LIST OF CONTENTS.

PART III.—1878.

May 7, 1878.

Page

The Ra i, Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in April 1878......++ 441

1. Note on the Stridulating Organ of Palinwrus vulgaris. By T. Jerrery PARKER, Assoc. !

R.S.M.° (Plate XXX.) 0... cece eee cece ee ee rete eee ce eeees o as ingeratetelaptetb in thas ss 442

2. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Hemipterous Fauna of St. Helena, and Specula-

tions on its Origin. By F. Bucaanan Wuirte, M.D., F.L.S. (Plate ea De reear 4449)

3. Further Remarks on Fuligula nationi. By P.L. Scuater. (Plate XXXII.)...-....+. A174 |

4, On a small pelea. of Lepidoptera from Jamaica. By Arrnur G. Bed E. L.S., an

FDS SC. ins vais che cclge stm oine ones omen sb visvete 2a cg resb ioe cule olole’ ely’ «ate eam eas

5, ee. 7 new Land-Shells from Japan and Borneo, By aoe A. Surru, F.Z.S. 495 —

6. On the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Ptilopus. By D. G. Exuior, F.R.S.H, &e. (Plates

OK MTT itis RON IV ci)” cel oinielancte: agri e-o'o, e/siejeie'ereteue oma eigtavs) 6\<l sToneiet ee femme eis ainie-# ate 500

May 21, 1878.

1. Description of a new Genus of Snakes of the Family Calamaride, from Southern India.

By Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. Beppome, O.M.Z.S. «10... cece cece ee ee eet ee tees 576 |

2. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the Voyage of H.M.S. * Challenger.’ —

No. X. On the Birds of the Atlantic Islands and Kerguelen’s Land, and on the

Miscellaneous Collections. By P. L. Scuarur, M.A., F.R.S......... Fee tetcoie ¢ s0ke

3. On new and little-known Mantide. By J. Woop-Mason. (Plates XXXV, & XXXVI.) 580

4. On new Genera and Species of Geodephagous Coleoptera from Central America. By

HE W. Bares; WLS Ge; «005 las de Oak Gin ps te 2 ee 587

5. Description of a new Species of Tudicula. By Grorcz Frencu ae sj sea ‘

NS palate Soars coe ec ootian SARA NO Mies iricrgLcenpex e's ies sembaraisiaie is: LUM

6. Rosen to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—No. IX. On the Collection made |

Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Palawan. By Arrnur, Marquis of TwEEp- 4

; ee FR. S., President of the Society. (Plates XXXVII. & XXXVIIL.) ........ 611

7. On the Trachea of Tantalus loculator and of Vanellus cayennensis. By A. H. Garrop, .

ETA, PROBES. 2S 5 Sa cece aire eaknce a aeoray stata rela tenay cian inary ees oh Sta Se 625°

8. On the Anatomy of the Maleo (Megacephalon mateo). By A. H. Ginned, M.A. B. RS. 6

June 4, 1878. #

The Secretary. Report on the additions to the Society's Menagerie in May 1878, and re- BI

marks on Tapirus roulint, (Plate KXXIX.) .c...c cect ees cess ce ereteenscons 631 |

Mr. F. Holmwood. Remarks upon a young specimen of Temminck’s Manis (Manis tem- ‘

miMD Ki) a'ee Bese a agiesv vgheletes rarsake dae hes Lome eRe ete eee ee . 632

Mr. Sclater. Remarks upon the living examples of Ciconia maguari and Ciconia episcopus __

now in the Society’s Gardens ..... ila ota batees ae wee res dijeazs relate. 0s Sveimls SMR TRENT share 633

Mr. Edward R. Alston. Exhibition, on behalf of Dr. Elliott Coues, C.M.Z.S., of two spe- — ~:

cimens of Synaptomys cooper?, BO. .%. ries «jon wicie ole iti vis e's\ele wv aisle one oisieieisisivin 633

