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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON

FOR THE YEAR

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.

LONDON:

MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST

OF THE

CONTRIB UFORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Apams, Henry, F.L.S. Page

Descriptions of two new Land-Shells from Madagascar and

Vere entitled... WEG LAY Po nc ds a ades et mnenern sebatisue 389

Aston, Epwarp R., F.Z.S.

On Anomalurus, its Structure and Position. (Plate XXI.) 88

Exhibition of a rufous variety of the Murine Dormouse,

Graphiurus murinus (Desm.) .... 6.2... 0.0c eeeestec.s 317

Anprrson, ANDREW, F.Z.S.

Letter from, giving an account of the eggs and young of

the Gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) ..... 2.06. cece eee nee 2

Corrections of, and Additions to ‘ Raptorial Birds of

North-western India.” (Plate III.) .................. 16

Aneas, GrorGe Frencu, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &e.

Descriptions of three new Species of Shells from Australia.

ARE BIN a), <5 55a Soh want Soa sea os, SOG

BarturetTt, Epwarp, Curator of the Museum and Public

Library, Maidstone.

List of the Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Waters

pe Madagancar, -( Plate: MIT.) 2 .2ee. 40112. t28.. 0 5.t oehed) 8

iv

Page

Breppomg, Col. R. H., C.M.Z.S.

Descriptions of some new Operculated Land-Shells from

Southern India and Ceylon. (Plates LIT. & LIII.)...... 442

Bennett, Dr. Georce, F.Z.S.

Letter from, concerning the occurrence of an Indian Beetle

(Chrysochrea ocellata) in the Bay of Bengal............ 2

Bippuupu, Capt. Joun.

Letter from, addressed to the Secretary, containing re-

marks on the Wild Sheep met with during his recent journey

to Varkand. on-set se ree 5 Sais Theta ee 157

Buanrorp, W. T., Assoc. Roy. Sch. Min., F.R.S., F.G.S.,

F.Z.8.

Notes on the Figures of Herpestes ferrugineus and Ovis

OUI. Sens V vapats sie ioe she ates «swine wine a ty ole 3 eee

On some Stags’ Horns from the Thian-Shan Mountains

in (entra Vista®: e000. POR Ao Puithes cet eee ee 637

BueeExeER, Dr. P., F.M.Z.S.

Notice sur |’ Elopichthys dahuricus. (Plate LX.)...... 534

Bovucarp, ApoupHE, C.M.Z.S. &e.

Monographie List of the Coleoptera of the Genus Plw-

siotis of America, north of Panama, with Descriptions of

several new Species. (Plate XXIII.).............-..-- II7

BoweErRBANkK, JAMES Scott, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &e.

A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges.—Part III.

(Plates KXXXIX. & XL.) .. 1. eee eee eee ee ee ee 272

Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade.—

Part VIDS. 06 cies ccs,- oncoage aes oa SR om Coe ren

A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges.—Part IV.

(Plotes LVI.-&-LYIL,). «0:5 :0chod O08: t2. ce eae ae

Vv

A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges.— Part V.

(Blatespile & LXE.) ek aerate einiee

Further Observations on dleyoncellum speciosum, Quoy et

Gaimard, and Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray .......

Brapy, GeorGE STEWARDSON, C.M.Z.S.

A Review of the British Marine Mites, with Descriptions

of some new Species. (Plates XLI. & XLII.) ..........

Brazier, Joun, C.M.Z.S.

Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells from the Col-

lection of Mr. Charles Coxen, of Brisbane, Queensland.

(Piste BVa)alaniinad waves:

Brooke, Basit, F.Z.S., and Brooke, Sir Vicror, Bart.,

F.Z.8S.

On the large Sheep of the Thian Shan, and the other

Asiatic Argali

Brookes, Sir Vicror, Bart., F.Z.8.

Letter from, correcting an error in his paper on Cervulus

(CEU AISS GIL Oy 9 PRR een eae

On a new Species of Deer from Mesopotamia. (Plate

TOV LETS) a rasntec- tao SE

Supplementary Notes on African Buffaloes. (Plate LIV.)

Exhibition of original drawings of two species of Koodoo,

Tragelaphus strepsiceros and T. imberbis...............+

Brooke, Sir Victor, Bart., F.Z.S., and Brooxe, Basi,

F.Z.8.

On the large Sheep of the Thian Shan, and the other

Asiatic Argali.....

Gils © 6 © 2 © 0 « dee wie fe) oleieys, sia « eye d's «© @, 16

Bruin, A. A.

Letter from, concerning living examples of Dasyptilus pes-

queti and of four species of Paradise-birds .. ..

Page

558

. 607

301

31

> 009

509

30

vl

* Page

Burmerster, Dr. Hermann, Director of the National Museum,

Buenos Aires, F.M.Z.S.

Description of anew Species of Dolichotis. (Plate LXIX.) 664

Butter, Artuur Garpiner, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Assistant Zoo-

logical Department, British Museum.

Descriptions of thirty-three new or little-known Species of

Sphingide in the Collection of the British Museum. (Plates

BG WT: sec us Sos. bae Tease ee eat oe nee. Cera 3

Descriptions of four newSpecies of Protogonius. (Plate V.) 35

Descriptions of new Species of Sphingide. (Plates XXXVI.

GE XXKVIL. ) os scsi eus aegs 6c emis oie ee ae cane ages ee

Notice of a Memoir on the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the

family SpRUagede ig sce vine 'e\n « as yRla kao Beato ene ee

Descriptions of several new Species of Indian Heterocerous

Lepidoptera 3.5.6. Wsis nal eS aie e > ements meee ee

On a Collection of Butterflies from the New Hebrides and

Loyalty Islands, with Descriptions of new Species. (Plate

LXVII.) a wicis ot arec eNO

On a small Collection of Butterflies from Fiji.. ........ 619

Descriptions of several new Species of Sphingide ...... 621

CaLpweELL, J., C.M.Z.S.

Notes on the Zoology of Rodriguez.................. 644

Camsripce, Rey. O. Picxarp, M.A., C.M.Z.8.

On some new Species of Erigone.—Part I. (Plates

XXVII.-XXIX.) .. SURES. Dy MOS OES 53% SOE ee

On some new icant of Erigone.—Part II. che XLIV.) 323

On some new Species of Hrigone from North America.

(Plate KL VIDS... ing soles aes ss ale See eee 393

Cranks Wiebe Zs.

On the Eared Seals of the Islands of St. Paul and Amster-

dam, with a Description of the Fur-Seal of New Zealand, and

an attempt to distinguish and rearrange the New-Zealand

Oturiide. (Plates LXX.-LXXII.) ...... sale ba deh Be 650

Vil

Page

D’Avzertis, Lure: Maria, C.M.Z.S.

Letter from, giving some account of several excursions into

Rauthern New Guinea. > s-29°SYes Peel dh Das, guess 530

Danrorp, Cuartss G., F.Z.S.

Notes on the Wild Goat, Capra egagrus, Gm. ........ 458

Dosson, G. E., M.A., M.B., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &e.

On the Genus Scotophilus, with Description of a new

Genus and Species allied thereto ....... cease carte tia 368

On the Genus Chalinolobus, with Descriptions of new or

iitle-Iniewn Species” 3.2 ha hh is PO Be a all 381

Descriptions of new or little-known Species of Bats of the

Genus’ V espertigo 2: 2253 3 ies. abs oa ss aaks os. cee 470

A Monograph of the Genus Taphozous, Geoff. ........ 946

Dresser, Henry E., F.Z.S.

Notes on the Nest and Egg of Hypolais caligata, and on

the Egg of Charadrius asiaticus, Pall., together with Re-

marks on the latter Species and Charadrius veredus, Gould. 97

Notes on Falco labradorus, Aud., Falco sacer, Forster,

and Falco spadiceus, Forster ..:.:.0.060..0.0.sceeeee 114

Druce, Hersert, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

A List of the Collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera made by

J.J. Monteiro, Esq., in Angola, with Descriptions of some

Ba AEGIS By coker see Bada spits cl ony do «ie 314 vant «oe 406

Finscu, Orro, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S. &c., Curator of the Bremen

Museum.

Notes on the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Chryseena .... 557

On a new Species of Crown-Pigeon (Plate LXVIII.).... 631

Notes on Pheenicomanes iora, Sharpe,and Abrornis atrica-

UM EVER ch sie. os cise, Ss.5' + ee et. sc, . G40

On Pristorhamphus versteri, a new Genus and Species of

Bird from the Arfak Mountains, New Guinea........ ott: 641

Characters of six new Polynesian Birds in the Museum

Sodefiroy at Hanibargre2s \,': PAM ING 2 gal Jo Aoloni8 642

Vili

Page

Frower, Wiiu1am Henry, F.R.S., F.LS., V.P.Z.S., Con-

servator of the Museum of the Royal College of Sur-

geons, and Hunterian Professor.

On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk-Deer (Moschus

moschiferus, Linn.) 1. .-.- cere ee eee eee cee eens 159

Garrop, Atrrep Henry, B.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of St. John’s

College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Society.

On the Kangaroo called Halmaturus luctuosus by D’Al-

bertis, and its Affinities. (Plates VII.-IX.) ............ 48

On a point in the Mechanism of the Bird’s Wing ...... 82

On the Form of the Lower Larynx in certain Species of

Ducks: 4. oe Pe SOO are oo See ee 151

On the Form of the Trachea in certain Species of Storks

and Spoonbills ..........+.--4: chile 4 Siete a ess See OOO 297

On the Disposition of the Deep Plantar Tendons in dif-

ferent As eas | es ates aan es SAE wake 339

On the Hyoid Bone of the Elephant ............---- 360

Notes on two Pigeons, Ianthenas leucolema and Erythrenas

ULEETURIIE « Fakiyiatesay a aoe a muon epee aimh= Ee «0 eek eee 367

Report on the Indian Elephant which died in the Gardens

Gn duly 7th, 1875.) so... sap onyee ved n O8 ays pee a's 5 oe eee

Notice of a Memoir on the Structure of the Manatee.... 567

Gopwin-AvsreN, Major H. H., F:R.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Deputy

Superintendent, Topographical Survey of India.

Supplementary Notes on the Species of Helicide of the

Subgenus Plectopylis.... 1... cece eter ee cece ne teee eens 43

Govutp, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.

Descriptions of three new Species of Australian Birds.... 314

Guuuiver, Greorer, F.R.S., F.Z.S., late Professor of Com-

parative Anatomy and Physiology to the Royal College

of Surgeons.

Sketches of the Spermatozoa of Petromyzon .......... 336

ix

Observations on the Sizes and Shapes of the Red Corpus-

cles of the Blood of Vertebrates, with Drawings of them to a

uniform Scale, and extended and revised Tables of Measure-

ments. (Plate LY.)......

Gtnruer, ALBERT, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

Notes on some Mammals from Madagascar. (Plates XV.

PONE) Pies. of Tesi aia suis oles n+ change Re GOS Faves Mes

Second Report on Collections of Indian Reptiles obtained

by the British Museum. (Plates XXX.-XXXIV.) ......

Description of a new oe of eh a from South

Africa. (Plate XLIII.) .

Third Report on Collections of Indian ee sere obtained

by the British Museum. (Plates LXIII.—LXVI.) .....

Guppy, R. J. Lecumers, F.L.S., F.G.S., &e.

On the Occurrence of Helix coactiliata in Trinidad ; with

Remarks on the Distribution of the Land and Freshwater

Moliscavot that: Tislandess sactsses ela ae easter et eee omc

Note on a Variety of Bulimus constrictus found in Vene-

zuelan Guiana .......... RE Sa TA SOO Hi LOR REC

Hamitton, Epwarp, M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &.

Exhibition of some deformed sterna of the common Fowl.

HANLEY, Syivanvus, F.L.S.

Descriptions of new Land and Freshwater Shells from

Lr eee syne

Hartravs, Dr. G., F.M.Z.S.

Letter from, relating to a Finch (Lobiospiza notabilis)

described in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ ................

Hector, James, M.D., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., Director of the

Geological Survey of New Zealand.

Exhibition of a pelvis of Harpagornis moorei, from Otago,

New Zealand .

Page

. 474

78

224

311

567

318

322

47

605

269

470

Page —

Horrman, WALTER J.

Letter from, describing a horn of an American Prong-

horn with adotble prong... >... 0's. vcs neko Se oe ate se ee

Hupson, Wituram Henry, C.M.Z.8.

On the Herons of the Argentine Republic, with a Notice

of a curious Instinct of Ardetta involucris .............. 628

Layarp, Epgar Leoroxp, F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul for Fiji

and Tonga.

Ornithological Notes from Fiji, with Descriptions of sup-

posed new Species of Birds. 2... wn vb ae sole a rive pine

Descriptions of some supposed new Species of Birds from

fe Wi WSbness rt os eee anes «ahi Se os so eee aes

Moabesyon Wijiao: Birds. o..5. 50 ate ous sie sige s ve. dip oe ee

Lecce, W. Vincent, R.A., F.Z.S.

On the Breeding of certain Grailatores and Natatores in

the S.E. of Ceylon, with Notes on the Nesting-plumages

COL EINER ANRE Sores Sienaimn'S a 8 Serie ooW aie Oe, 60g OSs: pa

Martens, Dr. E. von, C.M.Z.S.-

List of Land- and Freshwater Shells collected by Mr.

Osbert Salvin in Guatemala in 1873-74 ................ 647

Meyer, ApoteH Bernuarp, M.D.

Letter from, containing remarks upon a new Bird of Para-

Gise ges. 6 hae, Gata eaeh storie Shoe Fa eeyseoheieesae bisa ene

Letter from, concerning four living species of Birds of

. Paradise said to be in the possession of Mr. Bruijn ...... 469

Moressy, Captain J., R.N.

Letter from, giving the exact locality of the young Casu-

arius uniappendiculatus presented by him to the Society .. 533

Newton, Aurrep, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoology

and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cam-

bridge.

Additional Evidence as to the original Fauna of Rodriguez. 39

xi

Page

Exhibition of two specimens of Ross’s Gull, from Greenland 349

Exhibition of and remarks upon tracings of some unpub-

lished sketches of the Dodo and other extinct birds of

WORSEN To tio, ao, St.) wo. dp Ae Male oo ew olay sole le, O49

NormansBy, Georce Aucustus ConstTanTINE, Marquess of,

F.Z.S.

Letter from, relating to an Australian Cassowary intended

for thei Seeietys: Collection y:). 1 .)s0 Jia Beate Mieke lo Fe 2

Owen, Prof. Ricuarp, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &c.

Note on a new Locality of Dinornithide.............. 88

Notice of the twenty-first of his series of Memoirs on the

extinct birds of the Genus Dinornis...........6...+.++. 470

Notice of the twenty-second of his series of Memoirs on

the extinct birds of the Genus Dinornis ...........+.... 634

Peters, Dr. Wixuiam, Director of the Royal Zoological

Museum, Berlin, F.M.Z.S.

Letter from, on a species of Tortoise of the genus Sterno-

fT Uae SEES oe) a Se agi B apilek cia) oimimay Aa aes Ta 112

Ramsay, Epwarp P., of Dobroyde, New South Wales,

C.M.ZS.

Notes on the Original Specimen of Pétilonorhynchus

RUNES ICU LaBare ses, odie ra. v-ctelin svars scnvaG ales withers evoke tos ae sk emectl OF

Descriptions of some rare Eggs of Australian Birds .... 112

List of Birds met with in North-eastern Queensland,

emery i. hackingham. Bay. os, \a<6 eaele ays Pola 6 tise an 578

Description of the Eggs and Young of Rallina tricolor,

from Rockingham Bay, Queensland .................. 603

Ramsay, Lieutenant R. Warp.iaw, F.Z.S.

Communication from, containing remarks upon his Gecinus

CS OW al ha il tA ME sO). 5: ol ee ae a i ema 1

Row tey, Grorce Dawson, M.A., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of skins of Nasiterna geelvinkiana.......... 470

xii

Satvin, Ospert, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

Abstract of a Memoir on the Avifauna of the Galapagos

archipelago

Sarvin, Ospert, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Scuater, P. L.,

M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.

Descriptions of some new akin of South-American Birds.

(Plate VI.)

On Venezuelan Birds collected a Mr. A. Goering.—Part

WV. (Plate RXV.) 2 Ne tec a te icici ne

Description of two new Species of Birds from the State of

Antioquia, U. S.C.

SaunpERS, Howarp, F.Z.S.

Exhibition of and remarks upon a Gull obtained by Mr.

Gervaise Mathew, R.N., at Magdalena Bay, Lower California

ScyaTer, Partie Lutriey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to

the Society.

Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in

December 1874 .

Exhibition of a skin and skull of a female Huemul (Cervus

chilensis), and remarks on the Deer of Chili and Western

Pern...

On some rare Parrots ieee in the Society’s Gardens.

(Plates X. & XI.).. RR ee es :

Report on the additions to the Society’ s nae in

January 1875, and remarks on Canis chama. (Plate XVII.)

Exhibition of a drawing of a supposed new Rhinoceros

from the Terai of Bhootan .. .

Exhibition of a living specimen of the Peguan Tree-Shrew

(Tupaia peguana) and a Squirrel (Sciurus blanfordi)

Further Remarks on the Cassowaries living in the Society’s

Gardens, and on other Species of the Genus Caswarius.

(Plates XVIII.-XX.)

© 0. # 0 63> sie eteunte bo s)eifeu isis isle bite = 0’ elleie)\e

Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in

February 1375.(Plate XXVIO) age Lo ee ee

Page

. 269

37

234

541

158

82

84

156

xiii

Page

Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in

WIRTCR LOL ares, 46, waenaea eae A Ge wai Nest oe" te 316

Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in

PETE aid 2 wari tinh ales ee dans oes bes sina AS

Exhibition of, and remarks on, the skin of a chick of a

SUES" Ub gel Ge Ain are ie Se og 0 OTe 349

Remarks on animals seen during visits recently made to

several Zoological Gardens in Rotterdam, the Hague, Amster-

dam, Asitwerp, and: Ghent), ... 5... hee ame dd ohare 379

Exhibition of, and remarks on, the typical specimen of

ae PAGUIETS TUE UR eo ek ego ws deni fs a Sg ud Sis cag i, Ces SEA a

On several rare or little-known Mammals now or lately

living in the Society’s Collection. (Plates XLVII.—-LI.) .. 417

Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in May

Notice of a Memoir on the Rhinoceroses now or lately

living in the Society’s Menagerie...................... 470

Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in June,

July, August, and September 1875. (Plates LVIII. & LIX.) 527

Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in

RRR DOA Die, 3, HAMUN A SO 6, donc un speccavis whims rove v estes + aa 565

Exhibition of, and remarks on, the upper horn of a two-

horned Rhinoceros from the valley of the Brahmapootra .. 566

Remarks on the female plumage of Pauais galeata .... 566

Report on the additions to the Society's Menagerie in

LEE SBS 7 a nn oe

Exhibition of, and remarks on, a skin of Hypocolius am-

ER EM Sets. Mand sweats, oi atatay Bie, x oes Weel ae Seal 633

Scuater, P. L., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Satvin, OsBert,

M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

Descriptions of some new Species of South-American

eeisces (Plate WL.) w..2'. | «scat eee odare a nee ae 37

On Venezuelan Birds collected by Mr. A. Goering.—Part

Ree G Like SOEKN. Dt os ss crepe tet. See 234

xiv

; Page

Description of two new Species of Birds from the State of

Antioquia, UW. 8.00. <i, +» +.4 05 nitansete age see

Srrsoum, Henry, F.Z.S.

Exhibition of some rare and interesting birds and eggs

from the Petchora river, North-eastern Russia .......... 566

SHarpsr, Ricuarp Bowpter, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &c., Senior

Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.

Contributions tothe Ornithology of Madagascar.— Part IV.

(Plates XIU. .& XIV.) oss 0s SA Oe ee 70

On a Collection of Birds from Labuan. (Plate XXII.).. 99

Contributions to a History of the Accipitres, or Birds of

Prey.—Notes on the rarer Accipitres of Australia ........ 337

Smiru, Enear A., F.Z.8. -

Description of a new Species of Carinifew from California. 536

Remarks on the Genus Alaba, with the Description of a

Hew SpPOCiey Mero. gaan vse MLA SRI SOO! Ae een

Sorsy, H. C., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Pres. R.M.S.

On the Colouring-matters of the Shells of Birds’ Eggs .. 351

Sowersy, G. B., Jun.

Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells. (Plate XXIV.) 125

Taczanowsk1, L., C.M.Z.S.

Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Coq de bruyére .... 266

TEGETMEIER, W. B., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of and remarks upon two specimens of wild-

bredihybridsPhensantstiy +.) GA 02), DR. FO 317

THORELL, T.

On some Spiders from New Caledonia, Madagascar, and

Réanion:«, (Plate XV .) «rv ieeee eae eee eee 130

Warp, Epwin, F.Z.S.

Exhibition of, and remarks on, a pair of Hippopotamus

BOON oc cetsai's sn: :)4 ony s hee Win see hs See ae

Xv

Page

Watson, Rev. R. Boog, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

On the Generic Peculiarities of the distinctively Madeiran

Achatine of Lowe. (Communicated by J. Gwyn JErrreys,

Meee Des nan: , | UMM One ree ga

Warrmer, Rev. S. J., C.M.Z.S., F.R.G.S.

Letter from, giving particulars as to the occurrence of the

Palolo (Palola viridis) on the shores of Samoa .......... 158

On a Change in the Habits of the Didunculus strigirostris. 495

On the Habits of Palola viridis ........ 0.0.2. ....4. 496

On the Habits of the Fishes of the Genus Antfennarius.. 543

Wicxuan, H. A.

Letter from, respecting the range of the large blue Hya-

einthy Macaw .5 Paro ests 22 fee EARS ed ee... 633

Wrrienut, Cuartss A., C.M.Z.S.

On the Specific Identity of the Weasel found in Malta .. 312

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate Page

see New Sphingidge ia sid'san csas a ve ste e one eemrene nie 3

LIDS Aguila hastata see sees eee eke ene ee 16

IV. New Shells from Queensland’... ..........0.00:-0 31

V... New Species of Protogonins |. f04.0 saws sae 35

VI. Microcereuius squamulatus .... +. ++. ¢s+ee «ark 37

VEE. Skull of Dorcopsts luctuosa.. 2. .'0 0.065. 00-cecce )

VIII. Submaxillary region of Dorcopsis luctuosa ........ |

Figs. 1-5. Teeth of Dorcopsis luctuosa..........+. 48

IX. Bis 6-10. Teeth of D. muelleri .......0..00+.0 {

Figs. 11-15. Teeth of Macropus brumit............

BS CGRGHG GORI soe seccn essa a daniels vias’ «we 59

Xs Chrysotis bouguett! sis io. 4 ims. sees Ware ee ete

XII. Potamocherus edwardsi ...... Hi eos er RCAD aS © Ui0k 62

RAG,” Matrtofchse astur is wate. onc. i ailans)swn sheer “0

MIDV;, 2A telornts crosslesesrsec.c.crg oie 0% pivie «ve 1 avec aE

VE” 1Chinonaleus trechovisteine ois). cece. +.3<cnie ome se TETG 73

XVI. Brachytarsomys-albicauda 5.20. ..008 su: see seme {

VES CGHis CHAM oF oe. Peers Ceittes en stdin OF ok EEE 81

AVIIT. - Casuaritis pictwolltss oo. csi c scien bees.» oe owe

RE CC DESTETTAGNNY Sores ofntone bas oe kD eee ele 84

KK. Co untappendict] ats Aric sie esis 0.0 6 wigs ase wine sate sere

RXT. “Anomalurus fulgems coc s cas vas sctee a Sa vss ene Oe 88

XXII. ne 1. Caprimulgus salvadorti .........2-2++ 0008 99

Big 225 (CG sCOneretts: saver ios t'es sis )arsiai shoes» olin

XX. New Species of Plnstoes: 00505 ls eee). le res 117

KXTV.. News Marine Shetle Peace 1. -s.sivc wns ole aah ee 125

RXV. New Species Of Spiders 5 Aseisiew s -s0 atin «aeons 130

EXVI.. Chrysvtis anthology: ois.s09 4252 ss denna 157

XXVII.

xxv | New Species of Erigone ........ wala a HR eee vines 190

XXIX.

DEX, -. Caloles yrandisquamis .,- 0:0. 56' 5 ose egies ese Cow's ol *

XXXL ee Silybura melanogaster .........cecevecceeees [

Beene 4: m0 Hay adverts «Pia assays ce eco simone aes

XXXII i Melanophidium bilineatum ........ 060 c cece eee J

SS ME: Munctatim Fm amen eines sale eee ate eee

Xvil

Plate Page

ROM TIT -Sémotes:splendidusi crocs cle arrstonle whale o.t'e als) olen Bie ae al easy)

XXXIV. Trimeresurus jerdontt 0.66.00 ccc ccc eesaw os sada de ae

= Fig. 1. Buarremon castaneifrons ...

XxXxV. g. CASTANELJTONS wssceseeeceevace

Bigs 2. B jidezdnowskiveminan cast. sts. oeieials via,'e wlo'e'atn =

XXXVI.| y

XXXVIL. New Species of Sphingideey tase. « iojels ¢ «ne 8 siete « 238

XXXVIII. Cervus mesopotamicus ......cesecseeveceeees piotereinas Ok

XXXIX. eo 1-3. Farrea gassioti Mhig.c.c Lose UoOoCee rc}

Bicone Gye» HY, POCTMU TIA Nola) aiele ateterehels afe\ alete «| «sata cara |

Figs. 1 & 2. Deanea virgultosa ...... 0.2... 0erees eon

xy, J Figs: 8 & 4. Farrea fistulata ... 6. cies ieee eee elie

Sap) rset Oo. Ose He LUT Stes so ote vee ote retereiel oats ene) arareiwe at

Fig. 7. Fi. parasitica .... cece ccce sence eeeeseaes J

XLI.| y :

> N Marine Mites os. ec cceccccceccviaciewsics sim

XLIL\ New Marine Mites 301

XLIII. Chrysochloris trevelyani ........ 60 ce ceeeeeeeeees 311

XLIV. New Species of Brigone .......+.2.c0+seeceeeees 323

XLV. New Shells from Madagascar and Australasia ...... 389

XLVI. New Species of Hrigone ........seeeseeeeecevece 393

XLVII. Macacus speciosus ........ jo Cong od Aen vOeoOUet >

moat Ateles melanochir ......... Hobos ospodonsnompoe i

L. Hapale melanura ......0.ccesecceeeceseceeseees pali

LL ee 1. Cervulus micrurus statatels cot. Seed vaug aon Bt

Fig. 2. C. reevesi JUV... eee cece eee cece cece eens J

Far New Indian Operculated Land-Shells ............ 442

LIV. Bubalus pumilus 2.0.2.0. cccecccececcsccssccces 454

LV. Red Blood-corpuscles ........ Bann cdo adnoecanece 474

LVI. Alcyoncellum speciosum ....secesveereceeeceeees

Figs. 1, 2. Farrea valida..... AOC OC OR ERED TO UC OR. 503

ube Bigs: (3, 4. Fe spimastastn onic sence eee ceeseannes

TAVIS (Casuarius ECCT 5 sic ccs stern eieies Wee lee gidtibiets 97

LUX. Gazella granti .... 0... rccecc severe vesccccens \5 ‘

LX. Elopichthys dahuricus .....0s0eeee ee ceeeeerenees 534

Fig. 1. Farrea spinifera .....0..seveeevecesevees +

LXI Bi 2&3. F. spinulenta ......0ceeceeees yer |

Fig. 4. Alcyoncellum speciosum ....+1+++e00es ese. 2008

Fig. 1. Farrea aculeata ....sssesceeeeeeeeeeenee |

pa hee D6. Ne POD USRE 2 ore Sura eda an alain ey ormtte s J

ire: A, Ansonia OT MALE, = .)./.[lnantoeie.s, sleleiars's)* «isa ‘i

LXIII. ¢ Fig. B. Polypedates beddomit ......++0eeeeeeeeees

Fig. C.. Fvalus diplostictus 0.0.00 106s sce resnseae ue

Fig. A. Bufo hololius ......0eeeceeseeseeeeevece "eau

LXIV. [Be B. Callula olivacea ..........+. plersvevekesofciafaee |

Fig. C. Pedostibes tuberculosus ....+..eeeeees rene |

6

Plate

LXV

LXVI

|

:

LXVII.

LXVIII.

LXIX.

LXX.

LXXI.

LXXII.

Xviil

Page

Fig. A. Polypedates chloronotus..+..+.+1.e+eerees +

Fig. B. P. formosus....secveeeeerereeeees Des hec

Fig. A. Ivalus montanus ..+0+eeeee er eere sere eees S567

Fig. B. I. ehalazodes “hiccmenatotas ceed eect |

Fig. C. I. stictomerus «0.0.20. ee cee e tere tetera es J

New Lepidoptera from the New Hebrides.......... 610

Goura scheepmakeri .... 6.00 ee ee eee eee taeeneeeee 631

Dolichotis salinicola......0ccece cere cseerececeee 634

Right manus of Otaria forsteri ......+0+eeeee rere

Right pes of O. forsteri ...sseeeeeeeneeeee ences > 650

Dentition of O. forsteri ....ccseeceeseceeceeeess

a

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 5, 1875.

Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1874.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of December was 47, of which 16 were by

presentation, 17 by purchase, 4 by exchange, and 10 were received

on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period,

by death and removals, was 104.

The most noticeable additions during the month of December were

as follows :—

1. A Campbell’s Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), purchased

15th December.

This scarce West-African Monkey, which was originally described

by Mr. Waterhouse in our ‘ Proceedings’ (1838, p. 6), and sub-

sequently figured in Fraser’s ‘Zoologia Typica’ (pl. iii.), is seldom

received alive. The present example is a young female. I have

only previously seen one other living example of this species.

2. Two Hardwicke’s Mastigures (Uromastix hardwickii), pre-

sented by Lieut.-Col. C. S. Sturt, C.M.Z.S., 23rd December.

3. A young pair of the Pampas Deer of the interior of Brazil and

Buenos Ayres (Cervus campestris), purchased December 23rd.

This Deer is seldom met with in living collections. We have had

no examples of it in the Society’s Gardens since 1860.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. I. 1

bt

LETTER FROM SIR V. BROOKE. Jan. 5,

The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed to

him by Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., of Sydney.

“ Sydney, October 22nd, 1874.

«“T have sent you a Beetle (Chrysochroa ocellata), enclosed in a

small box, by this mail. This insect was presented to me by Capt.

Payne, of the barque ‘ William Manson,’ by whom it had been cap-

tured at sea at a great distance from land. His account of the

capture is as follows :—

««The Beetle was caught by me in the Bay of Bengal in lat. 17°

N., and long. 90° E., being at that time the distance of 273 miles

from the nearest land, namely the west coast of Pegu. The insect

lived for ten days after being enclosed in a small box after its

capture.’ ”

The Secretary exhibited for Mr. Andrew Anderson, F.Z.S., of

Futteyghur, an egg and young of the Gavial (Gavialis gangeticus),

and read the following remarks on them by Mr. Anderson :—

*‘T send for exhibition by the Secretary an egg of Crocodilus gan-

geticus (Gavialis gangeticus). I take this opportunity of pointing

out that the word ‘ Gavialis’ should properly be spelt with an r,

and not with a v, the vernacular for the Long-nosed Crocodile being

‘ Gharial.’

“This egg is one of forty which I dug out of the sand; they were

laid in two tiers, twenty below, and twenty above, with a stratum of

sand about 1 foot deep between the two layers. Apparently the

first batch had been laid and covered over with sand a day or two

before the second instalment.

«Also a young Gharial about two months old, to which I acted as

accoucheur. ‘This is ove of several which were kept alive in a tub ;

they ran with amazing rapidity the moment they were hatched.

Some of them actually bit my fingers before I had time to remove the

shell from their bodies.

‘Length (on exclusion from shell) 15-8 inches; snout, from eye,

1:6; between fore and hind leg 2°8 ; from hind leg to end of tail 9 ;

girth 4. Colour greyish brown, with five irregular transverse bands

between fore and hind legs; nine more similar marks across the

tail.”

A letter was read from the Marquess of Normanby, F.Z.S., dated

Government House, Brisbane, Queensland, Oct. 10th, 1874, stating

that he had forwarded to the Society in the ship ‘ Ramsay,’ under

the care of Capt. Cater, a fine living specimen of the Australian

Cassowary (Casuarius australis) *.

A letter was read from Sir Victor Brooke, Bart., F.Z.S., pointing

out that in his paper on Cervulus (P. Z.S. 1874), at page 41, the

ninth line from the bottom, the paragraph “ Females hornless ” down

* See below, p. 82.

a

4

4

}.

P. 2.5 ACRE ue

|

GH Ford Mintern Bros.imp.

NEW SPHINGIDA.

(e)

P. 2. 87S Pie

GH Ford

NEW

SPHINGIDA:.

Mintern Bros. inp.

—

4

4

1875.] MR. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF SPHINGIDE. 3

to “metatarsals absent’’ should have been transferred to page 38

and inserted after the words “ project inwards,” which occur immedi-

ately before “ Cervulus muntjac,” in the eighteenth line from the

bottom.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions of thirty-three new or little-known Species

of Sphingide in the Collection of the British Museum.

By Arruur Garpiner Borier, F.L.S., F.Z.8., As-

sistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.

[Received November 24, 1874.]

(Plates I. & II.)

I have for some time past been carefully working at a complete

revision of the Sphingide, the results of which labour I hope shortly

to have the pleasure of laying before the Society.

Being naturally anxious to secure as many types as possible to our

national collection, and knowing that this section of the Lepidoptera

is a favourite one, I have thought it best to publish at once characters

of the more striking new forms which we possess. This will still

leave to my more important paper all the new genera, several new

species in the British Museum, two or three that have been kindly

placed in my hands by Mr. Lewis, besides others which I hope to

obtain through the kindness of Mr. F. Moore*. I also hope to

figure the early stages of several species already known to science.

Subfamily MacroGLossin&.

Genus Sarraspes, Moore.

1, SATASPES UNIFORMIS, 0. sp.

Closely allied to S. infernalis, but differing in the absence of the

broad yellow transverse bar at the end of abdomen. Expanse of wings

2 inches 7 lines.

Silhet (Séainsforth). Type, B.M.

We have two examples of this species, and I have seen others.

2. SATASPES VENTRALIS, . sp.

Allied to the preceding and to S. infernalis, but differing from

both in the bright bronzy green colour of the basal two thirds of

primaries ; abdomen black-brown, with a dorsal series of pale yel-

low squamose spots on the posterior area of each segment except-

ing the basal one; the four apical segments below bright sulphur-

yellow. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines.

Hong-Kong (Bowring), Silhet (Stainsforth). Type, B.M.

* Since the above paper was read, Mr. Moore has most generously placed the

whole of his fine collection at my disposal, thus giving me the opportunity of

identifying several of his and Mr. Walker’s species; he has also lent me several

most valuable figures of larvee, which have been of the greatest use to me.

1*

4 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5,

Genus Macrocuossa, Ochsenheimer.

3. MacroGLossa FERVENS, 0. sp. (Plate I. fig. 3.)

Primaries above red-brown; basal two fifths chocolate-brown; a

transverse nebulous wavy discal bar of the same colour; two trans-

verse subapical blackish spots; secondaries bright ferruginous, costa

testaceous; outer margin dusky: head, thorax, and three basal seg-

ments olivaceous; these segments orange-tawny at the sides, edged

with dark brown; terminal segments dark brown; last segment

edged behind with an unbroken transverse line of snow-white scales;

a lateral ochre-tipped black tuft; anal tuft dark brown: wings below

bright ferruginous, bright ochreous at the base, crossed by several

indistinct darker lines; outer margin rather broadly olive-brown ;

palpi, pectus, and basal segments of abdomen cream-coloured ;

remaining segments red-brown ; central segment with a smal] lateral

white tuft ; two terminal segments with lateral ochre-tipped blackish

tufts; anal tuft red-brown. Expanse of wings 1 inch 7 lines.

Canara (Ward). Type, B.M.

Allied to M. gyrans and M. approximata of Walker ; its position

will be between the latter and M. gilia of Walker (walkeri, Butl.).

4. MACROGLOSSA PROXIMA, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 1.)

Primaries above dark chocolate-brown, crossed by two diffused

sericeous bars ; a waved dark-brown transverse streak just beyond

the cell; secondaries with basal half sordid ochreous, impinged upon

at base by two diverging black basal dashes, and diffused externally ;

costa broadly bright stramineous, outer margin broadly dark brown:

head and abdomen smoky brown; thorax red-brown; sides of abdo-

men rusty brown, three basal segments with lateral quadrate spots,

black internally, broadly orange externally ; the three penultimate

segments with lateral ochre-tipped brown tufts ; last segment but one

white-edged externally; anal tuft dark brown, with a broad terminal

orange bar: wings below red-brown, ochraceous at base ; secondaries

with an orange abdominal streak ; palpi below sordid white; pectus

sordid testaceous, brownish at the sides; legs testaceous, irrorated

with brown, the tibize of last pair fringed with ferruginous ; two basal

segments of abdomen ochreous; remaining segments and anal tuft

ferruginous internally, dull ochreous externally. Expanse of wings 2

inches 5 lines.

Canara (Ward), Ceylon (Templeton). Type, B.M.

Some varieties of M. passalus* nearly resemble this species on the

upper surface, but differ in having four distinct transverse blackish

lines across the primaries, a much less prominent orange terminal bar

to the anal tuft, and an entirely different coloration on the under

surface of the abdomen.

* It is almost certain that the latter are distinct from MM. passalus, as the

typical Chinese form is altogether redder in hue than its Indian representative ;

but at present I have not sufficient examples to enable me to separate them with

certainty.

1875. | SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 5

5. Macroerossa osscura (Horsfield, MS.). (Plate I. fig. 2.)

Allied to M. passalus, but duller in colouring, the primaries more

acute and longer, the transverse lines less distinct, the secondaries

with a broader, more defined, more irregular, and paler central orange

band; the three basal segments of abdomen edged laterally with

testaceous instead of orange; secondaries below with a sharply defined

internal subtriangular patch, pale yellow at base, but becoming gra-

dually orange externally. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines.

Java (Horsfield). Type, B.M.

6. MACROGLOSSA TROCHILOIDES, 0. sp.

Closely allied to M. trochilus, but altogether brighter in colouring,

the primaries much darker, the secondaries with well-defined central

orange band; outer margin distinct and black. Expanse of wings 1

inch 5 lines. 4

Sierra Leone (Foxcroft). Type, B.M.

This is the Western-African form of M. trochilus.

7. Macroguossa Nox, Newman. (Plate I. fig. 6.)

Male. Primaries above black-brown, bronzy greenish in some

lights, base and three indistinct wavy bars black ; secondaries with

the base and outer margin broadly black, central area very dark

gvey, silvery greenish in certain lights: body ashy black, with a

lateral bright steel-blue lustre when the tail is turned to the light;

basal and three terminal segments with large lateral black spots; all

the segments with small lateral white-tipped black tufts, penultimate

segment white-edged ; anal tuft black, pale brown at the base, and

white at the tip: wings below black-brown, with bronzy greenish

reflections, whitish at base; secondaries shot with pale steel-blue

towards base, abdominal area bluish white: body smoky brown,

thorax paler; prothorax and palpi sordid white. Expanse of wings

2 inches 9 lines.

Rockingham Bay (Macgillivray). Type, B.M.

Described by Mr. Walker as the female of M. micacea.

Genus CatLtiomma, Walker.

8. CALLIOMMA LUTESCENS, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 5.)

Primaries above clay-colour, transversely and irregularly spotted

with dark grey in wavy series; an interno-basal dark grey streak :

two transverse, angulated, subbasal whitish streaks, beginning on

costa and terminating at first median branch, separated by a grey

streak, and bounded externally by a zigzag oblique grey bar from

costa to inner margin; a subtriangular, whitish, central costal spot,

impinged upon by an irregular discocellular silver marking ; a whitish

costal patch immediately beyond it, interrupted by indistinct grey

liturze ; apex somewhat pale; outer margin with a large, subapical,

marginal, lunate, chocolate-coloured patch, bordered internally by a

pearly greyish nebula; secondaries orange, shining and whitish on

costa, but gradually deepening in tint to abdominal margin ; outer

6 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5,

margin broadly but diffusely ferruginous, irregularly blotched with

black, and bounded internally by an undulated blackish line; an

elongate, whitish marginal spot near anal angle: body pale clay-

coloured ; the pterygodes red-brown, tipped with whitish and dark

brown on the shoulders ; second, third, and fourth segments of abdo-

men with more or less defined, inverted, V-shaped markings in the

middle: wings below altogether paler; primaries with discoidal area

dull tawny, internal margin stramineous, external half crossed by

transverse series of brown spots, outer margin rather broadly and

irregularly pale brown ; secondaries whitish clay-colour, a spot within

cell, and five undulated, partly interrupted, transverse lines (the

outermost one indistinct and confounded with a sprinkling of scales

of the same colour on external area) brown: body clay-coloured,

palpi and thorax deeper-coloured ; abdomen with two ventral series

of central grey spots. Expanse of wings 2 inches 9 lines.

Haiti (Tweedie). Type, B.M.

Allied to C. parce.

Subfamily Co#RocaMPIN&.

Genus PAaNnacra.

9. PANACRA METALLICA, 0. Sp.

Allied to P. mydon. Differs in its greater size, longer and more

acute primaries, with the outer margin well excavated below the

apex; apical half much yellower; transverse lines more oblique, not

undulated, the central ones very distinct, four ia number, angulated

just before reaching the costa; secondaries longer, more acute at the

apex, the ochreous streak less diffused; body longer, thorax more

uniform in colouring, abdomen with the lateral golden streak broader,

more distinct ; primaries below brown, with the costa and outer mar-

gin, a discocellular point, several liturze in a diseal series, one or two

more subapical, and a squamose, dentated, subanal patch bright

ochreous; disk also varied with red, and clouded at apex and centre

with brown; a submarginal series of markings, the two nearest apex

white and lunate, one at external angle black and white, ovate, the

intermediate ones forming a semi-connected irregular grey streak ;

secondaries brown, with the costa, outer margin, a spot at anal angle,

and a submarginal anal streak bright ochreous, irrorated with red ;

a bright yellow discocellular point ; two irregular, ill-defined, central

dark brown lines; disk plumbaginous: body below creamy, speckled

with ferruginous; abdomen with a lateral series of black points.

Expanse of wings 2 inches 9 lines.

North India (Parry). Type, B.M.

This is labelled by Boisduval with his MS. name of P. mydon; it

is not, however, Walker’s type.

Genus Dapunis, Hiibner.

10. DAPHNIS PALLESCENS, n. sp.

Allied to D. hypothous, same general pattern; primaries with the

1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 7

pale rosy whitish bands broader, less distinctly white-edged ; the

dark markings paler, more olive-tinted ; external angle slate-coloured ;

apical white spot smaller; secondaries whity brown, with a central

dark-grey nebula leaving a distinct postmedian in-arched line of the

ground-colour; beyond and bounding this is a broad, submarginal,

purplish-brown band ; outer margin broadly pale brown, darker exter-

nally (the submarginal band and the marginal border both narrowest

at anal angle): body, with the collar, base, and sides of abdomen

whitish ; pterygodes olive, head and thorax grey; dorsum of abdomen

greyish brown; antenne pale ochreous: wings below much like D.

hypothous, but paler. Expanse of wings 3 inches 7 lines.

Queensland (Janson). ‘ Type, B.M.

Genus Percesa, Walker.

11. PERGESA AURIFERA, 0. Sp.

Primaries olive-green, base transversely spotted with black; a

violet-centred black spot at end of cell, and from it to inner margin

a nebulous dusky bar; disk more or less clouded with reddish,

crossed obliquely from costa to inner margin by three parallel rows

of black spots; three large costal subapical black spots; outer

margin pearly, irrorated with black ; fringe dull ochraceous ; secon-

daries black-brown, costal area pale brown; an anal, submarginal,

cuneiform, dull ochreous fasciole: body olive-green, head margined

with whitish; pterygodes grey, black-bordered ; abdomen with two

longitudinal series of black dots, a lateral golden-yellow streak from

second segment, and a broad, undulated, golden-yellow lateral border,

each undulation with a central black dot: wings below nearly as in

P. castor, but the black lines and dots heavier. Expanse of wings 3

inches 5 lines.

Sikkim (Whitely). Type, B.M.

Var. Primaries and body clay-colour, with a slight greenish tinge.

North India (Janson). B.

Allied to P. castor, but differing (besides colour-characters) in

the much more acute falcate form and greater width of the primaries.

Genus Cu#rocampa, Duponchel.

12, CHHZROCAMPA MACROMERA, 0. Sp.

Nearly allied to C. elpenor, but much larger, the primaries duller

in colour, with the outer margin more broadly rosy lilacine ; secon-

daries with more than half the wing rosy; body with the dorsal

rosy line less defined ; wings below with the costal ochraceous border

duller, much narrower, only clearly represented towards base ; trans-

verse band converted into two narrow parallel lines. Expanse of wings

3 inches 4 lines.

Silhet (Macgillivray), North India (Stevens). Type, B.M.

Noted by Mr. Walker as a variety of C. elpenor; I am satisfied,

however (from the fact that the more nearly allied Japanese species

is now proved by breeding to be distinct), that it is a different

species. :

S MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [ Jan. 5;

13. CH#ROCAMPA GRACILIS, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 2.)

Nearly allied to C. eson, about one third smaller; the wings and

abdomen, as compared with the size of the insect, longer; the primaries

decidedly less distinctly streaked, the streaks also narrower ; secon-

daries blacker at base, much whiter at anal angle; lateral streaks of

thorax much whiter ; abdomen very indistinctly streaked, not showing

the two broad longitudinal central brown bands; wings below less

irrorated with brown, central oblique hnes of primaries not extending

beyond the middle of the wing from costa; abdomen below not

showing the lateral blackish points. Expanse of wings 3 inches to 3

inches 2 lines.

Congo (Richardson), Sierra Leone (Morgan). Type, B.M.

We have four examples of this species.

14, CHEZROCAMPA ELEGANS, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 1.)

3 @. Allied to the preceding species (with which it agrees

in size) and to C. theylia. The male may at once be distinguished

from both by its much more acute and narrow primaries; and both

sexes may be distinguished by having a distinct, whity brown, lon-

gitudinal band from the back of the head to the end of the abdomen,

the pterygodes more brightly coloured, and the anal margin of secon-

daries less excavated. In size it exceeds C. theylia by about one

half; and the white nebula at anal angle of secondaries is more vivid ;

on the underside of primaries the terminal grey border is well marked.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 inches 9 lines, 2 3 inches | line.

3, Java (Horsfield); 2, Silhet (Stainsforth). Type, B.M.

Mr. Walker says that “ C. eson in Asia is very generally of small

size, and in Africa of large size, but the latter variety also occurs in

Asia,” C. eson and C. gracilis being the large African forms, C.

elegans the large Asiatic and C. theylia the small Asiatic form.

15. CH#ROCAMPA ARGENTATA, nu. sp. (Plate II. fig. 3.)

General form and markings of C. oldenlandia, wings shorter,

inner margin of primaries much more excavated, all the brown

markings much darker, the silver lines more vivid, the line down the

centre of pterygodes and the lateral streaks of abdomen vivid golden

sprinkled with reddish scales; primaries more silvery at base, the

pale oblique bar of primaries slightly broader, the outer margin

somewhat plumbaginous ; secondaries darker, the pale streak redder

in tint: wings below altogether redder, the markings darker, the

outer margin more plumbaginous; abdomen with a white ventral

streak. Expanse of wings 2 inches 10 lines.

Moreton Bay (Gibbon), N. Australia (Elsey), Sydney (Laméert),

Australia (Stevenson). Type, B.M

This is the Australian representative of C. oldenlandie; it is

undoubtedly a distinct species, but may be an insect described by

Mr. Walker of which | cannot find the type. A third species also

exists in North Australia ; but our example is in such a poor condition

that I could not venture to make a type of it.

1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGIDS. 9

16. CH&ROCAMPA VIRESCENS, 0. Sp.

Form, size, and general appearance of C. crotonis, but primaries

greener, with only the outer, central, broader streak (running from

inner margin to apex) distinct, the other lines scarcely visible;

yellow spots of secondaries paler, outer margin greener ; body greener,

without the longitudinal central whitish streak ; wings below redder,

primaries without the postmedian oblique blackish line; the sub-

apical spots smaller ; discocellular spot white; outer margin broadly

bordered with reddish grey ; base more broadly suffused with blackish;

secondaries with central lines very indistinct, reddish; body below

irrorated with ferruginous, abdomen with a longitudinal pink streak.

