec.

Tornatellides sp.? 4 spec.

Tornatellides macromphala var. 9 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 3 spec.

Helicina rotelloidea 18 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 7 spec.

Amastra tristis 1 spec.

Succinea rotundata 1 spec.

We spent about forty minutes collecting and then returned to

the main ridge. On our way back we stopped about three

hundred feet east of the Kuliouou-Keawaawa ridge and hunted

THE NAUTILUS. By

on bunch grass about 18 inches high. Here we collected the

following:

Nesopupa boettgeri 5 spec.

Pronesopupa acanthinula 5 spec.

Tornatellides leptospira 16 spec.

Tornatellides brunneus 9 spec.

Ternatellides brunneus var. 3 spec.

Philonesia baldwini var. 6 spec.

Auriculella diaphana 20 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 2 spec.

At 11:30 we ate lunch and after half an hour’s rest we started

out again; this time we worked down the first ravine east of the

main West Keawaawa ridge. While on the backbone ridge we

noticed some kukui trees (Aleurites moluccana) which looked

very promising. On our way down the valley to these kukui

trees we collected the following shells:

Nesopupa plicifera 2 spec.

Tornatellaria macromphala 3 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 2 spec.

Helicina rotelloidea 1 spec.

Amastra eos 48 spec.

Amastra tristis 31 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 27 spec.

Leptachatina fusca 12 spec.

After spending about an hour collecting these we headed for

the kukui trees. We found a few dead specimens of Achatinella

pheozona under these trees, and, after a careful search we found

twelve live specimens. Two were found on Lantana and the

rest were found near the tops of the kukui trees. It was a sur-

prise to us, for we were told that these shells were extinct in

Keawaawa. On Lantana and oee weed we found thirty-two

specimens of Achatinella viridans. Some of them were dark-

brown in color and many of them had broad white and light-

brown bands around the last whorl.

This was a good find. The forest is dying away fast and in

the course of time these shells will be extinct. About three

years ago the writer and Antone Gouveia collected a few dead

58 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens of Achatinella viridans in the valley east of Keawaawa.

These shells once thrived there, but the trees that they lived on

have died away and consequently the shells have died off with

them.

We all met at the foot of one of the small ridges at about

4 o’clock, ready for our homeward journey. Messrs. Emerson

and Bryan had returned from their hunting trip. They were

successful in wounding a goat and collecting a few specimens of

Achatinella viridans on the windward side of the backbone ridge.

Mr. Grinnell collected some interesting insects and native plants.

After two long hours’ walking at a good gait, we reached the car

line, and about 6 p. m. we boarded the car for home.

Thus the Gulick Natural History Club finished its first trip

with quite a success in the collecting line.

The shells listed were identified by Dr. C. Montague Cooke,

Jr.

A NEW VARIETY OF OLIVA SERICEA MINIACEA,

BY H. C. HIGGINS.

Having become greatly interested in the Olividae, their

beauty and the great variation of the species are to me a never-

ending source of pleasure, marred only by the many perplexi-

ties in nomenclature. To what extent names should be given

to the various forms, authors differ in opinion, but it seems

more convenient to refer to certain well-marked forms by name

when they are well figured in standard publications, than to say

a variation of O. sericea subspecies miniacea figured in the Thes.

Conch, Vale: pl7, 6 Lio:

Having brought together a remarkable series of 250 specimens

of Oliva sericea (tremulina-miniacea group ) showing all the named

varieties as well as many intermediate specimens, I was im-

pressed with the fact that a shell in the miniacea group corre-

sponding to variety pica in the tremulina group, has no varietal

name, therefore I propose the name Oliva sericea miniacea var.

johnson for this shell, in honor of Mr. C. W. Johnson, curator

of the Boston Society of Natural History, as a slight acknowl-

THE NAUTILUS. 59

edgment of his untiring work with, and published articles on,

the Olividae, as well as for the kindly interest he has taken in

my own collection of Oliva, and the assistance given me in

identifying specimens.

This variety is figured by Marrat in Sowerby’s Thesaurus

Conchyliorum, Vol. IV, pl. 7, f. 110. It is represented in my

collection by six specimens of which one, no. 1652, has to be

selected as the type.

COLLECTING IN THE VICINITY OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.

BY FRED TABLEMAN.

During 1917-1918 I decided to study the molluscan fauna in

the vicinity of Newark, N. J. Limiting myself to twenty cents

car fare for each trip I started to see what I could find within

this area.

Most of the work was done in Essex County, in one instance

within walking distance from my home. Visiting the Newark

Meadows I found a station for Polygyra thyroides by seeing some

dead shells. I looked for live specimens but could not find any

owing to the density of the underbrush and flies. Going later

when they were hibernating I collected about 150 and could

have gotten more. They live under debris that is overgrown

with the balloon-vine on which I believe they feed. This

station has been destroyed by the opening of the Port Newark

Terminal.

The next place visited was Great Notch Brook, Upper Mont-

clair. On this brook is a small pond formed by a dam at the

head of which in a marshy place I found Lymnaea palustris in

great quantities, and also one specimen of Pseudosuccinea colum-

ella. I was fishing at the time and ran short of bait, so turn-

ing over a rotten log I got not only bait but a nice lot of Pyra-

midula alternata, which are now in my collection. Going to the

same place later in the season and exploring one of the moun-

tains as far as possible, I obtained a few small Pyramidula

alternata and two Polygyra albolabris, one dead and one living.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Going to Cable Lake, West Orange, I collected Planorbis

antrosus. The lake is a small one situated on the top of a

mountain, the shore of which is partly sand and stones. Here

is the home of the Planorbes, which are covered with algae.

The Rahway River, in Union Co., was next visited in search

of Unios. Two specimens of Anodonta cataracta in perfect con-

dition were secured, but further search failed to produce more

of that species; but about fifty Unio complanatus were obtained.

I also collected Physa heterostropha along the bank in company

with Lymnea palustris, and in the shallows Campeloma rufum

was found in company with a small variety of Planorbis trivolvis ©

and Sphaerium sp.

The last three trips to Bloomfield proved the best. The col-

lecting was done in Great Notch Brook which flows through

part of the town where it comes from Brookdale. Starting at

the end of the trolley line and working up stream I found small

dead Planorbis trivolvis that had been washed in hollows and

crevices among the stones. . Live ones were gathered farther up

stream and also Unio complanatus, which I will compare with

the Rahway River shells later.

Going still further up stream, I found the first specimens of

Goniobasis virginica in the shallow water near the bank; also

broken Campeloma decisum, later two perfect specimens were

found. The Goniobasis were large specimens ranging up to an

inch in length, many of them so eroded as to be hardly recog-

nizable except by the animal itself. Still further up the Gonio-

basis became more plentiful and also Lymnaea palustris, both

alive and dead in the drift, which was composed of the dead of

both and a few valves of Unios.

The Lymnaeas were found on the stems of water plants and

also floating on the surface, foot up; the Goniobasis were cling-

ing to the stones and crawling on the bottom. Both the smooth

and ribbed variety (multilineata) were found, both banded and

plain. More Unios were found, so I returned home satisfied

with the afternoon work.

On the last trip I found but few specimens of Goniobasis. A

heavy rain a few days before had made the stream moderately

high, and the few specimens that I obtained were buried ver-

THE NAUTILUS. 61

tically in the sandy bottom with the body whorl only exposed.

I do not know whether they buried themselves or the shifting

sands did.

The Unio complanatus collected varies greatly with the locality.

Those from the Rahway River are cleaner than those from

Notch Brook and are not so ventricose. The anterior end is

more elongate than the brook form, and the sexes are hardly

distinguishable. The Notch Brook females are much shorter

than the males and more truncated, as the following measure-

ments of the largest specimens show:

Locality.

Sex. | Length. Breadth. Thickness.

Rahway River...

Female.| 75 mm. | 388 mm. | 20 mm.

Male. 70 mm. | 35 mm.| 18 mm.

Great Notch Brook.

Male. | 72mm. | 38 mm.| 19 mm.

| Female.! 63 mm. | 40 mm.| 19 mm.

Having collected only in two localities this year I obtained

the following species. From Branch Brook Park, Newark,

Planorbis parvus and Planorbis antrosus. These species were

found in shallow water near the shore.

At Halcyon Park (Bloomfield) in a small pond, if it can be

called such, I found large Planorbis trivolvis, the largest of which

measures 25 mm.; also Pseudosuccinea columella and a species of

Ancylus which I have not identified. I believe the shells in this

pond came with the water-lilies that are growing there.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

SHELLS OF LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA.

BY C. R. ORCUTT.

My acquaintance with La Jolla dates back to 1879, when

there was not a human habitation on the coast from San

Dieguito on the north to the old lighthouse, 500 feet above the

beach, at the extremity of Point Loma at the entrance to San

Diego Bay. Now there are several flourishing towns along the

way, the delight of summer and winter tourists, among whom

not a few have been conchologists.

Taking charge of Hotel Strand at La Jolla in July, 1918, I

have since busied myself quite as much with the molluscan

fauna of La Jolla as with the hotel business, with some inter-

esting results.

Mr. Maxwell Smith has contributed a list of La Jolla shells

to THe Navritus (volume 21, pages 55 and 65), and Mr.

Joshua L. Bailey, Jr., has contributed a supplementary list

(on page 92). A few additional notes may be of interest.

Haliotis fulgens.—In the spring of 1916 San Diego was visited

with great floods, and a great amount of silt was washed into

the ocean via San Diego and False Bay with the fresh water.

This proved to be fatal to many mollusks, and I am told that

many thousands of this shell were washed up along the shore

from False Bay to La Jolla. One gentleman told me that

a train of cars could have been filled with these shells which

were piled a foot deep on the beach in many places. Another

filled two sacks with the shells and nearly broke his back tug-

ging them to the top of the cliff at what in early days we called

Seal Rock, now named Bird Rock Beach. These he has finally

placed at my disposal, and I found the two sacks full chiefly of

this species. Haliotis cracherodii and H. rufescens were missing,

as well as H. assimilis. Out of the lot I found six specimens of

the following species and nine specimens of its variety.

Haliotis corrugata.—These were not very strongly corrugated,

but properly referable to the species.

Haliotis corrugata diegoensis.—This form differs in the entire

lack of the corrugations typical of the species, but otherwise

THE NAUTILUS. 63

with nearly the same characters. All of the corrugated speci-

mens possessed three holes, while of the nine specimens of this

variety one had one hole, two had two holes, and the rest had

three.

Haliotis californiensis.—The Japanese gardeners at La Jolla

are good fishermen also, and frequently gather abalones for the

meat. One of them gave me a specimen which for lack of a

better name I have given the abovename. It is 5} inches long,

42 across, 2 high, and has 11 small nearly circular holes out-

side, showing traces of two closed holes. The inside contains a

large ‘‘ pearl’’ or muscular impression, triangular in shape, and

instead of the clear pearly white of H. cracherodii, there are

large blotches of brown, green, blue and pink iridescence. I

have had many similar specimens from the west coast of Baja

California, which have never been determined to my satisfac-

tion. Dr. Stearns I believe tentatively referred them to the

above species of Swainson.

Caecum orcutti Dall.—This seems to be absent from the lists

given in THE Navutixus. The type locality was at a point about

two miles south of La Jolla’s caves, where under a flat rock I

must have found more than 100,000 examples of this minute

species. I have sent the U. S. National Museum what I esti-

mated as near 50,000 specimens, which 1 believe breaks the

record for any single collection in this genus. It has been

found at San Pedro, Cal., I believe, and at Todos Santos Bay,

Baja California.

Helix pisana.—This snail has been recorded in THE NautiLus

as from La Jolla (though not in the lists referred to above).

The first of September, 1918, I found it for the first time, and

reported its occurrence as a menace to California horticulture.

A representative of the County Horticultural Commission

counted nearly 800 living on one bush about a foot high with a

spread of three feet. A dozen would frequently be found on

one stem of the wild ocak. Itseemed to have no preference, but

was abundant on native and cultivated plants alike, and thou-

sands were observed on the sides of the cement curbing and on

the sides of houses near by. But the tens of thousands ob-

served were apparently confined to a district less than half a

64 THE NAUTILUS.

mile in extent in any direction. The authorities attempted

their destruction, but I have noticed hundreds yet remaining

alive. It was first reported to our local society of natural his-

tory in 1914, when three specimens donated were ‘‘all that

could be found.”’

Bifidaria hemphilli.

Bifidaria calamitosa.

Vertigo californica diegoensis.

Some years ago Mr. Henry Hemphill told me that there were

no Pupas in this region, stating as his belief that they could

not exist in our arid climate. Then I found a few under the

stem of a decaying yucca on the mesas back of San Diego, and

later more than 500 under some decaying cacti in the same

vicinity. Still later individuals were found not at all rare on

decaying plants on the seashore not far south of La Jolla, chiefly

on the Hottentot Fig or Beach Strawberry (Mesembryanthemum

zquilaterale). These were found at Pacific Beach and no doubt

exist within the limits of La Jolla, if one will search with care.

Helix traskii Newe.

Helix tudiculata Binn.

These are apparently not rare in the environs of La Jolla.

The first was not previously reported.

Helix aspersa Mill.—Mr. Smith reports that he turned a few

dozen of these loose at La Jolla. They now exist by the tens

of thousands and are very destructive to the vegetables in the

gardens. Some way should be found to make Mr. Smith take

them away. It seems to be a different form from the one now

naturalized in San Diego gardens, where it is also a much hated

pest.

Mytilus californianus.—Modiolus ecaliforniensis of Smith’s list

was doubtless an error for the above, which occurs plentifully

on our coasts. Just south of the international boundary this

species has yielded many pretty pearls. The larger shells

measure about seven inches long.

Schizothaerus nuttallii.—This favorite clam was formerly

abundant in a bed of rocks just inside the entrance to False

Bay, which was formerly the home of many choice shells. This

was the type locality of Chlamydoconcha orcutti, since reported

from Monterey Bay by Dr. Berry.

THE NAUTILUS. . 65

Semele decisa, Saxidomus nuttalli and other bivalves were

equally abundant, but now nearly exterminated. A list of the

mollusca from this bed would be extremely interesting, but now

hopeless of ever being written, as it is no longer the ideal home

for mollusks that it once was. Over 100 Cypraea spadicea were

found there in one day, and an equal number of Ranella cali-

fornica were yielded by the adjacent sandy beaches. While the

shells from this lagoon do not properly belong with the La Jolla

list, yet fragments or dead specimens of all noted by Mr. Smith

may occasionally be found at La Jolla.

Tagelus californianus.—This is extremely abundant in False

Bay and is gathered in quantities for bait by fishermen, and

thus the shells are scattered freely all along the La Jolla shores.

Pedipes unisulcata.—Smith reports many of the dead shells

attached to sea anemones, but I found it years ago in company

with Truncatella stmpsont on round water-washed boulders in

caves near La Jolla.

Pedipes liratus.—This was also found at La Jolla in early

days and later by Prof. Kelsey.

Milnerea minima.—Abundant. Attached to the under side

of stones. Usually reported as living on the shells of Haliotis.

Mytilus adamsianus.—This was long called M. bifurcatus, later

known as WM. stearnsi. Smith and Bailey, like many other col-

lectors, seem to have overlooked it, probably mistaking it for

the young of Septifer bifurcatus which it nearly resembles, except

for the absence of the septum. It is equally abundant.

Mytilus denticulatus.—This is similar to the last but much

smaller. It is Modiolaria denticulata of former lists, and might

easily be overlooked, but is apparently not rare on our rocks.

Adula diegensis.—North of the Scripps Biological Station

about a mile north of La Jolla is a rocky beach at the base of

high cliffs. Much of the rock is a soft clay stone, and perfor-

ated by millions of pholads. In places this species has entire

possession, and often they have made their cells so close to-

gether that no partitions of rock are left to separate the shells.

Pholas pacifica.—This is one of the pholads found at the

above station with others already noted.

Petricola denticulata.—This is extremely abundant in the

66 THE NAUTILUS.

above locality also, square yards of surface of some of the flat

rocks being filled with its shells. This species seems to abound

from San Pedro, Cal., to Magdalena Bay, Baja Cal., where I

found millions of the young shells in the drift (determined by

Dr. Dall).

Acmaea patina cumingii.—This is the commonest species at

Bird Rock and all along our coast, but seems to have been over-

looked by Smith and Bailey.

Tegula ligulatum.—One of the commoner shells on all our

beaches.

Pecten hastatus.—In kelp holdfasts washed ashore at Pacific

Beach.

Pecten hericeus.—Valves frequent in the drift.

Phacoides californicus.—Frequent in the drift on all our

beaches.

Phacoides richthofeni.—Valves occasionally washed ashore.

Mr. Emery found it living in False Bay.

Fissurella volcano.—This is probably one of the most abundant

and widely distributed species on our coast. I have generally

looked with contempt on the gathering of dead shells; but for

lack of better material I have gathered several thousand of this

from the drift, from very minute to specimens of maximum

size. It occurs from Monterey, Cal., south at least as far as

Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, where I have collected it in abundance.

The beach-worn shells show a beautiful diversity of color not

observable in the living shells. About fifteen per cent. of the

shells picked up at La Jolla are of the var. crucifera Dall, some-

times the arms of the cross extending only halfway down the

sides of the shell, sometimes wholly worn away at the apex,

often one or more arms missing; in young specimens, say 2 mm.

long, frequently only the lateral white arms appear halfway to

the lower margin of the shell. The ground work is usually

reddish, the gray or black forms being much rarer. From the

four white arms of var. crucifera there occurs every variation in

number up to 20 or 30 or more, the red rays on a white ground

—like red-hot lava flowing down the sides of a mountain, hay-

ing given it its name. This is probably the typical form.

Acmaea triangularis.—One specimen detected in the drift on

the beach.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr.—Detected in kelp holdfasts.

Cyanoplax hartwegii.—Perhaps our commonest chiton, on

rocks near high-water mark, strangely omitted from Smith’s list.

Columbella fuscata.—One specimen was found living years ago,

but no doubt estray from southern waters as well as a single

well-developed living specimen.

Thais biserialis, not rare. Saxicava arctica.

Corbula luteola, not rare. Saxidomus nuttallit.

Crepidula rugosa norrisianum. Terebratella transversa.

Crepidula unguiformis. Thracia curta.

Crepidula dorsata. Thracia squamosa.

Hipponyx antiquatus. Transennella tantilla.

Hipponyz cranioides. Turbonilla castanella.

Hipponyz tumens. Odostomia aequisculpta.

Kellia laperousit. Venerupis lamellifera.

Kellia suborbicularis. Mactra californica.

Modiola capax. Mactra falcata.

Mytilimeria nuttallir. Mactra nasuta.

Pecten latiauritus. Mactra planulata.

Psammobia californica. Phacoides nuttallit.

The above are some of the shells omitted from the lists re-

ferred to that I have noted on the beach, quite a number of

them in kelp holdfasts washed ashore.

A considerable number of minute shells yet undetermined

will add considerably to the list, besides several chitons and

larger shells that are being studied.

La Jou, CaL., 21 Dec., 1918.

LAND SHELLS OF LAUREL SPRINGS, NEW JERSEY.

BY E. G. VANATTA,

The following species of land shells were picked from forest

debris collected by Mr. Bayard Long on the north branch of

Timber Creek, at Laurel Springs, Camden County, New Jersey,

during 1918 and 1919.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra fallax (Say). Striatura milium (Morse).

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Euconulus fulvus (Mill. ).

Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Strobilops floridana Pils, Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Zonitoides minuscula alachuana

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Dall.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Agriolimax campestris (Binn. ).

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Pyramidula alternata fergusont

Gastrocopta pentodon Say. (Bld.).

Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi

Vertigo milium Gld. Pils.

Vallonia pulchella (Mill. ). Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Columella edentula (Drap. ). Punctum pygmeum (Drap. ).

Polita hammonis (Strém. ). Succinea ovalis Say.

Polita indentata (Say). Carychium exiguum Say.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

OBSERVATIONS ON Living LAMELLIBRANCHS OF NEw ENGLAND.

By Edward S. Morse (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 35,

no. 5, July, 1919). In this valuable memoir Professor Morse

describes and figures the expanded animals of 48 species of New

England lamellibranchs. Hitherto most of the work on these

mollusks has been done with alcoholic examples, which in their

contracted condition give little idea of the beautiful and elab-

orate structures guarding the siphon openings and mantle edges

of the living animal. Only those who have attempted to draw

living mollusks can appreciate the application and patience re-

quired,—they are often stubborn, and refuse to show off; but

all will admire the beautiful line drawings of these graceful

structures. The figures of Solemya, Nucula and Yoldia are

especially interesting. Some of the genera have the foot re-

markably specialized.

Professor Morse takes the occasion to land a few resounding

whacks on the nomenclature shifters. It is obvious that many

of the changes (such as the adoption of Bolten’s very German

catalogue) were unnecessary and detrimental to science; yet

THE NAUTILUS. 69

other changes mentioned were surely essential to progress. We

might even recall that Morse himself threw a grenade into the

nomenclature of land and fresh-water shells in his Maine Cata-

logue of 1864.—H. A. P.

Descriptions oF New Species oF MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY

TURRITIDAE FROM THE West Coast oF AMERICA AND ADJACENT

Regions. By Wm. H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 56,

pp. 1-86, pls. 1-24, 1919). A very exhaustive faunal work on

this family. Over 200 species are considered, of which 181 are

new. The illustrations are excellent, many of Carpenter’s

species being figured for the first time. In regard to the family

name Dr. Dall says: ‘‘Some question having been raised as to

the spelling of the family name which I have retained as first

proposed by Henry and Arthur Adams in 1853, I submitted

the question of Turridae versus Turritidae to two expert Latin-

ists, who after due consideration of all the data, concluded that,

while either was correct, the latter term under the circumstances

was to be preferred.’’

PELECYPODA OF THE St. MAURICE AND CLAIBORNE STAGES.

By G. D. Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 6,1919). A

valuable contribution to American Paleontology. The work

contains 268 pages and illustrated by 59 plates, every species

and variety being figured. About 250 species and varieties are

described, of which more than 50 are new. Two new sub-

genera—Mauricia and Pachecoa are proposed. The work is

dedicated by the author to the Hon. Truman A. Aldrich.

SEXUAL ACTIVITIES OF THE Squip, Loligo pealii (Lea). By

Gilman A. Drew (Journal of Morphology, Vol. 22, No. 2, and

Vol. 32, No. 2). An extremely interesting and well illustrated

account of phenomena rarely observed. The second paper deals

with the structure and activities of the spermatophore. The

observations were made upon specimens kept in aquaria at

Woods Hole, Mass.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Notes on West AMERICAN CuirTons, II. By S. Stillman

Berry. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), IX, 1919. In this well

considered and fully illustrated paper the following new forms

are described.

Leptochiton (Xtphiozona) heathi, off Monterey.

Hanleya spicata, Monterey Bay.

Mopalia phorminx, Monterey Bay.

Mopalia egretta, Forrester Island, Alaska.

Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) asthenes, White’s Point, Los Angeles

Co., Cal.

Various points of classification are considered, and Rhombo-

chiton, a ‘‘new group to rank near or under Lepidozona, with

L. regularis (Carpenter) as type’’ is proposed.—H. A. P.

NOTES.

SHELLS FROM THE CHIRICAHUA Mountains, ARIZONA.—Dr.

Witmer Stone camped in Pinery canyon, on the western slope

of the Chiricahua Range, from June to August of this year,

studying the distribution of the fauna and flora. Near the top,

in the forks of the head of the north branch of Pinery canyon,

at approximately 6500 to 7000 ft., he obtained the following

snails. The locality is near the high ridge separating Pinery

from White Tail canyon, where Ferriss and the writer collected

in 1906 (Proc. A. N. S:, Phila., 1910,: p.) 75; figmp) eee

rock is limestone.

Sonorella virilis leucura P. & F.

Oreohelix chiricahuana obsoleta P. & F.

Ashmunella duplicidens Pils.

Holospira cionella intermedia P. & F.

Polita indentata wmbilicata (CkI1l.).

Gastrocopta ashmuni (St. ).

Gastrocopta dalliana (St. ).

Gastrocopta pilsbryana (St. ).

The last three were found in debris, but some living speci-

mens of all the others were taken.—H. A. PILsBRyY.

THE NAUTILUS. aL

HELIX HORTENSIS: I am sending under separate cover a spec-

imen of Helix hortensis Miller. It was found in a prehistoric

shell-heap on Mahone Bay, about 75 miles west of Halifax,

N. S.—W. J. WourTEMBERG.

A SynonymicaL Norte: The shell described and named by

Pilsbry and Bryan in Tue Navrtitus, XXXI, 3, 1918, p. 99,

pl. TX, as Drupa walkere from Honolulu Harbor, is the same

species which was described by G. B. Sowerby in the Annals

and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 8, Vol. XVI, p. 166,

pl. X, 1915, as Pentadactylus fusco-imbricatus. A recent letter

from Sowerby and Fulton suggested this after an examination

of a specimen sent to them. A careful comparison of the de-

scriptions and figures convince us of the same conclusion. All

the specimens known are from the Honolulu Harbor dredgings

from May to August, 1915. The teeth vary from 5 to 7 in the

specimens before us. We hope to make a study of the varia-

tions of this and other shells later.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

J. M. OsTERGAARD.

INSECT LARV# DESTROYING Puysa.—There is a small artificial

pond in Waveland Park which joined my former home grounds

in Des Moines, Iowa, that I had never considered of much im-

portance conchologically, owing to its small size and rather

recent construction. A visit to it one day in the summer of

1907, however, only added greater strength to Mr. Simpson’s

motto, ‘‘ Look everywhere.’’

I found here a form of Physa integra Haldeman quite plenty,

but nearly all dead. They were enveloped in what at first ap-

peared to me to be a growth of moss, but which Dr. C. M.

Child of the Department of Zoology, University of Chicago,

pronounces as insect cases, ‘‘ probably some dipterous insect,

but none of the men in the Department are able to ideal

more exactly the insect that is responsible for them.’’ As I

have heard nothing further, it is fair to presume that the insect

is new or little known.

The deposition and multiplication of these microscopical in-

72 THE NAUTILUS.

sect larvze and their cases had in many instances formed a thick

mass over the entire surface of the shell, completely closing the

aperture, thus causing the animal within to die. Scarcely a

living individual could be found that was not more or less in-

fested in this manner.

Burr-oak trees stand near the margin of the water, and the

acorns which had fallen from them in the water were often

brought out with my little hand-dredge together with cockle-

burrs, in company with the infested shells. The cockle-burrs

were often difficult to distinguish from some of the shells,

covered as they were with the larvee cases.

When closely observed, I noticed that the majority of the

dead shells were lying on the bottom of the pond with aperture

up; some could be seen lying in this manner with but a slight

opening remaining in the aperture, in which I could see the yet

living animal struggling for freedom.

A few living ones were to be found on the vegetation grow-

ing in the water which were in all stages of infection.

I revisited the pond in the fall, after the warm weather, and

found a few living shells and plenty of recently dead ones; but

scarcely a vestige of the insect cases was to be seen anywhere,

thus showing that they flourish during the hot weather and

after maturing the cases soon decayed, leaving no trace of the

perpetrator that so rapidly devastated the colony.—T. VAN

HyYNING.

PoLyGyRA PLANA BAHAMENSIs Van. n. var.—This variety is

distinguished from the typical P. plana (Dkr.) of Bermuda by

frequently having a spiral internal lamina as in P. cereolus car-

penteriana (Bld.) of Florida. The surface of the spire has finer

sculpture than P. carpenteriana (Bld.’s) and a trifle coarser than

the typical P. plana (Dkr.).

The types are in the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, being tray number 44468, from Cur-

rent Settlement, Eleutha, Bahama Islands, collected by Mr. C.

J. Maynard in 1897.

The Academy’s collection contains other specimens of this

variety from New Providence and Inagua Islands.—E. G.

Vanatta.

: seeeciaiaal

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII JANUARY, 1920. No. 3.

GONIOBASES OF OHIO.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Some months ago I had occasion to map the known distribu-

tion of Goniobasis livescens Menke and G. semicarinata Say within

the borders of Ohio. This distribution is somewhat peculiar.

Beginning on the western side of the state above the central

line we find that livescens is the Goniobasis of the Maumee river

system and of the shallows of Lake Erie as far as Sandusky

Bay, where G. haldemanni occurs in company with livescens in

the drift of the beaches. So far as exploration thence east

shows, livescens appears alone to the northeastern corner of

Ohio. © It is the species of Sandusky River, flowing into San-

dusky Bay, of Rocky and Cuyahoga Rivers which enter the

lake at Cleveland, and of Conneaut Creek near the eastern

border. Below the divide between the lakes and the Ohio River

drainages, I found livescens in Beaver Creek, a tributary of the

Wabash. There is then a great gap in its occurrence until the

Hocking River is reached, east of a north and south central line

drawn through the state. Just east of this, again, livescens has

been collected in the Tuscarawas River of the Muskingum sys-

tem by Dr. Sterki, and in at least one of the Tuscarawas

branches. The G. gracilor Anth. of the Summit county lakes

is plainly an offshoot of livescens, as indicated by connecting

forms taken in this same region.

Goniobasis semicarinata, less variable and more easily recog-

nizable even in the field than livescens, is the species of the

Great Miami, Little Miami and the Scioto Rivers, all in the

74 THE NAUTILUS.

Ohio River drainage. Between the Scioto and the Hocking

Rivers is a fairly large stream known as Raccoon Creek. It is

now polluted with mine waste and at the time of my visit to it

three or four years ago I found no living mollusks in the creek,

and only one or two dead Unios.

East of the Muskingum system is the Mahoning River and

Beaver Creek, crossing the Ohio border into Pennsylvania. I

know nothing of the Goniobases of these streams, but suspect

that if any occur in them it is G, pennsylvanica Pilsbry, the

Goniobasis of the upper Ohio rivers.

The chart of this distribution shows that livescens crosses the

northern section of Ohio in the drainage of the Great Lakes and

down two streams of the Ohio River drainage. Semicarinata

occupies the three largest streams of the Ohio River drainage

from the Scioto at about the center to the Great Miami, dis-

charging at the southwest corner of the state.

If we grant that the same laws which have governed the re-

peopling of Lake Erie with Naiades have controlled in the case

of livescens, this species entered the Maumee River through the

Wabash, spread eastward to the Niagara and beyond. It man-

aged—by means which the geologists might explain—to cross

the divide between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas River, possi-

bly thence into the Hocking.

Other species of Goniobasis than those micntonen have been

recognized as occurring in Ohio, and other local races may yet

be described, but I feel certain they can all only prove to be

descendants of the two parent stocks, livescens and semicarinata.

SOME LARGE SPECIMENS OF ARGONAUTA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The largest species, or the largest example of a species, is

always a subject of special interest, both to the biologist and

the collector. Individual variation is not fully understood and

cannot always be attributed to favorable or unfavorable environ-

ment, or the abundance or lack of nutrition. Individual varia-

tion has often led to arguments among conchologists as to

THE NAUTILUS. 15

whether certain species dissolve their shells and construct new

ones as their bodies increase in size.

A large example of an Argonauta in the collection of the

Boston Society of Natural History has been frequently referred

to in literature. Ata meeting of the Society, held March 15th,

1854 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 35), it was re-

corded that ‘‘ Dr. A. A. Gould made some remarks upon the

collection of shells presented to the Society by the family of the

late Col. Perkins. * * * To one shell in particular he called

attention, the large Argonauta, commonly called Paper Nauti-

lus, and which is the largest specimen known to exist. Its

measurements are 117 by 74 inches; the next largest specimen

in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London, measures

?# of an inch less than this. This large-specimen was brought

from the Indian Ocean.”’

In the same vol., p. 370, this shell was again referred to

under the title ‘‘On the Animal of the Argonauta Shell,’’ by

John C. Warren. He says: ‘‘The beautiful specimen of the

A. compressa Blain. presented to the Society by Col. Thomas H.

Perkins was also exhibited; this shell, which cost him $500, is,

according to Dr. Cabot who has made the comparison, the

largest Argonauta shell in any cabinet in Europe or America.

D’ Orbigny in his great work gives as the measurements of the

largest he has examined: greatest length of the shell 94 inches,

while our specimen is 10 inches; greatest diameter of the open-

ing 6% inches, in our specimen it is 64 inches; greatest width of

the opening, including the auricular appendages, 3 inches,

while in ours it is four inches.’’

In the Structural and Systematic Conchology, vol. I, p. 151,

Tryon says: ‘‘The Boston Society of Natural History possesses

an Argonauta argo or Paper Nautilus shell, which is said to

have been purchased for $500 by the gentleman who presented

it to that Society. It is a common species, and the only reason

for the great valuation of this specimen is that its diameter is

about two or three inches greater than any other individual

known to naturalists.’’

Tryon again refers to this specimen in the Manual of Con-

chology, vol. 1, p. 136. This specimen was later figured and

76 THE NAUTILUS.

mentioned in the Bull. No. 9 of the Boston Society of Natural

History, April, 1917, where the exact size, 10% in greatest

diameter was given, as there was a discrepancy of 1}? inches in

the two accounts in the Proceedings. The writer is indebted to

the Society for the use of the figure illustrating this article.

In regard to the nomenclature, it seems hardly necessary to

enter into any discussion when we consider that we are not

dealing with a true shell, but a shell-like structure confined to

the female, and only in part a secretion of the mantle, for a por-

tion of it is formed by the two expanded tentacles. Internal

partitions are lacking and the structure serves as a nest for the

eggs. Tryon, in the Manual of Conchology, places the Indo-

Pacific A. compressa Blainville (A. maxima Gualt.) in the syn-

onymy under A. argo Linn., of the Mediterranean. In the

absence of a thorough knowledge of the animals it seems best

to keep the various forms described from distant regions sepa-

rate until such time as future investigations prove them to be

either the same or distinct.

{n this connection I would like to call the attention of readers

to a rival of the above specimen. It is a very large example of

Argonauta nodosa Solander, in the American Museum of Natural

History, New York, and measures 82 by 11 inches. I am in-

debted to Mr. Arthur Jacot for these measurements.

SOME AURICULIDAE AND PLANORBIDAE FROM PANAMA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The Panamic fauna has a particularly rich and interesting —

group of Auriculidae. The following new forms were found

among the species collected by Mr. James Zetek.

DETRACIA ZETEKI, n. sp. Figs. a, b, c.

The shell is oval with short, almost straightly conic spire and

minute, mucronate apex; dusky buff, the spire, a band near

the suture and another near the base, carob brown. Surface

glossy, rather closely marked with ripples of growth. Whorls

of the spire narrow and flat, the greatest convexity of the last

whor! above the middle. Aperture extremely narrow, having a

se eed Ce ee

aol

THE NAUTILUS. OF

white, lirate callus a short distance within the outer lip. The

very short columella bears a thin, wide, entering and descend-

ing lamella. Above it, on the lower part of the parietal wall,

there is a low, subtriangular callus. It is much more promi-

nent in young than in adult shells.

Length 8.6, diam. 5, length of aperture 6.7 mm.; 1i to 12

whorls.

Panama City and Paitilla, near by.

This species is very peculiar by its many narrow whorls, very

narrow aperture, and the large, inwardly descending columellar

lamella. It seems remarkable that it was not found by Pro-

fessor Adams, but nothing described in his catalogue agrees

with it. Perhaps it is his unidentified No. 316.

Fig. a represents the type; fig. 6 is the basal part of the same

specimen rolled more towards the left. Fig. ¢ is the lower part

of a young specimen, to show the larger lamellae of that stage.

PHYTIA BREVISPIRA. Fig. d.

The shell is oblong-conic, not very solid, cinnamon-brown,

glossy marked with weak growth-lines only. The spire is

straightly conic, shorter than the aperture; whorls very slightly

convex, the last somewhat concave below the suture, with one

or two spiral lines in the concavity defining a wide sutural

margin. The aperture is pinched in above, becoming moder-

ately wide and rounded below, the outer lip thin, without in-

78 THE NAUTILUS.

ternal folds or callus. There is a strong, deeply entering diag-

onal parietal lamella, a smaller one below it; columella termin-

ating in a spirally entering lamella.

Length 8, diam. 4.1, length of aperture 5.1 mm. (fig. d,

apex lost). -

Panama City and Paitilla, near the city, collected by James

Zetek, 1917. Also Taboga Island.

This species stands near P. triplicata (Anton) and P. acuta

(Orb.) both of which have similar teeth. It is, however, de-

cidedly narrower than the first, wider than the second, so that

while I hesitate to add another species to this genus, it appears

that none of those described will receive It. Phytia rhoadsi

(Pils. ), described as a Marinula, and P. setifer (Caop.) are more

northern species, the former somewhat related to P. brevispira.

In this species the aperture is longer than the spire, as in Mari-

nula, but the other characters are decidedly those of Phytia

(Alexia).

PLANORBIS ISTHNICUS, N. sp.

The shell is compressed, the thickness

about one-third of the diameter, thin, very

pale brown, somewhat transparent, glossy.

Concavity of the right side showing three

whorls and a central pit, that of left side

shallow, showing 44 whorls, the last

whorl more convex near the sutures,

rounded peripherally, not deflected to-

wards the left near the aperture. Sculp-

ture of fine growth-lines, very distinctly

-decussated by fine spiral lines on the inner

whorls, the spirals weak, in part obsolete,

on the last whorl. The aperture is ob-

lique, heart-shaped, the lip thin.

Diam. 10.5, alt. 3.7 mm.

Panama City, in Chinese wells. Col-

lected by James Zetek, Sept., 1918.

Planorbis liebmanni Phil., maya and

orbiculus Morel., are flatter shells, with

the spire wider. P. boucardianus Prest. has a more oblique

THE NAUTILUS. 719

aperture, no spiral striation, and is smaller. P. fieldii Tryon

is a much smaller shell without spiral lines, and higher relative

to its diameter.

Probably all of this group should be regarded as toothless

forms of Planorbula.

GUATEMALAN NOTES.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

Coelocentrum yigas Von Martens, identified by Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry as a dark variety,’ is the largest land shell the writer

ever had the pleasure of hunting. On Feb. 20, 1913, the first

dead specimen was found by a large log in a banana field.

Probably an hour was spent searching for a live one but with-

out success. Leaving the banana field, I followed up a branch

of the Cavech River to where it issued from the mountain side.

The labor of working through jungle and over rocks was re-

warded by finding the finest specimens of Pachycheilus indiorum

which I secured. From here the return was around the side of

another mountain, heavily wooded; on this mountain 5 living

C. gigas were found. This was considered a great find.

The next day another place was visited beyond the mouth of

the Cavech River to where the mountain came out to the shore

of the gulf. After working through the thick undergrowth at

the foot of a mountain, the vegetation was more open, making

it easier to climb up or down. The first shell found was a fine

C. gigas in the act of depositing eggs in a round pit about ? of

an inch across, and probably a half-inch deep, scooped out of

the mellow earth and containing 35 to 40 eggs.

The best part of the day was spent on this mountain, looking

for these shells, of which 19 were secured. They were nearly

always partly covered with leaves. No more nests of eggs were

found, but others were seen which had been destroyed by some

enemy.

1The specimens are not ‘‘ yellowish gray,’’

but between walnut brown and burnt umber.

as von Martens described it,

80 THE NAUTILUS.

LEPTINARIA LIVINGSTONENSIS, Nl. Sp.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, the length twice the

diameter, pale yellow, composed of 6 moderately convex whorls.

Apex rather obtuse, surface glossy, coarsely but weakly striate.

The sharp outer lip is strongly arched forward at its upper

third. Columellar plait strong, dividing the columellar margin

into two arcs, the lower one slightly shorter and deeper. Par-

ietal lamella present in the embryos of 14 whorls. It is quite

strongly developed in some shells of 6 mm. long, wanting in

others. In older shells it becomes very low, and not quite one-

fourth of a whorl long; or in others it disappears entirely.

Length 9.5, diam. 4.7, aperture 4.5 mm. (lamella low).

Length 11, diam. 5, aperture 5 mm. (lamella minute).

Found in rubbish about the city of Livingston, Guatemala,

with Subulina octona, taken February 19, 1913. This shell is

about the same size as L. tamaulipensis, but differs from that

species by having a parietal lamella and an imperforate umbil-

ical region. The last whorl is less enlarged than in L. lamellata,

L. elise or LL. convoluta, which resemble this species in being

imperforate with a lamellate parietal wall.

The small lot taken in 1913 seemed divisible into two species,

according to whether a parietal lamella was present or not, but

in the abundant series collected on the second trip, it appears

that the lamella is variable, being present in many but not all

immature shells, but always very low or wanting in the iarge

ones,

SOME NOTES ON PHILOMYCUS.

BY V. STERKI.

In Ohio we had known only P. (Tebennophorus) carolinensis

Bose. Then a few dorsalis Binney were found here and there.

Some years ago, near Chippewa Lake, Medina Co., I found two

specimens of an entirely distinct species, as listed in the Ohio

catalogue; the genitals, etc., remain to be examined. The slug

may be the same as P. neni ylvanicus Pils., but closer hi ab

son is necessary.

= Loe —_

My.

lll

;

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Fifteen and twenty years ago, in this vicinity, I found re-

peatedly a form which then was taken for one of the color vari-

ations of P. caroliniensis, although averaging larger, and unfor-

tunately and stupidly I did not examine it exactly. Some

time ago one specimen of exactly the same was found, with

about a dozen caroliniensis, as described by Binney and W. G.

Binney. It was evident at first sight that the animal is of a

distinct species, and it may be one of those named by Rafin-

esque, as mentioned in W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells,

p. 247, but I have not the literature for comparing. In order

to have a designation, it may be named biseriatus, provisionally

the specimen was 70 mm. long when fully extended. The

color, over most of the back, is brownish, not grayish, some-

what irregularly mottled, and not sharply defined towards the

margins. On the back there are two parallel series of 10-12

irregular black spots, streak-like when the animal is fully ex-

tended, the largest in the middle, evanescent towards the an-

terior and posterior ends. ITrregularly distributed, mainly

along the outer side of each series are irregular ‘‘ white’’ spots;

that is, they appear whitish, but the ground color is a pale tan,

and there are small dots, rather granules, of a glistening bluish

white, and such dots are also distributed over the balance of the

mantle surface. On each side, between the series of black apots

and the lateral margin, there is another series of slightly marked,

cloudy, dark spots, some of them barely visible. The sole is

whitish without any color tinge, while in caroliniensis it has a

rusty tinge from minute dots of that color, especially along the

margins. Along the middle, mostly in the posterior part, there

is an obscure line of dark, as it is also in caroliniensis and some

other snails. The head and the posterior end of the foot are

somewhat slate-colored, the eye peduncles darker. The whole

body is different in appearance from that of caroliniensis, and

somewhat more translucent.

This description may be imperfect, but I believe that any

specimens of the same kind will be readily recognized from it.

While the genital organs of two P. caroliniensis, of the same size,

were fully developed, those of ‘‘ biseriatus’’ will still quite rudi-

mentary, and nothing could be made out of them. The jaw

§2 THE NAUTILUS.

was of nearly the same shape in both species, but that of

‘* biseriatus’’ was dark-colored, from horn in the upper part to

black at the cutting edge, while the jaw of caroliniensis is of a

yellowish or reddish horn. The details of the surface must be

compared with more material. The radula, with its anterior

(older) end torn off, had 141 (+ . . .) rows of 45 + C + 45

teeth of rather the same shape as those of caroliniensis ; only the

mesodonts of the outer laterals (about 1déth—25th) seemed

larger and longer; one of the caroliniensis had 210 rows of

54 + C + 54 teeth.

As Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell suggested, some of the so-called

color variations of P. caroliniensis may prove to be distinct

species. This, and their interrelations, and those of variation,

or varieties, should be carefully ascertained and also their dis-

tribution. It may be mentioned, in this connection, that P.

wetherbyi W. G. Binney, originally known from Kentucky, has

also been found in northern Michigan, as stated by B. Walker.

Scientifically it may not be justified to publish these rudi-

mentary notes. But there is another reason for doing so. The

season is already well advanced. These interesting slugs have

been badly neglected, and our knowledge of them is still far

from satisfactory. Besides, they are getting more and more

scarce in consequence of deforestation of the land, and will dis-

appear in many sections before long, and faster than most other

snails. Therefore, every conchologist should pay special atten-

tion to anything in this line that can be found. And, to men-

tion it again, by the way, the term ‘‘shells’’ is not the proper

one to be used in books and catalogues; we should say mol-

lusks!

With respect to the generic name, I agree with W. G. Binney

that the forms and species known should be ranged under one

genus, whether their jaws be ribbed or not, if there are no other

more significant differences. The jaw of the Chippewa slug

seems to be really intermediate between the ‘‘smooth’’ and

ribbed forms. W. G. Binney rejects the name Philomycus, be-

cause Rafinesque did not correctly describe this genus under

that name. There is hardly a conchologist who doubts now

but that Rafinesque really understood the slugs under consider-

eae

THE NAUTILUS. 83

ation. In comparing them with Iimax and Arion, he did not

find the mantle shield much shorter than the body, and plainly

evident, like the one of those slugs, and came to the conclusion

that there was none at all; conceded that it was one of the care-

less things he was in the habit of doing. Also, if Philomycus

was not the same thing as Tebennophorus, etc., the family name

Philomycide, in the sense as used, has no claim for recognition.

THE SHELL OF PHiILOMYCUS CAROLINIANUS (BOSC).

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Through the kindness of Mr. J. Henry Blake I recently re-

ceived a specimen of Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc.), from

Munsonville, N. H., to examine for internal parasites. On

laying open the mantle preparatory to removing the stomach

and intestine, I discovered a rudimentary shell. When first

noticed, it was not attached, either to the mantle or to the

inner membrane which covers the viscera, but was floating free

in the liquid in which the dissection was made. From its posi-

tion I believed it to have been dislodged from some portion of

the posterior fourth of the animal, between the mantle and the

inner membrane. Losing immediately all interest in possible

internal parasites, I gave my attention entirely to the problem

of the shell, in an endeavour to ascertain its exact position, and

also to discover whether it is to be considered a constant, or

merely an occasional character in this species.

From Dr. R. C. Rush, of Hudson, Ohio, I received fifty

specimens (M. C. Z. 48211) of living Philomycus in excellent

condition. The specimens in this lot show slight variation in

color, the majority being of the typical pattern, of a yellowish-

white ground color, variegated with brownish and _ blackish

clouds and spots, forming three ill-defined longitudinal bands,

one on the center of the back, and one on each flank. There

are, however, three specimens easily separated from the rest be-

cause of the reddish tinge in the brownish clouds and spots.

In these specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) the lateral bands are

84 THE NAUTILUS.

lacking entirely, there being one broad dorsal band of darker

reddish brown, bounded on each side by a narrow row of more

or less connected black spots.

{n the eighteen specimens of this lot examined, all possessed

a rudimentary shell. In many cases, in spite of the greatest

care in making the incisien in the mantle, the shell had become

dislodged from its normal position. In eight specimens it re-

mained attached to the animal when found. In all of these

specimens it was adherent to the outer surface of the inner

membrane or peritoneum, and not connected in any way to the

inner surface of the mantle. It also, in the specimens in which

it remained fastened, was always in the posterior quarter of the

animal, and over some portion of the liver. In two of the

eight specimens it occurred on the left side, in two directly on

top, and in four on the right side of the liver. The diagram

(fig. 1) was made from a specimen (M. C. Z. 48211 H) meas-

uring 40 mm. in length in a considerably contracted condition.

On opening the mantle, the position of the shell was found to

be 5mm. from the posterior extremity of the animal and on

Shh, \, ae

.Olmm.

Figs. i, 2,3, Philomycus carolinianus (Bose), Hudson, Ohio.

Fig. 4, P. rushi, n. sp.

ihe right side. It is of a light horn color, transparent, very

iridescent, thin, delicate, wrinkled. It measures .5 mm. in

length and .25 mm. in width. In appearance it greatly re-

Ye ee

THE NAUTILUS. 85

sembles the periostracum of the shell of a Limax maximus which

remains when the shell has been decalcified in weak acid.

In some of the shells extracted from specimens from Hudson,

Ohio, a portion of the delicate membrane contains a few gran-

ules of what appear to be calcareous crystals. In outline the

rudimentary shell is irregular, the membrane becoming very

thin, delicate and transparent at the edge. In some specimens

it was folded on itself, but the general tendency is for it to be

oblong rather than oval, and in outline, not unlike the shell of

Timaz maximus. Specimens trom the following localities were

examined, in all but one of which the rudimentary shell was

found.

Spec's. M.C. Z. No. Locality. Received from.

1 18540 Isle au Haute, Me. M. C. Z.

1 48207 Munsonville, N. H. J. Henry Blake.

1 48217 Mt. Monadnock, N.H. Dr. W. H. Dall.

2 42145 Duxbury, Mass. M. C. Z. (shell not

found in one).

1 48212 Tannersville, N. Y. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

18 48211 Hudson, Ohio. Dr. R. C. Rush.

2 48214 York Furnace, Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

2 48213 York Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

4 48215 Wyoming Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

This species was originally described as Limaz carolinianus

(Bose, Hist. Nat. des Vers, suites 4 Buffon, ed Deterville, 1,

p. 80, pl. 3, f. 1, 1802. Rafinesque (Annals of Nature, p. 10,

1820) gave the name of Philomycus to species which differed

from Limaz, principally, in being entirely destitute of a mantle.

Rafinesque, however, made no mention of Limaz carolinianus in

this paper and it remained for Ferussac (Tab. Syst., p. 15,

1821) to place the species, which he spells caroliniensis, in Rafin-

esque’s genus Philomycus. Binney (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 4,

p. 168, 1842), recognizing the fact that carolinianus Bosc. pos-

sessed a mantle covering the entire upper surface of the animal,

removed the species from Rafinesque’s genus Philomycus, where

Ferussac had placed it, and made it the type of a new genus,

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Tebennophorus, signifying ‘‘ wearing a cloak’’. In diagnosing

the genus, Binney states that it is ‘‘ without testaceous rudi-

ment’’. Wyman (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 411, 1844)

and Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S., 1, p. 250, pl. 3, 1851) in de-

scribing the anatomy of Tebennophorus, did not mention finding

a rudimentary shell. W. G. Binney (Terr. Moll. U. 8., 5, p.

179, 1878) specifies that Tebennophorus has no external or in-

ternal shell, and adds (p. 180) that *‘ the internal, rudimentary,

nail like shell, described by Dr. Gray, has not been noticed by

any American author’’. Dr. Gray’s description (Cat. Pulmon.

Brit. Mus., part 1, p. 158, 1855) of the genus Philomycus, in-

cludes the statement, ‘‘ Shell minute, nail like, concealed in the

front part of the mantle’. Yet (p. 155) in describing the

tribe Philomycina, in which he places the genus Philomycus, he

states, ‘‘Shell none’’. From Dr. Gray’s description of the

shell as being ‘‘ nail-like’’, and ‘‘ concealed in the front part of

the mantle’’, I doubt that he had the shell of Philomycus caro-

linianus.

An examination of the jaw and radula of each of the speci-

mens in which a shell was found, disclosed the fact that the

jaw varies considerably in specimens apparently otherwise

identical. In the fifteen specimens from Hudson, Ohio (M. C.

Z. 48211), which I consider typical carolinianus (Bosc), as de-

scribed by Binney, thirteen possessed a smooth Jaw, with very

faint longitudinal and transverse striae showing only when

highly magnified. The remaining two were strongly plaited

(figs. 2, 3). Of the three specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) sepa-

rated from the others because of the reddish tinge of the mantle,

the jaw of one was similar to fig. 2, the others were smooth.

This plaiting of the jaw, although it may be felt with a fine

needle, is not to be confused with the ribbing of the Jaw as seen

in Pallifera dorsalis Binney (Morse, Journ. Port. Soc. Nat.

Hist., 1, p. 8, f. 5, 1864). That portion of the mouth which

carries the jaw in Philomycus carolinianus, is always deeply fur-

rowed, and it appears that these furrows may, or may not leave

their impression upon the jaw. It is possible that the presence

or absence of plaiting in the jaw may be entirely a question of

age. In all of the specimens examined none of the other char-

i daa

4 n>) Dae ae

THE NAUTILUS. 37

acters showed noteworthy variation, and I have considered them

all P. carolinianus.

It is worthy of record that the specimens which were sent to

me in such excellent condition by Dr. R. C. Rush, were shipped

in a small wooden box filled with damp, absolutely clean moss.

Every specimen was alive. The slightest amount of dirt or

dust in the material in which the specimens are packed is fatal.

From one of Dr. Rush’s letters I take the liberty of quoting

some interesting notes regarding the habits of the species.

“*Tt is very easy to collect specimens of this species, but very

difficult to send them any considerable distance and have them

live. If kept too moist they suffocate, and if allowed too much

air they dry up. I have had five-inch specimens die in twenty

minutes in strong sunlight. To keep specimens alive, place

them on the under side of an old piece of bark on the basement

floor, making certain that they are absolutely in the dark.

Feed them with any fungi and they will live for months, Cur-

iously the large specimens of this species are not found in damp

places in northern Ohio. They are found here in high, dry,

hard-maple and beech forests, on stumps and Jogs which have

not decayed much, in pockets under the bark. They feed at

night and go back to th2 same nest every morning. Very

rarely one will find them feeding on the under side of fungi in

dayligat. It will interest you to know that nine of the speci-

mens J] am sending came from a crack in a log, seven inches

long by two inches wide, and I left seven behind. They were

packed in like sardines.”’