Prof. Ray Lankester, M.A., F.R.S. Notice of a memoir on the hearts of Ceratodus, Proto- _

pterus, and Citi 6S is cece 034 sh ow te ded cia eee SNolsle vie 634

1. On the Skull of a ners (R. lasiotis, Scl.?) from India. By WinitAm Henry _

° PTOWEER, ED, Sav Vicks Zishos oe sieeve wile, als\ons ise aie, stabaxatelofehe e¥etmcatel stare py 51s 10 canietete Maieetannvos . 634)

2. Catalogue of Lepidoptera collected by Mr. 8. N. Walter ; in the Island of Billiton.

Rhopalocera by F, D. Gopman aa Ossert Satyrn. Heterocera by H. Druce. x

ea Plate Kai toss ous ay asvds wae dia aah d Sis's, pies So eles Face bale Sea .» 63%

Contents continued on page 3 a bide a. |

Part.

1878.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 441

May 7, 1878.

F. Du Cane Godman, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of April 1878 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of April was 76, of which 33 were by

presentation, 26 by purchase, 3 by exchange, 8 by birth, and 6

were received on deposit. The total number of departures during

the same period, by death and removals, was 90.

The most noticeable additions during the month of April were

as follows :—

1. A Squirrel, from Ecuador (Seiwrus stramineus), of a species

new to the Society’s collection.

Mr. Alston, who has been paying special attention to the American

Sciuride, has kindly furnished me with the subjoined note on this

species.

“The Squirrel from Ecuador is certainly the same as Gray’s

Macroxus fraseri* ; but I am convinced that this is a synonym of

Sciurus stramineus, Eydoux et Souleyet®. S. nebouxii of Is.

Geoffroy * will doubtless prove the same; but I hope very shortly

to be able to examine the types of both species. Mr. J. A. Allen*

has lately referred three specimens from Ecuador to S. hypopyrrhus,

Wagl., principally on the strength of their harsh sparse fur and

long narrow tails. The last, however, seems to me to be a very

variable character; and one of these specimens, which Mr. Allen

kindly lent me, agrees very well with our bushy-tailed individual, as

well as with Gray’s types. The irregular white spots and markings

seem characteristic of this species, but are not constant, and, when

present, vary in every example. S. stramineus was described from

Omatope, and S. nebouwi from Payta, Peru, while M. frasert and

Mr. Allen’s specimens were from Ecuador.”

2. A male Beisa Antelope (Orya beisa), presented by H.M. the

Sultan of Zanzibar, and kindly brought home for the Society by

Capt. Pasley of H.M.S. ‘Simoom,’ April 27th.

Our excellent correspondent Dr. Kirk, H.B.M. Consul at Zanzibar,

to whose kind offices we owe this valuable animal, tells me that it

was obtained in the southern part of the Somali country. Along

with it the Sultan sent a specimen of a ‘‘ Dwarf Koodoo, quite

different from the common species.’’ This would probably be

Strepsiceros imberbis, Blyth, of which we have never yet received

an example.

It is much to be regretted that this animal died on the passage

home.

The following papers were read :—

1 Ann. & Mag. N. H., 3rd ser. vol. xx. p. 480 (1867).

2 Zool. Voy. la Bonite, vol. i. p. 37, atlas, Mamm. pl. ix. (1841).

3 Zool. Voy. la Vénus, p. 163, atlas, Mamm. pl. x1. (1855).

“ Mon. N. Am. Rodent. p. 746.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXIX. 29

442 MR. T. J. PARKER ON PALINURUS VULGARIS. [May 7,

1. Note on the Stridulating Organ of Palinurus vulgaris.

By T. Jurrery Parxer, Assoc. R.S.M.

[Received March 27, 1878.]

(Plate XXX.)