Expanse of wings 3 inches 2 lines.

Bogota (Stevens). Type, B.M.

Intermediate in some respects between C. crotonis and C. aristor.

17. CHZROCAMPA DOCILIS, 0. sp.

3. Allied to C. amadis; wings above dull green; primaries with

an interno-basal black spot; a minute discocellular black spot; a

basi-subcostal spot, a transverse oblique streak crossing the middle

of discoidal cell, a nebula just beyond discoidal cell, a transverse

subapical litura, an oblique streak (edged internally with silver-grey),

and a submarginal row of spots, all olive-brown ; a zigzag submar-

ginal greenish-grey line, margiued internally with silver-grey ; outer

margin from zigzag line silver-grey, irrorated with blackish atoms;

fringe pinkish, except at external angle, where it is cream-coloured ;

secondaries with the basal three fifths and a broad submarginal band

tapering to and not extending beyond first median branch, black ;

abdominal area yellowish; head olive-green, whity brown at the

sides; thorax olive-green, with a broad central and narrower lateral

grey streaks; abdomen clay-coloured, pinkish at the sides, irrorated

with black atoms; a double central series of blackish points, as in

C. nitidula ; basal segment olive-green, greyish in the centre, with

a large lateral black spot; antennze cream-coloured ; wings below

brick-red, irrorated with grey, outer margin irregularly sericeous

whity brown; a discal series of black points; primaries with the

costa yellow; a blackish subcuneiform patch from base through

centre of cell to just beyond discocellulars; two subcostal black

spots near apex; secondaries with the costa yellowish, abdominal

area whitish: body pink, irrorated with blackish atoms; abdomen

with a lateral row of black points; thorax at base of wings golden-

yellow; legs pale olivaceous, tibiee and tarsi of front pair white.

Expanse of wings 3 inches 11 lines.

Ecuador (Buckley). Type, B.M.

This is a softly coloured and beautiful species.

18. Cua:ROCAMPA HAITENSIS, 0. sp.

3 @. Allied to C. nechus; differs in having the external area of

primaries browner, the pale-brown patch towards external angle

broader ; the sulphur-yellow spots of secondaries smaller ; the lateral

10 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5,

yellow streak of abdomen replaced by a beautifully shaded, apparently

overlapping, series of pyriform yellow and orange spots ; wings below

altogether redder, the dark areas more restricted and paler, the yel-

lowish markings less vivid, and varied with red; palpi, prothorax,

and sides of abdomen irrorated with red. Expanse of wings 3 inches

4 to 6 lines.

Haiti (Tweedie). Type, B.M.

Easily distinguished at a glance by the colouring of the abdomen.

19, CHHROCAMPA IGNEA, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 4.)

@. Allied to C. scrofa, but primaries and body dull reddish

chocolate instead of blackish grey ; primaries with all the markings

less prominent ; wings below bright reddish all over instead of only

on basal half of primaries, the outer margins broadly clouded with

brownish ; body red-brown instead of greyish; palpi and legs varied

with white, as in C. scrofa. Expanse of wings 2 inches 8 lines.

Moreton Bay (Gibbons). Type, B.M.

Although nearly allied to C. serofa, I believe that this species

will prove to be constant and therefore distinct; I consider the

most important difference to be the coloration of the under surface

of the primaries.

Genus AMBULYX, Walker.

20. AMBULYX MOoREI (Boisduval, MS.).

Q@. Primaries above dark clay-colour; outer margin broadly

brownish, bordered internally by a diffused ochreous line deeper

externally than internally, becoming silver-grey towards apex, and

limited on internal margin by a brown spot (decreasing upwards,

excavated on both sides), and on second and third median branches

by indistinct brown dots; a nebulous, oblique, pale brownish sub-

apical streak ; several very ill-defined, sinuated, transverse, ochreous

lines across and beyond the cell; a geminate, grey, white-pupilled

discocellular spot ; secondaries testaceous, clouded with clay-colour,

especially towards anal angle; costa and abdominal margin creamy ;

a greyish streak across the end of the cell ; an arched discal series of

six red-brown lunate spots; outer margin red-brown: body bright

clay-coloured ; crest, metathorax, and a bar across pterygodes red-

brown: wings below ochreous, becoming tawny externally ; primaries

with the outer margin grey, with a white external and brown internal

line ; an indistinct discocellular brown litura; several very indistinct

brownish transverse lines beyond the cell; secondaries with the outer

margin brown ; an indistinct discocellular litura and sevaral ill-defined

spots beyond the cell pale brown; body below bright ochreous,

becoming tawny towards head. Expanse of wings 3 inches 11 lines.

Java (Horsfield). Type, B.M.

Most like A. strigilis in appearance.

21. AMBULYX MARGINATA, 0. sp.

Primaries above whity brown, with a pink tinge; base, two

1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 11

large spots placed obliquely to each other (one costal, the other

interno-basal), encircled at a little distance by a slender line, a very

oblique transverse line from middle of costa to basal third of inner

margin, a large oval spot near base of first median interspace, three

central costal spots (nearly equidistant), a large, subquadrate, sub-

apical costal spot, the outer margin broadly, from subapical margin

to external fourth of inner margin, a discal nebula on second median

interspace, and several indistinct, lunated, transverse lines, olive-

brown ; secondaries rosy, costa and base cream-coloured ; abdominal

margin broadly creamy, tinted with pink; outer margin, from sub-

costal nervure to anal angle, broadly chocolate-brown ; two central,

transverse, lunulated, grey lines and a discal series of grey dots;

body as in d. gannascus; wings below altogether yellower than

above; primaries with the costa, especially at apex, ochreous; all

the large spots, excepting the subapical costal one, missing, the latter

paler than above; transverse streaks more distinct; outer margin

broadly bordered with silver-grey ; secondaries pale clay-coloured ;

border, lines, and spots as above, but very pale; body as in A. gan-

nascus. Expanse of wings 4 inches 7 lines.

Rio Janeiro (Stevens). Type, B.M.

Subfamily SpuHinGin =.

Genus Ampuonyx, Poey.

22. AMPHONYX RIVULARIS, ND. Sp.

3. Like a large example of A. duponchel 3, but less green in

colour, and with a broader transparent area in the secondaries.

Expanse of wings 5 inches.

Q. Like the female of A. duponchel, but slightly larger, the pri-

maries green, not varied with mealy-white patches, and with all the

markings distinct as in A. anteus 9. Expanse of wings 6 inches 3

lines.

3 9,-——?; od, Ega (Bates); $ var., ? (abdomen reddish).

Type, B.M.

I have little doubt that this is the Upper-Amazon representative

of A. anteus, as A. medor* is the Mexican. Herr Julius Flohr, of

Hamburg (who has collected much in Mexico), tells me that he has

a female example of the latter species measuring 9 inches in expanse

of wing ; our female only measures 7 inches.

Genus Proroparce t, Burmeister.

23. PROTOPARCE FULVINOTATA, N. sp.

Primaries above very similar to P. solani, but lighter, the subapical

pale patch less dusky and broader, and all the transverse dark lines

* Cramer's locality is (almost certainly) incorrect ; we possess both sexes of

his species, distinguished at a glance by its blackish coloration.

t I adopt this name, rather than Mr. Grote’s émendation of Macrosila, as

being one year prior to that genus as first characterized, its type also being in-

dicated as P. rustica. For Macrosila, Walker, I have retained M, incisa, Walker,

as type.

2 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5,

less oblique towards inner margin ; secondaries bright ochreous, a

subbasal lunule, a broad, transverse, central streak, and a broad

marginal border dark brown: body—head chocolate-brown ; thorax

ferruginous, with posterior black border ; abdomen red-brown, irro-

rated with grey, and spotted at the sides with elongated fulvous spots

or lituree; antennze whitish above, dull ochraceous below: wings

below brown, whitish towards base; fringe white-spotted ; interno-

basal area of primaries ochreous ; abdominal area of secondaries

whitish ; body below sordid white. Expanse of wings 4 inches 2

lines.

South Africa. Type, B.M.

24, PROTOPARCE CONTRACTA, 0. Sp.

3. Allied to P. lucetius ; primaries narrower, secondaries shorter,

colouring slightly paler, the oblique lines of primaries much less

irregular; submarginal line and apical patch much whiter; secon-

daries with the second brown band running independently across the

wing instead of losing itself in the third band, marginal band

narrower ; orange lateral spots on the body much more rounded, a

dorsal blackish line; mesothorax not black; primaries below with

the transverse lines more oblique and better defined ; secondaries with

the transverse lines wider apart, more dentated; marginal border

much narrower. Expanse of wings 4 inches 1 line.

Rio Janeiro (Stevens). Type, B.M.

Confounded with P. carolina by Mr. Walker.

Genus Ditup1a, Grote and Robinson.

25. D1LuDIA BREVIMARGO, 0. sp.

Q. Closely allied to D. florestan, but differing as follows :—

Smaller ; primaries with the outer margin much shorter, more rounded

at apex ; secondaries also shorter, outer margin excavated above anal

angle: in colours it differs in having the primaries much greyer in

tint, the transverse bands greener, the marginal black lines of these

bands more distinct and more strongly dentated; the black bars on

median branches less strongly defined; the apical black-edged area

narrower, and very indistinctly sinuated externally ; secondaries with

the inner transverse black bar very indistinct: body with the head

and thorax greenish grey, abdomen less red; marginal black strigze

less strongly defined; wings below darker than in D. florestan,

transverse bars less distinct and more irregular, the two inner bars

of secondaries coalescing. Expanse of wings 4 inches 6 lines.

Brazil (Becker). B.M.

26. DILUDIA RUFESCENS, 0. sp.

Q. Allied to D. lichenea, primaries altogether redder ; the outer

margin shorter, more arched; central band much better defined,

its outer edge much more dentated ; apical patch more elongated ;

submarginal white streak much more deeply sinuated ; secondaries

shorter, pale grey, with two indistinct central whitish bars: body

more uniform in colouring, head and collar rather redder; lateral

1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 13

abdominal black strigz less defined : wings below altogether paler

than D. lichenea, the transverse bars less defined, only two on

secondaries. Expanse of wings 5 inches 3 lines.

Rio (Stevens). Type, B.M.

Placed by Mr. Walker with D. lichenea and described in his first

paragraph as the female of that species, the true female being de-

scribed more briefly in the second paragraph.

27. DiLuDIA MELANOMERA, D. sp.

3. Wings slightly more elongate, altogether much darker; the

apical patch black, with a zigzag grey line running longitudinally

through it; median band externally bordered and spotted at end of

cell with black ; submarginal spots black instead of dark grey ;

secondaries black-brown, a slight double nebulous streak from anal

angle: body much darker, head and prothorax blackish; abdomen

with lateral bars more continuous and blacker: wings below also

darker, transverse lines much darker, more dentate; body below

rather paler. Expanse of wings 4 inches 10 lines.

Silhet (Dale). Type, B.M.

This appears to be the northern form of D. discistriga.

28. DiLupDIA VATES, 0. sp.

Primaries above light grey, two or three whitish spots on basal

half of costa and at centre of discoidal cell, also a double angulated

discal series of brownish-edged lunate spots; a small oblique spot

towards middle of costa, a less oblique litura crossing the cell near its

termination, two parallel streaks within interspaces, a small lunule be-

neath them, an irregular streak margining the apical patch, and a series

of spots at the end of the nervures upon the fringe black-brown ;

an indistinct discal series of brown dots; fringe partly white ;

secondaries smoky brown, abdominal area paler; costa testaceous,

anal angle grey, crossed by two brown lunules; thorax and head

grey; pterygodes margined externally by a black streak; meta-

thorax margined behind by a transverse angulated black streak ;

abdomen pale brown, with a brownish lateral streak and a dorsal

black line : wings below whity brown, external area and a discal bar

slightly darker brown ; fringe spotted with blackish; palpi varied

with white, pectus white; abdomen whity brown; tarsi of front

pair of legs blackish. Expanse of wings 3 inches 6 lines to 4 inches.

Ceylon (Templeton) ; Madras. Type, B.M.

Var. Slightly darker, a geminate white spot near external angle

of primaries. Expanse of wings 4 inches 4-9 lines.

Silhet (Sowerby), Moulmein (Clerck). Type, B.M.

Our example from Madras has a label on it, bearing the MS.

name Sphinx vates. The species is nearly allied to D. incerta of

Walker, from China; it was confounded, in the collection, with

D. discistriga.

29. DILUDIA NATALENSIS 0. sp.

Primaries above snow-white, varied with grey, two transverse

14 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW (Jan. 4,

irregular brownish lines crossing the middle of cell; a broad greyish

patch, beginning just before end of cell, bounded internally by a

blackish streak, and bounded and crossed externally by two lunulated

waved transverse lines running from costa to inner margin; two

similar discal lines, becoming black below third median branch ;

a very irregular black streak bounding the apical patch, and im-

mediately below it two interrupted blackish lunules ; a central submar-

ginal bifid black-edged grey spot ; an ill-defined submarginal streak ;

a white discocellular spot; outer margin black-spotted ; secondaries

smoky brown ; abdominal area testaceous ; outer margin dark brown,

broadest at apex ; a pyriform dark brown streak on abdominal area,

continued laterally as an indistinct brown streak crossing the centre

of wing; anal angle white, interrupted by two marginal semicircular

blackish spots*and an irregular submarginal grey streak: thorax

pale grey, collar dark grey behind, pterygodes bordered externally

with black ; metathorax margined behind with blackish ; abdomen

whity brown, with lateral oblique dark grey and white strigee on

each segment: wings below tinted with ferruginous, a common lunu-

late and waved discal streak; primaries with a black costal streak

just beyond the end of cell; an interrupted submacular brown streak

just beyond the discal streak, an oblique white spot at apex; fringe

spotted with brown; secondaries crossed above the middle by an

oblique diffused brown bar ; a brown streak at apex and anal angle,

fringe spotted with ferruginous ; body whity brown, palpi and

pectus white. Expanse of wings 5 inches.

Port Natal (Gueinzius). Type, B.M.

This species.somewhat resembles the preceding in general appear-

ance; but the outer margin of primaries, instead of being convex, is

distinctly excavated above external angle. Our example bears a

label by the collector bearing the following inscription: —“ Acherontia

spei 3. Only two 2 specimens taken in 1857 (one of them lost).

I have not observed that peculiar chirping noise; had they chirped

I am sure I would have observed. Query, Does the ¢ only chirp?

and the 2 not ?’—W. Gzs.”

I have not thought the MS. name applicable, and therefore have

not used it.

Genus NerHe.te, Hibner.

30. NEPHELE ROS, 0. sp.

Wings above olive-green ; primaries with the base, a broad trans-

verse band leaving a large quadrate costal spot, a small spot between

the latter and the base upon inner margin, and an irregular band

beginning broad at apex, undulated and narrowed externally to

upper radial, then abruptly and deeply excavated to external angle,

its inner edge straight and with a pale border, all dark brown; a

postmedian squamose snow-white streak bounding the broad subcen-

tral transverse band ; a snow-white point on lower discocellular, and

two at base; secondaries with the costal area testaceous ; apical half

of wing dark brown; fringe testaceous: body olive-green, head

greyish brown; abdomen paler at the sides, with five transverse

1875. ] SPECIES OF SPHINGIDE. 15

black bars, the first three broadly interrupted in the middle; anal

tuft red-brown; antennze testaceous: wings below altogether paler

and browner than above, the transverse white streak and basal points

of primaries absent, discocellular point smaller, secondaries crossed

by three central brown lines; body below sordid whitish, pectus

greyish. Expanse of wings 4 inches 1 line.

«Boma, Feb. 1873” (Monteiro). Type, B.M.

This handsome new species is allied to N. enopion ; it was the

only example taken, and was, I believe, captured by Mrs. Monteiro,

after whom I have named it.

31. NEPHELE VARIEGATA, 0. Sp.

Primaries—base of wings grey-brown, varied with clay-colour,

with two discoidal whitish dots, bounded externally by an irregular

transverse grey-clouded whitish band, divided through the centre by

a blackish line; a broad central oblique greyish brown band, varied

with clay-colour, bounded on each side by two irregular black lines

and constricted in the middle; three silver spots at end of cell;

immediately beyond the central band is a narrower band, whitish at

costa, otherwise grey, intersected and bounded externally by lunated

blackish lines; discal area ochreous towards costa, otherwise dark

brown varied with clay-colour, a very irregular undulated submar-

ginal blackish line bordered externally by a grey line; outer margin

reddish brown; secondaries olive-green, outer margin (except at

anal angle) with a broad brown border tapering from costa to sub-

median nervure; fringe testaceous: body dark brown, pterygodes

tipped with pale yellow scales; abdomen with six broad transverse

lateral black bars separated by pale yellow lines; primaries below

brown, dull olivaceous at base, crossed at the middle by an oblique

nebulous dark brown bar, disk crossed by two waved undulated dark

brown lines, and an arched undulated submarginal line; a white dis-

cocellular point ; secondaries pale olivaceous, with the outer margin

brown, three central undulated and a submarginal irregular dark

brown lines; body greyish brown, palpi paler. Expanse of wings 3

inches 7 lines.

Congo (Richardson), Africa (Milne). Type, B.M.

This is Z. peneus (part.) of Walker, Z. funebris, Boisd. (nec

Fabricius).

Subfamily SMERINTHINZ.

Genus LeucorpHuesiA, Westwood.

32. LrEUCOPHLEBIA ROSACEA, n. sp. (Plate IT. fig. 4.)

3. Allied to L. lineata; primaries dull glossy rose-colour, a broad

ochreous streak parallel to costa, broadest opposite external angle,

and acutely pointed at each end; an oblique submedian basal

ochreous streak, median branches silver; fringe golden; secondaries

deep ochreous, fringe testaceous ; body—palpi and vertex chocolate-

brown, back of head and sides of thorax pale sordid rose-colour ;

centre of thorax chocolate-brown ; abdomen pale brown; antennze

cream-coloured above, ferruginous below; wings below as in L.

16 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 5,

lineata, but altogether deeper in colour, and with a slender marginal

plum-coloured line ; body and legs below chocolate-brown, abdomen

with a rosy tint. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines.

Coimbatoor (Walhouse). Type, B.M.

33. LevcoPpHLEBIA BICOLOR, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 5.)

3. Primaries rosy, a broad central longitudinal tapering strami-

neous streak from base to apex, nearly straight in front, arched

behind, and having three processes along the median branches ;

fringe stramineous; secondaries ochreous; costa and abdominal

margin stramineous, outer margin rosy, fringe stramineous ; thorax

dull rosy, deeper in front than behind, with a central ochreous spot :

body whitish ochraceous, rosy at the margins; antenne above

creamy whitish, below brownish: wings below stramineous; _pri-

maries with discoidal area ochreous; apical costa abruptly and

broadly rosy, outer margin with a broad pale rosy border, tapering

to apex; secondaries with costa and outer margin pale rosy; body

dull pale ochraceous, with a rosy tint, gradually becoming more

intense to the head; palpi dull rosy ; legs creamy above, rosy below.

Expanse of wings 2 inches 2-3 lines.

Almorah (Boys), N. India. Type, B.M.

Allied to LZ. emittens, but coloured more like L. lineata.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. & II.

Puare I.

Fig. 1. Macroglossa proxima, p. 4.

obscura, p. 5.

fervens, p. 4.

. Cherocampa ignea, p. 10.

. Calliomma lutescens, p. 5.

. Macroglossa nox, p. 5.

Puate IT.

. Cherocampa elegans, p. 8.

gracilis, p. 8.

argentata, p. 8.

. Leucophlebia rosacea, p. 15.

bicolor, p. 16.

Fig.

SUR go bo

2. Corrections of and Additions to “ Raptorial Birds of North-

western India.” By AnpREw ANDERSON, F.Z.S.

[Received November 30, 1874.]

(Plate III.)

Since the publication of my last paper*, my knowledge of this

subject generally has been greatly advanced, not only by furthur re-

search, but by the acquisition of European and African specimens of

some of the species concerning which comparatively little was known

* P.Z.S8. 1872, p. 619.

1875.] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 17

up to that date. The result is that I, or rather ornithologists gene-

rally, have to acknowledge certain errors consequent on a limited

knowledge of a most difficult group of birds. At the same time I

am glad to be able to introduce several new species as occurring in

the country to which my observations have ‘been confined, viz. the

deltaic portion of the North-western Provinces, thus making (with

the necessary corrections and additions) no less than 48 species of

Raptores known to occur in this district.

This is the number that have as yet come under my own observa-

tion. But further investigation will doubtless enable me to add

several more, such as Falco babylonicus, Haliaetus plumbeus, &c.

Additions to former lists are indicated by an asterisk, *.

1. VuLtur monacuus, Linn.

All the specimens examined by me have alight fulvous nuchal patch,

almost white ; but the authors of the ‘ Birds of Europe’ do not al-

lude to this peculiarity in the Indian bird, nor is it shown in the

plate.

2. VuLTuR caALvus, Scop.

On the 15th of July, 1872, my friend Mr. Spry took an egg,

flushing the bird off her nest, which also contained an egg of Falco

_ jugger.

*3 bis. Gyps FULVESCENS, Hume.

The large fulvous-coloured Vulture already alluded to I identify

as belonging to this species, and not to G. himalayensis of the same

author.

5. Gyps BENGALENSIS, Gm.

Last cold season I found a small colony of these Vultures breeding

on a clump of high cocoa-nut palms (Cocos nucifera), whence I ob-

tained four eggs. I have also lately taken three eggs from one nest,

and two from another, but of course not the produce of the same

birds. The tree on which these nests were built was the rendezvous

of a large assemblage of these useful birds, which were attracted to

this solitary tree by the carcass of one of the mail-cart horses which

had died on the roadside.

6. NEOPHRON GINGINIANUS, Lath.

Captain Beagin, of H.M. 105th Regiment, has lately sent me a

series of Neophrons from Aden, which appear to be referable to the

African form N. perenopterus, Linn. ‘The skins are badly put up,

and they are not sexed; so that the minute differences pointed out by

Blyth+ cannot be compared with Indianexamples. The series com-

prises both black-billed and black-clawed examples, which predomi-

nate, as well as white ones, so that this one difference cannot seem-

ingly hold good; but the corneous portion of the bill, as well as the

claws, when black are certainly of a much deeper black in the Aden

t Cf. ‘Ibis’ for 1866, p. 233.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. II. a

18 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE (Jan. 5,

than in any Indian-killed examples having the same peculiarity; and

in India, according to my experience, the opposite variety, viz. the

white-billed ones, predominate. There is no reason why both forms

should not intermingle at Aden. The specimens I allude to have

their claws quite worn away, caused, no doubt, by the rocky nature of

the ground.

8. FaLco PEREGRINUS, Gmel.

On the 11th of February last I saw a Peregrine actually hunting

by moonlight: the full moon was high up in the sky; and several

stars had been visible for fully half an hour. Returning homewards to

my camp through a marsh, I was startled by the sudden appearance

of some ducks “(Anas pecilorhyneha), which dived simultaneously

with their splash into the water. The Falcon towered overhead and

then flew backwards and forwards several times over the same ground,

almost skimming the surface of the water.

The following morning I had several shots at this bird, but without

success ; the native fowlers who were engaged in netting wild fowl

assured me that they had seen her at that one place for a long time,

and that she invariably roosted on a large bough of a mango tree,

close to the edge of the jheel.

Thecrepuscular habits of this Falcon have not been recorded before,

so far as I am aware of.

9. FALCO PEREGRINATOR, Sund.

On the 19th of November last I procured another specimen of

this beautiful Falcon, making in all three females. This appears to

be a fully adult bird: the head, nape, and cheek-stripe are almost

black, and only one or two feathers are wanting to make it into

“‘atriceps”’ of Hume; upper plumage generally slaty blue, getting

lighter towards the tail-coverts, the whole of the feathers being more

or less barred with blue of a darker shade; tail unicolorous with

the back, and barred with dark slaty blue; chin, throat, and upper

breast unspotted white, tinged with buff; from sternum downwards

bright ferruginous rufous, barred on the flanks, and spotted on the

abdomen with slaty blue; tibial plumes greyish, tinged with laven-

der, and minutely barred with blue of a light shade.

The Shaheen alluded to in a former paper (P. Z.S. 1871, p. 678)

is an immature bird: the whole of the upper plumage generally,

including the tail, is dark cinereous or dusky black, the feathers of

the back being edged with rufous, and the tail barred with the same

colour ; the upper tail-coverts are blue, thus indicating a transitional

stage; chin, throat, and upper breast as in the mature bird, but the

feathers are dark-shafted ; lower breast, flanks, sternum, and tibials

bright ferruginous rufous, the breast and flanks having longitudinal

ne stripes, the sternum and tibials slightly barred with light

blue.

Of the varied country of the Doab the enormous jheels, woods,

and plains have each its representative Faleon: the Bhyree affects

swamps, the Shaheen wooded regions, especially in the vicinity of

1875.] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA, 19

large trees, where Pigeons and Parrots are in the habit of roosting,

while the Jugger delights in dry plains.

16. LirHoratco cuicavueEra, Daud.

At Jelallabad, in the Shabjehanpore district, I came across three

pairs of these Falcons, which were nesting within sight of each

other ; two of them had built on trees only a few yards apart. These

nests contained one and two eggs each; and although I halted for the

express purpose of obtaining full clutches, the Crows forestalled me.

One nest escaped from these marauders, and enables me to add some-

thing new in the domestic economy of the Toorumptee ; for in this

instance she had appropriated an old nest of the Crow.

23. Micronisus sapivs, Gm.

In modification of any former experience, I have now to record the

occurrence of a slightly marked ege from a clutch of three.

Five out of six nests which were taken in my presence this last

summer were built on the parasitical shrub (Loranthus globosus 2)

which grows to such perfection on mango trees. The branches of

this so-called mistletoe radiate sidewards and upwards to a consider-

able height above the parent tree, from a large excrescence or knob,

thus forming, as it were, the outer structure of a ready made nest.

Viewed from below the nest looks about the size of what the eom-

mon Crow would build ; but on examining one I had cut down (the

parasitical plant was four feet above the tree), it was clear that the

nest itself was particularly small, and so clumsily made as to fall to

pieces on being removed from the knob which supported it. A better

situation for a nest than the centre of a clump of this parasite could

hardly be conceived.

*25. ACCIPITER VIRGATUs, Temm.

On the 3rd of October last a Shikaree brought me a living Hawk,

which he had just captured with bird-lime, and which is undoubtedly

referable to this species. It is the first capture of this interesting

bird that I have heard of in this part of the country. The person

from whom I got it tells me that the Besrah is frequently trapped

early in the winter. They certainly must pass through the plains on

their southward migration, as Wallace gives it from Malacca, J ava,

and Sumatra, and Hume has recently recorded it from the

Andamans.

Not wishing to be too confident of my own identification, I have

waited till the acquisition of more examples, and the Opinion of

ornithologists who had more experience than myself as regards 4.

virgatus, could be brougbt to bear on the subject. A pair kindly

sent to me by Mr. Mandelli, of Darjeeling (and in precisely the same

plumage as my own), leaves no further room for any doubts. Mr.

Hume, too, who expressed a wish to see the birds I called “4. vir-

gatus,’ has returned them to me with an expression of opinion to the

effect that he fully concurs with me in my identification.

ow

20 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 5,

While the long, slender tarsi, diminutive bill, and more game-

looking appearance of A. virgatus is sufficient to separate it from its

plebeian ally Micronisus badius, the coloration of the upper plumage

in the young birds of both species is very similar indeed, being what

I should call the rufous-brown stage. All the feathers on the mantle

are of a rich brown colour, tipped and edged with dark rufous, the

edgings being broader in A. virgatus than in M. badius; the former

differs also in having four broad caudal bands, while the latter has

five or six narrow ones.

The under plumage of the two juvenile birds is very different in

A. virgatus: trom the chin to the vent it is a rich buff colour (Jerdon

calls it white), the feathers of the neck, breast, and abdomen having

longitudinal drops of reddish brown; the flanks and tibial plumes

are broadly barred with the same colour; in M. badius the under-

parts are white, each feather having a central stripe of brown.

The plumage of the adult birds of both species differs in toto: the

Darjeeling specimen has the head and back of a slaty black colour,

the collar and tail being of a smoky brown; there are four caudal

bands of the same hue as the head; the under plumage is white,

broadly barred with bright ferruginous: the adult Shikra has the

mantle of a light ashy grey ; and the underparts are minutely barred

with rufescent or fawn-coloured marks.

The bill in 4. virgatus is very dark, almost black, the cere dark

greenish yellow; in M. dadius the bill is horny blue, and the cere

yellow, without any green; the legs and feet in the former are green-

ish yellow, the back of the tarsi and soles being yellow; in the lat-

ter these are yellow without any tinge of green. The subjoined ta-

ble of measurements of an immature male of each species will be

found useful :—

Foot,

greatest greatest

Species. Length. Wing. ‘ail. Tarsus. length. breadth.

in. in. in in. in, in

Accipiter virgatus 10°5 6°3 5°3 2°1 2°6 2°3

Micronisus badius 12-0 70 6:0 1°8 2°6 2°1

27. AQuILA MOGILNIK, J. G. Gmel. (=A. crassipes, Hodg.

MS.*).

On the 8th of March last I procured a third example of the Hastern

Imperial Eagle in the transitional stage, a huge female of the fol-

lowing dimensions:—Length 32°5; wing 23°5; tail 13; expanse

7 feet ; tarsus 4°2, thence to end of mid claw, along the curve, 4:1,

outer claw as above 3°2, inner claw 3:8, hind claw 3°6 ; expanse of

foot (length) 6°5, (breadth) 5°5 ; bill along curve 3; height of both

mandibles at base 1:2, width at gape 2:2. Weight just over 9 lb.

This specimen, while yet in the striated stage, has several rectrices of

the adult bird, and the breast has assumed a black-brown appearance

in patches. In the course of a very short time this bird would have

become exactly similar to No. 4 of Mr. Dresser’s series (see his

* Cf. ‘This’ for 1873 p. 99.

1875.] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 21

article on this Eagle), ¢.e. the adult bird minus the white sca-

pulars.

The first two changing Imperials which proved the key towards

the solution of this (hitherto) vexed question* are now in the Nor-

wich Museum, and form Nos. 2 & 3 of the series alluded to at p. 2

of ‘ Birds of Europe.’

The Abyssinian Eagle referred to by Dr. Finsch under the term

“imperialist is of course A, mogilnik. Very recently an imma-

ture example of the same bird was sent to me from Aden; it flew

against the telegraph-wire and was captured alive.

27 bis. Aquiua BiFasciaTa, Gray & Hard.

On account of the recent discussion that has taken place f relative

to the distinctness or otherwise of 4. orientalis from A. bifasciata, I

have secured a very fine series of this Eagle. The acquisition, too,

of several specimens of this bird from Russia (labelled 4. clanga, by

which term it is known to continental naturalists) has afforded Mr.

Brooksand myself another opportunity of reexamining the large series

at our command ; and we still hold to our former opinion, viz. that

as regards coloration in every phase of plumage, including the adult

bird with the nuchal buff patch, the two Eagles are identical.

It is true that the European-killed examples we examined are a

_ trifle smaller, the wing-measurements of the males being Aa/f an inch

and in the case of females ove inch less than Indian specimens. But

against this (admitted) trivial difference, as regards size, in a bird

measuring up to 32 inches in length, it should be borne in mind (1)

that no reliance can be placed on the sexing of birds that are ob-

tained from dealers (especially in this Eagle, for I have repeatedly

found large males running into females), and (2) that in all proba-

bility the smallest specimens are sent out to this country, the largest,

and consequently the best in the estimation of dealers, being retained

for European collections. Colour is another point mooted by Mr.

Gurney ; but this really goes for nothing, seeing that in this country

we have dark birds as well as light-coloured ones ; and I possess

specimens that have been bleached to a rufescent sandy colour.

Mr. Gurney has been so good as to inform me that he has reex-

amined the type of Aguila amurensis, Swinhoe, and that he has no

doubt that it is an adult female of 4. bifasciata. Such being the

case, the wing-measurement as given by Mr. Swinhoe §, viz. 26}

inches, must surely be wrong; for I have never yet seen more thana

24-inch wing in this Eagle.

Referring to the concluding portion of Mr, Gurney’s letter in ‘ The

Ibis’ for 1873, page 99, I may mention having recently sent to him

a very fine female A. difusciata in the phase of plumage he therein

alludes to. The peculiarity observed by Mr. Gurney is more more or

less common in all immature birds; and the specimen I have sent to

* Cf. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 620 & 621. + Cf. Trans, Z. 8. vol. vii. p. 201.

{ Cf. ‘Ibis’ 1873, pp. 422 & 423, and ‘ Stray Feathers,’ vol. i. p. 329.

§ Cf. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 338.

22 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE (Jan. 5,

him, though freely “ barred with alternate bands of white and stone-

coloured brown, &c.,’’ on the under surface from the sternum to the

vent, has the fulvous nuchal patch nearly fully developed, thus show-

ing that in Eagles no fixed rule can be laid down as regards the suc-

cessive phases of plumage, and that some birds may develop signs

of maturity while yet retaining their juvenile garb.

28. AQuiILA N&VIA, Gm.

Specimens of this Eagle from Russia, kindly sent to me by Dr.

Crowfoot of Beccles (to whom I am also indebted for A. bifascrata),

are identical in every respect with Indian birds,

In my former papers I alluded to only two stages of plumage, viz.

the “spotted,” and the “uniform brown.’ I now find that very

young birds (judging from the amount of spots on them) have the

under surface striped or lineated in exactly the same manner as the

young of A. hastata. I also possess a remarkably fine specimen of 4.

nevia without a single spot, which has the head and neck of a pale

sandy colour, almost white.

29. Aquita vinputana, Frank, (=A. fulvescens, Gray, apud

Jerdon*),

This Eagle has now had its proper name restored to it—the term

“ fulvescens”’ (by which it has hitherto been known) having been ap-

plied to a very different bird, and one with which (until very recently )

the true African A. nevioides had been confounded. I can corro-

borate what Mr. Brooks has already written on this subject, viz. that

‘*no two Eagles could be more truly distinct (than A. vindhiana

and A. nevioides), though they are closely affine and structurally

alike,’ as 1 have recently examined the bird sent to him by Dr.

Tristram along with a very fine South-African example which Mr.

Gurney has been so kind as to forward to me.

Aquila vindhiana and A. fulvescens, according to our present

knowledge, are purely Indian, while A. nevioides*(vera) does not

occur in India.

29 bts. AQUILA FULVESCENS (vera), Gray,

is the bird that has hitherto been wrongly identified with the true

Aquila nevioides (Cuv.), and which does not occur in India. The

Abyssinian Eagles alluded to by Finsch and Blanford} under the

synonyms of ‘‘rapar”’ and ‘‘ albicans”’ (= nevioides,” Cuy.) re-

quire further examination with reference to our present knowledge of

the subject. Neither of these authors refers to the party-coloured

plumage which is so characteristic of this fine bird.

Aquila fulvescens is certainly the rarest Eagle in India; and we

are in profound ignorance of its summer habitat, nidification, &e. I

have not heard of another capture since the ¢en that were recorded

in my former paper (P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 688).

* Cf. ‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. i. p. 463.

+ Cf. T. ZS. vol. vii. p. 201, and ‘Geol. & Zool. of Abyssinia,’ p. 295.

1875.) RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 23

30. Aauria wastaTa, Less. (Plate III. figs. 1 & 2.)

An account of the nidification of this Eagle has already appeared

in ‘The Ibis;’ and the nestlings which I brought down from

Saharunpore enable me to supply the missing link as regards the

early stages in the plumage of this interesting bird.

Besides the three already referred to, I have recently had an

opportunity of examining two more which Mr. Brooks has this season

taken from their nests; and as the young birds appear to be subject

to a good deal of variation in the amount and distribution of their

spots &c., I proceed to give general characters instead of confining

myself to the description of a single specimen only.

Description of fully-plumaged nestling between three and four

months old—Length 23-5 inches, wing 16°5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3°7

(bird apparently not fully grown). Bill black, plumbeous blue towards

the base; cere and gape bright yellow; feet dull yellow; claws

black ; irides dark brown.

Above rich glossy brown; feathers on the top of the head and

hind neck tipped with fulvous ; upper tail-coverts light brown, barred

with white ; scapulars, ridge, bend of wings, and wing-coverts tipped

with fulvous spots of a larger size; wing on being opened out shows

two, and sometimes three bands, caused (as the case may be) by the

greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and tertials being broadly edged

with fulyous and greyish white, shaded off in the latter into the

darker part of the feathers; primaries uniform black ; secondaries

brown, profusely barred with hoary grey; tertials pale brown,

similarly barred and broadly edged with greyish white; tail dark

brown, broadly edged with greyish white, and barred with dark grey.

Beneath brown, the pectoral and abdominal feathers having central

and terminal stripes of rich fulvous ; the under tail-coverts and tibial

plumes are broadly barred with fulvous of a lighter shade.

Description of nestling after the first moult, when about eighteen

months old.—Colour of soft parts and dimensions the same; but

the primaries and tail-feathers do not appear to be fully grown.

With the first moult the bird assumes a much darker colour

throughout, and loses a good many of the spots on the wings and

scapulars, but not those on the head; these, it seems, disappear

gradually; and the “entirely spotless’’ stage (P. Z.S. 1872, p. 623),

in all probability, is not assumed before the third or fourth moult.

Although the bands on the wings have nearly vanished, the spots on

the shoulders have reappeared in a more decided form, being larger,

darker, and somewhat confluent along the ridge of the wings; the

upper tail-coverts have become darker, and are now free from bars ;

the secondaries, tertials, and tail-feathers still retain the bars which

are so characteristic of the younger stage; and these, too, may not

wholly disappear before several moults.

The chief feature, however, in the second stage is the disappear-

ance of the striation on the under surface; the colour below is now

of a uniform dark brown, with the exception of the feathers between

the thighs and the tibial plumes, which still retain a few indistinct

fulvous transverse marks.

24 MR. A, ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 5,

The “delicate yellow-brown”’ stage (referred to P.Z.S. 1872,

p- 622) is, after all, the plumage of the juvenile or nestling bird; for

mine, while in confinement, began to fade, and to assume a very light

colour (in the nestling plumage); and under the influence of the

sun the change of course would have been far greater. The amount

of spots, and even the.striation below, in this early stage, is subject

to considerable variation ; it is only the nestling birds which turn

« yellow-brown,’’ as they are exposed to the influence of the sun and

rain during the trying months of June to October before they are

fully fledged ; and in these faded or “ yellow-brown” examples the

spots and strize are sometimes nearly wanting.

I may mention that I too pronounced the small Danzic bird, sent

out to this country as A. nevia by Mr. Dresser, to be a fully adult

example of A. hastata, without, at the time, knowing that Mr. Brooks

had arrived at the same conclusion.

*31. AQUILA PENNATA, Gmel.

The capture of a beautiful adult male on the 22nd of January

last enables me to throw some more light on the plumage of this

little Eagle.

The three birds in my collection appear to me to come in the

following order :—

No. 1 has the whole of the under surface of a uniform rich red-

dish brown, all the feathers with the exception of the tibial plumes

being dark-shafted.

No. 2 has the throat and the upper breast buffy white, the

feathers dark-shafted as in No. 1; lower breast and tibial plumes

almost white, tinged with buff.

No.3 has the throat, upper breast, sternum, and tibial plumes white,

tinged with fulvous, the feathers generally broadly centred with rufous.

The signs of adolescence in this Eagle evidently show more in the

under than in the upper surface ; for no. 2 is certainly an older bird

than no 1, and yet the two, laid side by side, back uppermost, are

quite inseparable. No. 3, which I take to be fully adult, has the

head and neck of arich reddish buff, the feathers on the occiput

being broadly centred brown; the upper plumage generally is light

brown, the wing-coverts and scapulars being broadly edged with

buffy white. No. 2 has some brown feathers on the flanks, clearly

indicating that the brown below is the early or first plumage. The

following measurements will show the comparative dimensions of

both sexes :— 9, length 21°5 inches, wing 16, tarsus 2°38; d, length

18°5, wing 14, tarsus 2°5.

38. Circairus GALLICUS, Gmel.

I have lately sent an account of the breeding of this bird to Mr.

Dresser.

+ Cf. ‘Stray Feathers’ for 1873, p. 327.

I have had access to Mr. Hodgson’s drawings, and find that while he has

figured the adult bird under the name of “ tarsatus,” he does not appear to haye

seen specimens in the s/riated or spotted stages.

1875.] RAPTORIAL BIKDS OF INDIA. 25

48. Poxiornis TEESA, Frankl.

This Buzzard, as is well known, lays absolutely colourless eggs of

the Goshawk type; the occurrence, therefore, of aclutch of coloured

eggs will doubtless prove interesting to oologists. One of these eggs

is very well marked with reddish-brown blotches at the obtuse end,

covering nearly half the surface of the egg; the second is faintly

marked with light greyish-brown spots at the small end, somewhat

in the form of a zone; and the third has still fainter indications of

colouring-matter at the same end.

50. Crrcus cyANEvus, Linn.

Admitted into previous lists through an oversight.

51. Crrcus paLLipus, Sykes.

I shot a fine male a few days ago in the act of carrying away a live

Partridge.

This Harrier lives chiefly on small birds, and is more game-like

than its congener, the Marsh-Harrier.

56. Mitvus Govinpa, Sykes.

56 bis. Minvus masor, Hume (=. melanotis, Temm.).

56 tris. Mitvus PAaLustRIs, nobis (=juv. M. govinda, Sykes).

I take this opportunity of withdrawing the “small Marsh-Kite”

described at page 142, J. A. S. for 1873, as it appears to be the

young of the common Govinda Kite, which is subject to considerable

variation in size as well as in colour. We have, after all, only two

species of Kite in India, viz. the large migratory one (JZ. melanotis)

and the resident one (M. govinda).

Mr. Brooks is of opinion that Sykes’s measurements refer to M.

melanotis, and not to M. govinda, and that the term M. affinis,

Gould, should be applied to the common resident bird. This may

be correct enough ; but I doubt whether this complicated nomencla-

ture will be generally adopted.

*74, EPHIALTES PENNATUS, Hodg.

*74 bis, EpHiaLTes suNrA, Hodg.

Until specimens in a transitional stage have been procured, and

their identity thus established, it appears advisable to keep these two

little Owls distinct for the present. Of each species I have obtained

three live specimens; the red ones are most lovely little creatures.

They were caught with bird-lime in September and October last, during

cloudy weather, when they seemed to sally forth in search of food at

all hours of the day. I kept them alive in a large cage for nearly a

week, in company with several Ephialtes griseus, feeding them on

crickets, mice, and occasionally with raw meat.

My first red Scops was captured on 13th of September last, in the

Station Park. Some boys, who were in the habit of catching birds

for me by means of a long bamboo fishing-rod, the tip of which was

forked and smeared with bird-lime, informed me in great haste (one

26 MR. ANDERSON ON THE RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. [Jan. 5,

of them having remained behind to watch the bird) that they had

just flushed a red Owl from the long grass in the park, and that

the bird had flown into a tamarind-tree. Before shooting the bird,

which I had come prepared to do, I consented, asa preliminary

measure, to set their “chow guddee’’ trap, well covered with lime,

and baited with a live mouse. Before five minutes had elapsed, the

Owl was in my hands; and the little urchins were just as well pleased

with their ¢ip of four anas (=6d-) as I was with my prize.

As regards size and coloration of soft parts there is in reality no

difference whatever between the two species—a fact certainly in

favour of their identity, as the following table of measurements

(and description) clearly shows :—

Sex. Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Weight.

in

in nm . in. OZ,

ESs8untaeeeise ss oe 2 7-0 5°2 Des 1-0 2

Th PoDeraorns 2 75 5°6 2°6 11

E. pennatus...... 2 7°0 56 2°4 mt

55 Rees 3 70 55 2°4 10 2

* es ee Ae iki oo 2°4 1:0

Remarks.—Wings equal with tail; tarsi slightly plumed, and

elbows distinctly visible.

In all these specimens the irides are of a golden yellow; bill in

same light horny brown, in others a shade darker, the under man-

dible being dirty white tinged with yellow; feet pale leaden grey,

almost colourless ; claws fleshy white, the tips being light brown.

*74 ter. EPHIALTES GRISEUS, Jerdon.

I have recently procured a very good series of this Seops, which

appears to be as common as the two preceding ones are rare. A

pair of young ones were brought to me from a hole in a yack tree,

not far from my house, along with one of their parents: in the im-

mature birds the general tone of the colour is light fulvous, minutely

barred with brown, above as well as below, and there is no indication

of the yellow collar, nor of the yellow scapulars which are so cha-

racteristic of the adult bird. The following table of measurements

may prove useful :—

Sex. Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Weight.

in. in in. in.

ORME Ane 8-0 6-0 3°2 14 43 oz.

DO .3hdajs epee QerEs 5°8 2°6 14 to 42

Ss eran eta 8°5 5°6 2°7 15 oz. all

O eyeredteus 8°7 59 3'3 1°5 round

Remarks.—The sexes in the EHphialtes group do not appear to

differ in size.

Irides reddish brown; feet pale greenish yellow; pads slightly

more yellow ; claws light greenish white at the base, horny brown

at the tips; upper mandible pale greenish brown at the base,

brown at the tip; lower mandible horny white. Tarsi well plumed;

elbows not visible.

1875. ] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON THE BIRDS OF FIJI. 27

*77, ATHENE RADIATA, Tickell.

On the 7th February last, I heard the call-note of a pair of these

little Owlets, about 4 o’clock in the morning, from a tree close to

my tent. My friend Mr. Russell, who was ready equipped for a

shooting-excursioa, shot one of them for me; and on the following

morning the female was also shot, as she alighted on the ground to

pick up a small black beetle, about an inch long.

The Jungle-Owlet is far from uncommon in some parts of the

country ; its call is very peculiar and quite distinct from that of any

other Owl that I know of. It is a perfect miniature of its hill

representative 4. cuculoides.

*81. NiNox SCUTELLATUS, Rafiles.

Four specimens. A pair, male and female, which I kept alive

for some time, measured as follows:— dg, length 11}, wing 73;

2, length 113, wing 8. Although the female is a trifle larger as

regards linear dimensions, the male certainly looked the more robust

bird of the two in life. The Hawk-Owl breeds here, as do also the

three species of Ephialtes ; but I have not as yet succeeded in pro-

curing their eggs.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Aquila hastata 2 , from a specimen after its first moult, shot at Saharun-

pore, 21st October, 1874. ‘The figure is one fourth of the natural size.

2. Aquila hastata, young 2, from a specimen obtained from the nest at

Saharunpore, 28th August 1873, being the youngest of the three birds

obtained on the same occasion. This figure is also reduced to one

fourth of the natural size.

3. Ornithological Notes from Fiji, with Descriptions of sup-

posed new Species of Birds. By E. L. Layarp, F.Z.S.,

H.B.M. Consul for Fiji and Tonga.

[Received December 5, 1874. ]

Two birds belonging to the genus Ptilotis are described in the

‘Ornithologie der Viti-, Samoa- und Tonga-Inseln’ of Drs. Finsch

and Hartlaub. The first, Pétilotis earunculata, is apparently, from

the number of specimens I have seen, pretty common in the Samoan

Islands ; the second, P. procerior, I can vouch, from personal ob-

servation, is common on the island of Ovalau and about Suva, on

the east coast of Viti Levu. I should have said that it was equally

common throughout the islands, as wherever I have been (and I have

visited most of the chief islands) the loud clear whistle of a Ptilotis

was the first sound that greeted our landing. But on the arrival of

H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ at Levuka, I was shown the birds that had

been collected during their short stay at Kandavu, the most southerly

island of this group. I at once detected a new Ptilotis among them,

28 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON THE BIRDS OF FIJI. [Jan. 5,

which, at the suggestion of Professor Wyville Thomson, I now pro-

ceed to describe as

PriLoTIS PROVOCATOR, sp. nov.