Philomycus rushi, sp. nov.

In alcohol, mantle smooth, drab gray above (Ridgway,

Color Standards and Nomenclature, pl. 46, 1912), lighter on

the sides, eye peduncles dark gray, eye spots black, tentacles,

situated beneath and very slightly outside the eye peduncles,

short, gray. Body terminating posteriorly in a sharp point.

Foot narrow, half the width of the body, cream-white below,

excepting at the anterior end, where it is dark red, fading at

the posterior end. The separation of the foot from the body

well defined. -The body, showing at the sides between the foot

88 THE NAUTILUS.

and the mantie, only as a narrow ridge at the posterior end,

but broadening at the anterior, is also stained with red, darker

at the anterior end. Respiratory orifice, small, on the right

side, 2.56 mm. behind the anterior edge of the mantle, in the

center of the narrow mantle furrow which curves upward and

backward from the mantle edge. Total length 15 mm., width

o mm.

Internal rudimentary shell large, similar to that of P. caro-

limianus (Bosc), 6 mm. from the posterior extremity, and fast-

ened to that portion of the peritoneum directly above the

ovotestis. Approximately 2 mm. in diameter.

The jaw is similar to that of P. carolinianus in shape, and in

being but very slightly plicate.

The radula, fig. 4, consists of about 150 rows of teeth hav-

ing a formula of 38-1-38.

The one specimen received in sufficiently good condition to

examine the internal organs, was infested with two stages of

parasitic Trematoda. Twenty of these were found in the vicin-

ity of the lung, one beneath the shell, and one in the penis near

the retractor muscle. Therefore the reproductive organs in this

specimen may be in an abnormal condition, and on this ac-

count I refrain from figuring them. One of the most noticeable

differences is the complete absence of any glandular portion to

the cloaca, a large and constant character in P. carolinianus.

The ovotestis is nearly black, in sharp contrast to the light-col-

ored liver and other organs in the posterior portion of the

animal.

Type M. C. Z. 48220. Hudson, Ohio, collected by Dr. R.

C. Rush.

I have connected Dr. Rush’s name with this species as a

slight recognition of the care and perseverance he has exercised

for many years in studying the life history of the land shells of

Ohio.

Dr. Sterki (Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 4, p. 377) describes

a closely related species as ‘‘ Philomycus sp. pennsylvanicus

Pils.?’’ Dr. Sterki’s species is similar to P. rushi in that it

possesses a ‘‘sole tinged with blood red” but differs in being

twice as large (30 mm. long), and in the Jaw having ‘‘a num-

THE NAUTILUS. 89

ber of rib-like irregular ridges’’. P. pennsylvanicus Pils. (Proe.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 22, 1894) is described as being

‘¢ smaller and less distinctly marked than P. carolinensis’’ and

‘‘having the jaw strongly ribbed’’, a description which could

not be applied to P. rushi.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 48 INDICATED BY LAND SHELLS OK THE

ISLAND OF OAHU.

BY J. J. GOUVEIA.'

Since the early part of 1913 the writer and his brother A,

Gouveia have been engaged in making a collection of Hawaiian

land shells, both ground and tree. We have accnmulated spec-

imens of shells from nearly all valleys and ridges on the island

of Oahu. We have complete data as to the exact locality and

habits, so it can be seen that the writer has a good prooi, from

his series, of Gulick’s theories of segregation or isolation. This

idea has been written and followed out by many other collectors

and students until it is well known in the scientific world. One

of the best examples of this is seen in Dr. Cooke’s paper on

Achatinella multizona.

DisTRIBUTION OF Achatinella cestus FROM MANOA-PALOLO RingE

to WatLuPe-Nivu Ripee.—Achatinella cestus (Newcomb) is found

mostly on lehua or one of its related plants having a rather

large dark green and glossy leaf, on Jeie, Opiko and Lantana,

and nearly always under leaves, with the exception of the

Wailupe-Niu locality where they are found mostly on Lantana

stems. They are nearly always found sealed. The only time

they are found extended is when they are disturbed by wind or

rain or accidentally brushed off, so they must be nocturnal as

Dr. Cooke surmises (1).

They are very variable in color from white to very dark

brown. They are lighter on the western part of the range and

become darker towards the eastern part. The greater part of

these shells have a white border band (2).

1 Contribution from the Gulick Natural History Club.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

The writer has specimens from five different localities. Four

of these localities are on ridges and the other in a valley. First

locality, Manoa-Palolo Ridge: Fossil specimens in collection as

catalogued, Cat. No. 487, four sinistral and No. 492 three sin-

istral, making a total of seven sinistral specimens.

Second locality, Palolo-Waialae Nui ridge: Fossil and living

specimens, Catalogue No. 61 nine dextral, No. 382 two dextral

and two dextral fossil specimens not catalogued. Total, eleven

dextral live specimens and two dextral fossil specimens.

Third locality, Waialae-Nui valley: Catalogue No. 38 seven

dextral specimens, No. 383 one dextral specimen, No. 39 seven

dextral specimens. Total, fifteen dextral specimens.

Fourth locality, Waialae Iki-Wailupe ridge: Catalogue No.

28, fifty-two sinistral specimens.

¥ifth locality, Wailupe-Niu ridge: Catalogue No. 14, two

hundred and twenty-two sinistral specimens.

Summary.

Fossil. Live.

Dextral. Sinistral. Dextral. Sinistral.

_ ist locality . . — 7 —

anda, % ahs 2 — 11 —

ora. ** aya t — — - 15 —

Athos + BY iy — = 52 —

iho oo er — — — 229

Totals. 2 fi 78 222

Thus it can be seen from the above given data the specimens

increase in number from west to east, the first ridge having no

live specimens and the last having the most. What does this

signify? Does not this signify that since Diamond Head and

Punchbowl came into eruption, climatic conditions have

changed which resulted in the elimination of cestus from the

neighborhood of the two now extinct volcanoes?

Now, in relation to the fossils found on location one, this is

the nearest locality to Diamond Head; the second locality a

little further away; the third still further; and the fourth and

THE NAUTILUS. 91

fifth, the furthest of all, say about seven miles comparing with

about two and one-half miles, locality one.

The fossils were found lower than the live specimens on the

ridges, and as we go east the live specimens are found higher

up on the ridges or further away from the lower limits as indi-

cated by the fossils.

Cy,

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eg a

Sra

WAL OPE

In 1916 while the Honolulu Water Works were digging a

ditch for a pipe line, fossils of Achatinella montaguei and buddi

were found by A. Gouveia buried about four feet deep in Manoa

valley near Manoa tennis court. The montaguei is now extinct

and the buddi nearly so in other localities. They are however

extinct in the above given locality. These shells thrived very

low once, and owing to the climatic changes the forest has dis-

appeared, thus explaining the present distribution.

The strongest evidence yet is indicated by fossil ground shells,

catalogue numbers 932 to 942 inclusive, Leptachatina oryza and

a few. other unnamed varieties which were collected on the

western slope of Diamond Head, also catalogue Nos. 859 to

869 inclusive. Amastra transversalis also Endodonta and Lepta-

chatina, Nos. 972 to 975 inclusive, collected on the town side of

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Punchbowl. These shells are frequent in occurrence and now

extinct. Dr. C. H. Hitchcock gives a very good account of the

geological occurrence or position of these shells on Diamond

Head and Punchbowl] (8).

We have also collected Amastra fossils from Kahuku, Moku-

leia and Kwaihapai.

The cause of recent disappearance is the destruction of the

forest, collecting by people, and ravages of cattle and goats.

An example of this is found on Olomana where Dr. Gulick col-

lected in or about 1850. In the fifties this peak was covered

with forest which has disappeared. Achatinella phxozona was

found on Olomana where it is not now found owing to the dis-

appearance of the forest.

Papers referred to.

1. Cooke, C. Montague.—Distribution and Variation of Acha-

tinella multizonata from Nuuanu Valley. Occasional Papers,

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol. II, No. 1-5, pp. 65-76.

2. Thwing, E. W.—Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi

Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History,

Vol. III, No. 1, 1907, pp. 18. Original Descriptions of Acha-

tinella.

3. Hitchcock, C. H., and Dall, W. H.—Geology of Oahu,

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. II, pp. 15

to 60, February, 1900. Notes of Fossil Land Shells on pp.

54-55.

A NEW CYPRAEA FROM HAWAII.

BY J. M. OSTERGAARD.’

CYPRAEA PACIFICA, n. sp. Plate 2, lower five figs.

Whitish to cream color, richly ornamented with chestnut-

brown spots, evenly sprinkled over the dorsal surface; base,

aperture and teeth, white; resembles C. cernica Sowb. in form,

having in common with that species elevated and pitted mar-

} Contribution from the Gulick Nat, Hist. Club.

CYPRAEA PACIFICA OSTERGAARD

THE NAUTILUS. 93

gins, though less pronounced; teeth small and delicately cut,

not confined to aperture, all extending evenly over a narrow

zone of the base.

The largest and the smallest of five specimens, dredged from

Honolulu harbor channel in 1915, measure in length 20 and

14 mm. respectively. The shells were all dead, but in a good

state of preservation.

Type, one specimen in the author’s collection.

REVIEW OF THE THYSANOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA GROUP.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In the course of identifying specimens of this group from

Mexico and Panama it became necessary to examine all of the

material in the collection of the Academy, some 46 lots of from

one to several hundred specimens each. As some synonymy is

involved, it may be well to put the results on record.

Fig. 1. Thysanophora fuscula (C. B. Ad.), Jamaica. Fig. 2,

T. plagioptycha (Shuttl.), Humacao, Porto Rico. Fig. 3, T.

plagioptycha, Fikahatchee Key, Florida. Fig. 4, T. cxcoides

(Tate), Panama City.

These forms were considered to belong to the genus Acanth-

inula by Strebel and some other authors. The sculpture, how-

ever, is only superficially like that genus, but exactly like such

94 THE NAUTILUS.

typical Thysanophoras as T. conspurcatella and hornit. There

are also species intermediate in shape, such as T. fuscula and

T. intonsa, leading from the depressed to the conic forms. It

would be easy to tell absolutely where these snails belong if

specimens containing the animal were available.

Though not strictly germane to the subject of this paper, it

may be mentioned that Trichodiscina crinita Fulton, Proc.

Malac. Soc., London, XII, 240, from Colombia, is a species of

Thysanophora. Some allied forms are known from Venezuela

as well as from Mexico. It has about the shape of 7. conspurca-

tella or hornii. The latter, when perfectly preserved, also has

hairs.

THYSANOPHORA FuscuLA (C. B. Adams). Fig. 1.

Helix fuscula C. B. Ad., Contrib. to Conch. no. 2, 1849, p. 35.

Thysanophora fischeri Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila. 1903, p.

7638, pl. 49, fig. 6, 6a.

This Jamaican species has a wider umbilicus than others of

the group, contained about 6.4 times in the diameter of shell.

The figures are from a specimen from Adams, measuring: Alt.

2.15, diam. 2.55 mm., umbilicus 0.4 mm.

The sculpture of rather coarse growth wrinkles and minute,

oblique, retractive cuticular threads, does not differ materially

‘from that of T. plagioptycha.

I can see no material difference between the Jamaican shells

and those taken near Victoria, Tamaulipas by 8. N. Rhoads,

and in the region of Tampico by A. A. Hinkley, and which I

described as T. fischeri. In these the umbilicus is contained

about 7 times in the diameter. When describing this form I

did not think to compare with the Jamaican snail. Like some

other minute species of the region, it will probably be found to

be more widely spread than now known.

_ THYSANOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA (Shuttleworth). Fig. 2.

Helix plagioptycha Shuttl., Mittheil. der Naturforschenden

Gesellschaft in Bern, 1854, p. 37 (Porto Rico and Viéque).

Helix ierensis Guppy, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad, 1869, p.

242; Amer. Journ. of Conch. VI, 1871, p. 307, pl. 17, fig. 4.

Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. VII, p. 549.

a ei ee ee —

THE NAUTILUS. 95

A specimen from Humacao, Porto Rico, which may be taken

as type locality, is figured. It scarcely shows growth striae, but

the oblique cuticular threads are very well developed, extend-

ing upon the base. The umbilicus is contained between 10 and

11 times in the diameter. Alt. 2.25, diam. 2.5 mm., umbil-

icus 0.23 mm.; 44 whorls.

The specimens from Florida (fig. 3, Fikahatchee Key) are

often larger, diam. 3 to 3.2 mm., with the umbilicus slightly

larger, 74 to 8 times in the diameter. The sculpture is rarely

so perfectly developed (or preserved) as in the Porto Rico

shells. It is a common species on the keys and in some places

on the mainland, as at Miami and Osprey.

A single small example from Brownsville, Texas, has the

umbilicus remarkably small, contained about 14 times in the

diameter. It is more depressed than T. cxcoides. It may rep-

resent a distinct race, but further material is needed.

Guppy has recorded the species (as Helix verensis) from Trin-

idad. Specimens are at hand from St. Lucia (Tate), Cariaco,

Venezuela (F. R. Cocking) and the U.S. of Colombia (R. Swift

coll.). All of these are rather openly umbilicate, like the most

widely umbilicate Florida shells, but not as open as T.

fuscula.

The late Mr. E. A. Smith, in his excellent paper on Trinidad

shells (Journ. of Conch. VIII, p. 239), considered plagioptycha

and ierensis synonyms of fuscula Ad., but while the difference

is not great, I have been unable to trace a real transition in the

size of the umbilicus, and for the present it seems best to recog-

nize the distinction. I have seen but three Jamaican speci-

mens, however. .

THYSANOPHORA CHCOIDEs (Tate). Fig. 4.

Helix cxcoides Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. V, p. 153, Feb.,

1870.

Helix guatemalensis Crosse et Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl. XX,

p. 222, 1872; X XI, p. 274, pl. 9, fig. 3, 1873; Miss. Sci. Mex.,

Moll., II, p. 664, pl. 71, figs. 9-95 (Guatemala, Sarg. ).

Acanthinula granum Strebel, Beitrag Mex. IV, 18S0, p. 31,

pl. 4, f. 13 (Plantage Mirador).

Yucatan: Progreso (Heilprin Exped. 1890). Guatemala:

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Quirigua (W. P. UCockerell, 1912). Nicaragua: Chontales

forest, in moss on trees (Tate, type of H. cxcoides). Rep. de

Panama: Boco del Toro (Tate, in A. N.S. P.); City of Panama

(James Zetek ).

This species differs very little from TJ. plagioptycha or fuscula

in size, general shape and sculpture, but is readily distinguished

by the very small, partly covered umbilical perforation. The

umbilicus, while small, is much larger in the other species.

Part of the type lot of 7. cecoides is in the collection of the

Academy, No. 12155, received from Prof. Tate. The original

figures of H. guatemalensis are hardly recognizable, but those in

the Mexican monograph are fairly good. I am not quite sure

that the East Mexican Acanthinula granum Strel 21 (1880) be-

longs to this species, but the photographic figure shows only a

very small umbilicus as in cecoides. This may be taken up

when topotypes are available.

The locality records are all for specimens in the collection of

the Academy. Specimens from Costa Rica are still wanting.

LAND SHELLS OF MAINE.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

While botanizing in Maine in 1916 Mr. Bayard Long col-

lected leaf mould containing land shells at numerous localities.

A list of these stations with brief statement of the conditions

and the dates is given below, the locality being condensed to a

single word in the following list of species.

While most of the species have been known from Maine, it is

hoped that the list will have interest to those who may study

the details of distribution in the State.

York Co.—In moist woods bordering the salt marsh at

Kittery, viii, 11; in moist woods at York, viii, 9; at the edge of

a spring rill on the border of the salt marsh at Wells, viii, 8; in

moist thickets along a smal] stream at Limington, viii, 29.

Cumberland Co.—In a moist wooded gulley near Steep Falls

in Baldwin, viii, 28; around Sand Pond, Baldwin, viii, 30;

Douglas Hill in Sebago, viii, 30.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

Sagadahoc Co.—Back River Creek, Woolwich, ix, 15; near a

marsh at Bowdoinham, ix, 9 and ix, 14.

Hancock Co.—In a deciduous woods near Green Pond, viii,

18.

Kennebec Co.—On wooded terraces along Kennebec River at

Sidney, viii, 18.

Somerset Co.—On wooded terraces along Kennebec River at

Fairfield, vii, 24.

Piscataquis Co.—Under logs and boards along the Piscataquis

River at Abbott, vili, 15.

Penobscot Co.—On the wooded gravel terrace along Souadab-

scook Stream at Hampden, ix, 8 and ix, 11; from the wooded

rocky ledge along the Penobscot River near Hampden Corner

in Hampden, ix, 8; near the Penobscot River at Veazie, viii, 4;

Orono, viii, 3 and viil, 24; in alluvial woods along the Penob-

scot River at Old Town, vii, 27; Otter Chain Pond at Milford,

viii, 25; in moist river shore thickets at Winn, viii, 10.

Aroostook Co.—In rich woods near Maduxnekeag River at

Monticello, vii, 12; in rich woods at Houlton, viii, 13, 1916.

Polygyra fraterna cava P. & V. Sebago, Sidney, Fairfield,

Hampden, and Hampden Corner.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Kittery, Green Pond, Sidney,

Fairfieid, Abbott, Hampden, Winn, and Monticello.

Strobilops affinis Pils. Sebago.

Gastrocopta pentodon Say. Sidney, Abbott, Hampden Corner,

and Winn.

Gastrocopta pentodon tappaniana Ad. Old Town.

Vertigo ventricosa Morse. Kittery, Green Ponda, Fairfield,

Orono, and Winn.

Vallonia excentrica St. Kittery and Orono.

Acanthinula harpa Say. Fairfield.

Columella edentula Drap. Sidney and Monticello.

_ Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Bowdoinham, Sidney, Abbott, Fair-

field, Hampden, Hampden Corner, and Orono.

Circinaria concava Say. Bowdoinham, Sidney, and Fairfield.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Kittery, Old Town, and Winn.

Polita hammonis Strom. -York, Limington, Bowdoinham,

Green Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Orono, Old

Town, Winn, and Monticello.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Polita binneyana Morse. Sebago, Sidney, Abbott, and

Hampden.

Polita indentata Say. York, Green Pond, and Fairfield.

Paravitrea lamellidens Pils. Green Pond, Sidney, and

Abbott.

Euconulus chersinus Say. Abbott.

Euconulus fulvus Mull. Sebago, Bowdoinham, Hampden

Corner, and Winn.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Kittery, Sebago, Bowdoinham, Green

b Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Orono, and

Monticello.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Sidney.

Striatura ferrea Mrse. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond, Sid-

ney, and Houlton.

Striatura exigua Stm. Steep Falls, Sebago, Green Pond,

Fairfield, Abbott, Old Town, Winn, Milford, and Monticello.

Striatura milium Mrse. York, Baldwin, Green Pond, Sidney,

Abbott, Hampden, Old Town, and Winn.

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Orono.

Agriolimax agrestis L. Orono.

Arion circumscriptus Jhon. Orono.

RF Pyramidula alternata Say. Sidney, Fairfield, Hampden, and

Hampden Corners.

~ + UePyramidula c. anthonyi Pils. Kittery, Sidney, Fairfield,

ye Abbott, Hampden, Orono, and Winn.

| Pyramidula c. catskillensis Pils. York, Limington, Sebago,

Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Winn, and Monticello.

Pyramidula (Planogyra) asteriscus Mrse. Winn.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond,

Sidney, Abbott, Fairfield, Hampden Corner, Orono, Oid Town,

Milford, and Monticello.

Punctum pygmaeum Drap. York, Green Pond, Sidney, Fair-

field, Abbott, Hampden Corner, and Winn.

Succinea retusa Lea. Bowdoinham and Fairfield.

Succinea ovalis Say. Kittery, Limington, Woolwich, Bow-

doinham, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Hampden

Corner, Veazie, Orono, Old Town, Milford, Winn, and Monti-

cello.

—

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Succinea avara Say. Limington, Bowdoinham, and Veazie.

Succinea aurea Lea. Wells.

Carychium exile canadense Cl. Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, and

Moaticello.

Carychium exiguum Say. Bowdoinham, Old Town, and Winn.

ANCYLUS OBSCURUS HALDEMAN AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IT.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The available information down to 1903 in regard to Halde-

man’s species was summarized in my paper in the NaurILus,

XVII, p. 25. The re-discovery of A. obscurus by Goodrich in

1913 (Navt., XXVII, p. 92) in the South Fork of the Powell

River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va., has enabled the specific

standing of that species to be definitely determined and given

a basis for comparison with other forms that have been referred

to it. i

Through the courtesy of Miss Crystal Thompson, the Curator

of the Amherst College Museum, I[ have been able to examine

all of the Ancylide in the C. B. Adams collection. This

material with some other in my own collection obtained from

different sources has enabled me to come to conclusions, more

or less definite, in regard to the recorded citations of Halde-

man’s species in Florida and the West Indias.

The doubt expressed by Bourguignat, Tryon and Clessin as

to the correctness of the West-Indian citations proves to be

fully justified.

In the Adams collection are two lots labeled ‘‘ A. obscurus ?

Hald.’’ These contain three very distinct species, none of

which is obscurus. They will be considered separately.

One of these, however, is identical with a set in my own col-

lection received as ‘‘ A. obscwrus’’? from Sowerby and Fulton

and these again are the same as a set in the MacAndrew collec-

tion labeled ‘* A. chittyi Ads.’’ from Guadeloupe. The original

100 THE NAUTILUS.

label is with these specimens, but I have not been able to

identify the handwriting. It is quite possible that they came

from Marie as MacAndrew had considerable material from the

Marie collection. These shells do not at all agree with Adams’

description of chittyi nor with the figure of that species given by

Bourguignat in the J. de Con., IV, 1853, p. 172, pl. VI, fig.

10. Unfortunately Bourguignat does not state whether his

figure was drawn from the unique type in the Chitty collection

or not. It seems possible that the citation of obscurus from

Guadeloupe by Fischer in 1853, which Mazé in 1883 states had

not been verified to his knowledge, may have been based on

similar specimens. Curiously enough, however, I hayea speci-

men of this same species received from Geret of Paris as from

the Crosse collection, which has no specific name attached

whatever.

The citation of A. obscurus from St. Thomas rests entirely

upon Shuttleworth’s citation in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Terres-

trial and Fluviatile Shells of St. Thomas’’ (Ann. Lye. Nat.

Hist., N. Y., VI, 1854, p. 72) and repeated in his paper on

‘*The Land and Fresh-water Shells of Porto Rico’’ (Diag.

Neuer Moll., No. 6, 1854, p. 99). Shuttleworth expressly states

that he relied on Adams’ identification for the name. In the

Adams collection is an unidentified set of a small Ancylus from

St. Thomas received from Bland and, no doubt, collected by

him on his visit to that island in 1852, which is entirely differ-

ent from Haldeman’s species. Bland in his notes to Shuttle-

worth’s paper (1. c. p. 68) states that he had sent to Shuttle-

worth specimens of all the species that he had collected on St.

Thomas and, though it is possible that Shuttleworth’s speci-

mens were received from his own collector, Blauner, it is prob-

able, especially as he relied on Adams’ identification, that were

received from Bland and, if so, were, no doubt, part of the same

lot in the Adams collection.

As suspected at the time and intimated in my paper (1. ¢. 26)

the Floridan species referred to obscurus by Dall is quite differ-

ent also.

I have not been able to obtain any additional information in

regard to the species from Porto Rico referred to obscurus by

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Shuttleworth (1. c. p. 98). But it is very improbable that it

is really Haldeman’s species.

All this leads to the very definite conclusion that A. obscuris

Hald. is restricted to the head-waters of the Tennessee system

in Virginia and Tennessee and does sot occur in Florida or the

West Indies. :

Clessin (Con. Cab., Ancylus, p. 14) designated A. obscurus as

the type of his group, Haldemania. As both the genuine ob-

scurus and the species that he took for it are Levapices it is

immaterial which should be considered to be his type. Halde-

mania having been preoccupied by Tryon (1862), Clessin’s

name can not be used and must fall into the synonymy of

Levaper.

Il.

FerRRIssiA (LA#VAPEX) oOBscURA (Hald.).*

Ancylus obscurus Haldeman, Mon., 1844, p. 9, pl. I, fig. 5;

W. G. Binney, L. and F.-W. Shells, Pt. IT, 1865, p. 139, fig.

232.

Haldeman’s unique type came from the Nolachucky River,

below Greeneville, Tenn. It measured: Length 5, width 3.5,

alt. 1.5 mm. I have before me three specimens (Coll. Walker,

No. 36292) collected by Goodrich in the South Fork of the

Powell River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va. They measure

respectively: Length 6.5, width 5, alt. 2.5 mm.; length 6.3,

width 4.5, alt. 2 mm.; length 5.3, width 4, alt. 1.5 mm.

It will be noticed that the dimensions of the smallest speci-

men agree quite exactly with those of Haldeman’s type. It

also agrees in other particulars with his description and J have

no doubt but that it is the same species. If so, the type was

not fully matured and the largest specimen given above and to

be figured hereafter represents the fully matured form. As

shown by the figures it is an obovate shell, broadly rounded

anteriorly and regularly, though more narrowly, rounded pos-

teriorly, the lateral margins being about equally curved; the

* The species will be figured in connection with the concluding part of this

paper.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior slope is nearly straight; the posterior slope slightly

concave; the left lateral slope nearly straight or only slightly

convex and the right lateral slope concave; the apex is obtuse,

smooth except for concentric wrinkles, situated nearly on the

nedian line, slightly turned toward the right and at about one-

third of the length; the lines of growth are tine, but distinct

and regular, the surface is somewhat obsoletely wrinkled to-

wards the margins, but there are no indications of radial striz;

the color is a yellowish horn-color, slightly tinged with green.

Compared with F. diaphana (Hald.) and F. kirklandi (Walk. )

to which it is most nearly related, it is less circular in outline,

the apex is more prominent, the lateral and posterior slopes are

unlike and the color is different from the former, and it is less

elongated and has the apex more obtuse and less excentric than

the latter.

So far as appears from the small series examined, it would

seem to he clearly entitled to specific distinction.

TEL

FERRISSIA (LAVAPEX) DALLI, nN. gp.

2 Ancylus obscurus Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylus, 1882, p. 19,

pl. VI, fig. 4.

Ancycus obscurus 2 Walker, Navut., XIII, 1903, p. 26, pl. I,

figs. 16-18.

Type locality, Lake Helena, Volusia Co., Fla.

Type No. 25521 Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of

A. A. Hinkley.

Tne doubt expressed in my paper of 1903 (1. c.) as to the

identity of the Floridan species referred to obscurus Hald. by

Dall proves to have been well taken. As shown by a compari-

son of the description and figures given in 1903 as cited above

and those of the genuine obscurus herein, the Floridan species

is entirely different and is more closely related to F. peninsulz

(P. and J.) than it is to obscurus.

I have already (1. c.) called attention to the resemblance of

the shell described and figured by Clessin as A. obscurus to this

form. He gives no information as to the history of the speci-

THE NAUTILUS. 103

men figured, but it is so different from the genuine odscurus,

that I have but little hesitancy in referring it to this species.

As the Floridan form is a well-marked and distinct species,

it must be recognized and I take pleasure in associating with it

the name of Dr. Dall, who first called attention to its occur-

rence in Florida.

(To be continued. )

A NEW SPECIES OF MITRA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WM. HEALEY DALL.

MITRA ORCUTTI, new species.

Shell small, white, mottled with yellow brown, with five

whorls of which the white smooth blunt nucleus comprises one;

suture distinct, whorls moderately convex; spiral sculpture of

(between the sutures four, on the last whorl about a dozen)

strong rounded close-set cords closely undulated behind the

periphery by numerous low narrow axial riblets with about

equal interspaces; the cords in front of the periphery are not

undulated, but extend to the end of the canal; there are also

very fine axial striae in the interspaces; aperture narrow, simple,

the pillar with two plaits, the canal hardly differentiated.

Height of shell 5.6; of last whorl 2.6; diameter 2.7 mm. U.S.

N. Mus. Cat. No. 334567. La Jolla, near San Diego, Cal.;

C. R. Orcutt.

CHANGES IN WESTERN MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In 1889 Professor T. D. A. Cockerell (Jour. Conch., VI, 61)

reported the following species as obtained by Mr. Charles T.

Simpson in Lodgepole Creek, Northeastern Colorado:

Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).

Lampsilis luteola (Lam. ).

Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Except the Anodonta these species have not yet been recorded

anywhere else in Colorado, though we have in the University of

Colorado Museum unreported specimens of the Anodontoides

from Julesburg, Denver and Boulder. Possibly Lampsilis no

longer lives in the State. In 1912, in company with Dr. Max

M. Ellis, I visited Lodgepole Creek and searched the stream

from the northern state boundary to its junction with South

Platte River. We found no Unionidae except some dead shells

of Anodontoides. Perhaps that species was still living in a deep

pool a few rods south of the state boundary, though in seining

it for fishes we found none. A rancher near by told us there

were ‘‘clams’’ in the pool. The rest of the stream was shallow

and so narrow one could step or jump over it in most places.

Probably later in the summer of dry, hot seasons, when the

natural flow was diminished and the demand for irrigation

water is great, it may entirely dry up in its lower course. I

wrote to Mr. Simpson, calling his attention to present condi-

tions and the evident disappearance of the Lampsilis, and ask-

ing what the conditions were when he was there. He replied

that as he recalled it the creek was then from 6 to 10 feet wide,

but that the taking of water from the South Platte for irrigation

had caused the river to go dry at Julesburg during his three

years residence, and suggesting that the same thing had likely

since happened in the creek. This seems exceedingly probable.

Mr. Simpson also added: ‘*The Unio anodontoides is probably

Lampsilis fallaciosus, not then recognized.’’ My intention in

1912 was to publish an account of our experience, but it was

side-tracked and finally passed out of mind. It has recently

been brought forward by finding in the report of the Fremont

Expedition, 1845, p. 25, the statement that on July 6, 1842,

Lodgepole Creek was a ‘‘clear, handsome stream’’ (hence at

low water stage), with a ‘‘ uniform breadth of twenty-two feet

and six inches in depth.’’ This confirms the supposed dimin-

ution of water in the stream in recent times.

In 1906 the bed of the lower portion of Crow Creek, east and

northeast of Greeley, Colorado, was dry, except just after storms,

the water percolating through the deep sand in the channel, a

characteristic of many western streams. Up stream, just above

THE NAUTILUS. 105

where the water disappeared, was a series of clear, rather deep

pools, called ‘‘ water holes,’’ connected by a tiny, clear rivulet.

In one of these pools was collected that year the type lot of

Sphaeriwm hendersoni Sterki. Then came the ‘‘boom”’ in dry

lands in Eastern Colorado. Scores of small tracts of prairie

sod, many of them on steep slopes, were broken by the settler’s

plow. The dry soil, no longer held together by the sod, was

carried into the valley by summer storms, filling many of the

pools and depositing a thick coat of mud over the whole stream

bed. In June, 1912, I revisited the locality, and found no

clear water at all, and not a single mollusk of any species. The

sluggish stream carried a heavy load of silt so fine it would not

settle. Probably the Sphaerium is extinct at the type locality.

It is likely that innumerable changes in the faunas of the

West are occurring as a result of the settlement of the country

and consequent changes in environment. This is known to be

true of birds and mammals. For this reason it is desirable that

biological work in this vast region be pushed as rapidly as pos-

sible, to provide data for future estimates of biological changes.

NOTES.

Hopeson Couttection. I have just secured the collection of

the late Chas. 8. Hodgson, containing some 2500 to 3000

species, a few fossils and books. Besides his work in Illinois

he did considerable collecting in other places and added to the

collection by exchange and purchase.— A. A. HINKLEY.

Dr. G. Datitas Hanna, who for eight years has been an

assistant in the United States Bureau of Fisheries, has been ap-

pointed curator of invertebrate paleontology in the California

Academy of Sciences. Dr. Hanna has for seven seasons been

engaged in scientific work on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, hav-

ing taken the census of the fur seal herd for five consecutive

years. He brings to the museum of the Academy his collection

of mollusks which numbers about 100,000 specimens.

FLUKE In Puitomycus. It may be of interest to the readers

106 THE NAUTILUS.

of the Nauritus to record the fluke found in Philomycus caro-

linianus collected at Munsonville, N. H., July 7, 1919. So

little is known regarding this interesting and important micro-

scopic animal and its destructive nature to sheep, cows and even

man, I think it is well worth recording. As far as I know this

is the first instance of the fluke being found in Philomycus.

The life history of the fluke is so meagre it is impossible for me

to determine the species, but the accompanying enlarged figures

will give an idea of their appearance. They were transparent

and without pigment spots.—J. H. BLake.

Figs. 1, 2 from life; fig. 8 camera drawing, under cover glass.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Descriptions oF NEw Spectres oF MoLiusca FROM THE NorTH

PaciFic OCEAN IN THE COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES

NationaL Museum. By William H. Dall (Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 56, pp. 293-371, 1919). In this paper 222 new

forms are described. The standing of the genus Neptunea Bol-

ten, is discussed, the name restricted to the boreal Trophons and

Sars’ Boreotrophon relegated to the synonymy.

New SpeEcizs OF AMNICOLA FROM GUATEMALA. By Bryant

Walker (Univ. Mich., Occasional Papers, Mus. Zool., No. 73,

Sept. 30, 1919). Four new species are described and figured.

They were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley.

NotEs oN NortH AMERICAN NataDEs IJ. By Bryant Walker

(Univ. Mich., Occasional Papers, Mus. Zool., No. 74, Sept.

30, 1919). The Unio tenerus Ravenel, and the Lampsilis modio-

liformis Lea, are both thoroughly reviewed and figured.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

ONCHIDIUM AND THE QUESTION OF ADAPTIVE COLORATION. By

W. J. Crozier and L. B. Arey (Amer. Nat., vol. 53, pp. 415-

430, Sept.—Oct., 1919).

FAUNA OF THE CHILKA LAKE, MoLuusca, GASTEROPODA AND

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA by N. Annandale and 8. Kemp. An-

ATOMY OF SOLEN? FoNEsI by E. Ghosh. NuprprancuHiata by

Sir Charles Eliot (Mem. India Mus., vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 827-

379, pls. 14-16). The occurrence of Ostrea virginica in the

warm waters of India seem very remarkable or problematic.

THE INDIAN VARIETIES AND RACES OF THE GENUS TURBINELLA.

By J. Hornell, witH NoTE on THE GEoLOGicaL History oF Tur-

BINELLA IN InpIaA. By E. Vredenburg (Memoirs Indian

Museum, vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 109-125, pls. 10-12). An exhaus-

tive study of the variation of the Chank shell ( Turbinella pyrum

Linn.). Four new varieties are recognized, obtusa, acuta, glo-

bosa and comoriensis. The author’s ideas of the rule of priority

seem somewhat vague as he makes rapa Gmelin a form of his

new var. obtusa.

FRESH-WATER MusseLs aND Musser, INDUSTRIES OF THE

Unirep States. By Robert E. Coker (Bull. Bureau of Fish-

eries, Oct., 1919, vol. 36, pp. 13-89, pls. 1-46 and map). A

most interesting account of a great industry. Part I, describes

and figures the species of economic value, about 41 in number.

Part 2, the value and extent of the fishery, apparatus, methods,

etc. Part 5, the manufacture of pearl buttons, with numerous

illustrations.—C. W. J.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE Ma.acoLocicaL Soctery or Lonpon,

Vor. 13, Prs. 5 ann 6, Ocr., 1919.

Description of two new species and a new sub-genus of land shells

from China. By G. K. Gude, pp. 118, 119. A new Trocho-

morpha (T. lancasteri) and a new sub-genus and species of Cath-

aica, C. ( Trichocathaica) lyonsae, are described and figured.

Notes on Hygromia limbata (Drap.). By Hugh Watson, pp.

120-182, pls. 2 and 3. A full description of its anatomy, ete.

On Helix revelata Britt. Anctt. (non Férussac, nec Michaud),

and the Validity of Bellamy’s name of Helix subvirescens in liew of

ut for the British Mollusc. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Wood-

ward, pp. 133-136.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

On the generic names for two British Ellobiidae [olum Auricu-

lidae]. Myosotis, Draparnaud, (= denticulatus Montagu) and

bidentatus, Montagu. By A. 8. Kennard and B. B. Woodward,

pp. 186-139.

E. Forbes’s notes in his copy of S. Lovén’s Index Molluscorum

Scandinaviae occidentalia habitantium. By A. Reynell, pp. 140-

141.

On Opeas strigile (M. & P.) and its allies. By M. Connolly,

pp. 142-144, 4 figs.

Addendum to remarks on the recent species of Morum, Bolten.

By J. C. Melvill, p. 145.

Notes on the non-marine Mollusca observed in East Ross and the

Orkney and Shetland Islands. By K. H. Jones and A. 8. Ken-

nard, pp. 146-152.

Description of Ampullaria mermodi, n. sp. By G. B. Sowerby,

pp. 152-153, with fig.

On Ammonites navicularis Mantell. By the late G. C. Crick,

pp. 154-160, pl. 4.

On a Sandstone cast of Aturia aturi (Basterot), from the miocene

of Western Australia. By R. B. Newton, pp. 160-167, pls. 5, 6.

The Mollusca of Marsascirocco Harbor, Malta. By G. Despott,

pp. 168-183, with map.

THE JOURNAL oF ConcHoLoey, Vor. 16, No. 2, Auaust, 1919.

Brachypodella oropouchensis, nov. sp. from Trinidad, W. J. By

Geo. C. Spence, pp. 42-43, pl. 1.

Tropidophora standent, nov. sp. from Madagascar. By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 49, pl. 1.

Field Notes on Helicodonta obvoluta Mill. By H. Beeston, pp.

44-50.

Spirula peroni Lamarck in North Devon. By Alan Gardiner,

p. 50.

Occurrence of Hartmannia septemspiralis and H. patula in Eng-

land. By H. C. Huggins, pp. 51-52.

Genitalia of Azeca tridens and Cochlicopa lubrica. By A. E.

Boycott, pp. 58, 54, figs.

Parthenogenesis in. Paludestrina jenkinsi. By A. KE. Boycott,

p. 54.

Sinistral Limnaea pereger Mill. and its progeny. By J. H.

Hargreaves, pp. 55-57.

Notes an Limnaea pereger m. sinistrorsum. By W. H. Hutton,

pp. 58, 59.

On a colony of Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. By 8.8. Pearce, p. 59.

Note on the reproduction of Obeliscus obeliscus. By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 67.

AVMNG OCD SO GU ISLUNIOYG UvOLtoury Wott

duly YR) -eUuoZIIy

NIVLNNOW OfVAVN

WIXXX 'SOTLLOVN FHL

Vol. XXXIII APRIL, 1920. No. 4.

THE NAVAJO NATION.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Sixty miles west of the corner post of Arizona, New Mexico,

Colorado and Utah, the 1919 summer clase in archeology,

Arizona University, encamped at the foot of Navajo Mountain.

Here is the greatest number of ancient cliff cities and villages

and the greatest of known natural bridges. In scenery, colors,

heroic size and architecture, it is Grand Canyon in character.

Navajo Mountain astraddle the Arizona-Utah line stands on the

south rim of the Grand Canyon, a short distance above Marble

Canyon and Lee’s Ferry.

In reality the region from the Mesa Verde National Park,

Colorado, on the east, to the Zion National Park, Virgin River,

Arizona, on the west, it is something of a wonder-spot of the

world, and all of it astonishing. The greater cliff ruins, Mesa

Verde, Keet Seel, Betatakin and many others as interesting; the

Monument Park, a plateau of natural pinnacles and steeples,

and the Chinle and Canyon de Chelly valleys are along the

eastern border. Then westward lie the painted deserts, petrified

forests, the Grand Canyon, the Kaibab forest, underground

lakes of Kanab, lava cones of Mount Trumbull, Hurricane

Fault, Grand Wash, canyons of Virgin River, plains of wild

horses and the largest Indian population in the United States

still living in the Indian way. Except to the explorers, arche-

ologists, geologists and mineralogists it is the great unknown of

America, and the farthest from a railway.

Dr. Byron Cummings, dean of archeology, Arizona Univer-

110 THE NAUTILUS.

sity, and his explorer-companion, John Wetherill, post-trader

and postmaster at Kayenta, Ariz., have explored and studied

conditions here at this eastern border for more than twenty

years, and by right of discovery (as in conchology) should

have their names attached to the greater number of ruins and

bridges, for they have been the first discoverers, scientifically.

Herbert E. Gregory’ for the government has made a thorough

geologic survey of this eastern section covering the Navajo

nation, some 22,725 miles. Others before Gregory have written —

and surveyed, but he is the latest and best authority. Col.

Roosevelt and his boys, Zane Grey, the Kolb Brothers and other

strenuous persons have visited the Rainbow Bridge but not over

150 white people all told have made the journey. Thus to the

students in botany, archeology, conchology, entomology and

the reptile hunters, it is a field of great promise. The health

seeker and tourist will soon follow, and with profit.

The Indian population of the Navajo country as estimated in

1912 was 32,000, of which 30,016 were Navajo, 2,272 Hopis

(‘‘Moquoi’’ is a Navajo nickname for the Hopis), and 200

Piutes and 521 white Indian agents, teachersand traders. North

of the San Juan River in Utah and Colorado adjoining is another

large reservation of Utes.

From a high elevation this country appears to be and it is a

plateau formation. The average elevation is about 5,500 feet

above the sea. The mountains rise above and the canyons fall

below this level. To the traveler negotiating the sand dunes,

diving into water-worn gulches, and sliding over the wind-swept

bed rocks, the plateau definition may seem a gross exaggeration.

However it is a plateau, 32 per cent. from 6,000 to 7,000 feet,

and 10 per cent. from 7,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level. The

water of the Colorado River is but 3,400 feet at this point, and

in a distance of eight miles to the peak of Navajo Mountain,

10,416 feet, a horizontal difference of 4,016 feet.

The mean annual rainfall at eight stations in and around the

' Geology of the Navajo Country, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. By

Herbert E. Gregory, 1917, U. S. Professional Paper, 93. Also by the same

author, The San Juan Oil Field, Bul. 431.

THE NAUTILUS. Tih

Nation runs from 5 to 18 inches, but the variation by months or

years shows a wide range, varying from one-half to twice the

average. Over one-third of the rainfall may be credited to July,

August and September ; about 12 per cent. to April, May and

June.

( To be continued)

ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF STATEN ISLAND, N. Y.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

During the past summer I was enabled to continue a study

of the shells to be found along the southeast shore of Staten

Island working beyond the region reported upon in the January

(1919) number of ‘‘ THe Nauriuuvs.”’

A week was spent at Great Kills Bay and vicinity. This bay

was formed by asand-spit dropped by the lower New York Bay

waters as they struck the current of the Kills which flow out at

this point. Though half a mile narrower than its width (one

mile), the bay is very shallow; the upper section, enclosed by

high grasses except at the base of the sand-spit, is but two feet

deep at low tide and covered with eel-grass, while the lower

section is lined on the land side with cottages, hotels, piers, etc.,

is free from eel-grass, averages six to seven feet deep at low tide

and is choked with launches and oyster boats. Throughout its

extent, the bottom is formed of a soft, sticky clay, which mixes

readily with the water. Due to this clay, the number of gaso-

line boats, and possibly the sewers near the entrance, the mol-

luscan fauna consists of the hardiest species only.

Although we diluted and strained clay for hours at a time at

the stations indicated, we found very few species. At one

locality, dug-up clay mixed with a little sand yielded shells

which from their leached-out appearance might be considered

fossil. These fossil shells were much more numerous than those

found above them on the surface. Barnea truncata, whose

valves I have found in abundance lying on the bottom of the

upper part of the bay a year and a half before, was not noticed.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Alectrion obsoleta was everywhere very abundant, the shell reach-

ing a length of an inch, and occasionally having the surface

largely eaten away. One was found with a prominent, biangu-

late carina just above the center of the body whorl so that it

appears immediately above the suture on the penultimate whorl,

becoming obsolete half way around that whorl. The other

shells found, not including the countless fragments, were:

Macoma balthica (Linné) few, mostly young.

Mya arenaria Linné few, mostly young,

Odostomia impressa (Say) few.

Odostomia trifida (Totten) fairly common.

Odostomia bisturalis (Say) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linné occasional.

Paludestrina minuta (Totten) rare.

Lacuna vincta fusca Gould one.

The fossil shells include:

Mya arenaria (Linné) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linné few.

Crepidula glauca convexa Say few.

Crepidula plana Say rare.

Bittium alternatum (Say) The only specimen found meas-

ures 7.25 mm. in length by 2.5 mm. in width and has

eight closely crowded spiral bands on each of the last two

whorls.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say) abundant.

Alectrion trivittata (Say) few.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional.

At the base of the sand-spit there is a small influx of sand

where the waters of the bay have been cutting across during

the last two or three years, and a new fauna is being introduced

consisting of:

Venus mercenaria Linné young.

Gemma gemma purpurea (H. C. Lea) abundant.

Mya arenaria (Linné) few.

Ensis directus (Conrad) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linné few.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say) occasional.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Alectrion trivittata (Say) common.

Eupleura caudata (Say) few.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional.

The sod-bank or Modiolus demissus association was to be

found on any clay or hard-mud bank exposed between tides.

This association consists principally of Modiolus demissus pli-

catulus packed tight one against the other or separated by

Mytilus edulis packed just as closely, over both of which crawl

Tatorina littorea and L. rudis. Modiolus demissus demisaus is found

very thinly scattered among the individuals of the northern

form. That the southern variety was once the predominant

form over this area is evident from the fact that the sod banks

on which plicatulus is now living contain the dead valves of the

southern form exclusively, in large numbers and buried to a

depth of 8 or 10 inches below the surface in company with Mya

arenaria. I do not think the two forms interbreed.

Half a mile southeast of the bay where there is a stone jetty

running out into water four to five feet deep at low tide, the

rocks and bottom were searched but with very discouraging re-

sults. The water all along this section of the island is heavily

laden with fine mud from the red dirt characteristic of that part

of the island. This we believe to be the reason for the scarcity

of mollusca along the beaches southeastward. A shattered but

uneroded and still united pair of valves of Modiolus modiolus

(Linné) were found at Seaside Beach.

Our survey of the island showed the north and northeast

shore of the island to be rocky and built over by commercial

interests. From Fort Wadsworth to Prince’s Bay (the south-

east cost) there are sandy beaches interrupted by sod-banks.

As one progresses southeastward these beaches become more

and more rocky to Prince’s Bay, from which point and around

the southern end of the island the shore is characteristically

rocky. The remaining (western) coast line is lost in a maze of

salt marsh. Thus there are but two places along the southeast

coast of Staten Island where Mollusca are of special interest,

namely, the sand flats between South and Midland Beaches and

the complex about the base of the Great Kills Bay spit. The

southern end of the island was not studied.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

In connection with this work I have endeavored to learn what

work has already been done on the Mollusca of Staten Island.

The literature is as follows:

Wheatley, Charles M., Catalogue of the Shells of the United

States and their Localities, 12 pp., 1842 & 1845.

Eleven species are here listed as coming from 8. I., of which

Periploma leanum, Pandora gouldiana, Lyonsia hyalina and Astarte

castanea are mentioned as fairly common or abundant. The

last one I have not as yet found on the island although it is

found on the Long Island ocean beaches in increasing abund-

ance with distance from the city.

DeKay, James E., Nat. Hist. of N. Y., Zodlogy of N. Y.,

Mollusca, 271 pp., 40 pls., 1843.

Pandora gouldiana, Pholas truncata, Odostomia trifida, ieee:

bella avara and C. lunata are recorded from the island on the

authority of Wheatley.

Hubbard, Eber’ Ward & Smith, Sanderson, Catalogue of the

Mollusca of Staten Island, Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist.

of N. Y., vol. 7, pp. 151-154, 1865.

This paper is revised in:

Smith, S., Catalogue of the Mollusca of 8. I., Nat. Sci. Ass.

of S. I., Proc., vol. 1, p. 35,1886 and p. 50, 1887.

Of the 78 species listed, Solemya velum, Yoldia limatula, Nucula

proxima, Venericardia borealis, Rochefortia planulata, Cardiwm

mortoni, Cumingia tellinoides, Siliqua costata, Zirfaea crispata,

Epitonium lineata, E. humphreysii, Triphoris perversa nigrocincta,

Cerithiopsis greenti, Bittium alternatum, Columbella avara, Man-

gilia cerina (M. plicata not mentioned), and Acteon punctostriata

are the rarer species listed. Anomia aculeata, Pholas costata,

Martesia smithii, Litorina irrorata, Natica pusilla, Alectrion vibex

and Haminea solitaria are of special rarity. Ido not know of

their having been again reported from the vicinity of the city.

Astarte castanea is included on authority of Wheatley. The list

is largely based on dredgings made about the southern end of

the island by Hubbard whose collection was later sold to Crooke,

whose collection now forms part of the American Museum col-

'The ‘* J’’ in the literature is an error.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

lection. Of these rarest species Martesia smithii [Martesia car-

ibaea] is the only one now in the Am. Mus. (local) collection.

Davis, W. T., Variations of Mya arenaria on the shores of

S. I., Nat. Sci. Ass. of S. I., Proc., vol. 1, p. 20, 1885.

On rocky ground the valves are of moderate size, the ends

often broken and the exterior corrugated; in sandy ground the

valves are very thin, of even growth, the markings complete,

they are beautiful in form and color and of largest size; in peat

the valves are very much deformed and much rounded.

On the distribution of Litorina littoralis, idem., vol. 1, p. 61,

1888 and vol. 3, p. 50, 1893.

It was first noticed by Mr. Hollick at the Narrows in 1888.

Smith, S., & Prime, Temple, Report on the Mollusca of L. I,

and its Dependencies, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 9, pp.

377-417, 1870. |

Herein Odostomia trifida, O. bisuturalis, Polinices triseriata,

Paludestrina minuta, Latorina rudis, L. littoralis and Lacuna

vincta are recorded as having their southern limit at S, I. This

is certainly not the case with the first four species.

From these records one is struck by the decrease in the fauna

accompanying the expansion of the city. One of the important

factors in the extermination of the less hardy species is the

crowding of the beaches for miles beyond the city limits with

cottages and bungalos and the accompanying gasoline boats.

This evil is obviated by the purchase of the land for large

private estates and clubs.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) MULTIDENTATA AND LAMELLIDENS.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Having recently received a specimen of V. lamellidens from

Norway, Me., I have gone over my collection with the idea of

trying to find if lamellidens as it occurs in the north is really the

same as the typical form from the Great Smoky Mountains or,

as Dr. Pilsbry suggests in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, p. 209,

merely ‘‘accelerated individuals (of multidentata), sporadically

occurring.”’

116 THE NAUTILUS.

The figures on Pl. II] are from camera-lucida drawings all

magnified 10 diameters. The shells were selected for size only,

that is as near the same size as possible from material at hand,

and from localities as near together as I had them in my collec-

tion. Figs. 13 to 16 are large shells of each species.

1—lamellidens Thunderhead, Gt,

Smoky Mts... .... . . . Diam. 2.70 mm., Umbilicus .29 mana ct

2—multidentata Oakdale, Morgan Co., t

Tents het Had Mees eee ee SM LAH A aks: CO RS eaneceh

3—lamellidens Anderson, Franklin }

Gos) Deni ret ier fil or eee Orme ft se

4—multidentata Sherwood, Franklin j

Co), Tent. elie, ci iota Deira One Heplls), GC fe sean

5—lamellidens Banners Elk, Wautauga 7}

Bo Ge Ry Pd Tear aetna Tg apna tye Voie manger

6—multidentata Cranberry, Mitchell r

Cari Mice sw they Sat) Pe lea «46 J

7—lamellidens Litchfield, N.Y... ‘' 2.40 “* us fy 3 Tee: 4

8—multidentata Litchfield, N.Y... ‘ 2.53 %& oe AG pits

9—lamellidens Deering, N.H. ... “ 2.13 & a sO Maes \

10—multidentata Hoosic, N.Y... . “ 2.53 “ o. AG re

11—lamellidens Norway, Me... . . ‘' 2.08 ‘¢ f Sasi te \

12—multidentata Quebec, Can. . .. “ 2.70 % a Pas ie

13—lamellidens No. 1, large shell . . ‘* 3.90 ¢ u vAG wrt

14—multidentata Stevenson, Ala,,large ‘‘ 3.11 ‘¢ ae ane) oe

15—Jlamellidens No, 1 same size as No, }

WANT tees vet ho ar Onl Soke Mae eele co ney\ a Sere Metres e Net ans HS S310 2

16—multidentata largest Quebec . 2... ‘4 = 3.07 a sean

17—lamellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9

BO DT eye ob ay talip Wa lve) pealdulinas Be ee SRE q woot eee

18—damellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9

Bm ED ies iors wip apts - Shieh Maat ORT a Pe uf bao) ae

From the measurements given above it will be seen that in

shells of approximately the same diameter the umbilicus in

lamellidens is about three-fifths of the diameter of that of multi-

dentata, the single marked exception being Nos. 3 and 4.

In figures 18, 14, 15 and 16, mature shells, it will be noticed

that in multidentata the umbilicus widens rapidly in the last

whorl while in lamellidens it does not. This can also be seen

in the other figures, but it is not so pronounced.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII. PLATE III.