On the 5th of March I exhibited to the Society a structure,

evidently of the nature of a stridulating organ, which I had found

in the common Palinurus, and which I then believed had hitherto

escaped notice. On the following day, however, Professor Huxley

showed me a reference, which he bad that morning chanced to meet

with, to a paper by Dr. Karl Mobius, in the ‘ Archiv fiir Naturge-

schichte’ for 1867, the title of which, “‘ Ueber die Entstehung der

Tone welche Palinurus vulgaris mit den iusseren Fihlern hervor-

bringt,”’ showed at once that I had been anticipated. I hasten,

therefore, to render to Dr. Mébius such credit as belongs to the

discovery, and take the opportunity, at the same time, of making

some criticisms on his paper, as well as a few additional remarks

upon the organ in question’.

The main anatomical features of the stridulating organ are described

by Mobius, as they could hardly fail to be, with perfect correctness.

He fails, however, to notice either the guiding tubercle (Plate XXX.

figs. 3 and 4, ¢), situated just below the ridged pad (p) on the antenna,

or the groove for its reception on the antennulary sternum (fig. 1, g):

the forme, indeed, is shown in his figure; but no reference is made

to it. As I mentioned in my former communication, these structures

are of great importance, as by their means the apparatus is brought

into gear: when the tubercle does not fit into the groove the pad is

no longer in close apposition with the smooth surface of the anten-

nulary sternum, and the antenna moves noiselessly.

As to the functions .of the various parts of the apparatus, the

account given by Mobius is altogether at variance with my own.

He makes the observation that the lower surface of the flap (figs.

1-4, f) which plays over the lateral ridge (figs. 1 and 2,7") of the anten-

nulary sternum is beset with innumerable close-set minute hairs,

inclined with their points upwards, and that, corresponding to these,

fine scratches are to be seen on the surface of the ridge itself. ~All

this is perfectly correct: there is no doubt about the presence or

the direction of the hairs; and the scratches are quite visible with a

hand lens. But Mobius goes on to say that the scratches are pro-

duced by the hairs, and that it is the friction of the flap against the

smooth edge of the antennulary sternum which produces the sound,

by the upwardly directed hairs catching against the surface, when

the antenna is moved in the same direction. Of course when the

antenna moves downwards the hairs will lie flat and present no ob-

17 find that Leach, in his ‘Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britannix’

(1815), mentions the stridulating of Palinwrus, and correctly ascribes the sound

to the friction of the antenna against the ‘“‘clypeus” (antennulary sternum).

He gives, however, no description or figure of the apparatus.

Mintern Bros imp.

\J.P del. ©. Berjeau lith.

it | STRIDULATING ORGAN OF PALINURUS.

1878. | MR. T. J. PARKER ON PALINURUS VULGARIS. 443

struction ; and in this way Mobius attempts to account for the fact

that no sound accompanies a downward movement.

As to the first of these statements, one finds it rather hard to

believe that hairs so fine’ that the surface they cover has a texture

like that of satin, can produce visible scratches; their effect, one

would rather think, would be to impart a fine polish. I should be

inclined to suspect that the scratches must be due to fine particles

of sand getting in between the flap and the ridge.

With regard to the second statement, that it is the friction of the

flap, and not that of the pad, which produces the sound, I can only

say that I have removed the flap entirely without any sensible dimi-

nution of the noise. The mere observation of the parts while in

action is enough to show the true state of things: when looked at

from the front it is very evident that the flap exerts hardly any

pressure upon the ridge, as, indeed, from the fact that it is a soft

structure supported only along one edge, it could scarcely be expected

to; while the pad, on the other hand, is completely flattened out

against the smooth surface, and in the most perfect contact with it.

It is not easy to see how such a mistake can have arisen; but

Dr. Mobius’s language is sufficiently explicit to leave no doubt of

his meaning. He says:—‘‘ Das gefurchte Feld [the ridged pad]

bringt keinen Ton hervor, wenn es iiber die Fliche des Keiles

[the antennulary sternum] gleitet. Es leistet aber Widerstand gegen

die riickwarts gedringten Haare, da es dicker und steifer als das

behaarte Feld [the flap] ist. Ausserdem geben seine Riefen dem

Gange der ganzen Platte grissere Sicherheit, da sie diejenige Rich-

tung haben, in welcher die Bewegungen ausgefiihrt werden.”