Male. Above greyish brown, tinged with green, especially on the

rump ; back, between the shoulders (interscapulium) marked with

narrow, white, indistinct pencillings, caused by the shafts of the

feathers being whitish, showing plainer in some specimens than in

others ; back of the head (sinciput) indistinctly mottled with white ;

forehead (frons) blackish, the colour extending and darkening in

front of the eye and under it backwards to the ear, where it bifur-

cates ; eye surrounded by a patch of bright yellow, broken imme-

diately below the eye by a white spot, and changing into brownish

yellow above the eye; eyelid yellow; chin grey; feathers of the

neck (jugulum) lanceolate, grey, tinged with yellowish green; breast

(pectus) the same; underparts generally pale grey, more or less

mottled; vent nearly immaculate; wing and tail-feathers brown ;

primaries faintly edged with grey; secondaries deeply edged with

yellowish green ; tertiaries and coverts edged and tipped with pale

greenish grey, the tips forming two bars; flexure of wing on the

inside yellow-brown.

Bill black ; legs verditer ; iris brown. Length 7" 3’; wing 4";

tail 3! 7!"; tarsus 1” 2'; bill 1” 1".

Female. Less brightly coloured than the male, especially about

the eye; but above all she differs remarkably in size, being, length

6" 3!!, wing 3” 6", tail 2” 11", tarsus 11’, bill 11!

The want of bare spaces about the eye and the lanceolate shape

of the feathers at once distinguish this species from P. procerior ;

but in habits and call-note they are similar.

Seven specimens, two of which were females, were obtained at

Kandavu. They frequented, in considerable numbers, the Hrythrina

trees that happened to be in flower; the males preponderated over

the females, it being, I fancy, from the sexual development, the

breeding-season. I find also that P. procerior is breeding here in

Ovalaii, together with many other species. They clung head down-

wards to the bunches of the gorgeous flowers, extracting the juices

and the minute insects which came there for the same purpose, and

with which their stomachs were crammed. While thus employed

they were silent, but when among the cocoanut-groves or the leafy

forest they were very noisy. My impression is, that several new

forms of this genus will be found in these islands. This one seems

to be confined to Kandavu; but as I have met with the genus

wherever I have been (I have not had time to shoot specimens), I

fancy we shall find more than the two known species among the 200

and odd islands of the Fiji group.

In looking over Finsch and Hartlaub’s table showing the geo-

graphical distribution of species (I regret to say the German text is

a sealed book to me), I see he gives the Fiji group as a habitat of

P. carunculata without designating the locality.

A little Rhipidura has turned up here in Ovalaii, which (as I cannot

1875. | MR. E. L, LAYARD ON THE BIRDS OF FIJI. 29

identify it with R. nebulosa, described by Finsch and Hartlaub, and

they do not give a Rhipidura as an inhabitant of this group) I take

to be new, and therefore provisionally describe under the name

RHIPIDURA ALBOGULARIS, Sp. Noy.

Female. Upper parts above very dark black-brown, tinged with

a warm reddish brown on the rump and back ; eyebrow, chin, and

throat white; underparts greyish, more or less longitudinally striped

with black and white, and tinged on the belly and vent with isabella

yellow. Primaries dark brown; secondaries faintly edged with red-

dish brown ; tertiaries and coverts edged and tipped with the same.

Tail-feathers dark brown, all but the four central broadly tipped with

white. Bill black ; base of lower mandible orange ; bristles of bill

black, and exceeding it in length. Legs blackish; iris brown.

Length 6"; wing 3"; tail 3! 6'"; tarsus 10!’ ; bill 6!”

The specimen described was shot by my butler on the 11th of

August of this year, very high up in the mountains; its stomach

contained minute insects; another was seen but not secured, proba-

bly the male. It was very restless and continually spreading its tail,

jerking it over its back.

September 11th.—Another just shot up the mountain.

I may as well here indicate the existence of a new Zosterops in

Kandavu. I saw several specimens in the ‘ Challenger’ collection,

but failed to find it myself in my visit there, though I obtained the

common Z. flaviceps, from which it was distinguished by being yel-

low from the chin to the abdomen, and without the ash-colour collar.

Unfortunately, when Professor Wyville Thomson suggested that I

should describe the new species, the specimens had been packed

away; a more detailed description must therefore await the advent in

England of the ‘Challenger’s’ treasures; meanwhile I suggest the

specific name of Z. explorator, as indicating the ‘ Expedition,’ and

well illustrating the inquisitive poking-into-everything character of

the birds of this genus. ;

Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub do not include Tachypetes aquila in

their inhabitants of these islands; but I found them very common

here during the hurricane-months (January to the end of March) ;

during the gales they came to land, and my son shot one from the con-

sulate door. I also saw them while cruising about among the islands.

This (September) seems about the middle of the breeding-season,

though some species breed earlier, e.g. Astur cruentus, young of

which I received with the down on them in May. I have eggs

brought to me of Ptilotis procerior (hard-set), Artamus mentalis (also

young birds able to fly), Astur cruentus (probably a second laying),

Zosterops flaviceps, and Ardea javanica. The last-named eggs were

obtained by Mr. A. Boyd, one of my kind helpers in my collecting,

who also informed me that he knew of Terns and Plovers breeding in

some isolated rocks ; but on going for their eggs, he found they had

been harried by the natives, two days previously, for a Sunday feast ;

the old birds were still frequenting the place, uttering doleful cries.

30 LETTER FROM DR. A. B. MEYER. [ Jan. 19,

Another informant tells me Sterna bergii breeds on his rocks in

November.

While at Suva lately I saw Charadrius fulvus in pairs, the male

in full nuptial dress.

The testes of Chrysena luteovirens, Columba vitiensis, and Carpo-

phaga latrans were also much developed ; but I obtained eggs of the

latter two months ago. I have eggs and young of Platycercus

splendens and P. personatus, the latter nearly fully fledged. By the

way, Professor von Suhm, of the ‘Challenger,’ and I, after going care-

fully into the subject, have come to the conclusion that the “Orange

Dove” of Savinni and Lanthala (Chrysena victor, Gould) is a phase

of plumage of the “Green Dove” (C. luteovirens); the change is

hardly more remarkable than the adult change of Ptilinopus perousei,

also from green to yellow, though a very light one.

The Fiji Islands are very destitute of birds, very few being seen or

heard in the forests ; and its shores are equally void of bird-life. An

exception there is in the case of the little Swift, Collocalia spodio-

pygia, which seems universally distributed, both inland and in the

maritime regions. Charadrius fulvus goes up the river a long way,

and is sometimes seen in flocks of two or three hundreds, as I saw

them on the Rewa. It is very strange, however, to look on the sea,

as I do from my house, and not to see the white wing of a Tern for

weeks at a time; of Gulls there are none. I have seen a Puffinus

(probably P. nugaz) in my cruising ; and Sterna fuliginosa and Anous

stolidus (or A. leucocapillus) appear in large flocks; Gygis alba I

saw lately on the east coast of Viti Levu (this is not included in the

table of distribution) ; and I have detected the tail-feathers of Phaéton

rubricauda in the heads of some natives. Anas superciliosa is

common on the rivers, and Dendrocygna vagans in the marshes on

the west coast of Viti Levu; it is called by the planters the “ Moun-

tain Duck ;”” and they say it comes from the interior.

Levuka, Ovalaii, Fiji.

September 6, 1874.

January 19, 1875.

Robert Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary called attention to a letter recently received from

Ternate, in which the writer (Mr. A. A. Bruijn) stated that he

possessed living examples of Dasyptilus pesqueti, and of four species

of Paradise-birds, namely Paradisea papuana, Seleucides alba,

Diphyllodes speciosa, and Ptilorhis magnifica.

The Secretary read a letter received from Dr. Adolf Bernhard

Meyer, communicating some remarks on the new Bird of Paradise

lately discovered in Eastern Waigiou, and described by Mr. S. C. T.

PZ.S.1875.PLIV

Harriet Scolt del’ Sowerby lith M&N Honbart imp

NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND.

1875.] MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. 31

W. van Musschenbroek (Zool. Gart. 1875, p. 29) as Diphyllodes

gulielmi III. Dr. Meyer observed :—

** Notwithstanding there are more points of resemblance between

the new species and Diphyllodes speciosa and D. respublica than

between it and Cicinnurus regius, some features immediately remind

one of the latter, e.g. the red colour and structure of the glossy

feathers of the upper parts, the webless tail-shafts, at least at the

beginning, and chiefly the similar fan, formed by elongated, broad

and metallic-green-edged feathers, on the sides of the breast, not

quite but nearly of the same colour and size as in Cicinnurus regius.

This fan has been hitherto known to exist only in the latter species,

except as regards the homologous organization of the large Ypima-

chus speciosus.

* Diphyllodes gulielmi III. has nearly the same-shaped crest,

inserted on the neck, as Diphyllodes speciosa; but the crest seems

to be somewhat smaller, and the colour of it differs from that of the

latter species, as well as all other colours of the upper surface of the

two birds, whereas the form and colour of the bill appear to be very

similar in the two species. The new bird shows nothing of the broad

line of iridescent feathers extending down from the chin over the

breast, and nothing of the light-brown feathers of the shoulders and

of the neck occurring in Diphyllodes speciosa.

* Diphyllodes gulielmi III. reminds one of D. respublica in the

shape of the green velvet feathers of the breast, and especially in the

shape of the two elongated tail-shafts, with the single difference that

these are webbed in Diphyllodes respublica from the beginning, and

that they do not project so far as in Diphyllodes gulielmi III. ; but

the breadth of the webs agrees. The colour of the web is between

that of the button of Crczrnurus regius, which is more of a green,

and that of the web of Diphyllodes speciosa, which is more of a blue.

* From this short comparison with the allied species, it follows that

Diphyllodes gulielmi III. is a new species with very characteristic

features, not to be confounded for a moment with any other hitherto

known. These characteristic features are chiefly the shape of the

elongated tail-shafts, with their web, the reddish colours of nearly

all the upper parts, the violet-coloured belly, and the fan-like tufts

at the sides of the breast.”

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells from the Collec-

tion of Mr. Charles Coxen, of Brisbane, Queensland. By

Joun Brazier, C.M.Z.S.

[Received December 15, 1874.]

(Plate IV.)

1. Hevrx (Hapra) MouRILYANI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 1.)

Shell narrowly perforated, depressedly globose, thin, finely striated,

32 MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. [Jan. 19,

spirally banded with chestnut bands varying in width; spire raised,

whorls 6 to 64, moderately convex, last descending a little in front ;

aperture lunate, margins rather distant ; peristome reflected, purplish

brown; columellar margin thickened and expanded over the per-

foration.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 14, alt. 12 lines.

Hab. Bowen, Port Denison, Queensland.

2. Hexix (HApDRA) JOHNSTONEI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 2.)

Shell deeply perforated, globosely turbinated, rather thick, finely

striated, banded with spiral chestnut bands, one very broad at the

suture; whorls 63, moderately convex, last whorl large and descend-

ing in front; aperture ovately lunate, diagonal; peristome white,

moderately reflected, margins approximating, columellar thickened

and expanded over the perforation.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 14 lines.

Hab. Bowen, Port Denison, Queensland.

This species somewhat resembles Helix ince in its markings, but

is more conical, and has a thick, white and reflected peristome.

3. Hexrx (HapkA) HILLI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 3.)

Shell umbilicated, turbinately globose, thick, dark chestnut, spirally

lined with darker lines; whorls 63, convex, the three forming the

apex of a light yellow, with a dark broad band below the suture, base

convex, lined as above; aperture oblique; peristome thickened and

reflected, white ; margins approximating, the right slightly descend-

ing, columellar thickened and partly expanded over the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 144, alt. 12 lines.

Hab. Mount Elliot, Queensland.

4. Hexirx (HapRA) BELLENDEN-KERENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate IV.

fig. 4.)

Shell deeply umbilicated, globosely turbinated, obliquely striated,

and minutely transversely lined with small lines resembling grains,

reddish brown, with two spiral chestnut bands, one on the centre and

the other above; whorls 6, slightly convex, last large; base convex,

striated as above; spire conical, obtuse; aperture oblique, ovately

lunate, interior blue-black ; peristome thickened and reflected; margins

approximating, right descending a little, columellar broadly expanded

and bent inwards, forming a long callous tooth.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 17, alt. 17 lines.

Hab. Bellenden-Ker Mountains, North-east Australia (Coll.

Brazier).

This fine shell was only recently obtained at the locality given,

which is near to the Endeavour river. The three specimens I have

seen are all of the same colour.

5. Heix (HaprA) coxen#, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 5.)

Shell umbilicated, somewhat turbinately globose, obliquely striated,

1875.] MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. 33

minutely granulated, shining, thin, dirty yellow; whorls 6, convex,

suture impressed, the last whorl large, obtusely carinated at the

periphery, base roundly convex, with the strize running into the deep

funnel-shaped umbilicus; aperture oblique, ovately lunate, interior

white ; peristome white, thickened, margins approximating and joined

by a thin white callus, the right thin and descending below the

centre, columellar reflected slightly over the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 144, min. 13, alt. 10 lines.

Had. Johnson river, Queensland ; in the scrubs (coll, Brazier).

I feel great pleasure in naming this shell after Mrs. Charles Coxen,

a lady much interested in Australian natural history.

6. Hexrx (HapraA) MossMANI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 6.)

Shell imperforate, globosely turbinated, very faintly obliquely

striated, exhibiting minute spiral lines and granulations (only seen

under the lens), reddish yellow, with numerous spiral chestnut lines

and bands; spire conical, apex obtuse; whorls 63, slightly convex,

suture slightly crenulated ; aperture oblique, ovately lunate; peri-

stome black, reflected, margins approximating, the right descending

at the upper part, columellar thickened, with a black callus round the

umbilical region.

Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 19} lines.

Hab, Dawson river, Queensland.

This fine species comes near to Heliw fraseri in its markings, but

differs in being more turbinated, and in the lip being thinner.

7. Heurx (RuyTIDA) SHERIDANI, sp. nov. (PlateIV. figs. 7, 7a.)

Shell umbilicated, conoidly globose, thin, closely, regularly and

finely obliquely striated to the periphery, reddish chestnut ; whorls

44, moderately convex, the last large, flattened at the suture, base

convex, showing faint, irregular, oblique lines from the periphery to

the edge of the umbilicus, where they become more conspicuous ;

umbilicus wide and deep; aperture nearly vertical, roundly lunate,

bluish within ; peristome acute, margins distant, columellar a little

dilated.

Diam. maj. 133, min. 11, alt. 8 lines.

Hab. Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, N.E. Australia.

I have named this species at the request of Mr. Coxen after his

friend Mr. Sheridan, of Cardwell.

8. Herrx (XANTHOMELON) DAINTREEI. (Plate IV. fig. 8.)

Shell umbilicated, somewhat depressedly globose, very thin, rugosely

striated, minutely granulated, pale yellowish brown; spire conical,

obtuse ; whorls 53, convex, last large, inflated, base convex, nearly

smooth; aperture oblique, lunate; peristome thickened, white, margins

approximating, right descending in front, columellar reflected and

partly covering the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 93, alt. 93 lines.

Hab. Muggerbaa, Moreton Bay, Queensland.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. III. 3

34 MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. [Jan. 19,

9. Purina COxENI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 9.)

Shell elongately ovate, rather thin, polished, shining, translucent,

quite smooth, pale reddish horn-colour ; spire conical, rather acute,

suture distinct; whorls 6, conxex, the body-whorl the largest ;

aperture vertical, circular, continuous; peristome and auricles whitish,

very much thickened with callus; the right canal-long and narrow,

covered with a large, thickened, triangular tongue on the body-

whorl; columellar canal long and narrow, and covered with a some-

what similar tongue; peristome thickened, with a broad flattened

plate below, widening towards the columella.

Length, from apex to lip 43 lines, from apex to broad margin

below lip 5 lines; breadth 23 lines; diameter of aperture 17 line.

Hab. Mount Dryander, Port Denison, N.E. Australia.

Of this charming species I have only seen one specimen, and it

remains unique, in the collection of Mr. C. Coxen. I take great

pleasure in attaching his name to it.

It differs from all the other known Australian species of the genus

Pupina of the polished class in having two lips, one raised perpen-

dicularly for nearly half a line all round, the other forming a margin

below.

10, Conus COxENI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 10.)

Shell fusiform, thick, smooth, with twenty deep, spiral, punctated

lines on the lower part; above, the shell becomes nearly smooth; at

the angle there are three deep punctated lines which run spirally to

the apex; whorls 8, flattened posteriorly, with deeply punctated

lines next the suture, dotted with brown at the angle ; spire elevated,

apex acute; columellar margin nearly straight, curved a little at the

lower part ; lip simple, thin, crenated, bluish brown within, the outer

surface marked with brown flames and white and brown transverse

dots.

Length 15, breadth 7 lines.

Hab. Moreton Bay.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Helix (Hadra) mourilyani, p. 31.

2

: ( ) gohnstonet, p. 32.

3. —— (——) hill, p. 32.

4, —— (——) bellenden-kerensis, p. 32.

5. —— ( ) coxene, p. 32.

6. ) mossmani, p. 33.

7, Ta. (Rhytida) sheridani, p. 33.

8. —— (Xanthomelon) daintreet, p. 33.

9. Pupina coxeni, p. 34.

10. Conus coxeni, p. 34.

PZ. Aloe eae

A.G.Butler del, et hth. Febr. 1875,

VV R

Nhntern Bros.imp -

NEW SPECIES OF PROTOGONTUS

1875.| MR. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF PROTOGONIUS. 35

2. Descriptions of four new Species of Protogonius.

By A. G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.

[Received December 18, 1874.]

(Plate V.)

Mr. Druce having kindly allowed me to determine the forms of

Protogonius * in his collection, I find them to represent the fol-

lowing species :—

. Protogonius cecrops, Westwood. 2 examples.

lilops, Butler. 2 examples.

tithoreides, Butler. 2 examples.

—— equatorialis, n. sp. 1 example.

—— fulvus, n. sp. 1 example.

hippona, Fabricius. 1 example.

. —— diffusus,n. sp. 1 example.

semifulvus,n.sp. 1 example.

Go NES gr sD Go to

Of the last mentioned species I have seen several specimens, taken

by Mr. Buckley.

1. PROTOGONIUS ZQUATORIALIS, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 1.)

Allied to P. dilops. Primaries black, a broad fulvous streak

running from base, through the cell, across base of second median

interspace, thence (bounded by second median branch) to second third

of first median interspace, and thence obliquely to external angle ;

inner margin rather broadly black; basal half of costa tawny; a

subcostal dot at end of cell, an elliptical spot on upper discoidal

interspace, an elongate-lunate spot below it on the lower discoidal

interspace, and five large submarginal spots in a semicircle from

subcostal nervure to second median branch (the third and fourth

spots smaller than the others), all ochreous; secondaries only

differing from those of P. lilops in the shorter black border,

terminating just above radial nervure, and the larger white spots

upon it; wings below much as usual, primaries with a double sub-

apical ochreous patch, central band of secondaries unusually an-

gular, a well-marked submarginal whitish streak towards anal angle.

Expanse of wings 3 inches 8 lines.

Curaray, Ecuador. Coll. Druce.

Perhaps a mimic of Melinza imitata, but I rather doubt that

species ranging into Ecuador; we have it in the British Museum

from Guatemala, Mexico, and Honduras only.

2. PROTOGONIUS FULVUs, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 2.)

Allied to P. castaneus. Basal two thirds of primaries tawny ;

apical third black ; a broad black streak running from base of costa

through discocellulars to apical area, and a broad internal streak

running to outer margin at external angle; a broad oblique tawny

ochreous band, zigzag internally, irregularly bisinuate externally,

* See “ Revision of the genus Protogonius,” P. Z.8. 1873, p. 772.

Be

36 MR. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF PROTOGONIUS. ([Jan. 19,

running from second third of costa to near the end of second median

interspace; four apical submarginal ochreous spots, the two upper

ones largest, the first sagittate; secondaries with the costal half

tawny, the costa, subcostal vein, and anal half black ; an apical sub-

marginal blackish line; four submarginal tawny-tinted white spots :

body brown; antennze with the apical three-fifths yellow, base black :

wings below very like P. tithoreides; primaries paler, two or three

pale stramineous subapical spots; secondaries darker, the costal half

of wing suffused with castaneous. Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 lines.

Pebas. Coll. Druce.

Apparently a mimic of Tithorea megara.

3. PRoroGonivus DIFFuUsus, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 3.)

Wings above tawny; primaries with the apex from costa just

beyond end of cell to third median branch dark brown, outer margin

from third to first median branch narrowly bordered with brown; a

rather broad band from basal costa to end of cell, uniting with an

irregular oblique band from end of cell, crossing second median in-

terspace near the base ; a broad black internal streak, nearly reaching

external angle; a broad subapical ochreous band, diffused and fading

away into the” ground-colour below second median branch ; secon-

daries with the costa narrowly black ; outer margin broadly bordered

with black, tapering from inner margin to second subcostal branch ;

three small pale ochreous submarginal spots: body olivaceous,

clothed with tawny hairs; antennze with apical two thirds ochreous,

base black ; wings below much as in P. @quatorialis, but secondaries

with the bands dark brown on costal area, and anal area plumba-

ginous. Expanse of wings 3 inches 6 lines.

Curaray, Ecuador. Coll. Druce.

This species probably mimics Melinga zaneka or Mechanitis fallax.

4, PROTOGONIUS SEMIFULVUS, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 4.)

Primaries above bright tawny; a broad patch at apex, the costa,

a streak covering costal area to end of cell and terminating in a large

discocellular spot, and a broad internal streak black; secondaries

black; a broad patch at apex bright tawny, the base of cell and

costal area dull tawny; abdominal area brown: body brown; an-

tennee pale yellow, basal joint black ; under surface almost as in P.

tithoreides, but without subapical white spot.

Villagomes, Ecuador. Coll. Druce.

Mimics Melinea methone and parallels Meehanitis decepta, Cera-

tinia semifulva, Heliconius bicoloratus, Eresia ithomiola, and Peri-

copis hydra, all of which are coloured in the same way and range

over the same region.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Protogonius equatorialis, p. 30.

2. fulvus, p. 39.

3. —— diffusus, p. 36.

4, semifulvus, p. 36.

lita

4

t, del &

Sm

iS

1875.] ON NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. 37

3. Descriptions of some new Species of South-American

Birds. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.RS., and

Ossert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S.

[Received December 21, 1874.]

(Plate VI.)

1. MicROCERCULUS SQUAMULATUS, sp. nov. (Plate VI.)

Supra fuscus unicolor: subtus fere concolor, gutture albo, pectore

et ventre medio albis, plumis fusco undulatis : subalaribus et

remigum marginibus tnternis Suscescenti-cineraceis: rostro

corneo; pedibus fuscis: long tota 4:2, ale 2°5, caude 9°8,

rostri a rictu J.

Hab. Venezuela, San Cristobal (Goering).

Obs. Aff. M. bamble, sed fascia alari alba nulla, et gutture albo

necnon ventre squamulato diversus.

A single skin of this apparently new Mierocerculus occurs in

Goering’s last collection. It was obtained at San Cristobal in the

Venezuelan province of Tachira, on the frontiers of Columbia. In

form it seems to be nearest to M. bamb/a, but in plumage is perhaps

rather more likely to be confounded with M. marginatus, than

which, however, it has much less white below and has a longer bill,

The discovery of this bird increases the number of known species

of the genus Microcereulus to six *, M. squamulatus should stand

next to M. bambla.

2, AUTOMOLUS STRIATICEPS, Sp. Nov.

Terreno-brunneus, pileo nigricante ; hoc cum dorso superiore flavido

longitudinaliter lineato ; alis immaculatis : uropygio ef cauda

tota rubiginoso-rufis: subtus fulvus, lateraliter obscurior,

gutturis plumis fusco marginatis quasi squamatis : subalaribus

et remigum marginibus internis flavicanti-fulvis : rostro corneo,

pedibus fuscis: long. tota 7, ale 3:5, caude rectr. med. 3°5,

ext. 2°25.

Hab. Columbia int. et Peruv.

A Bogota skin of this species has been in Sclater’s collection for

some time, having been purchased from a London dealer. Its bill

is not quite perfect ; and the general similarity of its plumage to that

of Anabazenops subalaris caused it to be passed over when our

¢Nomenclator’ was written. When M. Taczanowski brought

M. Jelski’s Peruvian collections to compare with Sclater’s series

a second, perfect example of this bird was found, which had been

obtained by Jelski at Chilpes in Central Peru ; and M. Taczanowski

has inserted it in his list under Sclater’s MS. name f.

A. striaticeps is, in fact, a very distinct species, belonging to the

more strongly formed Automoli allied to A. cervinigularis, A. ochro-

lemus, &c., and is distinguishable from all species known to us by

* For a list of the other species, see Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. Av. Am, p. 6.

+ P.Z.S. 1874, p. 528.

38 ON NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. ([Jan. 19,

its clearly striated head and neck. M. Taczanowski thought that it

might be the Anabates melanorhynchus of Tschudi (F. P. Aves, p. 241,

pl. xxi. fig. 1); but we believe that that name is a mere synonym of

A. subulatus, Spix.

Fig. 1.

’

Head of Tigrisoma fasciatum, half natural size.

a. Feather-patch on base of lower mandible.

Head of Tigrisoma salmoni (half natural size), showing bare space on lower

mandible.

3. TIGRISOMA SALMONI, Sp. n.

Mas ad. Supra viridescenti-eneo-nigricans, pallido cervino (nisi in

pileo) crebre transfusciatum: alis caudaque schistaceo-nigris,

illis et alula spuria albo terminatis ; campterio et margine

alari albis: mandibula, sicut in T. brasiliensi nuda; gula

media alba, plumosa, lateraliter nuda albo circumeincta: cervice

media alba rufescente intermixto: abdomine rufescente : hypo-

chondriis fusco-nigris ; subalaribus albo nigroque variolatis :

rostro fusco-nigro, mandibula margine inferiore flavido : long.

fot. 26 poll., ale 10°50, caude 4, rostri a rictu 4°5.

Avis hornot. Supra nigra cinnamomeo punctata, dorsi maculis mi-

noribus: uropygio fusco-nigro albo transfasciato: alis et cauda

schistaceo-nigris, hac fasciis tribus angustis notata, illis albo

terminatis ; secundariis albo transfasciatis: gule parte vestita

alba: pectore et abdomine albis, maculis fuscis cervino marginatis

punctatis ; hypochondriis albo nigroque transfasciatis : camp-

terio et margine alari albis: long. tarsi 3°5, dig. med. cum

ungue 3°1.

Hab, Columbia ad ripas fluv. Cauca (7. K. Salmon).

1875. ] ON THE ORIGINAL FAUNA OF RODRIGUEZ. 39

Obs. Sp. T. fasciato quoad coloribus proxima, sed mandibulee basi

nuda, fasciis corporis supra crebrioribus et pileo immaculato dis-

tinguenda.

This species of Tiger Bittern, of which Mr. T. K. Salmon has sent

two specimens from Medellin, one in adult (the tarsi of which are

wanting) and the other in immature dress, is certainly quite distinct

from 7’. brasiliense, the well-known species found in Guiana, the valley

of the Amazon, and on the Isthmus of Panama. From 7’. brasiltense

it differs at first sight in the head being black instead of rufous and in

having the sides of the neck blackish, banded by numerous whitish

bars, whereas in 7’. brasiliense the neck is rufous, mottled with black

spots. It agrees, however, with 7’. braszliense in the absence of the

patch of feathers which in 7’. fasciatum (fig. 1, p. 38) run forward

along the middle of the rami of the mandible (see fig. 2, p. 38).

On reexamining the specimen in the British Museum referred by

us in ‘ Exotic Ornithology’ to 7. fasciatum (Ex. Orn. p. 183) we find

that we were in error in our determination. The patch of feathers

already mentioned as existing at the base of the mandible in the

true 7. fasciatum being absent in this specimen, it should, we believe,

be referred to the bird which we are now describing. Nothing is

known concerning the origin of this specimen.

A short synopsis of the three species of Tigrisoma hitherto known

to inhabit South America will be found in ‘Exotic Ornithology’

(p. 185). This synopsis expanded to include the present bird may

stand as follows :—

A. Species gula media plumosa lateraliter nuda.

a’. Mandibula ad basin nuda.

a". Pileo colloque supero castaneiS ............+seeeeseeee T. brasiliense.

b". Pileo colloque nigris, hoc albido transfasciato ...... T. salmoni.

6', Mandibula ad basin plumosa .............:seeeeeeeeeeceee ee T. fasciatum.

B. Species gula omnino nuda..................cceeeceeeeenseee nese eesees T. cabanisi.

4. Additional Evidence as to the original Fauna of Rodriguez.

By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8., &c.

{Received January 15, 1875.]

M. Rouillard, a magistrate of Mauritius, having occasion last

summer to make some researches among the Archives of the Minis-

tére de la Marine at Paris, accidentally came upon a manuscript

‘Relation de Ile Rodrigue,’ * which fact he, with great kindness,

immediately reported to my brother, Mr. Edward Newton, offering,

if the latter wished, to obtain a copy of it for him. My brother

gladly availed himself of the opportunity, and requested M. Rouil-

lard to place the transcript in my hands. I now have the pleasure

of exhibiting it. It gives in many respects a very precise descrip-

tion of the island and its productions; but on this occasion I will

content myself with extracting from it what is said

* “Tsle de France, Correspondance g!*. Volume 12 (Archives de la Ma-

rine), 1760.”

40 PROF. A. NEWTON ON THE [Jan. 19,

“ Drs OISEAUX DE TERRE.

“ Le Soxirarre est un gros oiseau qui pése environ 40 a 50 livres.

Ils ont Ja téte fort grose* avec une maniére de bandeau au front

qu’on dirait étre de velours noir. Leurs plumes ne sont ni plumes

ni poils ; ils sont d’un gris blanc, le dessus du dos un peu noir,

marchant avec fierté, et fort souvent seuls 4 seuls ou deux a deux; ils

ajustent leurs plumes ou poils avec leur bec et se tiennent d’un grand

propre. Ils ont leurs pattes remplies d’écaille fort dure et courent

avec vitesse, principalement dans les roches, ou un homme, quelque

agile qu’il puisse étre a beaucoup de peine 4 les attraper. Ils ont un

bec fort court, de la largeur de prés d’un pouce, qui est coupant ; ils

ne cherchent cependant point 4 faire de mal que lorsqw’il se trouverait

quelqu’ un devant eux et qu’ils seraient pressés, ils pourraient le mordre ;

ils ont un petit sicot d’ailes qui a comme une maniére de balle de

fusil au bout, et cela leur sert de défense. Ils ne volent point, n’ayant

point de plumes 4 leurs ailes, mais se battent avec et font un grand

bruit avec leurs ailes lorsqu’ils sont en colére, et le bruit approche

fort de celui du tonnerre qu’on a un peu de peine a entendre. Ils

ne pondent, a ce que je crois, qu’une fois l’année, et ne font méme

qu’un ceyf; non pas que j’aie vu de leurs ceufs, car je n’ai pu

découvrir oX ils pondent ; mais seulement ai-je vu un seul petit avec

eux ; et lorsque quelqu’un voudrait se hasarder d’en approcher ils le

mordraient bien dur. Ces oiseaux vivent de graines et de feuilles

d’arbres qu’ils ramassent par terre; ils ont le gésier plus gros que

le poing, et ce qu’il y a de surprenant c’est qu’on leur trouve une

pierre dedans de la grosseur d’un ceuf de poule, faite en ovale, un

peu plate quoique cet animal ne puisse avaler si gros qu'une petite

cerise. J’en ai mangé; ils sont d’assez bon goit.”

The preceding of course relates to Pezophaps solitaria, and con-

tains several points of interest, on which I will only now remark that

between the time of Leguat and that of the writer the ill-fated bird

seems to have learnt to resent injurious treatment by biting, and

that the black, velvet-like frontal band is a feature not mentioned

by the older author, with whose work, I should mention, the later

writer shows himself, in several places, to have been acquainted. The

next passage is perhaps more important.

«Tl y a une sorte d’oiseau de la grosseur d’une jeune poule qui a

la patte et le bec rouges. Son bec est & peu prés comme celui du

Courlieu, 4 l'exception qu’il est un peu plus gros et qu’il n’est pas

tout-a-fait si long. Son plumage est moucheté de blanc et de gris ;

ils vivent ordinairement des ceufs des tortues de terre qu’ils prennent

dans la terre; ce qui fait qu’ils sont si gras que souvent ils ont peine

acourir. Ils sont fort bons 4 manger et leur graisse est d’un jaune

rouge qui est excellente pour les douleurs. Ils ont de petits bouts

dailerons sans plumes, ce qui fait qu’ils ne peuvent pas voler, et au

contraire courent assez bien. Leur cri est un siffement continuel,

lorsqu’ils voient quelqu’un qui les poursuit, et tirent de leurs corps

* Tn this and other obyious cases of misspelling I merely follow the copy

before me; and, for reasons to be finally given, there is no need to dwell upon

them further.

1875.] ORIGINAL FAUNA OF RODRIGUEZ. 41

une autre sorte de voix qu’on dirait provenir d’une personne qui a le

hoquet et l’estomac oppressé.”’

From the similarity of coloration we may, I think, without much

risk of error, identify the bird of which these particulars are given

with the “ Gelinotte”’ of Leguat, named by M. Alphonse Milne-

Edwards Erythromachus leqguati*, and, from remains obtained by Mr.

Edward Newton, proved to belong to the Rallide—a determination

which possibly may explain its unexpected egg-eating propensities.

We then have a gleam of light on another extinct species :—

‘Tl y a assez de Burors, qui sont des oiseaux qui ne volent que fort

peu et courent parfaitement bien lorsqu’ils sont poursuivis. Ils sont de

la grosseur d’une aigrette et faits comme elles.”

These Bitterns are no doubt the Ardea megacephala of M. Milne-

Edwards + ; and the passage is a remarkable corroboration of that

naturalist’s opinion that the species was brevipennate, though it had

not entirely lost the power of flight.

The paragraph continues :—

ee On trouve un petit oiseau qui n’est pas fort commun, car

il ne se trouve pas sur la grande terre; on en voit sur l’ile au Mat,

qui est au sud de la grande terre, et je crois qu'il se tient sur cette

ile a cause des oiseaux de proie qui sont 4 la grande terre, comme

aussi pour vivre avec plus de facilité des ceufs de ces oiseaux de

péchent qui y pondent, car ils ne mangent autre chose que les ceufs

ou quelques tortues mortes de faim qu’ils savent assez bien déchirer.

Ces oiseaux sont un peu plus gros qu’un merle et ont le plumage

blane, une partie des ailes et de la queue noire, le bec jaune aussi

bein que les pattes, et ont un ramage merveilleux ; je dis un ramage

quoiqu’ils en aient plusieurs, et tous différents, et chacun des plus

jolis. Nous en avons nourri quelques uns avec de la viande cuite

hachée bien menu, quils mangeaient préférablement aux graines de

bois.”

I am at a loss to conjecture what these birds were, unless possibly

of some form allied to Fregilupus. With more certainty the next

mentioned can be identified.

“ Les PERROQUETS sont de trois sortes, et en quantité. Les plus

gros sont plus gros qu’un pigeon et ont une queue fort longue, la

téte grosse, aussi bien que le bee. La plupart vont sur les iles qui

sont au Sud de I’Ile, ot ils mangent d’une petite graine noire que

produit un petit arbrisseau dont les feuilles ont l’odeur du citronnier,

et viennent a la grande terre boire de eau. D’autres restent a la

grande terre ow ils trouvent de ces petits arbrisseaux. La seconde

espéce est un peu plus petite et beaucoup plus belle, parcequ’ils ont

leur plumage vert comme les précédents, un peu plus bleu et le dessus

des ailes un peu rouge, aussi bien que leur bec.

* La troisiéme espéce est petite et est toute verte, et le bec noir.”

Of these three species of Parrot, the first can without danger be

referred to the Necropsittacus rodericanus, some years since deter-

* Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 5, xix. Art. 3, p. 6, pl. 11.

figs, 1-le, pl. 12. figs. 3-4.

Tt Op. cit. p. 10, pl. 14. figs. 1-14.

42 ON THE ORIGINAL FAUNA OF RODRIGUEZ. [Jan. 19,

mined by M. Milne-Edwards from bones sent him by my brother*,

and doubtless quite extinct ; the second is unquestionably Palzornis

exsul, described by myselft, which has lingered into our own times ;

and the third is the species of Agapornis known still to exist in

Rodriguez, and thought by my brother to be 4. cana}; but since

neither he (so far as 1 am at this moment aware) nor I have ever

examined a specimen, the matter must remain an open question at

present. It is interesting, however, to have the particulars above

given as to the colouring of N. rodericanus and P. ewsul.

Continuing my extracts, the next is

“Les TOURTERELLES y sont en grand nombre, mais sur Ja grande

terre on en voit fort peu, parcequ’elles vont vivre sur les fles du Sud,

aussi bien que les perroquets, et viennent boire de méme sur la

grande terre.”

This adds nothing of importance to our knowledge of the Colum-

bide of Rodriguez.

We then have a notice of a bird also mentioned by Leguat :-—

“On voit un oiseau qui est 4 peu prés comme la chouette, et qui

mange les petits oiseau et les petits lézards. Ils demeurent presque

toujours dans les arbres et lorsqu’ils sentent le beau temps, ils

chantent la nuit et toujours le méme chant ; au contraire, lorsqu’ils

sentent du mauvais temps on ne les entend point.”

This is evidently the Athene murivora of M. Milne-Edwards§.

The concluding notices of birds are :—

“Tl y a beaucoup de CHARDONNERETS qui ont un joli ramage.

“On voit quelques LAvANDIERES, avec quelques autres petits

oiseaux qui ont un fort joli ramage, mais ils sont toujours en garde

des oiseaux de proie, qui sont les chouettes, dont j’ai parlé ci-

devant.”

The “ Chardonnerets’’ may well be referred to Foudia rodericana,

discovered by my brother||; and among the other little birds-was

probably included Drymeca (?) flavicans§ ; but no trace of the

‘¢ Lavandiéres’’ remains, so far as I know.

I have only to add that so soon as I obtained the copy of this

document I acquainted M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards with the fact,

requesting him to examine the original and let me know his opinion

of it. This he, with his usual kindness, has done; and within the last

few days he has written me word that the Report is evidently the

work of an unlettered sailor (as, indeed, I myself had already con-

cluded), but that he has failed to discover the name of its author,

Though now bound up with other documents of the year 1760, he

considers that it must have been written some years earlier, and

most likely in 1729 or 1730. I need not here dwell upon the

reasons which have led him to form this opinion, because he intends

* Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 5, viii. pp. 145-156, pls. 7, 8,

xix. Art. 3, p. 18, pl. 13. figs. 2-2e; Comptes Rendus, lxv. pp. 1121-1125.

+ Ibis, 1872, p. 33. t Ibis, 1865, p. 149.

§ Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 5, xix. Art. 3, p. 15, pl. 11.

figs. 2-2 e.

|| P. Z. S. 1865, p. 47, pl. i. figs. 1, 2. { Tom. cit. p. 47, pl. i. fig. 3.

1875.] MAJOR H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON HELICID#. 43

shortly to make them public. They are no doubt valid; and I shall

conclude by observing that this ‘ Relation’ accordingly offers no evi-

dence of the later existence of the Solitaire and other extinct birds

of Rodriguez than we already had from the journal of Pingré kept in

1761.

5. Supplementary Notes on the Species of Helicide of the

Subgenus Plectopylis. By Major H. H. Gopwin-Avsten,

F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &c., Deputy Superintendent, Topogra-

phical Survey of India.

[Received January 11, 1875.]

Since I have been at Calcutta, I have looked over the specimens

of Plectopylis in the Museum, and find some additional notes to add

to my former paper, as well as a new species, which I now proceed

to describe.

He ix (PLECTOPYLIS) TRILAMELLARIS, N. sp.

Shell sinistral, widely and openly umbilicated, discoid, flat above ;

apex slightly raised, solid, covered with a brown epidermis, roughly

and obliquely striated. Whorls 7, sides well rounded. Aperture

oblique, widely lunate. Peristome white, much reflected and thick-

ened, the margins united by a strong high ridge, reflected slightly

forward, a slight notch separating it from the lower margin of the

peristome. A single simple parietal vertical lamina is situated nearly

one half of the circumference from the aperture, giving off from its

lower end a long horizontal lamella, which extends halfway to the

aperture ; the usual median horizontal lamella is not united to the

vertical Jamina, but extends up to, and is united to the apertural

parietal ridge, and is strongly developed. A third, thread-like free

lamella extends also up to the aperture, having its origin just below the

vertical lamina. The palatal plice are simple, six in number, the

first and upper very short, the second very long, and the rest moderate

and equal.

LT ee ae ee an eae aes 0°65

MEI NOPAGIAII Ag eal fk: lpbcabiaud <seataciee exter ds sealaepOROO

IE SE RT SE Ss Ie PRET | 0).

Hab. Burmah. Exact locality unknown; collected by Mr.

Theobald, jun., of the Geological Survey of India. In the collection

of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

On an examination, kindly assisted by Mr. G. Nevill, of the Indian

Museum, Calcutta, of all the species of this genus, the above form

turned up. It differs so much from P. perarecta, with which it is

closely allied, that I do not hesitate to describe it as new. From

that shell it differs internally in the upper horizontal lamella being

44 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CERVUS CHILENSIS. _[Feb. 2,

coutinuous to the aperture, and in the second being much longer, as

well as in the lengthened form of the second palatal plica; outwardly

in the raised high form of the apertural parietal ridge. There are

two specimens from the same locality in the Museum; and in both

the characters are identical.

Besides describing this new species, I have the following remarks

to make on the species mentioned in my previous communication.

The species known as P. refuga, Gould, var. dextrorsa, from Phié

Thaw, is very close to P. pseudophis. It is a sinistral form, with

these differences—that the vertical parietal plica is rounded, not

notched as in P. pseudophis, and the long free horizontal lamella

beneath it is absent altogether.

This form should now stand as a distinct species, under the title

Plectopylis dextrorsa.

Again, Helix (Plectopylis) refuga, Gould (figured by Philippi,

Abbild. und Beschr. Conch. pl.x. fig. 4), is the same shell as P. letophis,

Bs., the former name having the priority by eleven years ; but in the

original description the internal arrangement of the epiphragms is

not noticed.

Calcutta, Nov, 18, 1874.

February 2, 1875.

Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater exhibited a fine skin and skull of a female Huemul

(Cervus chilensis), and a pair of horns of an adult male forwarded

by Mr. Edwyn C. Reed, C.M.ZS., of the National Museum, San-

tiago, Chili, and read the following communication from him on the

subject :-—

“The Huemul is found near Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan,

where our collector obtained a skin some ten years ago.

«The Chilian men-of-war, exploring the Chonos archipelago, have

killed one or two each year for the last three or four years on the

mainland, near the river Aysen, which may be in latitude 45° S.

The skin now sent was obtained there.

«An old specimen ( 3) in the Museum collection is said to have

been killed in the Andes in the latitude of Concepcion, say 37° S.

“T have recently seen a pair of horns of a specimen killed a few

years ago near the baths of Canquenes, 34° 30'S. Some animals

(mules or mares or both) had been a long time in a mountain pas-

turage ; and when driven in, the Huemul came with them to the

‘corral,’ where it was lassoed and killed. The owner heard of it in

time to get the horns.

«Thus we may conclude that the Huemul is found in the Andes

on either side from Magellan to near Santiago, but far more rarely in

the north than in the southern portion of its range.”

Mr. Sclater then made the following observations on this animal

1875.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON CERVUS CHILENSIS. 45

and other species.of Cervus found on the western slope of the Andes

in Peru and Chili :—

“Mr. Reed having requested information as to the correct generic

and specific names of this Deer, I answer that, according to my views,

Left horn of Cervus chilensis (side view). «@. Brow-antler.

already expressed in a short note in the ‘Annals’ for 1873, it is

simply Cervus chilensis.

“The following appear to be its more recent synonyms :—

‘* CERVUS CHILENSIS.

“ Cervus chilensis, Gay et Gerv. Ann. d. Sc. Nat. v. p. 91 (1846) ;

Gay, Hist. de Chile, Zool. i. p. 159, pl. ii.; Philippi, Wiegm. Arch.

1870, pt. i. p. 46; Sclater, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 213 (1873).

“ Capreolus leucotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 64, Mamm., pl. xii.

“« Huamela leucotis, Gray, Ann. N. H. x. p. 445 (1872), et e7. xi.

p. 219 (cum tab.) et p. 309; Gray, Hand-l. of Edent. &c. p. 160.

“As regards Capreolus leucotis, the female specimen originally

exhibited by Dr. Gray before this Society and figured in our ‘ Pro-

46 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CERVUS CHILENSIS. [Feb. 2,

ceedings’ would appear, from what is stated (P. Z. S. 1849, p. 64),

to have been the stuffed specimen now in the Derby Museum at

Liverpool *.

** But subsequently (Cat. Ruminants, p. 89) Dr. Gray speaks of

the type of Capreolus leucotis as being in the British Museum.

The skin thus referred to belongs undoubtedly to Cervus chilensis,

and is registered in the British Museum as from ‘ Valparaiso. Pre-

sented by the Earl of Derby.’ But in the ‘ Hand-list’ (J. s. c.) it is

stated to be from “ Patagonia.”

“Tn his recent writings Dr. Gray has confused the synonyms of

Cervus chilensis with those of Cervus antisiensis of D’Orbigny, as

will be seen by the following list of the terms he has lately applied

to the latter.

‘““CERVUS ANTISIENSIS:

“* Cervus antisiensis, D’Orb. Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. p. 91 (1834) ;

ej. Voy. Mamm. p. 28, pl. xx. fig. 1.

“* Cervus antisiensis, Tsch. F. P. Mamm. p. 241, tab. xviii. ; Sel.

Ann. N. H. xi. p. 213 (1873).

** Anomalocera huamel, Gray, Scient. Opin. 1869, p. 385.

** Xenelaphus huamel, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 497.

« Xenelaphus leucotis, Gray, Cat. of Rum. p. 89 (1872).

** Xenelaphus anomalocera, Gray, Ann. N. H. x. p. 445 (1872),

et xi. pp. 220, 309.

“« Xenelaphus chilensis, Gray, ibid. xii. p. 161 (1873); Gray,

Hand-l. of Edent. &c. p. 159 (1873).

“‘ Furcifer chilensis, Gray, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 332 (1874).

“Mr. Whitely has sent home from Tinta and the neighbouring

Andes of Peru, which he has lately explored, several examples of

this species, amongst which was the monstrous-horned male upon

which Dr. Gray established his genus Anomalocera sive Xenelaphus.

** Mr. Whitely writes to me that this Deer is called ‘ Ciervo’ (not

Oteidos, as miswritten by Dr. Gray, Ann. N. H. 1874), and is found

in large troops at a higher elevation than C. peruvianus.

“Besides this, Mr. Whitely has likewise obtained in Western

Peru heads of two other species of Deer, upon which Dr. Gray has

established his Cervus whitelyi and C. peruvianus.

“« The synonyms of these species stand as follows :—

“ CERVUS WHITELYI.

“ Cervus whitelyi, Gray, Aun. N. H. xii. p. 163 (1873).

“ Coassus whitelyi, Gray, Hand-l. of Edent. &c. p. 162, t. xxxii.

fig. 2.

«This species is based upon a single skull of a female obtained

near Cosnipata in the Peruvian Andes. As Dr. Gray remarks, it

appears to belong to the section Coassus, which embraces Cervus

rufus and its allies. As no Deer of this form has yet been recog-

* Mr. T. J. Moore, the Curator, writes me as follows :—‘‘ We have the type

of Shige! leucotis, Gray, P. Z.S.Mamm. pl. xii. Its height at the shoulder is

36 inches.”

1875. | MR. P. L, SCLATER ON CERVUS CHILENSIS. 47

nized from Western Peru, it is probably a valid species, of which we

may hope to obtain perfect specimens.

“Mr. Whitely sends me the following note on this species :—‘ The

small red Deer which Dr. Gray has had the kindness to name after

me is found in the hot valleys; and I can tell nothing about its habits,

as it rarely comes out into the clearing, but keeps in the depths of

the forests ; and if seen it is only for a moment, for its movements

are very rapid, and it is quickly lost to sight amongst the dense

underwood.’

“© CERVUS PERUVIANUS.

. “Fureifer antisiensis, Gray, Ann. N. H. xii. p. 162 (1873);

td. Hand-l. of Edent. &e. p. 159, pl. xxxv. fig. 1.