€. ae

) 3

CLAPP: VITREA MULTIDENTATA AND V. LAMELLIDENS

THE NAUTILUS. Li

A series of 76 multidentata from 13 localities and 45 lamellidens

from 8 localities were measured. Where I had only a few from

a given locality all were measured, but in the case of large series

a few were picked out at random. These shells ran from 1.85

to 3.28 mm. diameter in multidentata, 9 of them being 3.00 mm.

diam. and over, and from 1.55 to 4.03 mm. diameter in lamelli-

dens, 23 of them being 3.00 mm. and over.

42 multidentata and 28 lamellidens, 2.50 mm. diameter and

over, gave the following averages:

V. multidentata av. diam. 2.79 mm., diam. umbilicus 0.51 mm.

V. lamellidens av. diam. 3.39 mm., diam. umbilicus 0.39 mm.

These averages show that the umbilicus is contained 5.5 times

in the diameter of the shell in multidentata and 8.7 times in

lamellidens.

Another difference which is well shown in the figures is the

angle made by the teeth and lamelle to lines drawn parallel to

the lip and at right angles to it.

The rows of teeth and the lamelle were counted in all of the

121 shells measured and were found to vary from 1 to 4 in

multidentata and from 0 to 3 in lamellidens. In both species

there is a tendency to complete absorption in the fully adult

shell and in my largest lamellidens, 4.03 mm. diam. from

Thunderhead, Gt. Smoky Mts., I cannot distinguish a trace of

the lamelle. <A Jlamellidens from Thunderhead has 4 lamelle,

one of the apparently 3 being double.

The largest multidentata have from 6 to 6.25 whorls while the

largest lamellidens have 6.5 to 7.

V. multidentata when adult has a well-defined callus connect-

ing the end of the lip which is entirely absent in lamellidens.

In both species the lip is slightly thickened when adult while

in immature shells it is very thin and generally broken in cab-

inet specimens which accounts for the apparent difference in

the shape of the aperture of the shells figured, as it was very

hard to trace.

I believe that the figures and data given above prove that the

two species are distinct and that the northern shells, though

smaller, are the same as typical lamellidens from the southern.

mountains. Compare Figs. 17 and 18, from the type locality,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

with Figs. 7, 9 and 11 northern shells. An examination of the

youngest shells that I have seen would seem to indicate that

Jamellidens may be the ancestral form as in very young multi-

dentata the teeth are generally fused, so much so in fact that in .

one of two cases I had separated them as lamellidens; but care-

ful focusing of the microscope brought out the fused teeth, and

measurements showed the relatively larger umbilicus.

THE NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS OF SOME NORTH

AMERICAN FOSSILS AND RECENT MOLLUSKS. II.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

Planorbis cirrus White, 1879, from the Tertiary of Wyoming,

was the next year cited by the same author as though it were

spelled cirratus. Since then the latter name has been univers-

ally, but improperly, used instead of cirrus.

Physa bullata White, 1886 (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 36),

from the Eocene of Utah, is preoccupied by P. bullata P. and

M., 1838, and P. bullata Gould, 1855. However, on page 12

of his bulletin, and in the legend of plate 3, White used the

name bullatula for the same species, the use of bullata on page

22, where it was described, perhaps being unintentional.

Hence White’s species should be known as Physa bullatula.

Whether Gould’s species should be renamed depends upon

whether it is a valid form or a synonym of some other form,

which I am now unable to determine.

Physa carletont Meek, 1872, from the Cretaceous of Utah, is

incorrectly referred to as P. carltoni by Grabau and Shimer,

1900. Such a mistake is easily made, but unfortunately there

is a prior use of carltoni in this genus by Lea, 1869. Though

confusing, I suppose the names are sufficienty distinct so that

Meek’s name may stand. His species has been so frequently

mentioned in various reports that it would be a shame to dis-

turb the name unless required by the rules.

Acella haldemani White (=Tortacella haldemani, in Auricu-

lidae), from the Cretaceous of Wyoming, is preoccupied by

Lymnaea haldemani Deshayes, 1867 (=Acella haldemam, accord-

THE NAUTILUS. 119

ing to Baker). White’s species may hereafter be known as

Tortacella wyoningensis. To disturb a name so well known is

regrettable.

Paludina subglobosa Emmons, 1858, from the Tertiary of

North Carolina, is preoccupied by P. subglobosa Say, 1825.

The type of Emmons’ species is lost and the figure too poor for

definite generic reference. Indeed, it may even be marine.

However, it may sometime be recovered, and as there is no way

of eliminating it from the published literature and it must be

included in any complete list of described species, it should

perhaps haveaname. It may be known as Vivipara ? emmonsi.

Conrad identified it with V. glabra, which is very doubtful.

Dall, (Contrib. Tert. Fauna Fla., 1892, p. 277) says Compso-

pleura trinodosa Conrad=Scalaria trigemmata Conrad, ‘‘ which is

a Goniobasis.’’ Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleont., III, No. 11, p.

71) places trigemmata in Melania, says probably related to

** Terebra’’ plicifera (the quotation marks are Harris’s), and

omits trinodosa from the synonymy. I have not at hand the

means for determining whether trigemmata is a Melania or a

Goniobasis, if, indeed, it can be determined. If Dall is correct

in referring it to Goniobasis, and if Harris is correct in suppos-

ing that it is related to T. plicifera Heilp., a Tertiary fossil, then

it would follow that the latter is also a Goniobasis, in which

case its specific name would be preoccupied by Melania=Gonio-

basis plicifera Lea, a recent species, unless the latter should be

removed to some other genus, as Hannibal has done. The

easiest way out of the dilemma is to leave trigemmata in Melania,

where Harris placed it. I pass the puzzle on to the next fellow,

with these clues as a starter.

Limnaea (Polyrhytis) kingii Meek, 1877, was described from

beds designated as ‘‘ probably Miocene,’’? in Cache Valley,

Utah. I had supposed these beds to be Pleistocene, and Han-

nibal has suggested the same thing, but Dr. T. W. Stanton

writes me that they are now generally considered Pliocene, or

at least older than the Lake Bonneville beds, because they are

more disturbed, though I believe Lake Bonneville extended

into Cache Valley during its greatest expansion. I believe that

Radix ampla var. utahensis Call, 1884, is a synonym of Lymnaea

120 THE NAUTILUS.

kingit Meek. It occurs in Utah Lake and Bear Lake, both

draining into Great Salt Lake, one from the south and one from

the north. Obviously it could not pass from one river system

to the other through Great Salt Lake as that body of water now

is. Its distribution suggests that it may have passed through

during the Pleistocene expansion, when its waters were fresh-

ened by overflow to the north. It probably has had a long

history in the region, and there is no reason to doubt that it

occurred during Pliocene time and so was contemporaneous

with kingi, if not identical with it. As the lake at its maximum

overflowed to the north, it may occur now in Port Neuf River

drainage also, though Daniels and I did not find it there during

a brief visit. Dr. Dall writes:

‘‘T think your identification of the Lymnaea is correct.

However it is to be borne in mind that the plications which led

Meek to propose a genus for his species are pathological and

not specific characters. They are directly due to the increase

in alkaline salts in the water inhabited by the mollusks and

have been imposed upon various gastropods in the same situa-

tion.”’

Cyrena californica Gabb, 1869, described from the Pliocene of

California, is preoccupied by C. californica Prime, 1865, which

is itself a synonym of C. californiensis Prime. Prime’s species

was described by Deshayes in 1854 as Cyrena subquadrata.

That name being preoccupied, Prime changed it to californiensis

in 1860, without description, but citing Deshayes’ publication.

In 1865 Prime described it as Cyrena californica, citing subqua-

drata Deshayes and californiensis Prime as synonyms. The

name of Prime’s species must therefore stand as californiensis.

Dall in 1903 transferred Gabb’s species to the genus Corbicula,

subgenus Cyanocyclas. Under the circumstances it is unfor-

tunate that Gabb’s name should have to be displaced. I pro-

pose that it be called Corbicula gabbiana.

Cyrena obliqua Deshayes, 1824, from the Tertiary of Europe,

has been placed in Corbicula by Vincent (Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac.

Belgique, X XI, 1886, p. 136) and Taylor (Monog. L. and F.-

W. Moll. Brit. Isles, No. 7, 1900, p. 413). Newton (Brit.

Olig. and Koc. Moll. in Brit. Mus., 1891, p. 57) left it in the

THE NAUTILUS. 121

genus Cyrena. If correctly referred to Corbicula, it would have

priority over Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves, 1885, from the Cre-

taceous of Canada. Not having access to the literature neces-

sary for the determination of this question, I wrote to Dr. T.

W. Stanton about it. He referred it to Dr. W. H. Dall, who

replied as follows:

** Deshayes in his revision left obliqua in Cyrena. Cossmann

puts it in Corbicula. The lateral teeth are smooth as in Cyrena

but long as in Corbicula. It belongs to a small group of ovoid

species which is neither typical Cyrena nor true Corbicula. Of

the two attributions I regard Deshayes’ as the most nearly cor-

rect, but I should include these small oval species in a distinct

group from either. However, as the species has been referred

at various times to Corbicula it would probably be best to regard

the combination as preoccupying Whiteaves’ name if it was

made before 1885, but not otherwise.”’

I have no citation indicating that the combination referred to

was made before 1885. Under the circumstances I feel that

Deshayes’ species should be left in Cyrena or placed in a dis-

tinct genus, and Whiteaves’ name retained for the Cretaceous

species. If anyone thinks the latter should be renamed, then

it would be quite fitting to name it in honor of Whiteaves, a

name that has not been used for any species of Corbicula as far

as I can ascertain.

Some of the fossil Mollusca described by Hall in the report of

the Fremont Expedition, 1845, are exceedingly troublesome.

Though all assigned by Hall to marine genera, he stated that

he would have considered several of them fiuviatile shells ex-

cept for the occurrence of Nucula impressa and Cerithium fremonti-

‘‘in the same association.’’ White, in his Review of North

American Fossil Non-marine Mollusca, says they probably be-

long to a fresh-water fauna, and several have been definitely

transferred to fresh-water genera, being now well known. Fol-

lowing is the list of Hall’s species under discussion:

Nucula impressa— Yoldia impressa.

Mya tellinoidea=Unio tellinoides.

Cytherea parvula.

Cerithium fremonti.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

Cerithium tenerus=Goniobasis tenera.

Turbo paludinaeformis=Vivipara paludinaeformis.

Turritella bilineata.

Natica ? occidentalis.

Pleurotoma uniangulata.

I have been unable to locate the types of any of these species.

They do not appear to be at Albany, New York, Washington

or Philadelphia. The Jast hope seems to be the Hall material

atthe University of Chicago, which has not been unpacked.

The latitude given for the Mya, Nucula, Pleurotomaria, Cerithium

tenerum, and C. fremonti (Lat. 40), is incorrect, as they are

definitely reported to have come from where Fremont crossed

the mountains from Muddy River, which flows eastward to

Muddy Creek, which flows westward into Bear River. This

would be in southwestern Wyoming, above Lat. 41, probably

not far from the locality of the Turbo and Cerithium paludinae-

formis, which is given as Lat. 414, instead of being 115 miles

to the southward, as stated by Hall. It is not certain that

these were all from the same formation or the same past locality.

The Cytherea, Natica and Turritella are said to be from Lat. 43

N., Long. 115 W., which would place them in the Snake River

Valley of southwestern Idaho, in a region occupied by fresh-

water Tertiary Rocks, according to Dr. Stanton.

Nucula impressa Hall is a Yoldia, and has priority over Nucula

impressa Conrad, 1848, from the Tertiary of Oregon, which, as

Dr. Dall informs me, is a Portlandia, and both are preoccupied

by Nucula impressa Sowerby (Min. Conch., V, 1825), a Cre-

taceous shell of Europe. Hall’s species may be known at

Yoldia fremonti, and Conrad’s species may be known as Yoldia

(Portlandia) astoriana.

Natica? occidentalis Hall, a ‘‘ delicate shell,’’ is said to be

based upon one ‘‘ perfect specimen,’’ the mouth of which is not

entire but shows that the lip was somewhat expanded, and

several casts. Hall was in doubt as to its systematic position,

and if the locality given is correct, it is probably not a naticoid

shell. However, the name has priority over Natica occidentalis

Meek and Hayden, 1856, from the Cretaceous of South Dakota,

for which I propose the specific name dakotensis.

oer? Y OED a

THE NAUTILUS. 123

A NEW PLANORBIS FROM ILLINOIS.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

While making a study of the larger Planorbis of the Big Ver-

milion River, Illinois, for a paper on the distribution of the

mollusks of that stream, it became apparent that two forms

were included under ¢rivolvis which were quite separable. One

of these is the large, wide form to which Say gave the name

trivolvis. The other is a narrower form which the writer and

others have been calling glabratus (see Baker, Cat. I]. Moll.,

p. 106) but which is not the true glabratus of Say, which, ac-

cording to Walker (Synopsis, p. 99), does not range outside of

the State of Florida. Say credited his origina] specimens to

Charleston, 8. C. The new Illinois form may be characterized

as follows:

Planorbis pseudotrivolvis n. sp.

Shell sinistral, whorls 5; body whorl rounded above and _ be-

low, the inner whorls carinated on both spire and umbilical

region; the spire whorls are very flat and slightly concave; the

earlier whorls are coiled so that they form a union with the

carina of the preceding whor! but the last whorl gradually

divides from this line, leaving a V-shaped depression between

the dorsal carina and the body whorl; this condition is uniform

for the dozen or so specimens examined: the base or umbilical

region exhibits three full whorls to the umbilicus; aperture

somewhat lenticular, rounded above and below, sometimes a

trifle expanded, and bordered with red; color of shell yellowish

or corneous inclining to brown; surface notably shining.

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 20.5; aperture height, 8; breadth,

9mm. Holotype.

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 19; aperture height, 8; breadth,

9mm. Paratype, 5 whorls.

Height, 6; greatest diameter, 11.5; aperture height, 5; breadth,

5mm. Immature, 4 whorls.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 8.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Height, 5; greatest diameter, 5; aperture height, 5; breadth,

2.6mm. Young, 3 whorls.

(Collection Mus. Nat. Hist., U. of I., No. Z11393A.)

This Planorbis differs from typical trivolvis in being less high

in comparison with its diameter, in the separation of the last

whorl, above, from the carina of the preceding whorl leaving a

V-shaped trough, which is not present in trivolvis, and in show-

ing three full whorls on the umbilical side while in trivolvis

there are but two full whorls. The sculpture is also more

regular than in trivolvis, the rib-strie being more clear cut with

wider interstices. The carina on the upper whorls in pseudo-

trivolvis is also sharper and forms a raised keel bordering the

spire whorls.

This Planorbis has perplexed Illinois conchologists for many

years, being uncertainly referred to Say’s glabratus as figured by

Haldeman in the Monograph, plate 2. Whether all of the

shells listed under this name in the Illinois Catalogue (p. 106)

are referable to the new form is not known, specimens from

these localities not being available for examination. The same

Planorbis occurs in Pleistocene deposits in and about Chicago

and has been referred to trivolvis in papers and references (cf.

Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci., iv, p. 112). The fossil specimens

referred to this species occur at the following places (see the

writer’s Life of the Pleistocene, now in press by the University

of Illinois, for the data concerning these and other sedimentary

strata in the Chicago region): ;

200 feet north Dempster Street, station 47, stratum ix, silt.

200 feet south Dempster Street, station 45, stratum iv, silt.

200 feet north Oakton Avenue, station 42, stratum vii, silt.

Lemont, Lincoln Park extension office, Santa Fé R. R.,

stratum il, silt.

Two fossil specimens measure as follows:

Height, 8; greatest diameter, 23; aperture height, 8; breadth,

8mm. No. P396 (Chicago).

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 21; aperture height, 9; breadth,

9mm. No. P401 (Lemont).

Pseudotrivolvis is not found in the earlier deposits in Wilmette

Bay, Chicago, the Planorbis there being true trivolvis, while in

THE NAUTILUS. 125

the later deposits the new form is the only large Planorbis found,

an interesting case of distribution in point of time in the same

locality.

Whether the new Planorbis is to be considered a variety of

trivolvis or a distinct species the writer is not prepared to decide

at the present time. In the material examined, both fossil and

recent, there are no intermediate specimens. Until more is

known it had better be considered a separate species.

A NEW FORM OF AMNICOLA FROM THE OHIO PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS

WITH NOTES ON A PHYSA FROM THE SAME FORMATION.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Recently, Dr. M. M. Leighton, of the Department of Geology

of the University of Illinois, placed in my hands for study a

large collection of Pleistocene fossil mollusks from a marl de-

posit near Rush Lake, Logan County, Ohio. One of the species

represented appears to be a new race of a recent species. The

deposit is in the older Wisconsin drift. A paper is in prepara-

tion describing the fauna of this deposit as well as that of a

possibly older deposit in Bartholomew County, Indiana, in both

of which a number of interesting cases of distribution occur. I

am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Dr. Bryant Walker for

assistance in determining the affinities of the species discussed

in this paper.

AMNICOLA WINKLEYI LEIGHTONI n. var.

Shell differing from A. winkleyi in being larger, heavier, wider

in proportion to its height, the body whorl being more globose

than in the typical form; there are 44 whorls, the upper part of

which is somewhat flat-sided just below the suture; this is

especially marked on the last whorl of some individuals; the

spire whorls are rounded and the sutures deeply impressed; the

first whorl is flatter than in winkleyi ; the umbilicus is wider and

deeper and the aperture is wider in proportion to its height than

in winkleyi.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 10.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Length, 5.0; diameter, 3.7; length of aperture, 2.5; width,

2.0mm. Topotype.

Length, 4.5; diameter, 3.9; length of aperture, 2.4; width,

2.0mm. Paratype.

Length, 4.0; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 2.0; width,

1.5mm. Paratype.

Specimens of A. winkleyi measure:

Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.1; length of aperture, 2.2. Nau-

tilus, Type.

Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 1.8; width,

1.5mm. Topotype.

Winkleyi is a species of the New England States, its original

locality being Saco, Maine, and that a form of this Amnicola

should be found in Ohio, and in a Pleistocene deposit, is sur-

prising. It is not unlikely, however, that winkleyi may occur

in recent collections in the central States. The Ohio specimens

seem to depart varietally from the typical form as described by

Pilsbry (NaurtiLtus, XXVI, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 9-10). Some

thousands of specimens from this Pleistocene deposit show little

departure from the race as described above. Occasional globose

forms occurring with winkleyi show the relationship of the form,

although none have as wide a body whorl as the fossil race. It

is possible that this race may occur in other Pleistocene marl

deposits.

PHYSA ANATINA Lea.

A large Physa occurring in the Rush Lake deposits differs

slightly from anatina in being larger with shallower sutures and

more flat-sided spire whorls; the body whorl is wider as is also

the aperture; the spire is very sharply pointed and the colu-

mella has a distinct plait. Characteristic specimens measure

as follows:

Length, 16.5; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.5; width, 5.0

mm. Fossil.

Length, 17.5; width, 10.0; aperture length, 13.0; width, 5.5

mm. Fossil.

Length, 12.0; width, 7.0; aperture length, 8.5; width, 3.7

mom. Fossil.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Length, 12.0; width, 6.0. Lea’s specimen.

This Physa is related to Physa anatina which is so common

in the States west of the Mississippi River. The occurrence of

this species so far east of its usually recorded range (it is said

by Walker to extend clear across southern Michigan, however)

is as surprising as is the presence of the race of the New Eng-

land Amnicola winkleyi. It was at first thought to be a recog-

nizable race of anatina but the presence of narrow individuals

indicates its relation to Lea’s species. It differs from Physa

walkert in having flat-sided whorls, walkeri having rounded

whorls and deeply impressed sutures. Many of the Pleistocene

mollusca differ somewhat from their living representatives but

in most cases this difference is not enough to cause their sep-

aration as new species or varieties. Among the Physas, also,

the range of variation in the different species is known for but

a few species; when this important characteristic is more gener-

ally known it will be safer to describe new species in this poly-

morphic genus.

LASMIGONA VIRIDIS, RAFINESQUE, 1820.

BY L. G. FRIERSON.

The adoption of the above as the correct specific name of the

old Unio pressus Lea having been urged by the writer (Nav-

TILUs, X XIX, Sept., 1915), Mr. Bryant Walker filed an ‘‘ in-

terference’’ (Nautitus, XXIX, Nov., 1915) for the purpose

he stated ‘‘ of suspending the general adoption of the proposed change

until such time as certain important and probably conclusive facts can

be obtained.’’

As the current year will round out a century since Rafinesque

published his virdis the acquisition of any new facts concern-

ing the case would seem rather remote; and as silence might be

construed as consent, and the proposed ‘‘suspension’’ become

permanent, the writer, with the consent of Nauriius, makes

bold to again appear in court.

Rafinesque ascribed to his species the following characters:

Shell inequilateral, elliptical, obliquely truncate posteriorly.

A little convex; hardly thick.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Smooth, olive green; sometimes radiate with pale yellow;

others are olive-brown. The beaks are seldom eroded, being

thickened there by flexuous wrinkles—remarkable because the

rest of the shell is smooth.

Nacre bluish. The cardinal tooth is compressed, and de-

current in shape.

Being thin, it is crenulate instead of being furrowed (other

members of the subgenus have them furrowed); truncature ob-

lique, convex.

Lateral tooth thin. Muscle scars lightly impressed, confluent

behind.

A smali species, at most one and a half inches in altitude.

(The members of the sub-genus described just previously by

Rafinesque are among the largest of the Ohio Naiades. )

Altitude 3 of length; diameter 7.

Rare in the Ohio, but common in the Kentucky and ad-

jacent ‘‘ petites rivieres.’’

While to the writer the above description can be mistaken for nothing

else than the Symphynota compressa Lea, further evidence seems neces-

sary, as Lea quotes one of his friends to the effect that ‘‘ rt equally

applies to wis.”’

Luckily there remains further evidence which we may ad-

duce. Rafinesque, as is well known, divided the Naiades into

numerous Genera. These divisions being founded upon the

more evident features of the shell, it follows therefore that the

contained species of any Genus would naturally sustain a general

outward resemblance to each other.

Rafinesque described this species under the name of Unio

(Elliptio) viridis. The Elliptio contained the Unio nigra; Unio

purpureus, Say; Unio crassa, Say, and a few other shells, all

having a general outward similitude, and in such an assemblage the

Symphynota compressa finds congenial associates.

Rafinesque moreover mentions the fact that the ‘‘ Unio

( Elliptio) leptodon and Unio (Elliptio) fragilis’’ also ‘‘ resemble’’

the viridis (with some others). The reader can easily select speci-

mens of the two species mentioned, which resemble the Sym-

phynota compressa to a remarkable extent—differing, however (as

Rafinesque observes), in their teeth.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Finally, we observe that Rafinesque in his description of a

variety of ‘‘ alasmidonta’’ wrote that the latter is so much like

Unio viridis, as to be easily mistaken for it—for which cause he

named the shell Alasmidonta viridis.

This statement may be compared with an observation made by Mr.

C. T. Simpson, who wrote that the ‘‘Unio pressus Lea, and the

Margaritana rugosa Barnes sometimes resemble each other so much

that one is labeled with the name of the other by competent students.”’

An Ohio shell, of subsolid texture, elliptical in shape, with

an oblique posterior truncature; green, sometimes brownish,

sometimes rayed with yellow; having its beaks crowned with

flexuous wrinkles; a cardinal tooth thin, compressed and decur-

rent, bearing an outward similitude to the old Unio gracilis

Barnes, and a still more striking likeness to an ‘‘ alasmidonta’’ can

but be, the writer thinks, the Symphynota compressa Lea.

The main objections offered by Mr. Walker for his ‘‘inter-

ference’’ arose from the failure of his records to show that the

compressa Lea ever occurs in the Ohio River—the shell, Mr.

Walker informs us, being ‘‘most emphatically a creek or small

river species.’’

Mr. Walker’s records however might be profitably amended by the

inclusion of the interesting circumstanee that the type locality of Lea’s

Symphynota compressa is the Ohio River at Cincinnati (Index

Obs. Genus Unio).

Mr. Walker’s ‘‘reason No. 4’’ is a slight variant of a state-

ment made by Dr. Lea (Rectification, P. 35).

If Conrad and Say radically differed as to what an identical

valve was (which it is said was seen by both) the writer fails to

see how their disagreement should be chargeable to Rafinesque’s

diagnosis of the Unio viridis.

Walker’s ‘‘ reason No. 5’’ need be discussed no longer, as it

was categorically rejected by Dr. Lea long ago (Rectification,

P. 34) with whom the writer is heartily in accord.

The writer has seen it stated that the ratio which the altitude

bears to the length, given by Rafinesque for viridis (5 to 9)

does not agree with specimens of Symphynota compressa.

Mr. C. T. Simpson (Catalogue, 1914) gives dimensions of

three examples of the compressa. The writer takes it, that the

130 THE NAUTILUS.

average of these three, given by such an authority, should satisfy the

most exacting.

The average of the examples given by Simpson, gives a per-

centage of .556. The percentage which Rafinesque gives for

viridis (5 to 9) is .555.,

A closer agreement is not to be found in the history of the Nairades !

Note—The translation of Poulson contains many errors.

1. The dimensions, one and a half inch is that of the altitude,

not as in Poulson.

2. The lateral tooth is thin, not slender.

3. The cardinal tooth is not divergent, but is decurrent—quite

a different thing !

TURRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

The unfortunate rehabilitation of the nondescript names of

the Museum Boltenianum has brought about as one direct con-

sequence the overturning of the time-honored generic name

Plewrotoma Lamarck in favor of Bolten’s Turris. Accepting the

change as most seem to have been impelled to do, it thereupon

follows that since Plewrotoma was the typical genus of its family,

a change in the generic name necessitates a similar alteration in

the family name to conform. The reigning regulation in

Article 4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

is ostensibly so explicit regarding such matters as the formation

of family names that at first thought one would not anticipate

much disagreement among students in its specific application.

In the instance under consideration, however, two opposing

views have found t=eir way into print.’ Both cannot be equally

correct, and since the family is an abundant one and frequently

referred to, while a general principle of orthography is likewise

involved, it becomes a matter of some importance to determine

which of the two, as we may adopt the spelling Turritidae or

Turridae, is strictly the proper form to use. Curiously enough

1 NavTiLus, v, 23, pp. 131, 144.

THE NAUTILUS. ist

each variant appears to date back to the brothers Henry and

Arthur Adams, who, although using the genus Turris as of

Humphrey rather than Bolten, wrote the family name Turritidae

in the first volume of their great review of molluscan genera,’

and then later corrected it to Turridae.* Their more mature

judgment is therefore plainly in favor of the simpler spelling.

It is mainly very recently that the insertion of the extra syllable

has been revived.

The essential facts of the case are believed to be fairly stated

thus:

1. ‘‘The name of a family is formed by adding the ending

idae, the name of a subfamily by adding inae to the stem of the

name of its type genus.’’ *

2. The name of the type genus of the particular family in

question is Turris, presumably an exact transcription of the

Latin noun turris, meaning in English, ‘‘ tower.’’

3. The name of the family in question is variously spelled

Turridae and Turritidae in the literature. The spelling Turrtidae

has also been suggested for consideration.

4. In Latin grammars (e. g., Allen and Greenough), turris is

often given as the example par excellence of an i-stem noun, the

stem therefore ostensibly turvi-.

5. A recent proponent of the spelling Turritidae writes that

he ‘‘submitted the question of ‘Turridae versus Turritidae’ to

two expert Latinists, who, after due consideration of all the

data, concluded that, while either was correct, the latter term

under the circumstances was to be preferred. Here the matter

now appears to rest.

Now the writer has been one of those adhering to the spelling

Turridae, and being still unconvinced of his error, yet eager to

arrive once for all at a correct and therefore permanent usage,

he submitted the case essentially as outlined above to a friend,

a well-known student of Latin, Professor B. O. Foster of Stan-

ford University, adding thereto the following specific queries:

1 Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 87.

* Op. eit., v. 2, p. 614.

* International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 4 (Smallwood

edition, p. 4).

a2 THE NAUTILUS.

(1) What is the stem of Turris? (2) Is it possible to insert

atin the second syllable of this stem without changing the

nature of the word itself? (3) In view of the facts as stated,

and in strict adherence to Article 4 of the International Rules,

what do you consider to be the preferred orthography for the

family name hased on this genus? (4) Do you consider any

alternative spellings permissible?

Professor Foster’s reply is so detailed and withal so interest-

ing that with his kind permission I am reproducing the major

portion of it here, especially since it seems conclusive regarding

the points at issue.

‘<The stem of turris is turri; and the ending ides would give

us turriides. But it is a rule of word-formation that ‘the final

vowel of a stem is lost before the initial vowel of a suffix, e. g.,

aur-eus (‘golden’) from auro- (aurum).’ (Hale and Buck,

Latin Grammar, 205.2.) Therefore we may at once rule out

Turrvidae as a possible derivative, in favor of Turridae (1 give

the plural, as this seems to be what you want; the singular

would be turrides).

‘‘The ending in question is really a Greek suffix, used to

denote that the name in question means the son (or descend-

ant) of the person designated by the simple noun. Thus

Turrides would mean ‘son of a Tower,’ and Turridae, ‘the sons

of a Tower,’ or ‘the Tower family.’ When I say that it is

Greek, I do not mean that it is not found in Latin; it is found

frequently, but always, I think, in Greak patronymics (or Latin

patronymics consciously formed in imitation of the Greek ones),

which the Latin writer (usually a poet) has occasion to intro-

duce into his text. Examples would be: Pelides * son of Peleus,’

Philyrides ‘son of Philyra.’

‘“As to the form Turritidae, it is obviously meant as a deriva-

tive from the adjective turritus. The stem of this adjective is

turrito, but, as above, the final short vowel would be dropped

before the initial vowel of the ending -idae, and Turritidae is

therefore correctly formed. But it is to be observed that the

suffix, or ending in question is employed in Latin authors only

in composition with the names of persons, nouns substantive,

and that Twrritidae would therefore be decidedly anomalous.

THE NAUTILUS. 133

We might translate it ‘family of a the-turreted,’ but the fact

remains that the Latin authors would not have said anything

like that. . . . Unless there exists some zoological reason for

preferring a word that would mean ‘members of the family of

the thing that is provided with towers’ to one meaning ‘mem-

bers of the Tower family,’ I should much prefer the shorter

and more Latin (or may I say less wn-Latin?) Turridae.”’

The facts therefore seem decisive that Turritidae is an impos-

sible construction as a direct derivative of Turris, and that

Turridae is correct and should be used. The spelling Turrinae

for the typical subfamily logically follows by the same rea-

soning.

REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA, December 29, 1919.

ON CERTAIN OF LINK’S NAMES IN THE MITRIDAE.

BY J. R. LE B. TOMLIN.

The rarity of Link’s work entitled Beschreib. Nat. Samml.

Univ. Rostock (1807) is doubtless the reason why his specific

names are but little known. Coming as it does before Lamarck

or Dillwyn began to make their extensive contributions to no-

menclature, it will, I believe, eventually be found to have an-

ticipated these two authors in many cases. Link in the above

work lists 20 Mitras, of which the following are noteworthy:

Pt. iii, p. 127. Voluta stictica Link; V. papalis B. Gmel.,

3459; Mart. iv, 147, 1356.

It is curious that this shell was not differentiated by any

18th century author. Most of them considered it a var. of

papalis ; Bolten confused it with cardinalis. The synonymy is:

1807. V. stictica Link.

1811 (early in). Mitra abbotis Perry.

July, 1811. Mitra pontificalis Lamarck.

p. 127. Voluta digitalis Link; V. pertusa J. Gmel. 3458;

Chem. x, 151, 1482, 1433.

This specific is generally ascribed to Dillwyn. Synonymy as

follows:

134 THE NAUTILUS.

1807. V. digitalis Link.

July, 1811. Mitra millepora Lamarck.

1817. Voluta digitalis Dillwyn.

p- 127. Voluta papilio Link. No fig. quoted, but the ex

cellent description enables one to recognize this as a synonym

of spherulata Mart.

p- 127. Voluta clathrata Link. No fig. quoted, and the de-

scription is not determinable. It is said to be like pertusa

Gmel. but not coronate, cancellate, deeply punctured in the

furrows. The name clathrata Gmel. is already in use in Mitra

and therefore clathrata Link may conveniently be dropped.

p. 127. Voluta elegans Link; V. plicaria B. Gmel. 3452;

Chem. x, 151 (by error 157), 1444, 1445.

This is a much earlier name for the Mitra universally known

as regina Sow., which dates from 1828; but Link’s name

cannot be used as it is preoccupied by Gmelin.

Mitra elegans Reeve, Conch. Ic. pl. 29, f. 233, may be called

buriasensis, and M. elegans H. C. Lea, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts,

40.102, alabamensis.

p. 128. Voluta ornata Link. No fig. quoted, but I do not

think that there can be any doubt that the description is a clear

and accurate one of taeniata Lamarck as now understood.

Mitra ornata will therefore supersede M. taeniata.

M. ornata A. Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, 1385, may be renamed MM.

adornata.

M. ornata Kien.=M. rossiae Rve.

M. ornata Schubert and Wagner never seems to have been

subsequently recognized.

p. 128. Voluta variabilis Link. Mart. iv, 148, 1364.

This is a synonym of Mitra rugosa (Gmel. )=corrugata Lam.

M. variabilis Rve., Conch. Ic., pl. 13, f. 95, is thus preoccu-

pied and I rename it polymorpha.

p. 128. Voluta schréteri Link; Schroter’s Hinl. I, 221, pl. i,

f. 13. Dillwyn quite independently founded a Voluta schroeteri

on the same figure, which has been considered by Martens and

E. A. Smith to =Mitra picta Rve. (cf. Ann. Natal Govt. Mus.

I, pt. i, 32). It seems impossible to identify with certainty.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

NEW SPECIES OF WEST COAST SHELLS.

BY MRS. IDA S. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.

Tritonalia fraseri n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell of medium size, very elongate, narrow; whorls includ-

ing the nucleus, which is present on nearly all the specimens

collected, suture distinct and deep, whorls strongly shouldered,

with six strong ribs spinose at the shoulder; body whorl with

nine strong spiral cords and with incremental ones between.

The shoulder is very strongly rugose, and has from one to two

spiral cords, the second whorl! has four strong spiral cords and

three incremental ones; the third has three strong spiral cords

and no incremental ones; aperture elongate-oval, interior yel-

lowish to purple-brown, columella thickened and nearly straight,

canal long, straight and closed in the adult. It differs from

the typical form in the very elongate form, and the absence of

the basket-like sculpture in some specimens on the fifth and

sixth whorl the basket sculpture shows faintly.

Type locality is Brandon Island, Departure Bay, Vancouver

Island.

It is named in honor of Dr. C. Mclan Fraser, of the Domin-

ion Station, through whose help we were given every facility pos-

sible for collecting while at the Station in May, 1919. The

type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University. Cotypes

are at Dominion Station and U. 8. N. M.

Pecten kincaidi n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 3, 4.

Shell subcircular, the height and length being nearly equal;

equivalve, both valves slightly convex; ears as in P. islandicus;

base evenly rounded; color yellowish-white with reddish-brown

markings. Left valve with 28 narrow round-topped imbricated

ribs, and very faint intercalaries, the interspaces wider. Right

valve with 25 broader flat-topped ribs, some of which are

divided toward the margin. Anterior ear (the larger) with 7

ribs, the posterior ear with 5 ribs. © This species resembles P.

jordani Arnold, but the valves do not tend to contract suddenly

at the basal margin as in P. jordani, and the right ear is larger.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

The ribs on the right valve of jordani are all divided from near

the umbones.

One fine specimen (the type) living was obtained in July,

1919, and one was taken in July, 1918, but is much thicker

shell, a little larger than the type. Named in honor of Prof.

Trevor Kincaid, of the Univ. of Washington, to whom we owe

so much good material. Type is in Oldroyd Coll., Stanford

University, No. 89.

Pecten islandicus pugetensis n. var. Plate IV, figs, 5, 6.

Shell much smaller than the typical, sculpture coarser in pro-

portion to the size. Shell more elongate and the ribs spinose.

Ribs 17 with a very fine one in the interspaces.

The type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University.

Type locality off San Juan Island, Puget Sound. 12 specimens

were obtained, two from the Asha and ten from rocks on

shore.

HERBERT HUNTINGTON SMITH.!

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

The sudden death of Herbert Huntington Smith on March

22nd last, at University, Alabama, meant more, perhaps, to the

conchologists of the United Statcs than we now realize, although

the collecting and serious study of shells was the work of the

later years of his life.

Born at Manlius, New York, on January 21, 1851, and grad-

uated at Cornell University in 1872, he early in life became in-

terested in natural history, and made some collections in differ-

ent branches. Mr. Smith told me that his first real work was

on fossils; and he later became interested in insects. When he

began to collect the mollusca, I do not know; but when he

joined the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, he had quite an ex-

tensive general collection.. Between the years 1870 and 1886

he made several trips to Brazil and altogether spent about eight

1A portrait of Mr, Smith was published in the number for July, 1919.

PLATE IV.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXill.

OLDROYD: WEST COAST SHELLS

THE NAUTILUS. 137

years in exploring and collecting. He collected such shells as

he saw, but did not specialize on them.

In answer to my inquiry Mrs. Smith wrote:

‘‘In Brazil I only remember a few odd lots of land shells

until we got to Corumba on our way home; it was rich in land

shells, but Mr. Smith said that the mosquitoes were ‘ frightful.’

In order to do a morning’s work of collecting, he had to tie his

sleeves tight at the wrist, do the same thing with his ankles; tie

a bandana around his neck; fill his pockets with cigarettes and

matches; put a cigar in his mouth, ‘grit his teeth,’ and start.

All the collecting there was almost a torture, so I imagine shell

collecting was quite a cursory affair.”’

The number of shells collected on that trip was very large,

although the species were not numerous; but a number of them

were new to science. These shells were widely distributed,

probably by Dr. Newcomb, and when we see the locality

““Corumba, Brazil,’’ we may feel pretty sure that we are look-

ing at Smith’s shells.

During the time he was in the West Indies, for the Royal

Society, and in Mexico, for Mr. F. D. Godman, he collected

‘‘ everything,’’ and naturally shells proved to be no small part

of his ‘‘ catch.”’

When he went to Colombia, in 1898, I arranged to take all

of his land shells, but he got so interested in collecting mam-

mals, birds and plants that the return in shells was not very

large, except in some of the larger and more conspicuous species.

There he again ran into the ‘‘insect pests,’’ and at one place,

near the coast at Santa Marta, he said the ‘‘ sand flies’’ poisoned

him so that the skin even peeled off the palms of his hands.

His final breakdown in 1902, he always attributed to the poison

of sand flies, gnats, mosquitoes, and the thousand-and-one

other curses of the tropics.

In 1903 his health still being poor, he gave up the fight, and

resolved to go to the South to live. He settled at Wetumpka,

Ala., and at once started after shells. His first collecting there,

so different from work in the tropics, was rather disheartening,

and he wrote that there were no shells in that region. A little

later he began to get results, and then he wrote, ‘‘I didn’t know

how to collect,’’ and when the first lot came in, it was seen that

138 THE NAUTILUS.

he had struck a remarkably rich region. Then a ‘‘Syndicate”’

was formed of T. H. Aldrich, of Washington, D. C., Mr.

Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, Phlladelphia, Pa., and the writer, and the

work was carried on steadily for over six years. Dr. Pilsbry

dropped out in 1906, and he was replaced by Mr. John B.

Henderson, of Washington, D. C.

The naming and distribution of the thousands of land shells

collected in all parts of Alabama, fell to the part of the writer,

and the new species have all been described by him; 13 species

and 4 varieties up-to-date, with probably several more to follow,

as the material is more carefully studied. After the regular

work for the ‘‘Syndicate’’ was stopped, Mr. Smith continued

collecting fresh-water shells for Mr. Walker, and land shells for

the writer, while collecting Tertiary fossils for the Geological

Survey of Alabama, by which he was employed as Curator of

the Museum at the University of Alabama. The sorting,

naming and distributing of the fresh-water shells, was done by

Mr. Walker, and I cannot do better than quote from a letter

from him, on this subject:

‘‘T enclose the meager list of n. sp. and vars. that have been

described from Mr. Smith’s material. But that does not begin

to show the enormous amount of work that he did in develop-

ing the fauna of Alabama. Besides going the whole length of

the Coosa from Gadsden to Wetumpka by boat, he did the

Black Warrior thoroughly before it was spoiled by the Govern-

ment improvements (?) and spent a season on the Mussel Shoals

of the Tennessee. Two or three summers were spent on the

Connasauga and other head-waters of the Coosa, and in numer-

ous side trips he had covered practically the whole state.

Then, too, through local collectors, many of them trained by

him, he had reached into many localities that he did not per-

sonally visit. By these means he collected an enormous

amount of material, practically none of which has been worked

‘‘While he worked for the ‘Syndicate’ he collected every-

thing; but when that arrangement ceased, he specialized in the

Unionidz and Pleuroceride. I have not any very accurate fig-

ures on the number of specimens of Unionidz that he collected,

but I think that from 40,000 to 50,000 would not be an over-

estimate. His Black Warrior collection alone he reported as

10,000. No report on this material has ever been made, and a

THE NAUTILUS. 139

very large proportion of it still remains to be worked over.

This I shall do as rapidly as I have time. I also have on hand

many thousands of specimens of Amnicolidx that haye not been

sorted out. And the same is true of a very large amount of

Ancylidz from the Coosa and its tributaries.

‘* But it was especially in the Plewrocerid@ that he put in his

best work. He became exceedingly interested in that family

and the many perplexing problems that its protean species pre-

sented, and it was his expectation to work it up himself. The

enormous collection, thousands upon thousands of specimens,

and the familiarity that he had acquired in his many years of

field work, especially fitted him for the work. But unfor-

tunately the multitude of duties that pressed upon him, as

Curator of the State Museum, prevented him from carrying his

plan into execution. He had planned to publish a paper on

the Anculose of the Coosa for some time, and expected to write

it up this last spring. He had gone so far as to arrange a series

of the species in the order that he intended to present them,

but his untimely death prevented the completion of the work.

Beyond this, and a somewhat similar arrangement of the

Gyrotomas, nothing has been done and, except the manuscript

names attached to many species that he believed to be new, and

which he intended to describe, there is absolutely nothing left

to show the vast knowledge that he had acquired of that mar-

velous fauna. He had it all in his brain, and it all perished

with him. I do not suppose that any other man ever had such

an intimate knowledge of the variation of that family, and to

think that it is all gone, is truly pitiful.

‘*T do not believe that the fauna of any other State in the

Union has ever been so thoroughly worked as was that of Ala-

bama, by him.’’

I do not know how many new species were collected by Mr.

Smith in Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, but the follow-

ing is the list from Colombia and Alabama:

COLOMBIA.

Glandina callista Pilsbry and Aperostoma smithi Pilsbry

Clapp. and Clapp.

Circinaria ponsonbyi Pilsbry Helicina sanctemarthe Pils-

and Clapp. bry and Clapp.

Circinaria ponsonbyi var. Helicina cacaguelita Pilsbry

clara Pilsbry and Clapp. and Clapp.

Aperostoma sanctzemarthe

Pilsbry and Clapp.

140

THE NAUTILUS.

ALABAMA.

Musculium transversum de-

cisum Sterki.

Pisidium compressum coosa-

ense Sterki.

Pisidium compressum

trarium Sterki.

Pisidium limatulum Sterki.

Pisidium noveboracense ala-

bamense Sterki.

Pisidium atlanticum dispar

Sterki.

Pisidium atlanticum albidum

Sterki.

Rhodacmea cahawbensis

Walker.

Rhodacmea gwatkiniana

Walker.

Somatogyrus decipiens

Walker.

Somatogyrus hendersoni

Walker.

Somatogyrus pygmaeus

Walker.

Neoplanorbis carinatus

Walker.

Neoplanorbis smithii Walker.

con-

Neoplanorbis umbilicatus

Walker.

Clappia clappi Walker.

Polygyra smithi Clapp.

Polygyra inflecta approxi-

mans Clapp.

Polygyra decepta Clapp.

Polygyra barbata Clapp.

Polygyra brevipila Clapp.

Polygyra brevipila chero-

keensis Clapp.

Polygyra cohuttensis Clapp.

Vertigo alabamensis Clapp.

Vertigo alabamensis conecu-

hensis Clapp.

Vertigo oscariana ‘‘ Var.’’

(not named. )

Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp.

Vitrea lewisiana Clapp.

Vitrea aldrichiana Clapp.

Vitrea cumberlandiana Clapp.

Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecu-

nensis Clapp.

Vitrea (Paravitrea) pilsbry-

ana Clapp.

Carychium nannodes Clapp.

Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, Pitts-

burgh, has written a very appreciative article on the life and

work of Mr. Smith, in Science, N. S. Vol. XLIV, No. 1273,

pages 481-485, May 23, 1919, where other fields of activity are

touched upon; but to cover the whole subject would demand a

volume.

It is to be regretted that Mr. Smith was not able to

carry out a plan he long had in mind, of working up his ex-

tensive series of notebooks into a story of his life as a collector,

as it would have been an inspiration to future collectors, and

would, I feel sure, have been worthy to place alongside of the

THE NAUTILUS. 141

classic works of Bates and Wallace. He was a remarkably keen

observer, as shown by his letters, so his notebooks undoubtedly

contained a vast amount of most valuable observations. Even

when feeling ‘‘down in his luck,’’ he always saw the funny

side of life, and had a large stock of humorous stories, which

he would frequently insert in his letters, for no other reason,

apparently, than that he just happened to think of them.

NOTES.

VERTIGO OVATA AND V. HEBARDI IN Fiormpa.—Both Vertigo

ovata and V. hebardi appear to be rare in Florida, as you will

see by the list below giving records from my collection. The

number found is added for each locality.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Snapper Creek Hammock, south of Miami (2).

Madeira Hammock, southern Florida (1).

Lower Matecumbe Key (5).

Vertigo hebardi Van.

Pumpkin Key (3+ fragments).

Big Pine Key (1).

Elliotts Key (2).

Porgy Key (9-+-fragments).

Little Palo Alto Key (3).

No Name Key (1).

Lignum Vitae Key (1).—Gro. H. Crapp.

In a most interesting article by W. J. Wintemberg, ‘ Arch-

aeology as an Aid to Zoology’’ (Canadian Field-Naturalist,

Vol. 83, Oct., 1919, pp. 68-72), an error in the distribution of

Iitorina trrorata Say has crept into print, in quoting from G. G.

MacCurdy, ‘‘The Passing of a Connecticut Rockshelter”’

(Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 38, p. 517, 1914). ZL. irrorata is not

confined to Florida, but is found more or less common along

the entire coast from New England southward. Vineyard

Sound, ‘‘sparingly’’ (Verrill). New Haven, ‘not at all com-

mon”’ (Perkins). Stratford, Conn., ‘‘on high sedges’’ (Linsley).

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Huntington, L. Isl. (S. Smith). It is locally common in the

marshes along the New Jersey coast.—C. W. JOHNSON.

FASCIOLARIA PAPILLOSA SOWERBY. In regard to my reference

to this species in the October Nautitus, p. 45, Mr. J. R. LeB.

Tomlin says: ‘‘ J have the Tankerville catalogue before me and

on p. xvi of its Appendix I find: 1552, Fasciolaria papillosa.

F. testa fusiformi, apice papillosa, anfractibus transverse stri-

atis, mediane nodosis; apertura intus laevis; cauda longa, long.

Sz, lat. 1,2, une.

‘‘Tt is not figured nor is any locality given.’’ It may possi-

bly be a young F. gigantea but from the above moe: it

seems unrecognizable.—C. W. JOHNSON.

PHYSA SMITHIANA new name for Puysa smirHit.—Dr. Bryant

Walker has kindly called my attention to the fact that the

name Physa smithii used in my paper ‘‘ Fresh-water Mollusca

from Colorado and Alberta’’ (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

XLI, p. 585) is preoccupied by Clessin (Conch. Cab., Plan-

orbis, p. 294) for a Physa smithii from Australia. I therefore

change the name to Physa smithiana.—FRANK C. Baker, Uni-

versity of Illinois.

An AMENDMENT.—In the January number of the NaurtiLus,

on page 103, I inadvertently omitted from the list of Simpson’s

catch of Unionide at Lodgepole Creek, Anodontoides ferussacianus

Lea. The omission makes the next sentence unintelligible or

misleading, according to the interpretation placed upon it by

the reader.—JuNIUuS HENDERSON.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

EXPERIMENTS IN THE BREEDING OF CeRIoNS. By Paul Bartsch

(Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920). It is well known

that in this genus each colony ‘‘ presents certain slight char-

acters by which we can distinguish its members from those of

other colonies. The question arises, are the forms in the var-

THE NAUTILUS. 143

ious colonies fixed forms; that is, will generation after genera-

tion yield the same mode in measurements, or will changes in

the local environment from season to season affect the develop-

ing organisms to such an extent as to produce an unending

series of slight variations? These were the problems that called

for a solution. The hope of throwing some light upon these

questions prompted the breeding experiments which were started

in 1912.’’

Colonies of 200 each of two species from Andros, Cerion casa-

dlance and C. viaregis Bartsch were originally introduced on

certain of the Florida Keys. In 1915, 800 C. crassilabris from

Porto Rico, and in 1916, 8,317 C. wa from Curacao were

planted on Loggerhead Key. The shells were marked by filing.

Some of these colonies have now produced a second generation

of Florida-grown offspring. The present paper contains records

of the results. In the case of C. viaregis Dr. Bartsch finds that

the variations in the first and second generations are entirely

within the range of the species in its original locality; the

changed environment ‘‘ has not affected them in such a way as

to produce such differences as one observes between the various

colonies in the Bahamas.’’ C. casablancae gives practically the

same result. The same holds with the first Florida generation

of C. crassilabris.

On Newfound Harbor Khy C. waregis has hybridized with

the native C. incanum. The offspring show a remarkable range

of variation; forms near typical C. incanwm and typical viaregis,

all intermediates between these, but also forms closely resem-

bling the mottled C. martensi group of the Bahamas. A state

of flux has been produced by cross-breeding. The experiments

indicate also an unusual fertility, and the suggestion is made

that ‘‘ crossing has an energizing effect which seems to enable

the new product to surpass its associated congeneric forms in

the production of offspring.’’

Dr. Bartsch suggests that during the glacial period, when the

low state of water united the numerous Bahaman Keys, ex-

tensive crossing took place, this resulting in the efflorescence of

new forms which we find to-day.

A valuable section treats of the soft anatomy, which shows

144 THE NAUTILUS.

considerable divergence among the species. Other biologic

notes and information on the ecologic relations of Cerions are

given. 59 plates fully illustrate the material.

Dr. Bartsch’s experiments clearly have important bearings

upon systematic zoology as well as upon the doctrine of evolu-

tion generally.—H. A. P.

MoLLusca OF THE CROCKER LAND EXPEDITION TO NORTHWEST

GREENLAND AND GRINNELL Lanp. By Frank C. Baker (Bull.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, pp. 479-517, pls. 25-27, Dec.,

1919). An interesting review of some of the arctic mollusks,

especially of the Buccinidae of which Buccinum tanquaryt and

B. ekblawi are described as new.

FRESH-WATER MoLLuscA FROM COLORADO AND ALBERTA. By

Frank C. Baker (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, Vol. 41, pp.

527-539, Dec., 1919). Planorbis similaris, Physa smithi and

Galba alberta are described and figured as new.

NEw SHELLS FROM THE NorTHWEsT Coast. By William H.

Dall (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 32, pp. 239-252, Dec.,

1919). Ten new species and varieties and a new genus Pantel-

laria (type Megerlia monstruoga Scacchi) are described.

LOCOMOTION IN TWO SPECIES OF THE GASTROPOD GENUS ALEC-

TRION WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PEDAL CILIA.

By Manton Copeland (Biol. Bull., Vol. 37, pp. 126-138, 1919).

THe CentTRAL NERVous SysTtEM oF NucuLA AND MALLETIA.

By W. A. Hilton (Jour. Ent. and Zool., Vol. 11, pp. 75-78,

1919).

New Species OF MoLLuscA FROM VARIOUS DREDGINGS TAKEN

OF THE Coast oF NEW ZEALAND, THE SNARES ISLANDS AND THE

Bounty Istanps. By Miss M. K. Mestayer (Trans. and Proc.

N. Zealand Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 130-135, pl. 8). Lnotra

suturi, Orbestella hinemoa, Crossea cuvieriana, Leucosyrina thomsont,

L. cuvierensis and Vepecula cooperi are described as new.

—————

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXIV

JULY, 1920, to APRIL, 1921

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of thejBoston Society of Natural History

Boston

INDEX

Pee. NAW TILUS; XXXIV.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

wa LG cr 27

Achatinella lehuiensis meinickei P. & C., n. subsp... ..109, 110

Acruroteuthis, new name for Acroteuthis ..............