The fact that a downward movement of the antenna gives rise to

no sound seems to me to be explained by the mode of attachment

of the pad. It is connected by its inferior edge (figs. 4 and 5, #2)

with the lower boundary (fig. 5, 4’) of the slit or uncalcified portion

of the basicerite, while at its superior edge it passes insensibly into

the inner wall of the soft flap. ‘The outer wall of the flap, again, is

connected with the upper edge (fig. 5, 6) of the slit in the basicerite.

Thus, while the pad is immovably fixed at its inferior edge, it is

capable of a considerable amount of displacement in the rest of its

extent ; and when pressed upon, by the downward movement of the

antenna, in the direction from y to a (fig. 4), it is foreed inwards

upon the yielding tissue which underlies it, and never comes into

sufficiently close contact with the opposing surface to produce a

sound (fig. 5, A). But when it is pressed upon, in consequence of

the upward movement of the antenna, in the direction from z to y,

the only effect of the pressure is to cause it to bulge out over the

line of attachment i, and so come into closer contact with the

opposing surface the stronger the force applied (fig. 5, B).

In the matter of histological structure, the pad does not differ

from other chitinous membranes, being formed of fine superposed

horizontal laminee, marked by a vertical striation (fig. 5). It is, how-

ever, of unusual thickness ; and its horizontal lamin have, for some

1 They are not more than one seven-hundredth of an inch in length.

29"

444 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7

distance down, a wavy appearance, corresponding with the ridges

into which the surface is raised.

The stridulation is almost equally audible in water and air. As

to its production by the living animal, Dr. Mobius states that it was

heard by himself and Mr. Lloyd in the Hamburg Aquarium, and

that it was made especially when the Palinuri were handled; he

compares it to the sound produced by pressing the upper leather of

a boot against a table-leg. I also heard the sound, and observed the

movement of the antenna producing it, in a specimen brought alive

to the Biological Laboratory of the School of Mines shortly after

making my last communication.

As Dr. Mabius observes, the sound cannot be produced in spirit

specimens. These can, however, be again rendered vocal by soaking

them for a longer or shorter time in water.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

Fig. 1. The parts concerned in the formation of the stridulating organ, seen

from the right side (nat. size): 0s, ophthalmic sternum; @s, anten-

nulary sternum; 7, one of the projecting ridges which bound it

anteriorly ; g, the groove on its lateral surface ; s, the smooth surface

between the groove and the ridge, against which the pad on the

antenna rubs; @7’, articular cavity for the right antennule ; a7, arti-

cular cavity for the right antenna ; 4, basicerite, and 7, ischiocerite of

the left antenna; /, the flap.

Fig. 2. The same, seen from above (nat. size). Letters as before.

Fig. 3. The basicerite and ischiocerite of the left antenna, seen from the inner

side (nat. size); the dotted line shows the extent of the uncalcified

portion of the basicerite: p, the ridged pad ; ¢, the guiding tubercle.

Other letters as before.

Fig. 4. The pad, with the guiding tubercle and part of the flap (x 4); the

arrow shows the direction taken by the hairs on the inner surface of

the flap: i7, inferior or attached edge of pad; xy, line showing

direction of movement. Other letters as before.

Fig. 5. Diagramatic cross section of the stridulating apparatus, showing the

condition of the ‘parts, (A) when the antenna is moving downwards,

(B) when it is moving upwards, The arrows show the direction of

movement. 4 upper and 4! lower lip of the uncalcified slit in the

antenna. Other letters as before.

Fig. 6. Microscopical section of the pad, taken across the ridges. Drawn under

a z-inch objective.

2. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Hemipterous Fauna

of St. Helena, and Speculations on its Origin. By

F. Bucnanan Waitt, M.D., F.L.S.

[Received April 8, 1878.]