“Cervus (Coassus) peruvianus, Gray, Aun. N. H. xiii. p. 332

(1874).

“This species is also based upon a single specimen of a female

animal obtained in the Andes of Cuzco by Mr. Whitely, and now

in the British Museum. Dr. Gray at first referred it to the Cervus

antisiensis of D’Orbigny, and subsequently to the subgenus Coassus.

It has, however, I believe I may safely say, on the authority of Sir

Victor Brooke, as little to do with the one as with the other, but

belongs, so far as can be told from the single skull, apparently to one of

the southern diminutives of either C. virginianus or C. columbianus.

**Mr. Whitely speaks of this Deer as the ‘ Venado’ of the natives,

and says that it goes in pairs or small troops at a lower elevation

than C. antisiensis ; the horns have also a greater number of prongs.

‘* Whether the second skull (of a male with partly grown irregular

horns) which has been referred to this species in the ‘Hand-list,’ and

is there figured (pl. xxxv. fig. 2), really belongs to C. peruvianus is

very doubtful. It is an old specimen received from this Society’s

former collection ; and its locality is unknown.

“Finally, therefore, we may say that there is evidence of the

existence of three Deer in Western Peru—namely C. (Furcifer)

antisiensis, C. (Coassus) whitelyi, and UC. (Cariacus’?) peruvianus.

In Chili two species only are known, C. (Furcifer) chilensis and C.

(Pudua) humilis.”

Dr. E. Hamilton exhibited and made remarks on some deformed

sterna of the Common Fowl, produced by the variety called the

“ Créve-cceur,” and which had been persistent for six years in a farm

in France.

The following papers were read :—

48 MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LuCTUoSUs. [Feb. 2,

1. On the Kangaroo called Halmaturus luctuosus by D’Al-

bertis, and its Affinities. By A. H. Garrop, B.A.,

F.Z.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge. Pro-

sector to the Society.

[Received January 16, 1875.]

(Plates VII.-IX.)

During the time that H.MLS. ‘ Basilisk’ was cruising in the region

of the south-east of New Guinea one of the sailors acquired a

specimen of a small Kangaroo, which Signor L. M. D’Albertis,

C.M.Z.S., obtained from him at Sydney. In a letter addressed to

Mr. Sclater, dated Sydney, N.S. W., December 1, 1873, Signor

D’Albertis described this specimen, under the name of Hulmaturus

luctuosus, as follows *:—‘‘ Length from the nose to the occiput 43

inches; length of the ears 1? inch; length of the thigh 52 inches ;

length of the tarsus, including the nail, 43 inches; length of the tail

113 inches. Total length, from the nose to the tip of the tail, 2 feet

5 inches. Its weight is 77 pounds.

“The fur is short, its.general colour dark ashy brown with a

silvery tinge, white at the roots; chin, throat, and chest white, with

two horizontal ashy stripes under the pouch; on the top of the

head a silvery whitish spot; the thighs more grey ; feet dark, almost

black ; the arm white inside ; the hand black. The tail moderately

strong, of a similar colour to the body, but white and bare of hairs

for about an inch at the extremity. The lips are barely covered

with fur; the eyelids are puffed, almost naked, and provided with

eyelashes so fine as not to be readily seen at first sight.”

Hab. ‘‘8.E. of New Guinea.”

On April 17, 1874, this Kangaroo was deposited by Signor D’ Al-

bertis in the Society’s Gardens; and at the Meeting for Scientific

Business on May 5th following, Mr. Sclater, in reporting on the

additions to the Society’s Menagerie +, exhibited a drawing of it, and

referred to it as “the typical example of Halmaturus luctuosus of

D’Albertis.” It is this specimen, a female, which forms the

subject of the present communication. It died, Nov. 24, 1874,

with congested lungs, after a severe frost, the first of the commencing

winter.

An examination of the dead body, and especially of the mouth,

which it was impossible to observe in the living animal, made it

evident that the species could not be rightly included inj the genus

Macropus or Halmaturus. Further comparison made it clear

that it was intimately related to the genus Dendrolagus, and also to

the species described in Waterhouse’s ‘Mammalia’t as Macropus

brunit.

* P. ZS. 1874, p. 110. +t P.Z.S8. 1874, p. 247, pl. xlii.

t Vol. i. Marsupiala, p. 180.

Mé&NHanhart imp

SKULL OF DORCOPSIS LUCTUOSA.

a“

ZS 1B 7a ery i

E

WH Wesley lth Mé:NHanhart imp,

SUBMAXILLARY REGION OF DORCC

PZSI87bPLIX:

13 é

M&NHanhart imp

TH OF DORCOPSIS LUCTUOSA 6-10. TEETH OF D _MULLERT.

* 11-15. TEETH OF MACROPUS BRUNII

1875.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LUCTUOSUS. 49

Mr. Waterhouse bases his description of this last-named species

on a skin so labelled in the British Museum, and on Miuller’s

account of the same animal in his elaborate work*, in the letterpress

of which it is termed Dorcopsis brunii. The priority of the generic

name being undisputed, any fresh species which can be shown to be

generically related to the above-determined species is evidently a

species of the genus Dorcopsis.

This last remark is called for because the subject is rendered

somewhat involved by an oversight of the illustrious Miller. Iu

his description of his Dorcopsis brunii he evidently has no doubt

that the specimen or specimens he is considering, is or are iden-

tical with the ‘‘ Philander”? described by Bruyn+ as having been

seen by him in the garden of the Governor of Batavia, upon which

the name érunii was originally based. Prof. Schlegel}, how-

ever, has most convincingly shown the unjustifiableness of this as-

sumption, and has proved beyond a doubt that the species to which

the name Philander can alone be applied is that found only in the

islands of Aru and the Ké group, whilst the species which forms

the subject of Miiller’s memoir is a denizen of New Guinea itself.

Prof. Schlegel therefore retains the name Macropus brunii for the

Philander of Aru, and of the New-Guinea animal forms the new

species Macropus muellert. As to me it is evident that M. muellerz

is generically distinct from Macropus in its widest sense, and from

all its minor divisions, it is also evident that Dorcopsis muelleri must

be the name applied to the Dorcopsis brunii of Miller. The species

which forms the subject of the present communication, belonging (as

I hope to prove) to the same genus as Dorcopsis muelleri (Schlegel),

must therefore stand as Dorcopsis luctuosa (D’ Albertis).

The material at my disposal is the following:—the skin and

skeleton of the type specimen of Dorcopsis luctuosa; the skins of an

adult male and female, as well as of a young male, of Dorcopsis

muelleri in the British Museum, collected by Mr. Wallace; a skull

from the skin of the above-mentioned female of Dorcopsis muelleri ;

the much-discoloured skin of the male of the same species in the

British Museum, from New Guinea, described by Mr. Waterhouse§

as Macropus brunii; two skeletons of Dendrolagus inustus, one

in the British Museum and the other in the Museum of the College

of Surgeons ; as well as a pair of skins and an imperfect skull

of Macropus brunit from Aru, kindly lent me by Mr. Edward

Gerrard.

So far as I know, the visceral anatomy of Dorcopsis muelleri has

not been described. That of Dendrolagus inustus is fully given by

Prof. Owen in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society ||; and some of the

actual specimens on which this description is based are preserved

in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. The internal anatomy

of Macropus brunii is not known.

* Zoogdieren van den Indischen Archipel. pt. 4, pl. xxi.

tT Reizen over Moskovie, p. 374, pl. 213 (1713).

~ Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 1866, p. 350 ef seg.

§ ‘Mammalia,’ vol. i. p. 180. || P. ZS. 1852, p. 108 e¢ seg.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. 1V. 4

50 MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LucTuosus. [Feb. 2,

The following Table gives the most important measurements of

the skin of the female Dorcopsis luctuosa, compared with specimens

of the same sex of Dorcopsis muelleri aud Macropus brunit.

Dorcopsis | Dorcopsis | Macropus

Lengths &e. Pos 9. futon 9. brunis? :

| in. , in.

From tip of nose to base of tail...........| 24 20-25 21-0

Waal , essai ted: voces eae tee eee ees tees herent 13°25 15-4 11°75

From tip of nose to occiput ..............5) 50 | 5:0 40

Hore lini sarccecetee vest cana cesar nea aae| ou) 6°75 4:75

irid limp 20 ncaa tacos eteessteser ses | 10°75 | 12-55 10°5

From heel to end of nail of fourth toe =| 4:75 4-75 5-0

WMenpibyofiear qaeesnsvshe-cteeaneteanes sesh 2 14 1:25 1-75

Circumference of base of tail ............... 7 IO saa ieee 2:0

From knee to knee over the back ......... TA On cle vase oe | 17:0

The general contour of the body is quite Macropine ; the breadth

at the hips, however, is somewhat small. The hair is soft, short,

and of a nearly uniform length all over the skin.

The head is elongate and conical, the muffle naked, the eyes

large and antilopine. The colour of the upper surface and sides of

the head* and back is uniformly blackish with a silvery gloss,

each hair being whitish at its base for two fifths of its length, black

for the next two fifths, and white at the tip. On the ventral

surface a broad longitudinal white band extends from the line

joining the angles of the mouth, backwards along the neck and

belly as far as the pouch, behind and from the sides of which it

continues towards the tail of a true slate-colour as far as the cloacal

orifice, between which spot and the base of the tail it is again white.

This white band occupies the whole of the region between the

angles of the jaw, and continues down the neck over the abdomen of

a slightly greater width. It only encroaches on the sides of the

body by sending an expansion into each axilla, which is visible

laterally just behind the elbow. There is no lateral transverse

white stripe across the front of the thigh, like that so strongly

marked in M. brunit; and, unlike this last named species, the light

grey, nearly white stripe above and parallel to the lip is very insigni-

ficant, and does not extend backwards under the eye.

The ear is rounded, black inside and out, with a slight white line

formed by the similarly coloured roots of the there exposed hairs

bounding the auditory meatus anteriorly.

The non-exposed surfaces of both the arm proper and the thigh

are of a pale grey. The other parts of both the fore and hind

limbs are black. The nails of both the fore and hind limbs are

short and Macropine.

* The silvery white spot on the top of the head, mentioned in D’Albertis’

description, is not produced by the presence of white hair, but results from the

fact that the spot where it is sometimes seen is the anterior junction of the

forward-directed hair of the neck with the backward-directed hair of the frontal

region. Its existence depends entirely on the way in which the hair is brushed ;

and it is not visible except after the natural disposition has been disturbed.

1875.| MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LUCTUOSUS. 51

The peculiarity in the direction of the hair of the neck, which else-

where occurs only in Dorcopsis muelleri, Dendrolagus ursinus, and

Dendrolagus inustus, is as strongly marked as in those species—all

the hair covering the space bounded in front by a line running

transversely across the parietal region, and behind by two lines

joining in the middle line between the shoulders to form a right

angle seven inches behind the occiput, and extending forward and

outward to the shoulder-joint, being directed forward, whilst the

general body-covering of hair is directed normally backwards.

The lips are nearly naked, as is the skin covering the subsym-

physial portion of the mandible, just behind which are four large

and conspicuous glandular hair-follicles in the middle line, arranged

in pairs to form a square (Plate VIII.). A collection of glands of a

similar nature is found on the upper eyelid, situated a little nearer

the inner than the outer canthus. These are well shown in Miiller’s

drawing of Dorcopsis muelleri*. A few long hairs are to be found on

the sides of the upper lip.

The eyelids are somewhat puffed, almost naked, with the eye-

lashes scarcely apparent.

The tail is peculiar in being of considerable diameter to near its

extremity, and in being uniformly thickly covered, for all but its

termination, with soft, not very short, black hair. The shin of the

distal end of the tail is lack, except for its terminal 14 inch, where

it is nearly white. On the upper part of this white portion there

are a few white hairs; elsewhere it is naked and scaly. The scales

are also distinctly seen extending forward for a short space over the

inferior surface of the black skin, from the absence of hair in that

part. The characteristic manner in which the animal employs its

tail as a method of support (well shown in P. Z.S. 1874, pl. xlii.),

might have almost been predicted from the above-described distribu-

tion of the hair; for it is evident that only a part at the extreme

end could have habitually come into contact with the ground.

The only brown hair on the body is that in the pouch, which is

rufous. There are four mamme.

There is not the least difficulty in distinguishing Dorcopsis luc-

tuosa from D. muelleri. 'The general colour of the head, back, and

tail in the specimens of the latter species from Mysol, above referred

to, is a mouse-chocolate, which becomes duller over the thighs, and of

a pale grey on the outside of the fore limb. In D. muelleri the

general white of the abdominal surface expands slightly opposite the

orifice of the pouch, just above the knees; it, however, does not

develop into a band over the flank as in Macropus brunii: the

white of the throat also extends on to the angle of the jaw, and

continues forward to join the dim white stripe along the upper lip ;

and there is a second insignificant white line under each eye, also

(as mentioned by Prof. Schlegel) not nearly so marked as in M,

brunti. In the male of D. muelleri the white tip to the tail is as

much as three inches in length.

The skull of Dorcopsis luctuosa (Plate VII.) very closely resembles

* Loe. cit. pl. xxii.

4*

52 MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LUCTUOSUS. [Feb. 2,

that of D. muelleri, the following being the two most important mea-

surements in adult specimens of the same sex (female) :—

w: luctuosa. De muclleri.

In. in.

Length of skulle: ia. dV F224 AS 4°] 4°55

Greatest breadth, from zygoma to

ZY ZOWMA' eye eleveleleie eters SUSE RS 2°2 2°03

In some minor details there are slight differences. In D. mueller,

as in most species of Macropus, the premaxillary region is bent

downwards in such a way that the line formed by the trenchant

edges of the molar teeth, if projected onwards to the nose, is quite

above the incisor teeth. In D. ductuosa this bending downwards of

the snout is not so marked, as will be seen by comparing the side

view of the skull (Plate VII. fig. 3) and the similar one of D. muelleri

in Prof. Miiller’s elaborate work above referred to.

The palatine foramina, one large one on each side, together with

several much smaller ones behind each, in D. muellert end behind

the transverse palato-maxillary sutures, whilst in D. luctuosa their

anterior margins are formed by the palatine plates of the maxillary

bones, into which they encroach a short distance. In D. luctuosa

the upper of the lacrymal foramina in each lacrymal bone has an

ossific ridge behind it, which causes it to be completely exserted, or

situated on the face outside the orbit; whilst in D. muwelleri the

absence of this bony ridge causes it to be situated in a recess on the

margin of the orbit. In D. luctuosa the apex of the augular

process which is developed downwards from the inferior margin of

the maxillary portion of the zygoma, is opposite the anterior cusp of

the third molar tooth, whilst in D. mnelleri it corresponds to the

posterior cusp of the second molar.

With regard to the teeth themselves, the canines in D. muelleri

are quite the size of or even slightly larger than the most lateral

incisor; in D. luctuosa, however, they are much smaller, being

nothing more than slightly curved dentine cylinders about =) of

an inch in diameter, as in the subgenus Lagorchestes, and directed

downwards and forwards. In both the species the third incisor has

an inflection on its labial surface, as in all the species of Macropus:

in D. muelleri this fold is a little in front of the middle of the tooth ;

and in D. luctuosa it is decidedly nearer the posterior border. In

the last-named species there is a similar distinct inflection on the

second incisor; in D. muelleri this is not apparent. In D. muelleri

the inferior incisor is directed more immediately forward than in

D, luctuosa, in which it turns slightly upwards; this peculiarity is

correlated with the difference in the obliquity of the premaxillary

region (vide Plate IX.).

In the enormous premolars there is a slight difference—those of

D. muelleri being a little the larger, in the upper jaw having a

breadth of 0°55 inch against 0°475 inch for the same teeth in

D. luctuosa. In D. muellert the bony septum between the two fangs

of each premolar, especially of the lower jaw, is particularly con-

1875.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LUCTUOSUS. 5S

spicuous in the undisturbed tooth, even projecting slightly beyond

the osseous alveolar margin. In D. luctuosa this septum is scarcely

visible.

The most important characters of the skull of Dorcopsis, as a

genus, which distinguishes it from Dendrolagus, are the following :—

In Dendrolagus the head is proportionally much shorter, the effect

of which on the lower jaw is that, as the dental series is not cor-

respondingly reduced, the ramus and the body of each lateral moiety

meet at a right instead of an obtuse angle; there are no palatine

foramina; the zygoma is considerably deeper ; the exoccipital pro-

cesses are longer, though not much so; the lower incisors are con-

siderably broader, at the same time that the upper lateral incisors

are larger and more cylindrical, with superficial grooves which can

searcely be termed inflections; the premolars are not so broad, and

their outer posterior tubercles are more distinctly developed.

The molar teeth of Dorcopsis and Dendrolagus are almost iden-

tical (vide Plate IX.).

The cranial characters which distinguish Dorcopsis, as a genus,

from Macropus are not very significant. Looking at the base of

the skull the arrangement of the teeth deserves attention. In

Dorcopsis the premolar with the molars on both sides form straight

lines which are exactly parailel one to the other; whilst in Maero-

pus the molar-premolar series form slight curves, convex outwards,

converging behind as well as in front.

In Dorcopsis the zygomata are not so powerful or deep from

above downwards as in the similar-sized species of MJacropus. A

peculiarity also presents itself in the lateral occipital region, the

exoccipitals descending considerably below the free extremities of

the paramastoids in Macropus, whilst in Dorcopsis they reach down-

wards scarcely any further distance.

Respecting the teeth, Dorcopsis differs from Macropus in the

much diminished size of the superior lateral incisors. The central

incisors are not so broad, but nearly as long. The second incisor is

very much smaller; and though presenting a slight inflection in

D. luctuosa, as mentioned above, this inflection is not, as in Macro-

pus, posterior and internal, at the line of contact with the anterior

margin of its more lateral neighbour. The third incisor is also very

much smaller. The inflection on its labial or outer surface presents

the same differences in the two species of Dorcopsis that are found

in the various species of Macropus: in D. luctuosa, as in M. brunii

and M. thetidis, it is very near its posterior border; whilst in

D. muelleri, as in M. major and most of the other species, it is far

forward.

The inferior incisors in Dorcopsis are proportionally narrower

than in Macropus, in which peculiarity Dendrolagus resembles the

latter genus; they, however, wear down in a similar manner, namely

at the anterior end of the supero-lateral margin, differently from

that in the Hypsiprymniform Macropodide, in which they wear in a

rodent-like fashion.

The presence of the superior canines in Dorcopsis distinguishes it

54 MR, A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LucTuosus. [Feb. 2,

from most of the species of Macropus, although they are almost as

well developed in the subgenus Lagorchestes as in D. luctuosa, and

in that one only.

The premolars of Dorcopsis are particularly interesting, presenting

characteristic features which are more suggestive of its affinities than

any other skeletal point. As to those in the upper jaw, their

breadth from before backwards is very nearly or quite as great as

that of the first and second molar together with the anterior of the

two cusps of the third. The crown of the tooth on each side is

prismatic in shape, with one of the angles forming the cutting-edge,

the opposite side the base. A tubercle on the inner surface of the

posterior end of the tooth disturbs the uniformity of the prismatic

shape; it is continued forward along the margin of the lingual

surface as a feebly developed ridge or cingulum. Opposite it, on

the labial surface, a small tubercle is also to be found, larger in

Dendrolagus, with a similar, slighter cingular expansion.

From the thus somewhat swollen neck or cingulum several ridges

with intervening depressions run at right angles, to end at the

trenchant edge. These ridges differ considerably from those ob-

served in the corresponding tooth of the genus Bettongia, in other

points than their degree of obliquity: they are less numerous, and

therefore further apart, because the tooth is considerably broader ;

and they are continued as what look like tumefactions of their basal

ends, into both the inner and outer cingulum. It may be here

mentioned that the premclars of Hypsiprymunus proper (J. murinus,

H. gilberti, and H. platyops) agree much more closely with Dor-

copsis and Dendrolagus in the characters in which those genera differ

from Bettongia.

The mandibular premolars are much like those in the maxilla.

They are not so broad, equalling only the two succeeding molars.

They present a tumefaction or cingulum at the base of the crown ;

but the posterior internal and external tubercles are not developed.

In Macropus there is never any thing like the size of the premolars

of Dorcopsis or Dendrolagus, although there is a considerable range

of difference in different sections of the genus, which in J/acropus

proper appears to me to be correlated with the length of ear rather

than with any other character. In M. major their size and per-

manency is but slight; and in most of the long-eared species they

are not so broad as the first true molar. In M. dillardiert and

MM. brunii they attain their maximum size proportionally ; and they

are nearly as large in the subgenera Petrogale and Lagorchestes.

In M. billardieri and M. brunii they are almost exact miniatures of

those in Dorcopsis, except that the number of perpendicular ridges

is fewer.

Respecting the molars of Dorcopsis and Dendrolagus, they may

be termed macropodiform, because, though much resembling those

of the type genus, they present special characters. The two trans-

verse prismatic ridges, with the small connecting bridge between

them, are present, although the last-named structure is less _con-

spicuous and narrower. The anterior minor ridge is also to be seen;

1875.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LUCTUOSUS. 55

it is, however, much smaller and narrower than in Macropus ; as in

that genus, it is more marked in the mandibular than in the maxil-

lary molars. The peculiar twist in the molar-premolar series of the

lower jaw (the anterior teeth turning outwards and the posterior

inwards), by which the trenchant edges are rendered parallel as in

the upper jaw, at the same time that the rami of the mandible

converge, is, as might be expected from the previously mentioned

greater parallelism in the maxillary series of Dorcopsis, more marked

in that genus than in Macropus. It may be mentioned that the

molar teeth in Dorcopsis and Dendrolagus do not exhibit any

characters intermediate between Macropus and Hypsiprymnus.

The remaining bones of the skeleton do not present features of

special interest. The typical number of precaudal vertebrae are

present, namely C. 7, D. 13, L. 6, and S. 2; there are 19 caudal

vertebrze, with well developed chevron bones between the proximal

ones. The anterior arch of the atlas presents no gap, the two

moieties meeting with a linear junction. The anticlinal vertebre

are the 10th, 11th, and 12th dorsal. The clavicles are fairly

developed ; and the first ribs are very broad. There is a supra-

condyloid foramen to the humerus; and the fibula is not ossified to

the tibia. The following are the lengths of some of the most

important long bones :—Humerus 2°75 inches, radius 3°2, femur 5:1,

tibia 6:2, fourth metatarsal 1°8, pubic symphysis 1:7.

Respecting the soft parts, the tongue has three small circumval-

late papillee at its base, arranged in the ordinary V-shaped manner.

The palate presents several strongly marked transverse ridges. The

submaxillary and sublingual glands are small, the former ellipsoid in

shape. The parotids are large, flat, and triangular, with their bases

directed towards the root of the neck, and their apices to the mas-

seter muscle. Their position is indicated by the dotted lines in

Plate VIII.

The left lung is formed of a single lobe, witha slight fissure on the

ventral margin, near the apex, opposite the broadest part of the

heart. The right lung consists of two lobes, the main portion and

the azygos lobe. The lobe proper presents two fissures—one near the

apex, running vertebrally and diaphragmatically, separating an apical

lobule, the other running vertebro-apically and marking off the

median lobule*. This median lobule partly embraces the base of the

heart, as in many animals. There is no third bronchus.

The heart is quite Macropine, there being two superior venze cave.

The right ventricle also spirally wraps round the much stronger

left, as in Macropus.

The stomach is perfectly Macropine ; that is, it is elongated, sac-

culated, with the cesophagus entering it much nearer the czecal than

* The method of description here adopted is an attempt to avoid the employ-

ment of terms which necessitate any assumption with respect to the position of

the animal. Supposing the animal to have its vertebral column horizontal, and

its four limbs on the ground, then the above description might be thus read :—

“The lobe proper presents two fissures—one near the apex, running upwards

and backwards, the other running forwards and upwards.”

56 MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LuUCTUOsUS. [Feb. 2,

the pyloric extremity, with the walls of the pyloric end smooth and

much thickened. The cardiac ciecal extremity, like that in Dendro-

lagus as described by Prof. Owen, consists of a single cul-de-sac,

not a bifid one like that in Macropus giganteus.

In the subgenus Petrogale the stomach is not bifid at its cardiac

extremity, in which respect it resembles Dorcopsis. In other

respects, however, it presents considerable differences; it is more

capacious opposite the oesophageal orifice, and the cardiac portion

is bent on the rest nearly at right angles, which is not the case in

Macropus giganteus and Dorcopsis.

The character of the mucous membrane also deserves attention.

In Macropus giganteus, as is well known, the squamous epithelium

of the cesophagus spreads over most of the stomach also, the pyloric

extremity and one of the two cardiac cca (which is itself bifid)

being alone lined with a columnar coating. In Petrogale this latter

is absent, the digestive mucous membrane being confined to the

pyloric region. Of Dendrolagus inustus Prof. Owen remarks*,

‘the epithelium is continued from the cesophagus, for a breadth ne

2 inches down the posterior surface of the stomach, and of 12

inch down the anterior surface, and thence is continued, slightly

diminished in breadth, 3 inches towards the pyloric end of the sto-

mach, and 23 inches towards the cardiac end. The rest of the

cavity is lined with the usual gastric vascular membrane, the surface

of which is diversified by patches of follicular apertures along the

upper curvature of the stomach, which patches increase in breadth

as they approach the true digestive portion.” A very similar con-

dition maintains in Dorcopsis luctuosa, the only difference being

that the squamous lining covering the whole of the cardiac cul-de-

sac is also found to spread from the cesophageal orifice along the

lesser curvature fora short distance towards the pylorus. As in

Dendrolagus inustus, two strong parallel longitudinal folds run from

the cesophageal opening, in this squamous-covered mucous mem-

brane, for some distance on the way to the pyloric compartment,

gradually disappearing before they reach it.

The small intestine is 97 inches in length, with numerous oblong

ie s patches distributed throughout its whole distance, averaging

4 inch long, by 3 inch across. The cecum and large intestine are

ie sacculated ; the former has a length of 23 inches, and its cir-

cumference is the same; the latter is 32 ina long, being one third

the length of the small intestine, which is the same proportion that

Prof. Oweny observed between the same-named viscera of Dendro-

lagus inustus. The equally short cecum in the Hypsiprymni differs

in having two lateral longitudinal bands which scarcely sacculate it.

The spleen is perfectly Macropine, being narrow and elongate,

with a well-developed third lobule.

The liver very closely resembles that of the different species of

Macropus. Yn comparing the livers of different animals it is my

habit to estimate by sight, and therefore only approximately, the

the bulk of the different lobes, and to write down the results in the

* P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 105. t P. Z. §. 1852, p. 106.

1875.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LUCTUOSUS. 57

form of a formula. Employing the divisions, so evidently natural,

proposed by Prof. Flower, 1 commence by writing down the name

of the largest lobe, after which the others in the order of their bulk,

with symbols between each to indicate their relative size. Taking

the liver-formula of Dorcopsis luctuosa as an example, it may be thus

written,

Li 2>G,. ->h:C, 5>Sp >8.L. 2>1L.C. ;

and it reads as follows: —The left lateral lobe (L.L.) is the largest ;

it is twice the size of the caudate (C.), which is half as large again

as the right central (R.C.), which is half as large again as the Spi-

gelian (Sp.), which is larger (very little) than the right lateral

(R.L.), which is twice the size of the left central (L.C.).

The similarly constructed formula of Macropus melanops is

L.L.=C.2>R.C. $>R.L. $>Sp. 3>L.C.,

and of Halmaturus derbianus

L.L. 13 >C=R.C. $>Sp. ¢>R.L. 2>L.C. :

they show how great a similarity there is between the different mem-

bers of the family Macropide.

The gall-bladder is situated in the deep cystic fossa; and the um-

bilical fissure is not deep. The Spigelian lobe has its apex directed

vertebrally and resting on the left lateral lobe, as in Macropus ; no

secondary lobules are connected with it.

There is a peculiarity in the liver of the specimen of Dorcopsis luc-

tuosa under consideration, which may be individual, or it may be

characteristic of the species, genus, or subfamily; at all events, I

have not seen itin any other mammalian animal. Looking at the

diaphragmatic surface of any multilobate liver, the lateral margins of

the mass formed by the right and left central lobes are always seen

to overlap, toa greater or less extent, the lateral lobes in an imbricate

manner. Similarly the right lateral lobe overlaps or covers the caudate.

In the livers of Macropus and Halmaturus which I have by me,

this conformation is strictly maintained. But in Dorcopsis luctuosa

the caudate lobe overlaps the right lateral lobe (instead of being

situated on its abdominal surface), in such a way that the last-named

lobe is only seen between the right free edge of the right central

lobe and the left free edge of the caudate. This condition is not

brought about by any post mortem change in the position of the

lobes, because the right lateral fissure is not so deep as to separate

them at their vertebral extremity.

The uterus is perfectly Macropine, as are the vaginee. No direct

communication could be found between the uterine pouch of the

vaginze and the common vaginal canal.

A gland, as usual, about the size of an almond, with a slender

duct, opens on each side of the narrow cavity included between the

sphincter ani and the external common sphincter.

In conclusion, the comparison of the various organs and structures

58 MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LucTUosuUS. [Feb. 2,

of the Macropodidee which have come before me in my study of

Dorcopsis luctuosa would lead me to divide up the family in the

following manner :—

Family MACROPODID. Diprotodont Marsupialia wanting the

hallux, the second and third digits of the pes being much re-

duced and included in the skin as far as the ungual phalanges,

which at the same time have the claws so formed that the inner

is convex inwards and the outer convex outwards, at the same

time that their contiguous surfaces are flattened. The stomach

is elongated and sacculated.

Subfamily Macrorop1n#. Macropodide in which the ceso-

phagus enters the stomach near the cardiac end; witha Spi-

gelian lobe to the liver; with no lateral longitudinal bands

to the colic ceecum when it is short, and with radius of nor-

mal form.

Section 1. Macropus. With the premolars never much

larger than the first molar; with a characteristic molar

tooth-pattern ; with the stomach but slightly lined with

digestive epithelium (?) and with the hair on the nape of the

neck directed backwards. Hab. Australia, Tasmania,

Aru, and the Ké Islands.

Genera or subgenera. Macropus, Halmaturus, Petrogale,

Lagorchestes.

Section 2. Dorcopsis. With the premolars strikingly large,

with a characteristic molar-tooth-pattern, slightly modi-

fied upon that of Macropus; with the stomach mostly

lined with digestive epithelium, and with the hair of

the nape of the neck directed forwards. Hab. New Guinea

and Mysol.

Genus 1. Dorcopsis. Limbs Macropine in their proportions.

Genus 2. Dendrolagus, Protemnodon*, Sthenurus*. Fore

limbs much longer than in Macropus.

Subfamily HypstprymMNinz&. Macropodide in which the

cesophagus enters the stomach near the pyloricend ; with no

special Spigelian lobe to the liver; with lateral longitudinal

bands to the short colic cecum; with a much-flattened and

expanded radius, with a characteristic molar-tooth-pattern,

and with the incisors worn down much as in Rodent animals.

Hab. Australia and Tasmania.

Genus Hypsiprymnus (including H. murinus, H. gilberti,

and H. platyops). Auditory bulla somewhat inflated ;

palatine foramina, one large one on each side ; ridges on

premolars few and perpendicular. Face elongate.

* An inspection of the plates in Prof. Owen’s paper on these new genera

(Phil. Trans. 1875, p. 245), makes it evident that they are scarcely distinguish-

able from Dendrolagus, and must be included in the Dorcopsts section of the

family.

‘ ‘ iar aioe ea Ad 4

7 er} |

s +

ke

> = . é

é eve

‘ by Ff

3 <=

io! *

ae

A : ‘

i

; y

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&

. * @

a <1

-

i f

;

iG \ id 7

, Tard

PZ.S. 1875. Ea

JSumnt, del. et lith. M&NHanhart, 2m]

CACATUA GOFFINI.

fal

11 5

ael &

rey a

Ome

J

1875.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME RARE PARROTS. a9

Genus Bettongia (including all the others of the group except

B. rufescens). Auditory bulla much inflated; palatine

foramina as in Hypsiprymnus; ridges on premolars

numerous and oblique ; head short.

Genus Apyprymnus* (including only Bettongia rufescens

of Gould). Auditory bulla not inflated; palatine fora-

mina absent; head short; tarsus considerably longer

than in the two other genera.

It should be mentioned that the visceral anatomy of Apyprymnus

rufescens has not been published, and that Mr. Waterhouse divides

the genus Hypsiprymnus into three subgenera corresponding exactly

with the three genera here defined.

My best thanks are due both to Mr. Sclater and to Dr. Giinther

for the very kind way in which both these gentlemen have assisted

me in my study of this subject.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prats VII.

Lateral superior and inferior views of the skull of Dorcopsis luctuosa, natural size.

Prats VIII.

View of the inferior surface of the neck of Dorcopsis luctuosa, showing the

median gland with four orifices situated in the hyoid region. The positions

of the large parotid and small submaxillary glands are indicated by dotted

lines.

Prats IX.

Teeth, twice the natural size, of (figs. 1-5) Dorcopsis luctuosa, (figs. 6-10) Dor-

copsis miillert, and (figs. 11-15) Macropus brunti. The upper two rows

represent the left upper premolar, the third and fourth rows the upper

and lower third left molar, and the bottom row the incisors.

2. On some rare Parrots living in the Society’s Gardens.

By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the

Society.

[Received January 30, 1875.]

(Plates X. & XL)

The determination of the Parrots in the Society’s collection, aided

by Dr. Finsch’s excellent Monograph, I do not usually find a difficult

task. But several of the more recent accessions have caused me some

little trouble, and rendered investigations necessary, concerning the re-

sults of which, I think, a few notes may be acceptable to naturalists.

In the Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for 1871 (p. 490 et segq.) I di-

stinguished a new species of white Cockatoo from a specimen living

in the Gardens as Cacatua gymnopis +, and took occasion to point

out the differences between it and its two allies Cacatua ducorpsi and

C. sanguinea, of which living examples were also then in the collection.

* This term I propose for Mr. Waterhouse’s first section of Hypsiprymnus,

which he has left without any Latin name. :

t The type of this species is still alive in the Gardens; and we have also a

second specimen, purchased Feb. 15, 1872.

60 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME RARE PARROTS. [Feb, 2,

A recent examination of the living specimens of White Cockatoos now

in the Society’s Gardens has convinced me that we have at the pre-

sent moment examples of a fourth, nearly allied species, which I had

not previously recognized. This is the Cacatua goffini described by

Finsch* in 1863 from a specimen living in the Gardens of the Zoo-

logical Society of Amsterdam. Of this bird we have now three ex-

amples alive in the Parrot-house, which have been hitherto wrongly

named Cacatua ducorpsit. I also exhibit a skin of the same species

from the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. This specimen

is of great interest, as it was obtained by Mr. J. T. Cockerell at

Coomara in Queensland, about 30 miles from Brisbane, and thus fixes

the habitat of C. gofini, which was not previously known f.

I have no means of pointing out the precise differences between C.

gofini and C. ducorpst of the Solomon Islands, no specimen of the

latter being accessible. But it would seem that in C. ducorpsi the

Fig. ke Fig. 2.

Foot of Cacatua goffint. Foot of Cacatua sanguinea.

interior of the crest is lemon-yellow, not rosy red as in O. goffini§,

* Plictolophus goffini, Finsch, Papag. i. p. 308.

+ The first is /ahelled as haying been “ purchased in 1864;” but this is proba-

bly an error; the second was presented by Mr. C. Turner in June 1871, and

the third presented by Mr. 8. F. Deane in October last year.

¢ Mr. Cockerell tells me he shot this bird in December 1873, out of a flock of

the ordinary Cacatua galerita, and never met with a second specimen.—P. L. 8S.

§ I think it possible that the specimen which I spoke of (P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 490)

as C. ducorpsi may not have been realiy one of the original pair of this species,

but an example of C. goffini. In spite of every care, labels on living birds are occa-

sionally misplaced, and confusion thus arises.

1875.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME RARE PARROTS. 61

and that the rosy tinge at the bases of the neck- and breast-feathers

is wanting.

From C. sanguinea, with which it has been hitherto generally con-

founded, C. goffini is distinguishable not only by the characters

pointed out by Dr. Finsch, but also by its much shorter and compa-

ratively thicker toes and claws. This will be at once apparent upon

comparing the specimen with the original type of C. sanguinea,

which Mr. Gould has kindly lent me (see figures, p. 60).

It appears, therefore, that there are ¢hree different species of the

smaller division of White Cockatoos living in Australia, namely :—

1. Cacatua sANGUINEA, Gould, from North Australia, figured,

Gould, B. Austr. v. pl. 3. The only certain locality for this species

appears to be Port Essington, where Mr. Gould’s type was obtained.

2. CacATUA GYMNOPIS, Sclater, from the interior of South Aus-

tralia*,

Of this species I exhibit a beautiful figure of the typical specimen

described P. Z. S. 1871, p. 493, which Mr. Gould has prepared for

his second Supplement to the ‘ Birds of Australia.’

Both these species are perhaps more correctly referable to Licmetis,

with which they agree in their long slender toes (see fig. 2, p. 60),

naked skin round the eye, and more compressed bill. C. gymnopis

is certainly intermediate between C. sanguinea and Licmetis nasica.

It is a larger species than C. sanguinea.

3. Cacatua GorFini (Finsch), from Queensland, of which I like-

wise show a drawing by Mr. Smit (Plate X.) from one of our living

specimens.

Passing to the American Parrots now or lately in our collection, I

exhibit the skin of a very fine example of Chrysotis guatemale,

Hartlaub, with the blue head well developed+, the only living exam-

ple I have ever met with of this species.

I also exhibit an accurate drawing by Mr. Smit (Plate XI.) of Chry-

sotis bouqueti (Bechst.), one of the rarest and least-known species of

this extensive genus, from the individual living in our Gardens. I

have noticed the arrival of this specimen on a former occasion (see

P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 323) ; but it was then in bad plumage. Edwards’s

figure, upon which the species was originally based, was likewise

taken from a living specimen; and there is no example of it in any

Museum known to Dr. Finsch. Its correct habitat is, as I had pre-

viously conjectured (see P. Z.S. 1874, p. 324), the island of St.

Lucia, where Mr. Nevill Holland obtained a living example, which

is now in his possession.

Besides these specialities, we have at present examples of several

* As already stated (P. Z.S. 1871, p. 490), there is a specimen of this species

in the British Museum, collected by Sturt in the interior of South Australia. It

is therefore no doubt the Cacatua sanguinea of the Appendix to his ‘Travels

in Central Australia,’ ii. p. 36. In Messrs. Salvin aud Godman’s collection is

a Sa of this bird, obtained from Adelaide, and probably from the same

district.

t Purchased April 21, 1870; died Noy. 10, 1874.

62 MR, E. BARTLETT ON MAMMALS [Feb. 2,

other little-known species in our Parrot-house, such as Chrysotis vi-

ridigenalis, Lorius tibialis, Eos reticulata, Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis,

P. personata, and Coracopsis barklyi.

The whole series of birds of the family in the building consists at

the present moment of 186 specimens, belonging to 115 species.

3. List of the Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Waters

in Madagascar. By Epwarp Barrterr, Curator of the

Museum and Public Library, Maidstone.

[Received December 31, 1874.]

(Plate XII.)

I have the pleasure of forwarding to the Society a list of the

Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Waters in Madagascar, which

I have observed from time to time in his collections on their arrival,

thinking that it may be useful for reference as regards his specimens

obtained in that island.

MAMMALS.

1 Lemur varius, Geoffr.

Interior of Madagascar.

A number of flat skins were in a former collection, and one male

and three females are in the present collection, of the black-and-white

variety, from the S.E. coast. The sexes are alike in colouring.

2. LemuR MELANOCEPHALUS (Gray).

Interior of Madagascar.

Male and female of this species in a former collection. They are

alike. The head of the male is perhaps alittle blacker than the female’s.

3. HAPALEMUR GRISEUS, Geoffr.

Tamatave.

A female in the first collection.

4, CHIROGALEUS TyPIcus, Smith.

Tamatave.

A single skin in the first collection.

5, CHrROGALEUS SMITHII, Gray.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

A female in the present collection.

6. PROPITHECUS DIADEMA, Bennett.

Tamatave and the interior of Madagascar.

Several imperfect flat skins were in the first collection, which

varied much in colour, some being iron-grey on the shoulders with

pale yellowish fore limbs, and others rich red brown on the fore

limbs. In a second collection I received a fine skin in which the red-

brown of the limbs was extremely rich, and the grey colour on the

shoulders very bright and silvery.

TACT

ISCAVMCH SNe

SNSDHOONVI

1 INV LOd

coda al

LCht

1875.] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 63

7. PROPITHECUS EDWARDsI, Grand.

The two males received from the S.E. coast of Madagascar are

brownish black, with the loins yellowish brown, darkish on the

middle of the back and belly.

8. PRopiTHECUS CoROoNATUS, Grand.

Interior of Madagascar.

Male, female, and young in a former collection. The young one

was about half-grown, with the black of the head extending down

the neck, and intermixed with brown and yellowish white on the

shoulders and fore limbs; loins, hind limbs, and tail yellowish

white.

9. PROPITHECUS DECKENI, Peters.

Interior of Madagascar.

Two males in a former collection :—one all yellowish white with a

blackish spot on the back of the neck; the second was entirely

white without the spot.

10. InpRIs BREVICAUDATUS, Geoffr.

East of Tamatave.

In a former collection I received a specimen of this species, which

was black with the loins white.

11. CuiRoMys MADAGASCARIENSIS, Geoffr.

Interior of Madagascar.

A male received in a former collection.

12. Preropus vuLearis, Geoffr.

Tamatave.

13. Preropus Epwarpsil, Geoffr.

Males, females, and young are in the present collection, from the

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

14. TapHozous MAURITIANUS, Geoffr.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

A single skin of this rare Bat is in the present collection, called

“Manave.” Mr. G. E. Dobson has kindly determined the species

for me.

15. CryproprRocta FEROX, Bennett.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

A fine female is in the present collection,

16. VivERRICULA SCHLEGELI, Pollen.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

Several fine specimens of males, females, and young are in the

present collection.

In my specimens of this species the whole of the palm-pad proper

and also the pads of the toes are entirely naked.

The skins now before me vary much in colour, some being of a

64 MR. E. BARTLETT ON MAMMALS [ Feb. 2,

very pale grey, others of a reddish brown, with the spots less di-

stinct. The colours evidently depend upon the age, because the old

female (that was suckling the young at the time she was killed) is

much larger and paler in colour than the rest.

Called by the natives of the S.E. coast “ Alungar.”

17. GaLipiA ELEGANS, Geoffr.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

A female and a young one about half-grown are in the preseut

collection.

The colours of the young are exactly the same as in the adult.

18. ERICULUS NIGRICANS.

Tamatave.

19. CENTETES ECAUDATUS, Illiger.

One pale-coloured specimen in a former collection from Mauri-

tius, and several reddish-brown specimens from the 8.E. coast of

Madagascar.

20. PoramMocua@rus EDWARDSI. (Plate XII.)

Potamocherus edwardsi, Grand. Rev. Zool. 1867, p. 318; Gray,

Ann. N. H. ser. 4, vol. xv. p. 47 (1875).

Potamocherus africanus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 206.

Sanglier de Madagascar, Daubenton; Buffon, N. H. xiv. p. 396;

Flacourt’s Hist. Madagascar, p. 151.

Potamocherus , Gray, P. Z.S. 1868, p. 38.

Potamocherus madagascariensis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. p. 344

(1869).

Mr. Waters, in a note to me, says:—‘‘I send the skin and skull

of a smal! species of Wild Boar found on the lowlands, and called

“‘Lamboneive,” differing from the upland Wild Boar, which is much

larger and called ‘‘ Lambohava.”

The skin and skull now exhibited appear to be referable to the

adult of the same animal as that which Dr. Gray described (J. s. ¢.)

as the young of P. africanus, from a specimen received through me

from the same collector.

Mr. Smit’s drawing (Plate XII.) is taken from the skin now

exhibited.

BIRDS.

1. Burro BrAcHuyprTerRvs, Pelz.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

A young female is in the present collection.

2. TINNUNCULUS NEWTONI, Gurn.

Andradia, Madagascar.

Specimens were in a former collection.

3. POLYBOROIDES RADIATUS, Scop.

Kast of Tamatave. :

An adult female from this locality in a former collection, an adult

1875.] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 65

male and two young females from Andradia, and a fine adult male

in the present collection from the S.E. coast of Madagascar.

4. Buso MADAGASCARIENSIS, Smith.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

One specimen of this rare bird is in the present collection, called

by the natives of the S,E. coast ‘ Vorong-ong-kong.”’

5. Srrix FLAMMEA, Pall.

In a former collection from Tamatave.

6. Eurysromus GLaucurus, Mill.

Tamatave.

Many specimens in former collections.

7. CoryYTHORNIS CRISTATA.

Tamatave.

Several specimens in former collections taken near the above

locality.

8. IsPIDINA MADAGASCARIENSIS, L.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

Two males and a female of this lovely species are in the present

collection, called “‘ Vince-anala”’ by the natives of the S.E. coast.

9. Meropes suPERCILIosUS, L.

East of Tamatave.

Both sexes in former collections.

10. NEcTARINIA SOUIMANGA, Gm.

East of Tamatave. ,

Specimens of both sexes in former collections; and two immature

males are in the present collection, from the S.E. coast of Mada-

gascar.

11. ZosTEROPS MADAGASCARIENSIS, IL.

Tamatave.

In former collections.

12. CisTICOLA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Hartl.).

Tamatave.

In a former collection.

13. ERoErssA TENELLA, Hartl.

Tamatave.

In a former collection.

14. Exuista tyrica, Hartl.

Tamatave.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. V. 5

66 MR. E. BARTLETT ON MAMMALS [Feb. 2,

15. PRATINCOLA SYBILLA, Gm.

Interior of Madagascar.

Both sexes in former collections.

16. Corsycuvus Pica, Pelz.

Interior of Madagascar.

Two specimens.

17. GERVAISIA ALBISPECULARIS, Eyd.

Interior of Madagascar.

A single specimen.

18. HypsipETES MADAGASCARIENSIS, Miill.

East of Tamatave.

A pair received in the first collection with the nests and eggs.

19. Dicrurvs rorricatus, L.

Tamatave.

20. LeprorTrerRvus BicoLor, L.

Tamatave.

A single specimen in a former collection, and one in the present

from the S.E. coast of Madagascar.

21. TcuiTREA muUTATA, Gm.

Ankayandra, interior of Madagascar.

Male and female in a former collection.

22, CEBLEPYRIS CINEREA, Mill.

Ankavandra, interior of Madagascar.

One specimen only.

23. VANGA CURVIROSTRIS, Gm.

Tamatave.

In a former collection.

24. Vanea ? pat, Schl.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

Two adults and one young are in the present collection.

25. CoRVUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Bp.

Tamatave.

26. FouDIA MADAGASCARIENSIS, L.

Tamatave.

27. AMADINA NANA, Pucher.

Tamatave.

Eggs pure white.

1875.] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 67

28. Coracopsis nIGRA, L.

Tamatave.

Skin and skeleton of this species in a former collection.

29. Cova Gicas, Bodd.

Ankavandra, interior of Madagascar.

30. Cova C#RULEA, L.

Tamatave and the interior of Madagascar.

31. Cova cristata, L.

Tamatave and interior of Madagascar.

32. CrenTRopus TouLov, Mill.

Tamatave.

33. TRERON AUSTRALIS, Mont.

Tamatave.

34. Turtur PicrurAtus, Temm.

{Interior of Madagascar.

35. PreRGCLEs PERSONATUS, Gould.

Interior of Madagascar.

Male and female in a former collection.

36. TURNIX NIGRICOLLIS, Gm.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

Four eggs of this species are in the present collection.

Ground-colour white, freckled all over with minute spots of pale

brown and grey ; a number of large dark brown spots are distributed

over the surface.

37. ANGIALITIS TRICOLLARIS, V.

Ankavandra, interior of Madagascar.

38. ARDEA PURPUREA, L.

Tamatave.

One specimen in former collection, and one in the present from

the S.E. coast, both young birds.

39. ARDEA ARDESIACA, Wagl.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

A single specimen is in the present collection.

40. ARDEA FLAVIROSTRIS, Temm.

Tamatave.

41. Arpea rpis, Hasselq.

Tamatave.

5

68 MAMMALS AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. _ [Feb. 2,

42. Arpra comarTA, Pall.

Tamatave.