HemNorinian pechorosa Conrad’. 232.2... we eee cee tees 89

Alaska, notes on a collection of shells from ............ 67

PRREMMMAAGHNOP TCA? o.oo sc tc seceseneee 87

meammaenta Payencliana Wea 2.655660 00. ee wc eee 87

mipuama clonfata Dall no sp. ...2.....0..025ce cece 133

mae minuta Oldroyd, N: SP.'s i256 0. 0.650 c eee cece 114

enone waeeler! Ortim: & Wr. .............2.20200 141

Brachiopod genera, notes on certain ...............05- 69

ELSE URS ec ee 70, 1388

Pear emeere RE Ss ace oe aces dao yes 70, 138

amare ERNE cEE ee I Ss ha alc's o Sioyalaiese see ejae 139

Dementia teeters SS Ses. ce oc ne oe elon aes 60

(JO TEL SURO S SG 2c rr saa 89

Cephalopods, note on a preoccupied generic name ...... 66

fee eter Gromer, Wm Pen. ee ee ne 70

DEMME MAtMCW LeTOVIAN 2205.0. l on one cease ys 93

Chione meridionalis Oldroyd, n. sp. (pl. 4, figs. 3, 4).... 93

EEE SOHC WOAASKOT (22. jhe ecw eee bac seges 22

Chiton tuberculatus, sex-correlated coloration in ....... 30

Clatmecdrilia dierensis Oldroyd, n. sp. ...........,..- 115

Seemmtenpartmirion (Miull.) 202s. 2 2... ee ee ee pee 14, 28

Pemenederigit? Wrap. (oof eo ink ee oy ee as 28

mane redelata COnr. >) ooo... ele cy was 90

Conus ecalifornicus fossilis Oldroyd, n. sp. ............-- 116

Coptothyris Jackson (Pereudesia Dall) ............... 69

Sraspedapoms lucidum Lowe .......:......--2,-526: 113

nnrnentIO RGD) oS eee i ise ce cto s se aps oe aes 88

Iv THE NAUTILUS.

Hpitoninm clarki Oldroyd, m:sp..)) (2... 224/44 ee eee 115

Ensis directus Conr. 20.0026 bedieas so. eee eee 60

Huconulus fulvus (Mull.)) ooo a eee 14

Hurynia nebulosa (Conrad) \..).0 20... 4.006. eee 90

Eurynia perpurpurea (Lea) (oo... cds... ee 90

Burynia vanuxemensis (ea)... ..\.\)..... «20.08 see ot

Ferrissia adamsi Walker, n. sp. (pl. 3, figs. 7-9) ........ 74

Ferrissia blandi Walk., n. sp. (pl. 3, figs. 10-12) ........ 15

Ferrissia jJamaicensis Walker, n. sp. (pl. 3, figs. 1-3) .... 73

Florida, shells of Orlando .))0..5: .: 35.6.2 31

Florida, shells of the east coast. . ....... 0.00. . eee 119

Fusconaia barnesiana Lea .. 26... 5... «s se eee eee 83

Fusconaia cuneolus Lea. 5 20.25 kek ae ee 82

Fusconaia edgariana Lead .. .. 5.6). ssnes6e pee 83

Pusconaia pilaris Lea 00002200 oo oe ee eer 81

Galba vahli (Beek): ..)0.555.4.4\. 3.5 oe eek eee 68

Gastrocopta holzinger apna Pils, .........c.s85 se eee 29

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pils. ................ 13

Gastrocopta rupicola Say ..... .)...5..% ase eee 108

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Anthonyi Pils. ................ 14

Gonyodiscus shimeki cockerelli Pils. ...............-.- 5

Guatemala mollusea .): 20>. s0:5 » «sir et tee eee ee ee 37

Haplotrema. concava Say ..:. ....:. «s/c» ocis culties 28

Helicina occulta Say ...... ‘a leet ie» @ceins ladaxdlohele gitar 64

Hemisinus rugimosus Mor. : . ....5.).)..).0¢s se eee 47

Hinkley, Anson A. (obituary and portrait) ............ 55

Lampsilis higginsii Lea, anatomy of ................0.- 80

Land mollusks of the Belgian Congo .................. 102

and shells from Beaver Co., Pa... . 2.2 :22 eee 28

Land shells of Chokoloskee Key and Cape Sable, Fla..... 108

Land shells of Southern Florida ...:.....:¢2 eee 93

Lasmigona holstonia Lea. .....:.......)</:.. «1s e)18 spae 87

Thastena lutea Rak. . 2... 2.0. os os es cp ol ee 7

Lexingtonia dolabelloides Lea .. ......°.3..)s0 cutee 83

Liguus at Mareo, Wlorida. . ... .)4.\-.2 ce sis ple p ee ee 139, 140

Liguus fasciatus simpsoni, n. subsp. ....<. 2. Seen 140

Loess deposits near Alton, Illinois ............s sss oe 61

Luecidella tantilla Pils. .........5 o2.4: so le bpeee Siete 108

Lymnaea emarginata Say and L. ampla Mighels, type

localities Of ) 2... ..:. 6 2s .)s.< the 6.0 ie ave ee a rik!

Juaymnaea stagnalis appressa Say ..........a0neeeeee 10

Marine mollusca about New York City ...... sag eee 59

Medionidus conradicus Lea’... ...:.2.2./teene eee 90

Modiolus demissus Dillwyn, in San Francisco Bay ...... oI

Mussels, on the erosion and thickness of shells of the

fresh ‘water (oi)... 66 os eased pi te ds elece ete 15

THE NAUTILUS. es Vv

Naiad Fauna of the Mississippi River, notes on the ..... 80

REMMIPTEAEMS TE Met es oo 4 cos ce ao eine ae ase 1

North Dakota, shells from Jamestown ................. 29

Pe etnies. lb namede sea ane 117

Olivella boetica, new varieties ..................2-. 118, 119

NER oS eet SS cies cata vaca tela Bee 6, 12

eeahetes clote: Werriss; n. subsp. .........-22-..<000- 5,13

Oreohelix cummingsi Ferriss, i: SADR. = sl oaoane toes 5, ie

Seems eeemnemdirana Pils.!. oi)... lalla. sce ncue

DeemenPINCHRIN Pts.” of) 2 2... 1. cc ew ae ws oa opie 108

Pachycheilus indiorum (Morelet) .................... 44

Pachycheilus lacustris (Morelet) ...................-. 37

Pachycheilus pottsianus Hinkley, n. sp. ............... 54

SPM eet et ens o oh Ss hos ciate os meres 88

Poraviees mubidentaia (Bmmn.) ........2....2.2268- 28

Pree paerlianicus Gmel) 22... ol lle ee eee eee 60

Pecten (Patinopecten) rhytidus Dall, n. sp. ............ 77

Pecten (Plagioctenium) hallae Dall, n. sp. ............ 76

a EE San ea a ne 137

LS ES LeU SE | Eel ge ee ane a ie 137

Pennsylvania, land shells from Beaver Co. ............ 28

Physa humerosa interioris Ferriss, n. subsp. ........... 2,4

0 LE Se) Be en 68

SeenON IY ol bl ee ect e ce nnne 10

er eo aes sawn ening tee 133

Perec avisorme Conrad 2... oo... cee eee eae 85

Pama tideniaa umbilicata Ckll. .........:5.-..2-2.0-- 14

PUP ePEIEI A AY 2c ss ee seco eis esas 31

rremeen ei CEPIRS on. eevee eee ce 25

Polygyra multilineata altonensis Baker, n. var. ........ 65

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker, n. var. ........ 66

Portland catalogue, species named in the ............ 97, 124

Se EbtneeS, VATE... 2. ee a ee lee ngs oe 31

Psammacoma brasiliana Dall, n. sp. ..............--+- 132

Ptychobranchus subtentum Say .................--06- 88

AIEEE COUVCR 6 cos 5 acs essa elec ea se eee 31, 70, 104

Pupilla hebes mut. albescens Ferriss .................. 8,14

Ds Ee gl 0 6 13

RINE PRPEIEAGL ORY. . 5 iso ed ss ss eee ee es os 14

Pyramidula cumberlandiana Lea (pl. 1, fig. 1)......... 24

Pyramidula cumberlandiana alabama Clapp, n. var. (pl.

MPR as a Se a ents wise 2 alice oie es sai 25

Pyramidula cumberlandiana columba Clapp, n. var. (pl.

OEM 15s gio gape ete lca ahd,e ie a's Siar siee & 3 25

Pyramidula from Alabama, a new species of ........... 23

Pyramidula picta Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 1, fig. 4) ........... 23

vl THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula rupestris in’ Mame .”."........./. 00 scree 58

Pyramidula rupestris var. nylanderi Morse, n var. (fig.1) 59

Pyramidula shimekn Pils. .... 2.02... «+. ce soe 6

Razor shell, the leaping os. ova. .s see cee 95

Schasicheila walker1 Hinkley, n. sp. ..........-sece00e 53

Schizoplax multicolor Dall, nh. sp... .. . .). ce ok eee 22

Siphonaria japonica (Dons) ic. . i. is os s,s 141

Soleh ensis My... 5 ess Dew vn ere, shores = bse te 96

Sowerby, Georde Bretiingham ....... i... 2 cee eee 137

Spisula solidissimar ss 2s <4 bie «tein. cs chee See 59

Strobilops strebeli guatemalensis Hinkley, n. subsp. ..... 52

Suceinea rétusa Hea |). .)s 3 occ t= bisie sie le eee 10, 28, 62

Tapes philippinarum in the Hawaiian Islands ......... 107

Teoula hemphilli Oldroyd, nh. sp. <s.... «saan eee eee 115

Thysanophora horni \.).'.'..' .0:'. = «4 2s 22s <p ee 18

Tornatina tumida'Oldroyd, n: sp. ‘.. <..).w.0 soa 116

Turritidadé vs. TOrridae, 5 ...2% . i826 Ges eee 21,97

Vallonia pracilicostata Keinh. ... <2: ..2.. ssp eee

Valvata' lewisii helicoidea' Dall . 2. JV a ee eee 68

Venus statzert Don. i. ..3\0.6 > <cin wn) sles i eee 141

Vermetus nodosus Oldroyd, n..sp.......<. +6 astus eee 116

Vertigo modesta insculpta Pils... .. °. 2.0.05. 2>2 ese 14

Mitrina alaskana ‘Dall’... 2002's. ./sis «ecco ae ee 14

Vivaparus waltou Tryon '.’.'.\...'... 23 6 ss see 31

Wilder, Willian” | °..5 2's,0)s s'e4.o)008 sina de ts le eee 101

Yion National Park. sliellS of .... 2.2 2.0h¢ cc eee 140

Yonitoides alachuana Dall |. .'....00. ci... oe pe ee 14

ZFonitoides nummus Van. in Indiana *. 5: .%... eee 70

THE NAUTILUS. Vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

ae EE so Noss sisi es Sd a Hoennee weeks 61, 67

aN E o8)i S k. cs do oo ws t'd Ree eae oe A wk 57, 66

“pete (EBs 13 ea Ea a OP 23, 70, 108

RN Ook bos Soule bes women on 138

“ORE EL SSS 102, 113, 133

Re PONTE! oy solic ose sc we Gisvela wc cmv wae erences 109

emer Co oa odd) ose ed's 6 cise owe eres ee ot 137

NN oy ays S.c/s coo 4 clersiv sof) sik dccate ou de tao ote 29

cS Lin My 3 es 22, 27, 76, 97, 124, 132

ere ee oh irs lg Sw, psn Gace dd celeb @ eauk weataels 30

ee aa Ee a og Geos wee oo Sao are ww 4 Sicko die 1

LTD, LE LS) SIRE 138

DEL LOL LC SAS le ne 69

eam Treen cs dos 5s 14ie Wi latelevsys 6 ote aks Gules ws cle we 15, 80

Un? (6 10.6 ET Frage area ft 91, 142

OMNES acs siaicle oo odes bs Bods Wek koe Ladies 37

eM te PONT Ch ses go SS la a ee wo batalinneta dees 59

RERREP Ue ta a icec iS ss oa Asie w alder ares ae 36, 72, 106, 143

WEE. VCE 3 ane ee 110

NRE et ess ai ci ais a) < & ave) he ss: s!u)o.eiain otal ee, oo.5'm 4 « 58

ee ENS CEES ois. a's. 5 a, svi 6 a.¢-o's. cies ss ois ve tad.0 3 v ales 139

Pp IO cc's, crale a cis owe cineca cc¥ellemeecds 11, 419

WOMEN LGA. ccc cists ecb ec evassciecdesecees 93

JOSS. LS oe An ee 114, 117

SO eIMSUEATAMEE ME Pe Shs) 5 2)8)o alle 'c Se. a eis, # a, 0) 8).dt'm diese sue 6 eens 81, 141

pI TN oars ois sa ois 0 38's 31, 36, 72, 101, 106, 109, 140

MEMEO SMMC he 53/0. 5 5. 5 onc, 5 «) oo cia aah sive Wald ow sm ae dies 95

2 TEM De ee eA 107

PIRI Pe HUIATY Do oe LS bce ceed Saws eed ew eaas 100

IU MRRIIC IMME Cee eo SINS sess o's a wlan ls 0 ale € 00's 28, 31, 93, 140

RM eee mea MeN MTA cy) foe) iol! 3 Via), de anole |sils/e sislotinv eae oie. 8 32, 09, 73

ee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIV JULY, 1920. No. 1

THE NAVAJO NATION.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

( Concluded. )

In northeastern Arizona sandstone and shale of different

periods are the prevailing types, geologically. The Carrizo

range and a small country about sixty miles north of Hol-

brook, Arizona, and a few needles thrust through the desert

floor here and there belong to the igneous group. Less than

one-tenth is limestone, and in character of little worth to the

snail industry.

Vegetation is not so plentiful or varied in character as in the

region lying southward to the Mexican border, but much of the

material is new to collectors, and some of the species new to

science. At an elevation between 6,000 and 7,000 feet juniper

(J. monosperma) and pinyon (P. edulis), and up to 8,500 feet

yellow pine (P. ponderosa), quaking asp, spruce and oak pre-

vail, with columbines, phlox, aconitum, larkspur in the usual

mountain profusion. Ferns are rare.

W. N. Clute, editor of the American Botanist, and the pres-

ent writer, both of Joliet, Ill., were invited to join the class of

1919. They needed no urging. The good ship Ford, chafing

at its Tucson anchorage was in line at Flagstaff July 1. Leay-

ing the Lowell Observatory with the Normal School faculty and

several pleasant people, a run was made over to Grand View, on

the Grand Canyon, about 70 miles, to organize, get acquainted

and make a fresh start. It is one of the best views of the

2 THE NAUTILUS.

canyon. The auto parties camp here, but the hotel, now owned

by W. R. Hearst, is idle. The forest rangers’ camp is nearby

but otherwise there is no settlement here at present. Sonorella

coloradoensis (Stearns) was found at the type locality. Scenery,

fine air and the yellow-blooming century-plant (Agave utahensis)

were of particular interest.

Tuba City was our next camp, and it was necessary to return

to the San Francisco Mountains, 14 miles from Flagstaff to

cross the Painted Desert. This is the fourth time we have

passed this range with a peak of 12,794 feet and everlasting

snow. Surely Oreohelix is up there in the quaking asps, but

no conchologist has made a track so much as on the foothills.

At Cameron (Tanner) crossing was made over the canyon, of

the Little Colorado on a suspension bridge built by the govern-

ment. There was but a thread of water in the muddy flats

one or two hundred feet below. A little scratching here during

the luncheon hour did not turn up anything in the rocks or

drift. The road was fairly good and the autos hummed along

merrily over wide stretches of black lava, pebbled agate, iron

marbles and other geological curiosities, and at other stretches,

for achange, painted canyon walls and miles of grotesque wind-

made statues furnished entertainment. Although delayed four

hours in starting we traveled 122 miles and went into camp

early that day at Tuba. Purchased from the Mormons, this is

now a government city of schools, agency buildings, an agri-

cultural experiment station and a hospital.

Sand is the chief product of Tuba City, but springs are

numerous and the fields of grain and the orchards were thrifty.

At the boiling spring in our camp a new Pisidium and Physa

humerosa interioris, n. subsp. were gathered. Also cases of the

case-fly and a fair collection of dragon flies. .A large scarlet

species was the prize.

John Lee, of Mountain Meadow memory, was one of the

founders of Tuba. Later he established Lee’s Ferry on the

' Colorado, and later again at Mountain Meadow met his Water-

loo. On the rocks of Moenkoppi Wash is the village of Moen-

koppi. The homes and stores of these ancient cliff-dwellers

were closely inspected by the class, also their fields of corn,

THE NAUTILUS. 3

orchards and vineyards, hundreds of acres. School diplomas,

photographs and three-colored illustrations decorated their

walls, and clocks and sewing machines seemed home-like.

They are neat housekeepers, hospitable and surely happy.

These so-called Quaker Indians, the Hopis, and also the

more or less war-like Navajos, Utes and Piutes, with a few

goods bought from the traders—salt, sugar, baking powder and

calico—live as they have always lived. They are farmers with

fields of grain, alfalfa and vegetables in the low spots of the

desert; operators in live stock, manufacturers of blankets,

pottery and jewelry. The estimate of 1912 gave this nation

330,000 horses, 33,000 cattle, 1,500,000 sheep. They dress in

styles of their own, in dwellings cling to their ancient architec-

ture and keep their blood pure Indian. The Hopi has perma-

nent dwellings, four and five stories high, and perhaps may be

the original inventor of the Philadelphia sky-scraper apartment.

The Navajo with his solitary and temporary hogan of sticks and

mud, the Ute and Piute with tepees of skin or canvas, follow

their flock to the herding grounds, all at peace, one with an-

other, really not knowing tribal boundaries. There may bea

two-thousand-dollar auto in the front door yard of Mr. Navajo

if the ground is that level. The remainder of the family sur-

plus may be invested in government bonds, a banner with a

star in gold hanging from a door that is something like a muskrat

home, but they make their own moccasins and calico breeches,

and some of them still think they can whip the United States.

Since we broke camp one of those cockey white men, prospect-

ing for minerals against Indian instructions, was found lying

by a water hole on our trail and the signs of his taking-off were

Navajo.

The Hopi is a model Indian. He saves his money, never

had a quarrel with Uncle Sam, and without government boun-

ties has made his own living. A trader told us that when a

Navajo sold him ten dollars worth of wool he traded out the

full amount and asked for nine dollars more of credit, but the

Hopi left a quarter and took home nine seventy-five in cash.

The Navajo refused to dig for pottery, as the flu had given

them a scare; but we liked them and their splendid horses were

4 THE NAUTILUS.

kindly, well-broken and intelligent. Without a guide or guid-

ance they carried us for miles over naked sandstone where there

was not a scratch to mark the trail. Saddles of Navajo make

are in good taste and stand up well with the best of the saddler’s

art.

‘*Boy, boy,’’? came from a group of smiling Hopis at Tuba,

pointing to cavalry pantaloons as the girls climbed into cars.

The dogs barked, and with the government veterinarian in his

own Ford to lead us, the sand flew over the dunes to Kaibito.

Here Wetherill and his horses had been waiting for three days.

The cars were stored in the trader’s wool house, and two days

later we threw down the shovels and anchored those horses and

mules in the junipers of Endische Springs at the south foot of

Navajo Mountain.

There had been little opportunity for collecting, but while

watering our stock at two branches of Navajo Creek the drift

was found rich in small shells. The streams contained excel-

lent drinking water and were twenty or thirty feet in width. A

large amount of timber had been floated down from the mesas,

but we were traveling fast. Physa humerosa interioris was found

in the stream among the horsetails and water cress.

With the best of water spouting from the rocks, a beautiful

view and a delightful climate we settled down into a permanent

camp, began to feel acquainted and call each other by front

names. These pupils and instructors were a splendid group of

uncomplaining pottery diggers. Nearly every western state was

represented. Their forebears had been pioneers from Plymouth

Rock to California, and thus good sense and the square deal

came just natural.

From the southern approach Navajo Mountain is an oblong

dome, regular in form, longer east and west, without peaks or

precipices, ‘‘rising four thousand feet above the flat floor of the

Rainbow Plateau, an island in the midst of a sea of water-worn

and wind-worn brilliantly colored sandstone,’’ says Gregory.

A nearer view and a little travel finds precipices in plenty. In

fact so rough were the crags we found but one horse trail to the

upper levels, and that ended at War God Springs about half

way to the summit. Here at the springs is a fairly level bench

)

THE NAUTILUS. 5

in the yellow pine about a mile in width along the southern

and eastern slopes. The talus covered with quaking asp largely

composed of heavy sandstone blocks is an ideal situation and

Oreohelix was at home. The summit of about two hundred

acres fairly level is heavily clothed in spruce, and over the top,

under the precipices are occasional springs that feed the streams

crossing the Rainbow trail below. Many fairy bowers, coves

and valleys are hidden here for botanists and snail seekers.

Here we found a new Phlox (clutei); Oreohelix yavapai cwm-

mingsi n. subsp. and Gonyodiscus shimeki cockerelli Pils. were

found in their most robust form.

All of the mountain is sandstone, or so near it that shells

and their hunters notice no difference. ‘‘ Cretaceous sand-

stones cover the top and Jurassic (?) sediments constitute the

flanks,’’ to speak authoritively. The sandstone for the whole

region is rather variable in character due perhaps to the several

binding materials—lime, silicon, iron, manganese, etc. Many

specimens were brought to camp, and Prof. Scott’s verdict ran

to sandstone with an occasional decree favorable to petrified

wood.

Navajo Mountain has good soil for snail life, so fertile it is

not probable that all the species were gathered. Ata spring

on the south slope known to us as the Red Rock Spring, Oreo-

helix yavapai clutei n. subsp. was discovered accidentally in the

grass and rose bushes. Succinea avara was also here in the

bogs. Among the rocks of a large canyon west of Endische

Springs we found the bones of Oleohelix yavapai neomexicana

Pils., but found no live ones. This canyon heads in a saddle

near the main peak of the mountain and for convenience may

be known as Big Pine Canyon until further orders. The north

and northeast slopes were not fully explored although three of

our party camped at War God Springs the better part of a week.

The great rock slides of those slopes probably contain the best

snaileries. Four Oreohelix tribes per mountain is a new record

for Arizona.

Before returning home Mr. Wetherill and his Indians led the

way to the War God Springs and then on foot to the top of the

mountain for the view over the San Juan country, and then

6 THE NAUTILUS.

around the base of the mountain on horseback to the Rainbow

Bridge. On the mountain top an Oreohelix depressa came to

the surface following a shower of rain, in every way almost

identical to the shells found by Henderson and Daniels at

stations 22 and 23, 1915, near Ogden, Utah. The forest rub-

bish about the springs was alive with Pupas and Zonitids and

Vallonias. A few Oreohelix yavapai neomexicana Pils. were in

the rock slides.

The outlook from the crest overlooked the Rainbow Bridge,

the canyons of the San Juan, other canyons, bridges, caverns,

domes, sunlights and shadows, white, brown, and all the reds

and all the shades of the amethyst. Also the plateaus beyond

the Grand Canyon, the Henry Mountains, 11,410 feet, the Blue,

11,445, Aquarius 10,100, LaSal 12,271. Also the white and

black mesas and the Carrizo mountains to the south and east

were in view.

The Rainbow Bridge is in the strict rainbow form and with

some of its colors. But 30 feet in thickness, with its 309 of

altitude and 208 width, in lightness of architecture it seemed

something of steel. The average camera does not give an

accurate estimate of sharp hillsides and scenery large as this

bridge.

It rained a little these evenings, but the bridge kept us dry,

and at a camp in Surprise Canyon blankets were spread in

wind holes of the cliff. To imitate the swallows, heads and

feet were made to peep outa little. At the bridge one of the

party imitated the pack rats for a little while and for the first

time in his desert experience made a complete collection of fleas.

The chute of Zane Grey is an interesting feature of this trail, so

narrow it seemed the walls in passing could be touched with

either hand, and so high the passage was gloomy. Abduction

Cliff and the balanced rock that exterminated the wicked band

were true to photographs, one on the trail the other at Navajo

Creek, thirty miles away.

In fiction, details in scenery and character should be true to

life, though a little latitude may get through of a geograph-

ical character. We know Grey’s Roaring River, and we

camped for weeks at the corral he helped to build for Silver

{

THE NAUTILUS. i

Mine; we know his Painted Desert, and have struck his trail in

So many places we know his details are accurate and well done.

Hon. David Rust, of Kanab, schooled at Leland Stanford

University, an editor and twice a member of the Utah legisla-

ture, said the only fault ‘‘here is that Gray deals in ancient

history.’? Well, so it is with many of us. We do not ask to

have witchcraft, intolerance, superstition or any of those dis-

gusting household remedies spread on the records.

David and his son, David Jordan, gave us a pleasant surprise

at Endische Springs. They were cousins of mine and it was our

first meeting. Our mothers’ ancestors, Ezekiel Brown and wife

and two sons were kidnapped by the New York Indians and

kept in captivity nearly four years. Rust and Ferriss thus in-

herited their wild ways, and had much in common to talk

about. Ferriss all his life, too, because of -this family episode,

has been tracking New York Indians, especially up and down

Wall Street.

A couple of young boys from New York City, taking in the

sights from Zion Park to Mesa Verda, were in the care of the

Rusts, Arnold W. Kobler, Jr., and Chas. P. Schulzheimer.

Though but seventeen they were live wires educationally and

went off at the end of a few days with the hearts of us all.

They saw a large yellow snail walking up the rocks at Rainbow

Bridge, a Sonorella, perhaps, but we found only Succinea avara,

Physa humerosa interioris and Pupilla hebes.

Loaded with pottery and other material historic, after a few

weeks of toil we returned to Kaibeto, assisted by Navajos and

their horses. Here we met John Lee, a grandson of the Lee

Ferry John, who brought in a report that we were at Navajo

Mountain in a starving condition and that the girls had worn

out their shoes. The Lees may bea little peculiar, but ina

sparsely settled country rumors seem to spring from the ground

and spread remarkably fast.

It is a day’s journey from Kaibeto to Marsh Pass via Red

Lake, by auto or across country by horseback. The Dean and

our Navajo friend Leslie made the journey on horseback, for

there were ruins on the way. The main party returned to Red

Lake and switchbacked to the Pass. The roads had been

damaged by late rains and both parties were a day late.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

The trader at Red Lake opened house for us and between the

stores of the trader and our camp chest it was something like a

return to civilization. The living room above the store was

well equipped and the ladies took possession, the gentlemen

making their nests in the sand-dunes.

These trading posts are constructed much on the plan of the

old frontier forts. The buildings are strong, the counters high

and sometimes screened, for in their trade discussions the

Navajos may resort to direct action. A few traders have lost

their lives in these disputes and some of their goods. One of

these was an elder brother of Wetherill. We look back with

much pleasure to the over night at Red Lake.

The road to Marsh Pass led through the Klethia valley. Lake

reservoirs, fields and corrals by the road side, luxuriant sun-

flowers and fire-weeds promising greater agricultural develop-

ment, is our recollection of the ride. Marsh Pass is a rocky cut

between the Black and Skeleton Mesas. An abundance of fire-

wood and water stored in natural cisterns make this a conveni-

ent camping place, and Leslie kept camp while the entire class

on foot explored the ruins for a couple of days in Laguna

Canyon.

It was a pleasing journey of six miles along the floor of the

canyon with high cliffs and palisades to the noted Betatakin

ruins of 148 rooms. A rain storm overtook the lagging snail

party, and while they were crouching under overhanging cliffs

they were given an exhibition of many bridal-veil falls break-

ing over the precipices. The forest dooryard at Betatakin was

somewhat damp the remainder of the day, but the quaking

asps and spruce were swarming with Pupillide, and here was

found something new, Pupilla hebes mut. albescens. The damp

collectors by a fire and protected by the city arch slept the

sleep of the honest toiler and dried their clothing. The ladies

descended ladders from the roofs and spread their blankets on

the smooth sandstone flooring. The gentlemen slept on rocky

shelving above the houses and the Dean, Casabianca to the

core, stayed by the cooking beans and got wet.

‘‘Betatakin is a homelike spot,’’ is the first thought of the

visitor. The arched cavern in the cliff is 400 feet in width,

THE NAUTILUS. 9

460 in heighth, opening to the west, has an easy approach, a

spring of excellent water at the base, a heavy forest and a wall

five hundred feet or more high, and a small stream of water in

front. It seems the most delightful and romantic of situations

for village life. The ruins have been partially restored by the

government, and our class for the coming summer propose to

make it their home while exploring a number of newly-discoy-

ered ruins near by. Supplies will be assembled at Kayenta.

A return to the main branch of Laguna Canyon and a walk

of eight or ten miles further from camp the following day in

which the party was somewhat delayed and strung out by the

ripe currants along the trail, brought us to the Keet-Seel ruins.

This city has about the same number of rooms as Betatakin,

the arch was about the same, but faced east. The forest was

not as heavy, the water not as convenient, it had not been res-

tored as it should be, and access was a little difficult. The

approach is negotiated by steps cut in a deep slope of sandstone

for about forty feet with a hand-rail laid flat on the surface for

safety. Thus those who approach must come humbly on all

fours. The pottery was a rich find at these ruins and there still

remain many wagon loads of the broken material.

The probabilities are that the Hopis were compelled to leave

these delightful homes against their will; that they were too

easily penned up here by the war-like Navajos and their Apache

cousins. At least the Hopis now live on the small and high

mesas of the desert where they can see out in every direction,

watch their flocks and fields and get a fair view of all who ap-

proach. Such is the theory. The decorations upon pottery,

the architecture of dwellings and community buildings, with

timber, corn and pumpkin rinds preserved these hundreds of

years by the overhanging arches, are substantially the same as

those now in use by the Hopis of Moenkopi and Walpi.

Upon the return Journey bones of Lymnza in the bed of the

creek, in banks, washes and ant-hills above started an investi-

gation, and it was found that these shells were imbedded in a

streak of marl and peat soil sometimes a dozen feet below the

canyon floor. Wetherill told us that thirty-five years ago the

valley contained a chain of swamps fed by the stream. A sim-

10 THE NAUTILUS.

ilar condition was found at Fredonia, Arizona, by Ferriss and

Daniels in 1910. The older residents said that twenty-five

years before the Kanab Wash was clothed with grass and there

was merely a few damp spots here and there along the valley,

that the cattle had cut a trail down the valley and this trail had

been deepened year after year by the stream. In 1910 the

water of Kanab Wash was 90 feet below the floor of the valley

and a permanent stream was of such a volume as to be known

as ariver. A recent freshet had taken out the community dams

storing water for domestic use at Kanab and Fredonia, and the

village streets were still muddy from the disaster. Perhaps

these two streams and many others had a big cut the same sea-

son and by the same freshet. _We see much evidence of this

cutting and also of some filling. Perhaps after a stream here

is cut to the bed rock it again fills with brush wood and soil

washed from above.

Lymnea stagnalis appressa Say was found in the canyon peat

and it may perhaps still be found alive in some of the ponds

and lakes of the mesas. We saw the lakes but an auto party is

too fast for pond snails. Lymnza (Galba) palustris (Mull).

Lymnea proxima Lea, Lymnea (Pseudogalba) parva, Planorbis

wivolvis Say, and Succinea retusa Lea, now a stranger to the

locality, were also gathered; but the material was in poor con-

dition, the shades of night were coming fast, all alone in an

Indian country and it had been a twelve-hour walk. It was

ten before the camp fire was beckoning at Marsh Pass.

' Wetherill came to escort us to his home at Kayenta the next

morning, and then led us two more days on horseback through

Monument Park where peaks, steeples and effigies more than a

thousand feet high seem to stick up through the plateau floor.

While waiting for the snake dance, nearly a week of delight in

desert literature, paintings, photographs and evening lectures

was our lot at this club-like home. It is something of a head-

quarters for the government explorers, and for all sorts of

writers, artists and students who desire to know something of

the Navajos.

The party divided here, one-half returning home, the other

going on to the snake dance at Walpi. The journey of two

THE NAUTILUS. 11

days by auto was made in five, owing to weather conditions.

We enjoyed the journey through the Chinlee valley where with

government assistance thousands of acres of corn were under

cultivation, and the side-winder rattler was added to our col-

lection.

We also stumbled into Ganado, headquarters of the Hubbel

string of trading posts established some forty years ago. Hon.

Lorenzo Hubbell, its head, many years a representative of the

territories of New Mexico and Arizona in Congress, was at

home. Here was another museum of Indian baskets, blankets,

paintings, desert books and the many things Indian we were

looking for. Paintings of all the patterns in blankets used by

the Navajos were on the walls, and one hundred at least of the

original portraits in sepia of Indians by that best of artists,

Elbridge Ayer Burbank.

Lorenzo Hubbell, Jr., of Oraibi, was a delightful acquaint-

ance. In an empty Buick he overtook us the next morning

after the Ganado visit. ‘‘Throw in a lot of those dunnage

bags and some of those girls and I will help you the next ten

miles; the road is rough that far,’’ he said; and we went to it

and built a bridge. When the flood from the cloudburst had

passed we ran ahead into another cloudburst and built another

bridge, the men folks, including Hubbell, pulled off their

shoes, rolled up their pantaloons and waded through the mud

and cactus for half a day in their bare feet, built bridges, dug

out machines with shovels and their bare hands, pushed and

slipped and tumbled until dark, and Hubbell stayed with us

through it all. He was plainly that kind. When the cowboys

and Indians saw him at a distance they grinned the width of

their face. came up, slipped off their horses and shook hands

heartily.

Humiliating to relate, an Indian boy with a burro was em-

ployed to pull out a car we could not push, and did it. On

another occasion two men of our party, stuck upon the hillside

of the San Juan, had their machine pulled over the top by a

Najavo woman and her burro, with merely a rope around the

donkey’s neck.

The snake dance of the Hopis terminates an annual nine-day

12 THE NAUTILUS.

religious ceremony, a prayer for rain. Here were seven hun-

dred spectators from coast to coast, as interested and respectful

as these deeply religious Indians themselves. About sixty or

seventy live snakes were carried around the ring in the mouths

of the priests, one snake at atime. Twenty or more of these

exhibits were the common poisonous rattler—the side-winder

or Edwards’ massasauga (Sistruris catenatus edwardsi B. & G.),

and the other the prairie rattler (Crotalus confluentus Say). No

fangs were pulled, no persons bitten, no fainting, none were

awe-stricken. There was no frenzy. Everybody cool and sat-

isfied. Even those who paid a dollar for a watermelon or fifty

cents for a loaf of bread ate calmly, politely and said nothing.

The party again divided at Holbrook, and at Galup Mr.

Clute left for home and Cummings and Ferriss made a side trip

to Montecello, Utah, via. the Ship Rock agency and Cortez,

Colorado, thus avoiding the Ute Mountain and passing over the

toes of Mesa Verde with its great ruins.

The Blue Range, known on some of the maps as the Altas

Abajo, is about eight miles from Montecello. The walking is

good and the lumber road lands one at the sawmill on the

north fork of the Montezuma Creek, the very heart of the moun-

lain range. These peaks are covered by thick groves of aspen

and spruce with large open spaces of coarse grass and slides of

sandstone fringed with wild currants and raspberries. Here

again Oreohelix y. cwmmingst was found abundant in the shale

and also scattered among the rock slides and the aspens, with

O. cooperi and O. depressa. At station 365 a few cummingsi

were found approaching the albino form. At station 370 in

tall grass O. cooperi was variable in size, also in the same en-

vironment in the vicinity of the copper mines, our Sta. 366.

As a rul3 these were much smaller than those found in the

aspens. The collecting conditions are ideal and this range

should he further explored. In the few days given to the work

collections were not made farther than a couple of miles from

the sawmill in any direction. Some of the maps show that it

is about forty miles from the sawmill to the Elk ridge on the

west.

It was heart-breaking to leave without shaking hands with

THE NAUTILUS. 13

the La Sal range, so convenient to Montecello, a stage running

to the La Sal P. O. at the foot of the range. Then, too, there

was the Carrizo range a short distance from where we crossed

the San Juan at Ship Rock, but duty called us away from this

new and prosperous agricultural section. (This is thrown in

because the Dean had just harvested over 3,000 bushels of wheat

from less than seventy acres of sage-brush land.)

September 13th the party again divided, Ferriss to Joliet and

the Dean for Tucson, taking with him a couple of young

Wetherills to the University, adding with his machine that

much to our desert journey. The girls did their part like men,

there was no sickness, no accidents, no great adventures and it

was the most enjoyable picnic ever in the most country per acre

ever.

Concerning the little ones: Pupilla syngenes Pils. and syngenes

dextroversa P. & F. seek the well-drained hillsides where grass

roots and spawls of stone lying upon the soil furnish shelter.

So far they have not been gathered in deep forest conditions

where pupas mostly congregate. The first of these was found

alive in the grassy hummocks under the dry cliffs of the Black

Mesa at Marsh Pass and again at Kayenta.

The other was associated with Oreohelizx y. clutei in the rose

bushes and grass at Red Rock Spring on the south slope of

Navajo Mountain.

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.), Pupoides hordaceus

(Gabb) and Gastrocopta cristata (Pils. and Van.), of the plains,

are seldom found alive. When dead shells appear in the ant-

hills a little patience and some time may obtain a few live ones

in the grass, chips of wood or surface stone in that vicinity.

The great harvest of these (dead) has been found in the drift of

streams draining the plains.

Thysanophora horni at Brownsville, Texas, is at home in leaf

mold of the mesquit thickets, and has colors and bristles. In

Arizona it is found under conditions so dry no other snail ex-

cept Succinea avara will keep it company, but it thrives and is

found in large numbers with the Chenazis pupas in rock piles

shaded by cliffs.

The Thysanophora ingersolli group keep company with the

14 THE NAUTILUS.

Pupillidae, Zonitoides, Gonyodiscus, Vallonia, Vitrina alaskana,

Euconulus, and Cochlicopa lubrica, in deep rock slides and damp

forest rubbish.

Some of the others than those mentioned in this paper are

here located from the notes: Pupilla hebes (Anc.), fossil beds of

Laguna canyon; leaf mold Navajos and Blue Mountains and

the Black Mesa at the Rainbow Bridge, in moss and horsetails

( Equisetum).

Pupilla hebes mut. albescens, now published for the first time,

in the aspens at the Betatakin ruins, abundant and variable,

sometimes toothed, albino.

Pupilla blandi Morse, drift of Chinlee and wash near Adamana.

Gastrocopta ashmuni (St.), drift of a wash from the north,

near Adamana, Arizona, and in the drift of a branch of the

Chinlee near the Utah boundary.

Gastrocopta procera meclungi (Hanna and Johnson), drift near

Adamana.

Vertigo ovata Say, drift near Adamana and Navajo Creek near

the Tso ranch, and fossil beds of Laguna Canyon.

Vertigo coloradoensis arizoniensis, Pils. & Van., fossil beds of

Laguna Canyon, drift of Chinlee near Utah boundary.

Vertigo modesta insculpta Pils., War God and Two Springs,

Navajo Mountain, Blue Mountain, Snow Spring near Monte-

cello, Utah, drift of Navajo Creek near Tso ranch.

Vallonia gracilicostata Reinh., Blue Mountain and the fossil

beds of Laguna Canyon.

Others collected that seem to be common to the region wher-

ever conditions are favorable were the following: Vallonia per-

spectiva St. and cyclophorella Ckll., Gonyodiscus cronkheiter anthonyt

(Pils. ), Zonitoides alachuana (Dall), arboreus (Say), Polita in-

dentata umbilicata (Ckll.), Euconulus fulvus (Mill), Vitrina

alaskana Dall, Cochlicopa lubrica (Miuill.), Pupoides marginata

(Say), Gastrocopta pilsbryiana (St.), Succinea avara ( Say).

THE NAUTILUS. S

ON THE EROSION AND THICKNESS OF SHELLS OF THE FRESH-WATER

MUSSELS.

BY N. M. GRIER, PH. D., HOLLINS COLLEGE.

In connection with another investigation, I had opportunity

to summarize what is apparently most of the literature dealing

with these little discussed and connected phases of the ecology

of the Naiades, and now wish to present it in the light of other

points this investigation brought out.

Hey (1), compared shells of U. pictorwm and U. tumidus from

the Ouse and Foss Rivers in England. The Ouse River is a

wide and deep stream with a great deal of mud and receives a

variety of drainage material. Hey believed the erosion of the

shellg in it was due either to the dissolved CO, in the water, or

the rapidity of the current, for in the Foss River, where condi-

tions were generally opposite ones, they showed little such dis-

figurement or none. Shrubsole (2) states erosion in shells may

be attributed to the low percentage of lime in the water, which

he analyzed, and found to be positively correlated with this

fact. Beauchamp (3), also, felt that erosion might be due to

dissolved carbon dioxide, for he found that shells were con-

siderably eroded in streams flowing through limestone forma-

tions; moreover dead shells in water containing an abundance

of lime were similarly affected. March (4), however, states

that shells from districts highly charged with CO, have thin

shells, which are not eroded at the beaks, and was inclined to

attribute this to the absence of humic acid, ‘‘ which does not

occur where limestone does; or the absence or excess of chalk.’’

Cooper (5) states that badly deformed shells are found in water

of excessive saltness, while Baker (6) noted in Cardium, a

marine pelecypod, that thinness of shell seemed correlated with

the saltness of the water. Finally, Rich (7) tells of some shells

( Unio complanatus) from a soft-water lake in New York which

were almost free from lime. Further on in this paper it will

be shown that while the waters of Lake Erie contain more lime

than those of the Upper Ohio Drainage, shells are comparatively

thicker in the latter.

It is at once observed that more of the above writers ascribe

16 THE NAUTILUS.

erosion of shells to the presence of CO, in the water. This is

also confirmed in a way from the interpretation of geologic data,

which gives evidence of the solvent power of ‘‘ carbonic acid.”’

Not only is CO, being continually liberated in nature in other

ways, but there is hardly any doubt but that the interaction of

humic acid often present in streams with lime may also produce

CO,. Thus the observation of Shrubsole, whose shells were

collected from a drainage containing a diversified material, may

plausibly fitin here. Of course the fact must never be excluded

that coarser material carried along by the current also plays a

part in the erosion of shells, but the consequences of such a

factor may be intensified by the chemical reactions which already

may have taken place. Most of the eroded shells I have, ex-

amined come from streams having an abundance of gravel.

Again, it is probable that in some cases an abundance of lime

in a stream may neutralize the humic acid before the latter can

produce any marked effect.

Later on, some evidence will be presented in support of

March’s contention to the effect that high CaCO, content of the

water somehow inhibits absorption of material, preventing the ©

shell from becoming as thick as it might. This, however, is

only a phase of the well-established principle that living cells

are able to control the absorption of substances used in their

metabolism. Sinceit is admitted that the lime of shells comes

from the water in which they live, there is reason to think there

may be some correlation—positive or negative—between the

amount of lime present and the thickness of the shells. Several

investigators have indicated their probable attack of this prob-

lem, but so far there does not seem to be any published results.

Having already secured data on the thickness of the shell and

reduced it to a convenient factor, (the thickness just superior

to the pallial line directly beneath the umbo, divided by the

height), I found a publication of the U. S. Geological Survey

(8) which fortunately gave analyses of the water at the same

or what seem to be reasonably adjacent points to where my

material had been collected. All the localities concerned—col-

lecting, and points where analysis of water was taken, are indi-

cated in the data which appear to correlate for my conclusions

in the table.

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THE NAUTILUS. 0

From the table the following conclusion may be drawn, quali-

fied of course by the conditions under which the data is pre-

sented:

1. In all or the majority of cases discussed from the Upper Ohio

Drainage, it appears that the thickness of the shell is positively corre-

lated with the percentage of lime in the water.

2. In all the cases of the species from Lake Erie, it appears that

the thickness of the shell is negatively correlated with the percentage of

CaCO, in the water.

Why the shells of Lake Erie do not follow the type of corre-

lation obtained for those from the Upper Ohio (should this ap-

pear perfectly substantiated), must be largely speculative at

present, but the following facts are offered in the light of affect-

ing the ultimate explanation. Walker, (9), has already indi-

cated the general differences between the shells of L. Erie and

their parent forms of the Upper Ohio. L. Erie shells are com-

paratively little eroded, shorter, greater relative degree of infla-

tion, and in some species other characteristics indicating a de-

pauperate type of growth. Certain characteristics of this type

are so marked that it has been considered justifiable to assign

certain L. Erie shells the rank of varieties (10). Possibly we

may recognize the less relative thickness of L. Erie shells as a

physiological variation keeping touch with the morphological

ones. Dr. Walker in correspondence suggests that these differ-

ences as above described may be due to different physical con-

ditions present in L. Erie such as the freedom from disturbance,

lower temperature and greater alkalinity of the water. Baker

recorded Cardiwm thinnest where the water had the greater

saltiness. Comparative and representative analyses of L. Erie

and Upper Ohio water show that the former has twice as great

alkalinity, and in addition to the greater amount of CaCO, as

already pointed out, a greater proportion of sodium and _ potas-

sium sulfates, and a large quantity of magnesium carbonate and

sulfate which are not reported from the Upper Ohio Drainage.

These latter elements occur in sea water to a higher degree than

is usually ever reported for fresh water, and their presence may

account in the light of the observations I have given, for the

effect brackish water seems to have in malforming and depau-

22 THE NAUTILUS.

perating shells, although of course in this particular case the

excess of CaCO; itself, may inhibit extended absorption of itself,

or this be prevented by the presence of other compounds. In

conclusion, I wish to express my obligation to Dr. A. E.

Ortmann, on whose material at the Carnegie Museum these

observations were made.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Hey, W. C., ‘Freshwater Shells in the Ouse and Foss.” Journal Con-

chology, Vol. 3, no. 9, 1882.

2. Shrubsole, G. W. “ Erosion of Certain Freshwater Shells,” Journal Con-

chology, Vol. 2, no. 3, 18.

3. Beauchamp, W. ‘“Eroded Shelis.” Conchol. Exchange, Vol. 1, p. 50,

1886.

4. March, M.C. ‘Studies in Morphogenesis of Certain Peleypods.” 4a,

Preliminary Note on Variation of U. pictorum, U. tumidus, Anodonta cygnea,”

Mem, and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc,, 1910-11, p. 1-18.

5. Cooper, J. E. ‘‘ Note on Decollated Shells.” Journal Conchol. Vol 13,

NOL, LILO;

6. Baker, F. C. ‘‘On some Variations of Cardium edule apparently corre-

lated to the conditions of Life.” Phil, Trans, 1889.

7. Rich, S. C. ‘An aberrant Form of U. complanatus, Dillwyn.” Science,

N.S. Vol. XLII, no. 1086, 1915.

8. Lewis, S. G. “ Quality of Water in the Upper Ohio River Basin and at

Erie, Pa.”” Water Supply Paper, 161, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906,

9. Walker, Bryant, ‘‘ Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.” NavurTiLus 27,

1913,

10, Grier, N. M. ‘‘ New Varieties of Naiades from L. Erie.” NaurTiLus 32,

1918,

A NEW ALASKAN CHITON.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

ScHIZOPLAX MULTICOLOR Nn. sp.

Chiton depressed, broad, wider behind than in front, maroon

varied with white streaks, with a rather wide girdle, the surface

of which is covered with soft bristles like those of Mopalia mus-

cosa, among which are sparsely scattered, irregularly disposed,

longer translucent spicules; surface of the valves minutely uni-

formly reticulate under the lens, appearing smooth to the un-

aided eye; the mesial suture evident, the fifth valve widest, the

THE NAUTILUS. 23

posterior valve very small with a subcentral inconspicuous ver-

tex at the anterior third; anterior valve with nine, middle valves

with two, posterior valves with two slits, the interior lines of

which are marked by a row of minute pores; the middle of the

valves on each side of the median suture conspicuously porous

internally. Length in alcohol 8, maximum breadth 6 mm.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 383018.

St. Paul Island, Bering Sea.

This differs from the type of the genus S. brandtii Midden-

dorff in color, form, characters of the girdle and depression of

the body; S. brandtii has nine slits in the posterior valve which

is proportionately larger. If additional specimens confirm its

peculiarities, S. multicolor may perhaps form a special subdivis-

ion of the genus.

A NEW SPECIES OF PYRAMIDULA FROM ALABAMA AND NOTES ON

P, CUMBERLANDIANA WITH NEW VARIETIES.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

PYRAMIDULA PicTAn. sp. Pl. I, Fig. 4.

Shell thin, the color markings showing through, broadly

umbilicate, the umbilicus dome-shaped, exhibiting all of the

whorls to the apex and about one-fourth the diameter of the

shell; whorls very convex above and below with a sharp per-

fectly smooth, white carina; apex delicately granulated for nearly

a complete whorl before the ribs begin to show, first 24 whorls

rounded then a distinet ribbed carina is formed and the ribbing

continues, getting gradually weaker and finally disappearing on

the penultimate whorl. There is a distinct impressed line

above the carina on the upper whorls. Ribs weak and almost

obsolete on the body whorl. Body color a delicate cream tint

with irregular, chocolate-brown blotches which stop at the

carina; below a row of squarish blotches immediately below the

carina and a second row of narrow flame-like markings extend-

ing, faintly, into the umbilicus. Lip thin; aperture very ob-

lique, much wider than high. Whorls 6.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Greater diameter 203, lesser 183, altitude 9mm. Aperture

9 Xf mm:. . ‘Type.

Greater diameter 20, lesser 184, altitude 10 mm.

Greater diameter 18, lesser 17, altitude 10 mm. A very con-

vex shell.

These shells, over 50 in number, were collected by the late

Herbert H. Smith at a place called ‘‘ Buck Creek Cove’? or

‘* No Business Cove,’’ about 3 miles north of Anderson, Frank-

lin Co., Tenn., in 1906. Types No. 7101 of my collection,

paratypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, and of Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.

In shape, sculpture and markings, but particularly in the

perfectly smooth carina, this species stands out from all others of

the group; it is the most distinctly marked and richest in col-

oring of all of the Pyramidulas.

P. CUMBERLANDIANA (Lea). Pl. I, Figs. 1. Sewanee, Tenn.

The original description and figure of this species, Trans.

Am. Phil. Soc., VIII, 229, pl. VI, fig. 61, are very good and

agree exactly with the shells found at Sewanee, Tenn., by

Bishop Elliott and later collectors. Lea’s original locality was

‘Cumberland Mountains, near Jasper, Tenn.,’’ which is about

20 miles southeast of Sewanee. I have not seen the type but

if, as Dr. Binney says, the Sewanee shells are the same, both

Lea and Binney failed to note that the ribs become much stronger

on the carina giving a saw-tooth effect.

Dr. Binney, Terr. Moll., II, p. 216, gives the size as ‘‘ Di-

ameter three-fourths of an inch; axis one-fourth of an inch,”’ or

about 19x 7 mm. W. G. Binney, Manual, p. 258, says:

‘‘Greater diameter 15, lesser 13 mm.; height 5mm.’’ Of 42

shells in my collection, over half of them from Sewanee, and

two labeled ‘‘E. Tenn. (Elliott-Bland)’’ from the Redfield

collection, the largest run from 16 to 17 mm. diameter. H. H.

Smith collected a few typical shells at Paint Rock, Jackson Co.,

Ala.

At Woodville, Jackson Co., Ala., Mr. H. E. Sargent found a

form of cumberlandiana with slightly weaker ribs above and be-

low and with the upper whorls less shouldered, but it is hardly

THE NAUTILUS. 25

distinct enough to be separated. The largest of the Sargent

shells that I have seen measures, gr. diam. 184, less. 164, alt.

7 mm., whorls 5%, umbilicus less than one-third of the diameter

of the shell. A single shell collected by H. H. Smith in the

same locality measures 19? * 84 mm., whorls 6.

In cumberlandiana there is a single row of small, faint, squar-

ish, brown markings just below the carina on the base; in the

Woodville shells these spots are larger and much darker. Figs.

2. Woodville, Ala.

P. CUMBERLANDIANA ALABAMA n. var. PI. I, Figs. 3. Gurley,

Ala.

Differs from the type by its larger size, much finer and flatter

ribs and more convex shape; carina white, sharp, but less

pinched than in the type and the ribs on the carina much lower

and less accentuated. Ground color lighter than in the Sewanee

shells and markings darker. There is a single row of squarish

flames just below the carina on the base. Umbilicus about one-

fourth the diameter of the shell.

Gr. diam. 213, less. 194, alt. 94 mm. Aper. 94 x 8 mm.

Whorls 6. Type.

Gr. diam. 214, less. 183, alt. 10 mm. Aper. 9 X 7 mm.

Whorls 6. Huntsville.

Collected by H. H. Smith in 1905 on Vincent Mountain,

near Gurley and on Smithers Mountain, 5 miles N. W. of

Huntsville, both in Madison Co., Ala. Types No. 7132 of my

collection (Gurley) and paratypes in the collections of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and Dr. Bryant

Walker, Detroit, Mich.

P. CUMBERLANDIANA COLUMBA n. var. Pl. I, Fig. 5. Dove,

Tenn.

Like the type in sculpture, color and markings, but not

pinched at the carina. Heavily ribbed above and on the carina,

but below the ribs are much finer, about 2.1. There is a single

row of chocolate brown, diagonal markings immediately below

the carina.

Gr. diam. 184, less. 164, alt. 8 mm. Aper. 74 X 7 mm.

Whorls 5.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Near Dove, Marion Co., Tenn., on ‘‘ Kast slope of Battle

Creek valley among rocks.’’? Collected by H. H. Smith in

1906. Types No. 7100 of my collection, paratypes in collec-

tions of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and

Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.

Had this form been found in any other region it might

equally well have been considered a variety of alternata, but

being found in the region of cwmberlandiana I think it best to

make it a variety of that species.

ACHATINELLA HUNTING IN NORTHWESTERN OAHU.