(Plate XXXI.

Part I. SPECULATIVE.

«The extreme isolation of St. Helena—which is nearly 1200 miles

from the nearest point of the African continent, 1800 from that of

South America, and about 700 from even the small and barren island

XXXII

siete.

PZ.5

Hanhart imp

arkiss kth.

HEMIPTERA OF ST.HELENA.

1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 445

of Ascension—gives it a degree of importance which it would not

otherwise possess ; for about the faunas of remote islands cluster, in

an especial manner, a variety of problems which, although they may

never be absolutely solved, may yet be brought, by a series of care-

fully conducted observations, within the sphere of discussion, and be

made to throw some additional light, however faint, on the general

questions of geographical zoology. From whatever point of view we

look at them,—and there are many which at once suggest themselves

along the distinct, but ultimately converging, lines of thought,—the

statistics of an oceanic rock, far removed from the ordinary effects of

immigration and change, and bearing more or less of the impress

which was stamped upon it by its aboriginal forms of life, have an

interest about them which it is scarcely possible to overrate. Tow

the organisms, as we now see them, came to occupy their present

areas of distribution,—to what extent they are, or seem to be, ‘re-

lated’ to those of the nearest mainland,—whether there is evidence

for believing that they have changed to any considerable extent, in

their outward configuration, from the types of which they may be

presumed by some naturalists to be the remote descendants,—or

whether there is reason to suspect that the Hand, which originally

placed them where they are, adapted each separate species to the con-

ditions which it was destined to fulfil, subjecting one and all of them

to a law of permanence under which they can never very materially

alter,—are but a tithe of the questions which, if not capable of being

answered positively, we may at least ventilate and probe, not altogether

without profit, in even a small treatise like the present one ; for it

cannot be too carefully borne in mind that, within the limited sphere

where mere speculation (as such) seems likely to have any permanent

value, it is to facts, and not to theories, that we must ultimately

appeal’’’.

The sentences which I have quoted form, I think it will be admitted,

an appropriate introduction to a paper descriptive of one of the last

collections of insects ever made by their eminent and much regretted

writer; but, before proceeding to the special subject of this memoir,

I wish to devote a few words to a consideration of the problems sug-

gested by Mr. Wollaston, not, however, with much hope that I shall

be able to throw any fresh light on a matter that has puzzled many

abler naturalists.

Of what is actually and satisfactorily known regarding the indi-

genous animals and plants of St. Helena, the following is a brief

epitome :—

There are no terrestrial Mammalia, nor any land or freshwater

Amphibia, Reptilia, or Fishes.

Of birds there are at least eight indigenous sea species and one

land bird (the Aygialites sancte-helene, Harting, very closely allied

to the African 4. varius, Vieill.), which is peculiar to the island.

As regards the sea-fishes, Dr. Giinther has, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of

this Society?, given an account of the collections made by Mr. Melliss

1 T. V. Wollaston, Coleoptera Sanctz-Helenzx, pp. vil & viii,

2 March 1868 and April 1869.

446 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

These included 65 species, of which 17 are peculiar to St. Helena,

31 others, being inhabitants of shallow water, are probably indigenous

(their exotic distribution being for the most part on the American

and African coasts), and nearly 20 are deep-water species and

common in the tropical seas. Much, however, still remains to be done,

not only amongst the fishes of St. Helena, but in the other groups of

marine animals.

The land mollusks seem to have been more looked after than the

marine species. Of the former, 4 (or, including 2 unnamed slugs’, 6)

living, and 20 dead and subfossil native species have been recorded.

Amongst the Insecta, the order Coleoptera has received most

attention ; and, owing to Mr. Wollaston’s researches, the indigenous

species of that order are at least fairly, though, perhaps, not entirely,

known. Of the 203 species that have been found in the island, 57

have without any doubt been accidentally introduced ; 17 others may

have been introduced; and the remaining 129 Mr. Wollaston con-

sidered to be the descendants of the ‘‘ autochthones of the soil,”’ and,

with one exception, absolutely peculiar to St. Helena.