43. ARDETTA PODICEPS, Bp.

Interior of Madagascar. “s4

44. BuTorIpES ATRICAPILLA, Afzel.

Tamatave.

45. Scopus uMBRETTA, Gm.

Tamatave and the interior.

46. FaLcINeELLus IGNEus (Gm.).

A single skin of this rare bird (from the S.E. coast) is in the pre-

senv collection.

47. GeERONTICUs CRISTATUS (Gm.).

Interior of Madagascar.

A pair in a former collection, and two males and a female in the

present collection. They inhabit the dense forests, living in large

trees.

48. Himantopus canpipus (Bonn.).

49. Ruyncn#a CApEnsis, L.

A skin is in the present collection from the S.E. coast of Mada-

gascar.

50. EvLABEORNIS BERNIERI, Bp.

Two males and two females are in the present collection from the

S.E. coast of Madagascar, the sexes differing but little in colour or

markings.

51. CorETHRURA INSULARIS, Sharpe.

Interior of Madagascar.

52. PoRPHYRIO SMARAGNOTUS, Temm.

Tamatave.

53. PorpHyRIo ALLENI, Thomps.

Tamatave.

54. GALLINULA PYRRHORRHOA, Newt.

A pair of this species with the eggs were in a former collection

from Tamatave.

55. METopropius ALBINUCHA, Geoffr.

Tamatave.

56. Nretrapus Auritus, Bodd.

Tamatave.

57. DENDROCYGNA vIDUATA, L.

Tamatave.

1875.] MR. RAMSAY ON PTILONORHYNCHUS RAWNSLEYI. 69

58. QUERQUEDULA HOTTENTOTA, Smith.

Tamatave.

59. SARCIDIORNIS AFRIcaNA, Eyton.

Tamatave.

A female from the above locality ; and a fine male is in the present

collection from the S.E. coast, with several eggs of a creamy white

colour with a dull smooth surface, like the egg of Catrina moschata.

60. GRACULUS AFRICANUS, Gm.

S.E. coast of Madagascar.

Two males and three females are in the present collection, in dif-

ferent stages of plumage.

Called ‘‘ Ramangavia ” by the natives of the S.E. coast.

4. Notes on the Original Specimen of Ptilonorhynchus

rawnsleyi. By E. P. Ramsay, C.M.Z.S.

[Received December 31, 1874.]

Having recently had an opportunity of examining the original

specimen of Ptilonorhynchus rawnsleyi, I beg leave to offer to the

Society a few remarks on this curious bird.

The whole of the plumage of this specimen is of a shining bluish

black, intermediate in tint between that of the male Regent bird

(Sericulus chrysocephalus), and that of the Satin bird (Ptilonorhyn-

chus holosericeus). On the primaries is a broad band of bright golden

yellow, beginning at 2°5 inches from the upper edge of the shoulder ;

this band or patch of yellow extends to the tips of the secondaries ;

the outer webs of the feathers from the seventh primary are divided as

in the adult male Regent bird. The two outer tail-feathers are mar-

gined with pale yellow on their outer edge; the three next on each

side are just touched with the same tint, except the centre pair, which

are touched with a deeper tint of orange-yellow; the outer tail-

feathers are margined on their inner webs with pale brownish yellow.

The feathers of the head are short, resembling those of the adult

male Regent bird; the feathers on the crown of the head and those

extending over the back of the head to the nape have a patch of

orange colour near the centre of the end of each.feather ; the outer

edge of this spot, where it joins the narrow blackish blue margin, is

of a deeper orange tint, some feathers having a line of bluish black

down the centre along their shafts, dividing the orange-coloured spot

in half; the extreme narrow margin of all these feathers is of a

bluish black, of the same tint as the rest of head- and neck-feathers*,

* The orange-coloured markings on these feathers do not show conspicuously,

unless the feathers on the crown are raised, when, however, they are easily seen.

The moment the skin was handed to me, I noticed them, and was greatly sur-

prised that this very important mark of hybridism had been apparently over-

looked by Mr. Gould (Suppl. B. Austr. pl. 54) and Mr. Diggles (Ornith. Austr,

pl. 52), both of whom have figured the bird from this identical skin,

70 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [ Feb. 2,

After a close examination of the specimen, I do not see how any

unbiased naturalist can have any doubt of its being a hybrid, it is so

perfectly intermediate in form, size, and coloration between the adult

males of the Regent and Satin Bower-birds. The shape and contour of

the bill, the colour of the iris, the manner in which the bird is marked,

and the shape and form of these markings all tend to prove its hy-

bridism. Added to this; the fact that the bird was shot out of a

troup of Satin Bower-birds, in a neighbourhood frequented by Regent

birds, a few miles out of Brisbane, is to my mind quite sufficient proof

that it is an accidental hybrid between these species. If Ptilono-

rhynchus rawnleyi were really a valid species, surely other examples

of it would have been found near the same locality ; butso far as I

can learn, up to the present time no reliable evidence has been ob-

tained of any more haying been since procured or even seen in any

part of Australia.

5. Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar.—Part

IV.* By R. Bowpier Suarpz, F.L.S., F.Z.8., of the

Zoological Department, British Museum.

[Received February 1, 1875.]

(Plates XIII. & XIV.)

Since my last. communication on this subject (P. Z. S. 1872,

p- 866) I have examined several Madagascar collections, notably three

received by Mr. A. Boucard of Great Russell Street ; but these did

not contain any novelties, although some few rarities will be found

mentioned in this paper. By Mr. Cutter’s kindness, however, I have

been permitted to examine a very fine collection recently sent home

by my old correspondent Mr. Crossley, whose investigations in the

wonderful island of Madagascar will for ever connect his name with

the natural history of that part of the world. This last consignment

contained many rare species mentioned by me in former papers—such,

for instance, as Brachypteracias leptosomus, Geobiastes squamigera,

Atelornis pittoides, Philepitta castanea, Oxylabes madagascariensis,

Mystacornis crossleyi, Pseudobias wardi, Corethrura insularis, &c.

At present we are unable to state precisely the exact locality where

these collections of Mr. Crossley have been made; for the letter

which usually accompanies his consignments has, in this instance,

miscarried, and all the clue I can find to his whereabouts is the name

“‘ Ampasmonhavo” on the tickets of some of his birds. Here he

collected the new Afelornis and a Phedina; but I cannot find the

place in the map. It is probably between Antananarivo and Mo-

roundava, for which place Mr. Crossley was making when we last

heard of him.

* Of. P. ZS. 1870, p. 384; 1871, p. 313; 1872, p. 866.

J.G.Keulemans del ethth.

EUTRIORCHIS ASTUR.

Mintern Bros imp

TAYTSSOUO SINYOTALY

* duit Soa Wrayurpy (ML 19 Pp suPuLaney'y -

AIX ld SL8U S°Z'd

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1875.] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 7\

Family Fatconip2.

Subfamily AccrriTRinz.

Circus MAcrosceLis, A. Newton; Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 73.

The British Museum has recently acquired from Mr. Boucard an

adult specimen of a Harrier; and this has at last given us some idea

of the affinities of C. macroscelis. The discovery of this stage of

plumage is of very great interest ; for at present we know of only one

specimen of a Circus from Madagascar, the type of C. macroscelis of

Prof. Newton, described in these ‘ Proceedings’ more than eleven

years ago. Notwithstanding the frequent visits of collectors to the

island, no one has before succeeded in getting the Harrier, which,

being founded on an immature specimen, has always been difficult of

identification ; and when I wrote the first volume of my ‘ Catalogue

of Birds’ I had not seen the species (Cat. B. i. p. 73). Its chief

peculiarity lay in the long leg, measuring 4 inches in the tarsus; and

as the only other Harrier which has such a lengthened tarsus is the

Australian C. gouldi, Professor Schegel has recently suggested the

identity of the two birds. The arrival of an adult specimen enables

us to arrive at the true affinities of the Madagascar Harrier, which,

as might have been expected, are with C. maillardi of Réunion;

indeed the question now to be solved is whether it is not specifically

identical with that bird. It is certainly very close indeed, resembling

C. maillardi in the uniform wing-lining, the quills having no bars ;

but our example differs in having the upper tail-coverts barred with

brown, and the tail with seven bands. Mr. Gurney has most kindly

interested himself in the question of these Harriers ; and the authori-

ties of the Norwich Museum with the utmost liberality have sent

me up for examination a young bird from Réunion, an adult bird

from Joanna Island, and the type of C. macroscelis. The Joanna

specimen agrees perfectly with our Madagascar bird, and like it has

barred upper tail-coverts and tail. Mr. Gurney also informs me that

a second Joanna specimen is in the Norwich Museum and likewise

has the upper tail-coverts barred. There is, however, to my mind,

such a decided appearance of change in these bars that I cannot

bring myself to attach much specific importance to them ; for they are

not bold and decided cross bands, but rather faintly disappearing

bars, not exactly the same on any two feathers, and more strongly in-

dicated on the Madagascar than on the Joanna example, the latter

being, to my mind, rather more adult. The typical OC. macroscelis

I regard either as an old female or an immature bird in its second

plumage, intermediate between its brown or “ Marsh-Harrier ’’ dress

and the fully adult livery. It must be borne in mind, however, that

it was sexed a male by Mr. Edward Newton ; and therefore it is pos-

sible that it is an immature bird, as above suggested, though the size

gives the idea that probably a mistake took place in the sexing.

All the characters, then, that can be brought forward for the sepa-

ration of C. macroscelis from C. maillardi are the barred upper tail-

coverts and the bands on the tail. Possibly the young birds may be

different ; and this will be the case if Madagascar and Joanna never

Ca

72 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Feb. 2,

produce a uniform “ Marsh-Harrier” plumage for their Harrier,

while Réunion birds never show the striped breast; but these are

characters which only a large series can determine.

[ subjoin the measurements of all these Harriers examined by me

up to the present time.

Total length. wing. tail. tarsus.

m. in. im. in.

Juv. Réunion (mus. Lugd.) .... 20 13°9 23 3°05

Ad. Réunion (mus. Lugd.)...... 20 14°} 9:3 3°35

Juv. Réunion (mus. Lugd.) .... 22 15°2 10°0 3°5

Ad. Joanna (mus. Norv.) ...... 22 16°8 10°5 3°7

Ad. Madagascar (mus. Brit.) .. 22 16°9 11°0 3°55

Imm. Madagascar (type of C. ma-

erascelss) 20, Aa.e dee Sk Se 22 15°0 11:0 3°85

The last three specimens are rather larger, though in measuring

the tarsi of all with compasses in exactly the same way I cannot allow

the last-mentioned bird 4 inches for his tarsus. The wing is rather

abraded in this bird, and may measure longer in a perfect specimen.

I subjoin a description of the typical example of Cireus macro-

scelis, as well as of the adult bird now in the national collection.

Immature (type of C. macroscelis). Above brown, most of the

feathers with a faintly indicated paler margin, some of the intersea-

pulary feathers slightly tinged with rufous ; head and neck lighter

than the back, the crown slightly washed with rufous and streaked

with fulvous, the hind neck streaked with white, all the bases to

the feathers being of this colour; eyebrow whitish, as also the sides

of the face; the ear-coverts streaked with light brown, and en-

tirely of this colour on the hinder margin ; cheeks also whitish, nar-

rowly streaked with brown; facial ruff fulvous, all the feathers

broadly centred with dark brown; throat dull whitish, slightly

streaked with pale brown; rest of under surface of body ful-

vous, with broad rufous-brown streaks to all the breast-feathers, nar-

rower and more indistinct on the under tail-coverts, the central streaks

very narrow and linear on the thighs; under wing-coverts coloured

like the breast, but the streaks darker and not so rufous, the lower

series whitish at base, ashy brown at tip, resembling the inner lining

of the quills, which are fulvescent at base, browner towards the tips,

with indications. of several ashy brown bars; upper wing-coverts

brown like the back, many of them washed with rufous on their

margins and haying a whitish spot; primary coverts uniform brown

like the quills, the primaries rather darker than the secondaries, which

have a slight purplish shade, the inner primaries showing three or

four dark bars, principally on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts pure

white, many with two and all with a single subterminal spot of rufous

brown ; tail-feathers light brown, the centre ones shaded with ashy,

the outer ones with rufous and crossed with six bands of darker brown.

Total length 22 inches, culmen 1°6, wing 15, tail 11, tarsus 3°85.

Adult. Above blackish, the feathers of the crown and hind neck

margined with ochraceous buff or whitish, probably the remains of

immaturity ; the dorsal feathers with a slight greyish lustre, some of

1875.] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 73

them, however, narrowly margined with fulvous ; upper tail-coverts

white, banded with brown, the subterminal bars broader and shaded

with greyish ; tail silvery grey, whitish at tip and crossed with seven

blackish bands, the subterminal ones the broadest, these bands di-

minishing in number on the outer feathers, where only five can be

counted, the bases of the outer feathers white on the inner web;

upper wing-coverts black, a few of the feathers terminally margined

with whity brown or white ; edge of wing white, and the outermost

of the least coverts broadly margined with silvery grey, mesially

streaked with black along the shaft; median and greater series alter-

nately barred with black and silvery grey; primary coverts similarly

banded ; quills black above and below, the secondaries terminally

margined with white and broadly banded across with silvery grey ;

lores dusky blackish; eyebrow and sides of face buffy white, very

narrowly lined with black ; sides of neck fulvescent, streaked with

black like the nape ; under surface of body pure white, the fore neck

slightly washed with fulvous, and, like the breast, distinctly streaked

with blackish brown, these central streaks disappearing towards the

abdomen and under tail-coverts, where they become mere shaft-lines;

the flanks streaked with pale rufous; leg-feathers pure white, the

upper part of the thigh with a few nearly obsolete rufous shaft-lines ;

under wing-coverts pure white, mesially streaked with black like the

breast, the outermost of the lower series with a few greyish black

bars; inner lining of quills black, the bases of inner webs white,

mottled with blackish vermiculations, the secondaries for the most

part white below, banded across with greyish black; “‘iris yellow.”

Total length 22 inches, culmen 1°45, wing 16°9, tail 11, tarsus 3°55.

Subfamily AquiLInz&.

Evurriorcuis, gen. nov.

Belongs to the group of bare-legged Eagles, and is closely allied to

Spilornis and to Dryotriorchis, more particularly to the last, as

might have been expected. It differs principally in having a full and

rounded crest, all the plumes being rounded and not lanceolate; and

it is unlike any of the other Harrier-Eagles in the extreme shortness

of the wing, while the tail is inordinately long and equals the wing

in dimensions. Just as Urotriorchis macrurus is the longest-tailed

form of Goshawk yet known, so Eutriorchis is the longest-tailed

Harrier-Eagle yet discovered. From Spilornis, which it resembles in

the fulness and form of its crest, it differs in the length of tail and in

its feathered lores. The type is

EvuTRiorcHIs ASTUR, sp.n. (Plate XIII.)

General colour above dark brown, most of the feathers of the

head and back with narrow terminal margins of white to the feathers,

some of the coronal plumes margined with dull rufous; crest very

full and uniform with the back, the lateral plumes narrowly barred

with white ; most of the dorsal feathers exhibit bars of darker

brown on being examined, these bars being more distinct on the

upper wing-coverts, which are otherwise brown like the back; quills

74 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Feb. 2,

brown, broadly barred with darker brown, the primaries paler on

their outer margins; upper tail-coverts brown, very plainly barred

across with darker brown ; tail brown, tipped with white and crossed

with eight blackish bands; loral plumes and feathers over the

eye white, the former with black hair-like bristles overhanging the

nostrils ; sides of face dull whitish, streaked minutely with brown,

the hinder part of the ear-coverts entirely brown ; sides of neck dark

brown, barred with white; chin white, with narrow brown shaft-lines;

lower throat whitish, thickly barred with brown in about equal

proportions; rest of under surface pure white, regularly banded

across with dark brown, the bars becoming wider on the lower flanks

and under tail-coverts, the thighs more minutely barred; under

wing-coverts white, transversely banded with brown like the breast,

the lower series more broadly banded with blackish brown, and more

resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is greyish barred with

dark brown, the lower surface of the tail being similarly coloured ;

bill black, yellowish at base of both mandibles; feet yellow, claws

black. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1°7, wing 13°5, tail 13°3,

tarsus 3°6.

This new species has been discovered by Mr. Crossley in the

southern portion of Madagascar. The affinities of the genus have been

indicated above; and I have only to add that its general coloration

resembles that of a Goshawk, and suggested the specific name to me.

MAcHZRHAMPHUS ANDERSSONI (Gurney); Sharpe, Cat. B. i.

p. 343.

The late Mr. Lormier shot a specimen of this rare species near

Tamatave, which is now in the British Museum. Another example,

also from the vicinity of Tamatave, was in one of the consignments

sent to Mr. Boucard, and has now passed into the collection of

Professor Newton.

Fatco concotor, Temm.; Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 405.

Mr. Boucard’s collector sent an adult male and a young female from

the Forest of Woodoot, both killed on the 10th of March, 1874.

CERCHNEIS NEWTONI (Gurney) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 433.

Although not sent by Mr. Crossley, the British Museum has

secured a good series of this bird, collected partly by the late Mr.

Lormier and partly by Mr. Boucard’s correspondent, the specimens

sent by the latter having been obtained in the neighbourhood of

Tamatave and at Manham in January and February 1874.

CERCHNEIS ZONIVENTRIS (Peters); Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 447.

An adult specimen was sent by Mr. Boucard’s collector from

Marancette, North Madagascar, where it was shot in June 1874.

Family Coracnip2.

ATELORNIS CROSSLEYI, sp. n. (Plate XIV.)

IIead rufous bay, iightest on the lores, darker on the ear-coverts,

1875.] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 75

and shading off into dull greenish on the hind neck; entire back

deep grass-green, as also the upper tail-coverts ; the tail black, more

or less washed with green, the centre tail-feathers washed with olive ;

the wing-coverts green like the back, the greater series inclining to

cobalt-blue at their tips, the outermost ending in a conspicuous white

spot; primary coverts and quills black, the latter white at the base,

forming a transverse alar bar, the secondaries externally green and

thus resembling the back ; chin, sides of face, and fore neck bright

bay, the throat with a large triangular patch of black, varied with

dilated white shaft-streaks; rest of under surface dull ochraceous,

paler in the centre of the body, the flanks and under tail-coverts

washed with green ; under wing-coverts black, washed with greenish

and having two bars of white across the wing, in addition to the

more distinct white band at the base of the primaries; bill and feet

black. Total length 10°5 inches, culmen 11, wing 3°75, tail 4°5,

tarsus 1°65.

The discovery of a second species of Afelornis is an event of great

interest, particularly when it has so little resemblance to the pre-

viously known representative of the genus. The rufous head and

curiously striped throat-patch of the present bird distinguish it at

once from A. pittoides. Iris brown. Locality Ampasmonhavo.

Family NecTaRINIID&.

NEODREPANIS, gen. nov.

Allied to Nectarinia aud Cinnyris, but at once to be distinguished

by its scimitar-like bill, and nearly obsolete first and sinuated second

primary, as shown in the accompanying woodcut.

La. Bill of Neodrepanis coruscans. 16. Wing of ditto, 2. Bill of Bernier ia

zosterops @. 3%. Bill of female of ditto.

76 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Feb. 2,

The type is

NEODREPANIS CORUSCANS, Sp. 0.

Not quite full-plumaged. Entire back, upper tail-coverts, and

tail metallic steel-blue, with a slight purple lustre on the rump and

upper tail-coverts ; head dull yellowish green, with a few steel-blue

feathers appearing, showing that the crown becomes metallic like

the back; wing-coverts and quills black, externally edged with

yellowish green, some of the coverts becoming metallic but a little

greener than the back, the innermost secondaries metallic steel-blue

like the back; ear-coverts blackish; entire under surface of body

yellowish, mottled with black, all the bases to the feathers being of

the latter colour; under wing-coverts, sides of body, and edge of

wing bright yellow. Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 1°1, wing 1°85,

tail 0°9, tarsus 0°55.

It is much to be regretted that this pretty little bird is not quite

in full plumage ; but the colour of its metallic upper surface shows

that it is not a Mascarene or African Sun-bird, with nearly every one

of which Iam acquainted. It is, moreover, evidently the type of an

entirely new genus, and undoubtedly distinct from every Sun-bird

known to me or represented in the Museum. The single example

known was sent by Mr. Crossley.

Family TrmeLimD2.

OXYLABES XANTHOPHRYS, Sp. nl.

Above dull olivaceous brown, the head darker brown, all the

feathers of the crown margined with dusky blackish, wing-coverts

coloured like the back, the greater series clearer brown and more

resembling the secondaries ; quills blackish, washed with clear and

somewhat rufous brown, the primaries inclining to olive-brown near

the base; upper tail-coverts and tail dull reddish brown, waved

with numerous cross bars of dusky brown; lores and a very broad

eyebrow bright yellow, extending backwards to the sides of the neck ;

feathers in front of the eye blackish ; ear-coverts dull brown, washed

with olive like the head; under surface of body bright yellow, the

sides of the neck and of the breast washed with brown, the flanks

and under tail-coverts olive-brown, as also the under wing-coverts,

the edge of the wing bright yellow; bill light yellowish brown, dark

brown at the base of the culmen; feet pale fleshy brown. ‘Total

length 6-5 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°75, tail 3-1, tarsus 1°05.

A single specimen of this new bird is in Mr. Crossley’s collection.

It seems to me to agree well enough with Oxylabes to be placed in

that genus, though in cclour it is strikingly different from O. mada-

gascariensis, the typical species.

BERNIERIA ZOSTEROPS, Sp. n.

Above dull olive-greeu, more dingy on the head, a loral stripe and

a circlet of feathers round the eye bright yellow; feathers between

the bill and the eye black ; car-coverts dark green, with bright yellow

shaft-stripes ; entire under surface of body bright yellow, the sides

1875. ] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 77

of the body and thighs olive-green; under wing-coverts yellowish

buff, the edge of the wing bright yellow; wings and tail brown, mar-

gined with greenish olive, the inner secondaries dull olive-brown, the

imner webs fulvescent on their interior margin ; bill horn-brown, the

lower mandible yellowish; feet light fleshy brown. Total length 6

_ Inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2°65, tail 2-7, tarsus 0°83.

I have already (P. Z.S. 1871, p. 314) referred to M. Jules

Verreaux’s assurance that Bernieria major and B. minor were sexes ;

and of this new species I believe both sexes are represented in the

present collection, as the second specimen sent measures as follows : —

Total length 6°5 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°75, tail 2°7, tarsus 0°87.

This species is smaller than B.. madagascariensis and is at once

distinguished by its brighter colours and yellow eye-ring (whence the

specific name).

The woodcut (p. 75, figs. 2 and 3) illustrates the peculiar confor-

mation of the eye-ring in this species.

Family Corvin.

Euryceros prevosti, Less. ; Hartl. Faun. Madg. p. 59.

Mr. Crossley has sent several specimens of this unique and curious

form. When in England he assured me that the bill of the living

bird was pearly and exactly like the inside of an oyster-shell, fading

away soon after death.

Family ScoLopacipz.

TEREKIA CINEREA.

Mr. Boucard’s collector sent one specimen from the neighbour-

hood of Tamatave. I do not remember having seen this bird noted

as an inhabitant of Madagascar.

The following notes refer to species already mentioned by me in

former papers.

ARTAMIA LEUCOCEPHALA (Gm.); Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 318.

Mr. Crossley has sent a most instructive series of this species, illus-

trating the progress from immaturity to the adult stage; and I there-

fore give a few remarks on these birds. Artamia bernieri, figured

by Schlegel and Pollen, has been stated to be the young of A. leuco-

cephala (cf. P. Z.8. 1871, p. 318); but if this be the case it must

be the very first plumage ; for the series seems perfectly continuous

as represented in Mr. Crossley’s collection.

Young. Bill yellowish white; general colour ashy grey, with a

brown shade on the back: wing-coverts with slight rufous edgings ;

throat and chest greyish, the latter with narrow dusky cross lines ;

rest of under surface buff, narrowly waved with dusky grey ; under

wing-coverts greyish,

More adult. Bill a little more dusky whitish ; upper surface

greyish, glossed slightly with metallic greenish ; under surface nearly

uniform buffy white, shaded with greyish on the throat and sides

of the face; only a faint trace of bars on the flanks.

78 DR. A. GUNTHER ON SOME [Feb. 2,

Older. Upper surface metallic geeen, wings and tail included ;

head all round, throat, and chest ashy grey; rest of under surface

white, with a few remains of dusky bars on the sides of the body ;

bill white on the upper mandible except the base, which is horn-blue

like the lower one.

Fully adult. Metallic green, the entire head all round and entire

under surface pure white ; bill horn-blue, only the extreme tip white ;

on the hind neck a few greenish bars, evidently remains of imma-

turity.

PHEDINA MADAGASCARIENSIS, Hartl.; Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1870,

p- 388.

Two more specimens of this Swallow prove that it is an entirely

distinct species from the Réunion bird. It is much clearer grey

above, and purer white below, with little narrow shaft-streaks on the

abdomen and under tail-coverts. Mr. Crossley gives the bill and

feet as black and the iris as brown.

6. Notes on some Mammals from Madagascar.

By Dr. Avgert Gintuer, V.P.ZS,

[Received February 2, 1875.]

(Plates XV. & XVI.)

A collection of Mammals just received from Mr. Crossley, and

made on his way from Tamantave to Murundava, contains several

specimens adding to our knowledge of this fauna.

The young of Lichanotus mitratus, 12 inches long, is nearly

entirely black, with a white patch in the sacral region, and with the

inner side of the arm and the outer margin of the foot whitish.

An adult female specimen of Fossa daubentonii represents a

variety in which the spots are not defined and more or less confluent.

It is also slightly smaller than either of the two examples in the

British Museum. A newly born individual of this species is of a

light bay colour, with seven narrow continuous black stripes.

The following two species appear to be undescribed.

CurroGALeus TRICHOTIS. (Plate XV.)

Brownish grey ; lower parts grey, with the hairs white-tipped. A

triangular spot in front of the eye black ; median line of the snout

and lips whitish. Hands and feet grey, with white-tipped hairs. Ears

very short, hidden in the fur. The lower part of the concha and

the space before the ear covered with a tuft of very long hairs. Tail

rather shorter than the body, covered with short hairs, which are

only slightly longer towards its extremity. The first false molar

nearly as long and of the same form as the canine tooth. All the

nails pointed, claw-like.

This species is allied to, and nearly of the same size as, Ch.

THC (yep jo Wf

oy

a)

xe

;

Sgn

€ a

“VONVOIETY SAWNOSHYLAHOVUd

HNL? AT THT PAS (SP IOM'L

1875.] MAMMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. 79

smithii, but distinguished by the much shorter ear, tufts of long hairs

on the temple, &e.

millim,

Length (from the tip of the nose to the root of the tail).. 152

re Oftheitallh.; .. so 2a eee Se, wnat 149

Hand of Chirogaleus trichotis (enlarged).

Fig. 2.

Foot of Chirogaleus trichotis (enlarged).

BRACHYTARSOMYS.

The affinities of this genus of Rats are similar to those of Nesomys,

another rodent from Madagascar described by Prof. Peters in 1870.

It differs, however, from the latter by its much shorter legs and by

the configuration of the skull, which approaches that of the South-

African Ofomys (albicauda, A. Sm.).

Upper lip with a median groove, but not cleft. Snout rather

short ; ears short, eye small; the hairs of the moustache in five rows.

Fur dense, woolly. Tail long, annulated, and sparingly hairy. Four

fingers with a rudimentary pollical tubercle; five toes, the fifth

rather shorter than the fourth. Foot much shorter than the lower

leg.

Interorbital portion of the skull much contracted, without supra-

orbital ridges. Lower portion of the foramen infraorbitale much

narrower than the upper. The incisive apertures extend backwards

only to the level of the front margin of the first molar. Bullze osseze

moderately developed. Incisors not grooved. Mbolars = the an-

80 DR. GUNTHER ON MAMMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Feb. 2,

terior largest, the posterior smallest. The enamel of every molar

forms two or three open loops on each side; one of these loops

penetrates to the other side in each of the upper molars.

Fig. 3.

Skull of Brachytarsomys (natural size). @. Upper molars (6 times magnified).

6. Lower molars (6 times magnified),

BRACHYTARSOMYS ALBICAUDA. (Plate XVI.)

Back greyish brown, more rufous on the sides ; lower parts white,

in old males light bay-coloured. Head reddish brown, the hairs

black-tipped ; nose and lips blackish, the long and strong moustache

deep black. Limbs coloured as the neighbouring parts; soles light

flesh-coloured. Anterior half of the tail black, posterior white.

Ears narrow, shorter than their distance from the eye, naked. The

longest hairs of the moustache reach far beyond the ear. Claws

moderately. developed ; thumb with a flat nail.

Of the size of a common Rat.

millim,

Thenpth ofhead and bodys. S02 Ge teen oe «wort sw ihn 210

55 Tl Baap ae ante Aide ada Pema ae teh SM Mags By acy 185

9» CRT cae eactousce Aste sss ciate an «te oue ees agte ts O71 Rares 14

Width otieadt ec: cht ae cried sane s Raion che © aetna 9

ent Ob BRE treie oe te upcasce core pi oes 2 ries eel eee 19

53 RETIREE ns es eee a seaweeds ee ee 33

Length of lower lems. oc ree asec oe pe ee pes 38

a foot (from heel to end of third toe) .......... 34

io 7 STril yuppies cated rte oa rte RAS cs Gor, - 42

Distance between incisors and molars.............--++5 12

Length of foramenimeisivaml <2). 22e 0d 6 el. SO Re 6°5

% EDPCF MOMMIES 12. eee Sa. cia abe niet een fee 8

mut del & hte

1875.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 8&1

February 16, 1875.

George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1875.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of January was 75, of which 34 were by

presentation, 33 by purchase, 1 by exchange, 2 by birth, and 5 were

received on deposit. The total number of departures during the

same period, by death and removals, was 74.

The most noticeable additions during the month of January were

as follows :—

1. A Silver-backed Jackal (Canis chama, Smith), presented by

Mr. H. B. N. Good on the 6th of January. Mr. Good informs me

that he obtained the animal at the diamond-fields in Griqualand West,

from a Dutch Boer, in November 1874. It had heen caught near

the Boer’s farm some time previously ; and Mr. Good has seen others

of the same species in the same district.

This species of Canis appears to be very little known. It was

described in 183% by Sir Andrew Smith (South-African Quart.

Journ. ii. p. 89*).

I have never seen a living example of this species before, and am

only acquainted with the specimen in the British Museum, which is

one of the types received from Sir A. Smith. It is remarkable for

its large pointed ears, resembling those of the Fennec (Canis cerdo)

and Syrian Fennec (Canis famelicus), of which we have also living

specimens in the Gardens. It is also in other respects a strongly

marked and very distinct species, as will be seen by the drawing

(Plate XVII.) of the present specimen, made by Mr. Smit.

* This work is so very scarce that I think it may be useful to reprint the

original description.

“ Canis chama, Smith (The Asse). Muzzle, centre of face, and top of head

yellowish brown, variegated by an intermixture of bristly hairs annulated black

and white; sides of head a uniform whitish yellow; upper lip, towards angles

of mouth, lower lip, and ehin blackish brown; whiskers and edges of eyelids

black; ears large, outer surfaces yellowish red, immer margined with white

hairs, elsewhere bare. Woolly hairs of neck and body abundant, their tips

reddish white or yellowish white, elsewhere a dull smoke-colour ; bristly hairs

abundant on back of neck and centre of back, on sides, shoulders, and outsides

of thighs less numerous, all annulated black and white, the tips black. x-

tremities yellowish white, inclined to white on their anterior surfaces; a large

brownish-black blotch on the posterior surface of each hinder extremity, about

halfway between the feet and base of tail. Underparts of neck and body whitish

yellow. ‘Tail very bushy, the prevailing colour yellowish white, the upper

surface towards base variegated with bristly hairs annulated black and white ;

the black, about three inches from the root, is so disposed as to give an appear-

ance of one or two waved transverse black stripes ; from thence to the point the

bristly hairs are all tipped with black, and at the very extremity of the tail they

are almost entirely of that colour, so that it appears perfectly black. Length,

from nose to base of tail, 23 inches ; length of tail 13 inches; height at shoulder

12 inches, at rump 13 inches.

TInhabits Namaqualand and the country on both sides of the Orange river.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. VI. 6

82 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [ Feb. 16,

Dr. Gray (who miswrites the specific name of this animal

“caama’’*) has given a figure of its skull.

2. A Banded Cotinga (Cotinga cincta) from Bahia, purchased

January 18, being, so far as I know, the first example of any species

of this magnificent group of birds that has reached Europe alive.

4. An Australian Cassowary (Casuarius australis) from northern

Queensland, presented by the Marquess of Normanby, F.Z.S.,

Governor of New Zealand, 23rd January, being the specimen previ-

ously announced as having been sent off by Lord Normanby before

quitting his former government of Queensland (see above, p. 2).

Mr. Sclater exhibited a drawing of a supposed new Rhinoceros

from the Terai of Bhootan, which had been forwarded to him from

Caleutta by Mr. William Jamrach, and read extracts from a letter

addressed to him by Mr. Jamrach on the subject. Mr. Jamrach, at

the date of his letter (Jan. 16th), was leaving for England with the

animal alive.

Mr. Sclater exhibited a living specimen of the Peguan Tree-

Shrew (Tupaia peguana), which had been presented to the Society

by the Hon. Ashley Eden, Chief Commissioner at Rangoon, British

Burmah, and had reached the Gardens on the 8th inst., being, as it

was believed, the first specimen of a living Tupaia of any species

that had reached Europe. In the same cage was a small Squirrel

(Sciurus blanfordi) of nearly the same size and colour. The general

external resemblance between these two animals, structurally so

widely diverse, was very remarkable, and almost amounted to mimicry.

The following papers were read :—

1. On a point in the Mechanism of the Bird’s Wing. By

A. H. Garrop, B.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of St. John’s

College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Society.

[Received January 25, 1875.]

The beautiful investigations of Borelli, together with those of

M. Marey, make it certain that in any organ which is employed as

a flapping wing there must be a stiff or rigid anterior margin. In

the insect the stout anterior nervure performs this function; in the

bird the bones of the arm, forearm, and manus do the same. How,

in the latter, this necessary rigidity is developed, considering the

presence of the elbow- and wrist-joints, must be, at first sight, a

matter of surpise. It depends on a mechanical arrangement by

which, when, in the wing, the arm is bent on the forearm, the

manus is always similarly bent on the forearm; and when extension

of the forearm is made, extension of the manus equally certainly

follows. This occurs when all the muscles and tendons are removed,

and the ligaments binding the bones together are alone left.

* “ Fennecus caama,” P.Z.8. 1868, p. 520, et Cat. Carn. Mamm. p. 207.

1875. MECHANISM OF THE BIRD’S WING. 83

The explanation of this mechanism is not difficult. The arm

consists of one bone only, the humerus; the forearm of two,

the ulna and radius; the manus of the two carpals together with

the metacarpals and phalanges. The mutual relations of these two

bones are such that the radius and ulna move one above the other

like the two limbs of a pair of drawing-parallels, each being fixed

proximally to the humerus and distally to the carpus. The plane

common to the radius and ulna is the same as that in which flexion

and extension of the elbow is performed, so that one of the two

bones of the forearm, the radius, articulates with the humerus at a

point nearer the shoulder, or further from the elbow, than its

companion, the ulna. At the wrist the radius is consequently

superior, articulating with the carpal bone on the pollex side;

whilst the ulna articulates with the other element of the carpus.

This condition maintaining the parallel movements of the radius on

the ulna must necessarily be attended by a parallel movement of the

humerus on the manus. When the humerus bends upon the ulna,

the manus therefore similarly bends upon the forearm; and the

triceps muscle is able, unassisted, to maintain the whole limb in a

rigid state during extension.

In making a wooden model of these bones to illustrate the above

described mechanism, one or two points of mechanical detail sug-

gested a reference to the shape of the distal end of the humerus.

The wing in the living bird, when at rest, is completely folded; and

when fully extended forms but a slightly angular rod. To allow of

this considerable range of movement of the bones of the forearm on

the humerus, and of their being completely folded up, it is neces-

sary to attach a very projecting hinge at the portion of the model of

the humerus which represents the humero-ulnar articulation, other-

wise, when fully flexed, the model radius would not be able to be

included between the then parallel humerus and ulna; especially as

the radius, to get in its fully flexed position, must rotate on a hinge

which itself projects its semidiameter at least beyond the humerus.

These requirements explain the characteristic shape of the distal

end of the humerus in birds. It is curved towards its flexor side,

and sharply so at its extremity where it comes in contact with the

ulna. At the same time the radius articulates with it on a well-

developed knob, situated above the similar surface for the ulna, and

to its outer side (which allows of a less extensive joint). ‘The

similar arrangement required at the wrist-joint is arrived at by the

interpolation of the carpal bones between the forearm and consoli-

dated metacarpus.

In some wings, when all the muscles are removed, this movement

is not so manifest as in others, there being a certain amount of

independent power of movement in the manus in all positions.

This is much reduced in the living bird by the tendon of the tensor

pataguvi longus muscle, which runs from the shoulder, along the free

margin of the patagium, to the wrist, where, in being attached to

the metacarpal mass on the pollex side, it aids the extension of the

manus during the extension of the forearm.

6*

84 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CASSOWARIES [Feb. 16,

The mechanism above described is stated by Dr. Alix* to have

been first indicated by Bergmann, as far as the anatomical arrange-

ment is concerned, although Strauss-Diirckheim, in his ‘Théologie

de la Nature,’ was the first to explain it fully. Dr. Alix himself

has also} entered into the detail of the movement ‘of elongation”’

of the radius, which is well explained in his large work above referred

tot. My object in bringing the subject before the Society is to

draw special attention to so important a point, and to illustrate its

action by a wooden model, which demonstrates its accuracy in a very

striking manner.

It may be here mentioned that the movement of the general plane

of the wing during both the up and down stroke, which by Borelli

and his followers is ascribed to the elastic yielding of the feathers in

birds, and of the wing-membrane in insects, appears to me rather

to be dependent on the torsion of the bones or main nervure of the

wing, the power of lateral flexion in which is proved by M. Marey’s

discovery of the figure-of-8 action in the insect. A thin wooden

lath employed as a nervure to an artificial wing, if set with its

narrow section vertical and fixed to a non-yielding horizontal wing,

gives a vertical figure-of-8 when moved up and down, the plane

changing exactly as it is described by M. Marey in the insect.

2. Further Remarks on the Cassowaries living in the Society’s

Gardens, and on other Species of the Genus Casuarius.

By P. L. Scuarzr, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to

the Society.

[Received January 29, 1875.]

(Plates XVITI.—XX.)

The recent additions to our series of Cassowaries are of great in-

terest, and seem to necessitate some further remarks upon a subject

to which I have more than once directed the Society’s attention.

On the 27th of May last year, we purchased of Mr. Broughton of

the ‘ Paramatta,’ who seldom returns from Sydney without bringing

some welcome addition to our collection, a not quite adult Cassowary,

which, as I am informed, had been brought to Sydney in the month

of April, 1873, by Mr. Godfrey Goodman, Medical Officer of H.M.S.

‘Basilisk,’ and had lived some eight or nine months in the Botanic Gar-

dens there§. This Cassowary was entered in the register as a Mooruk ;

and not being at the time aware of its history, I did not pay special

attention to it. Later in the summer, having become aware of its

* ¢Hssai sur l'appareil locomoteur des Oiseaux,’ Paris, 1874, p. 230.

+ Bulletin de la Société Philomathique, 1864.

t Loe. cit. p. 330 et seq.

§ In a letter just received from Dr. G. Bennett he informs me that he has

ascertained from Mr. Goodman that this bird was obtained when quite young

from the natives at Discovery Bay, in Milne Bay, on the 8.H. coast of New

Guinea. Several other specimens of the same bird were subsequently brought

on board and purchased,

ph A irra:

tp

JSmit delet tith

| CASUARIUS UNIAPPENDICULATUS

Z v

> Via 50 PA

0b, LOOL. L1G

¢

Soc. Zool. Rotterdam

Wi c i

1875.] LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 85

origin, I made a careful examination of the specimen in company

with the Superintendent, and at once decided that it was not a

Mooruk (Casuarius bennetti), although closely allied to that species

in form and structure. It, in fact, more nearly resembles Westerman’s

Cassowary (C. westermanni, mihi, P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 248*), but is

very differently coloured in the naked parts of the throat, as will be

seen by the drawings which I now exhibit.

In C. westermanni (Plate XIX.) the throat is blue and the hinder

part of the neck deep orange-red. In the new species, which I pro-

pose to call C. picticollis (Plate XVIII.) the middle of the throat is

red, and the hinder part of the neck bright blue. There are, besides,

minor differences, which will be evident on comparing the two

drawings. Now, so far as I know, these colours in the naked parts

of the Cassowaries are quite constant ; and I can hardly doubt there-

fore that we have here to deal with different species. In C. bennetti,

of which several specimens have lived in our Gardens, the whole

throat and hind neck are alike blue. The three non-carunculated

Cassowaries known to me may therefore be diagnosed as follows :—

1. C. dennetti: gula et cervice postica ceruleis.

2. C. westermanni: gula ceerulea, cervice postica rubra.

3. C. picticollis: gula rubra, cervice postica cerulea.

In order to settle, if possible, the question whether C. papuanus of

Rosenberg (a fourth described species of this section) is really dif-

ferent from C. westermanni, I requested Mr. Smit, when he visited

Leyden in August last, to bring me a coloured figure of the head and

neck of the typical specimen of that species in the Leyden Museum.

I now exhibit Mr. Smit’s drawing, from which it would seem

that, although it is quite evident that the two species are very nearly

related, unless the naked parts have been wrongly coloured in the

stuffed specimen, C. papuanus may be, as politely suggested by

Schlegel + ‘suivant les principes des amateurs d’ornithologie,”’ differ-

ent from, althoughit is certainly very nearly allied to, C. westermanni.

This may well be the case, if it should turn out, as suggested by Dr.

Meyer (Sitz. Akad. Wien, Ixix. p. 217), that C. westermanni is the

Cassowary of the island of Jobie, and C. papuanus that of the main-

land of North New Guinea. C. picticollis comes, as we know, from

the extreme south of New Guinea, and C. bennett: from New Britain.

Besides C. picticollis we have recently received two other impor-

tant additions to the series of living Cassowaries—namely, a young

example of C. uniappendiculatus, presented by Capt. Moresby, of

H.M.S. ‘ Basilisk,’ in August last{, and a young Australian Casso-

wary (C. australis), just received from the Marquis of Normanby,

lately Governor of Queensland.

The former bird, as Dr. Bennett tells me, was obtained by Captain

Moresby from the natives at Cornwallis Island, in Torres Straits,

but was stated to have been originally brought from the adjacent

* Figured, P. Z. 8. 1872, pl. ix., as C. kaupi.

t Mus. d. Pays-Bas, Struthiones, p. 12 (1873).

t See P. Z. S. 1874, p. 495.

86 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CASSOWARIES' [Feb. 16,

coast of New Guinea. It is figured in the sketch which I now

exhibit (Plate XX. fig. 1).

There is a young example of the same species now living in the

Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, of which I also exhibit a coloured

sketch taken by Mr. Smit in August last (see Plate XX. fig. 2).

As regards our specimen of C. australis, in its present immature

dress it closely resembles the young of C. galeatus, of which a young

py

|

Fig. 1. Side view of head of Casuwarius beccart..

Fig. 2. Front view of same, showing wattles.

example has been placed next to it in the Gardens. But it will be

observed on comparison that the naked skin on the hind neck of C.

australis is orange instead of red, and that the legs are more robust.

So much for the Cassowaries now in our Gardens; but I havea

1875. ] LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 87

few words to add about a species which we have not yet received,

and which appears to be also hitherto unrecognized.

When at Genoa last year the Marquis Doria called my attention

to a stuffed Cassowary in the Museo Civico, which had been obtained

by Dr. E. Beccari in Wokan, the most northern of the Aroo

Islands*. By my friend’s kindness I am now able to exhibit co-

loured sketches of this bird and also of its head and neck (see figures

1 and 2, p. 86). By these it will be seen at once that this species

belongs to the section which contains C. galeatus, but from the

highly elevated crest (see fig. 1) would seem to be more nearly

allied to C. australis. The neck-wattles, however, are decidedly

of a different structure, there being, in fact, only one broad central

wattle, which is slightly divided at its termination (see fig. 2). Now

the only Cassowary yet known to us from the Aroo Islands is C.

bicarunculatus—a very different species. I cannot, therefore, doubt

that we have here again to deal with a new species of the genus,

which I propose, with the Marquis Doria’s sanction, to designate

after its discoverer,

CASUARIUS BECCARII, Sp. nov.

C. similis C. australi et crista pari modo elevata: sed caruncula

cervicis una media, ad apicem divisa.

Hab. Wokan, inss. Aroensium (Beccari).

Mus. civit. Genoensis.

The colours of the naked parts of the head and neck, as given in a

drawing which M. Doria informs me has been copied from a speci-

men in spirits in good preservation, would appear to show that in

this respect also C. beccarit comes nearest to C. australis t.

To conclude, I exhibit a revised table which summarizes our pre-

sent knowledge of the Cassowaries and their distribution.

Indew specierum Generis Casuarii.

a. Casside lateraliter compressa; appendicula cervicis aut duplici

aut divisa.

. C. galeatus, ex ins. Ceram.

. C. beccarii, ex ins. Aroensi Wokan.

. C. australis, ex Australia bor.

. C. bicarunculatus, ex inss. Aroensibus.

Be Oboe

6, Casside transversim compressa; apppendicula cervicis unica.

5. C. uniappendiculatus, ex Papua.

.

ce. Casside transversim compressa ; appendicula cervicis nulla,

. C. papuanus, ex Papua boreali.

. C. westermanni, ex ins. Papuana Jobie (?).

. C. picticollis, ex Papua meridionali.

. C. bennetti, ex Noy. Britann.

OO O=-1o>

* See Mr. Wallace’s Map, Travels in EB. I. Arch. ii. p. 219.

t Figured -P. Z. 8. 1872, pl. xxvi. This specimen (the only adult example

known) is now in the Cambridge University Museum, to which it was presented

by Lord Walden.

e ve large figure of the head of this species in Gould’s B. Austr. Suppl.

pl 70.

88 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. [Feb. 16,

3. Note on a new Locality of Dinornithide.

By Prof. Owen, C.B., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

[Received February 1, 1875.]

I have been favoured by an esteemed correspondent, Dr. Cough-

trey, with the following notice of a discovery in, to me, a new

locality, in the province of Otago, New Zealand, of remains of

Dinornithide. He writes :—‘‘ It might, perhaps, interest you to

know that we got in the Hamilton Swamp remnants of the following

species :—

“© Dinornis maximus. Dinornis didiformis.

robustus. casuarinus.

—— ingens. crassus, 2 varieties.

—— struthioides. elephantopus, 2 vars.

—— rheides. gravis.

“Of all the above species we have duplicate leg-bones. Besides,

we have almost complete skeletons of ‘ Cnemiornis calcitrans.’”

It is satisfactory to find that the authorities in charge of the

rapidly rising museum of Otago appear to have no difficulty in di-

stinguishing the remains of Dinornis gravis from the varieties referable

to Dinornis crassus, my chief difficulty and, for some time, doubt hav-

ing beenin relation to the limb-bone characters of the former species.

Its cranial characters, however, were decisive ; and as the number of

skulls of Dinornithidee now on hand corresponds with the species,

or established varieties, of Dinornis, based on characters of the pre-

viously found leg-bones, and as the descriptions and figures of

these bones in the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society’ evidently

serve their purpose in aid of the recognition of parts of the skeleton

by their discoveries in new localities of New Zealand, one aim of the

series of ‘“ Memoirs” which the Society has favoured me by

publishing has been attained.

4. On Anomalurus, its Structure and Position.

By Epwarp R. Axston, F.Z.S.

[Received February 1, 1875.]

(Plate XXI.)