We take the liberty of printing extracts from a letter received

some time ago from Mr. Irwin Spalding of Honolulu, in expla-

nation of the interesting photograph of living Achatinellas re-

produced on plate II. Asa general rule, these snails are found

‘*sleeping’’ by day, on the under side of a leaf as in the pic-

ture, under loose bark, or in a knot hole. They are doubtless

active chiefly by night.

Those who have used the monograph in the Manual of Con-

chology know that many species and color-races once abundant

are now rare, some doubtless extinct. Dr. Newcomb and Mr.

Gulick collected fine tree-shells in quantity where forests are

now but a tradition, and their shells are often of color-patterns

strange to the modern collector. It is most gratifying to learn

that some of these long-lost species are being turned up at

higher levels. Mr. Spalding writes as follows:

‘*So many good things have come my way along the land-

shell line these last two months that I really don’t know how

to begin and tell you all about them. To start in with, I spent

my three weeks vacation this year collecting on Oahu, started

in at Opaeula and worked around through Waimea, Pupukea,

Waialee, Kahuku, Leie, finally landing up at Hauula. Only

2367 Achatinella and Amastra for the trip, but here is the best

of it all, found four of the supposed extinct species, A. buli-

moides ; A. emersont ; typical old-time, banded mottled A. curta,

and last but not least, A. ?; the latter to be seen in the ac-

PLATE ?

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV

GEO. H. CLAPP: ON PYRAMIDULA

PLATE II.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV.

ACHATINELLA ELEGANS NEWC.

THE NAUTILUS. . yt

companying photograph of six fine adults on a leaf [Plate IT].

I will give you six guesses, if you guess their identity I will

send you six. As I have hinted more or less where it comes

from, I suppose you have guessed correctly at least once out of

the six trials, so by bearer you have your shells [they are Acha-

tinelli elegans Nec., from Hauula, long supposed to be extinct].

What do you think of that fora find? The first trip netted me

40, second 13, and the last 134, each trip representing as many

different ridges. I consider this one of the best land-shell finds

of the last dozen years or so.

‘* A. bulimoides is as good as extinct. The first day netted

me 7, second day but one. They look very much, as Wilder

says, like a reversed rosea. The two other species we struck in

small colonies, collecting probably a hundred of each.

‘*T was greatly disappointed in the Waialee district, finding

none of the old-timers reported from that section.

‘“Tn the fossil bed at Kahuku I found what Montague Cooke

claims is a new species of Amastra, a form between Leptachatina

and Amastra, small and cylindrical.

‘*T am glad that you have come to the conclusion that there

are too many Pterodiscus named from Oahu. It was only a

couple of weeks ago that I struck a locality west of Palikea in

the Waianae Mts. Not the so-called Palikea where Thaanum

found his heliciformis, according to the Manual. His locality is

Green Peak, marked erroneously on maps as Palikea,—the same

place where I found this species some six years ago. Palikea

is the high peak northwest of Pohakea gap. Anyway I col-

lected well up to a hundred of a species, samples of which I

also send.”’

TURRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE.

BY WM. H. DALL.

It is perhaps hardly worth while to spend much more space

upon a question of so little real importance as that raised by

Mr. Berry, yet as a final contribution I would point out that

Prof. Foster admits that Turritidae is correctly formed and

criticizes it only from the point of its meaning in classical Latin.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Criticism of meanings in zoological nomenclature has long

been given up as hopeless, since zoological Latin is not classical

but the colloquial patois of the 18th century.

The form Turritidae was the first used and therefore, other

things being equal, is entitled to the preference. In the whole

of zoological literature, except Adams’ Appendix, until lately

the Turrii combination does not occur in a single instance,

while Scudder gives ten instances of the Turriti form. Even in

English we say a castle is turrited and not Turried. Turritus

means high, lofty or turrited. Turritidae is the family of the

same. Finis!

LAND SHELLS FROM BEAVER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Mr. James B. Clark collected several packages of leaf mould

on the Clydesdale Brick and Stone Company’s farm in Beaver

County near Ellwood City, about 39 miles north of Pittsburgh,

Pa., from which I picked specimens of the species listed below.

The examination of the animal of Auconulus sterkii Dall, which

is very abundant at this place, revealed a horn upon the tail

and tricuspid lateral teeth, proving that this species is a Guppya.

The microscopic sculpture of the shell is also like that genus.

Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pils. Polita hammoms (Strom. ).

Polygyra profunda (Say). Polita indentata (Say).

Polygyra denotata (Fer. ). Paravitrea multidentata(Binn. ).

Polygyra pennsylvanica (Gy. ). Euconulus chersinus (Say).

Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Guppya sterkui (Dall).

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Polygyra zaleta (Binn. ). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Striatura milium (Morse).

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Columella edentula (Drap. ). Gonyodiscus perspectiva (Say).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill). Punctum pygmexum (Drap.).

Haplotrema concava (Say). Succinea retusa Lea.

Omphalina cuprea Raf. Carychium exile Lea.

Mesomphix tnornata (Say).

_—s

THE NAUTILUS. 29

NOTES.

Dr. Norman MacDowe.. Grier has been appointed Pro-

fessor of Biology in Washington and Jefferson College, Wash-

ington, Pa.

Dr. Pirspry and Dr. Barrscu will represent the Academy

of Natural Sciences and the National Museum respectively at

the Pan-Pacific Scientific Congress to be held in Honolulu in

August.

Communications intended for the September Naurizus should

be sent to Mr. Johnson in Boston.

SHELLS FROM JAMESTOWN, NortH Daxkota.—On June 6th,

1912, I had an hour or two to wait for a train at Jamestown,

which I improved by taking a stroll along the banks of ‘‘ Jim”’

River in search of mollusks. It is not a likely-looking field for

snails as there are only a very few scattering scrubby locust

trees along the river banks, but the final count shows ten species,

and as one of them is Gastrocopta holzingeri agna (Pils. and Van.)

it may be well to put it on record, since the only other records

for it L am aware of are in Kansas and southeastern Colorado.

I am indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker and Dr. V. Sterki who

carefully examined the specimens.

Vallonia costata (Mill).

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say).

Gastrocopta holzingert Sterki.

Gastrocopta h. agna (Pils. & Van.).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill).

Vitrea hammenis (Strom).

Pyramidula cronkheitei anthonyi Pils.

Succinea avara Say.

Succinea retusa Lea.—L. E. DANIELS.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

SEX-CORRELATED COLORATION IN CHITON TUBERCULATUS.'—‘‘ In

adult chitons of this species [in Bermuda] there is noticeable

what appears at first sight to be a considerable diversity in the

degree to which pigment, of a salmon-pink hue, is developed

upon the foot and other soft parts exposed in ventral view.

Somewhat less than half of the individuals have the foot,

ctenidia, and other soft parts exposed in ventral view. Some-

what less than half of the individuals have the foot, ctenidia,

and other soft parts of a pale buff color; in the remainder, the

foot, head, ctenidia and mantle are to various degrees tinged

with salmon-pink or startlingly vivid. This difference is most

pronounced during late spring, but persists to some extent

throughout the year. The pigmentation is not correlated in

any way with size; individuals of any length from 38.4 to 9.2

em. may be either pale buff or salmon-pink on the ventral sur-

face, nor does the intensity of reddish pigmentation, when

present, depend upon size. In dorsal view it is quite tmpos-

sible to distinguish the two groups of animals, unless the plates

be artificially separated to an extreme degree and not even then

with any certainty.

‘‘ The differential coloration proves to be correlated with sex,

in the sense that the soft parts of male chitons are never colored

pink whereas those of maturing females invariably are, the in-

tensity of the pigmentation depending to a large extent upon

the state of maturity of the ovary, to a lesser extent, it seems

probable, upon the quantity and the kind of the algal food

available in differing environments.

‘‘The color difference between the sexes of chiton is believed

to be of special significance, for the following reasons, because

the coloration of the soft parts of the female is directly traceable

to metabolic activities associated with the growth of the ovary,

and because it provides an example of secondary sexual colora-

tion which has no conceivable utility, but is, on the contrary,

so far as color is concerned, of a thoroughly accidental nature.’’

—W. J. Crozier.

Dyer IsLAND, BERMUDA.

1 Extracts from a more extended discussion under this title in The Amer-

ican Naturalist, Jan.-Feb., 1920, pp. 84-88.

ee ee

THE NAUTILUS. 31

SHELLs OF ORLANDO, FLor1pa.—The following notes are from

a letter received from Mr. C. H. Baker (July 21, 1915) of

Orlando, Florida. As this is all the shells he could find in

several years collecting near Orlando and Zellwood, Florida, it

was thought advisable to put them on record.

In the original description of Praticolella bakeri Van., an A.

was printed in Mr. Baker’s name in place of an H. by mistake.

Specimens taken were mostly along shores of some large con-

nected lakes or head of Ocklawaha R.

Praticolella bakeri Van. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., 1915,

p. 196.

Praticolella jeyuna Say.

Polygyra auriculata Say. Found but once and in one locality,

several specimens. Not seen at all for five years or upwards.

Polygyra uvulifera Shutt. 5

Euglandina rosea Fer. No perfect specimens taken, pretty

widely distributed but not common, quite elegant.

Planorbis duryi Weth. Frequent, and well distributed.

Planorbis scalaris Jay. Frequent, varying almost to the pre-

ceding.

Ampullaria depressa Say. Relatively large, handsome species,

varying a good deal in coloring, common.

Viviparus waltont Try. Our most abundant species, seldom

found in original ‘‘ mint’’ condition, varying much in coloring,

somewhat handsome. Large mounds exist composed almost

entirely of this shell (sepulchral mounds along inland water-

ways).

Gillia wetherbyi Dall. Quite rare, took but 1.

Unio buckleyi Lea. Quite generally distributed.

Anodonta gibbosa Say. Also common.—E. G. VANAT?TA.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ON THE RELATIONS OF THE SECTIONAL GROUPS OF BULIMULUS OF

THE SUBGENUS Narsiorus ALBERS. By William Healey Dall

(Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. X, No. 5, March 4, 1920). By cut-

ting sections various differences in the axis were found, simple,

32 THE NAUTILUS.

twisted or having internal nodules, etc. Combined with the

external characters, a grouping into 14 sections is indicated.

Dr. Dall believes that nothing in the land-shell fauna of the

Galapagos group, which these snails inhabit, lends weight to the

hypothesis that these islands were ever connected by land with

the continent of South America. The snails ‘‘ were probably

transported originally to the Galapagos group by high winds

while attached in a state of hibernation to dead leaves or similar

light material.’’—H. A. P.

FauNA OF THE HAMPDEN BEDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE

Oamaru System. By P. Marshall (Trans. and Proc. N. Zea-

land Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 226-250, pls. 15-17). Twenty-

seven new fossil mollusks are described.

SOME NEW FOSSIL SPECIES OF Motiusca. By P. Marshall and

R. Murdoch (Trans. and Proc. N. Zealand Inst., 1919, Vol. 51,

pp. 253-258, pls. 19-21). Nine new species are described.

MOoLuusca FROM CENTRAL AMERICA AND Mexico. By Henry

A. Pilsbry (Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1919, pp. 212-223). 16

new species and several subspecies, mainly collected by Mr. A.

A. Hinkley. The more interesting forms are Averellia ( Tricho-

discina) hinkleyi and a form of Neritilia, a genus new to the

American mainland, found in Guatemala by Mr. Hinkley.

A MonoGRAPH OF THE NAIADES OF PENNSYLVANIA, Part III.

By A. E. Ortmann, Mem. Carnegie Museum, Vol. LI, No. 1,

1919.

This sumptious volume is a fitting envelope for its contents.

Indeed the most serious criticism to be made is that it is too

luxurious for convenient use, as the weight of the paper used

makes the book too heavy to be held in the hand for reading,

and necessitates the use of a table or reading desk when con-

sulting it.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

Beyond question this is the most philosophical and compre-

hensive study of the Naiad fauna of this country (or any other,

for that matter) that has yet appeared, The elaborate compila-

tion of all the records of the Pennsylvania fauna supplemented

by the extensive and intensive collections made by the author

leave but little to be added by later investigations, and the wealth

of anatomical and ecological details will be a revelation to those

who have not kept au courant with the trend of modern methods

of scientific research. The excellent keys of both generic and

specific characters add much to the practical value of the paper

to the student.

In addition to the details of local distribution, the author has

supplied complete summaries of the general distribution of each

of the species treated so far as given in the literature, supple-

mented by the material in the Carnegie Museum; and his com-

ments thereon at once reveal the inadequacy of our present

knowledge to furnish a proper basis for an accurate and truly

scientific study of the fundamental facts of the origin and dis-

tribution of the Naiad fauna of the country and raise many

pertinent questions, which can not well be touched upon in this

review, but which will undoubtedly excite discussion and in-

crease the interest of American students in their local faunas.

This study of the fauna of Pennsylvania will be a model for

others to imitate for many years to come.

The Naiad fauna of Pennsylvania as recognized by the author

includes 58 species and 21 varieties. Of these seven species be-

long to the Atlantic fauna and two species and one variety,

while characteristic of the Atlantic drainage, are clearly deriva-

tives from western species. The remainder belong to the Mis-

sissippian fauna of Simpson.

The systematic arrangement of the various groups represented

in the fauna is that which has been elaborated by the author in

previous papers and represents the modern tendency to multiply

genera. How far this is really advisable is a subject for serious

consideration as practically the same results, so far as syste-

matics are concerned, can be obtained the use of subgenera,

which will sufficiently indicate the differences, while retaining

not only the familiar names, but also the larger relationships,

34 THE NAUTILUS.

which are apt to be lost sight of in the excessive elaboration of

comparatively minor details into generic characters. (See

Stone, Science, LI, pp. 427-429, 1920.)

The specific nomenclature adopted is that of the ultra-Rafin-

esque school and results in the changing of about one-fourth of

the names in current use. But the last word has not yet been

said in regard to Rafinesque’s species. Indeed more than a

year ago the author and the present writer undertook to make a

careful study of the subject in accordance with the requirements

of the International Code of Nomenclature, which is now about -

ready for publication and which it is hoped will go far towards

definitely settling the nomenclature of the North American

Naiades. :

Barring the question of specific names there is much to praise

and but little to criticize in the synonymy adopted.

It is possible that some of the conclusions reached by the

author and based, perhaps, too much on local conditions may

be subject to revision when an equally detailed study of the

species throughout their entire range can be made.

The question of possible hybridization between closely allied

species along the line of contact, when elsewhere the specific

characters seem to be fixed is one that must necessarily be taken

into consideration.

The author lays great stress upon his theory that small streams

tend to produce a small, flat form which increases in size and

rotundity as the river grows larger. While this is apparently

true in many cases, there are exceptions, some of which are

noted by the author. Amblema elliotti Lea is another notable

one. The large, typical form from Othcalooga Creek, a small

stream, is much larger than any Amblema from the Coosa. On

the other hand, practically all of the species of the Great Lakes

are dwarfed and much smaller than the same species from the

comparatively smaller tributaries. It would seem that possibly

other factors, such as temperature, food supply, chemical con-

stituents of the water and other ecological conditions and not

simply the size of the stream should be taken into consideration.

But all these are comparatively minor matters which do not

detract from the worth of the monograph as a whole and which

THE NAUTILUS. 35

will serve their purpose if they stimulate discussion and research.

Both the author and the Carnegie Museum are to be congrat-

ulated upon such a notable contribution to scientific literature.

—Bryant WALKER.

ONCHIDIIDAE FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN

Pactric Istanps. By Rex W. Bretnall (Records of the Aus-

tralian Museum, Vol. XII [Oct., 1919], pp. 303-323, pl. 38).

An exhaustive systematic paper dealing largely with the an-

atomy of the various species.

A REVIEW oF THE AUSTRALIAN TuN SHELLS. By Charles

Hedley (Records Australian Museum, Vol. XII, pp. 329-336,

pls. 39-44). An interesting review of these large shells. Two

new species, Jonna cerevisina ( T. variegata Hedley not Lamarck)

and T. tetracotula are described and figured.

Notes on IceLAND Marine Moxiusca. By Hans Schlesch

(Naturalist, Jan., 1920, pp. 19 and 20). This paper is based

on notes from Gunmunder G. Bardarson’s ‘‘ Mollusca marina

Islandiae’’ (Scientific Society of Iceland, 1919).

THE JOURNAL oF ConcHoLoey, Vol. 16, No. 3, Jan., 1920.

Tast of officers and members, pp. 69-76.

Note on Cypraea bernardinae Preston, p. 76. By J. C. Melvill

(= C. lamarckii var. redimita).

Reminiscences and practical hints on collecting. By E. Collier,

pp. 77-85.

Brachypodella nidicostata nov. sp. from Venezuela. By Geo.

C. Spence, p. 86.

Four new marine species from South Africa. By J. R. Le B.

Tomlin, pp. 87-88.

The marine Mollusca from Sussex. By R. Winckworth, pp.

89-95.

Succinea oblonga Drapanaud. By Alan Gardiner, p. 95,

Notes on the Anatomy and Reproduction of Paludestrina stagnalis,

By Capt. H. E. Quick, pp. 96-97.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi from brackish water.

By H. E. Quick, p. 97.

JOURNAL DE CoNCHYLIOLOGIE, Vol. 64, No. 3, Oct., 1919.

Monographie illustree des Mollusques Oligoceniques des environs de

Rennes, par M. Cossmann, pp. 1383-199, pls. 4-7. —C. W. J.

THIRTY-FIRST YEAR OF THE NAUTILUS.

The April number completed the thirtieth year of THE

NavriLus under the present editors. That it has had sufficient

encouragement and support to live so long may fairly be taken

to mean that the American conchologists have found it stimu-

lating and useful. When the quarterly issue was begun the

editors had anticipated increasing the number of pages and

illustrations; but for the present THE NavriLus is content to

hold its own against the rising tide of expense in printing and

paper, by the cordial help of the conchological fraternity.

It is your magazine. We trust that in this thirty-first year

every one interested in mollusks will codperate in making it

more interesting and a greater stimulus to collecting and study.

Contributions of articles, illustrations, notes and news items

both personal and scientific will be needed; and by no means

least, subscriptions.

H. A. PInssry,

C. W. JoHNsON,

ANSON

A. HINKLEY

hee NAUTILUS:

Vol. XXXIV OCTOBER, 1920. No. 2

GUATEMALA MOLLUSCA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

This list is the result of three vacation trips. For the de-

terminations I am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. Bryant

Walker, Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. Wm. H. Dall and others of the

National Museum and Prof. F. C. Baker of the Illinois Uni-

versity.

For accommodations and personal comfort much is due to

the kindness of Mr. Landry, Supt. of the United Fruit Com-

panies’ plantations at Quirigua. To Mrs. Lucie Potts, Pro-

prietress of the Jocolo plantation. To Mr. and Mrs. Robert

Hempstead of the Chejel and Chama coffee plantations and

to others for their various acts of kindness. The list is ar-

ranged by localities.

Lake AMATITLAN is some 20 miles south of Guatemala

City; it is two lakes connected by a short strait across which

the railroad embankment has been built. Laguna Station is

on the south or southwest of the lake, just across the strait.

Pachycheilus lacustris (Morelet) is plentiful in the shallow

water of the lake. The largest were found among rushes

some 40 feet from a hot spring. Ege masses of this mollusk

were numerous, much like those of Physa but larger. The

fresh masses were clear, changing to yellowish as the young

were about to emerge. Some were seen breaking through.

Ammicola guatemalensis Walker. Taken near the edge of

the water or on driftwood and pumice. Another species of

Ammcola was taken with the above.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfeiffer). Taken from a muddy

bottom in a sheltered place near a building. Many are smooth

with a dark line in place of the row of spines.

AcROSS THE LAKE FROM LAGUNA were a number of dried-up

pools on the railroad right-of-way, which contained dead

specimens of the following species :

Succinea recisa (Morelet).

Aplexa fuliginea (Morelet).

Aplexa tappanensis guatemalensis (Crosse & Fischer).

Planorbis orbiculus (Morelet).

Planorbis cultratus (D’Orbigny ).

Planorbis sp.?

Planorbula obstructa (Morelet) var. anodonta (Pilsbry).

Soon after passing out of the east gate of Guatemala City,

the road descends into a deep ravine with a creek at the

bottom; here the only species was Aplexa fuliginea (More-

let) ; it was also taken in the basins of fountains in the city.

Out oF THE NORTH GATE the road is bordered by a row of

large cedar trees on either side for a half-mile or more, to a

cedar grove, then to the edge of a deep ravine where the

road-bed is cut out of the high, irregular, precipitous slope

until a much lower level is reached, and the road soon ends at

the tapia baths. Farther down the canyon can be seen the

reservoir. In the cedar grove were found:

Drymeus alternans (Beck).

Drymeus jonasi (Pfr.).

Helicina sp.? One specimen.

Pachycheilus largillierti (Philipp1). Immature specimens

were very numerous in the large pool, the individual rooms

and the stream. The only mature specimen found was dead

and bleached. From the reservoir were taken:

Pseudosuccinea championi (Von Martens). One specimen

only.

Aplexa fuliginea (Morelet).

Physa sp. Varies from smooth to costate forms.

Planorbis caribeus Orb.

Segmentina obstructa (Morelet), var. anodonta (Pilsbry).

Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

Levapex excentricus (Morelet).

Amnicola cisternina (Walker).

Amunicola hinkleyt (Walker).

Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfr.).

Pisidium sp.? ‘‘They appear to be of the same group with

a Pisidium from Chili, that is closely related to Pisidiuwm

sterkianum from Uruguay; same shape and appearance, but

somewhat smaller.’’

Pseudohyalina maya Pils.

Thysanophora dioscoricola (C. B. Adams)? One poor

specimen taken from the washings when collecting the Am-

nicola.

Maya Farm, Quiricua, a short distance from the Farm

Overseer’s quarters, are the interesting ‘‘Quirigua Ruins’’,

a good description of which appeared in the National Geo-

graphic Magazine some years ago. On this farm were found:

Aperostoma dysoni (Pfeiffer).

Helicina amoena Pfeiffer. Under and about decaying

vegetation.

Helicina flavida Mke. or trossula (Morel. The identity of

the original H. flavida seems to be in doubt.

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt.). One specimen.

Oxystyla princeps (Brod.). Two live ones taken from

banana plants; dead ones scarce.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Under chips, scarce.

Opeas beckianum (Pfr.).

Opeas micra (Orb.). One specimen.

Cecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (Crosse and Fischer).

Leptinaria guatemalensts Crosse and Fischer.

Euglandina decussata (Desh.). About old logs, under

loose bark and other vegetation. A fine species.

Guppya elegantula Pilsbry.

Guppya grundlachi (Pfr.).

Zonttoides minusculus (Binney).

Zontoides elegantula (Pfr.). Under chips.

Ammoniceras stolli (Martens). Under chips. Only one

specimen, rare.

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

Streptostyla turgidula (Pfr.) var. producta Pilsbry. One

specimen.

Succinea recisa Morelet.

Aplexa impluviata laeta Martens. Appeared to be feeding

on banana leaves which had been thrown into the pool.

Planorbula obstructa anodonta (Pilsbry). Conchens river.

Laevapex excentricus (Morelet). Pools by the railroad.

Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker. With the above.

Potamopyrgus coronata (Pfr.). Rio Conchens.

Amnicola conchensensis Walker. Rio Conchens.

Ampullaria flagellata lattret C. & F. On banana leaves and

eull bunches of bananas which had been thrown away.

Mycetopoda sp. Rio Conchens. This mollusk burrows

head down until the posterior part is just above the bed of

the stream; the foot is extended nearly the width of the shell

farther down in the soil. When removing the first one found

a strong pull tore the foot from the shell.

Nephronaias ortmanni Frierson. Plentiful in Rio Con-

chens; in one place several hundred were massed together.

Glabaris depexa (Martens). With the above; only one

found.

Pisidium guatemalensis (Sterki). Rio Conchens. Sterki

says: ‘‘Has a hinge of unique formation; width 5, height 4,

diam. 8 mm.’’; fragile.

Pisidium sp. With the above. Sterki says: ‘‘ Although of

the same size and the same appearance, they are evidently

distinct from Pisidium singleyi (Sterki). Of the same group,

same shape and appearance with a Pisidiuwm from Barbados;

unnamed, so far as I know.’’

Eupera yucatanensis minma (Pilsbry). Rio Conchens,

scarce.

Livineston. Beach and beach drift.

Polygyra helictomphala (Pfr.). Only one specimen.

Streptostyla ligulata (Morelet). ‘‘A very rare species’’ ;

the only one found was at the edge of vegetation growth.

Helicina flavida (Mke.) or H. trossula (Morelet).

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet. First determination was

H. oweniana.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Helicina sp. More depressed than any other Helicina

found except H. amena.

Lucidella lirata (Pfr.).

Truncatella sp. Two specimens.

Cochliopa minor Pilsbry.

Spirula spirula (Linn.). Plentiful in 1914, scarce in 1917.

Thais coronata var. On rocks beyond Cavech village and

on piling and breakwater at Puerto Barrios.

Melongena melongena (Linn.). In shallow water. Donax

seemed a favorite food for this mollusk.

Strombus pugilis (Linn.). A few dead ones near Cavech

village.

Epitonium lineatum (Say). One small specimen.

Cecum sp. One specimen.

Inttorina nebulosa Lam. On rocks and drift logs; common.

Iattorina carinata Orb. Young were very numerous on 4

perpendicular rock; many were beyond reach of the spray

from the ordinary waves.

Litiopa melanostoma (Rang).

Nerita fulgurata (Gmel.). Beyond Cavech village, on rocks

out of the water at low tide.

Neritina punctulata Lam. In Cavech river on rocks near

the limit of high tide. Often these shells were nearly covered

with small oval cases (of an insect ?).

Neritina listert Pfr. Close to N. virginea, only larger.

Neritina virginea (Linn.). Numerous on the muddy banks

of Cavech river, covered with water at high tide, very plen-

tiful on the pebbly beach of Rio Dulce.

Neritina lineata reticulata (C. & F.). In thick swampy

woods near the beach.

Neritilia succinea guatemalensis (Pilsbry). Just above

high tide in a clear pool of Cavech river; with them were a

few young N. virginea.

Cylichnella bidentata (Say). Two specimens.

Haminea solitaria (Say). One specimen.

Tagelus poeyi Dall.

Mulinia guadelupensis (Reel.).

Strigilla pisiformis (Linn). Common on the beach, but

both valves together were scarce.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Strigilla flecuosa (Say). Much like S. pistformis; has not

the red coloring of that species.

Macoma constricta (Brug.).

Donaz striata (Linn.).

Donaz striata mediamericana (Pilsbry). A small form of

striata. Dead shells were more numerous than the live ones,

or so appeared.

Tivela mactroides (Born). The most common species on

the beach; no live ones seen and both valves together were

very scarce. .

Cyrena solida Phil. Plentiful in Rio Dulce, most mature

ones badly eroded.

Cyrenoidea guatemalensis Pilsbry. In 1914 one specimen

taken near the mouth of Cavech river.

Mytilus exustus (Linn.). In masses on rocks and drift

logs and under the bluff of the projecting point of land,

mostly immature.

Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz). Often with M. exustus.

Across THE Rio DuLcE FROM LivINGsToN, on the first moun-

tain or foothill, is Rio Blanco, a small stream in which were

found :

Nephronaias calamitarum (Morelet).

Pachycheilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Mostly immature.

Pachycheilus indiorum (Morelet).

Pachycheilus corvinus (Morelet) and the color variety

lutescens C. & F.

Helicina rostrata Morelet. On top of the hill one broken,

nearly fresh specimen was found. The writer has three speci-

men received from Thomas Bland many years ago.

A short distance west of Livingston were found:

Aperostoma dysom (Pfr.).

Amphicyclotus bisinuatus (Martens). Dead specimens.

Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Searee.

Subulina octona (Chem.). Very plentiful by the side of

side streets and paths among decaying vegetation and filth;

also found on the hillside in front of the hotel, with Lepti-

narus livingstonensis.

Oxystyla princeps (Brod.). Bones only.

Se ee ee eee

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Leptinaria livingstonensis (Hinkley). In front of the hotel,

on the hillside.

Brachypodella subtilis pulchella (Martens). On stones

nearly buried in the soil.

Averellia hinkleyi (Pilsbry). One bone.

Pachycheilus pyramidalis (Morelet). A creek where it is

crossed by the telegraph line. A few fossils were taken at

this place.

Neritina listeri (Pfr.). Same place as above.

Mountains or Rio Cavecu and those back of Cavech vil-

lage. These are listed together, although there is some dis-

tance between. The village is a little farther up the coast

than the mouth of the river, the stream having a course

oblique with the coast. The mountains or hills of this region

are often steeply sloped and covered with thick timber, which

keeps down the undergrowth in a great measure, sO one can

climb without much interference from that source. These

limestone hills have many small crevices or openings, afford-

ing protection to different kinds of animal life besides mol-

lusks.

Celocentrum gigas Martens. More plentiful back of the

village than elsewhere. See Nautiuus, Vol. 33, page 79.

Celocentrum fistula (Morelet). One specimen.

Euglandina decussata (Desh.). None living.

Euglandina monilifera (Pfr.). Bones.

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.). Scarce.

Averellia hinkleyi (Pilsbry). Only bones.

Leptarionta trigonostoma (Pfr.). Dead specimens and

fragments.

Drymeus sulphureus (Pfr.). Dead specimens and frag-

ments.

Streptostyla delibuta ( Moreiet).

Streptostyla lattrei (Pfr.). Bones; a fine and well-marked

species.

Streptostyla schneideri (Strebel).

Streptostyla turgidula producta (Pilsbry).

Opeas beckianum (Pfr.).

Opeas pumilum (Pfr.).

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Subulina octona (Chem.). A mile or more back of the vil-

lage, by a well-traveled path.

Pseudosubulina martensiana Pilsbry.

Leptinaria guatemalensis Crosse and Fischer.

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley.

Spiraxis livingstonensis Pilsbry.

Spiraaxis longior Pilsbry.

Brachypodella subtilis pulchella (Martens). Of the same

color as the limestone on which they live, they are inconspic-

uous. The shell hangs parallel with the face of the rock or

stands out at an angle.

Bothriopupa breviconus Pilsbry. One specimen.

Cecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.).

Helicina amoena Pfr.

Helicina flavida Mke. or H. trossula Morelet.

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet.

Cistula radiosum (Morelet). Found on limestone and dead

wood, sometimes hanging by a thread. Some were in motion,

but the larger part were attached to the rock or wood of

similar color.

Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Situated above fal-

len trees, base of rocks and under old banana leaves. Some

variation in size.

Pachychilus indiorum (Morelet). Cavech river. This

species prefers shallow water. The finest specimens were on

a hillside in thick timber where the water spreads out thin

over a flat rock surface marked with irregular seams and de-

pressions; many of these mollusks were barely wet, hundreds

of the shells with a mottled and polished surface showing

through a thin film of water made an attractive sight to any

one interested in the beautiful of Nature.

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). This mollusk prefers

more water than the above. At this locality there is more

color variation, from a dark purple to the almost white form

known as variety lutescens.

Pachychilus largilierti (Philippi). In a small stream, al-

most dry, they had collected by the thousands, in small pools,

many dead and the rest dying. Nearly all were immature.

A few of the largest were taken.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

PLANTERA, a banana plantation several miles up Rio Dulce

from Livingston. For the first few miles the river is pictur-

esque, passing between steep high hills covered with dense

vegetation of varying shades of green. Sometimes the slope

is broken by an abrupt face of rock. On one such face, larger

than the rest, were many obscure figures and markings, in

lines of lighter color, said to be drawings of an unknown race

of people. The appearance was more like the marks from

seepage water carrying lime.

Pachychilus largillterti (Philippi). Only a few specimens

found in a small river which was followed for some four miles.

Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. In a small swamp

near the Plantation buildings.

Neritina lineata reticulata (C. & F.). With the above.

Subulina octona (Chem.). A few in the yard under some

loose stone.

ESMERALDA. This plantation is on the left bank of Rio

Dulce some three miles below the old Fort San Felipe, now

in ruins.

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.). Fragments seen along the trail

to Rio Saja.

Opeas micra (Orb.). Under trash in front of a hut.

Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). With the above.

Cecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.). Same as

above.

Succinea recisa (Morelet) or S. guatemalensis. With above.

These are too young to decide to which species they belong

with certainty.

Helicina amoena Pfr.

Amphicyclotus bisinwatus (Martens). Two bones.

Ampullaria flagellata tristramt C. & F. On the border of

the river among water plants and under drift lodgments.

Pachychilus glaphyrus (Morelet). These are between

immanis and the obeliscus of the lake. Numerous on the

border of the river.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Some fine large speci-

mens were found in Rio Saja, under drift and other places

protected from the force of the current.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Nephronaias dysom (Lea). Found with the above. They

were always more or less eroded, a good species. This stream

is some five miles west of Esmeralda and the above two species

were the only ones found there.

Potamopyrgus coronatus nicaraguanus (Ancey). Plentiful

in small bays or recesses of the river.

Cochliopa dulcensis Marshall. Common with the other

small species taken with a net.

Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry. Common.

Neritina lineata reticulata C. & F.

Neritina listeri Pfr. Both these Neritina were scarce.

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry. A small species, little larger

than Segmentina obstructa, with more tumid whorls.

Cyrenoides guatemalensis Pilsbry. One specimen,

Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz). Numerous, on sticks and stones,

often in clusters of many individuals.

JocoLo. This plantation, on the north side of Lake Isabal,

is owned and operated by Mrs. Potts, a hospitable lady. The

commodious residence among palm and citrus trees is pic-

turesque viewed from the small wharf projecting into the

lake. The lake is bordered by rushes, with here and there

small open beaches of sand. On a point some distance above

the wharf was a windrow of fine drift, thrown up by a strong

wind; this was the only place where drift was found. It eyi-

dently came down a river near by. This proved quite rich in

number of species, but specimens were scattering. The entire

windrow was worked over. The region has numerous small

streams with beds of rock, gravel and sand, with soft mud

where they enter the lake.

Nephronaias guatemalanus (von Martens). A few speci-

mens referred to this were found in the lake with N. ravis-

tellus. It is some higher and lighter colored than that species.

Nephronaias ravistellus (Morelet). Common. In 1914 they

were found mostly in water two to four feet deep, but in 1917

they were plentiful among the rushes and on the sandy beach

up to the water’s edge.

Nephronaias tabascoensis (Kiister). Mrs. Potts gave the writer

a few found by a native.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. Marshy places and

along the border of the lake, among the rushes on which the

white egg-masses were quite numerous a little above the surface

of the water.

Ampullaria flagellata lattrei C. & F. On rocks near San Felipe.

Pachychilus glaphyrus immanis (Morelet). Common on the

soft mud at the mouth of the streams.

Pachychilus glaphyrus obeliscus (Morelet). The most plentiful

Pachychilus in the lake. They are more attenuate and smaller

than the closely related immanis.

Pachychilus lacustris (Morelet). These appear more like a

smoother form of P. obeliscus, and do not agree with P. lacustris

from Lake Amatitlan, from which they differ in fewer and flatter

whorls, and the suture not as deep.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Plentiful in clear streams,

often concealed in lodgments of brush and leaves. On account

of its size and clean living it is preferred for food. They are

cooked in stews or soups, croquettes, or roasted. The species

often reaches three inches in length.

Pachychilus pottsianus n.s. Found only on two hillsides back

of Jocolo.

Potamopyrgus coronatus nicaraguanus Ancey. Plentiful; varies

from a smooth shell to one with strong striations and prominent

spines.

Cochliopa dulcensis Marshall. With the following two species.

Cochliopa hinkleyi Pilsbry. This small flat species of a size

that evidently washed through the net in numbers when taking

the other small species.

Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry. Common, has some resemblance to

C. guatemalensis.

Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry, mutation peristriata Pilsbry.

Hemisinus ruginosus (Morelet). Common in places on the

lake shore. In 1914 one immature specimen was all that was

found. In 1917 the first were taken in the net with Cochliopa,

etc. Later while picking up JVephronaias they were noticed

among numerous Pachychilus and could easily have been passed

as the young of that genus. Their trail was made by burrow-

ing instead of crawling on the surface as with other forms.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

They burrowed somewhat like a mole, and often the little mole-

like ridge could be followed quite a distance, and the mollusk

found working under cover.

It is a viviparous genus. When cleaning these shells the

embryos run from one to three to the individual. None were

noticed with more than three.

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry. Only three specimens taken in

the net with the small forms.

Planorbis caribaeus (Orb). One small specimen with the

above.

Ancylus sp. Taken in the net.

Euglandina decussata (Desh.). All dead but one.

Euglandina monilifera (Pfr.). One alive, found in the banana

field under dead leaves.

Salasiella guatemalensis Pilsbry. Under leaves and trash.

Guppya elegantula Pilsbry. Lake drift.

Guppya gundlachi Pir. Lake drift.

Zonitoides minusculus (Binney). Lake drift.

Averellia hinkleyi Pilsbry.

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt.). Lake drift.

Strobilops strebeli guatemalensis n. subsp.

Bulimulus corneus (Sowb.). Found in a banana field under

dead leaves.

Drymaeus sulphureus (Pfr.). Bones.

Oxystyla princeps (Brod). Dead.

Opeas beckianum (Pir.). Lake drift.

Opeas micra (Orb.). Lake drift.

Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). Lake drift.

Subulina octona (Chem.).

Leptinaria guatemalensis C. & F. Lake drift.

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley. In the fields back of

Jocolo.

Caecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.). Lake drift.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Lake drift.

Succinea recisa Morelet. Banana fields.

Aperostoma dysoni (Pfr.). Under decaying leaves in the

banana fields.

Amphicyclotus bisinuatus (Martens). Scarce.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

Helicina amoena Ptr.

Helicina tenuis var. lindoni Pfr.

Helicina flavida Mke. or H. trossula Morelet.

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet.

Lucidella lirata (Pir.). Lake drift.

Panzos, State of Alta Verapaz. The head of navigation on

the Polochic River. No land species found here, although a

half day was spent on a stroll up the R. R. to a good-sized

creek which was followed for some distance and the return made

over the mountain, with no results whatever.

Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. Two good large speci-

mens, dead, found in a marshy place near the R. R.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Young specimens plenti-

ful in a creek near the town.

Pachychilus mdiorum (Morelet). A few specimens taken with

the above.

Amnicola panzosensis Walker. From a pool formed by a small

stream from a spring or seepage on the mountain side.

Pisidium singleyi Sterki. With the above Amnicola.

CHEJEL, State of Alta Verapaz. At the end of the R. R. the

writer was met by a guide and horses sent by Mr. Robert Hemp-

stead, and was conducted to his residence on the Chejel coffee

plantation. A nice home on the side of the mountain, some

2000 ft. elevation, with roses, violets and other flowers in the

front yard. From the veranda on the other side of the house

the mountain side is a steep slope to the base where it meets the

base of the next mountain. An extensive mountain view in all

directions is seen from this veranda.

Pachychilus wndiorum (Morelet). Mr. Hempstead kindly

showed me the spring from which we picked up a few speci-

mens of this species. These are lighter-colored and do not show

the mottled color of those from the Cavech. This was the only

species found at Chejel.

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). Immature specimens I took

for this species from a rill that crosses the road on the way to

Purulha.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

Trichodiscina sargi (Crosse & Fischer). One specimen found

in a damp, shaded place at the base of a rock bank near the

above rill. This appeared to be an ideal place for mollusks,

but a half-hour’s search produced nothing more.

Drymaeus castus (Pfr.). On the road to Puruhla one fair

specimen a little broken and other fragments evidently dropped

by birds were all noticed.

Streptostyla nigricans (Pfr.). One immature specimen.

Nothing was found from Puruhla to Tactic.

Tactic. Half way between Pancojchl and Coban.

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). Plentiful in two creeks, one

north of town and the other in the south edge of the town.

Physa sp. A few quite young noticed in a pool by the road

to Coban.

On the road between Coban and Chama.

Euglandina decussata (Desh. ). A larger form than those found

nearer the coast; dead specimens only.

Pseudosubulina mitescens Martens.

Epirobia polygyrella (Martens). On rock faces exposed to the

north.

Eucalodium decollatum (Nyst.). A subspecies. Dr. Pilsbry

says ‘‘I have never seen this form before.’’? One dead speci-

men. There were also specimens a little smaller and thinner

than the above covered with fine oblique striae extending from

suture to suture.

Amphicyclotus boucardi (Pfr.).

Pachychilus graphium (Morelet) var. transcendens C. & F.

Picked up by the road; probably dropped or thrown aside by

some one.

Cuama, State of Alta Verapaz. This plantation of coffee,

cacao and rubber is in the mountains near Rio Tsalbha and

probably half a mile or more from Rio Negro. It is about 900

feet above the sea and the river is 50 ft. lower.

Ampullaria lattrei chamana n. subsp. Four live specimens

were brought to the writer by an Indian.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Some distance up Tsalbha

River from Chama.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). A few specimens.

Pachychilus hinkleyi Marshall. Many dead ones, but few

living. The water was too high to get the living in the swift

current.

Pachychilus cinereus (Morelet). Only found in a creek.

Probably a peck of these shells were in an old pot saved to burn

for lime by Indians. These shells were all more or less muti-

lated in preparing them to cook.

Physa sp. Two fine specimens taken in a drainage ditch in

the Cacao orchard. They have a colored band at different

stages of growth as in P. gyrina, the transverse striae are irreg-

ular, the fine revolving striae are not as distinct as in P. gyrina.

Psoronaias kuxensis Frierson. A small stream at Chama, in

sheltered places among the rocks on the bed of the stream,

many eroded.

Euglandina decussata (Desh. ).

Euglandina monilifera (Pfr.). Bluff on the mountain north

of Chama.

Streptostyla delibuta (Morelet). Bluff.

Streptostyla lattrei (Pfr.). Bluff.

Streptostyla sargi Crosse & Fischer. Bluff.

Streptostyla sololensis C. & F. Bluff.

Streptostyla turgidula producta Pilsbry. Bluff.

Salasiella sp. Somewhat like S. hinkleyi, but the second

whorl is much longer; one dead specimen from the bluff.

Salasiella sp. ‘‘Cannot refer to any known species’’ from

the bluff.

Ammoniceras stolli (Martens). Three immature specimens in

a clearing back of the plantation buildings.

Zonitoides minusculus (Binney). River drift.

Zonitoides elegantula (Pfr.). River drift.

Pseudohyalina puncticipitis Pilsbry. River drift.

Guppya elegantula Pilsbry. River drift.

Guppya gundlachti (Pfr.). River drift.

Lysinoe ghiesbreghti (Pfr.). From the bluff, one very young

example.

Drymaeus sulphureus (Pfr.). Bones.

Coelocentrum fistulare (Pfr.). Variety from the bluff north of

Chama.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

Macroceramus concisus (Morelet). From the bluff.

Opeas beckianum (Pfr.). From the bluff.

Pseudosubulina salvini Martens? Bluff.

Pseudosubulina mitescens Martens. Bluff.

Leptinaria elisae (Tristram). Bluff.

Caecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.). River drift.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). River drift.

Gastrocopta pellucida (Pir.). A variety with thickened lip.

River drift.

Adelopoma stolli (Martens). One specimen in river drift.

Carychium mexicanum costaricanum Martens. River drift.

Aperostoma dysoni (Pfr.). In cacao grove.

Aperostoma n. sp. On the bluff.

Amphicyclotus boucardi (Pfr. ).

Helicina amoena Pfr. Cacao grove.

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet, variety anozona Martens. Bluff.

Helicina tenuis Pfr., var. lindeni (Pfr.), Bluff.

Helicina fragilis Morelet. Bluff.

Schasicheila hinkleyi Pilsbry. Bluff.

Schasicheila walkeri Hinkley. Bluff.

Eutrochatella nicrodina (Morelet) var. chryseis (Tristram).

Bluff and drift.

Tomocylus simulacrum (Morelet). Bones scattered in recesses

of rocks on the side of the mountain below the bluff.

Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Bluff.

Lucidella lirata (Pfr.). Bluff and river drift.

At the places where the writer has collected different forms of

slugs were often noticed. Quite a number were put in alcohol,

but only two or three forms of Vaginulus came through in good

condition.

Descriptions of new species and subspecies.

STROBILOPS STREBELI GUATEMALENSIS, n. subsp.

Shell depressed, light brown, with fine costae which extend

over the base and into the small umbilicus; on the base the

costae are smaller and crossed by longitudinal microscopical

striae. Suture well marked, the first one and half whorls are

THE NAUTILUS. 53

smooth. Aperture ovate, wide above, narrow below, peristome

reflected and chocolate-colored. Height of shell 14, width

44 mm.

‘‘ This new subspecies differs from the East Mexico S. strebeli

(Pir.) by having the periphery more angular; the parietal

lamella is more enlarged and prominent at the end, and it has

43 whorls, S. strebeli having a little over 5. S. salvini (Tris-

tram) is a higher shell with wider umbilicus.”’

Found in beach drift of Lake Izabal near Jocolo.

Types in the Academy coll. and in the writer’s coll.

SCHASICHEILA WALKERI N. sp.

Shell globose conic, thin, imperforate, umbilical region de-

pressed; varies from brownish-yellow to a horn color, under the

light brown cuticle. Whorls four, convex, crossed by fine

irregular lines of growth and revolving microscopical striae

which begin on the otherwise smooth nucleus. The costae and

striae are visible under a glass on removal of the cuticle. Aper-

ture subcircular, obtusely angular above with a slight, wide

sinus at the base; a callus extends from the columella across

the parietal wall to a slight notch at the suture. Operculum

missing.

Shell measures: height 6, width 6.5mm. Aperture, length 4,

width 2.5 mm.

Found at a bluff on the mountain north of Cham4, Alta

Verapaz, Guatemala.

Named in honor of Dr. Bryant Walker, who is doing good

work for the advancement of malacology. Type in collection

of the Academy of Natural Science, cotypes in coll. B. Walker

and the writer.

AMPULLARIA LATTREI CHAMANA N. subsp.

A small, rather solid, short-spired race, with many bands of

ecru-olive on a ground of deep colonial buff. The interior

chocolate with some light bands above, lip with a broad chamois

or pale yellow border without bands.

The aperture is narrower than in A. lemniscata Crosse &

Fischer, which appears to be nearly related. The surface is not

54 THE NAUTILUS.

irregularly pitted as in A. lattrei, and the microscopic spiral

strize are more plainly defined.

The embryonic whorls are dark-colored, almost black.

Height 42, breadth 40; aperture, length 33, width 18 mm.

Height 40, breadth 37.5; aperture, length 32, width 20 mm.

Specimens of exactly this form were collected about twenty

years ago at ‘‘ Rio Negro, Chama,”’ by S. L. Schumo, a mem-

ber of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Four specimens were brought to the writer by an Indian; one

(figured) is in the Academy coll., one in coll. of Mr. Bryant

Walker, one in the Museum of the Illinois University, and the

writer has the other.

PACHYCHEILUS POTTSIANUS N. Sp.

Shell pyramidal, solid, smooth, of a dingy olive color; whorls

eight, hardly convex, a light shade below the suture, the last

slightly and broadly depressed on the upper part, in front of

the aperture the periphery is obtusely angular, the angle dimin-

ishes with the ‘growth of the whorl until the last of the body

whorl is broadly rounded. Suture shallow, distinct. . Aperture

ovate, angular above, circular below, chocolate-colored within,

parietal callus well defined and much thickened above, labium

slightly thickened. Operculum ovate, nucleus depressed.

When the mollusk is in its natural position the shell as viewed

from above has the appearance of the penult whorl being

humped and the under side of the shell is nearly always eroded

as if it had been worn away in moving about. Four specimens

measure:

Length 44, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 8 mm.

Length 41, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 8 mm.

Length 40, width 16. Aperture, length 15, width 74 mm.

Length 42, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 84 mm.

This species was taken from two rills on hillsides, in dense

woods. Often there was only enough moisture to keep the

shells damp, or they were under fallen leaves; with them where

there was a half inch or more of water were P. pyramidalis, from

which they differ in being smaller and without any sculpturing.

They are wider than P. indiorum of the same length, and have

THE NAUTILUS. ay

not the color markings of that species. They differ from P.

corvinus by a more solid texture and a smaller and different

shaped aperture.

ANSON A. HINKELEY.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Mr. A. A. Hinkley was born at Farmersville, Indiana, No-

vember 26, 1857, and died in Du Bois, Illinois, July 23, 1920.

Living for a time at Rockford, Ill., he moved to Du Bois in

1881. The accompanying portrait though executed in earlier

years is still an excellent likeness.

Mr. Hinkley was an enthusiastic, energetic, enterprising and

most successful collector. I do not know when he first became

interested in conchology. His first note on the subject appeared

in “The Conchologists’ Exchange,’’ the predecessor of the

Navtiuus in 1887. My own correspondence with him began in

1893. He had then already began to specialize on the Pleuro-

ceridz, which continued to be his favorite study all of his life.

Prior to that time he had taken two trips to Tennessee and had

participated in the results of R. E. Call’s expeditions to Ala-

bama and Georgia. In 1894 and again in 1897 he collected in

Tennessee and Alabama. He was also one of the contributors

of ‘‘the sinews of war’’ to the remarkably successful work of

B. H. Wright in developing the Unione fauna of the southern

states in the decade prior to 1900.

In 1903 he began the series of collecting trips which have given

him a permanent place in the history of American Conchology.

In the winter of that year he explored the Coosa and Black

Warrior rivers in Alabama. Two remarkable new genera,

Amphigyra Pils. and Neoplanorbis Pils., and many new species

of Somatogyrus, Ancylus and Quadrula were discovered. Mr.

Hinkley was the first to develop the minute species of Alabama,

which had been almost entirely overlooked by the early collec-

tors in that State, whose attention had been wholly absorbed

with the wonderful fauna of Unionidz and Pleuroceride in that

region.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

A second trip in the winter of 1904 through Mississippi and

to the Mussel Shoals of the Tennessee River resulted in the dis-

covery of several additional species of Somatogyrus ; the first

living specimens of Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis C. and P. and a

fine species of Campeloma that subsequently served to differenti-

ate the C. coarctata of Binney from the original coarctata of Lea

and establish the validity of C. lewisit Walker, which was typi-

cally based upon specimens collected by him in the Vallabusha

River, Miss.

In the winter of 1906-7 he made his first expedition to Mex-

ico and in 1908 a second trip. His collections on these jour-

neys developed the remarkable Melanian and Unione fauna of

the Panuco River system. Two new genera, Pterides Pils.,

Lithasiopsis Pils., a new subgenus Emmericiella Pils., and a great

number of new species of both land and fresh-water shells were

added to the Mexican fauna.

In 1912 he made his first expedition to Guatemala, a second

trip in 1913 anda third in 1917. These resulted in large series

of many of the rarer species of that region and the addition of

many new species of both land and fresh-water forms to science.

The material brought back by him from his last trip has not

yet been completely worked up and it is probable that the num-

ber of new species will be largely increased when that work is

completed.

The sickness and death of Mr. Hinkley’s wife in 1915 and

his own subsequent ill health kept him at home in that year

and also in 1916 and 1918.

In the early part of January, 1919, he joined Messrs. Ferriss

and Camp in a long trip ‘‘along the Mexican border’’ which

continued until May and has been written up by Ferriss in the

NavTiLus (X XXIII, p. 37). On this expedition he paid special

attention to the collection of the minute and fluviatile species.

Only a very few of the many new species collected on this trip.

have, as yet, been published.

In the early summer of that year he madea short trip through

western Tennessee and Kentucky and planned a thorough ex-

ploration of the Duck River, but unfortunately the project was

cut short.

dw»

THE NAUTILUS. 57

The net result of these many years of field work, if my count

is correct, has added four new genera, one new sub-genus and

one hundred and thirteen new species to the American fauna, a

record that will perpetuate his memory for all time to come.

Mr. Hinkley was not a voluminous writer, preferring to leave

to others the description of his material, but was an occasional

contributor to the Naurtitus from 1887 to 1920. His last note

appeared in January, 1920, and an article on his third trip to

Guatemala is published in this number.

Fifteen species have been named after him, viz.:

Holospira hinkleyi Pils. Gundlachia hinkleyi Walk.

Calocentrum hinkleyi Pils. Amwnicola hinkleyi Walk.

Salasiella hinkleyi Pils. Schasicheila hinkleyi Pils.

Averellia hinkleyi Pils. Pomatiopsis hinkleyi Pils.

Lithasiopsis hinkleyi Pils. Pisidium hinkleyi Sterki.

Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walk. Sonorella hinkleyi P. and F.

Lymnaea hinkleyi Baker. Unio hinkleyi B. H. Wr.

Ancylus hinkleyi Walk.

TURRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

By way of completing my own argument, I desire merely a

word in reply to the points brought up by Mr. Dall in the last

Navtitus. I hope he will forgive me for failing to perceive

that his statements are in any way relevant to the real point at

issue. This is solely and wholly the application of Article 4 of

the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. As I see

it, and now on Dr. Dall’s own showing in his final paragraph,

Turritidae as a family name based on Turris is in flat violation

of this Article, let alone all admitted principles of Latin orthog-

raphy. Were the generic name actually spelled Turritus, the

situation would of course be different, and it is merely this that

Professor Foster was attempting to indicate; but such a circum-

locution is in no way necessary.

It is a novel principle that a purely derivative name, such as

58 THE NAUTILUS.

that of a family, must stand according to its first spelling, how-

ever erroneous. Should it ever come into general favor it would

lead to some strange results.

The International Code alone must write the ‘‘finis’’ toa

discussion of this sort.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PYRAMIDULA RUPESTRIS IN MAINE.

BY EDWARD 8. MORSE.

Forty years ago while collecting land shells alongside the

road in Riley, Maine, 17 miles north of Bethel, I found two

specimens of a small Helix, which at the time I mistook for

a variety of Planogyra astericus, being devoid of the elevated

rings following the lines of growth; it was apparently the

same size, form and color of P. astericus. Instead of being

found in an alder swamp in wet ground, a common habitat

of P. astericus, it was found in-a hard-wood growth on the

side of a hill associated with S. labyrinthica, S. arborea, S.

exigua and other common species. Under the microscope I

found the proportions of the shell different, as the acecompany-

ing drawings will show. Fig. 1 is the new form; fig. 2 is P.

astericus drawn on the same scale. Realizing that the shell

was new to this country, if not a new species, and not deem-

ing it prudent to describe a new species from two specimens,

QL)

Fig. 3

I visited the region again in 1891 in company with Major

John M. Gould, who was with me the first time. We searched

the woods in vain for a specimen of the shell. In August of

this year Major Gould again visited the place but could not

find the shell. A recent study of European species leads me

to regard this nova as the old Helia rupestris of Draparnaud,

THE NAUTILUS. 59

now Pyramidula. In Taylor’s superb monograph of the land

and fresh-water shells of the British Isles the author says of

P. rupestris: ‘“This species displays a great difference in

form, ranging from an almost planorbular spire to a greatly

elevated form with almost dislocated whorls, which has its

metropolis in the isles of the Aegean Sea.’’ Mr. Taylor fig-

ures a depressed form as var. wmbilicata and says this form

is more prevalent in the north of Europe. The spire becomes

more elevated as the southern range increases. Fig. 3 repre-

sents a specimen of Pyramidula rupestris from England.

While showing slight differences, the Maine specimens must

be regarded the same. If it turns out to be an established

variety I would like to dedicate it to Mr. Olaf O. Nylander,

who has done such excellent work in studying and collecting

the land and fresh-water shells of northern Maine. It will

thus stand Pyramidula rupestris var. nylandert.

NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

Due to the unusually severe storms of the past winter the

beaches about New York City were of special interest to the

conchologist. On the one hand, bungalos, hotels, etc., were

swept into the ocean bodily, while on the other, great quan-

tities of shells were strewn along the shores.

At Rockaway Beach from the hospital (beyond the Park)

to Edgmeer, a distance of four miles, there was an almost

continuous rift of ‘‘skimmers’’ (Spisula solidissima) along

the extreme high-tide line, which averaged two feet deep by

ten feet wide. At some places these clams were piled up three

to four feet deep, at other places they formed a double rift,

while at still others (besides the rift at highest tide line) they

were strewn as a thick carpet over that part of the beach

laid bare at low tide. Counting 50 individuals per square

foot, we estimated there were at least 5,000,000 per linear

mile. It will be interesting to notice the abundance of this

60 THE NAUTILUS.

species along this strip of beach after next winter’s storms.

It seems as though a large colony has been whipped out for

a distance of several miles. At Long Beach (the next beach

eastward) there were a dozen or two S. solidissima per linear

rod.

We tramped over the top of this gigantic funeral pile for a

distance of half a mile, starting near the hospital. As a re-

sult we picked up 16 specimens of Pecten magellanicus (with

the animal) besides a few odd valves. Beyond the half mile

the species was not found. The most astonishing find of the

day, however, was a large specimen of Buccinum undatum

fairly well covered with Hydractinia echinata and occupied

by a putrid hermit. This species is of accidental occurrence

west of the eastern end of the island. It is not an inhabitant

of our sandy beaches.

On the channel side of Long Beach where dredges are

widening the channel and building up land we found some

hundred-odd specimens of Ensis directus freshly cast up.

The largest had a width of 1°/,, inches and a length of

over 7 inches. A very few were found which were perfectly

straight-looking from the outside like a true Solen, but when

they were cleaned out and the hinge examined they were

found to be Ensis. As I have never found the slightest indi-

cation of a Solen in this vicinity, nor as I do not know of a

single authentic record of one for our coast, I am forced to

the conclusion that the lots in the American Museum collec-

tion (as well as those in other museums) labeled New York

and forming parts of the collections of shell fanciers have (as

is the case with many other species) the wrong locality at-

tached to them through carelessness or ignorance. This error

seems to have been a common one for this species and it is

time it be definitely rectified. This mistake of locality in

collections of collectors of shells as a hobby (as the Jay,

Haines, Newcomb, etc., collections) is common, so that their

collections should not be considered for distributional records

of species.

THE NAUTILUS. 61

ANIMAL LIFE IN LOESS DEPOSITS NEAR ALTON, ILLINOIS, WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW VARIETIES OF LAND SHELLS

FROM THE SAME DEPOSITS.*

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Many years ago Worthen (Geol. Ill., Vol. I, p. 315, 1866)

reported the remains of a mastodon from near the City of Alton,

from a deposit near the bottom of the loess, about thirty feet

beneath the surface, where it was separated from the limestone

by two to three feet of local drift. It was also stated by Worthen

that the loess above the drift contained land and fresh-water

shells. The only other reference to this deposit or its animal

life, as far as known to the writer, is by Wm. McAdams (Proc.

A. A. A. S., Vol. XXXII, p. 268, 1883).. Recently Dr. M. M.

Leighton, of the Department of Geology, University of Illinois,

and also connected with the State Geological Survey, visited

Alton and vicinity, and made a careful study of the Quaternary

deposits, to determine the stratographic horizon of the concre-

tions with which the mammalian remains are associated. Dur-

ing his study of the loess deposits he collected from them at

different specified levels the remains of molluscan life, and has

given me the following statement concerning the character and

age of these deposits.

*‘The bluffs just northwest of Alton have a height of from

125 to 175 feet above the Mississippi River. Several quarries

are located along the bluffs, which offer fine sections of the Mis-

sissippian limestone, some 50 to 100 feet thick, overlain by thin

drift and thick loess deposits.

‘*The loess is separable into two deposits, a lower pink loess

and an upper buff loess. The pink loess lies unconformably

on the glacial till below, the till showing strong evidence of a

long interval of weathering before the deposition of the pink

loess. The till may well be as old as the Kansan, in which

case the pink loess is probably Sangamon; if the till is Illinoian

the pink loess cannot be older than late Sangamon, and may be

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 14.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Iowan or early Peorian. Although the pink color of the loess

is believed to be largely original, there is some evidence sug-

gesting that the pink loess was weathered somewhat before the

deposition of the overlying buff loess. The interval of weather-

ing, however, was doubtless brief. The buff loess is leached

and oxidized at the top similar to the early Peorian loess (form-

erly called Iowan), and this strengthens the view that the pink

loess is Sangamon. The mammalin remains at the top of the

till and the base of the pink loess seem most likely to be early

Sangamon. The calcareous concretions with which they are as-

sociated are secondary and, hence, later.’’

The mollusks collected embrace thirteen species of land shells,

including two that appear to be undescribed. No lacustrine or

fluviatile species were obtained (as would be expected), these

mollusks being very rare or absent in true loess formations.

Worthen’s statement of the presence of fresh-water shells may

have referred to the genus Succinea, some species of which occur

in the vicinity of water bodies, though the loess Succinea are of

the upland species and not the lowland species that are abund-

ant near water (Succinea retusa, for example). The species of

land shells in the deposit are the same, for the most part, as

those found in typical loess deposits in Iowa and adjacent states.

Except where mentioned the species are normal in form.

The division of the loess into two bodies, differing in color

and probably attesting different periods of deposition, indicates

that the deposition of the loess has been periodic rather than

continuous. This is in line with the findings of Dr. Wm. C.

Alden and Dr. Leighton in regard to the loess associated with

the Iowan drift sheet in Iowa.+ The cause of these epochs of

loess deposition with breaks between is still a matter of conjec-

ture. It is the writer’s opinion that it might represent the

presence of the Iowan ice to the north of the region.

Dr. Leighton reports that shells were more or less common at

all levels of the loess. The age of these molluscan remains may

be tentatively indicated in the following table. It will be noted

+ Alden, Wm. C., and Leighton, M. M. The Iowan Drift, Iowa Geolog-

ical Survey, Vol. XX VI, pp. 49 to 212, 1917.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

that the pink loess, believed to be of Sangamon age, is the rich-

est in number of syecies, ana that the characteristic post-lowan

(Peorian) fossil, Pyramidula shimekii occurs only in the buff

loess. Whether this distribution is to be considered as apply-

ing to the whole body of the loesses of this area, or is simply

the result of local collecting, cannot be known until more ex-

tensive collections are made. The collections made by Dr.

Leighton are from several localities in both Madison and St.

Clair counties and also from different levels in the deposits, and

these are believed to represent fairly well the general distribu-

tion of the loess faunas of this region. It is probable that a

larger number of the minute species could be found as a result

of prolonged search carried on especially forthem. The mater-

ial has been placed in the University of Illinois Museum through

the courtesy of the Illinois Geological Survey. They are num-

bered P 738 to P 764 of the collection of Palaeontology.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN LOESSES NEAR ALTON.

Concretionary horizon. Polygyra profunda pleistocenica.

(Above underlying till, be- Castoroides ohioensis (incisor

lieved to be Kansan. ) tooth).

Mammut americanum (Kerr).

(Reported by Worthen. )

Yarmouth interval.

Pink loess believed to be of Polygyra profunda pleistocenica.

Sangamon age. Polygyra multilineata altonensis.

Polygyra hirsuta.

Polygyra appressa.

Pyramidula alternata.

Helicodiscus paralellus.

Gastrocopta armifera.

Zonitoides arborea.

Upper part of loess. Circinaria concava.

Succinea ovalis.

Helicina occulta.

Buff loess.

Karly Peorian interval. Pyramidula shimekii.

Succinea ovalis.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

The localities at which shells were obtained, together with

the species found at each, are listed below.

From the concretionary horizon at the base of the pink loess

and at the top of the underlying till; plant number 2 of the

Mississippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton, Madison Co.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker.

Castoroides ohioensis Foster. Given to Dr. Leighton and said

to have come from this horizon. Only a single incisor tooth

(the left) was collected.

The Polygyra was apparently very abundant at this horizon,

seven pieces of concretions containing ten specimens of shells.

The concretions are of lime which is very hard. Some of the

shells are internal casts.

From the lower ten feet of the pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis-

sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton. Many fragments of shells

occurred, indicating an abundance of the different species at one

time.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A few specimens.

Polygyra multilineata altonensis Baker. A few specimens.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Rare.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). One specimen.

From the upper part of the pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis-

sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A few specimens,

Pyramidula alternata (Say). A few specimens.

Circinaria concava (Say). One specimen.

Succinea ovalis (Say). Several specimens.

Helicina occulta Say. One specimen.

From cliff of loess near corner Market and East 6th Street,

Alton. From pink loess.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. Common.

Polygyra multilineata alionensis Baker. One specimen.

Polygyra appressa (Say). Common.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Rare.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Not common.

Helicodiscus paralellus (Say). One specimen.

Circinaria concava (Say). One specimen.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

From pink loess at Edgemont, St. Clair Co., north side of

interurban railway.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. Rare.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). One specimen.

From lower part of buff loess at Edgemont, St. Clair Co.,

north side interurban railway.

Pyramidula shimekiu (Pilsbry). A few very large specimens,

one individual measuring 7.10 mm. in greatest diameter.

Succinea ovalis Say. The Succineas are apparently this

species, although they exhibit some variation, especially in the

height of the spire. They are not grosvenorii, which occurs in

the loess deposits of Iowa.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW VARIETIES.

Polygyra multilineata altonensis n. var.

Shell differing from typical multilineata in being larger, the

whorls more gibbous, the spire more depressed, and the sutures

between the later whorls more deeply impressed; the last whorl

begins to rapidly descend on the previous whorl until the upper

part of the outer lip rests against the periphery, instead of

above this point, as in multilineata ; the deflection of the upper

part of the whorl toward the aperture is also more abrupt, and

forms: a distinct shoulder at this point; the reflected lip is much

heavier as is also the umbilical callus; the spiral color bands

and lines are apparently much less numerous than in typical

multilineata.

Greatest diameter, 32; height, 19.5; aperture height, 14;

breadth, 14mm. Holotype. U.I. No. P. 740 A.

Greatest diameter, 28; height, 15.5; aperture height, 11;

breadth, 12 mm. Paratype. U.I. No. P. 740 B.

Horizon: Lower ten feet of pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis-

sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton, Madison Co., Illinois.

This form of mudltilineata is so uniformly different from the

usual form and size of this species that it seems to require a

special designation. It probably occurs in other loess deposits.

The greater size and gibbous-shaped whorls are sufficiently

characteristic to cause its immediate recognition. This variety

is apparently not common in these loess deposits, only four

66 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens being obtained by Dr. Leighton. The type material

is from the lower part of the pink loess. The variety does not

occur (apparently) in the higher or later loess deposits of this

region.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica n. var.

Shell uniformly smaller than typical profunda, more solid,

with slightly higher spire and proportionally smaller aperture

and umbilicus; the color bands are developed in but two speci-

mens of the 19 specimens examined, the majority of the indi-

viduals being unicolored.

Greatest diameter, 22; height, 14.7 mm. Holotype. U. I.

Now Moly:

Greatest diameter, 24; height, 14 mm. Paratype. U. I.

No. P ol BD.

Greatest diameter, 26; height, 14.7 mm. Paratype. U. I.

No Pocfai WU.

This race or variety of profunda is the most common land

shell in the loess of the vicinity of Alton. The characteristics

noted above will easily distinguish it from typical profunda.

This variety recalls Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp (Ann.

Carnegie Mus. X, p. 537, pl. xxxii, figs. 18-15, 1916), the

sizes being about the same in the two forms. In strontiana,

however, the spire is higher and the shell of different shape.

Pleistocenica is not common in the lower deposits of the loess

near Alton nor in the higher deposits. It reaches its greatest

development near the middle of the pink loess, from which the

greater number of specimens came.

From pink loess on cliff of loess, corner Market and East 6th

Street, Alton, Madison Co., Illinois.

NOTE ON A PREOCCUPIED GENERIC NAME IN CEPHALOPODS.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA.

In 1918 (Zool. Anz., Bd. 42, p. 590) I proposed the name

Acroteuthis as that of a genus of cephalopods having the

Sepia media Linneus 1767 as type, the said genus being

THE NAUTILUS. 67

practically equivalent to the old Teuthis Schneider 1784, not

of Linnzus 1766, which is a genus of fishes.

It has recently been called to my attention that Acroteuthis

in this sense is itself invalid by reason of the existence of a

prior usage of the same name in connection with a fossil

genus of the same group of mollusks, a fact which had escaped

my notice because of an almost complete lack from my library

of the literature of cephalopod paleontology.

To remedy this unfortunate situation, I would suggest that

the name Acruroteuthis be adopted as a substitute for Acro-

teuthis Berry 1913.

NOTES ON A SMALL COLLECTION UF SHELLS FROM ALASKA.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

A small collection of Alaska mollusks has recently been given

to the Museum of Natural History which is of considerable in-

terest. It was collected by Dr. Henry B. Ward, head of the

Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, while engaged in

survey work for the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The

shells were collected incidentally during the months of July and

August. The two bodies of water from which the material was

collected are in the Copper River drainage and their location is

thus described by Dr. Ward:

‘*The two lakes referred to as the locations from which the

mollusks came are both in the drainage of the Copper River.

Long Lake lies just off the Chitina River, which is the main

tributary of the Copper River. The lake is right alongside the

Copper River and the Northwestern Railway track, and is some-

thing like 150 miles from Cordova.

‘‘Saint Anne Lake empties into Lake Klutina, which in turn

empties through the Klutina River into the Copper River. This

is on the west side of the drainage basin, about 250 miles from

‘the Long Lake locality.”’

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 12.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

OvuTLet oF Lone Lake.

Galba randolphi (Baker). Half-grown and typical.

Galba vahlu (‘‘ Beck’’ Moller).

Planorbis similaris Baker.

Two young individuals (three whorls) of a small Planorbis

are indistinguishable from specimens of similaris of the same

size from Colorado. They are not like parvus from near Phila-

delphia, having a less number of whorls in specimens of the

same size, and the base lacks the reamed-out appearance so

characteristic of typical parvus. The two localities are widely

separated although the ecological and general climatic condi-

tions are the same, the Colorado specimens occurring in a lake

at an altitude of 8575 feet (see Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

Vol. XLI, p. 532, 1919). This small Planorbis will doubtless

be found in many places between these extreme localities, when

it is discriminated from parvus.

Pisidium species.

Sterki says of this Pisidium, of which only four specimens

were collected, ‘‘ unknown to me; probably immature.”’

Saint ANNE LAKE.

Galba randolphi (Baker). Half-grown specimens.

Galba vahlii (‘‘ Beck’’ Moller).

The lymnaeids referred to vahlii were at first thought to be

referable to palustris. The generally thinner, almost paper-like

shell and the wide columella callus without well-marked plait

seem to place them rather under vahlii. The spire in nearly all

of the specimens is very long and the whorls are inclined to be

flat-sided, differing in this respect from typical vahlii. This

species, like the protean palustris, of which it is a near relative,

probably exhibits a wide range of variation.

Valvata lewisii helicoidea Dall.

A single specimen of Dall’s variety of Valvata lewisii occurred

with the material from Saint Anne Lake. It corresponds in

every way with the original description and figures (Alaska

Mollusks, p. 123, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2) but is smaller than the speci-

men figured by Dall. The measurements of the Saint Anne

Lake specimen are: height 2.2; greatest diameter4 mm. The

THE NAUTILUS. 69

variety has also been seen from Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, col-

lected by Professor C. H. O’ Donoghue, of the University of

Manitoba. It will probably be found to be widely distributed

in Canada and Alaska.

Sphaerium tenue Prime.

Pisidium idahoense Roper.

A single specimen each of these two Sphaeriidae was con-

tained in the Saint Anne Lake material. These specimens are

typical.

I am indebted to Dr. V. Sterki for the determination of the

Sphaeriidae from this locality as well as from the outlet ot Long

Lake.

NOTES.

Notes ON CERTAIN BrRAcHIOPOD GENERA. — A recently pub-

lished and valuable paper on the recent species of Brachio-

poda in the National Museum (Dall, W. H., Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. 57, pp. 261-377, 1920) places before students of the

Brachiopoda a carefully prepared catalogue of the species

contained in the National Museum collection and also brings

together from many scattered sources valuable data on geo-

graphic and bathymetric range and bottom temperature. The

author has also cleared the field of a number of mooted ques-

tions in synonymy and it is to be regretted that the paper is

not accompanied with illustrations of the new species named.

For the Terebratula grayi Davidson 1852, Dr. Dall proposes

the subgeneric term Pereudesia, which fact is unfortunate,

since J. W. Jackson (Geol. Mag., Decade 6, Vol. 3, pp. 21-22,

1916) used the term Thomsonia in a full generic sense for

the peculiar type of structure that obtains in Terebratula

grayi and Terebratula grayi transversa, and at a later date

(Geol. Mag., Decade 6, Vol. 5, pp. 479-480, 1918), finding the

term Thomsonia preoccupied, he alters to Coptothyris, which

name will of necessity hold preference over Dr. Dall’s

Pereudesia.—Daruine K. GREGER.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Brasilica Clark 1913. This generic term was erected by

Dr. John M. Clarke (Monog. do Serv. Geol. e Mineral. do

Brazil, Vol. 1, pp. 214-216, 1913) with the Centronella? mar-

garida Derby as the genotype. The use of the term Brasilica

is not applicative, in view of the fact that it was employed by

S. S. Buckman in 1898 for a genus of Ammonites, with the

Jurassic species A. bradfordensis as the genotype. The

generic term Chapadella is here proposed for the type of loop

structure exemplified in Centronella? margarida Derby, the

genotype. Chapada is a small village in Matto Grosso, Brazil,

near which place H. H. Smith collected the material originally

used by Dr. Derby in his paper published in the Revista do

Museu. Rio de Janeiro, 1896.—Daruine K. GREGER.

ZONITOIDES NUMMUS IN INpDIANA.—In looking over a lot of

shells collected on Feb. 28, 1904, by the late A. C. Billups

from Great Miami River drift, Lawrenceburg, Ind., I found

specimens which I take to be Zomtoides nummus Van., so am

sending some. This is far out of the recorded range of this

species so far as I know. The balance of the shells are what

one would expect from that region. A good many of the Z.

minusculus have the thickening of the lip, or rather back of

the lip, ‘‘bourrelet’’ I believe the French call it. This is not

a mark of maturity, as many of the half-grown shells have it.

—Gro. H. Cuapp.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

JOURNAL DE CONCHYLIOLOGIE, 1920, Vol. 66, No. 4. Révision

des Cypricardiacea et des Isocardiacea Vivants du Muséum

D’ Histoire naturelle de Paris. Par Edouard Lamy. Pp. 259-

307. A very exhaustive treatise on this group of bivalves.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL Society oF LONDON,

Vol. 14, Pl. 1, Apr. 1920. A new subspecies of Papuina tay-

loriana from Dampier Island, by Hugh C. Fulton, p. 2. P.

tayloriana dampierensis.

THE NAUTILUS. at

Molluscan Notes IV, by Hugh C. Fulton, p. 3. Ennea pal-

laryi Preston= E. vriesiana Ancy ; Xestina grunulosa Molldft.

= H. danae Pfr.; Goniostomus subhybridus Da Costa = Bulr-

mulus (Drymeus) pulcherrimus H. Adams; Pseudachatina

daillyana Pilsbry = P. perelongata Rolle; Neptunea antiqua

japonica Dautz. & Fisch. —= Chrysodomus intersculptus Sowb.

Additions to the List of Recent Middlesex Mollusca. By J.

EK. Cooper, p. 5.

The Affinities of Pyramidula, Patulastra, Acanthinula and

Vallonia. By Hugh Watson, pp. 6-30, pls. 1 and 2.

On Mitra montereyi, a new Californian species. By S.

Stillman Berry, pp. 31-33.

On Six Variations of Clausilia bidentata and Ena obscura,

with a locality. By A. E. Boycott, pp. 34-42.

On Mitra montereyi, a new Californian species. By S.

Stillman Berry, pp. 31-31.

On the Size Variation of Clausilia bidentata and Ena ob-

scura, with a locality. By A. E. Boycott, pp. 34-42.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE CERIONID&. By C.

J. Maynard (Pts. 1-5, App. to Vol. 10, Records of Walks and

Talks with Nature).

Own Certain Fosstu SHELLS IN THE BOULDER CLAY oF Bos-

TON Basin. By Edward S. Morse (Amer. Jour. Sci., 1920,

Vol. 49, pp. 157-165). A very interesting paper. The author

believes that the thick fragments found in the various deposits

represent the southern Venus campechiensis and not V. mer-

cenarim.

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE AMERICAN OPERCULATED LAND

MOLLUSKS OF THE FamIty ANNULARID&. By John B. Hen-

derson and Paul Bartsch (Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol.

58, pp. 49-82). In this paper American ‘‘Cyclostomide’’ are

separated from the Old World groups and placed in the

family Annulariide, the principal character used in sep-

arating them being the radula.

iy THE NAUTILUS.

ANNOTATED List OF THE RECENT BRACHIOPODA IN THE COL-

LECTION OF THE UNITED States Nationa Museum, witH DE-

SCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-THREE NEw Forms. By William H.

Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 57, pp. 261-377). The

collection of recent Brachiopods in the National Museum is

unusually strong, containing 181 different forms, represented

by over 6,000 specimens, including many original types.

ON THE ANATOMY OF PALUDESTRINA JENKINSI. By C. G.

Robson (Ann. Mag. N. H., 9 ser., V, May, 1920). This species

has long been of interest on account of its rapid spread

through the waterways of England, Wales and Ireland, and

recently from the discovery that it is apparently partheno-

genetic. It has a large crystalline style. There is a well-

developed pedal gland as in Valvata. In the ovary were seen

oocytes but no spermatozoa. There is also an organ corres-

ponding to the spermatheca. The capacious brood-pouch is

excavated in the pallial integument of the right side, and

capable of holding over 40 young. The writer has already

suggested that P. jenkinsi is a Potamopyrgus; it should be

compared with some of the tropical species, none of which

have been dissected.—H. A. P.

THE RaDULA OF THE Mitrmp&. By Rev. A. H. Cooke (Proce.

Zool. Soc. London, 1919 [1920], pp. 405-422, 18 figs. in text).

A valuable contribution to our knowledge of the radula of

this family. The work is based largely on the collection of

the late Prof. H. M. Gwatkin.

Costa Rican Lanp AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. By H. A.

Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1920, pp. 2-10, 6 figs. in text).

The paper is based on a collection made by Dr. P. P. Calvert

and Mrs. Calvert in 1909 and 1910. Five new species are de-

seribed.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV PLATE Ill

WALKER: FERRISSIA OBSCURA ETC.

Hee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIV JANUARY, 1921. No. 3

ANCYLUS OBSCURUS HALDEMAN AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IT.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

( Continued. )

Through the courtesy of M. Menard of the Museum of

Geneva, Switzerland, I have received photographs and other

valuable data in regard to the types of the unfigured West-In-

dian species of Ancylus described dy Bourguignat and have con-

sequently been enabled to differentiate the following species

with more certainty that I otherwise should have been.

IV.

Ferrissia jamaicensis n. sp. Pl. III, figs. 1-3.

Shell depressed, oval, slightly wider at the anterior end;

lateral margins equally curved; anterior slope nearly straight,

being very slightly convex towards the apex; posterior slope

concave; the left lateral slope a little convex; the right lateral

slope concave; apex obtuse, excentric, turned toward the right

side, obscurely radiately striate, situated about halfway between

the median line and the right margin and at about two-fifths

of the length from the posterior end; lines of growth fine, but

distinct and regular, with traces of subobsolete wrinkles on the

anterior slope; light horn color.

Length (type) 5.25: width 3.5, alt. 1.5 mm.

Length (paratype, Adams’ Coll.) 5.1; width 3.25, alt. 1.3 mm.

Type locality Jamaica. Also Kingston, Jamaica.

Type No. 34825 Walker Coll. Paratype in Adams’ Collec-

tion.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

There are one nearly mature specimen and three immature

ones in the Adams’ Collection received from Chitty and labeled

‘“obscurus 2’? from Kingston, Jamaica. My own set of four

specimens was received from Sowerby and Fulton as ‘‘obscurus’’.

As these are apparently fully developed and are quite congruous

in character, I have selected one of them as the type. The

largest specimen in the Adams Collection is narrower than the

type, the apex less eccentric and the posterior slope is longer

and nearly straight below the base of the apex. The radial

sculpture of the apex is very distinct in this specimen. When

additional material can be obtained, it may prove to be, at

least, varietally distinct.

After carefully reviewing my material I am now inclined to

think that the Guadeloupe specimens considered as conspecific

in the first part of this paper (Naur., XXXIII, p. 99), though

rather similar, are different. They will be considered else-

where.

This species is also evidently related to A. beawi Bgt. from

Guadeloupe, but as compared with the figures of Bourguignat’s

type; it is somewhat larger, proportionately not so wide, the

anterior slope is less convex, the posterior slope longer and it

lacks the distinct radial striation on the anterior slope, which,

though not mentioned by Bourguignat, shows very distinctly

in the photograph of his type.

Ferrissia adamsin. sp. Pl. III, figs. 7-9.

Shell depressed, oval, very slightly wider anteriorly; lateral

margins equally curved; anterior slope nearly straight; posterior

slope straight below the base of the apex at which point it is

slightly incurved; left lateral slope very slightly convex; right

lateral slope a little concave; apex prominent, very obtuse,

slightly turned toward the right margin, situated nearly on the

median line and about one-third of the length from the poster-

ior end, radiately striate; surface smooth except for the distinct,

rather coarse, regular lines of growth; light horn color.

Length 4, width 2.75, alt. 1.25 mm.

Type locality Kingston, Jamaica.

THE NAUTILUS. 7d

Type No. 50983 Walker Coll. Paratype in the Adams Col-

lection at Amherst College.

I can not approximate this species to any that have been de-

scribed from the West Indies; several specimens were in the lot

received by Adams from Chitty mixed with the preceding

species. Compared with that, adamsi is smaller, more heavily

concentrically striate with growth lines, the apex is much more

obtuse, more elevated and scarcely at all eccentric.

VI.

The third form mentioned (1. ¢. p. 99) as occurring in the

Adams’ ‘‘obscurus’’ from Jamaica consists of a number of

small specimens in both lots, which, at first, I thought repre-

sented a distinct species, but after carefully reviewing them

again I think it probable that they are young shells of the two

preceding species; at least, I do not feel like describing them as

distinct from the comparatively small series now available.

VIL.

Ferrissia blandi n. sp. Pl. ILI, figs. 10-12.

?Ancylus obscurus Hald., Shuttleworth, Ann. Lyc., N. H.

N. Y., VI, 1854, p. 72; Diag. Neuer Moll., No. 6, 1354, p. 99.

Shell small, slightly elevated, broad oval, a little wider an-

teriorly, both ends broadly rounded; right lateral margin nearly

straight; Jeft lateral margin somewhat more curved, especially

anteriorly; anterior slope nearly straight; posterior slope short

and slightly incurved; right lateral slope slightly concave; left

lateral slope a little convex; apex prominent, obtuse, slightly

turned toward the right side, situated at the posterior third of

the length and to the right of the median line, distinctly radi-

ally striate; surface smooth except for the fine, regular lines of

growth and traces of irregular rippling on the anterior slope;

light horn color.

Length 2.75; width 1.8, alt. .8 mm.

Type locality St. Vincent Island, West Indies.

Type No. 50984 Coll. Walker. Paratypes in the Adams

Collection at Amherst College.

The history of these specimens has already been given. This

76 THE NAUTILUS.

little species seems to be quite distinct from any of those de-

scribed from the West Indies. It is quite different in shape

and proportions from A. bermudensis Van., which is the only.

one that approximates it in size.

Named after the original collector, the late Thomas Bland.

Explanation of Plate III.

Figs. 1, 3. Ferrissia obscura (Hald.). See Naut., XX XIII,

p. 101.

Figs. 4, 6. Ferrissia jamaicensis Walker.

Figs. 7, 9. Ferrissia adamst Walker.

Figs. 10-12. Ferrissia blandi Walker.

TWO NEW PLIOCENE PECTENS FROM NOME, ALASKA.*

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

The U. S. Geological Survey has recently received from Otto

Halla of Nome, some fossil shells from a subterranean Pliocene

beach reached by a shaft at twenty feet below the surface near

the Solomon River. Among these specimens were Astarte car-

teriana Dall, a Venericardia like alaskana Dall, but much larger

and heavier; fragments of a Chrysodomus, and two magnificent

new species of Pecten. Pecten lioicus Dall, and P. kindle Dall,

both markedly peculiar forms of the subgenus Chlamys, had

already been obtained from these anciently uplifted and now

buried beaches, and doubtless when fully explored they will

afford many other things of interest. The characteristics of the

fauna indicate a warmer sea than at present exists at Nome,

and the species as a rule are larger and heavier than their recent

or Pleistocene analogues.

PECTEN (PLAGIOCTENIOM) HALLAE ND. Sp.

Right valve convex, heavy, subcircular, with subequal ears,

hinge-line wide and straight, the ears sculptured with rather

rude incremental lines; radial sculpture of the valve consisting

* Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.

THE NAUTILUS. be

of 17 or 18 low, rounded ribs with rather shallow narrower in-

terspaces channeled only near the beak; the minor sculpture, if

any existed, has been removed by abrasion but there are faint

traces of fine radial striae in the interspaces; the hinge has a

very large resiliary pit with a narrow ridge on each side of it;

the adductor scar was large and the the margins of the valves

was undulated by the external sculpture. Height of right

valve, 120; width, 125; length of hinge-line, 70; (semi) diam-

eter, 28mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333042.

A fragment has a width of 147 mm. The nearest relative is

perhaps the Pliocene P. cerrosensis Gabb, which has twenty-five

much stronger ribs with much narrower interspaces, and a less

inflated and smaller shell.

PECTEN (PATINOPECTEN) RHYTIDUS N. Sp. ~

Right valve very thick and heavy, little inflated, subcircular,

with 18 or 14 narrow ribs, here and there subnodulous or

slightly imbricated, with much wider flattish shallow inter-

spaces; the whole surface is finely radiately striated; there is no

minor sculpture except the striation; the hinge-line long,

straight, the ears subequal with coarse incremental sculpture;

resiliary pit deep and wide, with a strong groove on each side;

adductor scar large; valve-margins undulated by the external

sculpture. Height of shell, 128; width of shell, 130; of hinge-

line, 80; (semi) diameter, 12mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No.

333044.

No species of the late Tertiary or Recent fauna resembles this

at all closely.

THE TYPE LOCALITIES OF LYMNAEA EMARGINATA SAY AND

L. AMPLA MIGHELS.

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER, CARIBOU, ME.

In 1821 Thomas Say described Lymnezus emarginatus (Jour.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., II, 170) discovered hy Aaron Stone in

lakes of Maine. ‘The type is apparently lost and the name of

the lakes not given. Walter Wells in his book ‘‘ The Water-

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Power of Maine, Augusta, 1869,’’ states: ‘‘The total count of

those [lakes] represented upon the maps as connected with our

rivers * * * not including the multitude of small ponds * * *

is not less than one thousand six hundred and twenty.’’ Of

the above lakes 1568 are located within the State. In the

‘¢Fourth Annual Report of the State Water Storage Commis-

sion,’’ 1913, page 322, the number of lakes and ponds in Maine

is given as 2,222.

I have examined many of the Maine lakes, and from Moose-

head Lake in the center of the State north to Temiscouata

Lake, in Quebec, has been my collecting ground for over 30

years.

I have found specimens of Lymneus emarginatus Say, that

seem to compare with Say’s description in only one lake; this

is located on the east branch of First River between Long Lake

and Cross Lake, Aroostook County, in Township XVII, Range

4, about lat. 47° 10’ N., and long. 68° 16’ W. It is called

Mud Lake or Second Lake. Prof. F. C. Baker has examined in

his studies of the ‘‘ Lymneide of North and Middle America,”’

a large series of specimens from Mud Lake, and his opinion is

that we have the true type in this lake. If students of shells

will agree with me, let us call this the type locality of Say’s

Iymne@us emarginatus. For a description of this locality see

THE Navtiuus, Vol. XV, page 127.

Prof. Edward L. Morse visited this locality (Mud Lake) in

June, 1859, hoping to rediscover Limnzxa ampla of Mighels, and

gave me a full account of his trip at the meeting of the Boston

Malacological Club, Feb. 10, 1918. Prof. Morse in going to

this lake, followed the account given by Dr. Mighels, and I

followed the published accounts given by both Mighels and

Morse. The fact is Lymnea ampla Mighels is not found in Mud

Lake (or Second Lake).

There is no name on any of the old maps of Mud Lake (or

Second Lake). Say’s original paper gave the locality: ‘‘ In-

habits Lakes of Maine,’’ and others say ‘‘ Lakes in northern

Maine (Say).’’ If northern is correct, Mud Lake is the type

locality.

The type specimen of Lymnaea ampla was lost in the fire that

THE NAUTILUS. 79

destroyed the custom house of Portland, Maine, 1854, together

with all of Dr. Mighels’ specimens.

In the summer of 1842 Alexander Longfellow, assisting in

the Boundary Survey, collected in Second Eagle Lake, North

lat. 47°, four specimens of Lymn@a ampla together with Physa

ancillaria. This lake is also located on the east branch of Fish

River and is at this time known under the name of Square

Lake. The specimens collected by Mr. Longfellow and illus-

trated and published by Dr. Mighels in Boston Journal Natural

History, Vol. 4, page 347, pl. 16, came from Square Lake inlet.

The great trouble to all workers in natural history is the many

changes in the names of places. This might have been avoided

if the map makers had not made it their business to change

names on every new edition. Specialists and makers of new

species in every new edition of their works are changing the

names of the species described, each calling them Scientifically

Correct. What to-day (1920) is called Fish River lakes was

called in 1860 Eagle Lakes; what is now Eagle Lake was called

Lake Winthrop in 1860. Square Lake of to-day had the name

of Lake Sedgwick in 1860, and was known as Second Eagle

Lake in 1842. Cross Lake of to-day bore the name of Lake

Preble in 1860, and Long Lake was Cleveland Lake in 1860.

The French settlers that live in the vicinity of the Fish River

Lakes are still using the old names.

Iymnea emarginata Say and L. ampla Mighels have also

undergone several changes during this period of 100 years, as

the following list shows:

Iymneus emarginatus Say, 1821.

Timnea emarginata Haldeman, 1842.

Galba emarginata Baker, 1911.

LTimrnea ampla Mighels, 1843.

Radix ampla Morse, 1864.

Lymnzxa mighelsi Binney, 1865.

Lymnexa (Radix) mighelsi Dall, 1905.

Timnea emarginata var. mighelsi Nylander, 1901.

Galba emarginata mighelsi Baker, 1911.

What will it be one hundred years from now? I have some

80 THE NAUTILUS.

fine specimens from the original localities that I will exchange

with museums and collectors for specimens or publications new

to my collections.

NOTES ON THE NAIAD FAUNA OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER.*

BY N. M. GRIER.

I. On the Anatomy of Lampsilis higginsti Lea.

Ortmann (1) is inclined to suspect that this species is merely

a local form of ZL. orbiculata Hildreth, the form of very large

rivers with muddy bottom, rather than the northern representa-

tive of that species, which some consider to be distinctly south-

ern. Examination of the soft parts of Aigginsii, obtained while

in the service of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, con-

vinces me of the conformity of higginsit with descriptive mater-

ial given for the genus Lampsilis by Simpson (3), and by Ort-

mann for L. orbiculata (2).

The most important point of resemblance between these two

species is the common possession of a mantle flap greatly re-

sembling that in L. ventricosa, and which obtains its greatest

development in the female. As such a structure in higginsi

seems to have been overlooked, detailed description of it fol-

lows. The papillae on the posterior border of the mantle ob-

tain the greater development, those situated anteriorly being

quite stunted when present. At the beginning of the posterior

half of the mantle edge, the latter thickens to form a grooved

flap which shortly attains a width three times that of the ad-

jacent portions of the mantle edge, but which narrows down

above the anal opening to a width equal to that of the anterior

edge of the mantle. The greatest thickness is obtained at a

* Published by permission of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries.

1. Ortmann, A. R., ‘‘ Notes upon the Families and Genera of Najades’’.

Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, 1912, p. 353.

2. Ibid., ‘‘ Monograph of the Najades of Pennsylvania, Part III”’. Me-

moirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1919, p. 324.

3. Simpson, C. T., ‘‘ Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades’’. B. Walker,

Detroit, pp. 77-78.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

point approximately ? of the distance along the mantle edge

from the anterior end, where the edge is produced into a tri-

angular process, directed somewhat anteriorly, and which is in

the line with the anterior edge of the post-adductor muscle.

Above, this process is spotted wtth a medium brown color, and

its edge is produced into papillae which become finer towards

the coarser ones of the branchial and anal regions. Below, the

coloration appears confined to a strip widest near the vertex

of the process described, and is succeeded posteriorly by the

papillae previously mentioned.

WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE, WASHINGTON, Pa.

THE ANATOMY OF CERTAIN MUSSELS FROM THE UPPER TENNESSEE,

RY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

In the Proc. Americ. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918, pp. 521-526, the

present writer has published a Synopsis of the Naiades, or fresh-

water mussels of the upper Tennessee drainage, assigning each

species its proper place in the system. But in some of them

the observations on the anatomy forming the basis for the tax-

onomic arrangement have not been given. It is the purpose of

the present paper to furnish these data, together with additional

remarks on species treated previously.

I am sorry that I am compelled to introduce again nomen-

clatorial changes without fully supporting them; but this will

be done in another paper.

FUscoNAIA PILARIS (LEA), F. PILARIS LESUEURIANA (LEA), F.

PILARIS BURSA-PASTORIS (WRIGHT). (See Ortmann, l. c.,

pp. 527-529. )

Anatomy: F. bursa-pastoris (Wr.) in Nautiu. 27, 1918, p. 90

(incomplete, no gravid females at hand).

Gravid females have been found subsequently on the follow-

ing dates: May 11, 13, 14, 713; May 20, 22, 23, ’14; July 7, 8,

13, 713. They belong in part to the var. bursa-pastoris, in part

to the var. leswewriana, but none have been found belonging to

82 THE NAUTILUS.

typical pilaris. Glochidia have been observed from the earliest

to the latest date, so that the breeding season begins probably

very early in May, and lasts to about the middle of July

(tachytictic).

In all three forms the anatomy is the same, that is to say,

that of the genus Fusconaia, and agrees essentially with that of

F. subrotunda (Lea). Also the placentae are of the same char-

acteristic subcylindrical (not compressed or lanceolate) shape.

Glochidia of the shape and size of those of F. subrotunda: sub-

elliptical, higher than long, L. 0.13, H. 0.15 mm.

In the upper Clinch form of bursa-pastoris, the orange color of

the soft parts and red color of the placentae prevail, whitish

specimens being rare. The same is the case in Powell River,

at least in its upper parts. Farther down in the Powell (Clai-

borne Co., Tenn. ), specimens with whitish soft parts outnumber

those with orange parts. In the lower Clinch, the specimens

(lesweuriana-type) are nearly all whitish, and only a few with

orange color have been found. In French Broad and Holston

Rivers, in all three varieties, white soft parts and white pla-

centae are the rule all the way up to the forks of the Holston

and the Watauga River. Orange soft parts and red placentae

are extremely rare. I have only one specimen from Grainger

Co., Tenn. (leswewriana-ty pe), and one from Sullivan Co. (bursa-

pastoris-ty pe). ’

FuscoNaIA CUNEOLUS (LEA), F. cCUNEOLUS APPRESSA (LEA).

(See: l. c., pp. 530, 531.)

Gravid females: May 16, ’15; May 22, ’14; May 25, ’15; July

5, 7, 8, 18, 718. Glochidia in specimens collected July 7 and

8. Thus tachytictic, breeding from May to July.

These two forms have the same anatomy, and belong to Fus-

conaia. They agree very well with the account given of F.

rubiginosa (Lea) (= flava Raf.). (See: Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8,

12, p. 241.) Of nine specimens preserved, seven have a short

mantle connection between anal and supraanal, while in two

this is missing, but probably torn.

All four gills are marsupial, but in young specimens, the

marsupial part of the inner gill is often restricted to the middle

i ii ni

THE NAUTILUS. 83

of the gill. The ova form distinct, subcylindrical placentae.

The glochidia are subelliptical, nearly semielliptical, about as

high as long, L. and H. 0.16 mm. They are much like those

of F. flava, but slightly larger.

Color of soft parts of the orange type, chiefly evident on the

foot, mantle-margin, and adductor muscles. However, this

color is not very intense, often very pale orange, and in young

specimens the soft parts are sometimes whitish. The gonads

are red, and so are the eggs and placentae, from pink to bright

crimson; in some cases they are pinkish-orange.

This group undoubtedly represents, in the upper Tennessee,

the flava-group of the interior basin.

FUSCONAIA EDGARIANA (LEA), F. EDGARIANA ANALOGA (ORTM.).

(See: F. cor and cor analoga, Oxtmann, 1. ¢., pp. 582-533).

Most of the specimens preserved in alcohol represent the flat

headwaters-form (analoga), but I have a sterile female (Ander-

son Co., Tenn. ), which is the swollen typical form.

Gravid females: May 13, 14, ’13; July 5, 7, 8, ’138. Of those

preserved none happened to have glochidia.

Soft parts identical with those of F. cwneolus, and with those

of the flava-group in general. Color in most cases deep orange,

chiefly so foot and adductors. I never found specimens with

whitish soft parts, and only a few are marked: pale orange.

Gonads, eggs and placentae rarely pink, mostly intensely

crimson.

FuscoNAIA BARNESIANA (LEA) and varieties. (See: 1 c., p.

534 ff. ).

The anatomy of this group has been described previously.

(See: Navutix. 31, ’17, pp. 61, 62.)

LEXINGTONIA DOLABELLOIDES (LEA), L. DOLABELLOIDES CONRADI

(VanaTra). (See: 1. c., pp. 545, 546.)

Gramd females: May 11, 13, 713; July 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 718.

Glochidia: May 13 and July 5 (tachytictic).

All gravid specimens belong to the compressed headwaters-

form (conradi), but I have examined the soft part of males and

84 THE NAUTILUS.

sterile females of the swollen form (dolabelloides) of the lower

Clinch and the French Broad Rivers.

The structure of the soft parts is identical with that of Ler-

ingtonia subplana (Conr.). (See: Ortmann, Nauti. 28, 714, p.

28.) It differs from that of the genus Pleurobema chiefly in the

cylindrical placentae of deep red color.

Anal and supraanal openings separated by a short mantle

connection, which is sometimes absent (torn?). Branchial

opening with papillae, anal with crenulations. Posterior mar-

gins of palpi connected at base. Gills broad, the inner some-

what broader than the outer. Inner lamina of inner gills free

from abdominal sac except at anterior end. Outer gills mar-

supial; when charged very little swollen. Placentae well de-

veloped, of subcylindrical shape.

Glochidia, in the specimens preserved, all unripe, but in one

of them, collected on July 5, they were sufficiently formed so

as to permit examination of shape and measurements. They

are subelliptical in outline, higher than long, L. 0.16, H.

0.15 mm.

Color of soft parts orange, in most cases very intensely so,

chiefly the foot, adductor muscles, and mantle-margin. Rarely

the soft parts are paler, and occasionally they are whitish in

young specimens. Among the larger gravid females in one only

the shell is marked; ‘‘ pale, marsupium cream;’’ but the speci-

men clearly belongs here, as is shown by the subcylindrical

placentae. Gonads, eggs and placentae generally deep red, but

in a few cases, the gonads have been marked as ‘‘ orange,’’ and

in a few other cases the marsupium has been marked as ‘‘ pink”’

or ‘‘cream color.’?’ However, in two males of the swollen form

from French Broad River, the soft parts were pale. This is a

remarkable exception, and quite interesting in so far as also

other Naiades which the normally tinted tend to assume paler

color of the soft parts in French Broad River.

According to the soft parts this species is a Lexingtonia. I

have (1. c.) mentioned the beak-sculpture of L. subplana as a

possible additional character of this genus. In the present

species this consists of a number (six to eight) of fine, rather

crowded, irregular, and wavy bars, distinct only anteriorly,

THE NAUTILUS. 85

becoming indistinct and effaced in the middle part. Posteriorly,

upon the posterior ridge, there are a few (two to three) low,

indistinct tubercles, which show no connection with the anterior

bars. Thus, anteriorly, the beak-sculpture resembles that of

L. subplana, but posteriorly it is different in the development

of low tubercles.

The description of the shell, as given |]. c. for the genus,

should be slightly modified so as to include this species. This

refers chiefly to general shape and color pattern of the shell

(rays breaking up into blotches).

PLEUROBEMA OVIFORME (CONRAD), P. OVIFORME ARGENTEUM

(LEA), P. oVIFORME HOLSTONENSE (LEA). (See: Ortmann,

l. ¢., 718, pp. 550 ff.)

I have described the anatomy of the flat headwater-form

(argenteum) under the incorrect name of P. fassinans. (See:

Nautit. 28, ’14, p. 31.) Gravid females belonging to this have

been collected on the following dates: May 11, ’13; May 12,

715; May 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 718; May 20, ’15; July 5, 7, 8, 9,

10, 13, 14, 718. Glochidia have been secured on May 11, 15,

20, and July 8 and 9. This is a tachytictic form, breeding

from May to July.

Soft parts of the typical Plewrobema-structure, much like that

of P. clava (Ortmann, Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, ’18, p. 234). Mantle-

connection between anal and supraanal openings short, some-

times absent. Anal with very fine papillae, branchial with

larger papillae. Posterior margins of palpi connected for $ to 4

of their length. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdom-

inal sac, except at anterior end. In the female, the outer gills

alone are marsupial. When charged, the placentae are rather

distinct, but less so when glochidia are present. They always

are lanceolate and compressed, never subcylindrical. Glochidia

subelliptical, almost subcircular, about as high as long, L. and

H. 0.16 mm. (much like those of P. clava). Sometimes they

are slightly higher than long, L. 0.15, H. 0.17 mm. (So in

specimens from Chickamauga Creek, Ringgold, Ga. )

Color of soft parts whitish, often with the foot yellowish, pale

brown, or pale orange, rarely also mantle-margin and adductors

86 THE NAUTILUS.

pale orange or orange-brown. The eggs and placentae are

whitish, cream color, pale yellow, but in most cases of a pecul-

iar and characteristic pale orange, and also the gonads of the

female often have the same color. These colors agree with

those of P. clava, but incline more frequently to the pale orange

type. It should be remarked, however, that all specimens from

Little River, Blount Co., Tenn. (about a dozen) represent a

peculiar color variety. The structure of the soft parts is en-

tirely normal, but the color is of the orange type, and the pla-

centae are bright red (in over half a dozen gravid females).

The shells of these specimens do not at all differ from those of

the form argentewm as found in Virginia, except that the color

markings of the epidermis are absent, and that the latter is

comparatively dark (brown to black-brown). However, all of

my specimens of this form are rather large. One of my females

from Chickamauga Creek had pink placentae, the others had

them cream color, as is normal.

Of the typical P. oviforme (form of the rivers of medium size),

gravid females have been found on May 11, 18, ’18; May 20, 25,

14; July 5, 7, 9, 10, 18, 718. Glochidia are at hand from

July 5.

The anatomy is exactly like that of P. oviforme argenteum, as

described above, and the glochidia have the same shape and

size (0.16 mm. ).

Color of the soft parts whitish, inclining on foot and mantle

often to yellowish-brown or pale orange. Ova and placentae

white, more rarely cream color or pale orange. Thus, in color,

this form more closely resembles P. clava.

Of the swollen type, P. oviforme holstonense, I have found only

few specimens. No gravid females have been secured, but

sterile females and males. The anatomy is exactly as in typi-

ical oviforme.

Jote. Lexingtonia dolabelloides conradi, chiefly in young speci-

mens, often resembles the typical P. oviforme in the shell. But

in the color of the soft parts they are quite distinct, and the in-

tensely orange tints seen in the former have never been observed

in the latter. Gravid females of P. oviforme are recognized also

by the light-colored placentae, which are not quite so solid a

THE NAUTILUS. 87

in Lexingtonia, and have a lanceolate, compressed shape, so that

the charged marsupial gills, even in young specimens, are con-

siderably more swollen. The two species also differ in the

beak-sculpture, which, in P. oviforme, consists of about four

subconcentric, rather indistinct bars, which are slightly angular

and nodulous upon the region of the posterior ridge; but there

is no trace of the fine, wavy, and crowded bars seen on the an-

terior side oi the beaks in Lexingtonia.

LASTENA LATA (RAFINESQUE). (Ortmann, l. c., p. 556.)

The description of the anatomy will be found in Naovrtr. 28,

1, ps LOG.

LASMIGONA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (LEA). (See: Lasm.

(Sulcularia) badia (Raf.) (Ortmann, |. c., p. 557.)

The anatomy has been described in Nauti. 28, ’14, p. 481.

Additional specimens have been obtained subsequently, con-

firming the previous account, and furnishing more complete

records for the breeding season. Gravid females have been col-

lected on Sept. 6, 7, 713; Sept. 8, 12, 715; Sept. 20, ’12; and in

spring on May 12, 714; May 18, °15. Glochidia have been

found as early as Sept. 20; and on the two dates in May, dis-

charge of glochidia was observed. Thus this species is brady-

tictic, breeding from September to May.

ALASMIDONTA (PRESSODONTA) MINOR (LEA). (See: 1. c., p. 580.)

Anatomy, see Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712, p. 295, and Nauti.

28, ’14, p. 46.

Also here additional material has been secured throwing more

light on the beginning of the breeding season. Dates for gravid

Jemales are as follows: Sept. 2, 4, 5, 714; Sept. 6, 718; Sept. 9,

11, ’15; Sept. 17, 20, ’12. Glochidia have been observed on

the last two dates. This places the beginning of the season in

September.

ALASMIDONTA (DECURAMBIS) RAVENELIANA (LEA). (Ortmann,

ey. pools)

I have collected a number of specimens of this species in

Pigeon River, at Canton, Haywood Co., N. Car., on May 14,

88 THE NAUTILUS.

714. Of three males and four gravid females, all with glochidia,

two of them discharging, the soft parts have been preserved.

The breeding season thus ends in May.

The anatomy is the same as that of the genus Alasmidonta,

as described previously (Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, ’12, p. 297), also

with regard to color (inclining to yellowish and orange tints).

It should be mentioned that the inner lamina of the inner gills

is, in two males and two females, entirely connected with the

abdominal sac (as is the case in A. marginata); but in one male

and two females, it is free in the posterior half or one-third of

the abdominal sac. The specimens with the inner lamina

partly free are the smaller ones.

Glochidia as usual, triangular, with hooks, about as high as

long, L. and H. from 0.29 to 0.82 mm. Thus they are smaller

than those of A. marginata, where the L. is 0.33, the H. 0.36 mm.