This genus was established by Mr. Waterhouse in 1842*, and

now contains four or five species, all natives of Tropical Western

Africa. In external appearance the Anomalures very closely re-

semble the larger Flying Squirrels (Pteromys)—their most striking

outward distinctions being the double series of large salient scales on

the lower surface of the first third of the tail, and the fact that the

cartilage which serves to extend the flying expansion has its origin

at the elbow instead of at the wrist. They are also described as

* P.Z, 8. 1842, p, 124,

|

mans, lth

|

ANOMAL

URU

=

|

a

=

M& NHanhart, Tp

1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 89

having similar habits, climbing lofty trees, and passing by a great

sailing bound from the summit to another stem; in ascending a tree

the caudal scales are pressed against the trunk and thus serve as

“‘climbing-irons.” But Mr. Waterhouse pointed out, in his original

description, that the genus differs not only from the Flying Squirrels,

but from all the other Sciwride, in many important characters of

the skull and dentition—notably in the large size of the infraorbital

opening, the almost entire absence of postorbital processes, the

contraction and emargination of the bony palate, and the number and

appearance of the grinding-teeth.

Since its discovery, zoologists have held very various views as to

the true affinities of the Anomalure. Mr. Waterhouse regarded it

as an aberrant Squirrel, showing an approach to the Dormice*.

Dr. Gray took the same view, placing it at the head of the Sciurina,

immediately following the Myoainat. Temminck treated Anomal-

urus as a subgenus of Pteromys, and first gave some account of

the skeletont, which was more fully described by Gervais$, and

figured in the posthumous part of De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie ’ |].

According to the views which M. Gervais then held, the subfamily

Anomulurina had_ uno real relationship to the Squirrels, but should

be ranked among the Hystricide, next to Capromyna—an arrange-

ment to which Giebel4] and Burmeister** gave their adherence.

Brandt first placed the Anomalures as the third tribe of his family

Sciuroides, under the name of Anomaluri seu Pteromyoxosciuri, as

indicating their relationshipt++, but subsequently proposed another

classification, in which they formed the first subfamily, named

Anomalurini seu Sciuri Lemuriformes, as showing an-approach to

the Lemurs, through Galeopithecus, in the structure of their toes

and clawst{. M. Gervais has since withdrawn from his first position

as to the hystricine affinities of the animal, but, still holding that it

is not a Squirrel, unites it with the Dormice and the miocene

genera Theridomys and Archeéomys in his “famille des Myoxidés’’§§.

In this he has been followed by Dr. Fitzinger||||. Prof. Lilljeborg

placed Anomalurina asa subfamily of Sciuride showing an approach

to the Hystricomorpha of Brandt 44]; and more recently he retains

this arrangement, but suggests that the form should probably rank

as a distinct family***. This last view is shared by Dr. Gill, who

makes the Anomaluride a family equal in value to the Sciurida, and

places it between the latter and the Haploodontide +++.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 202 (1842).

+ List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 133 (1843).

t Esquisses Zoologiques, pp. 143-146 (1853).

§ Ann. Scien. Nat. (3° sér.) xx. pp. 238-246, pl. xiii. (1853).

|| Atlas, iv. Sczwrus, pl. i. (1855). G Allgemeine Zoologie, p. 485 (1854).

** Thiere Braziliens, Th. i. p. 341 (1854).

tt Mém. de l’Ac. St. Pétersb. (6° sér.), Sc. Nat. vii. pp. 298, 299 (1855).

tt Compt. Rend. Ac. Scien. xliii. pp. 189-143 (1856).

§§ Zoologie et Paléontologie Frangaises (2° ed.) pp. 27-380 (1859).

||| Sitzungsb. Ak, Wissensch. Wien, lv. (erste Abth.) p. 511 (1867).

4/4] Syst. Gifv. de Gnagande Dagedjuren, pp. 38, 40 (1866).

*** Sveriges och Norges Ryggradsdjur, i. p. 383 (1874).

ttt Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, xi. p. 21 (1874).

90 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. [Feb. 16,

Through the kindness of Professor Flower and Dr. Giinther, I

have been enabled to examine specimens of two species of Anomal-

ure preserved in spirits in the Museum of the Royal College of

Surgeons and the British Museum, and have hence been led to

reconsider the question of the nature and affinities of the animal.

I have to acknowledge the kind help of my friend Mr. Garrod in

the examination and comparison of the very remarkable viscera,

which do not appear to have been previously described.

STRUCTURE.

External characters.—With regard to these little can be added to

Mr. Waterhouse’s excellent original description. On examining

specimens in spirits, however, one peculiarity is observed which is

less striking in dry skins. This is the arrangement and form of the

tubercles on the naked soles of the feet. The fore feet have a series

of five tubercles at the base of the toes (in A. pelii the second inner

tubercle is nearly divided in two); behind these there is a small

round isolated one in the centre of the sole, and on each side a

Pert.

a. Fore foot, b. Hind foot, of Anomalurus fraseri, natural size.

larger callosity. In the hind feet there is a series of six at the base

of the toes, with a small central, one long internal, and two external

tubercles. This remarkable arrangement, which is very similar in

all the species, is well shown in the figure. The number of scales

in the caudal series varies slightly in different individuals. As

already noticed, the cartilage, or chondrified fascia, which supports

the flying expansion or patagium, is attached to the olecranon instead

1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 91

of to the carpus, although the membrane itself springs from the side

of the wrist*. Thus instead of extending along the free front margin

of the patagium as in Pteromys and Sciuropterus, it passes diago-

nally between its folds to the anterior corner. In the one arrange-

ment the cartilage may be compared to the yard of a lug-sail, in the

second to the gaff of a sprit-sail.

Skeleton.—The skeleton of Pel’s Anomalure having been described

and figured by Gervais and De Blainville, it will be sufficient to

remark on the points which bear more especially on the affinities of

the animal.

The skulls of A. fraseri, A. peli, and A. beecrofti are very much

alike, though the examination of a series of each would probably

show constant specific characters. On comparing the skull of 4.

pelii with that of Pteromys nitidus, the differences already alluded

to are very striking. The postorbital processes of the frontals are

rudimentary and almost obselete in the Anomalure, while they are

largely developed in the Flying Squirrel; on this point, however,

too much weight should not be laid; for in the African Ground-

Squirrels (Xerus) and the Chipmunks (Tamias) these processes are

comparatively small. The other distinctions are all connected with

the function of mastication. The infraorbital foramen is expanded

into a large suboval opening in the anterior root of the zygoma, and

evidently gives passage to a portion of the masseter muscle, as well

as to the infraorbital branch of the fifth pair of nerves, instead of

transmitting the nerve only as in Pteromys and the other Sciuride.

The glenoid cavity is narrower, the articular surface of the condyle

of the mandible is more sloped outwards; and the bony palate is

much contracted, convex, and deeply emarginate behind.

In all other essential characters the skulls appear to me to agree.

The nasals are narrower in the Anomalure (as they also are in

Xerus), but of the same general form. The frontals are not more

contracted (if the postorbital processes be disregarded), and have

the same median depression. The direction of the temporal ridges

is the same, as are the position of the foramina of the base of the

skull, and the size of the incisive foramina. The structure of the

auditory bull is identical, their interiors being partially divided into

cells by imperfect bony septa, radiating from the walls towards the

cochlea: the external meatus is large in both; but in the Anomalure

its margin is less produced+. The form and proportions of the

mandible are the same in both animals.

The other parts cf the skeleton of the Anomalure differ in no

important point from that of the Flying Squirrel, except the number

of ribs, of which there are sixteen pairs instead of twelve, and the

flattening and breadth of the olecranon, to give attachment to the

cartilage of the flying expansion. The vertebre of A. pelii are :—

* Temminck was therefore mistaken in stating that the forearm is free in the

Anomalure (Esquiss. Zool. p. 145).

t Since the above was written, my friend Mr. A. Doran has called my atten-

tion to the auditory ossicles of Anomalurus, which arc identical in type with

those of the true Squirrels.

92 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. [Feb. 16,

cervical 7, dorsal 16, lumbar 9, sacral 4, caudal 28 ; the latter are

much elongated. The posterior ridge of the scapula is very salient ;

and the humerus has a moderate deltoid ridge. The femur has a

crest representing the third trochanter; and the slender fibula is

quite distinct from the tibia; in Pteromys these bones are often

closely united below, though not truly fused.

Dentition.—The grinding-teeth of the Anomalure are four in

number on each side above and below, the small anterior premolar

of Pteromys being absent; this tooth, however, is lost early in life

in many species of Squirrel. Their series converge in front ; and

they are placed obliquely ; so that the crowns of the upper teeth

look outwards, and those of the lower jaw inwards. These crowns

are worn perfectly flat even in young individuals, exposing islands

of cement separated by cross folds of enamel, which are .more

directly transverse and less twisted than in the more complicated

teeth of Pteromys. In the typical skull of A. beecrofti, in the

British Museum, the cemental spaces are smaller and more isolated

than in the other species.

Viscera.—These, like the masticatory apparatus, differ much from

those of the Sciuride, and, indeed, present peculiarities not met with

in any other family of the order.

Fig. 2.

Czxeum of A. fraseri, natural size.

The tongue resembles that of the Squirrels, but is narrower and

more pointed. The circumvallate papille are two in number, and

are placed transversely.

The cesophagus has a short abdominal course after passing

through the diaphragm, extending in 4. fraseri to about half an

inch ; its epithelium is not continued beyond the cardiac orifice.

1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 93

The stomach is perfectly simple and nearly oval, the cardiac and

pyloric openings being near one another. The walls are very thin ;

and the epithelial lining is smooth and perfectly uniform throughout.

A very small external fold or pucker runs transversely across the

lesser curvature. In d. fraseri the greatest diameter is 1°75 inch,

the lesser about ‘80.

The duodenum has the usual dilatation below the pylorus; the

length of the small intestine in A. fraseri is 43°50 inches, and in 4.

pelw 60 inches.

The czecum is of considerable volume. In A. Jraseri its length is

about 5 inches, and its greatest diameter *50; in the specimen

examined of A. pelii its proportions were similar, but it was too

greatly injured by shot to allow of exact measurement. In form and

structure it is very different from that of the Squirrels, and, indeed,

from that of any of the Glires Simplicidentati with which I am

acquainted. It is at first continuous with the colon, irregularly

coiled on itself, and sacculated almost to its end by an internal spiral

fold, with a free inner edge, as in the Hares; this fold is nearly

regular and continuous, but here and there it is interrupted. The

extremity is very narrow, perfectly simple, and abruptly reflected on

itself. In the figure the cecum is shown uncoiled and extended, in

which condition its structure is more plainly shown than when it is

in its natural convolutions.

The colon is at first marked by the inner fold continued from the

ceecum; its first loop after leaving the latter is longer than the

second. The length of the large intestine from czecum to anus is in

A. fraseri about 16 inches, in A. pelii 47 inches, making the whole

length of the intestine about 60 inches in the former and 107 inches

in the latter, or rather more than jive times the length of the head

and body in each case.

Fig. 3.

Liver of A. fraseri, natural size.

LL, left lateral lobe; uc, left central; Ru, right lateral; rc, right central;

8, Spigelian ; c, caudate lobe.

94 MR, E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS aNoMALURUS. [Feb. 16,

The spleen is of the same shape as in the Squirrels.

The liver has the general proportions shown in the figure. The

caudate lobe is long and pointed ; it is proportionally smaller in A.

pelii than in A. fraseri. The Spigelian lobe is small and simple, not

double or bifid as in almost all known rodents. There is no trace of

a cystic notch ; and the gall-bladder lies directly over the umbilical

fissure—an arrangement which has never been observed, as far as I

know, in any other member of the order.

The uterus of the female is long and double. In the male the

penis is stated by Gervais to be provided with a bone.

SysteMATIC Pos1TIONn.

From the above facts it appears to be clear that the Anomalure

is an aberrant Squirrel, with no special affinities to any other

family, that its peculiarities are all purely adaptive, and that they

are all in direct connexion with the functions of mastication and

digestion.

Thus, in the skull, if we pass the minor point of the reduction of

the postorbital processes, we find that it is built on the true sciurine

type, ewcept in those parts which are modified by the peculiarities of

the masseter muscle and teeth. Mr. Waterhouse, with his usual

acumen, remarked in his original description :—‘ The masticating

surfaces of these teeth are worn flat by usage, even in the compara-

tively young animal, as in other rodents which have a large ant-

orbital opening, and have not a tubercular surface such as we find

in the molars of the typical Squirrels. These last-mentioned

animals, it would appear, have a rotatory motion of the lower jaw,

while the Anomalurt have a longitudinal, no doubt combined with

the rotatory motion; and this difference is perhaps due to the action

of that portion of the masseter muscle which passes through the

antorbital opening” (l.c. p. 127)*. The rest of the skeleton, save

in the number of ribs, seems also to be that of a true Squirrel; and

though the viscera are widely different from those of that group, yet

they are also unlike the organs of any other family.

The resemblances which have been pointed out to the Dormice

and to the hystricine rodents appear to me to be merely superficial

and adaptive. Those to the Myowide are only in the size (not the

furm) of the infraorbital opening, and the number and general

appearance of the grinding-teeth, and do not extend to any more

important characters. The points of similarity to some of the

Hystricide, in the form of the infraorbital opening, the shape of

the bony palate, and the number of ribs, are much more striking,

but are at once negatived by the structure of other parts, notably

by that of the mandible, zygoma, auditory bulle, and base of tie

skull. The teeth, which M. Gervais compares to those of Cer-

comys, have not so great a resemblance to the teeth of any of

the Hystricide as the dentition of the Beaver has to that of the

widely distinct Coypu. Brandt’s comparison of Anomalurus to

* Cf. Von Teutleben, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1874, pp. 91-95.

1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 95

Galeopithecus, founded on the compression of the toes and claws,

seems too fanciful to require discussion, though by a curious co-

incidence the ceca of the two animals are somewhat similar in

appearauce,

What may have been the causes of the wonderful modification of

the alimentary system and the subsidiary parts of the skull in

Anomalurus is more doubtful. The facts seem to point to the effect

of a more dry and innutritious diet. Beyond Temminck’s statement

that “ils se nourrissent de fruits,” nothing has been recorded of the

food of the Anomalures; and the contents of the stomachs of the

specimens 1 have examined were unfortunately too well digested to

yield much information. That of 4. pelii, however, contained a

quantity of long vegetable fibres, which seems not unfavourable to

the idea that they may live principally either on dry and stringy

fruit or on leaves, |

A further question, and one perhaps incapable of a satisfactory

solution, remains. Is Anomalurus more closely allied to Preromys

and Sciuropterus than to the non-volant genera of the family? or

are their resemblances an instance of the independent origin of

similar structures? The development of a flying-expansion in itself

naturally points to the former view, while the remarkable difference

in the attachment and course of its expanding cartilage seems to be

in favour of the latter.

The geographical distribution of the two groups is worthy of note.

As for as we know at present, the Anomalures appear to be confined

to a limited region of West Africa, extending from the equator to

about 15° north latitude, whereas no species either of Pteromys or

Seiuropterus seems ever to have been met with in any part of the

/Kthiopian region.

If the above views are correct the systematic position of the

Anomalures is settled, and their rank will merely depend on the

higher or lower value given to the whole sciurine group of ro-

dents. If the latter is regarded as a family, then the <Ano-

malurine will be a subfamily of Sciuride; if as a separate section

of the order, the Anemaluride will form one of the constituent

families of the Sciuromorpha. In either case the characters will

be the same as those proposed by Mr. Waterhouse for the only

known genus.

I now conclude with the synonymy, characters, and habitats of

the known species of the genus.

SPECIES.

1. ANOMALURUS FRASERI.

1842. Anomalurus fraseri, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 124;

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 201.

1842. Pteromys derbianus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x.

p- 262.

1843. Anomulurus derbianus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus.

p- 133.

96 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. [ Feb. 16,

1860. Anomalurus beldeni, Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist. vii. p. 303*.

Above grizzled sooty brcwn, extremities darker, area round ears

blackish. Below dirty white, chin and throat dark grey. Mea-

surements of a small specimen in the flesh :—head and body 11 in.,

tail 11°50, ear 1°30, fore foot (without claw) 1°40, hind foot 2.

Hab. Fernando Po (Fraser, Brit. Mus.) ; Gambia? (Brit. Mus.);

Ashantee (Mus. R. Coll. Surg.).

2. ANOMALURUS PELII.

1845. Anomalurus peliit, Temminck, Verhand. over de Nat.

Geschied. der Nederl. Bezitt. i. (d. ii.) p. 108; Esquisses Zool.

(1853), p. 146.

Above sooty black; the broad margin of the flying-expansion,

nose, long hairs at base of ears, tail, and lower parts white ; feet white,

mixed with dusky. Measurements of a specimen in the flesh :—

head and body 17 in., tail 17°75, ear 1°75, fore foot 1-60, hind foot

2°50.

Hab. Fantee, Ashantee (Pel, Leyden Mus.; Brit. Mus.).

3. ANOMALURUS BEECROFTI.

1852. Anomalurus beecrofti, Fraser, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 17,

pl. xxxil.

Above grizzled yellowish grey, washed along the spine with

rufous ; front part of flying-expansion dusky ; a short pale band on

each side of the neck, and a small white spot between the ears; tail

dusky brown. Below bright rufous. Measurements of a dry skin :

—head and body 15 in., tail 9.

Hab. Ashantee (Fraser, Brit. Mus.) ; Cameroon Mountains,

7000 feet above sea (Burton, Brit. Mus.)t.

4, ? ANOMALURUS LANIGER.

1853. Anomalurus laniger, Temminck, Esquisses Zoologiques,

p. 149. 4

Above grizzled grey, washed along the spine and on the shoulders

with rufous; tail brown. Throat and breast rufous, rest of the

lower parts reddish white. Fur throughout short, thick, woolly, and

crisp. Measurements of a dry skin :—head and body 9 in., tail 7.

Hab. West Afriea, exact locality not known (Leyden Mus.).

I have not seen Temminck’s type, which is described as not fully

grown and in bad condition. Probably it is the young of the last

species, in which the fur is certainly shorter and more woolly than

in the others.

5. ANOMALURUS FULGENS. (Plate XXI.)

1869. Anomalurus fulgens, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4th

ser.), iil. p. 469. 467.

Nearly uniform bright rufous, rather paler below, and passing to

* Of. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 275. t Cf. P. ZS. 1862, p. 180.

1875.] MR. H. E. DRESSER ON HYPOLAIS CALIGATA, ETC. 97

whitish on the sides of the abdomen; a small white spot between

the ears. Measurements of a dried skin:—head and body 14 in.,

tail 7.

Hab. Gaboon (Brit. Mus.).

As far as I am aware, the type specimen of this very handsome

species is still the only one which has been brought to Europe; and

as it has not hitherto been figured, I have chosen it as the subject

of the accompanying plate.

5. Notes on the Nest and Egg of Hypolais caligata and on

the Egg of Charadrius asiaticus, Pall., together with

Remarks on the latter Species and Charadrius veredus,

Gould. By H. EH. Dresszr, F.Z.S. &e.

[Received February 1, 1875.]

A few meetings ago I exhibited the nest and eggs of Hypolais

rama, together with the eggs of all known European species of

Hypolais excepting H. caligata, which I then said I expected would

closely resemble those of H. rama*. Since then I have received,

through Mr. Wilhelm Schliter, of Halle, a nest and egg, together

with the bird, of Hypolais caligata, collected by a correspondent of

his in the Kirghis steppes. These I have now the pleasure to exhibit ;

and it will be seen that both nest and egg differ not a little from

those of Hypolais rama, collected by Mr. Blanford in Persia. The

egg, compared with those of that species, bears about the same

affinity as the egg of H. polyglotta does to that of H. pallida, Ehr.

(H. elaiea, auctt.), being smaller and more pink in general hue, being

of a delicate very pale pinkish white colour, sparingly dotted and

marked with black and to a slight extent with dark purplish under-

lying shell-markings. In size the single egg I possess measures 0°6

by 9°475 inch ; and, like those of H. polyglotta, it is rather stout in

form and scarcely so elongated as the eggs of H. rama. The nest is

a much stouter and more compact structure than that of H. rama, and

not so deep inthe cup. It is carefully built of stems of plants, grass-

bents, and fine roots, and is carefully lined with finer bents and a few

hairs. The skin sent with the nest and egg agrees closely with a

specimen from the Ural, which I compared, and which agreed with the

type specimen sent to me from Berlin for examination, as also with

examples sent to me from India labelled Jerdonia agricolensis and

Phyllopneuste agricolensis by Mr. W. E. Brooks.

Amongst other specimens received with the above, through Mr.

Schliter, from the Kirghis steppes, are two skins, male and female,

in full breeding-plumage, of Charadrius asiaticus, Pall., together

with an egg of that species, which latter is especially interesting,

because the egg of that rare wader appears, so far as I can gather, to

have been hitherto unknown.

This egg, which I now exhibit, somewhat resembles those of Eu-

* See P. Z.8. 1874, p. 655.

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1875, No. VII. 7;

98 MR.H.E. DRESSER ON HYPOLAIS CALIGATA, ETC. [Feb. 16,

dromias morinellus, but is darker and rather more green in tinge of

ground-colour than the general run of those eggs, besides being much

less spotted and more oval in shape. It is, as will be seen, warm

buff, with the faintest greenish tinge, and sparingly spotted with

black, the markings being comparatively small and not large blotches

asin those of E. morinellus. In size it measures 1°25 by 1-075 inch,

and is oval in shape, very slightly tapering towards one end.

It is especially interesting to obtain not only the egg of this

species but the bird itself from the locality whence it was originally

described. It will be recollected that in ‘ The Ibis’ for 1870, p. 201,

Mr. Harting gave a full account of this species and of its close ally

Charadrius veredus, Gould; and in 1872 (Ibis, 1872, p. 144) Dr.

Otto Finsch published some notes on these two species, in which he

sought to show that the bird referred to by Mr. Harting under the

name of Eudromias asiaticus should stand as C. damarensis, and

that his Z. veredus is the true C. asiaticus of Pallas. These speci-

mens, however, which I now exhibit, tend to prove that Mr. Harting

was quite right in his identification of Pallas’s C. asiaticus ; but all the

distinctive characters of the two species as given by him (Ibis, 1870,

p- 212) do not always hold good. For instance he states that all the

primaries of C. asiaticus have the shafts mesially white. This is

certainly the case in some specimeus I possess, and also in the female

obtained from the Kirghis steppes ; but the male has the shaft of the

first primary only white, almost all the rest being as dark as the web

of the feather.

The best distinctive character besides measurements is the colour

of the axillaries, which in C. asiaticus are invariably white, and in

C. veredus dark smoke-grey. I cannot but think that there is some

mistake in the colour of the tarsus of C. asiaticus as given by

Mr. Harting, who, both in his description and in the plate, gives it as

being greenish ochreous. Now Pallas expressly states that the colour

of the tarsus is yellowish ; and in his plate (Zoogr. Ross.-As. ii. pl.

58) he figures the bird with the legs ochreous yellow. Ido not know

where Mr. Harting obtained the particulars he gives as to the colour

of the tarsus being greenish ; but it is possible that the description

may have been taken from a young bird, and that the young have

the tarsus darker than the old birds ; or else, as in some other waders,

the colour of the tarsus may vary at different seasons of the year.

I observe that Mr. Harting follows Keyserling and Blasius in

referring both C. asiaticus and C. veredus to the genus Ludro-

mias; but I have grave doubts as to this being correct. In Eudro-

mias (the type of which is #. morinellus) the female is more richly

coloured than the male, whereas in both the above species the female

lacks the rich nuptial dress of the male and is not unlike its mate in

winter dress. Professor Newton has pointed out to me that the

sternum of FL. morinellus differs greatly from that of true Charadrius ;

and it will be interesting to ascertain, so soon as a skeleton of either

C. veredus or C. asiaticus can be procured, whether these species

assimilate to Hudromias or to true Charadrius in that respect.

Meanwhile I think it advisable to refer them to the latter group.

TYCVAIVS “SMS TAWIMAVS: 1

WYNpie PP sirewUlsmsy or

dunt * soug UWiezUIpl

d YLo hoe yt Gh

1875.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN,. 99

6. On a Collection of Birds from Labuan. By R. Bowpier

Suarre, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., of the Zoological Depart-

ment, British Museum.

[Received February 2, 1875. ]

(Plate XXII.)

Mr. Hugh Low, well-known for his researches into various

branches of Natural History in Borneo, has lately sent over to

England a collection of birds, which I have had the pleasure of

examining. The locality whence this collection came, Labuan, has

been brought prominently under the notice of ornithologists by the

little work of Messrs. Motley and Dillwyn, wherein many fine species

are figured*, The present consignment of Mr. Low, however,

contains many species before unknown to inhabit the island ; and it

adds more than one species to the Bornean avifauna, on which

Count Salvadori has recently written such an excellent work t+. The

latter has been of the greatest assistance to me in the determination

of the species mentioned in the present paper.

Family Srrigipz.

1, Nrnox BoRNEENSIS, Bp.; Salvad. /. c. p. 18.

Three specimens sent by Mr. Low are apparently referable to this

species, having the same number of tail-bands (four) as a Sarawak

skin ; but all three of the Labuan birds are of a very dark colour,

almost blackish chocolate, and have no perceptible white on the face

and throat ; in this respect they contrast strongly with the above-

mentioned Sarawak bird, which was collected by Mr. Wallace.

: Family CaPpRIMULGID.

2. BATRACHOSTOMUS AURITUS.

An adult specimen, agreeing in the main with Malaccan examples.

This large Goatsucker is not included by Count Salvadori.

3. BaTRAcHOSTOMUS JAVENSIS (Horsf.); Salvad. 7. ce. p. 112.

One example, rather darker and greyer than those examined from

other localities, but apparently not specifically distinct.

4. CAPRIMULGUS SALVADORII, sp. n. (Plate XXII. fig. 1.)

Blackish: head greyer, very finely vermiculated whitish, with many

of the feathers in centre of crown black, others centred with black-;

hind neck with a few rufous bars, disappearing on interscapulary

region ; wings blackish brown, with a few fulvous vermiculations

* Contributions to the Natural History of Labuan and the adjacent coasts of

Borneo. 8yo, London, 1855.

t ‘Catalogo sistematico degli Uccelli di Borneo con note ed osservazione di

G. Doria ed O. Beccari intorno alle specie da essi raccolte nel Rajeato di Sara-

wak,” Ann. Mus. Civico Genoa, vol. iv. 7

100 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. [Feb. 16,

towards the tips of the feathers, which are subterminally barred with

fulvous or whitish, the innermost very broadly and plainly barred

with sandy buff ; scapulars black in the centre, with broad marginal

bands of sandy buff; primary coverts and quills blackish, the

secondaries vermiculated with sandy buff, the innermost greyish ;

first four primaries with a large white spot, extending on to both

webs in the second, third, and fourth ; centre tail-feathers greyish

brown, vermiculated with sandy buff and crossed with eight bars of

darker brown, the rest of the feathers dull brown, crossed with about

eight vermiculated bands of fulvous, none of them very distinct, the

two external feathers almost uniform except for a few notches of

sandy buff on the outer web, the terminal third being pure white ;

sides of face rufescent, mottled with dark brown bars, the cheeks

whitish, barred with brown and forming an indistinct moustachial

stripe ; throat rufous, mottled with brown bars, on the lower part a

distinct gular patch of white ; chest ashy brown, barred with buffy

white, all the feathers more or less mottled with fulvous vermicula-

tions ; remainder of under surface fulvous, barred with dusky brown ;

under wing-coverts dark brown, barred across with sandy buff, the

lower series uniform blackish like the inner lining of the wing. Total

length 9 inches, culmen 0°45, wing 7°0, tail 4°9, tarsus 0°6.

I cannot identify this Goatsucker with any Malayan species, most

of which are in the museum. The species given by Count Salvadori

are Caprimulgus affinis, C. arundinaceus, C. macrurus, C. borneensis,

and C. concretus ; and with none of these does it agree at all.

With regard to C. borneensis, described by Mr. Wallace for the

first time in Count Salvadori’s book, there can scarcely be a doubt

that it is the true C. concretus of Bonaparte. Mr. Wallace had

very probably overlooked the correction of the Ashantee habitat of

this bird given in the ‘ Conspectus’ (p. 60), and doubtless did not

compare his Bornean bird with the description of an African species.

The great peculiarities of C. borneensis are the broad transverse white

markings on the under surface and the unspotted quills, both of

which are mentioned in Bonaparte’s description. The large white

tail-spots and the four spots on the quills are very prominent cha-

racters in C. salvadorii. I may add that the types of C. borneensis

from Banjermassing are in the museum and before me as I write.

The figure of C. concretus (Plate XXII. fig. 2) is from one of these

typical specimens.

Family ALCEDINIDZ.

5, Ceyx sHArpt, Salvad. Atti R. Ac. Tor. iv. p. 463; Sharpe,

Monogr. Alced. pl. 42; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 98.

Count Salvadori points out that the figure of this species in my

‘Monograph’ is “‘ very inaccurate ;”” but beyond the difficulty which

any one will find in representing the exact brilliancy of a lilac tint by

the hands of colourists, I cannot allow the inaccuracy of the plate.

The fault lies more with the species, for three specimens of C. sharpii

occur in the present collection along with C. dillwynni, and I feel

tolerably certain that Count Salvadori’s species will turn out ulti-

1875.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. 101

mately to be only a stage of the last-named bird. They all possess

in a greater or less degree the blue terminal spots to the median

wing-coverts, and are generally of a more brilliant shade than the

ordinary C. rujidorsa; all have, also, red tails and coral-red beaks.

One of them has the wing-coverts rufous ; but the other two exhibit

a tolerable admixture of black. The black line running along the

hinder scapulars, so apparent in the typical specimen, exists only in

one of the examples; and there it is also so shaded with blue as

closely to approach C. dillwynni. None of the specimens of C.

sharpii has the frontal spot, which is plainly marked in all three

of C. dillwynni.

Having examined the types both of Strickland’s C. rufidorsa and

Salvadori’s C. innominata, I can affirm that they are absolutely one

and the same species ; and the latter title must therefore give way.

6. Ceyx DILLWYNNI, Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1868, p. 591; id. Monogr.

Alced. pl. 43; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 99.

I was delighted to see three more specimens of this previously

unique Kingfisher. The type was originally described by me from

a Labuan specimen procured by the late Mr. Motley, and apparently

was quite adult, judging from the specimens now sent, which have

short and brownish beaks. In the main they agree with the de-

scription and figure of the type in my ‘ Monograph;’ and all have

blackish tails, more or less rufous at the base of the feathers.

7. ALCEDO MENINTING, Horsf.; Salvad. Uce. Born. p. 93.

Alcedo asiatica, Sw.; Sharpe, Monogr. Alced. pl. 5.

The receipt of three specimens in Mr. Low’s collection strengthens

my opinion expressed in the ‘Monograph,’ that the Bornean examples

of this Kingfisher are not different from those inhabiting other parts

of the Indo-Malayan subregion. The only really variable form of

A. meninting that I am aware of is the bird now called by Lord

_ Walden Alcedo beavani. Lord Walden has now seen several speci-

mens, and he may therefore be right in considering Alcedo beavant

a distinct species; but I should like to compare a series of both

before admitting that it is any thing more than a large race of

A, meninting. A very young bird sent by Mr. Low is very similar

to the adult birds, and is even more brilliant cobalt on the back, but

differs in the short beak, which is black with an ivory-white tip.

8. Hatcyon piteata (Bodd.); Sharpe, Monogr. Alced. pl. 62.

Entomobia pileata, Salvad. 1. c. p. 102.

One example known from Sarawak, but not previously met with

in Labuan.

Family Merorip2.

9. Mreroprs picotor, Bodd.; Salvad. J. c. p. 90.

Mr. Low has sent quite a series of this Bee-eater, the adults not

presenting any remarkable variation beyond a certain difference in

102 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. [Feb. 16,

the colour of the wing-coverts and scapulars, which vary in the

amount of blue shading. ‘The greener ones are probably females, or

perhaps young birds, as the latter have the scapulars entirely green.

In the present collection is a little nestling, a most interesting

specimen, as it differs somewhat from the full-grown young birds

previously seen by me. It is of a dull olive-green above, the tail

bluer than the back, the lower part of which and the rump have the

usual cobalt appearance, but not so bright as in the adults; the

wings are slightly brighter green than the back ; ear-coverts black ;

chin and cheeks yellowish, shading off into cobalt streaks on the

lower throat and hinder part of cheeks ; breast bright grass-green,

gradually shading off into bluish white on the abdomen and under

tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and bases of quills dull chestnut,

those round the bend of the wing dull green.

Family TroGonip2&.

10. Harpacres puvAvcELI (Temm.).

Pyrotrogon duvaucelii, Salvad. 1. c. p. 29.

Two fully adult males.

11. Harpactes p1arpi (Temm.).

_ Pyrotrogon diardi, Salvad. 1. c. p. 28.

Two males and a female of this species are contained in the

present collection. One of them has a black head, with a very slight

wash of crimson ; but the other has a deep crimson head, the black

colour being quite obscured. May not this crimson-headed bird

account for H. erythrocephalus having been admitted into the

Bornean avifeuna? Count Salvadori is doubtless right in discrediting

its occurrence in the island.

Family BucEeRorip2.

- 12. Hyprocissa ALBirosTRIs (Shaw); Salvad. J. c. p. 82.

A series of this species, differing much in shape of bill.

Family Caprronip&.

13. MrGALZMA VERSICOLOR (Rafil.).

Chotorea versicolor, Salvad. 1. c. p. 33.

One adult example.

; Family Picipz.

14. Yunerricus sonpaicus, Wall. in Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 43.

Count Salvadori’s title of fusco-albidus for this species must sink

into a synonym of Mr. Wallace’s name above quoted, if the latter

gentleman is correct in supposing the true P. moluccensis to be the

large species from Lombock and Flores. I have compared the two

Labuan examples now sent by Mr. Low with the type of P.

sondaicus, and find them to be the same species.

1875. ] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. 103

15. CaLLoLopuus punicevus (Horsf.); Salvad. J. ¢. p. 49.

This species appears to be new to Labuan. One example is sent

on the present occasion.

16. CaLLoLopHus MALACCENs!Is (Lath.); Salvad. /.c. p. 50.

Two specimens of this Woodpecker, which is new to Labuan.

17. Turiponax JAVENs!Is (Horsf.) ; Salvad. J. ¢. p. 52.

An adult specimen.

18. GRAUCOPICOIDES RAFFLESII (Vig.) ; Salvad. J. ¢. p. 54.

Male and female of this species, which is also here recorded from

Labuan for the first time.

19. Mereiypres rristis (Horsf.) ; Salvad. 7.c. p. 56.

Comparing the single Labuan skin now sent with one from

Sarawak (Wallace), I find that they both differ from Malaccan and

Sumatran examples in being more numerously banded underneath,

and in having the cross bars more rufous. Certain indications,

however, of an intermediate plumage in the Sarawak bird incline me

to agree with Count Salvadori in uniting the two species, and not

considering the M. grammithorax (Malh.) distinct.

20. MriciyrTeEs TuKKI (Less.) ; Salvad. J. c. p. 57.

A pair of these birds are sent by Mr. Low; and on comparing

them with a pair from Malacca and Sumatra collected by Mr.

Wallace I notice more differences than were evident in the case of

the foregoing species. The Labuan specimens are more rufous

underneath ; and the heads are browner, whereas the Malaccan

examples have a greyish crown. The black on the chest is very

much broader in the Labuan examples.

21. Microprernus Bapiosus (Temm.); Salvad. J. c. p. 58.

One specimen. This species has never been sent from Labuan

before ; but the Museum contains a Sarawak specimen obtained by

Mr. Wallace. It entirely agrees with the excellent diagnosis given

by Count Salvadori for the species (p. 59), and has not the uniform

first primary mentioned by some authors. I cannot agree that it is

the same as M. brachyurus of Malacca, as it seems to be a darker

bird altogether, and has the tip of the tail quite black for more than

its apical third. The crimson colour round the eye also appears to

consist only of a few scattered dots, and not to form a patch or

small spot as in the Malaccan species.

22. SasIA ABNORMIS (Temm.); Salvad. /.c¢. p. 60.

Two males and a female. This species has not been before

recorded from Labuan. I cannot see the slightest difference between

Bornean and Malaccan examples of either sex.

104 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. [Feb. 16,

Family CucuLipz.

23. RuopopyTEs ERYTHROGNATHUS (Hartl.) ; Salvad. /.c. p. 74.

One fine example. On comparing it with Malaccan and Sumatran

Specimens it shows a more conspicuous blue-grey chin than any of

the latter ; but so many have a slight indication of it, that I think it

may very likely be a sign of age or sex.

24, RurnorTHA CHLOROPHAA (Raifil.) ; Salvad. J. c. p. 69.

Three pairs of this species, which is known from other parts of

Borneo, where it seems to be plentiful. This is, however, its first

recorded appearance in Labuan.

25. Potiococcyx SUMATRANUS (Raffl.); Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1873,

p- 606.

Rhopodytes sumatranus, Salvad. 1. c. p. 73.

Three specimens. They do not show so much rufous on the

abdomen as the Malaccan and Sumatran specimens; but this seems

a somewhat variable character.

Family Psirracip2.

26. Patzornis LoneicaupA (Bodd.) ; Salvad. J. c. p. 22.

One adult specimen. The sides of the face and hind neck are

shaded with lilac; and the edge of the wing is green, the breast

being also washed with greenish blue. These are probably signs of

a very old bird.

Family Pirripx.

27. BRACHYURUS MUELLERI.

Melanopitta miilleri, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 374.

A fine series of this Pitta is sent by Mr. Low, and in addition to

these a pair of birds with the nest and eggs. These two specimens

bear out Lord Walden’s remarks about the extent of black in the

wing exhibited by Mr. Everett’s pair from Marup (J. c.) ; and thus it

is probable that the female does not get the white quills which exist

in the majority of Bornean specimens. At all events the extent of

white in the wing seems to me to be a character of the least possible

importance for separating species in this black-headed group ; but at

the same time, accompanying the greater extent of white on the

quills is generally seen a shade of more vivid blue both on the back

and breast, and birds with these characteristics also appear to have

black tails without any terminal shade of green. I must, however,

admit that all these characters are very variable ; for the bird sent

with the nest, which I look upon as the female on account of the

amount of black on the wing, has a very distinct bluish lustre, and

is bright green below. I regret that the condition in which this

specimen arrived was such as to render its conservation in a collec-

tion impossible, such havoc had moths played with it.

On comparing these Bornean Pitte with two of Mr. Wallace’s

1875.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. 105

Sumatran specimens, I fail to find any specific difference at all, and

agree with previous authors who have united them.

The nest is a rude structure, apparently taken off the ground,

and composed of fine roots and slender twigs, with a few dead leaves

and dry moss. The four eggs sent are white, with scribblings of

dark grey or chocolate-brown freely distributed all over the surface,

but nowhere so thick as to obscure to any extent the white ground

of the egg.

Family Trmatup2z.

28. Macronvs ptixosus, J. & S.; Salvad. 7. c. p. 216.

This species has not before been noticed from Labuan ; but Mr.

Low sends a pair with the nest and eggs. The nest appears to

have been taken from the ground, and is a coarsely made structure,

composed of thin roots and grasses badly welded together, with a few

dead leaves round the outside. The eggs are thickly speckled with

brown on a ground of dull white, and are not very unlike thickly

marked eggs of the common Sparrow of Europe.

29, SeTaRIA AFFINIS (Blyth) ; Salvad. 7. ¢c. p. 231.

Three specimens. New to Labuan.

30. BracuypTeRyx MALACCENSIS, Hartl.; Salvad. l.c. p. 222.

One specimen. New to Labuan.

31. Mrxornis BORNEENSIS, Bp.; Salvad. J. c. p. 215.

Several specimens.

32, TimeLra MAcuLaTA, Temm.; Salvad. lc. p. 211.

Three specimens.

33. CyYANODERMA BICOLOR.

Timalia, sp., Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 215.

Timalia bicolor, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 46.

The series of this species sent by Mr. Low proves that it is not

the true C. erythropterum of Blyth (cf. Salvad. Uce. Born. p. 213),

and that the characters communicated to Dr. Sclater by Mr. Wallace

(of. Sclater, /.c.) are of specific importance. In spite of its sug-

gested Malaccan origin, I believe that the Timalia bicolor of Mr.

Blyth will turn out to be the Bornean bird; and I therefore adopt

the title.

C. bicolor differs from C. erythropterum in being brighter rufous

above, and in having the breast and belly ochraceous brown; the

entire head, throat, and chest are blackish slate-colour, whereas in

C. erythropterum the colour of the back is extended on to the

occiput and crown of the head. Count Salvadori thinks that

Blyth’s species may be the male ; but all Mr. Low’s specimens are

the same; nor do the young differ materially ; and my comparison of

adults has been made with a sexed male specimen of Mr. Wallace’s,

from Sumatra.

106 MR. R. B, SHARPE ON BLRDS FROM LABUAN. [Feb. 16,

34. Iora scapuxaris, Horsf.; Salvad. J. ¢. p. 190.

Six specimens in different plumages.

Family Turpipz&.

35. PHYLLORNIS SONNERATI (J. & S.); Salvad. op. cit. p. 193.

A pair of this Phyllornis, which has been recorded from Ban-

jermassing and Sarawak, but not before from Labuan.

36. PHyLLorNis cyanopocon, Temm.; Salvad. op. cit. p. 194.

Two male specimens. Not recorded previously from Labuan.

oh BRACHYPODIUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Gm.); Salvad. J. ce

‘ One specimen: apparently identical with others from Malacca.

38. Corsycuus ama@nus (Horsf.); Salvad. /.c. p. 255.

One specimen.

39. KirracincLa sTRIcKLANDI (Motl. & Dillw.); Salvad. 2. ¢.

p- 253.

Three adult specimens of this beautiful species. One bird is

much smaller than the others, measuring 3°6 inches in the wing

and 4 inches in the tail, whereas the others have the wing 3°9 inches

long and the tail 8-4.

Family Syitv11pz.

40. PriniA SUPERCILIARIS, Salvad. J. c. p. 249.

A single specimen, agreeing in all respects with Count Salvadori’s

original description.

Family NEcTARINIID&.

41. Hruopyea stparass, Raffl.; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 33.

A series of specimens of this Sun-bird, which seems to be plentiful

in Labuan.

42, CHALCOPARIA CINGALENSIS (Gm.); Salvad. 7. c. p. 180.

Two males and one female.

43. CINNYRIS PECTORALIS.

Cyrtostomus pectoralis (Horst.), Salvad. op. cit. p. 170.

Several specimens. This species is already known as occurring in

Labuan.

44. DicHUM TRIGONOSTIGMA.

One male specimen.

45. NECTAROPHILA HASSELTI (Temm.) ; Salvad. /. c. p. 177.

Several examples.

1875.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. 107

46. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS (Scop.) ; Salvad. op. cit. p. 178.

A large series is contained in the present collection. Mr. Motley

has already found it in Labuan; and it must be equally common at

Sarawak, to judge from the large series mentioned by Count Salva-

on as having been obtained there by the Marquis Doria and Signor

eccari.

47. ARACHNOTHERA CHRYSOGENYS, Temm.; Salvad. J. c. p.

181.

One specimen.

Family Lanupz.

48. Lauace Terat (Bodd.); Salvad. 7. c. p. 146.

One young specimen, apparently referable to this species.

Family Musctcapip&.

49. PHILENTOMA PYRRHOPTERUM (Temm.); Salvad. op. cit.

p- 138.

One specimen.

50. Cyornis BANyuMaS (Horsf.); Salvad. op. cit. p. 130.

Two adult specimens.

Notwithstanding Count Salvadori’s contrary belief, I think that a

comparison of types will identify Mr. Wallace’s C. rufifrons, now

before me, with his C. bdeccariana.

51. Leucocerca savanica (Sparrm.) ; Salvad. 7. ¢. p. 135.

An adult and a young specimen: the latter is brown where the

adult is blackish, and has rufous margins to the wing-coverts.

Family EuryL£M1bDz.

52. CyMBIRHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS.

A young bird, moulting into adult plumage. The tail is black,

with only a faint whitish shade near the apical edge of the inner web

of the outermost rectrix.

53. EuRYL2MUS OCRHOMELAS, Raffi.; Salvad. /. c. p. 108.

An adult specimen, in no way different from Malaccan examples.

Family SturNIDz&.

54. GRACULA JAVANENSIS (Osb.); Salvad. J. c. p. 274.

Two specimens which, when compared with Javan examples, do

not present any differences.

Family Corvip.

55. PLATYLOPHUS CoRONATUS (Raffl.) ; Salvad. 7. c. p. 280.

One young specimen.

108 MR, R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN. ([Feb. 16,

Family CorumBIpDz.

56. CARPOPHAGA BICOLOR (Scop.); Salvad. 7. c. p. 292.

After reading Count Salvadori’s remarks on this species and its

allies, I was induced to compare the series in the Museum to see how

far they agreed with the conclusions arrived at by him in his new

work on the ornithology of Borneo. He recognizes four species of

this group, of which two are undoubtedly valid (C. luctuosa and

C. grisea); and the question is whether C. spilorrhoa of Australia is

distinct from the ordinary C. bicolor of Malayasia. Now Professor

Schlegel has united these two birds in one long series, duly noting

the differences existing in birds from various localities; and his

conclusions amount to the fact that in the Malay countries the under

surface is, as a rule, pure white, that in the Australian birds there

are black spots on the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts, and

that in the intermediate localities there are gradations uniting these

extreme forms, so that sometimes both spotted and unspotted birds

were found in one and the same island. Count Salvadori duly

admits the instability of the black spots as a character, but separates

C. spilorrhoa on account of its having only twelve tail-feathers against

fourteen in C. bicolor.. It is by some accident that the Australian

specimens examined by him only had twelve tail-feathers; for all

those before me have fourteen rectrices; and therefore Professor

Schlegel most likely did not mention the number of tail-feathers

simply because he saw no difference in this character between Aus-

tralian and Moluccan examples. The amount of white on the outer

tail-feather is, again, a character which varies exactly in the same

degree and is not the same in birds from the same locality. The

C. melanura of Gray was founded on Bouru examples which have

very little white on the outer tail-feather, which is black for about

the terminal third. I give the following list of specimens in the

British Museum.

Nicobars. A male collected by Capt. Wimberley on Nancowry

Tsland (Jan. 24th, 1874).—Wings black, with the slightest possible

shade of grey on the primaries. Tail-feathers 14, white extending

to within 0°6 inch of tip of outer feather. No spots on abdomen.

Siam. Two specimens collected by Mouhot.— Wings black, with

scarcely any shade of grey on the quills. Tail-feathers 14, white

extending to within 0°55 inch of tip of outer feather. Slight remains

of black spots on vent of one specimen ; the other entirely white.

Province Wellesley. One specimen.—Wings and tail imperfect ;

only very slight shade of grey on the former, the white extending to

within 0°45 inch of the tip of outer rectrix ; under surface white, with

remains of a blackish spot at tip of longest under tail-covert.

Java. One specimen, purchased of Mr. Stevens in 1861.—Wings

black, with rather more grey than on the foregoing birds, the secon-

daries also washed with this colour. Tail-feathers 14, the white ex-

tending on outer rectrix to within 0°4 inch of its tip. No black

spots on the vent or under tail-coverts. In this bird the amount of

white is more extended on one outer tail-feather than on the other ;

1875.] MR, R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN, 109

for it even traverses obliquely the inner web to within ;4, inch of its

apex.

ie sene One bird, sent by Mr. Lowe.—Very slight shade of

grey on the wings, but seen also on the secondaries. Tail imperfect,

the white extending to within 0°45 inch of tip of outer rectrix.

Slight remains of greyish spots at the end of some of the tail-

coverts.

Bouru. Three specimens, agreeing well together, were received by

the Museum from Mr. Wallace’s collection. —The markings on the

tail being more black and extended refer the species to the C. mela-

nura of Gray. Wings black with very faint shade of grey. Tail-

feathers 14, the white extending to within 0°65-0°9 inch of the tip

of outer rectrix. Both specimens well marked with black on abdo-

men and under tail-coverts.

Gilolo. One specimen, collected by Mr. Wallace and referred by

him to C. melanura of Gray.—Wings black, with very slight grey

shade. No black spots on abdomen. ‘Tail-feathers 14, with the

white on the outer one reaching to within 0°6 inch of the tip.

Batchian. A single bird in Mr. Wallace’s collection is the type

of C. melanura, and bears the label in Mr. Gray’s handwriting

‘‘outward feathers not white.” The latter gentleman refers the

foregoing Gilolo skin to this same species ; but the tail is differently

marked in this one, and the abdomen thickly spotted with black.

Wings black, with a slight grey shade. Tail-feathers 12; but it is

quite probable that the outer feather on each side is missing ; and the

disappearance of the oblique white marking of course would leave

the black forming a tolerably broad band across the extremity of

the tail, as it does in nearly every example of the group.

Ceram. Mr. Wallace collected one specimen in this island, much

marked with black on the abdomen. Wings black, very plainly

shaded with grey on both primaries and secondaries. Tail-feathers

14, the white descending on the outermost one to within 0°7 inch of

the tip.

Ee eend From this island we have also one specimen, a male,

collected by Mr. Wallace in 1859. Both the abdomen and under

tail-coverts are thickly marked with black. Wings black, slightly

shaded with grey. Tail-feathers 14, with the white extending to

within 0°85 inch of the tip of the outermost.

New Guinea. Mr. Wallace has determined a specimen collected

here by himself as C. dicolor ; and I do not see to what else it could

be referred. The under surface is entirely white, with only a small

blackish spot at the tip of the longest under tail-coverts. Wings

black, very strongly shaded with grey. ‘Tail of 14 feathers, the

white extending to within 0°55 inch of the tip; but on one side it is

more extended and reaches nearly to the tip of the outer web, occu-

pying a large subterminal portion of this feather.

Aru Islands. Two birds collected here by Mr. Wallace are de-

termined by Mr. Gray as “ C. spilorrhoa, var.” They are rather

large, and have a good deal of grey shade on the wing, the vent and

under tail-coverts distinctly spotted with black. Tail-feathers 14 in

110 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN, [Feb. 16,

number, the white on the outer one very much extended and reaching

across the outer web of the external rectrix, comes within 0°3-0°45

inch of the tip of the feather.

Australia. A male from Port Essington obtained by Mr. Jukes

has the abdomen and under tail-coverts spotted, as, indeed, have all

the Australian specimens. Wings black, strongly shaded with grey.

Tail-feathers 14, the outer tail-feather almost entirely white, ex-

cepting a margin of black along the basal half of the outer web and

a narrow terminal band about 0°25 inch in width. Two other birds,

collected on Cairncross Island during the voyage of the ‘ Rattle-

snake,’ agree with the Port-Essington example in having a very de-

cided grey shade on the wing, and have the under tail-coverts much

spotted. In both of these the rectrices are 14 in number, but the

black border to the outer web of the external one extends, though

more narrowly, right along the edge of the feather, while the black

terminal border is much broader. These Australian birds with

their grey-washed wings and whiter tails are nearer to C. luctuosa of

Celebes.

The above comparison of specimens proves to me pretty clearly

that Professor Schlegel is right in uniting C. spilorrhoa to C. bicolor ;

for certainly no one can draw the line between them. As a rule the

Indo- Malayan examples at one end of the series have unspotted ab-

domens and more black on the tails, while the Australian birds are

tolerably thickly spotted on the abdomen and have more white on

the tails; and at the same time I must observe that I have never

seen an Australian example with unspotted under surface. As will

be seen, however, by my observations made above, there is no limit

to any of these characters, nor are the variations coincident with lo-

cality.

57. CALG@NAS NICOBARICA,

Mr. Low has sent quite a long series of this bird, which neverthe-

less seems to be new to the avifauna of Borneo, as it is not included

in Count Salvadori’s book. The specimens agree exactly with others

from the Nicobars and the Moluccas.

Family TRERONID&.

58. TRERON VERNANS (L.); Salvad. . c. p. 286.

A pair of this Dove are sent by Mr. Low; and I have compared

them with others in the Museum from the Philippines, Sumatra,

Penang, Sarawak, Macassar, Tenasserim, and Siam. I cannot find

any real difference between examples from all these localities. Some-

times the greenish shade ou the forehead is absent ; but this charac-

ter is not constant, some specimens from the same place having this

shade and others not showing it. The extent of the vinous colour

on the neck also varies in extent, and I can find no constancy in

this character also.

1875. ] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM LABUAN, 111

Family MeGaropip2&.

59. MEGAPoDIUS LOWII, sp. n.

Megapodius cumingii, Dillw. P. Z. S. 1851, pl. 39 (nec deser.);

Motl. & Dillw. N. Hist. Labuan, p. 32, pl. 7; Salvad. Ucc. Born.

p- 302.

Mr. Dillwyn described the habits of the Labuan Megapode chiefly

from notes supplied by Mr. Low, whose name I propose to attach

to the species. In characterizing the bird he bestows the title on

the Philippine species, and supposes that the Labuan birds are iden-

tical, At present I cannot coincide with this opinion; for all the

birds sent by Mr. Low on the present occasion are smaller and

darker than the true M. cumingii, especially on the breast, which

is deep plumbeous grey, whereas in the Philippine bird the under

surface is brownish washed with grey ; the legs in the Labuan species

also are nearly entirely black, the tarsal joint not being reddish as

in MW. cumingii.

A nestling sent by Mr. Low differs from that of the Philippine

species in being more uniform above, instead of being distinctly

barred with rufous.

Total length. wing. tail. —_ tarsus.

in. in in, in.

M. cumingii (Philippine Islands) 16-0 10°0 37 2°5

M. lowii (Labuan) .......... 14°5 81 3°1 2°4

Family Ratuip&.

60. Raturna rascraTa (Raffl.) ; Salvad. J. c. p. 337.

A good many specimens of this species were sent, including some

young ones. ‘These are dusky brown, the wings spotted as in the

adult, but the markings whitish instead of fulvous ; head ashy brown,

washed with rufous; sides of face and chest greyish, also washed

with rufous; throat buffy white; under surface of body whitish,

broadly barred with black like the adult, but the markings not so

deep as in the latter.

61. ERyTHRA PHaNICURA (Penn.); Salvad. Z. c. p. 340.

One specimen ; already procured by Motley in Labuan.

Family Laripz.

62. SreRNA cRisTATA, Steph.; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 376.

An adult specimen of this Tern, already known from Labuan,

where it was obtained by Messrs. Motley and Dillwyn.

112 _MR. E. P. RAMSAY ON AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. _ [Mar. 2,

March 2, 1875.

Osbert Salvin, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following extract was read from a letter addressed to the

Secretary by Dr. W. Peters, F.M.Z.S.

“Dr. Gray has figured, in the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1873 (p. 393),

a skull of a species of Tortoise of the genus Sternotherus, but does

not give a name to the species.

‘Tt will interest you to know that the skull in question belongs to

Sternotherus niger, Dum. et Bibr., the habitat of which was not

previously known. MM. Duméril and Bibron supposed that it

might be from Madagascar ; but no traveller has found it there, and

I have now received the species from the Cameroons, West Africa,

where it was found by Dr. Reichenow and Prof. Buchholtz.”

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions of some rare Eggs of Australian Birds.

By Epwarp P. Ramsay, C.M.Z.S.

[Received February 22, 1875.]

1. PriLoNORYNCHUS HOLOSERICEUS, Kuhl; Gould, B. of Austr.

vol. iv. pl. 10.

The eggs of this species bear a close resemblance to those of the

Spotted Bower-bird (Chlamydodera maculata) both in form and

colour; and when those of the Cat bird (Alurcedus smithii) and of

the Regent bird (Sericulus melinus) are made known to us, I have

no doubt that they also will be found to have similar peculiar and

characteristic markings.

The eggs of the Satin bird are slightly larger than those of the

Spotted Bower-bird, more strongly marked if any thing, have the

same thin delicate shell and elongated form; in length they average

1:6 inch, in breadth 1:1 inch, are of a light rich cream-colour, and

are marbled all over, more closely at the thicker end, with short

wavy irregular lines of deep olive-brown, umber, and sienna. These

markings are peculiar in form, some resembling ill-shaped figures of

fives, eights, and sevens, others being long and wavy, but few if any

encircling the shell altogether. ‘These lines are thick in proportion

to their length, and in places are looped, curled, and twisted in

various directions, often crossing each other at right angles.

1875. ] MR. E. P. RAMSAY ON AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 113

2. Evrostoropus atsocutaris, Vig.; Gould, B. of Aust. ii,

pl. vii.

I found this species of Goatsucker tolerably plentiful in certain

localities in Queensland, near the headwaters of the Mary river,

when I was procuring specimens of Ceratodus in 1873. During

the daytime they are seldom if ever seen, except when flushed ; and

in every instance it was on the sides of strong thickly timbered

ridges that we met with them. For about half an hour just before

dusk they frequent open glades and paddocks, and may then be pro-

cured on the wing. Their flight is very swift and noiseless,

Their single egg is placed on the ground, usually near a small tree

or large stone, and is very difficult to discover, although the bird

may have risen only a few feet in front of you. It is of a pale cream-

colour, spotted sparingly over the surface with round and oval-shaped

dots of deep blackish brown, with a few spots of blackish slate-colour

appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell.

The length of the egg varies from 1°4 to 1°5 inch, the breadth

from 1°04 to 1°01, an average specimen being 1°41 by 1°03.

3. Evrostoropus cutTratus, Vig. & Horsf. ; Gould, B. of Aust.

vol. ii. pl. 8.

The Spotted Goatsucker lays an egg similar to that of Hurosto-

podus albogularis. It is, however, smaller and has fewer markings ;

the ground-colour is of a greenish white, glossy, and sparingly

marked with round and a few oval-shaped dots of black and blackish

slate-colour, which latter appears as if beneath the surface of the

shell. The length is 1°38 inch, the breadth 1 inch.

Like the preceding species, this bird selects a thinly timbered

stony ridge, where on the bare ground it deposits its egg without

making any nest or disturbing any of the stones or gravel in the

vicinity. The only specimens I possess were taken by James

Ramsay, Esq., near the Merule Creek, in the Riverina district, in

the southern portion of New South Wales.

4. CaPRIMULGUS MACROURUS, Horsfield; Gould, B. of Aust.

ii. pl. 9.

In some former remarks on Australian birds’ eggs (Ibis, 1866,

p- 326) I described the egg of this bird as that of Zurostopodus albo-

gularis. The specimen was furnished by Mr. Rambird, of Port

Denison, who had taken it from the adult of what he at the time

believed to be the White-throated Goatsucker : in fact Mr. Rambird

sent to me what he believed to be the skin of the identical bird ; but

in this he must have been mistaken ; and, considering the plumages

of these birds are so nearly alike, I do not wonder at the mistake.

I have since, however, obtained eggs of undoubted authenticity of

all three species of Goatsuckers (Cuprimulgus macrourus, Eurosto-

podus albogularis, and E. guttatus); the first of these I will now

proceed to describe.

The eggs of the Long-tailed Goatsucker (C. macrourus) so closely

resemble those of the European species that but little difference is

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. VIII. 8

114 MR. H. E. DRESSER ON FALCO LABRADORUS. _ [ Mar. 2,

discernible. They are in length 1! inch, and ‘81 in breadth, of a

light rich cream-colour when fresh, fading to almost white after

being emptied, clouded with fleecy marks of pale slaty grey or bluish

grey appearing beneath the surface of the shell; they are of an oval

form, and two innumber. They are placed on the bare ground, ina

similar situation to that chosen by the Eurostopodi, usually on a

strong ridge.

2. Notes on Falco labradorus, Aud., Falco sacer, Forster,

and Falco spadiceus, Forster. By H. E. Dresser,

F.Z.8. &e.

[Received February 5, 1875.]

Amongst some Jer Falcons, below referred to, sent to me for exa-

mination by Professor Spencer F. Baird, was one of the Black or

Labrador Jer Falcon, which, although not in the darkest stage of

plumage, at once struck me as being a very good species, totally

distinct from any other form of the Jer or Iceland Falcons. When

in Brunswick in the autumn of 1873 I had the opportunity of exa-

mining a magnificent series of these Labrador Jer Faleons in the

museum of that city, and was then fully confirmed in my opinion that

they belonged to a totally distinct species. I tried to obtain one of

these birds, but was unsuccessful, and have since then been using

every endeavour to secure a specimen for my collection. Fortunately

my exertions have at last been crowned with success, and I am now

enabled to exhibit three examples of this rare Falcon just received

from Labrador.

Mr. Sharpe, in his recently published Catalogue of Accipitres,

refers this Labrador Jer Falcon to the true Falco gyrfalco, L.; but

this is evidently an error, which has doubtless arisen from the want

of specimens for examination. A glance at the birds I now exhibit,

together with my series of specimens of I’. gyrfalco from Scandi-

navia, will at once show how very distinct these two forms are. As

will be seen, my three specimens are in different stages of plumage—

one being dull dark sooty brown, streaked on the head with white,

and marked and spotted on the underparts with buffy white, the

chin being white streaked with sooty brown, and the upper parts of

the body having lighter margins to the dark feathers. Tail dark

sooty brown, the central feathers unmarked, and the outer rectrices

barred on the inner web with pale yellowish white.

The second specimen resembles the first, but is much darker and

less marked with buffy white; but the third is very dark, the upper

surface of the body being uniform sooty blackish brown, with a slaty

grey shade on the rump ; the head nearly black ; tail uniform blackish

brown, with a few dull buff spots at the extreme tip ; underparts like

the back, but very sparingly marked with buffy ochreous streaks ; the

edge of the wings similarly marked; under tail-coverts blackish

brown, spotted with light ochreous buff.

According to Mr. Ridgway (N. Ain. Birds, iii. p. 117) the dark

birds are the adult, and the lighter birds the immature ; and I must

1875.| .MR.H.E. DRESSER ON FALCO LABRADORUS. 115

confess that I lean to this opinion also. Should this be the case,

this species assimilates to F. gyrfaleo, in which the young birds

are lighter than the adults, rather than to F. islandus and F. can-

dicans, in which the adults wear a much lighter livery than the

young birds. The synonymy of this Labrador Jer Falcon will be as

ollows :—

FALCO LABRADORUS.

Falco lubradora, Aud. B. Am. pl. excvi. (1831).

F. (Hierofalco) gyrfalco, var. labradora, Ridgway, N. Am. Birds,

ili. p. 117 (1874).

Hierofalco gyrfalco(L.), Sharpe, Cat. of Accipitres, i. p.416 (1874,

partim, nec Linn.).

Mr. Ridgway (North Am. Birds, iii. p. 115) separates the Ameri-

can Jer Falcon from our European species, calling it MacFarlane’s

Gerfalcon, Ff. (Hierofalco) gyrfalco, var. sacer, Forst. ; but I feel

convinced, from an examination of specimens from America, that there

is no specific or even subspecific difference whatever between them.

Some time ago Professor Spencer F. Baird courteously forwarded to me

five specimens of Jer Falcons for examination, viz. :—a, 2 . Fort An-

derson, Arctic America, 29th May, 1864 (MacFarlane) ; 6, 3. Fort

Yukon, Porcupine River (Captain F. J. Page); ¢c, 3. Fort Yukon,

Arctic America, June 1862 (J. Lockhart); d, 2. America; e. Fort

Nescopee, Labrador (H. Conolly). Of these the first four (a, 4, c,

and d) are undoubtedly identical with the Norwegian Jer Falcon, the

fifth (e) being the dark Labrador I’. labradorus above referred to.

Having a fair series of Jer Falcons in my possesion, I made a critical

comparison of the four American examples ; and my notes, taken at

the time, are as follows :—

Specimen-a, an adult female, compared with a female of F. gyr-

falco from Quickjock, Lapland. This specimen agrees so closely that

I cannot trace the least difference either in coloration, measurements,

or any thing else; and as the two skins are made up much alike, I

could not well tell them apart, except by the labels. Mr. Blanford,

who is working with me, is also unable to discern any difference.

Specimen 64, a male, evidently adult, agrees closely with an old

male from Lapland in my collection, but has the head darker and less

streaked with white, and the back is also bluer than that of the Lap-

land specimen. Doubtless the American bird is the older of the two,

Specimen c, also a male, agrees tolerably well with my male bird

from Lapland, but has the head darker.

Specimen d, a female, agrees very closely with a female from

Lapland.

I have marked the specimens with which these American birds

have been compared, and exhibit them herewith. Unfortunately the

American specimens have been sent back, or else every one here

present could have convinced himself of the specific identity of the

two birds.

Mr. Ridgway evidently lacked the materials which have been at

my disposal, or he would doubtless have arrived at precisely the same

8

116 MR. H. E, DRESSER ON FALCO LABRADORUS. . [ Mar. 2,

conclusion as I have done. Indeed he writes (/. ¢c.) as follows

respecting the female from Fort Anderson:—‘ Upon comparing

this specimen with the figures of a pair of var. gyrfaleo by Wolf

in Newton’s ‘Ootheca Wolleyana,’ I can discover no difference at

all’’—thus showing that he only needed the necessary materials to

convince himself of the identity of the American and European Jer

Falcons.

It may be of some interest to ornithologists to know the result of

some researches I have made to asertain whether the bird described

by Forster under the name of F. sacer is really the Jer Faleon, more

especially as Forster was the first author subsequent to 1766 to use

the name sacer; and his paper bears date 1772, being 16 years prior

to Gmelin’s Syst. Nat., in which the true Saker Falcon is described

under the name of F. sacer.

Forster writes (Phil. Trans. lxii. p. 382, abridged edition p. 331)

as follows:—‘ Speckled Partridge Hawk at Hudson’s Bay. The

name is derived from its feeding on the birds of the Grous tribe,

commonly called Partridges, at Hudson’s Bay. Its irides are yellow

and the legs blue. It comes nearest the Sacre of Brisson, Buffon,

and Belon; but Buffon says it has black eyes, which is very

indistinct, for the irides are black in none of the Falcons, and in few

other birds; and the pupil, if he means that, is black in all birds.

It is said by Belon tu come from Tartary and Russia, and is there-

fore probably a northern bird. It is very voracious and_ bold,

catching Partridges out of a covey which the Europeans are driving

into their nests (? nets). It breeds in April and May. Its young

are ready to fly in the middle of June. Its nests, as those of all

other Falcons, are built in unfrequented places ; therefore the author

of the account from Severn river could not ascertain how many eggs

it lays; however, the Indians told him it commonly laid two.

It never migrates, and weighs 23 pounds; its length is 22 inches, its

breadth 3 feet.”

From this it will be seen that it is most difficult to determine with

any degree of certainty what the species is to which Forster refers.

The yellow iris would point to an immature Goshawk ; but that bird

has not blue legs, and, doubtless, Forster would not have mistaken the

Goshawk for the Saker. On the whole the probability is that the

bird in question really wasa Jer Falcon. The range of F’. gyrfalco is,

seeing that the American bird is identical with our European form,

very extensive, as it is found from Scandinavia right across Asia into

Arctic America, being, it would seem, replaced in Labrador by F.

lubradorus. The synonymy of this species I make rather different

from that given by Mr. Sharpe (/.c.), and consider it should be as

follows, viz. :—

FALcO GyYRFALCO.

Le Gerfault, Briss. Orn. i. p. 370, pl. xxx. fig 2 (1760).

Falco gyrfalco, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 130 (1766).

Gerfault de Norwége, D’Aubenton, Pl. Enl. pl. 462 (1770).

Le Gerfaut, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 239, pl. xiii. (1770).

? Falco sacer, J. Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 382 (1772).

PZS, 1875, Pl. XM

1875. ] MR. A. BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUSIOTIS. 117

? American Sacre, Speckled Partridge Hawk, Pennant, Arct. Zool.

ii. p. 202. no. 96 (1785).

Falco sacer, var. 3, Gmel. Syst: Nat. i. p. 273 (1788).

? Falco cinereus, id. Syst. Nat. i. p. 267 (1788).

Le Tiercelet pagard du Gerfaut, Schl. & Verst. Traité Fauc. pl. 7

(1853).

Falco gyrofalco, Thien. Abbild. Vogeleiern, Taf. li. figs. 3 a—d

(1854).

Hierofaleo gyrfalco, Bp. Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536.

Norway Falcon, Salvin & Brod. Falconry, pl. xv. (1855).

Falco norvegicus, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 24.

Faleo gyrfuleo norwegicus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falcons, p. 12 (1862).

I may here call attention to another Raptor first described by

Forster, which Mr. Ridgway and Mr. Sharpe both seem to have

referred to a wrong species, probably not having consulted the

original description, as neither of them refers to Forster’s paper. This

bird is F. spadiceus, which Forster describes as follows :—‘‘ This

species at first sight bears some resemblance to the European Moor

Buzzard or @ruginosus,-Linn., but is much less, and wants the light

spots on the head and shoulders.’’

This description cannot be fitted to agree with Archibuteo sancti-

johannis, to which both Mr. Ridgway aud Mr. Sharpe have referred

I’. spadiceus as a synonym; but the species to which Forster refers

is undoubtedly Circus hudsonius, Linn., and therefore the following

should be added to the synonymy of this latter species, viz. :—

Falco spadiceus, J. Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii, p. 382 (abr. ed. xiii.

p- 331) (1771); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 273 (1788).

Buteo spadiceus (Forst.), Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 34 (1807).

And the two latter synonyms should be erased from the synonymy of

Archibuteo sancti-johannis.

3. Monographic List of the Coleoptera of the Genus Plusiotis

of America, north of Panama, with Descriptions of

several new Species. By Apotpue Bovucarp, C.M.Z.S.,

&e.

| Received February 16, 1875.]

(Plate XXIII.)

Plusiotis is a genus of Coleopterous insects belonging to the true

Rutelide—the second group of the ninth tribe of Scarabzidze,

according to Lacordaire.

_ It is properly placed by this eminent author between Chalcoplethis

and Chrysina. I say Chrysina instead of Chrysophora, because the

latter genus is more naturally placed after Chrysina.

It is very closely allied to the genus Pelidnota, from which it

differs only in the mandibles being rounded outwardly, with the ex-

tremity obliquely truncated (see Plate XXIII. fig. 2) instead of being

bidentated (as in fig. 1). Besides, the clypeus in Pelidnota is of

variable form according to the sex, whilst in Plusiotis it is alike in

both sexes.

118 MR. A. BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUSIOTIS. [Mar. 2,

The genus forms the passage between Pelidnota and Chrysina,

and consists of a number of species of a splendid metallic colour.

They are exclusively American. One species, P. leta of Sturm

(amalia of Burmeister), is said to be from Valparaiso ; but I think the

locality is doubtful, inasmuch as, from the descriptions of these authors,

it seems to be only a variety of P. adelaida. All the other species

are from Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama; but

very likely several species of this fine group may yet be met with in

Columbia and Ecuador.

Having acquired lately three magnificent new species of this genus,

one of which, P. aurora, has been in my private collection for two

years past, I have considered the present moment very favourable

for describing these new species, and at the same time drawing up

a monographic list of all those previously described.

The species are excessively rare in collections, being found only

occasionally in the countries they inhabit.

When travelling in the State of Oaxaca (Mexico) from 1857 to

1861, I discovered the two fine species P. adelaida and P. victo-

rina.

In April 1858 I had the good fortune to discover the splendid

Chrysina adolphi, Chevr., in the neighbourhood of Tuquila, and on

the 18th of May of the same year a fine new species of Plusiotis,

which I call Jacordairei. Although seventeen years have elapsed

since its discovery, the species is still undescribed and has never been

found by any other traveller.

These beautiful insects, although so brilliant in colour, are not

easily found, because they pass the day, like the common European

Melolontha vulgaris, devouring the leaves of trees, and are very diffi-

cult to be perceived among the foliage.

A little before sunset they fly about; and I have procured several

specimens of P. adelaida attracted towards me by the light of a fire.

I have found P. victorina and P. lacordairei on the leaves of

oaks, which they were devouring.

I have also found in the same manner Chrysina adolphi and its

variety C. mnizechii. It is therefore on these trees that they must

be searched for.

Being assimilated in colour to the foliage, they are very difficult

of detection where present; and this must be one of the principal

reasons why they are so seldom sent home by collectors.

The majority of those I have seen in collections were found dead

on the road, and are consequently imperfect specimens.

By shaking young oaks, I have procured some specimens of P.

lacordairet.

To be successful in finding these insects it requires to be at the

proper place in the proper season, as they are very local species and

live only a short time. The spring is the best time of the year to

search for them. It is also necessary to have great patience, looking

carefully in all directions on the oaks, principally on young trees

when the leaves are coming out.

The following list comprehends all the species of this rare and

beautiful genus.

1875.] MR. A. BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUSIOTIS. 119

PLUSIOTIS RESPLENDENS, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. fig. 5.)

P. resplendens: oblonga, valde convera, supra aureo-metallica,

capite punctato, oculorum margine interiore aureo-rubro, clypeo

antice rotundato roseo-violaceo ; thorace subtiliter punctulato ;

elytris aureis, nitidis, levibus; infra roseo-argentea, tarsis

aureo viridibus, antennis fuscis. Length 1 inch.

Head strongly punctured ; thorax nearly twice as long as it is

broad, convex, the whole surface smooth ; elytra convex, lightly

striated with a burnished reddish gold margin, broader in the middle

and rounded at the base. All the upper surface with the pygidium

is of the most magnificent burnished pale gold, which will at once

distinguish the species from any other. The underside is brassy

silvery, less shining, with purplish reflections.

The only difference I can perceive between the male and the

female is in the former being a little narrower and in the underside,

which is more golden with greenish reflections.

fab. Costa Rica.

I have two specimens of this magnificent insect, which were col-

lected near San José.

PLusiotis AURORA, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. fig. 7.)

P. aurora: supra roseo-metallica, oblongo-ovata, capite punctato,

thorace subtiliter punctulato, margine rubro; elytris tenuiter

punctatis, punctis in striis regulariter dispositis, margine rubro;

infraigneo-rosea, tarsis rubro-metallicis, antennis fuscis. Length

1 inch 2 lines.

The bright rose colouring with red margin will at once distinguish

this species from its congeners.

The head is slightly punctured, rosaceous, with greenish reflections ;

the thorax is of the most magnificent metallic ecoppery rose-colour, as

well as the elytra and the pygidium, and slightly punctured all over.

In the elytra the punctuation is disposed in regular striz ; they are

oblong, a little broader in the middle and rounded at the base. The

underside is of the same colour as the head, with the same reflection.

Tarsi metallic red, with black claws.

Hab. Veragua.

I have only one specimen of this very handsome insect, which was

sent to me two years ago by one of my correspondents. Three

months ago I received from the same country what I consider to

be the female. It is exactly similar in shape and size; but the

colour is totally different, being a kind of pale silvery green, with

rose reflections.

However, I am in doubt about it, as I have just received from the

same country another specimen equally similar but all green. Un-

fortunately this insect is not in a condition to be described, having

lost a great part of its original colour on the elytra and thorax.

I shall wait until more specimens arrive to decide the question.

Puusiotis Baresi, sp.n. (Plate XXIII. fig. 6.)

P. batesii: oblonga, valde convexa, supra aureo-pallida splendida,

120 MR, A. BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUsioTIsS. __[ Mar. 2,

capite aureo, margine anteriore rufo, parce punctulato ; thorace

elytrisque aureo-pallidis subtiliter punctulatis, elytris leviter

striatis, pygidio rufo ; infra rufa violaceo micans, tarsis cupreis,

antennis fuscis. Length 1 inch 3 lines.

Head, thorax, and elytra of a very pale burnished gold-colour, very

slightly punctured, the anterior margin of the head rufous; elytra

slightly striated, of about the same Jength as those of P. aurora, but -

a little broader; pygidium rufous. ‘The underside also rufous, with

red and purple reflections ; tarsi of a coppery colour, with the claws

nearly black, antenne pitchy.

Hab. Costa Rica.

I have only one specimen of this very fine insect, which was col-

lected by an American geologist, Professor Gabb.

_ I dedicate this fine species to my esteemed friend Mr. H. W.

Bates, the celebrated naturalist traveller, in honour of his numerous

discoveries on the Amazons, and his important works on entomology.

PLUSIOTIS CHRYSARGYREA.

Pelidnota chrysargyrea, Sallé, Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France,

tome iv. p. 362.

This very handsome species comes close to P. éatesii, from which

it differs chiefly in the colour, which is still more brilliantly metallic,

and also in a broad rosy margin on each side of the thorax ; the legs

and tarsi also differ in colour, being green with blue claws.

My friend M. Auguste Sallé has recently published a diagnosis

of this species in the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of France

for the 12th of August 1874. He has two specimens, which were

brought over from Costa Rica by Dr. van Patten. M. Sallé says

that one of them is in colour just like qnicksilver, and the other

golden. I have compared these specimens with P. resplendens and

P. batesii, from which they totally differ, although these last-named

species are also golden. These three species, with P. aurora, are

among the most magnificent insects yet discovered ; and it is very

probable that many more remain to be detected in Central America.

As my esteemed friend M. Sallé says he intends to give a full

description of this species, it is useless for me to do so, as he is better

able than myself to do justice to the subject ; but I hope he will agree

with me in placing this insect among the Plusiotides, as it has the

characters by which this genus is distinguished from Pelidnota,

Although these characters are slight, they seem to be constant. I

think there are only three specimens of this fine insect known: two

are in the collection of M. Sallé; and the other one is probably in

Germany. I say this because I know for certain that Dr. van

Patten had three specimens when he left London for Germany in

1872.

This species is one of my desiderata.

PLusIoTIS MARGINATA, Waterh. Ent. Month. Magaz. 187],

vol. vil. p. 5.

P. marginata: oblongo-ovata, minus conveva, supra prasina, infra

1875. ] MR. A. BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUSIOTIS. 121

argenteo-viridis, elytris levibus margine lato argenteo-splen-

dido, tibiis et tarsis aureis, antennis piceis. Length 11 lines.

Hab. Chiriqui (Veragua).

This species has been well described by Mr. Charles Waterhouse

in the ‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine’ for June 1871. The type

is in the collection of the British Museum. Besides, another speci-

men of this charming species is in the collection of Mr. H. W. Bates.

My description was taken from this specimen.

It is one of my desiderata.

PxusioTis ADELAIDA, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1840, p. 11.

Plusiotis ornatissima, Sturm, Cat. 1843, p. 341, t. 3. f. 7.

P. adelaida: oblongo-ovata, capite thoraceque viridibus, margine

aurato ; elytris viridibus, lineis argentatis ; infra viridi-enea,

tibiis cupreis, tarsis cupreo-metallicis, antennis rufis. Length

1 inch 2 lines to 1 inch 4 lines.

There is a fine variety of this species, with the head and the

thorax green, with rufous lines, the elytra rufous with silvery lines

and gold margin. This variety has been described by Sturm as

ornatissima.

I met with this fine insect at La Parada, near Oaxaca (Mexico),

during the year 1858. It used to fly about at sunset ; and I was able

to catch several specimens by running after them with a butterfly-net.

May and June are the months when there is some chance of meeting

with this insect.

As La Parada is a very mountainous country, covered with pines

and oaks, it is very probable that it feeds on the leaves of these trees.

My colleague (of the Commission Scientifique du Mexique), M.

Bocourt, has found a certain number of this species in Guatemala.

It is in the collections of the Jardin des Plantes of Paris, of the

British Museum, MM. Mrizech, Sallé, Bates, &c.

PuiusiotTis LzTA, Sturm, Cat. 1843, p. 341.

Plusiotis amalia, Burm. Handb. iv. p. 422.

P. leta: viridi-prasina, pedibus subauratis, tarsis eneis nitidiori-

bus ; elytris costatis, interstitiis latioribus, punctatis. Length

1 inch.

This species is very closely allied to P. adelaida, from which

(according to the description of Sturm) the only difference to be

observed is in the colour of the tarsi, which are of a shining brassy

green instead of metallic coppery. It is said to be from Valparaiso ;

but I believe this to be very doubtful, and, unhappily, I have not

been able to see the species.

Puusiotis Gtoriosa, Lec. Proc. Ac. Phil. 1854, p. 221.

P. gloriosa: supra lete psittacina; clypeo punctulato, margine sub-

tili elevato aureo; thorace aureo punctulato, margine laterali vit-

tisque quatuor impressis splendide aureis, nitidissimis, interstiliis

2° et 3° foveis inauratis confluentibus vittam parvam simulanti-

122 MR. A. BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUSIOTIS. [Mar. 2,

bus ornatis ; subtus aureo-viridis, commissuris omnibus aureis.

Length 1 inch 2 lines.

Hab. Texas.

The only specimen known of this species is the type belonging to

the Museum of Philadelphia. I had the pleasure of seeing it in

London last year, Dr. Horn having had the good idea to bring this

insect with him on his journey to Europe.

It is a very good species, totally different from any other. It was

collected at “‘ Copper-mines”’ in 1850 by Mr. Thomas H. Webb, M.D.

It is also one of my desiderata.

PLUSIOTIS LACORDAIREI, sp. n. (Plate XXIII. fig. 4.)

P. lacordairei: oblonga, parallela, valde convexa, supra viridi-

argentea roseo tincta; capite rufo, medio viridi, tenuiter punctu-

lato; thorace subtiliter punctulato, margine cupreo micante ;

elytris tenuiter punctatis, punctis in striis profundis regulariter

dispositis, margine cupreo micante, callo apicali fortiter elevato ;

infra viridi-argentea, tibiis rufis, tarsis cupreo-aureis, antennis

fuscis. Length 113 lines.

The silvery green colour of this insect will easily distinguish it

from any other; the head is coppery rufous, with the centre green ;

the thorax and the elytra are slightly punctured. In the latter the

punctuation is disposed in regular strie. They have a brilliant

coppery lateral margin and suture; the scutellum is also coppery ;

the tibize are red, with purple reflections, the tarsi coppery metallic,

and the antennz rufous. The upper and the under surfaces are of

the most beautiful silvery green, with reddish reflections.

Hab. Tuquila (Mexico).

I have only one specimen of this fine species, which is also in the

collections of MM. de Mnizech, Thomson, and Sallé.

All the specimens were collected by me in April and May of 1858

on young oaks, on which it feeds.

I dedicate this fine species to the memory of the late celebrated

Professor T. Lacordaire, in honour of his magnificent work on

Coleoptera, commonly called Lacordaire’s ‘Genera.’ I have heard

from my friends Dr. Candéze and others that he was so enthusiastic

and worked so hard in the preparation of*his last volumes, that it

must have hastened his death, which took place on the 18th of July,

1870, at the age of sixty-nine years and four months, leaving the

‘Genera’ not quite finished. Happily Dr. Chapuis, his disciple

and friend, has undertaken the conclusion of this gigantic work.

PLUSIOTIS AURIPES.

Chrysina auripes, Gray, Anim. Kingd. t. 14, p. 517.

P. auripes: oblongo-ovata, capite tenuiter punctato, supra viridi

obscura; elytris punctatis, punctisin striis regulariter dispositis ;

tibiis aureis, tarsis aureo-viridibus, antennis fuscis. Length

1 inch to 1 inch 2 lines.

Hab. Mexico.

1875. ] MR. A, BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUSIOTIS: 123

I have two specimens of this very rare species, one of which is the

original type from which Mr. Gray took his short description.

PuusroTis psitracina, Sturm, Cat. 1843, p. 340, t. 3. f. 6.

P. psittacina : odlongo-ovata, supra viridi-prasina, fortiter punctu-

lata; tibiis rufis violaceo-micantibus, tarsis aureis. Length 1

inch 4 lines.

This species has been considered by MM. Gemminger and Harold

to be identical with P. auripes; but, having the typical specimen

of the latter in my possession, and having examined attentively along

with Mr. Charles Waterhouse the specimen in the collection of the

British Museum under the name of psittacina, Sturm, which speci-

men has still the label of Mr. Sturm’s own handwriting, we have come

to the conclusion that it is altogether a good species, different from

P.auripes,Gray. The elytra are much more punctuated, the colour

is apple-green all over instead of a dark green,’and the tibiz are

rufous, with purple reflections; it is also much longer, being 1 inch

4 lines in length.

Puusiotis costata, Blanch. Cat. Coll. Ent. 1850, p. 210.

P. costata : oblonga, convexa, supra viridis, capite fortiter punctu-

lato; thorace subtiliter punctulato, margine aureo-micanti ;

elytris punctatis, punctis in striis regulariter dispositis, tibtis

tarsisque aureo-viridibus, antennis rufis. Length 1 inch 2 lines

to | inch 5 lines.

Hab. Mexico.

This handsome species-was described by Professor Blanchard on a

red specimen which must be considered really only a variety of the

species. His description is nearly the same as the above ; but, instead

of being green, the head, thorax, elytra, tibice, and tarsi are described

as of a brilliant red coppery colour. There is also a variety of the

same red coppery colour, but darker, with purple reflections.

I have a very fine series of this species with its varieties. Spe-

cimens are also in the collections of the British Museum, Jardin

des Plantes, Mnizech, and Sallé.

PLusioTIs SALLI, sp.n. (Plate XXIII. fig. 3.)

P. salleei: ovata, convexa, supra viridis ; capite crebre punctulato;

thorace subtiliter punctulato, margine cupreo-pallido, scutello

levi; elytris punctatis, punctis in stris regulariter dispositis ;

infra viridis, femoribus viridibus, tibiis, tarsis, antennisque rufis

violaceo tinctis. Length 1 inch 1 line.

Head green, strongly punctured ; thorax green, slightly punctured,

with a broad pale coppery margin on each side, which distinguishes

at once this species from P. auripes and P. costata. Elytra

punctured, the punctures disposed in regular strize ; tibize, tarsi, and

antennez rufous, with a purplish reflection.

Hab. Mexico.

I have only one specimen of this rare species, which was taken in

the neighbourhood of Orizaba.

124 MR. A. BOUCARD ON THE GENUS PLUsIoTIS. [Mar. 2,

I have the greatest pleasure in dedicating this species to my

intimate friend M. Auguste Sallé, in honour of his numerous entomo-

logical discoveries in St. Domingo, Central America, Mexico, &e.

PLUSIoTIS LANIVENTRIS, Sturm, J. ¢. p. 339, t. 3. f. 5.

P. laniventris: oblonga, ovata, supra lete viridis ; capite, thorace

elytrisque crebre punctulatis, margine cupreo-micanti ; infra

viridi-aurata, tibiis tarsisque aureis, antennis rufis. Length

1 inch 3 lines.

In Dr. Gemminger and B. de Harold’s ‘ Catalogus Coleopterum,’

P. latipennis of Sturm and P. serena of Klug are regarded as

synonyms of this species.

I have two specimens of this rare insect, which is also in the

collections of MM. de Mnizech and Sallé.

PLUSIOTIS MNIZECHII, sp. 0.

P. mnizechii: oblonga, convexa, supra lete viridis, capite punctato,

oculorum margine interiore aureo, clypeo antice rotundato roseo-

violaceo ; thorace crebre punctulato, margine aureo ; elytris for-

titer punctulatis, margine aureo-micanti, scutello eupreo ; infra

viridi-cuprea ; femoribus, tibiis tarsisque aureis, antennis fuseis.

Length 1 inch 4 lines.

Head, thorax, and elytra strongly punctured, with a brilliant gold

margin and suture; clypeus rufous, with purple reflections; thorax,

elytra, and pygidium golden green; scutellum coppery, underside

copperish green ; legs, tibize, and tarsi golden ; antennze rufous.

Hat. Mexico.

I have two specimens of this handsome species; and I have seen

two others in the British Museum which seem to be similar. I do

not know of any other specimen.

I dedicate this fine insect to my honourable friend Count Georges

de Mnizech, in honour of the magnificent collection of Coleoptera

which he has managed to form by his great passion for entomology

and his liberality.

Puustoris vicrorina, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1840, p. 11.

P. victorina: capite thoraceque profunde punctatis cupreo rujis ;

elytris fortiter punctatis, splendide viridi-aureis, lineis maculari-

bus rufis, margine cupreo; infra cupreo-rufa, tarsis nigris,

antennis fuscis. Length 1 inch 4 lines.

In the collections of the British Museum, Jardin des Plantes,

Mnizech, Sallé, Bates, Candéze. I have three specimens of this mag-

nificent species, which comes very close to the genus Chrysina from

its large size and its general appearance. Thisis why I have placed

this species the last of all; and for the same reason I began my

list with P. resplendens, which is the species most closely allied to

Pelidnota. They form natural links between these two genera.

I found P. victorina for the first time on the 8th of May, 1857,

on the road from Tepanzacualco to Istlan, about fifty miles from

Oaxaca. They ‘vere devouring the young leaves of oak trees.

P.Z.S. 1875, Pie

11

M &N Hanhart imp

«

1875.] MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 12%

or

I sent the three specimens which I collected on that day to my

friend M. Sallé, who wrote to me immediately that they were very

fine insects, and very rare in collections: In consequence of this

information I went again to Tepanzacualco in May 1860, but could

find only two more specimens.

In July of the same year I was on my way to the Atlantic coast for

change of air (being very ill of pleurisy), when I saw one of these

insects near Talea, not far away from Tepanzacualco. I could not

resist the temptation to search for them, and was so fortunate as

to collect about twelve. Atthe same time I found also several speci-

mens of a new Golofa, described some time after by Mr. James

Thomson as Golufa imperator.

P. victorina is more easily found than the other species from its

more conspicuous appearance, the difference in colour between its

head and thorax and its elytra being very striking.

List of the Species.

1. Plusiotis resplendens, p. 119. 9. Plusiotis lacordairei, p. 122.

2. aurora, p. 119. 10. auripes, p. 122.

3. batesi, p. 119. KL. psittacina, p. 123.

4. —— chrysargyrea, p. 120. 12. costata, p. 123.

5. —— marginata, p. 120. 13. ——-sallai, p. 123.

6. adelaida, p. 121. 14. —— laniventris, p. 124.

7. —— lata, p. 12). 15. —— mnizechii, p. 124.

8. gloriosa, p. 121. 16. —— victorina, p. 124.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

Fig. 1. Mandible of Pelidnota. Fig. 5. Plusiotis resplendens, p. 119.

2. Mandible of Pluszotis. 6. batesi, p. 119.

3. Plusiotis sallei, p. 125. : is aurora, p. 119.

4. lacordaireti, p. 122.

4. Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells.

By G. B. Sowrrsy, Jun.

{Received February 25, 1875.]

(Plate XXIV.)

1, Conus GRAcILts, n. sp. (Plate XXIV. fig. 6.)

C. testa elongata, basin versus multo attenuata, superne suban-

gulata, fusca, maculis albidis irregulariter aspersa, undique

transversim sulcata, sulcis angustis, subdistantibus, crenulatis ;

spira elata, subgradata, acutiuscula ; apice papillari; anfracti-

bus 9, superne concavis, crenato-bisulcatis ; apertura angusta.

Long. 31, maj. diam. 10, min. 2 mill. ; spira alt. 8 mill.; apert.

long. 23, maj. lat. 2, min. 13 mill.

An elongated Cone, much attenuated towards the base, obtusely

126 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [| Mar. 2,

angled at the upper part; of a darkish brown colour, with an ir-

regular sprinkling of whitish patches; transversely grooved through-

out, grooves narrow, rather distant, crenulated; spire elevated,

rather acute; apex papillary; whorls 9, concave above, with twe

crenulated grooves ; aperture narrow.

Specimen unique, in the collection of Dr. Prevost.

Obs. This very elegant new shell resembles in form CO. aculeifor-

mis (Reeve), orbignyi (Audouin), &c., but in sculpture and style of

painting it is quite different from the shells of that group ; its sur-

face, between the grooves, has a smooth and shining appearance,

though beneath the lens very fine longitudinal and transverse strize

may be discerned. As in most Cones, the grooves are much closer,

deeper, and more strongly crenulated towards the base than at

the upper part of the body-whorl ; while the two grooves round the

whorls of the spire are about equal to those of the base. The

colouring, though simple, is not common in Cones, and quite un-

known in its congeners in form—the rich brown colouring almost

covering the shell, relieved by a few irregularly placed whitish

patches.

2. Conus MULTILINEATUS. (Plate XXIV. fig. 5.)

C. testa turbinata, flavescenti-fusca, lineis fuscis punctatis multi-

cingulata, zona lutescente subcentrali balteata, basin versus

paulo attenuata, valide costata, superne angulata, levi; spira

concavo-acuminata, tuberculis parvis coronata, inter tuberculas

brunneo maculatu ; anfractibus 9, planato-concavis.

Long. 40, maj. lat. 20, min. 5 mill.; spira alt. 8 mill.; apert.

long. 32, maj. lat. 42, min. 3 mill.

A turbinated Cone, of rather solid structure, yellowish brown

colour, encircled with numerous fine brown dotted lines and a sub-

central belt of pale yellow, somewhat attenuated towards the base,

where it is strongly ridged; smooth at the upper part, and angled;

spire rather concavely acuminated, coronated with small tubercles,

which are made conspicuous by intermediate brown blotches ; whorls

9 in number.

Specimen unique, in the collection of Dr. Prevost.

Obs. The species most like this in marking is C. lgnarius

(Reeve), from which, however, it may very readily be distinguished,

both by its turbinated form and the coronation of the spire.

Finding this species so like C. lignarius in colour and markings, I have

been led to examine a large number of specimens of that species ;

and I find them remarkably uniform, with scarcely any tendency to

variation, of an oblong, almost cylindrical form, without any sign

of nodules on the spire.

3. Trocuus (PoLyoponTA) MIRABILIS. (Plate XXIV. fig. 7.)

T. testa conica, solidiuscula, corneo-albida rufo-fusco flammulata ;

anfractibus 10, planato-convewis, ad suturam profunde excavatis,

spiraliter costis rugoso-grunulatis valide cingulatis, interstitiis

profundis, plicatis ; spira acuta; basi convexiuscula, granuloso-

1875.] MR, G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 127

costata, late excavata, supra columellam profunde umbili-

cata; apertura subquadrata, intus lirata; columella noduloso-

plicata.

Alt. 40, maj. lat. 30 mill.

Hab. Moluccas.

A Trochus (section Polydonta), rather solid, fleshy white, with

longitudinal reddish brown flames; whorls 10 in number, flatly con-

vex, deeply excavated at the suture, encircled spirally with strong

granular ribs, between which the interstices are deep and plicated ;

spire acute ; base rather convex, with rather a broad excavation, and

a deep umbilicus above the columella; aperture nearly square,

ridged within ; columella furnished with nodulous plaits.

Obs. A very beautiful species, of striking character. The only

other specimen of it that I have seen is a smaller one, which Miss

E. Farre presented to the British Museum, in the early part of the

year 1871. The roughly granular ribs and the deeply excavated

suture are its chief characters.

4, ZIZIPHINUS MULTILIRATUS. (Plate XXIV. fig. 10.)

T. testa abbreviato-conica, flavescenti-viridula, rufo flammulata ;

anfractibus 7, convexis, obsolete biangulatis, spiraliter crebre

grano-liratis ; basi convera ; apertura subcirculari; columella

levi, callosa, subarcuata ; labio externo tenui, simplici.

Maj. diam. 18, alt. 17 mill. ; apert. diam. 9 mill.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

An abbreviately conical Ziziphinus, of. a yellowish-green colour,

with red flames; whorls 7 in number, convex with two very slight

angles, spirally closely encircled with granular ridges; base convex ;

aperture nearly circulir; columella smooth, callous, slightly arched ;

outer lip simple and thin.

Var. 8. Costis rufo-articulatis, vix granosis (Plate XXIV. fig. 11).

In this variety, though evidently not specifically distinct, the

ridges are nearly smooth, and only a slight tendency to granulation

may be observed on the upper part of the whorls.

5. Mirra FLEXILABRIS. (Plate XXIV. fig. 4.)

M. testa pyramidata, lutea, aurantiaco bizonata, polita, transver-

sim obsolete striata; spira subobtuse acuminata; basi leviter

contracta ; anfractibus 6, plano-convexis ; apertura elongata,

superne attenuata; columella quinqueplicata; labio externo

simplict, superne inflecto; intus levi.

Long. 13, maj. lat. 4; anfr. ult. maj. long. 9; apert. long. 7,

maj. lat. 13, min. 3 mill.

A small pyramidal Mitra, of a pale yellow colour with two orange

zones, smooth, very faintly striated spirally ; spire rather obtusely

acuminated ; base slightly contracted; whorls 6, flatly convex ;

aperture long, attenuated above; columella five-plaited ; outer lip

simple, inflected above ; interior smooth,

Hab. Mauritius.

Specimen from the collection of Dr. Prevost.

128 MR, G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [ Mar. 2,

6. Mirra rtnputa. (Plate XXIV. fig. 9.)

M. festa acuminato-fusiformi, epidermide atro-fusca induta,

levigata, obsolete striata, basin versus valide sulcata; spira

acuta; basi leviter attenuata; anfractibus 9, subrotundatis ;

apertura oblonga, carnea; columella rectiuscula, triplicata ;

labio externo arcuato, tenui, minutissime crenulato; intus

levi.