PaGIas FABULA (LEA). (Ortmann, l. c., p. 562.)

Anatomy described in Nauti. 28, ’14, p. 65. Gravid females,

with glochidia, were at hand, collected on Sept. 17, 712. An

additional gravid female, with eggs, has been found on Sept. 7,

713. This indicates the beginning of the breeding season in

Septem ber.

PrycHOBRANCHUS SUBTENTUM (Say). (See: Eilipsaria subt.,

Ortmann, 1. ¢., p. 564.)

The soft parts have been described in Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712,

p. 308, fig. 5. Many specimens have been secured subsequently,

confirming this account. It should be added that large females

show that the folds of the marsupium are more numerous, and

occupy nearly the whole outer gill.

Gravid females have been found frequently from Sept. 5 to

Sept. 21, but with eggs only, indicating the beginning of the

season; on May 20, ’13, females discharging placentae with

glochidia have been observed, indicating the end of the season.

Dromus pRoMAS (LEA), D. DRoMAS CAPERATUS (LEA). (1. ¢.,

p. 566.)

Anatomy: Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, ’12, p. 315, figs. 18, 18a, 18b.

The soft parts of the var. caperatus are absolutely identical

THE NAUTILUS. 89

with those of the main species. The color of the marsupium is

mostly red, more rarely white.

Gravid females of the variety have been found on Sept. 7, 8,

14; Sept. 16, 17, 21, ’15, mostly with eggs, but already on the

earliest date a specimen with glochidia was seen. The latter

have the same shape as those of the main species, L. 0.18, H.

0.09 mm.

p. 569.)

2, p. 325 (as Nephronaias

Anatomy: Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, ’1

perdix).

Gravid females have been found on Sept. 11, 15, ’13; Sept.

15, 715; Sept. 17, ’12; Sept. 17, 713, all with eggs. Glochidia

have been found on May 12, 713, and May 20, *14, being dis-

charged on the last date. Thus the breeding season is from

September to May.

CARUNCULINA MOESTA (LEA). (See: Toxolasma lividum ( Raf.)

Ortmann, |. c., p. 578.)

This form is the upper Tennessee representative of C. glans,

but I have a set of an absolutely identical form from the Ozark

region (James River, Galena, Stone Co., Mo., collected by

A. A. Hinkley), recorded by Hinkley (Proc. U.S. Mus. 49,

°15, p. 588) as Lampsilis glans, and I shall include these speci-

mens in the following report.

I have described (Naurin. 28, 715, p. 142) the anatomy of a

sterile female of C. glans. Among the specimens of C. moesta

from the Ozarks, there are males, sterile females, and one gravid

female with glochidia, collected July 30,’14. From the upper

Tennessee region, I also have males and sterile females, and a

gravid female with glochidia, the latter collected on May 16, 15.

Thus the breeding season of this form is rather obscure. We

should expect it to be bradytictic, and the specimen collected

in May would agree with this. However, the presence of glo-

chidia at the end of July appears strange; this specimen was

discharging, and it might be a case of belated discharge. On

the other hand, the beginning of the preceding season can not

fall very early in autumn, for among a considerable number of

90 THE NAUTILUS.

females found by myself on Aug. 31, 14, not a single gravid

one turned up. Wilson and Clark (Bur. Fisher. Doc. 758, ’12,

p. 48) report glochidia in July for C. glans.

All specimens examined have the same anatomical structure

agreeing with that of C. glans. The caruncle of the mantle-

margin generally is brown, lighter or darker, varying to white

or blackish. Its shape is short subcylindrical or hemispher-

ical. The edge of the marsupium has black-brown pigment.

The glochidia are subovate, higher than long, L. 0.17 to 0.18,

H. 0.19 to 0.20 mm., thus agreeing with those of C. parva, as

described previously (Nauti. 28, 715, p. 181).

CONRADILLA CAELATA (ConRAD). (See: Lemiox rimosus (Raf.).

Ortmann, 1. c., p. 574.)

Anatomy: see Nautin. 30, 716, p. 39. The nomenclature

will be discussed elsewhere. The new generic name Conradilla

takes the place of Lemiox Raf., used in the publications referred

to.

MeEpIoNIDUs conraDIcus (LEA). (See: Medionid. plateolus (Raf. )

Ortmann, l. c., p. 575.)

Anatomy: see Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712, p. 335, fig. 22, and

Nautiv. 28, 715, p. 142. A misprint in the latter paper should

be corrected; the L. of the glochidium is 0.22 mm., not 0.28.

The breeding season is now rather well known; gravid females

are found from the beginning of September (earliest date Sept.

6), and glochidia as early as Sept. 13; discharge of glochidia

has been observed in numerous cases from May 11 to May 20.

Eurynia (MicroMyA) PERPURPUREA (LEA). (Ortmann, l. c.,

p. 576.)

Anatomy: see NauTiL. 29, 715, p. 68.

Immature glochidia have been found on Sept. 5, 718, mature

ones on Sept. 21, 712.

EKurynrA (MicroMyA) NEBULOSA (ConrRAD). (Ortmann, l. c.,

pads.)

Anatomy: see NautTIL. 29, 715, p. 64.

Investigation of additional specimens has confirmed the char-

THE NAUTILUS. 91

acters given previously. I have collected gravid females as early

as Aug. 31. Glochidia were observed first on Sept. 2, so that

the breeding probably begins toward the end of August. Dis-

charge of glochidia has been seen from May 11 to May 24, and

a single discharging female was found on July 5, probably ex-

ceptionally belated. My extreme measurements of the glochidia

are: L. 0.21 to 0.23, H. 0.27 to 0.30 mm.

Eurynia (MicroMYA) VANUXEMENSIS (LEA). Ortmann, l. c.,

p. 530. )

Anatomy: see Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712, p. 342, and NavtIu.

we do, p.. 65.

Earliest date for gravid females Sept. 2; for glochidia Sept.

17. Discharge from May 15 to May 25.

(The species of the genus Trwncilla will be treated in a sep-

arate paper. )

MODIOLUS DEMISSUS DILLWIN, IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

One of the supposedly accidental introductions of animal life

from the east to the west coast of North America with the ex-

tensive attempts to transplant the oyster was the plicated mus-

sel, Modiolus demissus. It was first recorded from the new loca-

tion by Stearns in 1899 (Naurizus, XIII, p. 86) from specimens

collected by R. N. Drake in 1894 at a point ‘‘3 miles north of

Stanford University,’’ that is, the southern part of San Fran-

cisco Bay. The record was repeated by the same author in

April, 1900 (Science, n. s., XI, p. 658).

‘‘Fine specimens’’ were again collected, apparently from the

same colony, by Doe and Gifford, and recorded by Keep in

April, 1901 (Navuritus, XIV, p. 115). In his ‘‘West Coast

Shells,’’ Revised edition, p. 87, 1911, the same author states,

‘Tt doubtless came to California with seed oysters which were

planted in San Francisco Bay, where it may now be found in

considerable numbers.”’

92 THE NAUTILUS.

In his checklist Dall merely states that it is found on the

oyster beds of the Bay (Checklist of Recent Bivalve Mollusks of the

N. W. Coast, p. 18, 1916).

Packard (Univ. of Calif. Publ. Zool., Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 257,

1918) states in his report on the mollusca obtained by the U. 8.

Bureau of Fisheries Survey of San Francisco Bay that, ‘‘ Al-

though it was not taken by the Survey it is reported to occur

within the lower division of the Bay in sufficient numbers to be

marketed occasionally.’’

The above is a review of all of the published records of the

species on the west coast which are known to the writer. Mrs.

Ida S. Oldroyd tells me she received specimens some years ago

collected by Fred L. Button at Alameda. Henry Hemphill

made wonderful discoveries during his extensive collecting on

the eastern side of the Bay, among other things, the sand clam,

Mya arenaria, but his collection does not contain a specimen of

the plicated mussel from any west-coast locality. So it may be

inferred that he did not find it.

Its extensive spread in the bay region however cannot be

doubted. Through Mr. R. A. Coleman the California Academy

of Sciences recently received 18 beautiful specimens of this

mussel. They were taken at Bay Farm Island about one mile

south of Alameda on the eastern side of the Bay. They were

found living on the mud flats in very considerable numbers at-

tached to the roots of Spartina stricta maritima, determined by

Miss Alice Eastwood, locally known as wild rice. It is said to

be occasionally brought into the markets from this locality.

Mr. Coleman states that the mussels were delicious eating.

Many of the shells are over a hundred millimeters long and as

much as fifty millimeters wide. The epidermis has a very high

polish and the umbones have been only slightly eroded, in

many cases none at all.

Those persons anxious to learn how long it takes to develop

a variety, subspecies or species may well keep watch of Modiolus

demissus.

YS WT be

” tests Py fs

\“? Cyl

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV. PLATE IV.

CHIONE GNIDIA B.&S.

CHIONE MERIDIONALIS OLDROYD.

AMPULLARIA LATTREI] CHAMANA HINKLEY (p. 53).

ACHATINELLA LEHUIENSIS MEINECKEI PILS. & COOKE.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

A NEW PERUVIAN CHIONE.

BY IDA S. OLDROYD.

CHIONE MERIDIONALIS n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 3, 4.

Shell of medium size, somewhat triangular elongate, quite

flat; concentrically laminated, the laminze crenated, erect, ten

in number, evenly spaced; interstices radiately ridged with fine

ribs bundled in threes, evenly spaced. Ligamentary area very

broadly excavated, with brown markings. Lunule narrow,

elongate, faintly marked with brown and circumscribed by an

incised line. Nymphs smooth, like young C. gnidia. Teeth

smooth. Valve margins crenulate. Ligament inset, but show-

ing externally. Color cream-white, with brown marking, in-

terior white.

It is something like a young C. gnidia in sculpture, but the

lamine are not scalloped as in that species, and it is a small

shell compared with that. It is elongate, while C. gnidia is

ovate. The accompanying plate will show the difference in the

two species. Figures 1 and 2 are C. gnidia.

Type locality, Peru. The type is in the University of Cali-

fornia Museum, locality number 3135. One specimen is in the

Stanford University collection.

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

The following species of land shells were picked from leaf-

mould collected by Mr. Clarence B. Moore in Southern Florida

during the winter of 1919 and 1920, at stations not recorded in

THE Navutitus volumes XIX (1905), page 40; XXI (1908),

page 99; X XVI (1912), pages 16, 81; XX XIII (1919), page 18.

All the records of Bifidaria contracta Say in those lists should

be changed to Gastrocopta contracta peninsularis Pils., which

differs from the typical contracta as indicated on page 17 of THE

Navtitus, Vol. XX VI (1912).

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Opeas pumilum Pfr. has not been recorded from Florida before.

Pumpkin Key, Lee County, Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Pils. ).

(Bld. ). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Polita indentata (Say).

(Shutt. ). Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.).

Microceramus floridanus Pils. Euconulus chersinus (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Shell Key (Gomez Old Place), Lee County, Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). — (Pils. ).

Liguus f. roseatus Pils. Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Dismal Key, Lee County, Florida [THe Navuritus, XXI

(1908), 100].

Opeas pumilum Pfr.

Buttonwood Key, Lee County, Florida [THe Nautitus, XXI

(1908), 100].

Truncatella bilabiata Pir. Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Watson’s Place (a Key), Chatham River, Monroe County,

Florida.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall).

Gastrocopta rwpicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Lopez Place (a Key), Monroe County, Florida.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils. ).

Hamilton Place, Lossman River, Monroe County, Florida.

Truncatella bilabiata Pir. Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). Huglandina rosea (Fer. ).

Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

(Shutt. ). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils.). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Lossman’s Key, Monroe County, Florida [see NautiLus, XX VI

(1920), 20].

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Chevalier Place (a Key), Chatham River, Monroe County,

Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). —‘ (Pils. ).

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Thysanophora selenina (Gld.). Polita indentata (Say).

Thysanophora plagioptycha Luconulus chersinus (Say).

(Shutt. ). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Gopher Key, Monroe County, Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). (Pils. ).

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Thysanophora selenina (Gld.). —_ Polita indentata (Say).

Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

(Shutt. ). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Microceramus pontificus (Gld.). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

Tiguus c. lossmanicus Pils. Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. )

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

THE LEAPING RAZOR SHELL.

BY JAMES SHEPARD.

In making a tour throughout the length of Cape Cod in com-

pany with my daughter, C. Antoinette Shepard, we arrived at

Wellfleet, Mass., on the afternoon of August 30, 1882. We

had been on the beach but a short time when we beheld a sight

such as we had never before witnessed. The tide was well out,

and on the bare sand some rods from the water we noticed

numerous small objects leaping up into the air from place to

place and in various directions. We knew of nothing which

would be likely to be moving about in that manner. Making

our way hastily towards them, we found that those nearest to

96 THE NAUTILUS.

us disappeared from sight. Consequently we proceeded more

cautiously. Much to our surprise and delight these strange ob-

jects proved to be a colony of Razors (Solen ensis) roaming over

the beach apparently having a frolic. By a strong and quick

stroke of their foot they threw themselves up into the air and

from place to place. They ascended something like two feet or

more above the sand and leaped not less than three feet at one

jump. Almost immediately after having landed on the beach

at the end of one leap they leaped again, sometimes in one

direction and sometimes in another. When their successive

leaps were in the same general direction, as they most frequently

were, they traveled over the beach about as fast as a person

would ordinarily walk. We attempted to catch those which

were the nearest to us, running for them as they were about to

fall flat on the sand. They curved their foot downwardly,

planting the end firmly in the sand and then by a straightening

out of the foot rose from a prostrate to an upright position pre-

paratory to boring a new burrow and sinking down into the

sand with wonderful rapidity. They were so quick in their

movements, that although we were with them for about two

hours we were not able to catch hold of one before it had com-

menced boring into the sand. We succeeded in capturing a

few, only a very few, without injuring the shell. These few we

grasped when the end of the shell had penetrated the sand

something less than one inch. In case the shell had penetrated

the sand a full inch or more at the time we grasped them, it

was impossible to pull one out without crushing the shell. In

our several attempts to do so we not only crushed the shell but

also tore the animal asunder, securing only a part of it while

the rest remained in the sand.

I cannot state how many live Razors we saw that day, but

there seemed to be no end of them. We could conceive of no

reason as to why so many Razors were then out of their holes,

other than that they came out of their own free will as I am

confident that they did. But I find at least two scientific pub-

lications in which it is stated that ‘‘They never voluntarily

leave their burrows.’’ One English work is more conservative

and probably correct in its statement that ‘‘ the Solens rarely

leave their burrows voluntarily.’’

THE NAUTILUS. 97

I have never had the pleasure of seeing a live Razor except-

ing on my visit to Wellfieet.

SPECIES NAMED IN THE PORTLAND CATALOGUE: I, AMERICAN.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Daniel Solander, a pupil of Linnaeus, came to London in

search of fortune, where he died in 1783, at the age of forty-

seven years.

During his residence he was employed by Sir Joseph Banks

to classify the Banksian Collection, afterward included in the

British Museum. He also was engaged in arranging and class-

ifying the conchological part of the remarkable collection gath-

ered by Margaret Cavendish, Dowager Duchess of Portland.

This collection is chiefly remembered by its connection with the

funeral urn of Alexander Severus, then known as the Barbarini

vase, purchased at the sale by the British Museum, renamed

the Portland vase, later smashed by a precursor of the militant

suffragettes, and wonderfully put together again from its frag-

ments by patient work.

Solander named many nondescript shells in the Banksian

Collection, and his manuscript furnished Dillwyn with many

names or synonynis for his Catalogue of 1817.

After the death of the Duchess in 1785, her conchological

collection, with other zoological, artistic, and historical items,

was sold in the following year, and where Solander had named

an undescribed species with reference to a figure in one of the

earlier iconographies, this name is published in the catalogue

prepared by an anonymous compiler and printed in April,

1786. Many of these names were afterward adopted, mostly

without acknowledgment, by Bolten, Lamarck, and other later

writers. The best known among the American species is our

common Unio complanatus. The death of Solander before the

publication of any of his new names Jeaves them dependent

upon the Catalogue above mentioned and the citations of

Dillwyn.

A few of the names are accompanied by a descriptive phrase,

98 THE NAUTILUS.

but most of them depend for their status on the citation of

figures.

The anonymous editor of the Catalogue added a few names on

his own account and was apparently a conchologist of some

note, but from his classification evidently not E. M. Da Costa.

According to Dillwyn (1817) it was George Humphrey.

The following list comprises all the American species receiv-

ing names in the Catalogue. Those followed by an 8 are

Solander’s, the others are by the anonymous compiler. I have

included the references to the figures which appear in the

Catalogue.

It is curious that in the British Cyclopedia of Biography, in

which so many nonentities find a place, no reference is made to

the Duchess who was such a munificent patron of art, archae-

ology and science in her day.

The only typographical error to be noted in the work is the

confusion by the printer of the names of Martini and Martyn,

but the references make it clear in every case which is meant.

None of these names are included in Sherborn’s Index Animal-

ium, 1758-1800.

Arca fusca S., p. 42, No. 1001, Jamaica, W. I. Gualtieri

87-G.

+ Arca fusca Bruguiére, 1789.

Buccinum monodon S., p. 17, No. 372, Tierra del Fuego.

Also p. 189, No. 3093. Martyn, Un. Conch., f. 10.

= Buccinum calcar Martyn, 1784.

Buccinum neptuni 8., p. 29, No. 668; p. 35, No. 859; p. 174,

No. 3746. The West India Trumpet shell.

Murex tritonis Lin. ex parte, + Tritonium neptunt Bolten, 1798.

Buccinum testudo S., p. 98, No. 2148. Seba ITI, t. 70, f. 2-4.

+ Cassis inflata Shaw, 1790.

Bulla vesicaria 8., p. 1386, No. 3030; p. 142, No. 3158. West

Indies. Seba III, pl. 38, f. 46, 48.

= Hydatina physis L., 1758.

Cardium robustum 8., p. 58, No. 1858; p. 162, No. 3517.

Great American Cockle from Florida. Lister, Conch.

328, 165.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

+C. magnum Born (not Linné), 1780, and C. ventricoswm

Bruguiere, 1789.

Helix ovipara, p. 155, No. 3388; Surinam; p. 174, No. 3745,

St. Vincent’s.

a. Lister, 1055, 1. =Bulimus ovatus Miller, 1774.

b. Lister, tab. 23. White margin to mouth.

= Bulimus oblongus Miiller, 1764?

Helix picta, p. 182, No. 3900. Terrestrial shell from the West

Indies. Rumphius, Thesaurus, 22, 1, 1739.

+ Helix picta Born, 1780.

Helix undata, p. 177, No. 3802; p. 183, No. 3924. Lister,

76; Favanne, tab. 63, f. G 3.

+ Helix pellis-serpentis Shaw, 1790, and Solaropsis brasiliensis

Beck.

Mactra procera S., p. 24, No. 559. Great American Mactra

from New York.

+ Hemimactra solidissima Dillwyn, 1817.

Murex plicatus S., p. 104, No. 2284. Falkland Islands (Not

of Gmelin, 1792). Favanne, tab. 79, f. I.

+ Trophon patagonicus Orbigny, 1841, as Murex.

Mya complanata S., p. 100, No. 2190. Maryland. Lister,

150, 5.

= Unio complanatus 5.

Ostrea grandis §., p. 50, No. 1186; p. 99, No. 2168. Great

American compass Pecten from Halifax, North America.

+ Pecten magellanicus Gmelin, 1791-2.

Ostrea elongata S., p. 55, No. 1803; p. 151, No. 3312. Purple

spot oyster from Virginia.

+ Ostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791-2.

Solen plebeius S., p. 42, No. 1005 (bis). Barbados. Lister,

Conch. 421, f. 265.

+ Tagelus gibbus Spengler, 1794.

Tellina cruenta 8., p. 58, No. 1860. Knorr, VI. t. 12, f. 1.

+Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1791-2.

Tellina marginalis 8., p. 187, No. 8049. Lister, Conch. 387.

= Tellina laevigata Linné, 1758.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Trochus alveolatus S., p. 52, No. 1240. Beehive snail. Lister,

Conch. 62, 60. Jamaica.

= Helix epistylium Miller, 1774.

Venus nimbosa 8., p. 175, No. 3761. Florida. Favanne, t.

AO, jal

+ Macrocallista gigantea Gmelin, 1791-2.

Voluta ancilla S., p. 84, No. 1878; p. 187, No. 3061. Straits

of Magellan. D’ Avila, I, pl. 8, f. s.

Voluta angulata S., p. 76, No. 1711. Martini, Conch. Cab.

IV, f. 1325.

+Turbinella scolymus Gmelin, 1791-2.

Voluta brasiliana, p. 186, No. 3958. Brazil. Large unde-

scribed species with only two plaits on the column.

+ V. brasiliana Lamarck, 1811.

Voluta muricata S., p. 142, No. 3142. West Indies. Lister,

Conch. 810, 19.

+ Turbinella muricata Born, 1780.

Voluta virescens S., p. 26, No. 610; Guinea; p. 186, No. 3020;

p. 174, No. 3751. Martini, Conch. Cab. ITI, f. 942, 933.

+ Voluta polygonalis Lamarck, 1811, fide Pfeiffer.

COLLECTING AT NAHANT BEACH, MASS.

BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON.

Nahant Beach, very often incorrectly called Lynn Beach, lies

just the other side of the boundary line between Lynn and

Nahant. This beach is in the shape of an extremely large

crescent, and is of the finest quality of sand. On this beach,

which fronts the ocean, I collected eleven species one afternoon,

while in the rock pools of Little Nahant which tip one end of

the beach, we found eleven other species. The rock pools we

visited are exactly opposite Egg Rock, and are on the Atlantic

side of Little Nahant. In these rock pools I have found many

THE NAUTILUS. 101

varieties of crabs and sea anemones, besides many species of

mollusks.

The following is a list of species collected on the beach and

in the tide pools. Those with the asterisk were found dead.

On the Beach.

Neptunea decemcostata Say.* Solemya borealis Totten * (per-

Polinices heros Say. fect).

Polinices duplicata Say.* Cyprina islandica Linn.*

Alectrion trivittata Say,* Spisula solidissima Dillw.*

Colus stimpsoni Morch.* Siliqua costata Say.*

Buccinum undatum Linn.* Tellina tenera Say.*

Ensis directus Conr. Petricola dactylus Sowerby.*

Modiolus modiolus Linn.* Lyonsia hyalina Conrad.*

In the Rock Pools.

Litorina littorea Linn. Acmaea alveus Conrad.

Litorina palliata Say. Acmaea testudinalis Mill.

Iitorina rudis Donovan. Crepidula fornicata Linn.

Lacuna vincta Montg. Saxicava arctica Linn.

Thais lapillus Linn (banded Mytilus edulis Linn.

and plain).

WILLIAM WILDER.

We regret to record the death of Mr. Wilder in Honolulu,

July last. For some years he had been collecting Hawaiian

land shells, especially the tree shells, Achatinellidae and Auri-

culella, and had brought together a valuable collection. Mr.

Wilder is shown collecting Achatinellas in a photograph by

Irwin Spalding, published in Navuritus for July last, Plate IT.

We understand that his collection will be secured for the Bishop

Museum, Honolulu.—H. A. P.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE BELGIAN CONGO.*

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The American Museum of Natural History has issued a series

of reports on its Congo Expedition, all characterized by fullness

of treatment and abundant and beautiful illustrations. Other

similar reports are in course of preparation. The completed

series will constitute a guide to the zoology of equatorial Africa,

full of interest for the general naturalist and evolutionist, as

well as for specialists in the several departments. Among these

reports one of the most interesting is that on the Land Mol-

lusks, by Dr. Pilsbry. The presentation of the subject is so

clear and complete, and the illustrations are so good, that the

reader has no difficulty in understanding the characters of the

fauna, though he may have known very little about it before.

To one accustomed to the mollusks of America or Europe, the

tropical African series seems to belong to another world. Even

when there is a certain similarity of form, as among the Heli-

cide, the anatomy shows that we are dealing with strange generic

types. The closest affinity is of course with the fauna of the

Oriental region, yet even that is remote, although some doubt-

less very ancient genera range through tropical Asia and Africa.

There is here a rather close parallel between the distribution of

the land mollusks and the fresh-water fishes. Certain genera

of fishes, but with distinct species, occur in the fresh waters of

India and of tropical Africa, but the latter region has many re-

markable types of its own, in some cases much more allied to

neotropical genera than to anything in India. It is evident

that Africa, the land of the okapi and the tsetse fly, is a store-

house of ancient groups of animals, some of which at least, were

formerly much more widely spread. While we thus emphasize

the probable antiquity of various African groups or genera, we

find remarkable specific diversity, apparently indicating that

* Henry A. Pilsbry. A Review of the Land Mollusks of the Belgian Congo,

chiefly based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition,

1909-1915. Bulletin American Mnseum of Natural History, Vol. XL, p.

370, 23 plates (8 colored), 1919.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

the evolutionary process has been active during the latest geo-

logical periods. While the Belgian Congo has of course been

only very imperfectly explored for land mollusks, about 500

localities are represented, and about 390 species and races have

been found. Of these 390 forms, I find 214 reported from one

locality only. The case is even stronger than these figures sug-

gest, as when two or more localities are given, they are often

only short distances apart, or perhaps in some cases different

names for essentially the same place. Again, of 214 species and

subspecies in the collection reported on, 160 required new spe-

cific, racial or varietal names. When we consider the amount

of specific and racial diversity thus indicated, making full allow-

ances for our imperfect knowledge of the distribution of the re-

corded species, it becomes evident that the total existing fauna

must amount to some thousands at least.

It is well known that the high mountains of tropical Africa

are inhabited by certain organisms, especially plants, very

closely related to Palearctic species. In the case of the plants,

at least, it is possible that the seeds were brought by birds.

Among the mollusks, it is interesting to find a Vitrina high up

on Mt. Ruwenzori, near the line of perpetual snow. But after

all this is not a typical Vitrina ; it differs in the less extensive

mantle, the sculpture of the shell, and in the teeth. Dr. Pils-

bry accordingly establishes for it a subgenus Calidivitrina,—the

name rather unfortunately chosen, since it is not an inhabitant

of the hot lowlands. On comparing the Congo mollusks with

those of tropical Asia, some puzzling questions arise. Thus

among the slugs there are such similarities that Godwin-Austen

formerly placed both African and Indian species in his genus

Africarion. He now agrees that the Indian slugs constitute a

quite distinct genus ( Pseudaustonia), and it seems at least prob-

able that the Indian series has undergone an evolution similar

to, but quite independent of, the African. These conclusions

could never have been reached without a study of the soft an-

atomy, and thus we are led to treat with some caution those

cases of similarity among the smaller shells, the anatomy being

unknown. There is, for example, a striking resemblance be-

tween some of the African and Oriental species of the Gulella

104 THE NAUTILUS.

species, but they may well represent independent developments,

especially since they also superficially resemble Pupillide, to

which they are not at all related. Thus the tendency of modern

research will probably be to emphasize rather than diminish the

separateness of the Ethiopian fauna.

It is rather a shock, at first, to see the African slugs hereto-

fore called Veronicella or Vaginula referred to Levicaulis and

Pleuroprocta, names proposed several years ago by Simroth. It

can hardly be doubted, however, that the Veronicellide must

be held to include a number of genera, in spite of the great ex-

ternal similarity. Dr. Pilsbry is in error, I think, in calling

the family Vaginulide, on the stated ground that the type of

Veronicella has not been rediscovered. As a matter of fact the

actual specimen described by Blainville is still to be seen in the

British Museum, as was explained in Conchologist, 1893, pp.

43-44. It was collected by Sloane in Jamaica, and is properly

called Veronicella sloanit (Cuvier).

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLocy, Aug., 1920, Vol. 16, No. 4.

Census Authentications. By the late W. D. Roebuck, p.

101.

‘‘Ground’?’ Clausilias. By Rev. A. H. Cooke, p. 102.

Note on Conus chytreus Melvill. By A. T. Hopwood, p. 103.

Notes on Kentish Mollusca. By H. C. Huggins, p. 104.

The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Audruicq, Pas-de-

Calais. By Jno. W. Taylor, pp. 106-117.

Editorial Notes, p. 125.

The Non-marine Mollusca of Llandudno and District. By

H. Beeston, pp. 128-1382.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SociETy OF LONDON,

Sept., 1920, Vol. 14.

Notes on Marginella guttula Sowerby. By John Shirley,

p. Ol.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Presidential Address—The Armature of Land Mollusca. By

G. K. Gude, pp. 52-73.

Note on Xylophaga praestans Smith. By J. R. LeB. Tomlin,

p. 73.

Concerning Edenttellina. By Charles Hedley, pp. 74-76.

E. corallensis n. sp., p. 76, figs. 6-8.

Nomenclatorial Notes Relating to British Non-marine Mol-

lusca. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, pp. 77-90.

The Anatomy. of two species of Helicarion from Tropical

Africa. By Hugh Watson, pp. 91-118, pls. 3&4. H. crypto-

phallus n. sp., p. 97, pl. 4.

Mitra burnupiana n. sp., from South Africa. By Rev. A.

H. Cooke, p. 114.

Note on the dates of publication of the earlier parts of Cap-

tain Thomas Brown’s Illustrations of the Conchology of Great

Britain and Ireland. 2nd edition. By Alexander Reynell,

p. 116.

CORRELATION OF SHAPE AND STATION IN FRESHWATER Mus-

sELS (Naiades). By A. E. Ortmann. (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.,

1920, Vol. 19, pp. 269-312.) The author has ascertained

‘‘that the more obese (swollen) form is found farther

down in the larger rivers, and passes gradually, in the upstream

direction, into a less obese (compressed) form in the head-

waters; with the decrease in obesity often an increase in size

(length) is correlated; a few shells which have in the large

rivers a peculiar sculpture of large tubercles, lose these tubercles

in the headwaters.’’ The observations were made in the head-

waters of the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers.

VARIATION IN NacreEous CoLor oF CERTAIN SPECIES OF NAIADES

INHABITING THE UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE AND THEIR CORRESPOND-

Inc’ ONES IN LAKE Erie. By N. M. Grier (Amer. Midland

Nat., 1920, pp, 211-243, Vols. 2-3). In a summary the author

says ‘‘In practically all the species dealt with a change in

nacreous color is observed going down stream from the head-

waters to the mouth. . . The shells of L. Erie have a greater

——————eee ——EEE

106 THE NAUTILUS.

proportion of blues among them than the corresponding shells

in the Upper Ohio Drainage.

Light PRopucTIon In CepHALopops. By S. Stillman Berry

(Biol. Bull., 1920, Vol. 28, pp. 141-195). An Introductory

Survey.

Nores ON SoME UNDESCRIBED CALIFORNIAN HeEtices. By S.

Stillman Berry (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., Vol. 10, pp. 53-

70, pls. 4-6, 1920). Five new subspecies of Epiphragmophora

are described and figured.

Fosstt MOLLUSKS FROM THE JOHN Day Basin IN OREGON. By

G. Dallas Hanna (Univ. Oregon Publication, Vol. 1, No. 6,

1920). Two new species are described and figured.

REPORT OF CEPHALOPODS CoLLECTED Durine 1906 By THE

U. S. Bureau or FIsHERTES STEAMER ‘‘ ALBATROSS’? IN THE

NoRTHWESTERN PaciFic. By Madoka Sasahi (Prac. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. 57, pp. 163-203, pls. 23-26, 1920). The paper

contains descriptions of 18 new species, three new genera Wata-

sella, Chunella and Gonatopsis, and two new families Watasellidae

and Eledonellidae.—C. W. J.

A MonoGRAPH OF THE East AMERICAN ScaPpHopop MouLuusks.

By John B. Henderson (U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bull. ILI, 1920, pp.

1-177, pls. 1-20). This excellent monograph is based upon

the material contained in the National Museum, including much

dredged by the author, together with the American Scaphopods

of the Philadelphia Academy and the Mus. Comparative Zoology.

Practically all of the East American material extant has there-

fore been studied. The classification is that of Pilsbry and

Sharp, with the addition of a new subgenus of Cadulus : PLaty-

SCHIDES, type C. grandis Verrill.

The specific distinctions of these simple shells are worked

out with admirable clarity, in the descriptions and keys for de-

termination. All of the species and subspecies are illustrated.

98 species, about one-third of them new, with numerous sub-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

species, are recognized. In the Introduction a historical sketch

is given, and an interesting account of the geographic distribu-

tion.—H. A. P.

Notes ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM TRINIDAD, CALI-

FoRNIA. By Eric Knight Jordan (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.

58, pp. 1-5). Two new species of Odostomia, O. euglypta and

O. edmondi, are described.

A New FresHwater Mo.uiusk From Inpiana. By Bryant

Walker (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 57, p. 525). Ferrissia

bartschi, from Lake Maxinkuckee.

NOTES.

TAPES PHILIPPINARUM IN THE HawallANn Istanps. My infor-

mation concerning Tapes philippinarum differs much from

Bryan’s in Navutitus, XXXII, p. 124. A Japanese now living

in Honolulu has twice planted this bivalve on the mud flats at

Moanalua on Oahu. The first planting did not survive long;

the second maintained itself in fine shape up to the present day,

when they are abundant enough to be gathered and put on sale

in the markets. They are frequently imported from Japan to

Honolulu by the barrel for sale among the Japanese. I send

you some of these imported shells.—D. THAanum.

M. Eugene AusourG DE Boury died on April 17, in France,

at the age of sixty-three years. A correspondent writes that

M. de Boury, though a long-time invalid, had devoted himself

with ardor to the study and collection of mollusks of the genus

Scalaria. He gathered in the last ten years an extraordinary

collection of these beautiful and rare shells for the Paris Museum

of Natural History, increasing their series from 300 sets to 3000,

exclusive of photographs and illustrations of inaccessible species

to the number of 1800 more. This series far surpasses any

other extant. He published numerous papers on the genus and

indicated many new subdivisions of it, but the great monograph

which was his ideal must remain for other hands to prepare.—

(Science. )

108 THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS OF CHOKOLOSKEE KEY AND CAPE SABLE, FLor-

1pA.—Have just run across a big lot of Liguus and Ozystyla

that Simpson sent me 3 or 4 years ago and in cleaning them up

I shook a small amount of dirt out of a bunch from Chokoloskee

Key which yielded the following species. You will note that

only two of them are in Vanatta’s list, Nauritus, X XI, p. 100.

Chondropoma dentatum (Say).

Truncatella caribaeensis ‘‘Sby.’’ Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Lucidella tantilla (Pils. ).

Thysanophora tnaguensis (Weinl. ).

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt. ).

Gastrocopta contracta (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils. ).

Varicella gracillima floridana Pils.

Euglandina rosea, near parallela (Binn. ).

Polita dalliana (‘‘Simp.’’ Pils. )? juv.

Guppya gundlachi (Pfir.)? juy.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say).

Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.).

Oxystyla floridensis Pils.

The most interesting of the lot is Lucidella tantilla ; there is

one perfect adult, three fresh shells that have been bitten in

half by some rodent (?), several other fragments and three

young. As I only had enough dirt to about fill a 2 x 3 tray

you can see it was quite rich. I have noticed that Lwucidella

tantilla appears to be a favorite food with some beast that bites

them fairly in half. Gastrocopta rupicola is frequently treated

in the same way, but it is so common that it does not make so

much difference.

Three miles east of Cape Sable, Simpson collected Oxystyla

floridensis and some Liguus that I take to be solidus, although

they are all very thin. They are all dead, but the yellow band-

ing of solidus shows on some of them very plainly.—GrorGE H.

CLAPP.

——E=_7”

mae NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIV APRIL, 1921. No. 4

A NEW ACHATINELLA FROM OAHU.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE,

Achatinelle of the typical section are very abundant in some

spots on the Waianae Range. It is in fact the only place in

Oahu where the collector finally has to stop picking, gorged

with shells, while the bushes still hang full of them. One feels

like Sindbad in the Valley of Diamonds. Snails of the section

Achatinellastrum, however, are the greatest rarities. All that

have been found up to 1920 could almost be counted on the

fingers. A. lehuiensis Gul., and A. lehuiensis gulickiana P. & C.,

one specimen of each. A. thaanumi P. & C., two specimens; of

A. spaldingi a few hundreds, but all from a very small area.

The localities of these are widely scattered along the northern

side of the range, just within the forest limit so far as known;

each species in a single place.

Mr. W. H. Meinecke had the good fortune to find another

form which we rank as a sub-species of A. lehwiensis, though its

locality is remote from Lihue, the localities of A. thaanumi and

A. spaldingi lying between them. The new subspecies, how-

ever, was taken in some abundance.

ACHATINELLA LEHUIENSIS MEINICKEI. PI, 4, figs. 6-9.

The shell differs from A. lehuiensis by the wider, more capa-

cious form. In color it is polymorphic. The pattern selected

110 THE NAUTILUS.

as typical, pl. 4, fig. 9, fig. 8, left, has the last whorl closely

streaked with rood’s brown, cinnamon and pale pinkish buff,

the former predominating, crossed by several darker, burnt

umber, spiral bands and lines. A band below the suture white.

This pattern fades on the penult whorl, leaving the upper part

of the spire and the apex white. In some specimens the streaks

are more or less diluted, pl. 4, fig. 7, to the point of disappear-

ing, forming transitions to the following. The second main

pattern, pl. 4, fig. 6, has a cartridge-buff ground, a sutural band

and the spire white; streaks faint or wanting, but there are two

dark bands, weakly interrupted, at periphery and on the base;

sometimes a third below the subsutural white band. This is

much the coloring of A. spaldingi.

The columellar fold is rather thin and situated high. The

aperture shows the banding vividly within. Outer lip quite

thin.

Fig. 9, right. Length 15, diam. 9.6, aperture 7.8 mm.; 5?

whorls.

Fig. 9, left. Length 15.2, diam. 8.3, aperture 7.7 mm.

Fig. 8, left. Length 14.5, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.9 mm.

Waianae mountains in Haleauau valley, where the trail as-

cending Kaala leaves the stream. Cotypes in collections A. N.

S. Phila., Bishop Museum and W. H. Meinecke.

A. spaldingi is quite distinct from the light form of meineckei

by its texture, dull surface, etc. A. thaanwmi stands nearer to

lehuiensis and meineckei, the unstreaked pattern of the latter ap-

proaching it; yet at present thaanwmi appears distinct by its

coloration and rather solid, smooth shell.

Mr. Meinecke’s account of the finding of these shells follows.

HUNTING ACHATINELLA MEINECKEI AND PARTULINA DUBIA IN THE

WAIANAE MOUNTAINS, OAHU.

BY WILLIAM H. MEINECKE.?

On Dec. 27, 1918, I took a tramp to Mt. Kaala, Oahu, from

Schofield Barracks (Leilehua). . . . On the way up, at the first

1Letter to H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS. 111

timber, I collected a number of specimens of Achatinella muste-

lina and accidentally found one plain Partulina dubia, the first

I had ever collected on the north side of the Waianae Range.

On Dec. 29, 1918, I returned for more, and found a few plain

ones a few yards away from the trail and less than fifty yards

from Haleauau stream bed. A scant hundred yards farther up

the trail, under the bark and in knot holes of the smooth-leaved

lehua trees growing within arm’s reach of the very trail, I found

several fine specimens of dark, banded P. dubia, very similar to

those which I had found in Waimano Valley, above Pearl City,

Koolau Range, in 1913. In spite of careful and persistent

hunting, they could be found only within a very small area,

less than a hundred feet in extent. They were all within fifteen

feet of the ground, most of them not more than five feet off the

ground.

I showed them to Mr. Irwin Spalding, who said that they

were the most distinctly banded dubia he had ever seen; but I

think that those which I collected in Waimano Valley, above

Pearl City, Koolau Range, in 1913, are more distinctly banded,

and in some specimens even darker. At the first opportunity,

Jan. 5, 1919, I took Mr. Spalding up to the locality and we

managed to find a few more specimens in a knot-hole which I

had not searched quite thoroughly. Most likely you have seen

those specimens in Mr. Spalding’s collection while you were

here last summer.

No further visits were made by me till June 13, 1920, when

I went alone again and managed to find four more excellent

specimens of banded dubia, in the same locality. A scant hun-

dred yards above this dubia locality and a little farther off the

trail—not more than two hundred feet away from the trail on

the Haleauau side—I found under the bark on the trunks of

the smooth-leaved lehua trees four young specimens of an en-

tirely new variety or species of Achatinella. They were all near

the ground. I hunted the tree trunks, but the higher I climbed,

it seemed, the less luck I had, so I finally settled down to hunt-

ing down low. I could not hunt very long then as it was get-

ting late.

Having collected a few Achatinella spaldingi (with Mr. Spald-

112 THE NAUTILUS.

ing on Jan. 12, 1919) from Pukaloa, the next valley, I noticed

their similarity, and thought that I had found a few A. spald-

ingi. Itold Mr. Spalding later that I had found a few A. spald-

ingi in Haleauau, but he only laughed and seemed to discredit

the find.

Upon my return from Kau, Hawaii, last September, I had

the good fortune of meeting my old-time hiking partner and

friend, Mr. Daniel B. Langford, whom I am sure you know

quite well. I showed him the shells two days before he left

here for Japan. On Oct. 9, 1920, I again went out, this time

to look particularly for more of the new shells. I could not

find any more banded P. dubia, but managed to get a few young

specimens of the new shell [ Achatinella lehuiensis meinickei]. As

before, these were all found under the bark of the smooth-leaved

lehua trees, from within a foot of the ground to about six feet.

Some were on the outside, crawling. The higher up the tree I

went the less I found and the smaller the specimens. At ten

or twelve feet above ground I found none, so I concluded to

hunt ‘‘ off the ground.’’ Here again the shells seemed to be

confined to a very small area, not more than a hundred feet

across, or possibly 200 ft. Late in the afternoon, there being

no other place to hunt (I had hunted every plant in sight, even

the Hilo grass), I concluded to try the top of a large lehua tree

on which I had found several young specimens. Here I found

on the leaves, at the tip-top of the tree, some thirty to forty feet

above the ground, several large shells which I believe to be

adults.

Again on Oct. 31, 1920, I went up the same trail to help the

Trail and Mountain Club of Honolulu mark the trail to Kaala

with signboards. I put in a good half-hour’s hunt of the very

same lehua tree gone over two weeks before, and was rewarded

by finding over a dozen good specimens of A. J. meineckei and

several A. mustelina on the very same branches, side by side.

Being on a tramping trip I had to move on, so I presume that

there are at least a few more specimens still to be found.

I kept the specimens alive for one week, then let them drown

in water for about twenty hours, after which they were readily

removed from their shells. I kept each animal and its shell

THE NAUTILUS. 112

separate from the rest and put six of them (those which I could

see seemed to have embryonic shells within) in separate vials

and numbered the animals and their shells to correspond. The

rest I preserved en masse.

Unfortunately I did not keep the animals of the banded P.

dubia, so I cannot send you any of them. It might be well to

note here that the A. /. meineckei seemed to be much darker,

even to a purplish appearance in some cases, when alive and

after drowning, but appeared very much lighter immediately

after the animal was pulled, due no doubt to the color of the

animal, as the shells are very thin.

NOTES ON CRASPEDOPOMA LUCIDUM, LOWE AND OTHER MADEIRA

SNAILS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In the Madeira Islands there is only one genus of Cyclosto-

moid shells, Craspedopoma. It is represented by four species,

all described by Lowe, living to-day only on the main island of

Madeira. One of them, C. lucidum Lowe, is common to the

fossil beds east of Canical, Madeira, and is said to occur fossil

on the Southern Desert Island and on Porto Santo. Wollas-

ton is very explicit about the Porto Santo records, citing three

localities, and remarking that the specimens are rather small.

I could not find any trace of it there, and Mr. A. C. de Noronha

and the Rev. Drummond Paterson, who have collected much

more extensively, have also failed to find it. Near Canical, in

Madeira, it occurs in the well-known beds along with Plebecula

bowditchiana (Fér.), Geomitra delphinula (Lowe) and many other

shells. These shells are cited by Wollaston as ‘‘subfossil’’,

but they are properly regarded as fossils, and by all available

criteria should be Pleistocene, perhaps Lower Pleistocene.

Several of the forms are extinct, and the representatives of some

of the living species are appreciably different from their de-

scendants. Thus the common Leptaxis undata (Lowe), found

in quantity fossil, mixed with P. bowditchiana, is larger than

ordinary living specimens. It may be regarded as a distinct

114 THE NAUTILUS.

race (grandior, n. var.), max. diam. 29-30.5 mm. In this

peculiarity the fossil Z. wndata falls in line with other species,

thus P. bowditchiana is a sort of large edition of the common

living P. punctulata (Sby.) of Porto Santo.

At the Mount Church, above Funchal, I found C. lucidum

alive, and made notes on the animal. The tentacles are dark

grey, with black basal collar; eyes prominent, black; head and

foot pale reddish ochreous, suffused with dusky; front of head,

below tentacles, with about six transverse dusky lines; an

elongate dark patch on each side above mouth; a large suffused

rosy area behind each eye, visible when the light shines through

the animal; sole pale ochreous, not divided, but foot emarginate

posteriorly. The Mount is about 1900 ft. above sea level. At

higher altitudes in Madeira snails seem to be very scarce. Thus

around the Pico do Serrado, at about 3000 ft., the only snail I

could find was Geomitra calva (Lowe), though I obtained three

species of slugs. These slugs were Milax gagates, the typical jet

black form, Arion hortensis (new to Madeira) and Limaxz mazi-

mus. At lower altitudes the M. gagates are plumbeous. (var.

plumbea Moquin-Tandon). Many years ago I described M.

gagates var. maderensis, a dark brown variety from Madeira. It

is now clear that it is only a color-variation, not in any sense a

local race. Everything indicates that all the Madeira slugs

have been introduced, though some of them have been in the

island a long while. I found Arion hortensis also at Madeira,

and on the Portella Pass another addition to the fauna, Agrio-

limax laevis.

NEW PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY T. S. OLDROYD.

ANACHIS MINUTA, N. Sp.

Shell small, thick, nuclear whorls smooth; preceding whorle

four in number are cancellated by strong straight longitudinal

ribs and nearly equally strong revolving ridges, three on each

whorl. Whorls slightly convex, sutures broad and sunken;

cancellations equally strong, on the whole length of the shell.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV. PLATE V.

OLDROYD: PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS AND WESTERN OLIVELLAS.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Aperture small and curved, outer lip thick, with two dentations

within. Length, 4; breadth, 6 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality, upper Pleistocene at Santa Monica. Collected by Dr.

Frank Clark, Santa Monica.

EPITONIUM CLARKI, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 13.

Shell white, thin, nuclear whorls missing, with 7 well-

rounded post-nuclear whorls ; varices 14 in number, not all con-

tinuous; making a half turn around the spire, and with a short

spine near the sutures. Shell encircled by fine thread-like

spiral striations not very close together; on the top of each

whorl near the suture it is entirely smooth but on the base of

the whorl the lines are closer together, or in pairs; the lines ex-

tend over the whole base close to the umbilicus. Aperture

ovate, outer lip thickened. Length, 19; breadth, 8 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality, upper Pleistocene at Santa Monica. Collected by Dr.

Frank Clark, of Santa Monica in whose honor it is named.

TEGULA HEMPHILLI, n. sp. Plate V, figs. 11 & 11a.

Shell a fossil, thick, depressed, spire slightly conical; color, a

reddish brown and mottled in appearance. Whorls four in num-

ber, with slightly angulated shoulders, encircled with a row of

faint nodules. The whole shell, covered with a coarse wavy

Striation. Base flattened, slightly concave. Aperture oblique;

umbilicus wide and deep. Height, 16; breadth, 20 mm.

Type, University of California. Type locality upper Pleisto-

cene at Pacific Beach, San Diego, Cal. The type and four other

specimens were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill, in whose

honor the species is named.

CLATHRODRILLA DIEGENSIS, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 12.

Shell elongate, spire elevated, apex acute, nucleal whorl

smooth; seven postnucleal whorls. The whorls of the spire are

crossed by slanting ribs, sutures deep. On the top of each

whorl there is a wide revolving groove; on the base of the upper

whorls there is one groove, on the next to the last whorl there

are two, the body whorl shows the lines of growth and is

116 THE NAUTILUS.

grooved to the end of the canal. Outer lip thin and broken,

the notch shows small on the last line of growth. Aperture el-

liptical; columella curved, slightly encrusted. There is a slight

umbilical fissure. Length, 23; breadth, 9 mm.; length of aper-

ture including canal 9 mm.

Type, University of California, coll. Type locality, upper

pleistocene, at Pacific Beach, San Diego, Co. The type and

three other specimens were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill.

CoNUS CALIFORNICUS FOSSILIS, var. nov. Plate V, fig. 9.

This answers the description of Conus californicus with the

exception that it is much larger, stronger, and with spire much

more elevated. Length, 40; width, 19; height of spire 14 mm.

angle of spire 70.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University.

Type locality, lower San Pedro series, Nob Hill cut, San Pedro.

This variety is found in both the upper and lower San Pedro:

beds.

VERMETUS NopDosus, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 10.

Shell a fragment; length, 46; breadth, 11 mm.; smooth and

perfectly round and curved, septate within. The specimen has

three large pear-shaped nodes, two of which are opposite each

other, over the septum, one lengthwise of the shell, and the

other crosswise.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality, lower San Pedro series of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro.

TORNATINA TUMIDA, n. sp. Plate V. fig. 8.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, white, whorls five including the

nuclear, which is small and sunken; spire rather flat, sutures

deeply channeled; aperture nearly the length of the body whorl}.

posterior end narrowed, anterior much dilated and rounded

toward the columella, which is strongly plicated, and covered

with a light incrustation extending nearly to the top of the

whorl. Length, 6; breadth, 834 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality Lower San Pedro series of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro,.

Cal.

THE NAUTILUS. 117

SOME VARIETIES OF WESTERN OLIVELLAS.

BY T. S. OLDROYD.

Conrad described Olivella pedroana from a fossil found at San

Pedro, in 1854, but the figure is more like what Carpenter de-

scribed as O. intorta; this is plentiful in the Upper San Pedro,

and not at all like O. boetica Cpr., described by him in the re-

port of the British Association for Advancement of Science,

published in London in 1864. The following is Carpenter’s

description, not a very full one, O. boetica, narrow, dull, thin.

This has erroneously been called anazora, tergina, petiolata and

rufifasciata. Habitat between San Diego and San Pedro, Santa

Barbara, Monterey, Oregon, the region on each side of the

Columbia River, Puget Sound and Vancouver Island. Type

locality not given. Sowerby in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Vol.

4, gives the type locality as British Columbia. They are quite

plentiful at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, but most of

them are a reddish brown in color; they are also found in Puget

Sound and all along the coast of British Columbia, and Alaska

up in the Bering Sea. All of the northern O. boetica are much

the same in shape but in the farther north they grow larger and

more beautifully striped, a creamy white with zigzag markings

of brown, these have also been found in Puget Sound, and it

would be more practicable to call the northern specimens all

the same. The O. boetica in the region between San Pedro and

San Diego vary from those in the north, both in color and

shape; in fact, though it is not generally known, there are two

distinct varieties in this region, different in size and shape, the

smaller of the two which I will describe is also found in lower

California, living, and is very plentiful in the upper Pleistocene

at San Pedro.

Olivella biplicata Sowerby was described in the Tankerville

Catalogue in 1825. The type locality is Monterey; it is also

found further south in San Luis Obispo County. Although

they vary somewhat in shape of spire yet they are easily dis-

tinguished, being thicker, broader, and with a much larger

callus spot than the San Pedro variety. Those found in the

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Strait of Juan de Fuca and British Columbia are different, as

are those found in Lower California. The West Coast Olivellas

are very variable, they differ on some of the Channel Islands,

and on some of the islands of the north. I have picked a type

from the most prevalent forms along the cost. As far as the

recent shells are concerned, we could get along without this

division, but they all occur as fossils at San Pedro in various

horizons and therefore I suggest these varietal names as a help

and convenience in working over the fossils. There has been a

color variety described by Mr. Vanatta, but I have used only

the form and general outline of the shells, as the fossils have all

lost their color.

OLIVELLA BOETICA DIEGENSIS, n. var. Plate V, fig. 2.

This differs from the typical shells of British Columbia, in

the color being a light drab, sometimes mottled; not as oval in

outline, spire longer and running more sharply to a point.

Length, 19; breadth, 8 mm.

Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Range

San Diego to San Pedro; living. Pleistocene in upper San

Pedro.

OLIVELLA BOETICA MEXICANA, n. var. Plate I, figs. 3.

This differs from var. pedroana in being smaller, more slender,

spire not running quite as sharply to a point. Length, 10;

breadth, 4 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Type

locality, Scammon’s Lagoon, Lower California. Pleistocene,

the upper San Pedro. Living at San Pedro. Collected by Mr.

Henry Hemphill.

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA FUCANA, n. var. Plate V, fig. 4.

Shell broader across the middle and lower part of the aper-

ture than var. angelena ; spire running more sharply to a point

from the middle of the shell. Color more uniform, being a

light drab. Length, 28; breadth, 14 mm.

Type in Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Living.

Type locality, Straits of Fuca, near Cape Flattery. Pliocene

at San Pedro.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA PARVA, n. var. Plate V, fig. 7.

This var. is nearest angelena, but much smaller, a little

broader in proportion; outer lip more curved, shell more highly

colored and variable in color; found in the upper Pleistocene at

San Pedro. Length, 14; breadth, 8 mm.

Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Type

locality, Point Abreojos, Lower California. Collected by Mr.

Henry Hemphill.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

(All figures natural size. )

Fig. 1. Olivella boetica Carpenter, Alaska.

Fig. la. Olivella boetica Carpenter, Vancover Island, typical.

Fig. 2. Olivella boetica diegensis, n. var.

Fig. 3. Olivella boetica mexicana, n. var.

Fig. 4. Olivella biplicata fucana, n. var.

Fig. 5. Olivella biplicata typical. Monterey.

Fig. 6. Olivella biplicata angelina T. S. Oldroyd.

Fig. 7. Olivella biplicata parva, n. var.

Fig. 8. Tornatina tumida, n. sp.

Fig. 9. Conus californicus fossilis, n. var.

Fig. 10. Vermetus nodosus, n. sp.

Fig. 11. Tegula hemphilli, n. sp.

Fig. 12. Clathrodrilla diegensis, n. sp.

Fig. 13. Epitonium clarki, n. sp.

COLLECTING SHELLS ON THE EAST COAST OF FLORIDA IN THE

WINTERS 1891 AND 1892.

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER.

Collections made at Jacksonville, Pablo Beach, Indian River

and Lake Worth Inlet, were partly named and compared with

specimens in the museums at New York City, New Haven,

Conn., Boston and Cambridge, Mass., in the summers of 1892-

93. A number of the species however were not named until

this winter by Mr. T. Van Hyning of the Florida State Museum

120 THE NAUTILUS.

and Dr. Paul Bartsch of the U. S. National Museum, and I am

under many obligations for their kind assistance.

The specimens were picked up in a general way and no special

effort was made to secure large series or the minute species.

As my residence is in the extreme northern part of Maine

and I have only a small library on shells, I will follow Bulletin

No. 87, U. S. National Museum, by William H. Dall. Al-

though the classification is not up to date, it has a great ad-

vantage as nearly all are familiar with the names used in that

work,

In December, 1891, around Jacksonville I obtained many

dead specimens of Polygyra vannostrande Bld. and P. jejuna Say,

and in the St. John’s River Vivipava georgiana Lea and Cyrena

carolinensis Lam.

In January, 1892, I made two trips to Pablo Beach on my

first visit going towards Mayport. For a distance of four miles

the beach was covered with the large valves of Cardium magnum

Born; such a mass of shells I had never seen. On my second

visit, a week later, there was not a Cardium to be found or

hardly anything in the line of shells. The two trips to Pablo

Beach yielded the following species:

Purpura floridana Conr. Two specimens.

Labiosa (Raeta) canaliculata Say. Three single valves.

Tellina alternata Say. Five perfect specimens.

Dosinia discus Rev. Four fine specimens.

Petricola pholadiformis Lam. One single valve.

Pholas costata Linne. Single valves common.

Pinna seminuda Lam. Common.

Pinna muricata Linne. Common.

Donox variabilis Say. The sand at low water mark was filled

with these shells.

Arca incongrua Say. Few fine specimens.

Arca ponderosa Say. Two living specimens.

Cardium robustum Sol. Common.

In the month of February I started on a four weeks trip from

Jacksonville to Titusville by rail, and then by steamer the whole

length of Indian River to Jupiter and Lake Worth. While

examining the limestone outcrops at Rock Ledge on Indian

THE NAUTILUS. 121

River, I picked up two specimens of Mytilopsis leucopheata Conr.

and one Planorbis duryi Wetherby. In many places oyster

beds are common, and in the Indian River narrows the man-

grove roots between high and low water mark were completely

covered with young oysters.

Three weeks in March, 1892, was spent at Lake Worth, the

most beautiful place on the Florida coast, with the Gulf stream

close to the shore. Much of my time was spent in looking at

the living forms of everything found below low water in the

inlet, and a collection of many objects was made. I had no

special collecting outfit, so the small and minute forms were

practically left out. The inlet of Lake Worth was at that time

a lonely place, only occasionally a sail boat passed in and out,

and at low tide I could wade across. -At the time of my visit

to Lake Worth two residents at Palm Beach had small collec-

tions, Mrs. Nelsson and her children collected after storms and

had some shells that I did not see and claimed they were the

only specimens found by any collector at Palm Beach proper.

Mr. J. J. White at the time a resident of Palm Beach had a

small collection of named shells collected mostly at Lake Worth.

Mr. White published two articles in THe Navtiuus, Vol. XI,

page 31 and Vol. XII, page 142, about the specimens collected

by him and his description of the locality is good.

Shells collected at Lake Worth inlet:

Ostrea virginica Gme]l. Young specimens common.

Ostrea frons Linne. Single valves.

Ostrea cristata Born. Single valves.

Anomia simplex Orb. Common on old logs.

Spondylus spathuliferus Sowb. A few single valves.

Pecten irradians var. dislocatus Say. Single valves common.

Pecten ornatus Lam. Single valves common.

Pecten nodosus Linn. Several single valves.

Pecten fuscopurpureus Conr. Single valves common.

Avicula atlantica Lam. One fine specimen.

Margaritiphora radiata Lam. One fine specimen.

Pinna muricata Linn. Common.

Pinna seminuda Lam. _Common.

Modiolus demissus Dillw. Several.

522 THE NAUTILUS.

Modiolus tulipus Linn,

Arca occidentalis Phil. Several fine living specimens.

Arca transversa Say. One fine specimen.

Arca secticostata Rve. One single valve.

Arca campechensis Dillw. Six fine specimens.

Pectunculus pennaceus Gmel. Four single valves.

Divaricella dentata Wood. One fine pair.

Lucina tigrina Linn. Several fine specimens.

Chama macrophylla Lam. One specimen and single valves.

Cardium isocardia Linn. Several fine specimens.

Cardium muricatum Linn. Single valves.

Liocardiwm serratum Linn. One fine valve.

Liocardium mortont Conr. Common.

Venus mortoni Conr. One single valve.

Chione cancellata Linn. Common.

Chione intapurpurea Conr. One fine single valve.

Anomalocardia cuneimeris Conr. Several.

Pitaria simpsoni Dall. One single valve.

Pitaria fluminata Menke. One fine specimen.

Tagelus gibbus Spengler. One good specimen.

Tellina magna Spengler. One large single valve.

Tellina brasiliana Lam. Several fine specimens.

Macoma cerina C. B. Adams. Common.

Teredo navalis Linn. Common in timbers.

Bulla occidentalis A. Adams. In Lake Worth common.

Haminea guildingi Swainson. In Lake Worth common.

Melampus lineatus Say. In Lake Worth common.

Siphonaria naufragum Stearns. Lake Worth inlet few.

Terebra dislocata Say. Common.

Conus proteus Hwass. One partly broken specimen.

Cancellaria reticulata Linn. Few.

Oliva literata Lam. Several large specimens.

Marginella apicina Menke. Common in Lake Worth.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Two young shells.

Fasciolaria distans Lam. Beach-worn shells.

Fulgur pyrum Dillw. Three specimens.

Fulgur canaliculata Say. Beach-worn shells.

Fulgur perversa Linn, One large living shell 11 inches long.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

Fulgur carica Linn. Large dead shells, common north of

inlet.

Melongena corona Gmel. Old shells in Indian camp sites in

Lake Worth.

Tritonidea tincta Conr. Few shells.

Nasza vibex Say. Common.

Columbella mercatoria Linn. Six specimens.

Murex pomum Gmel. One large dead shell.

Murex rufus Lam. One shell found at Palm Beach.

Murex? A large much worn shell.

Eupleura caudata Say. One specimen, Lake Worth.

Muricidea floridana Conr. Common on old logs in inlet.

Purpura deltoidea Lam. Three specimens.

Janthina fragilis Lam. Several living specimens on beach.

Tritonium chlorostoma Lam. Five dead specimens.

Tritonium pileare Lam. Seven good specimens.

Tritonium olearium Linne. One good specimen.

Tritonium femorale Linne. One good specimen.

Cassis cameo Stimpson. Two badly worn shells on beach.

Cassis tuberosa Linn. One good specimen at old inlet.

Cassis testiculus Linn. Two good specimens.

Cassis inflata Shaw. Fine specimen, common.

Dolium galea Lin. One large fine specimen and several small

ones.

Pyrula papyratia Say. Three specimens.

Cypraa exanthema Linn. Ten specimens, two very large.

Cyprea cervus Linn. One good specimen.

Cyprza spurca Linn. Several good specimens.

Trivia pediculus Linn. Common.

Strombus gigas Linn. Common.

Strombus pugilis Linn. Two specimens on beach.

Strombus bituberculatus Lam. In Lake Worth, common.

Strombus costatus Gmel. One good specimen.

Cerithium caudatum Sow. Two specimens.

Cerithium semiferruginum Lam. Two specimens.

Cerithium floridanum Morch. Common in Lake Worth.

Cerithium algicola C. B. Adams. Few.

Cerithium literatum Born. Few.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Cerithium muscarum Say. Few.

Modulus floridanus Conr. Common.

Litorina lineata Phil. Common.

Ampuillaria depressa Say. Shells inhabited by crabs.

Crepidula fornicata Say. Worn specimens.

Crepidula plana Say. Small specimen in dead shells.

Natica canrena Lam. Two dead shells.

Nerita duplicata Say. Several good specimens.

Sigaretus perspectivus Say. One good specimen.

Turbo crenulatus Gmel. Living on dead logs in inlet.

Astraea tuber Linn. Many fine large specimens were collected.

Livona pica Linn. One large dead shell.

Calliostoma jujubinum Gmel. One good specimen.

Nerita peloronta Linn. One large shell.

Nerita versicolor Lam. One good specimen.

Neritina virginea Linn. Common in Lake Worth.

Ceratozona rugosa Sow. On lime rock in inlet.

Argonauta argo var. americana Dall. One specimen.

Spirula peroni Lam. Common on beach.

Of the land shells at Lake Worth, Euglandina rosea Fer. and

Polygyra septemvolva Say seemed common.

MOLLUSC€AN SPECIES NAMED IN THE PORTLAND CATALOGUE, 1786,

PART II, FOREIGN SPECIES.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

(Concluded from p. 100.)

ANOMIA SANGUINEA S., p. 184, No. 3928. Scarlet Anomia from

New Zealand. - Zerebratula sanguinea Leach, 1815.

Arca LABIaTA S., p. 185, No. 3947. Davila, 1, pl. 18. + Arca

concamera Bruguiére, 1789; and +Cucullaea auriculifera

Lamarck, 1819.

ARCA NoDULOSA S., p. 98, No. 2158; p. 100, No. 2194. China.

Gualtieri, pl. 87, E. Not of O. F. Miiller, 1776.

ArgonauTa HIANS §., p. 44, No. 10556; p. 174, No. 3798.

China. Brown paper Nautilus. Rumphius Thes. 18, B-

+A. hians Dillwyn, 1817.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

ARGONAUTA NavicuLUs H., p. 44, No. 1055a. Rumphius,

Thes. 18, 4. +A. nitida Lamarck, 1822.

ARGONAUTA NODOSA §., p. 96, No. 2120; p. 173, No. 3734.

Tuberculated paper Nautilus. Cape of Good Hope. Rum-

phius, Thes. 18, 1. + Argonauta tuberculata Shaw, 1811.

Buccinum GALeEa §., not Lin., p. 61, No. 1899a. The great

Oriental tun shell. ?+ Doliwm melanostoma Jay, 1839.

Buccrnum iris S., p. 14, No. 301; p. 64, No. 1455; p. 153, No.

3356. Martyn, 1,f.26. =Buccinum prismaticum Martyn,

1784.

BuccINUM CALCARATUM S., p. 133, No. 2961. Gualtieri, 31, F.

=Murex hippocastaneum Born, 1780.

Buccinum cepa §., p. 61, No. 138996. The great Mediterranean

tun shell. ==Dolium galea (Linné), 1758.

BuccINUM CORONARIUM S., p. 160, No. 3495. New Zealand.

The great waved lip Buccinum. Martyn II, f. (45).

=Buccinum succinctum Martyn, 1784.

BuccinuM DuBIUM H., p. 188, No. 2998. Smooth terrestrial

shell of a pale brown color, with several rows of brown

spots on each volution. ?=Ampulla priamus Bolten, 1798.

Buccinum mMurRiIcaTtuM H., p. 104, No. 2296. Favanne III,

x 38. ++Colubraria obscura (Reeve), 1844.

BuccINUM NEREIDEUM S., p. 33, No. 776. Mediterranean

Trumpet Shell. -+ Triton nodiferus Lamarck, 1819.

BuccInuM PANDuRA §., p. 17, No. 371; p. 108, No. 2262. The

pink Harp from Guinea. + Harpa rosea Lamarck, 1822.

BuccINuM PusTULOsuM S., p. 88, No. 1960. Rumphius, Thes.

49, B. + Ranella argus Gmelin, 1791-2.

BuccINUM TAURINUM §S., p. 142, No. 3158. China. Lister,

841, 69. =Terebra subulata Linné, var. (1767).

BuccINuM TRITONIS H., p. 29, No. 68; p. 32, No. 765. Oriental

Trumpet Shell. Murex tritonis Lin. (ex parte), 1758.

BuccINuM TRITOoNIS S., p. 29, No. 68; p. 33, No. 776; p. 35,

No. 839. Mediterranean Trumpet Shell. + Triton nodiferus

Lam. (—Buccinum nereideum Solander, No. 776).

BULLA IMPERIALIS H., p. 155, No. 3391. Pink-mouthed

poached egg, from the Friendly Islands. =Ovula tortilis

Martyn, 1784.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Burua zonata §., p. 164, No. 3561; p. 172, No. 3758. Born,

f. 1, tab. 9, 1780. China. =Bulla amplustre Born, not

Lin. +B. velum Gmelin, 1791-2.

CARDIUM HysTRIX S., p. 116, No. 2550. Gualtieri, 72, B.

2+ Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1819.

CARDIUM IMPREssuUM §., p. 155, No. 3389; China, p. 188, No.

3996; Tranquebar. Born, t. 2, f. 15, 16. Pink spotted

variety of the Venus heart cockle. =Cardiwm cardissa

Born, not Lin. +C. rosewm Gmelin, 1791-2. +. jun-

oniae Lam., 1819.

CarpIum PpRroTRusuM S., p. 178, No. 3825. China. Lister,

319, 156. +C. humanum Wood, Ind. Test. 1818, not of

Linné, 1758.

CarpIuM spinosum §., p. 105, No. 2297. Mediterranean.

Favenne 52, A2. =C. echinatum Linné, 1758.

Conus aRaNEosus §., p. 76, No. 1714; p. 106, No. 2828.

Spiderweb cone from China and Coromandel. Martini.

Conch. Cab., Vol. II, fig. 676. -+C. araneosus Hwass,

1792.

Conus ARCHITALASSUS S., p. 189, No. 4017. Amboyna. Argen-

ville, Suppl. tab. 1, figs. Mm, N; Martini, Conch. Cab. II,

vign. No. 26, figs. 1, 2, p. 214. +C. ammuralis var. gran-

ulatus Lam., 1822; not C. granulatus Gmelin, 1791-2.

Conus aveuR S., p. 44, No. 1046. Knorr, VI, tab. 13, fig. 6.

+0€. magus Born, 1780, not of Linné. +C. augur Bru-

guiere.

Conus Fuscatus S., p. 160, No. 3491. China. Martini, Conch.

Cab. II, f. 698. =C. fuscatus Born, 1780.

Conus Mappa S., p. 116, No. 2554. ‘‘China.’’ Knorr, 1, tab.

8 £4. =Conas cedonulli L. var. mappa Hwass, 1792.

Conus nocrurnus §., p. 156, No. 3411. China. Martini,

Conch. Cab. II, f. 687, 688. +C. nocturnus Hwass, 1792.

Conus putcHeR H., p. 179, No. 3844. Coast of Guinea.

Lister, 772. Not C. pulcher A. Adams, 1853. ? C. proteus

Hwass.

Conus quercinus §., p. 67, No. 1501. Martini, Conch. Cab.

II, f. 657. =C. cingulum Martyn, 1784. +C. quercinus

Hwass, 1792.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Conus unDuLATUs §., p. 180, No. 3866. Gualtieri, 25, 1 Cf.

AA). =Conus textile Linné, 1758.

CHAMA LAZARUS var. PANNosUS S., p. 96, No. 2123. Rumphius,

Thes. 48, 3. =C. lazarus Linné, 1767, -+damaecornis

Lamarck, 1819.

Cuio §., p. 115, No. 2520; not of Linné. Davila], pl. 20, figs.

D, E, e. Represents three forms of Cavolina.

CYPRAEA AURORA §., p. 10, No. 197; Otaheiti; p. 178, No.

3831. Orange Cowry, from the Friendly Islands. =C.

aurantia Martyn, No. 59, 1784.

CYPRAEA PANTHERINA S., p. 50, No. 1206. Lister, 681, 28.

+ Cypraea guttata Lamarck, 1810. +C. tigrina Lam., not

Gmelin.

CYPRAEA PuUsTULATA S., p. 106, No. 2330. Orange warted

cowry from China. Lister, 710, 62. +C. pustulata

Lamarck, 1810.

Hex apa H., p. 186, No. 3970, not of Gmelin. A terres-

trial sinistral shell from the E. Indies. Lister, t. 33, 32

and 46. Favanne, 63 E. =Amphidromus sp. indet.

(? citrinus auct.)

HELIx ERUBEscENS H., p. 187, No. 3973. Lister, 24, 22.

=H. pudica Muller, 1774.

Hei ois S., p. 38, No. 925. Favanne, t. 63, f. 11.

+ Labyrinthus otis Beck, 1838.

Hetix puicata S., p. 18, No. 400. Favanne, pl. 61, f. D. 10;

not plicata Born, 1780. ?=—Ampullaria sp., or Natica.

HELIX VITELLUs H., p. 26, No. 601. Rumphius, Thes. 22, 1.

= Natica vitellus Linné, 1758.

IsoGNoMA LIGNEA S., p. 9, No. 176. =Ostrea isognomum Linné,

1758.

IsOGNOMA RIGIDA S., p. 115, No. 2516. Pulu Condore. Lister,

227, 62. =FPedalion Solander, 1770.

ISOGNOMA PERNA S., p. 1387, Mo. 3041. China. =Ostrea perna

Ee, L767:

Lrepas cornucopPisE S., p. 101, No. 2216. Argenville, 26, D.

+ Anatifer pollicipes Bruguiére, 1789.

Hetix instenita H., p. 176, No. 3794. Lister, 67, 68. Helix

marginella Gmel.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Mactra NIVEA H., p. 29, No. 678. Great white Mactra from

the coast of Guinea. ?Le Fatan of Adanson.

Murex ELonaatus S., p. 65, No. 1479. Favanne, pl. 79, £. H.

+M. clavus Kiener, 1841.

MuREX FIMBRIATUS S., p. 106, No. 2327; p. 136, No. 30388.

Martyn, 1, f. 6c, Favanne, 37, H. 1; Davila, 1, pl. 10.

= Trophon geversianus Pallas, 1769.

MurREx RETICULARIS H., p. 12, No. 240, Sicily. Born, 11, 5,

1780. Murex reticularis Linné,. 1758.

Mya aieas8., p. 101, No. No. 2213. Mediterranean. Lister,

414, 258. ==Panope glycymeris Born, 1778 (as Mya).

Mya ovatis S., p. 1384, No. 2983. Lister, 146, 1; not of Pul-

teney, 1799, or Donovan, 1801. + Unio batavus Maton

and Rackett, 1807.

MytiLus casTaNeEus S., p. 69, No. 1560. Lister, Conch., 154,

9, Vir[ginia]. _=Unio complanatus Sol.

Mytitus tinauaS., p. 77, No. 1718. Amboyna. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 2, f. 2, 1770; Petiver, Gazoph. 32,9. Patella

unguis L., 1758. =Lingula unguis Lam., 1799.

Mytitus pictus §., p. 158, No. 3458. Painted muscle, bright

green, waved with brown, from the Mediterranean. Knorr,

IV, t. 15, f. 5. =M. ungulatus Linné, 1758.

Myrtiuus uneuis8., p. 172, No. 3717. Amboyna. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 2, f. 2, 1770; Petiver, Gazoph. 32,9. Patella

unguis L., 1758.

NAUTILUs scROBICULATUs S., p. 182, No. 3906. Great umbili-

cated Nautilus from New Guinea. Lister, 552, 4; Knorr,

TVo 42 22.5.4,

OsTREA PURPUREA S., p. 189, No. 3091, New Holland; p. 174,

No. 3741. China; p. 177, No. 3878. =O. cucullata Born,

1780.

PATELLA AURICULARIA H., p. 154, No. 3384; p. 187, No. 3983.

Amboyna. China. Rumphius, Thes. 40, N (as an oper-

culum). +Dolabella rumphi Cuvier, 1817.

PATELLA FUNGOIDES H., p. 55, No. 1801. Mushroom limpet

from Cape of Good Hope. Humpnhrey’s Conch., pl. IV,

f. 16,1770. + Patella fungoides Bolten, 1798.

PATELLA GoRrGONICA H., p. 105, No. 2302. Humphrey’s

Gonch,, ITT, £:33),2770,

THE NAUTILUS. 129

PATELLA MACROscHISMA H., p. 71, No. 1601. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 7, f. 3, 3, 1770.

PATELLA MYTILIFORMIS S., p. 42, No. 990; p. 58, No. 1359.

Falkland Islands. Humphrey’s Conch., III, f. 9, 1770.

=Patella mytilina Helbling, 1779. +P. gondola Bolten,

1798.

PATELLA OCULUS-HIRCI H., p. 105, No. 2302. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 2, f. 6, 1770. =FPatella oculus Born, 1778.

PATELLA PULCHRA H., p. 105, No. 2302 6; p. 1385, 2995. Cape

of Good Hope. Humphrey’s Conch., t. 2, f. 8, 1770.

PATELLA UMBRACULUM H., p. 178, No. 3830. Umbrella limpet

from China. Humphrey’s Conch., pl. 5, f. 5, 1770.

+ Patella umbella Gmelin, 1791-2.

PINNA RIGIDA S., p. 136, No. 3040; p. 138, No. 3078. Knorr,

II, t. 26, f. 1. + Pinna rigida Dillwyn, 1817.

PLACUNA PLACENTA S., p. 8, No. 1386; p. 16, No. 353a. China;

p- 140, No. 3119. Chinese window shell. =Anomia

placenta Linné, 1758.

PLACUNA EPHIPPIUM §., p. 16, No. 353 b. Polish saddle shell.

=Anomia ephippium Linné, 1758.

SERPULA ATTRAHENS S., p. 106, No. 2331, Madagascar. Hum-

phrey’s Conch., pl. VII, f. 15, 1770.

SERFULA GIGANTEA H., p. 6, No. 97; Oriental. Seba III, pl.

94, largest fig. p. 186, No. 3955, Luconia, 21 inches long.

=Serpula gigantea Pallas, 1766.

SERPULA ToRTUOsA H., p. 184, No. 3939. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 11, f. 4, 1770.

SoLEN PALLIDUS S., p. 42, No, 1005a. Lister, t. 412, lower

figure. Solen sp. indet.

SoLEN RosTRATUS S., p. 160, No. 3487, China; p. 167, No. 3624,

A large fine violet Solen from China. Valentyn, Biv. 13,

No. 5. -+Sanguinolaria diphos Gmelin, 1791-2.

STROMBUS AMPLUS H., p. 28, No. 658. Brander, Foss. Hant.

pl. 6, f. 76, 1766. —Hippochrenes amplus (S. ).

STROMBUS AURIS DIANAE H., p. 29, No. 679; p. 64, No. 1452.

Pulu Condore, Martyn, 1, f. 1. =Alata aratrum Martyn,

1784.

STROMBUs LUCTATOR H., p. 87, No. 1926; Brander, Foss. Hant.

pl. 5, f. 64.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

StromBus sinuatus H., p. 189, No. 4022. Seba III, 62, 3;

Favanne, 22, A. 2. -+Strombus laciniatus Dillwyn, 2817.

SrromBus TRIcoRNIS H., p. 5, No. 50. Martini, Conch. Cab.

III, f. 843, 845. Lister, No. 873, f. 29. -+Strombus tri-

cornis Lamarck, 1822.

StromBus TRUNcATUs H., p. 133, No. 2967; p. 150, No. 3507;

p. 169, No. 3655. EK. Indies. Davila 1, t. 12, f. 14.

+ Pterocera bryonia Gmelin, 1791-2.

TELLINA cRUENTA S., p. 10, No. 187. Knorr, VI, t. 12, f. 1.

+ Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1792.

Trocuus GRANOsUS H., p. 87, No. 1942. New Zealand. Martyn,

f. 37, 1784. =Trochus granosus Martyn, 1784.

Trocuus onustus H., p. 4, No. 31. + Xenophora conchyliophora

Born, 1780.

Trocuus soLARIs S., p. 86, No. 1914, New Zealand. Martyn,

1, f£. 30, g. =Trochus heliotropium Martyn, 1784.

Trocuus sutcatus H., p. 1138, No. 2481. New Zealand. Der

Naturforscher IX, t. III, f. 5, 6. Martyn, f. 33 (=85) r.

( Trochus sulcatus): +1. cookii Gmelin, 1792. (Schreibers,

1788.)

Trocuus TEctus H., p. 187, No. 3982. All Saints Id., West

Indies. Lister, 628,14 (bad). ?+ 7. americanus Gmelin,

Jamaica.

TurRBo cornutus S., p. 147, No. 3235, China. Davila 1, pl. 5,

f. I. +T. cornutus Gmelin, 1791-2.

TuRBo sMARAGDUS H., p. 11, No. 229. New Zealand. =LIimaz

smaragdus Martyn, f. 73, 1788.

TuRBO UNDULATUs H., p. 18, No. 408; p. 178, No. 3828. New

Holland. =Limaz undulatus Martyn, f. 29, 1784.

Venus akcTica S., p. 1388, No. 3074. Lister, 426, 267. =Saz-

icava arctica Linné, 1767.

Venus ERosA S., p. 71, No. 1603; p. 186, No. 3961. New

South Wales. Chemn. VI, 336. -+Cyrena zeylanica

Lamarck, 1818. + Venus coaxans Gmelin, 1791-2.

Venus puncTATA S., p. 98, No. 2150. Amboyna. Rumphius,

Thes. 438 G. + Cytherea meretrix Lamarck, 1818.

VoLuta aMPHoRA §&., p. 30, No. 708; p. 181, No. 3874.

Martini, Conch. Cab. III, 780, Africa. -++-V. (Cymbiwm)

diadema Lamarck, 1811.

THE NAUTILUS. 137)

VoLuTa AanGuRIA §., p. 64, No. 1448. Great brown African

melon. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, 767. +V. neptuni

Gmelin, 1791-2.

Votuta ARausiaca §., p. 26, No. 611; p. 186, No. 3965.

Amboyna. Rumphius, Thes. 37, 2. + Voluta vezillum

Gmelin, 1791-2.

VoLuta ciTHARA §., p. 96, No. 2122; p. 182, No. 3902; p. 190,

No. 4030. Seba III, pl. 65, f. 1, 2. +V. armata

Lamarck, 1811.

VoLutTa ELoNGATA S., p. 30, No. 707; p. 148, No. 3161.

Martyn, t. 1, f. 25, New Caledonia. =Limaz fibratus

Martyn, 1784. (Placostylus f.)

Voxuta Fitosa §., p. 76, No. 1705. Martyn, f. 22,1. =Mitra

nexilis Martyn, 1783.

VotutTa Gravis S., p. 103, No. 2274. Malacca Str. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, 95, f. 916, 917. -+Turbinella rapa

Lamarck, 1822.

VoLuTA HAUsTRUM §., p. 137, No. 3054. China. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, 781. + Voluta (Cymbium) tessellata

Lamarck, 1811.

VoLUTA IMPERIALIs §., p. 183, No. 3913. Luconia. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, f. 934-5. + Voluta imperialis Lamarck,

1811.

Vo.tutTa incompta §., p. 96, No. 2116. South Seas. Martyn,

f. 19,1. Mitra tessellata Martyn, 1784.

VOLUTA INCRASSATA S., p. 18, No. 264; p. 131, No. 3696; p.

105, No. 2315. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, f. 499, 500.

+ Oliva angulata Lamarck, 1811.

VouuTa MELO S., p. 41, No. 969. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, f.

772, 773. +Voluta indica Gmelin, 1791-2.

VoLuTA NOBILIs S., p. 6, No. 89; p. 172, No. 3711; p. 183, No.

3926. East Indies. China. Martini III, f. 774-6; Lister,

769, 6. + Voluta scapha Gmelin, 1791-2.

Votuta PEpO S., p. 87, No. 1940; p. 100, No. 2204. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, f. 768-70. Great brown melon from

Guinea. -+ Voluta navicula Gmelin, 1791-2. -+V. neptuni

Gmelin, ex parte, fide Pfr.

VoLuTA PONDEROSA §., p. 25, No. 566; p. 189, No. 4023. East

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Indies (reversed shell, a dextral one figured by Favanne,

pl. 35, f. 1). Martini, Conch. Cab. III, f. 916. + Turbi-

nella rapa Lamarck, 1822.

VoLuTA scaBRIUscuLA H., p. 85, No. 1913. Martyn, f. 21.

==Mitra sphaerulata Martyn, 1784.

Votuta scaFa S., p. 41, No. 969 a; p. 186, No. 3039. Guinea.

Adanson, t. 3, f. 2. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, t. 70, f.

764. -+ Voluta porcina Lamarck, 1811.

VOLUTA VIRESCENS S., p. 26, No. 610; p. 186, No. 3020; p. 174,

No. 3751. Guinea. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, f. 932,

933. + Voluta polyzonalis Lamarck, 1811.

TWO NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SHELLS.

BY W. H. DALL.

A bunch of Gorgonians was recently received from the Pau-

lista Museum, San Paulo, Brazil, which were growing on bi-

valve shells. The latter were separated valves often in good

condition. The locality is San Sebastian Island off the south-

ern coast of Brazil.

Among them was a Macoma-like shell which appeared to be

new.

The subgenus Scissula includes species like T. decora Say,

which have the hinge of Angulus and an external oblique sculp-

ture of incised lines. The present shell however has two deeply

bifid teeth in the right and one in the left valve with no trace

of a lateral lamina in either valve. It therefore bears the same

relation to Macoma, subgenus Psammacoma as Scissula does to

Angulus in the Tellina group. I propose therefore to institute a

new section for it.

PsAMMACOMA (TEMNOCONCHA) BRASILIANA 0. Sp.

Shell white, equivalve, subequilateral, thin, compressed,

dorsal slopes subequal; anterior end broadly rounded, posterior

end obscurely obliquely truncate but hardly angulate at the

junction with the broadly arcuate base; sculpture of incremental

lines upon which are impressed sharp regular grooves about

THE NAUTILUS. 133

three to a millimeter, at first concentric but about the anterior

third of the valve becoming oblique, and becoming obsolete

near the posterior third; beaks inconspicuous; interior chalky

white, the muscular impressions subequal, the pallial sinus

rounded, in front, mostly free from the pallial line and falling

a little short of the anterior adductor scar; the ligament is short

and the margins smooth. Length 35; height 23; diameter 8;

the vertical from the beaks behind the anterior end 17 mm-

U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333023.

AMPULLARIA (FELIPPONEA) ELONGATA N. Sp.

Shell solid, conic, of three and a half flattish whorls separa-

ted by a distinct, almost channelled suture (the apex deeply

eroded); shell substance grayish to slate color, with irregular

broad spiral purple lines, the whole covered with an olivaceous,

thick, polished, dehiscent periostracum of a brittle character;

base rounded, umbilicus only a narrow chink behind the thin

raised inner lip; aperture pear-shaped, smooth inside, showing

the color bands; margin sharp-edged, not continuous across the

body. Height of decollate shell 29; of last whorl 25; of aper-

ture 17; of maximum diameter19 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.

333024.

Habitat. Uruguay River, Dept. of Paysanda; Dr. F. Felip-

pone.

It is interesting to get another and quite distinct species of

this subgenus which seems characteristic of Uruguay River

fauna. The present species differs most obviously from the

type, F. neritiniformis, in the flat-sided spire and absence of an

umbilicus.

THE GENUS PLEBECULA LOWE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

At the fossil-beds near Canigal, Madeira, the large globular

shells of Plebecula bowditchiana (Fér.) occur in hundreds of

thousands weathered out of the fine sand. In Porto Santo we

find similar deposits, but nearly all the species are different, in

134 THE NAUTILUS.

spite of the fact that the mountains of the smaller island are

plainly visible from the vicinity of Canigal. Between Porto

Santo and Madeira is deep sea, and it is evident that the islands

could not have been united within the life-time of existing

species of snails. Nevertheless, among the scant half-dozen

forms common to the Canical and Porto Santo deposits is P.

bowditchiana, one which would seem among the least likely to

be accidentally transported across the sea. It is a heavy white

shell, resembling in a general way the well-known Leucochroa

candidissima of the Mediterranean basin. The vast quantities

at Canical suggest at first a former climate very different from

that of today, but the snail was doubtless adapted to arid or

semiarid conditions, such as prevail now at the eastern end of

Madeira. The sandy wastes of the locality swarm with living

snails at the present time, but they are with inconspicuous ex-

ceptions Helix pisana, probably introduced long ago from Africa

by the Moors. The P. bowditchiana, however, would need more

cover than exists now, as they were nocturnal, hiding by day,

if we may judge by the habits of their living relatives. I have

carefully compared the Madeira and Porto Santo P. bowditchi-

ana, thinking that some differences might be found, but they

are unquestionably identical. There is, however, this differ-

ence ; the Porto Santo specimens show a much wider range of

variation. This may be taken to indicate that the species evol-

ved on Porto Santo, and the one or more examples which

somehow reached Madeira started a colony which remained

essentially true to the type represented by the immigrants.

Twenty P. bowditchiana from Porto Santo varied as follows in

dimensions, the first figure of each pair being the length, the

second the diameter at right angles to the axis, both in mm. 15.

18 (1), 15.20 (1), 16.20 (2), 17.19 (1), 18.21 (2), 2022

21.22 (2), 21.28 (1), 22.22 (1), 22.24 (2), 23.23 (38), 24.27

(1), 25.24 (1), 25.25(1). The shell having a length less than

18 mm. (obtained in the vicinity of the Fonte d’ Areia) consti-

tute a distinct form or variety, which may be named reducta.

They are not only small, but differing from the related small

P. punctulata, they are broadened, with a strongly and evenly

arched outer lip, so that the whole shape is very like that of

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Heliz hortensis. The one I take as typical of the variety meas-

ures 16 by 20 mm., and the apex, with curved rows of granules,

is delicately tinted with orange, giving the shell a more recent

appearance than usual. This may be the latest phase of bow-

ditchiana, but its resemblance in form to more ordinary snails

might be taken to indicate greater antiquity. I was not able to

make out distinct zones in the Porto Santo fossil beds, although

some species abound in one place, and are rare or absent else-

where. The sandy deposits are broken down by the weather,

and the shells loosened upon the surface. Many of these are

again covered, as the wind blows the sand, and the lime again

cements the deposit, so that it is quite possible to find shells of

entirely different ages mixed together. In fact the very modern

H. pisana is being thus incorporated, and no doubt in years to

come it will be possible to dig pisana and bowditchiana out of

the same fossil-beds, just as if they had been strictly contem-

poraneous.

In order to show the greater uniformity in the Canigal P.

bowditchiana, I give the measurements of 156 shells, citing the

two dimensions as before. 18.19 (1), 18.21 (1), 19.20 (2),

19.21 (7), 20.20 (6), 20.21 (18), 20.22 (8), 21.21 (9), 21.22

(22), 21.23 (7), 21.24 (8), 22.21 (1), 22.22 (12), 22.23 (28),

22.24 (2), 23.22 (1), 23.23 (5), 23.24 (13), 23.25 (1), 24.22

(1), 24.24 (2), 24.25 (4), 26.25 (1).

The nearest living relative of P. bowditchiana is P. punctulata

(Sowerby), exceedingly common on Porto Santo, and found

also on the outlying islets, even the isolated Ilheo de Nordeste.

It hides under rocks, more or less buried in the ground, and I

never saw it crawling abroad. A remarkable feature is the

opaque white mantle, which, when the animal is within the

shell, looks at first sight like a dense white epiphragm. The

genitalia show a very long slender flagellum. The living ani-

mal may be described as follows: Animal whitish translucent ;

tentacles and neck above dark grey, nearly black; foot very

broad, caudal end very broad and flat; a large black mark on

each side posterior to tentacles; mantle opaque white (speci-

men from Villa Baleira). The shells vary much in color, some

being very dark. Two bands, never seen in bowditchiana, are

136 THE NAUTILUS.

nearly always present, but on the Ilheo de Baixo, on Jan. 22, I

found a creamy-white bandless variety, which may be called

var. lactescens. This form was also known to Wollaston. The

distribution of H. punctulata is peculiar. It has not been re-

corded from Madeira, but a rather small and peculiar race

(avellana Lowe) occurs both living and fossil on Bugio, the

southernmost of the Desertas. At the fossil-beds near Canigal,

Madeira, however, I found a specimen of undoubted P. punctu-

lata, measuring 13 by 14 mm., thinner than bowditchiana, and

still showing faint traces of the bands. It has a recent appear-

ance, and may not be truly fossil. Whether P. punctulata really

lived in Madeira, may still remain somewhat uncertain, as

Baring and Ogilvie Grant (Zoologist, Nov. 1895) report finding

seven whole H. pisana in the stomach of a kestrel, and it is

conceivable that an owl pellet might contain an unbroken snail

shell.

The P. punctulata in Porto Santo suffer severely from an

enemy, the broken shells being found very commonly under

rocks. From the position of these remains, it was impossible

that the enemy should be a bird, and thesmall lizards (Lacerta

dugesii) so common under the rocks probably could not break

the shells. Baring and Ogilvie Grant (loc. cit.) speak of the

great spider of Porto Santo (Lycosa madeirana Walck.) as feed-

ing on snails, and I have no doubt that this is the mysterious

enemy of P. punctulata. In the face of such an enemy, P. bow-

ditchiana, with its large and thick shell, would have a great ad-

vantage over its smaller relative.

The common P. vulgata (Lowe) of Madeira has the same

white mantle, and is evidently strictly congeneric. According

to Pilsbry this is the real nitidiuscula of Sowerby, though not

that of Wollaston. The soft parts of vulgata from Funchal were

described as follows :

Animal with foot broad, white ; tentacles black ; dorsal side

of head and neck very dark, abruptly contrasting with the

white foot ; mantle opaque white. The habits of vulgata seem

to be much like those of punctulata, though it is perhaps less

retiring. There is a large Lycosa (L. blackwailii Johnson) in

Madeira, which may prey upon it but it seems to be absent from

the lowlands about Funchal, where P. vulgata abounds.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

NEW NAMES FOR WEST INDIAN TERTIARY PECTENS.

BY C. WYTHE COOKE.

Doctor T. Wayland Vaughan has kindly called my attention

to the fact that the names vaughani and waylandi applied by me

in 1919 to extinct species of Pecten from the West Indies had

already been used by Ralph Arnold for different species of the

same genus. For these preoccupied names I propose to substi-

tute the following :

PECTEN VAUN Cooke, n. n.

Synonym: Pecten vaughani Cooke (not Arnold), Carnegie

Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 133, pl. 8, figs. 2-4, 1919.

Occurrence: Anguilla formation (upper Oligocene), Crocus

Bay, Anguilla.

PECTEN VAUN var. FLABELLUM COOKE, n. n.

Synonym: Pecten vaughani var. flabellum Cooke, Carnegie

Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 134, pl. 8, figs. 6-7, 1919.

Occurrence : La Cruz marl (middle Miocene), La Cruz and

Santiago, Cuba.

PEcTEN (Chlamys) LANDI Cooke, n. n.

Synonym: Pecten (Chlamys) waylandi Cooke (not Arnold),

Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 131, pl. 7, figs. 4a, b,

1919.

Occurrence: La Cruz marl (middle Miocene), Santiago, Cuba.

GEORGE BRETTINGHAM SOWERBY.

George Brettingham Sowerby, F. L. S. (the third G. B. S.),

died on Jan. 31st at his residence at Richmond, Surrey, Eng-

land. Eldest son of G. B. Sowerby (II), he was born in Lon-

don, Sept., 1843. He commenced business as a conchologist

about 1860. Many important collections passed through his

hands during the 56 years he was in business, his retirement

taking place in Jan., 1916. He was a fellow of the Linnean

138 THE NAUTILUS.

Society, an original member of the Malacological Society of

London and a member of the Conchological Society of Great

Britain and Ireland.

He described in various publications about 720 new species

of recent shells. Amongst his most important works we might

mention: ‘‘Marine Shells of South Africa,’’? 1897, with Ap-

pendix, 1897. ‘‘ Illustrated Index of British Shells,’”’ 2nd Ed-

ition, 1887. ‘‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’’ part of monograph

of Turbo and whole of part 44, supplement to Conus and Voluta.

He leaves a widow, one son and two daughters. A most

genial and generous character endeared him to all his friends

and acquaintances.--H. C. F.

NOTES.

Tue HEAVENLY Twins.—Your correspondent in the Naovti-

Lus for October 20 (p. 70), Mr. Darling K. Greger, has started a

nomenclatorial smoke screen which is provoking an unwonted

excitation of my risibles. One must not deal cacophonously

with so serious a matter as the substitution of new scientific

names for old ones, especially when a felony is contemplated.

So this case must go to the jury. It is stated in the note re-

ferred to and which I beg your permission to comment upon as

I am the discordant cause behind it, that in 1913 I introduced

the name Brasilica for a genus of Devonian brachiopods pecul-

iar, as far as now known, to Brazil, but that in so doing I com-

mitted trespass as the term Brasilica (according to your corre-

spondent) had been employed in 1898 by Dr. S. S. Buckman

for a genus of Ammonites, in view of which interference an

opening was presented for the creation of a new name into

which Mr. Greger forthwith intrudes a proposed substitute,

Chapadella. I was not aware of the magnitude of my offending

until I received from Dr. Buckman a note on the subject which

was intended for you, Mr. Editor, but which I have ventured

to withhold as it innocently perpetuates an error. I am confi-

dent Dr. Buckman will pardon me for using his authority to ex-

plain that he never made use of the name Brasilica. Being a

THE NAUTILUS. 139

good latinist he naturally would not. His genus-name was

Brazilia. And so in his judgment and on the face of Mr.

Greger’s impeachment, Brasilica had a right to live. Alas!

neither did I use the term Brasilica, but Brasilia; and here I

am, mutatis mutandis, just as bad a trespasser on Dr. Buckman’s

preserve as if Mr. Greger’s commentary had been right. Who

is to decide in this very delicate point on nomenclatorial ethics,

whether upon an indictment false and disproved, I can be con-

victed and fined. Perhaps it may be seemly for me to intimate

that it is polite, when practicable, to permit an author to him-

self correct his errors when they are shown to him. If he will

not, then he is beyond grace.

Doctor Dall, in his great wisdom, disposes of the matter thus:

(Letter of February 21, 1921.)

‘‘There is no Brasilica Clarke. Ergo, Brasilica Greger = 0.

Chapadella Greger = Brasilica Greger = 0.”’

In the presence of this formula I propose to rechristen this

brachiopod genus with the name Brasilina.—JoHn M. CLARKE.

Liguus at Marco, FLoripa.— Marco, as you know, is a set-

tlement at the north end of Key Marco, or Marco Island.

When we were collecting Liguus in 1904-6-7, we found none

at Marco, and the inhabitants knew of none there then, though

the tree snails were remembered as having been at Marco some

years before. Also, a man told us he had in the past found

‘*blue snails’? near Marco and had been in the habit of ship-

ping them to a curio dealer in Key West. He gave me the

dealer’s name and address.

We carefully examined the trees where the man reported the

discovery of the blue Liguus but we found no snails of any kind

there. Now (January, 1921) Albert Addison tells us that his

son Chester, some weeks ago, saw snails having blue stripes on

them in a thicket in sight of the houses of Marco, the same

place I think where the man years before spoke of having found

blue snails.

We searched carefully this thicket, which now is small, and

found some Liguus there, which I am sending you by insured

parcels post [Liguus fasciatus roseatus] but none of the blue

variety, as you will see.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

I am inclined to believe that the snails of Marco were nearly

all killed by some unusually cold spells, but that a very few

not found by us in our early visits here have been increasing in

numbers in the trees of the thicket in question since then.—

CLARENCE B. Moore.

Capt. W. D. Collier, the leading citizen of Marco for a great

number of years, informs me that there were no Liguus snails

at Key Marco in his early days, but that forty-eight years ago

he brought tree snails from Middle Cape (Cape Sable) and

‘*planted’’ them at Caximbas, Goodland Point and Marco, all

on Key Marco. He had been that winter with Prof. Velie of

Chicago collecting Liguus on the lower coast and on the Keys

along Hawk Channel to Key West. They searched all those

Keys but he never saw or heard of Liguus showing any blue

coloring. He states that Liguus, after the planting at Marco,

developed and spread until they became numerous, but he

thinks they subsequently were almost killed out by severe cold.

M. G. MILER.

Nore ON A VARIETY OF Liauus.—In my paper on the vari-

ations and distribution of Ziguus in Florida I figured a form

from Lignumvite Key (pl. 37, figs. 4c, 4d) which I took to be

a form of var. lignwmvitae, having only three specimens. Mr.

Simpson has recently named this form Liguus solidus lineatus

(In Florida Wilds, Frontispiece, fig. 3). He states that among

more than a thousand specimens examined he always found it

distinct. It appears that the name lineatus is preoccupied by

Achatina lineata Valenc., 1833, which was based upon another

variety of the old Liguus fasciatus. To avoid having two varie-

ties with the same name in the same species or closely related

species, I would propose for the shell figured on my pl. 37,

fig. 4c the varietal name Licuus FASCIATUS SIMPSONI, the type

being no. 128063 A. N. 8S. P.—H.. A. Pitspry.

SHELLS OF Zion NATIONAL Park, UraH.—Fossil specimens of

Polita indentata Say, Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Ne., and Succinea

avara Say, imbedded in several pieces of limestone from Zion

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Canyon, were presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia by Louis H. Bregy. He also donated specimens

of Oreohelix haydent var. oquirrhensis Hemp. and O. strigosa var.

depressa Ckll., which he collected at The Narrows, Zion Canyon,

Zion National Park, S. W. Utah. This would indicate that

O. h. oquirrhensis Hemp. probably inhabits the entire length of

the state. —E. G. Vanarra.

SIPHONARIA JAPONICA Donovan AN EARLIER NAME FOR S.

COCHLEARIFORMIS Reeve.—This common Japanese species was

first described and very well figured in Donovan’s Naturalist’s

Repository, III, 1825, pl. 79, as Patella japonica. It was col-

lected by a Mr. Stutzer.

On pl. 78 of the same work Venus stutzeri Don. is figured, also

from Japan. This is Circe scripta L. var. personata Desh., and

earlier than Deshayes.—H. A. PILsBry.

A New Locatity FoR ARKANSIA WHEELERI ORTMANN &

WALKER. This new genus and species was described in Naut-

ILus, 25, 1912, pp. 97-100, from Old River, at Arkadelphia,

Clark Co., Arkansas. This is, as Wheeler has informed us

(NautiLus, 31, 1918, p. 112) an ‘‘ ox-bow’’ lake of the Ouach-

ita River, a few miles above Arkadelphia, and this place, and

the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia (Wheeler, 1. c. p. 121),

have remained, so far, the only localities from which this rare

shell has been reported.

Recently a large number of Naiades from various parts of

Okiahoma has been donated to the Carnegie Museum by D. K.

Greger, of Fulton, Mo., collected by him in 1919. Among

them was a single dead shell of Arkansia wheeleri, in fair con-

dition, from Kiamichi River at Antlers, Pushmataha Co., Okla-

homa, a tributary of Red River, in the southern portion of the

state.

This considerably extends the range of this species, and we

might expect to find it more widely distributed in the streams

running southward from the Ozarks into the Ouachita and Red

Rivers in southern Arkansas, northern Louisiana, and southern

Oklahoma, and it might also exist in the Red River drainage in

northeastern Texas.—A. E. ORTMANN.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

LAKE MAKINKUCKEE, A PHysICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.

By Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. 2

Vols. Publication No. 7, Department of Conservation, State

of Indiana, Indianapolis, 1920. The mollusks are treated on

pages 41 to 75 of Vol. 11 of this, the most exhaustive work on

the ecology of any body of water in the United States. Very

full and valuable notes are given on the food habits and general

biology of the 14 species of Unionidz which are recorded. The

remainder of the list, furnished in part by Dr. Paul Bartsch,

contains 79 species and subspecies of freshwater bivalves and

univalves and 57 land snails. This brings the total number of

species and subspecies of mollusks from this small Indiana lake

and its environs to 180. Such a large number has probably

not been previously recorded from a similar equal area in the

same latitude.—G. DaLtLas Hanna.

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLocy. Jan., 1921, Vol. 16, No. 4.

On Obeliscus (Protobeliscus) riparius (Pfr.). By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 135.

Obituary Notice: Edward Collier. By R. Standen, p. 136.

The Non-marine Mollusca of Llandudus and district. By

H. Beeston, pp. 136-144.

Evolution in the Molluscan Radula. By The Rev. A. H.

Cooke, pp. 145-150.

Note on Conus lineatus Solander and Conus lineatus Brug.

By A. T. Hopwood, p. 161.

Scheme for the division of British marine area into census

areas. By R. Winckworth, pp. 152-155.

Description of a new Galeomma from Bombay. By J. R. le

B. Tomlin, p. 156.

Description of Antimitra (?) hewitti n. sp. from South Africa.

By J. R. le B. Tomlin, p. 156.

Pisidium parvulum Clessin in the Great Ouse and the Severn.

By C. Oldham, p. 158.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

MoRPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CERTAIN MUSSEL SHELLS FOUND

IN Lake ERIE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE CORRESPONDING

SPECIES FOUND IN THE DRAINAGE OF THE UPPER Ouro. By

Norman McDowell Grier. (Ann. Carnegie Museum, Vol. 13,

pp. 145-182, 1920.)

MarinE Mo.iusks or Hawa. By Henry A. Pilsbry.

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1920, pp. 296-328, pl. 12, with

11 figs. in text.) Forty-five new species and subspecies are

described, with keys to the described species of Hawaiian

Terebra and Mitra.—C. W. J.

THe West AMERICAN MOLLUSKs OF THE FAMILIES RISSOEL-

LIDAE AND SYNCERATIDAE AND THE RissorID GENUS BARLEEIA.

By Paul Bartsch. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 38, pp.

159-176, pls. 12, 13.)

New FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM GUATEMALA. By William

B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 58, pp. 301-

302, pl. 17.)

THREE NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROCERIDAE. By Calvin Good-

rich. (Occas. papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 91, pp.

1-5, pl. 1, 1921.)

NEw FLORIDIAN SUBSPECIES OF THE GENUs Licuus. By

Charles T. Simpson. (Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, 1920,

Vol. 33, pp. 121-126.) Eighteen new subspecies are described.

SUMMARY OF THE MARINE, SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSKS OF THE

NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, from San Diego, California, to

the Polar Sea, mostly contained in the collection of the United

States National Museum, with illustrations of hitherto unfigured

species. By William Healey Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 112,

1921, 217 pages, 22 plates. ‘‘To the preparation of this sum-

mary the author has brought the results of more than 50 years’

study of the molluscan fauna of the northwest coast.’’? Its ap-

pearance has long been looked forward to by West Coast con-

144 THE NAUTILUS.

chologists, and indeed by all who are interested in American

marine shells. There are no descriptions, but a reference is

given to description and figure, if published. A large propor-

tion of the descriptions have appeared in the widely-distributed

Proceedings of the National Museum, and so are generally ac-

cessible to those concerned.

A great number of moderately large and striking shells are

recorded from Bering Sea. The array of Chrysodomine and

Buccinidae is astonishing, and so far as I know unparalleled

anywhere else in the world.

The Californian fauna comprises 996 of the 2122 species

enumerated. 151 species are exclusively abyssal, and 136

species are common to the Atlantic, nearly all belonging to the

Arctic seas.

In the list Dr. Dall has frequently used subgeneric names in

place of generic. It appears to the writer that since a binomial

name is defined as consisting of the generic combined with the

specific name, it would be better to conform to the ordinary

usage. The distinction between genus and subgenus is of course

largely a matter of individual opinion or of current use, but one

cannot logically consider a given group to belong to both taxo-

nomic grades. In more important matters there appears little

to criticize and much to commend and admire.

When Dr. Dall took up the study of West Coast mollusks

some 468 species had been recorded. The enormous advance

he has made in all branches of the science, with the help of

many zealous workers on the coast, is shown by this volume.

It is a splendid record of the achievements of a generation of

conchologists, and an inspiration for those to come.—H. A. P.

THE CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS OF NORTHEASTERN COLORADO,

AND THE FooTHILLs FoRMATIONS OF CENTRAL CoLorapbo. Colo.

Geol. Surv. Bull. 19. By Junius Henderson. While con-

cerned mainly with Mesozoic geology and paleontology, there are

some references to recent mollusks, as on p. 45 where the shells

of Greasewood Lake, near Osgood, and of some similar eph-

emeral lakes are discussed.—H. A. P.

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