Long. 33, maj. lat. 11; anfr. ult. maj. long. 21; apert. long. 16,

lat, 4 mill.

An acuminately fusiform Mitra, covered with a dark brown epi-

dermis, nearly smooth, very obscurely striated, but strongly grooved

towards the base; spire acute; base somewhat attenuated ; whorls

9 in number, rather rounded ; aperture oblong, flesh-colour ; colu-

mella nearly straight, three-plaited; outer lip arched, thin, very

minutely crenulated ; interior smooth.

Obs. A species quite distinct from any hitherto described ; it

makes an addition to the Mitre with dark epidermis, such as M.

orientalis, nigra, &e.

7. OvuLuM pEpREssuM. (Plate XXIV. fig. 1.)

O. testa elongata, angustata, depressa, antice producta, utrinque

attenuata et bicuspidata, polita, minutissime striata, alba, ex-

tremitatibus aurantiaco tinctis; bast concavo-depressa; apertura

angusta, postice dilatuta.

Long. 21, maj. diam. 5, min. 2 mill.

Hab. North-west Australia (Capt. Denicke).

A narrow depressed Ovulum, produced in front, both ends attenu-

ated and terminating in two points, polished, very finely striated,

white, tinged’ with orange at the extremities; base concavely de-

pressed ; aperture narrow, rather more open towards the hinder

part.

8. ADMETE TABULATA. (Plate XXIV. fig. 3.)

A. testa oblongo-turrita, spiraliter costata (costis planato-con-

cavis), longitudinaliter obscure plicata, albida, epidermide pal-

lide fuscescente induta; anfractibus 7, convexis, superne angu-

latis, supra angulum subconcavo-depressis ; apertura oblongo-

ovata ; columella rectiuscula, minute plicata.

Long. 22, maj. lat. 10 mill., apert. long. 9, lat. 45 mill.

Hab. Arctic Ocean.

An Admete of an oblong turreted form, spirally ribbed, ribs slightly

concave ; longitudinally obscurely plicated; whitish, covered with a

pale brown epidermis ; whorls 7 in number, convex, angled above,

concavely depressed above the angle; aperture oblong-ovate ; colu-

mella nearly straight, minutely plicated.

Obs. The species of the genus 4dmete (Miller), by some included

in Cancellaria, are all northern; the type is 4. viridula (Gould) ;

and the species at present known are A. crispa (Moller), couthoyi

(Jay), grandis (Forbes), abnormis (Gray), borealis (A. Adams),

and ciliata (Kriiger).

1875.] MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 129

9. Latirnus aUREO-cincTuS. (Plate XXIV. fig. 2.)

L. testa elongato-turrita; spira obtuso-acuminata ; basi multo

contracta ; anfractibus 9, rotundatis, spiraliter liratis, longi-

tudinaliter costatis, costis latis rotundatis, liris aureo-flavis,

interstitiis atro-fuscis, filo-striatis, striis albidis ; apertura

ovata, parva ; columella triplicata; labio externo crenulato ;

canali brevi, rectiuscula.

Long. 20, lat. 8; apert. long. 5, lat. 24 mill.

Hab. Mauritius.

An elongately turreted shell; spire obtusely acuminated ; base

much contracted ; whorls 9 in number, rounded, spirally ridged,

longitudinally ribbed; ribs broad, rounded ; ridges of a golden yel-

low colour; interstices nearly black, with fine whitish threads;

aperture ovate, small; columella three-plaited ; outer lip crenulated ;

canal short, nearly straight.

Obés. This remarkable little shell I received about two years ago

from M. de Robillard of Mauritius; but I believe it has never been

described. There is no known species with which it can well be

compared.

10. Myopora rotunpars. (Plate XXIV. fig. 8.)

M. testa rotundato-subtrigona, valde inequivalvi, albida, utrin-

que concentrice valide striata; latere postico leviter bian-

gulato ; margine dorsali excavato, vix incurvato ; umbonibus

acutis, ceruleo tinctis ; valva dextra valde ventricosa, postice

bicostata ; valva sinistra planata ; fovea trigona ligamenti

parviuscula.

Lat. 25, alt. 23 mill.

Hab. New Zealand.

A Myodora of arounded fori, very ineequivalve, both valves con-

centrically strongly striated, with two slight angles on the posterior

side ; dorsal margin exeavated, scarcely incurved ; umbones acute,

of a bluish tint ; right valve very ventricose, with two ribs from the

umbones to the posterior margin; left valves flat; triagonal liga-

mentary pit rather small.

Obs. Four specimens of this species having come into my hands,

I have compared them with a number of specimens of M. striata,

and find them to differ in these respects—M. rotundata, right valve

much deeper, umbones more central, dorsal margin less incurved

and more sloping, ligamentary pit much smaller, and the whole

shell rounder.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

Fig. 1. Ovulwm depressum, p. 128. Fig. 8 a, 6. Myodora rotundata,

2. Latirus aureo-cinctus, p. 129. p. 129.

3. Admete tabulata, p. 128. 9. Mitra induta, p. 128.

4, Mitra flexilabris, p. 127. 10. Ziziphinus multiliratus,

5. Conus multilineatus, p. 126. p. 127.

6. —— gracilis, p. 125. l= , var. B.

7. Trochus (Polyodonta) mira-

bilis, p. 126.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1875, No. LX. )

130 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [Mar. 2,

5. On some Spiders from New Caledonia, Madagascar, and

Réunion. By T. THorext.

[Received February 24, 1875.]

(Plate XXV.)

Some considerable time ago I received from Dr. Aug. Vinson, the

celebrated author of ‘ Aranéides des files de la Réunion, Maurice et

Madagascar,’ ‘ Voyage 4 Madagascar au couronnement de Radama

II.,’ &c., a little collection of Spiders, partly from New Caledonia and

partly from Madagascar and Réunion, among which were a few new

species which Dr. Vinson requested me on a fitting opportunity to

describe. The collection was accompanied by beautiful figures of some

of the species sent, executed by Dr. Vinson himself, and by various

interesting notices relative to their habits, which Dr. Vinson obligingly

placed at my disposal. Hindrances, which it was not in my power

to avoid, have prevented my executing the commission thus received

as early as I could have wished. Having, however, now obtained

leisure for the purpose, I have not confined myself to describing

those species only which appear to me to be new, accompanied by

the figures I have received from Dr. Vinson, but I have also added

more or less detailed descriptive notices of the other previously known

species. Dr. Vinson’s work, ‘Aran. des Iles de la Réunion &c.,’ has,

as is generally known, met with a large and universal approval, and

is justly considered one of the most valuable works treating on this

interesting group of animals, especially on account of the numerous

and important observations it contains relative to the habits and in-

stincts of the species described. The species of which he has treated

nave, through these observations as well as through Dr. Vinson’s

descriptions and figures made directly from living specimens, become

of the greatest interest to European arachnologists, who are seldom

able to learn more about the life of extra-European Spiders than the

name of the country where they are met with, or to see other than

more or less faded specimens preserved in spirit. Having now had

the good fortune to receive original specimens of some of Dr. Vinson’s

species, I consider myself bound to avail inyself of this opportunity to

indicate the changes of colour that some of them undergo when (as

is the case with the specimens I have received from Dr. Vinson) they

have lain some considerable time in spirit, as also to make some

additions to Dr. Vinson’s descriptions, and thus to offer a little con-

tribution to our knowledge of these Spiders.

The species in question are as follows :—

NEPHILA LABILLARDIERU, n.sp. (Plate XXV. figs. 1, 2.)

Cephalothorace paullo breviore quam tibia cum patella quarti paris,

nigro, bituberculato, pube dexsa subargentea tecto; sterno tuber-

culo magno nigro pone labium instructo, tuberculis*lateralibus eo

minoribus, rufescentibus ; oculis lateralibus spatio diametro sua

plus duplo majore disjunctis ; pedibus obscure testaceo-fuscis,

PZ8.1875.Pl. XXv.

AVinson pimr. J. Smit hth. M&N.Hanhart imp.

NEW SPECIES OF SPIDERS

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1875. CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 131

apice late nigris, pube tenui pallida et pilis nigris tectis, tibiis

quarti paris subter paullo longius et densius nigro-pilosis ; abdo-

mine subelliptico, circiter dimidio longiore quam latiore, fusco,

subargenteo-piloso, pictura in dorso et in ventre distincta vir

ulla.

Gad. Long. circa 25 millim.

Var. 3. Abdomine supra pallido, testaceo-cinereo.

1799. Aranea edulis, Labill. Relation du voyage a la recherche

de La Pérouse, ii. p. 240, pl. xii. fig. 4 (ad partem).

1841. Epeira edulis, Walck. H. N. d. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 93 (ad

partem)..

Femina. Cephalothorax circa 103 millim. longus, 8 millim. latus,

paullo brevior quam patella cum tibia quarti paris, patellam cum

tibia tertit paris longitudine equans, longitudinem tibie quarti

paris latitudine non equans, frontis latit. 53 millim., lateribus

partis thoracice equaliter rotundatis, partis cephalice lateribus

rotundatis quoque, hae parte postice tuberculis duobus fortioribus

armata, a latere visa elevato-arcuata, primum (ad tubercula)

fortius, tum levius adscendenti, ad oculos vero denique paullo

arcuato-proclivi ; niger, nitidus, pilis argenteis dense tectus,

preter postice hic illic ita detritus, ut ad latera et pone oculos

nigris maculis notatus videatur. Tuberculum oculorum mediorum

humile, lateralium altius, costam latam, obliquam, duplo longi-

orem quam latiorem, antice preruptam formans. Oculi medii,

spatiis diametro oculi circa triplo majoribus disjuncti, in quadra-

tum dispositi, equales fere ; laterales oculi, tis evidenter minores

et subequales, spatio oculi diametro vix triplo majore inter se

remoti ; antici eorum plus duplo longius ab anticis mediis quam

hi inter se distant ; spatium inter oculos medios anticos et mar-

ginem clypei paullo majus quam inter eos et medios oculos pos-

ticos. Mandibule circa 43 millim. longa, tibias tertii paris

longitudine equantes, longiores quam patelle et tarsi (primi paris

tarsis eaceptis, qui mandibulas longitudine equant), duplo fere

longiores quam latiores basi, in dorso ad basin geniculato-con-

vere, tum recte, subcylindrate, apice intus oblique truncato-

angustate, nigre, nitide, nigro-pilose et -setose. Sulcus ungui-

cularis antice dentibus trinis armatus, quorum medius reliquis

major est, postice dentibus 4. Unguis niger. Maville et labium

nigra, ille apice intus anguste pallide; labium non antice elevato-

marginatum. Palpi nigri, nigro-pilosi, basi subter pube densa

subargentea tecti. Pedes longi, graciles valde, presertim postici :

quarti paris femora in medio vix crassiora sunt quam palporum

pars patellaris ; femora et tibie apice vir vel parum incrassata ;

obscure testaceo- vel ferrugineo-fusci, apice late nigri (metatarsis

ad maximam partem et tarsis nigris), coxis nigricantibus ; pube

tenui pallida presertim in femoribus tecti, hac pube presertim

subter evidenti ; nigro-pilosi, tibiis quarti paris subter paullo

densius et longius nigro-pilosis. Aculei pedum parvi et debiles,

sat rari in femoribus ; aculei pauci supra in tibiis primi paris

Q*

132 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2,

secundum totam longitudinem earum dispositi, non ad apicem

tantum. Pedes primi paris cephalothorace circa 5} longiores :

in exemplo, cujus .cephalothorax 103 millim. longus est, pedes

primi paris 60 (patella 33, tibia 14, metatarsus 20, tarsus 42),

secundi paris 49, tertii 253, quarti paris 43 (patella 33, tibia

81) millim. longi. Abdomen cylindrato-ovatum, circiter dimidio

longius quam latius, supra fuscum, pube brevi subargentea minus

dense vestitum, pictura distincta nulla (an ita in vivis quoqgue*) ;

venter obscurior, subtestaceo-fuligineus, scutis pulmonalibus nigro-

fuscis, intus sulcis transversis brevibus profundis inequalibus

dense exaratis. Vulva ex area nigra transversa cornea constat,

que antice costa recurva limitatur, postice vero, in medio (ad

ipsam rimam genitalem), costa breviore, compressa, recta, acuta ;

utringue hee area inequalis foveam majorem oblongam parum

profundam ostendit.

Mas ignotus. ‘

Var. 3. Differt abdomine supra pallidiore, testaceo-cinereo, et paullo

breviore, magis elliptico (long. ejus 124, lat. 95 millim.) ; pedes

in exemplo unico a me viso paullo breviores sunt quoque quam in

forma principali, femoribus basi nigricantibus; primi paris cepha-

lothorace tantum 53 longiores. Long. corporis 22, cephaloth. 10,

lut. ejus 74, lat. frontis 5}, pedes primi paris 52 (patella 33,

tibia 12), secundi paris 44, tertii 233, quarti 40 millim. longi ;

patella quarti paris 23, tibia 8 millim.

Patria. Nova Caledonia. Duas foeminas adultas, a cel. Vinson

ad me missas, vidi.

This species is no doubt comprised by Labillardiére, together with

the next following, under the name of Aranea edulis; but as his

deseription of the abdomen better suits that species, I have retained

for it the specific name edulis (Lab.).

NepHILA EDuLIs (Labill.).

Cephalothorace tibiam cum patella quarti paris longitudine equante,

nigro, bituberculato, dense argenteo-villoso, sterno tuberculo pone

labium carente, tuberculis lateralibus humillimis, cum limbo antico

rufescentibus ; oculis lateralibus spatio diametro sua plus duplo

majore disjunctis, pedibus rufescenti-fuscis, apice late nigris,

subargenteo-pubescentibus, nigro-pilosis, apice femorum et tibia-

rum pedum anticorum inferius et tibiis quarti paris totis pilis

nigris paullo longioribus et densioribus subhirsutis ; abdomine

fusco, fere duplo longiore quam latiore, plaga vel fascia trans-

versa pallidiore in dorso antice notato et pube argentea tecto.

@ ad. Long. circa 20 millim.

1799. Aranea edulis, Labill. Rel. du voy. a la recherche de La

Pérouse, ii. p. 240, pl. xii. fig. 4 (salt. ad part.).

1841. Epeira edulis, Walck. H. N. d. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 93 (salt. ad

part.). -

Foemina. Cephalothoraz 83 millim. longus, 63 millim, latus, patellam

cum tibia quarti paris longitudine equans, latitudine longitudinem

1875.] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 133

tibie ejusdem paris equans saltem, frontis latitudine 43 millim.;

lateribus partis thoracice modice rotundatis, partis cephalice

lateribus rotundatis quoque, hac parte tuherculis duobus nigris

minoribus postice armata, a latere visa primum, pone tubercula,

in arcum adscendente, tum leviter modo et secundum lineam parum

arcuatam adscendente, denique, ad oculos, leviter arcuato-proclivi;

niger, nitidus, pube argentea dense vestitus. Sternum nigrum,

tuberculis ordinariis 7 humillimis, parum expressis, cum limbo

antico rufescentibus, tuberculo pone labium vir ullo, Tuberculum

oculorum mediorum humile, tuberculum oculorum lateralium cos-

tam latam, obliquam, antice et postice preruptam, antice altiorem

formans. Oculi medii equales, in quadratum dispositi, spatio

oculi diametro circiter triplo majore disjuncti; oculi laterales

subequales, (antici presertim) mediis paullo minores, et spatio

evidenter minore (oculi lateralis diametro circa triplo majore)

disjuncti quam quo distant medii inter se; medii antici duplo

longius a lateralibus anticis quam inter se remoti. Mandibule

nigre, 33 millim. longe (=tibie tertii paris), patellis et meta-

tarsis omnibus longiores, latitudine basali fere duplo longiores,

in dorse ad basin sat fortiter geniculato-convere, tum directe,

nitide, versus apicem transverse striate, intus nigricanti-pilose

“et -setose : sulcus mandibularis antice 3, postice 4 dentibus arma-

tus; unguis niger, apice piceus. Mazille et labium nigra, apice

pallida. Palpi nigri, nigro-pilosi, parte femorali subter argenteo-

~pilosa. Pedes graciles, femoribus et tibiis apice leviter modo

incrassatis, rufescenti- vel testaceo-fusci, metatarsis, basi excepta,

et tarsis nigris, coxis quoque obscurioribus, femoribus (apice

presertim subter nigro-piloso excepto) et tibiis basi late pube

argentea tectis, hac pube subter crassiore ; preterea nigro-pilosi,

tibiis 4 anterioribus versus apicem subter et in lateribus, infra,

tibiisque quarti paris totis pilis paullo longioribus et densioribus

subvillosis. Primi paris pedes cephalothorace circa quintuplo lon-

giores, 493 millim. (patella 33, tibia 93, metatarsus 144, tarsus

33), secundi paris 393, tertii 213, quarti 32 (patella 23, tibia 6)

millim. longi. Aculet pedum graciles, sat rari; aculei pauci

supra in pedibus anterioribus non ad apicem tantum, sed secundum

totam internodii longitudinem dispositi. Abdomen subcylindra-

tum, fere duplo longius quam latius (13 millim. longum, 7 millim.

latum), in fundo fuscum, fascia transversa pallida sat lata prope

marginem anticum (2), pube sat densa argentea saltem antice

tectum, in lateribus infra et postice striis 3-4 transversis sub-

obliquis flavescentibus notatum ; venter subfuligineus, in medio

flavescenti-maculatus; maculeé 4 parve flavescentes circa mamillas

trapezium formant ; scuta pulmonalia nigra, nitida, intus sulcis

malts transversis profundis et subundulatis exarata. Vulva ex

fovea magna nigra, transversa, plus duplo latiore quam longiore -

constare videtur, que fere lunata est, margine elevato antico re-

curvo, postico recto.

Mas ignotus.

Patria, Nova Caledonia. Exemplum unicum fcemineum vidi, a

134 DR. fT. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2,

cel. Dr. Vinson amicissime communicatum. Priori speciei, N. /abil-

lardierei, simillima est heec aranea, sed certe distincta: differt enim

sterni tuberculis vix ullis, femoribus et tibiis anterioribus apice lon-

gius pilosis, mandibulis tarsis primi paris longioribus, abdomine

duplo fere longiore quam latiore, cet.

In his description of the abdomen of Aranea edulis, Labillardiére

says (luc. cit. p. 241), “On voit sur les cotés cing 4 six bandes obliques

grisAtres et en dessous plusieurs taches fauves.’”” These words very

well suit the specimen here described, but not those which I have

above called N. labillardierei, and which I received from Dr. Vinson,

together with the present specimen, under the name of Epeira edulis

(Lab.). These two very closely allied species were no doubt united

also by Labillardiére under his Aranea edulis, which is used as food

by the natives of New Caledonia (conf. Labillardiére and Walcke-

naer Joc. cit.).

NEPHILA MADAGASCARIENSIS, Vins.

Cephalothorace breviore quam tibia cum patella quarti paris, nigro,

bituberculato, pube densa argentea ad maximam partem tecto et

setis aculeisque nigricantibus sparso, sterno nigro, tuberculo

pone labium tuberculisque sepiem humilioribus ad insertionem

covarum instructo, quorum par tertium reliquis majus est ; oculis

lateralibus spatio duplam oculi diametrum equante disjunctis ;

pedibus breviter et satis equaliter niyro-pilosis, dense uculeatis,

rufis, metatarsis basi excepta et tarsis nigris, patellis saltem

anterioribus et apice femorum tibiarumque nigricantibus ; abdo-

mine subcylindrato, plus duplo longiore quam latiore, nigro, dense

argenteo-pubescente, fascia albicante transversa ad marginem an-

ticum atrum, tum plaga antica inequali flavescente et denique

maculis multis secundum dorsum dispositis flaventibus vel argenteis

variato ; laieribus abdominis lineis obliquis maculisque ejusdem

coloris piclis ventreque fasciis duabus transversis angustis flavis,

altera ad rimam genitalem, altera fere in medio ventris, notato.

© ad. Long. 30-45 millim.

1863. Epeira madagascariensis, Vins. Aran. des iles de la Ré-

union, Maurice et Madag. p. 191, pl. vii.

Foemina. Cephalothorax ad formam ut in N. eduli dixi omnino, sed

preter pube densa argentea, qua ad maximam partem (plaga

ordinaria postica nuda et parte cephalica in vicinitate oculorum

exceptis) vestitus est, setis et spinulis sat longis sparsus, pre-

sertim in parte cephalica. Tubercula postice in parte cephalica

sat magna et acuta. Oculi laterales paullo minores quam medii,

et spatio disjunctt, quod duplam eorum diametrum c@quat: tuber-

culum, quo insistunt, ad formam ut in N. eduli, postice declive,

antice preruptum. Oculi medii in quadratum dispositi, equales,

spatiis triplam oculi diametrum pene equantibus inter se remoti.

Sternum tuberculum sat magnum nigrum subucuminatum pone

labium ostendit ; tubercula lateralia humiliora sunt, obtusa, tis

tamen, que ad covas tertii paris locum tenent, majoribus et al-

1875. } CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. dich)

tioribus, ovatis. Mandibule longiores quam tarsi primi paris,

breviores quam tibie tertii paris; sulcus unguicularis antice 3,

postice 4 dentibus armatus. Mazille et labium apice anguste

testacea, preterea ut mandibule nigra. Palpi nigri, parte

Femorali rufescente. Femora et tibie versus apicem parum in-

crassata, quarti paris femora subter paullo densius nigro-pilosa

quam reliqua internodia. Aculei pedum sat breves, in pedibus

anterioribus densi, in femoribus horum pedum breves et etiam

subter densi, ut in tibiis ; subter in femoribus posterioribus aculet

vie ultra ordinem singulam formant. Vulva ex fovea angusta

transversa non magna constare videtur. Long. cephalothoracis

in exemplo a me viso 123, lat. ejus 94, lat. frontis 62, long.

mandibularum 5 millim. Pedes primi paris 65 (patella 43,

tibia 153, metatarsus 223, tarsus 43) millim., ideoque cephalo-

thoruce plus quintuplo longiores ; secundi paris pedes 553, tertii

paris 33, quarti 52% (patella 335, tibia 11) millim. longi ; abdo-

men 24 millim. longum, 11 millim. latum (long. totius corporis 31

millim.). (Vid. preterea descr. cel. Vinsonii loc. supra cit.).

Patria. Insula Madagascar. Foeminam unicam supra descriptam

benigne ad me misit cel. Dr. Vinson.

The natives of Madagascar eat this Spider, “en l’accommodant avec

de V’huile ou de la graisse”’ (vid. Vinson, ‘ Voyage 4 Madagascar,’

p- 126).

EPEIRA CUPIDINEA, nh. sp. (Plate XXV. fig. 3.)

Cephalothorace breviore quam tibia cum patella quarti paris, humili,

antice fortiter angustato, nigricante vel lurido, pube densa sub-

argentea vestito, oculis mediis rectangulum dimidio longiorem

quam latiorem formantibus, oculis lateralibus spatio oculi diame-

trum pene equante disjunctis, ab oculis mediis spatio duplo

majore remotis quam quo distant medii antici vel postici inter

se ; pedibus nigricantibus, plus minus distincte subtestaceo-annu-

latis ; abdomine ovato, longiore, antice bituberculato, dorso ante

tubercula testaceo-albicante, argenteo-piloso, pone ea vero obscu-

rius rufo- vel aureo-fusco, maculis argenteis ornato, quarum 4,

antice, trapezium antice latius quam postice formant.

Q ad. Long. circa 18 millim.

Foemina. Cephalothorax inverse ovato-cordiformis fere, in lateribus

ample et fortiter rotundatus, antice fortiter sinuato-angustatus,

margine postico emarginato ; 73 millim. longus, 6 millim. latus,

Frontis latitudine modo 24 millim. 5 brevior quam patella cum

tibia quarti paris, tibiam - primi paris longitudine equans, tibie

quarti paris longitudinem latitudine paullo superans ; humilis,

dorso fere plano et a latere viso recto, fovea centrali ordinaria

paullo pone medium sita, sat magna et profunda, postice latior,

subgeminata; in fundo nigricans vel saltem hic illic luridus vel sub-

testaceus, pube densa cinereo-albicante, subargentea tectus. Ster-

num breviter ovatum, tuberculis 7 ad insertionem coxarum, ni-

grum, nigro-pilosum, vitta media longitudinali fava. Oculi sub-

equales ; medii in tuberculo postice humili, antice prominenti

136

DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2,

positi sunt, aream rectangulam, dimidio longiorem quam latiorem

occupantes ; spatium inter oculos medios anticos, ut inter medios

posticos, oculi diametro evidenter, pene dimidio, majus est ;. medit

antici a mediis posticis spatio ocult diametro pene triplo majore

distant, eque saltem longe atque a margine clypeit. Oculi late-

rales bini tuberculo sat forti impositi, intervallo disjuncti sunt

quod oculi diametrum vix equat ; spatium inter oculos posticos

laterules et medios duplo majus quam spatium quo distant hi inter

se. Series oculorum postica desuper visa recta vel parum pro-

curva; oculi laterales antici paullo longius quam medii antici a

margine clypei distant. Mandibule leviter reclinate, femore

antico angustiores, tibia antica vix crassiores, pene duplo et

dimidio longiores quam latiores, subcylindrate, in dorso versus

basin arcuato-convere, tum vero recte, in medio immo subim-

presse, 3 millim. longe (patellis primi paris paullo breviores) ;

nitide, pilose, picee, macula media testacea notate; sulcus

unguicularis dentibus fortibus antice 4 (quorum intimus reliquis

minor), postice 3 armatus. Mazxille nigre, apice intus testacee;

labium nigrum, apice testaceum. Palpi fuligineo-testacei, nigro-

pilosi et -setosi. Pedes sat robusti, lurido-nigri, vix evidenter

pallidius annulati, coxis macula obscure testacea notatis, pre-

sertim subter pube lurida vel ferrugineo-testacea vestiti, nigro-

pilosi, aculeis presertim in tibiis subter longis et subappressis,

sat debilibus, nigris et testaceo-fuscis ; tibia quarti paris reli-

quis tibiis paullo robustiores sunt paulloque densius pilose viden-

tur. Pedes primi paris 313, secundi 30, tertii 19, quarti 28

millim. longi; patella cum tibia primi paris 103, quarté paris 82

millim. Abdomen sat regulariter ovatum, dimidio saltem longius

quam latius (12 millim. longum, 73 millim. latum), apice postico

rotundato, antice tuberculis duobus subconicis, obtusis, haud ita

magnis, circa in 1 longitudinis a margine antico distantibus, non

ad ipsa latera, sed paullo magis intus locatis preditum; supra

ante tubercula albicans, preterea vero obscure rufo- vel aureo-

fuscum, argenteo, maculatum: tubercula postice maculis duabus

argenteis occupantur ; pone has maculas due alia magis versus

medium site adsunt, cum illis trapezium antice fere duplo latius

quam postice, et brevius quam latius antice formantes ; preterea

multis altis maculis minoribus argenteis notatum est dorsum,

posterius duas series laterales formantibus; latera abdominis

presertim antice striis obliquis et maculis parvis argenteis notata;

venter niger, serie utringue pallida ex stria vel macula parva cum

maculis binis ad latera mamillarum formata notatum. Vulva

epigyni caret: constat ex area magna, transversa, nigra, plus

duplo latiore quam longiore, margine fortiter elevato cireumdaia,

que costa media humili in duas foveas subtransversas divisa est :

margo anticus bis sinuatus est vel in medio in formam trianguli

brevis retro productus ; postice lamina elevata transversa limi-

tuntur he fovee, que in medio incisa est ttaque in duos lobos

rotundatos divisa ; margo lateralis fovee latus exterius hujus

laming amplectitur. Mamille nigricantes.

1875.] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 137

Mas ignotus.

Foemina jun., 10 millim. longa, differt cephalothorace et pedibus

sordide testaceis, his nigro-punctatis et nigricanti-annulatis, tibiis

quarti paris nigris, annulo basali testaceo ; ventre fuligineo-tes-

taceo, striis trinis brevibus flavescentibus in utroque latere, punc-

tisque 4 vel 6 subargenteis in medio anterius, in duo vel tria paria

dispositis.

Patria. Nova Caledonia, ubi sat frequens inveniri videtur hee

aranea (Vinson in litt.); duas foeminas adultas ibi captas ad me misit

cel. Vinson. Foeminam juniorem quoque possideo, a cel. Van

Hasselt dono mihi datam, cujus patriam vero ignoro. . maritime,

Keyserl.*, sine dubio valde propinqua est pulcherrima heec species,

sed verisimiliter diversa: abdomen H. maritime superne sordide

album esse dicitur, area obscura nigricante vel rufescente, per totam

longitudinem abdominis extensa, maculis paucis albis notata et

vitta undulata alba utrinque limitata ; quee in nostram speciem non

quadrant.

ARACHNURA SCORPIONOIDES, Vins.

1863. Arachnoura scorpionides, Vins. Aran. diles de la Réunion,

cet. p. 291, pl. xiii. figs. 1, la.

1864. Hapalochrota caudata, Keys. Beschr. neuer Orbitele, in

Sitz.ber. d. Isis zu Dresden, i863, p. 82 (20), tab. iii. figs. 6-11.

As this species has already been described and figured, both by

Vinson and Keyserling, I shall here only give some few additional

remarks, founded on the examination of a female specimen from

Réunion which was kindly presented to me by Dr. Vinson. The

length of the whole body is 12 millims., of cephalothorax nearly 4,

of abdomen 10 (the “‘tail’” about 4) millims. Breadth of cephalothorax

3q, and = length of patella + tibia of the first or second pair of

legs; breadth of abdomen about 32 millims. When measured in

the usual way, from the margin of cephalothorax, the proportion of

the legs appears to be 2, 4, 1, 3, or 2, 1, 4, 3, the second pair being

very slightly longer than the first and fourth pairs, which are of

equal length (10 millims.) ; but when measured on the underside,

from the base of the coxe, the fourth pair are a little longer than the

others. Length of third pair of legs nearly 7, of tibia + patella I.

(or II.) nearly 33 millims.; tibia 1. is nearly 2, tibia + patella IV.

nearly 4, tibia IV. 2 millims. The fore central eyes are larger than

the other 6, which are almost equal; the area occupied by the four

central eyes is double as long as broad in front, and about half as

broad again before as behind. The lateral eyes are separated by an

interval evidently larger than their diameter and rather larger than

the interval between the fore centrals, this latter interval. being

somewhat smaller than an eye’s diameter; the space between the

posterior centrals is distinctly smaller than the diameter of these

eyes. The femora of the first pair are slightly incrassated on the

interior side towards the apex ; they have 1, 1, 1 pale and slender

* “Beitrage z. Kenntn. d. Orbitel,” in Verhandl. d. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in

Wien, xv. p. 813 (15).

138 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2,

spines on the inner, and 1, 1, 1, 1 such spines on the outer side, all

towards the apex; also the tibia has 1, | such spines on the inner

side; with these exceptions the legs appear to be unarmed. The

posterior part of the abdomen, from the anterior mamillee, is en-

circled by closely set wrinkles ; the skin of its sides, in front of the

mamillee, appears to be folded into closely set, elevated, longitudinal

and somewhat undulated wrinkles. The vulva is a tolerably large,

blackish, transverse area close by the rima genitalis: it is thrice as

broad as long, and its lateral extremities are limited by a short

inward curved costa: the anterior extremities of these two costz are

united by another costa curved forward and forming with them

almost a “—~>, and limiting two shallow foveee. The whole belly

behind the rima genitalis is yellow.

According to Keyserling, the legs of the fourth pair are the

longest, and the first pair slightly longer than the second; and the

thighs, patella, and tibice of both first and second pair of legs are

armed with spines. His two specimens were from Mauritius. Dr.

Vinson tells me that he has found in the isle of Réunion a second

species of Arachnura, “ couleur jaune claire, jaune citron.”

Is Arachnura really a goodgenus, different from Epeira, for instance?

I believe it is so, and consider, with Vinson, its chief characteristic

to be the long, transversely wrinkled or annulated flexible tail, into

which its abdomen is drawn out behind: this tail, says Dr. Vinson,

is “susceptible d’abaissement et d’élévation, et se recourbe égale-

ment vers le dos ou vers le ventre.”’

Whether the Australian Spiders described by L. Koch under the

names Epeira higginsii* aud HE. feredayi+ belong to Arachaura, is

uncertain, as Dr. L. Koch does not state whether the tail in these

Spiders is cross-ringed or -wrinkled, as in the typical species. To

judge from his figures, the tail is destitute of such wrinkles; but if

E. higginsii and E. feredayi should prove in this respect to resemble

A. scorpionoides, I should not hesitate to refer them to Arachnura,

even though their lateral eyes are separated by a smaller interval

than in A. scorpionoides. The small difference in the relative

lengths of the legs (1, 2, 4, 3, or 1, 4, 2, 3) does not appear to me

to be a hindrance to our uniting them with Arachaura and removing

them from Epeira, from which genus they differ in the absence of

spines on the legs, also in this respect showing some resemblance

to A. scorpionoides, which has spines only on the first pair (or first

two pairs) of legs.

LATHRODECTUs GEOMETRICUS, C. Koch. (Plate XXV. fig. 4.)

Obscurius vel clarius nigro- vel rufescenti-fuscus, patellis et apice

tibiarum late nigricantibus, cephalothorace fere dimidio breviore

quam tibia primi paris, ordinibus oculorum extremitatibus non

divaricantibus ; abdomine secundum dorsum annulis angulatis

tribus et vitta postica undulata geminata albicantibus notato,

in lateribus fasciis 3-4 obliquis geminatis albicantibus ornato,

* Die Arachn, Australiens, p. 120, tab. xi. figs. 1-16.

+ Ibid. p. 122, tab. xi. figs. 2, 2a.

1875.] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 139

quarum apices superiores antice circu suam quisque maculam

obscuriorem rotundatam plus minus distinctam curvati sunt ;

ventre ad maximam partem plaga flavescente, in medio constricta

occupato ; vulve margine antico tuberculum utrinque formante.

Q@ ad. Long. 8-105 millim.

Var. (6. Pallide fuscus, abdomine cinereo-testaceo, maculis illis ab

apicibus superioribus fasciarum lateralium limitatis obscure fuscis

vel nigricantibus, series duas laterales in dorso formantibus ;

preterea forme principali similis.

1841. Latrodectus geometricus, C. Koch, Die Arachn. viii. p. 117,

tab. celxxxiv. fig. 684.

Foemina. Cephalothorar 32 millim. longus, brevior quam tibia

quarti paris, fere dimidio brevior quam tibia primi paris, tibiam

cum dimidia patella secundi paris longitudine equans, 3 millim.

latus, latitudine longitudinem tibie secundi paris parum superans;

forma in hoc genere solita, fovea ordinaria media magna profunda

transversa, sulcisque cephalicis bene expressis ; Serrugineo-fuscus,

tenuiter pallide pubescens, antice pilis nigris sparsus. Sternum

* subtriangulum, parum longius quam latius, fuscum, linea media

pallidiore notatum. Oculi subequales, laterales antici tamen

reliquis, presertim mediis anticis, evidenter minores ; in series

duas parallelas dispositi, series antica leviter procurva, postica et

antica desuperne vise recurve; spatium inter oculos laterales

paullulo minus, saltem non majus, quam spatium inter oculos

medios anticos et posticos ; oculi laterales, inter se spatio oculi

antici diametro dimidio majore disjuncti, a mediis ejusdem seriei

intervallo hunc spatium @quante remoti sunt spatioque paullo

majore, quam quo distant medii ejusdem seriet inter se. Area

oculorum mediorum paullo latior postice quam antice, parum vel

vie longior quam latior postice ; spatium inter oculos medios

anticos oculi diametrum vir equat, intervallum inter medios pos-

ticos ocult diametro evidenter majus est. Clypeus, cujus altitudo

longitudine aree oculorum plus dimidio major est, mox sub oculos

profunde est impressus, a latere visus subdeclivis et converxus.

Mandibule longe et anguste, in dorso basi ipsa paullo convexe,

preterea vero recta, longitudine patellarum secundi paris, tibiis

anterioribus angustiores, triplo et dimidio saltem longiores quam

latiores, nitide, leviter transverse striate et pubescentes, pallide

JSerrugineo-fusce ; unguis tenuis, parum curvatus, latitudinem

basalem mandibule vix longitudine superans. Maaille fusce,

apice intus pallida, in labium fuscum transversum antice rotun-

datum inclinate. Palpi testaceo-fusci, nigro-pilosi. Pedes tes-

taceo-fusci, tenuiter pallido-pubescentes, nigro-pilosi. Pedes

primi paris cephalothorace plus sextuplo longiores sunt, in exem-

plo dimenso 234 millim. longi (patella cum tibia 73, tibia 54

millim.) ; pedes secundi paris 16%, tertit paris 12, quarti paris

22 (patella eorum cum tibia paullo plus 6, tibia 44) millim.

longi. Abdomen globoso-ovatum, postice subacuminatum, tenuiter

pubescens, obscurius vel pallidius rufescenti-fuscum ; utrinque,

“~

140 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2,

mox supra petiolum, adsunt linee due albicantes inequaliter

retro et extrorsum curvate, postice fortiter divaricantes, antice

interdum in maculam vel annulum dilatate; secundum medium

dorsum extenditur vitta ex annulis albicantibus tribus subequali-

bus et vitta geminata ejusdem coloris formata: annulus primus

angulato-rotundatus est, secundus et tertius, spatio minuto tantum

disjuncti, rhomboides ; tum, cum annulo tertio conjuncta, sequitur

vitta sat brevis (secundum circiter quartam partem posteriorem

dorsi extensa), posteriora versus angustata, utringue linea albi-

cante undulata limitata. In lateribus utrinque adsunt fascie

trine vel quaterne oblique longe, albicantes, apice superiore sub-

recurvo suam queque maculam obscuram rotundatam antice am-

plectentes, mox sub hac macula subito postice dilatate, versus

apicem inferiorem (posteriorem) sensim angustato-acuminate et

vitta obscura subcuneata geminate. Venter versus latera obscu-

rius vel pallidius fuscus, plaga magna flavescente, in medio leviter

constricta notatus, que a rima genitali pene ad mamillas exten-

ditur ; ad latera mamillarum bine macule parve flave adsunt et

(plerumque) inter eas macule trine parve nigricantes, his ma-

culis coronam circu anum et mamillas formantibus. Area vulve

elevata, transversa, nigro-fusca a latere visa tuberculum subconi-

cum format, cujus in apice adest vulva sub specie fovee vel rime

transversé sat parve: margo ejus posticus elevatus equaliter

procurvus est, integer (non in medio incisus), margo vero anticus

in medio rectus, ad utramque extremitatem in lobum brevem retro

directum productus, his lobis tubercula duo assimulantibus.

Mas ignotus.

Pariat (8) pallidior, fusco- vel cinereo-testaceus, abdomine pallide

cinereo-testaceo, pictura ut in forma principali quidem, sed

magis diluta, parum distincta, maculis illis obscuris exceptis,

a quibus initium capiunt fascie@ laterales: he macule utrinque

4 nigro-fusce sunt et in series duas laterales valde manifestas

ordinate (conf. figuram C. Kochii, loc. cit.). Vitta media pos-

tica in dorso abdominis interdum deest.

Patria. Africa, America meridionalis. Exempla pauca foeminea

possideo, alia in insula Madagascar (ad sinum Bombeétock) capta et

a cel. Vinson communicata, alia ex Surinam, a cel. Van Hasselt

missa. Var. (3 nostra eadem forma manifeste est atque L. geome-

tricus, C. Koch ; hoc nomen usurpavi, quum nullum aliud certum

invenire potuerim ; vix tamen est dubitandum quin sit hzee species

etiam sub aliis nominibus descripta. Formam principalem secundum

exempla Madagascariensia deseripsi ; var. § (cum forma principali)

ex Surinam obtinui.

The females of L. curacaviensis (Miill.) may easily be distinguished

from the above-described Spider by a darker, black or brownish

black colour, by some small differences in the relative position of the

eyes and in the form of the vulva, &c. (see Thor. Rem. on Syn.

p- 511). The markings of the abdomen are also different, consisting

in L. curacaviensis of a long, slightly sinuated, yellowish middle

band, often geminated with reddish, and terminating at the anus in

=

1875. ] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 141

a large yellowish or reddish spot ; the sides have each four oblique,

yellowish, sometimes geminated bands, of which one, commencing

above the petiolum and curved forwards and downwards, is the

longest and forms with the corresponding one of the other side, when

seen from above, a very large “\, open at the apex ; under this band

is another smaller, almost longitudinal, and behind it two bands,

tapering at the ends; but these markings are often more or less

obliterated *.

LATHRODECTUS CURACAVIENSIS, Miill.

$ ad. Cephalothorace fusco-testaceo, vitta media et marginibus

infuscatis, pedibus fusco-testaceis, apice internodiorum plus

minus late nigricantibus, cephalothorace quam tibia primi paris

circiter dimidio breviore ; abdomine fusco, pictura flava nigro-

marginata : secundum dorsum vitta media longa, supra anum

in maculam rufescenti-flavam dilatata, in lateribus fasciis trinis

obliquis ; prima earum longa est, foras et retro curvata, et sub

ea vitta parva conspicitur ; relique due magis recte sunt ; par

primum harum fasciarum desuperne inspectum /\ magnum

format ; venter plaga magna flavescente antice truncata im

medio leviter constricta notatus est.

Long. circa 33 millim.

1776. Aranea curacaviensis, Mill. Linn. Vollstand. Natursyst.

Suppl.- u. Reg.-Band, p. 342 (= 9).

l8—. Theridion curassavicum, Héring, conf. Ozanam, Etude s. le

venin des Arachn. p. 29.

1860. Latrodectus malmignattus, var. tropica, Vau Hass. Stud.

over d. z. g. Curagaosche Oranje-Spin, in Tijdschr. voor Entom. iu.

p- 62, pl. 5. figs. 1-6 (= 9).

1873. Lathrodectus curacaviensis, Thor. Rem. on Syn. p. 511

c—?)-

Mas. Cephalothorax 13 millim. longus, brevior quam tibia primi

et quarti paris, tibiam cum dimidia patella secundi paris lon-

gitudine circiter equans, paullo longior quam latior, forma in

hoe genere solita, fovea ordinaria centrali pone medium locata,

magna et profunda, impressionibus cephalicis tribusque sulcis

radiantibus utrinque in parte thoracica profundis quoque ; tes-

taceo-fuscus, vitta media longitudinali fuliginea, marginibusque

late subinfuscatis. Clypei altitudo evidenter, pene dimidio,

major quam longitudo aree oculorum mediorum. Sternum

ovato-triangulum, antice late truncatum, obscurius fuscum, vitta

media longitudinali subtestacea. Oculorum series antica pro-

curva, ambe series desuperne vise recurve, extremitatibus non

divaricantibus, sed paullo appropinquantibus: spatium inter

oculos laterales paullo minus est quam spatium inter oculos

medios anticos et posticos, et oculi lateralis diametrum equat.

* The female of Z. curacaviensis has been carefully described and figured by

Van Hasselt (/oc. infra cit.) ; the male, on the contrary, is still unknown, and a

short description of a male example which Dr. Van Hasselt has kindly sent me

will therefore probably not be considered out of place here.

142

DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2,

Spatium inter oculos medios posticos diametro oculi non majus

est, inter eos et laterales paullo majus. Area oculorum medio-

rum pene quadrata, modo paullulo latior antice quam postice ;

oculi medii antici reliquis paullo majores, inter se paullo lon-

gius, spatio oculi diametrum fere equante, quam a lateralibus

anticis sejunctt. Mandibule testaceo-fusce, subreclinate, in

dorso recté, versus apicem sensim subangustate, plus duplo

longtores quam latiores basi. Mazille apice extus rotundate,

testaceo-fusce, apice intus pallidiores, in labium transversum

Suscum apice late rotundatum paullo inelinate. Palpi tes-

taceo-fusci, breves ; pars patellaris latitudine apicali vix vel

parum longior, versus apicem sensim paullulo incrassata, apice

oblique rotundata, ut pars femoralis basi metatarsorum anti-

corum non crassior ; pars tibialis parte patellari etiam brevior,

supra, exterius, in lobum oblongum foras et sursum directum,

interius vero in lobum brevem intus directum producta, his lobis

parti tarsali arcte adjacentibus et cum ea in clavam maximam,

Semore antico plus duplo latiorem, antice latissime truncatam,

semiorbiculatam vel campanulatam fere, extus et infra pro-

Sunde et late excisam concretis; apex clave helice magna,

plana, gyris saltem 3, e seta crassa longissima complanata nigra

formata occupatur ; ipsa pars patellaris dimidiam partem clave

interiorem et superiorem tantum formare videtur et suleo lon-

gitudinali quasi in duas partes dividitur, interiorem majorem

testaceo-fuscam, exteriorem angustiorem, obscuriorem, ferru-

gineo-fuscam (hec pars interior forsitan non ad partem tarsalem,

sed ad bulbum pertinet ?); angulus apicis partis tarsalis in-

terior et inferior in procursum longum deorsum et paullo foras

directum productus est, cujus apex ut lobus rotundatus et pilosus

sub apice clave prominet ; sub hoc lobo procursus tenuis pallidus

deorsum curvatus adest. Pedes graciles, testaceo-fusci, patellis

apice, tibiis annulo versus apicem et preterea summo apice nigri-

cantibus, reliquis internodiis quoque apice anguste et plus minus

distincte infuscatis. Tuibie supra setas binas erectas ostendunt ;

preterea pedes pube et pilis nigris appressis minus dense vestiti

sunt. Pedes primi paris cephalothorace circa 64 longiores, 93

millim. (tibia cum patella 22, tibia paullo plus 2), secundi paris

6, tertii 43, quarti 83 (tibia cum patella 23, tibia 12) millim.

longi. Abdomen subovatum, pilis pallidis longioribus sparsum,

cinerascenti-fuscum, vitta media longa flavescente per dorsum

extensa et supra anum in maculam rufescenti-flavam leviter dila-

tata ornatum, in lateribus vero fasciis duabus longis flavis deorsum

et retro curvatis, supra petiolum initium capientibus, posteriora

versus valde divaricantibus, “~~ magnum, quum desuperne inspi-

citur cephalothorax, formantibus, et sub utraque earum, antice,

vitta parva fere longitudinali notato, magis vero postice fasciis

binis transversis obliquis flavis, omnibus his vittis et fasctis an-

guste nigro marginatis. Venter nigricans, plaga magna media

flavescente antice truncata, in medio leviter angustata.

Foeminee diagn. et descr. vid. in Van Hasselt, /oc. cit.

1875. ] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 143

Patria hujus speciei America meridionalis (Curacao, Aruba, Bo-

naire, et cet.). Locum, ubi inventus fuerit mas supra descriptus,

iguoro,

Respecting the habits and supposed venomousness of this Spider,

conf. Ozanam, and especially Van Hasselt, locis cit.

Heteropopa? viripis (Vins.).

1863. Olios viridis, Vins. Aran. de la Réun. ceé¢. p. 103, pl. xi.

fig. 2.

“OF this species only one female example (from Madagascar) was

received ; it appears to be not fully adult, which may account for a

few differences between Vinson’s description and what I have observed.

The beautiful pale-green colour of living specimens is, as has been

remarked by Dr. Vinson, totally lost when the animal is placed in

spirit of wine ; it then becomes of a dull brownish yellow, with the

slightly incrassated tarsal joint of the palpi brownish black, only a

little paler at the base and apex. The cephalothorax is 4 millims.

long and 4 millims. broad ; it is tolerably high and rather convex

above, being highest just behind the base of the second pair of legs,

sloping gradually and slightly towards the eyes; the hind slope is

shorter and more abrupt. The cephalic grooves are faint ; the hind

slope has a longitudinal, rather strong, central groove, about as long

as the mandibles. The height of the clypeus nearly equals the dia-

meter of the fore central eyes. The eye-series are almost perfectly

parallel, the anterior nearly straight, very little curved forwards ;

the posterior series, seen from above, is straight and longer than the

anterior ; the fore lateral eyes are evidently larger, the hind centrals

smaller than the other eyes. The area occupied by the central eyes

is somewhat larger behind than in front, scarcely shorter than broad

behind. The anterior central eyes are separated by an interval about

as great as the diameter of an eye, and a little greater than the

interval which separates them from the anterior laterals. The eyes

of the posterior row are equally distant from each other, their interval