Of the Hemiptera a small, but probably fairly representative col-

lection was made by Mr. Wollaston. In it I find 30 determinable

species; and 2 or 3 more have been recorded from the island. Of

the total number 5 have certainly, and 1 has, probably, been intro-

duced, leaving 26, which, with one exception, seem to be peculiar.

The only other group of animals of which there is (as far as I am

aware) any satisfactory record is that of the Spiders, Mr. Melliss’s

collections’ of which have been reported on by the Rev. O. P. Cam-

bridge. Out of a total of 40, 18 species seem to be indigenous, and

22 probably introduced.

We will now glance at the flora. The great mass of the present

flora consists of introduced species; but of the original flora, as

far as it can now be traced*, 40 flowering plants are absolutely

peculiar, and the 5 other probable natives are species of wide-spread

tropical distribution. Of the 26 ferns, 16 are peculiar. Adding to

. these the other cryptogamic plants, so far as they are known, we have

a total of 77 plants* supposed to be absolutely peculiar to the island.

‘* Whence and by what means came this very peculiar fauna and

flora?’’ is a question that has given rise to more than one suggestion

or theory.

To begin with the flora, Sir J. D. Hooker®, after alluding to the

causes that have assisted in destroying the ancient flora, and indi-

cating the means by which it is possible to distinguish the aboriginal

from the introduced plants, proceeds to say :—‘‘ From such frag-

mentary data it is difficult to form any exact conclusions as to the

affinities of this flora; but I think it may be safely regarded as an

1 J. C. Melliss, ‘St. Helena, p. 118.

2 Proce. Zool. Soc. Nov. 1869 and March 1873.

3 Sir J. D. Hooker, “‘ Lecture upon Insular Floras,” Brit. Assoc. Ady. of Sci.

i866.

4 Melliss, /. c. p. 224.

* «Lecture on Insular Floras,’ quoted in Melliss, /. ec. p. 225, &e

1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 447

African one, and characteristic of Southern extra-tropical Africa.

The genera Phylica, Pelargonium, Mesembryanthemum, Osteosper-

mum, and Wahlenbergia are eminently characteristic of Southern

extra-tropical Africa ; and I find amongst the others scarcely any

indication of an American parentage, except a plant referred to Phy-

salis'. The Ferns tell the same tale: of 26 species, 10 are abso-

lutely peculiar ; all the rest are African, though some are also Indian

and American. The botany of St. Helena is thus most interesting ;

it resembles none other in the peculiarity of its indigenous vegetation,

in the great rarity of the plants of other countries, or in the number

of species that have actually disappeared within the memory of living

man .... Probably 100 St.-Helena plants have thus disappeared

from the Systema Nature since the first introduction of goats on the

island. Every one of these was a link in the chain of created beings,

which contained within itself evidence of the affinities of other species,

both living and extinct, but which evidence is now irrecoverably

lost. If such be the fate of organisms that lived in our day, what

folly it is to found theories on the assumed perfection of a geological

record which has witnessed revolutions in the vegetation of the globe

to which that of the flora of St. Helena is as nothing!”

Mr. Melliss, whose interesting work on St. Helena I have had fre-

quent occasion to refer to, says": —‘“‘ Other theories may be appealed

to in order to account for the presence and position of this wonderfully

curious little flora. Continental land at one time spreading over the

South Atlantic Ocean, with its own peculiar flora and fauna, has been

started as a plausible theory; but the geological investigation of St.

Helena forbids us to look upon it as a remaining portion of some dis-

appearing continent to which the last vestige of a flora, still

struggling for existence, may be clinging; and the great depth of

ocean® around it also seems to deny the possibility of its connexion

at any time with cither African or American land. Still we cannot

tell what geological changes, hundreds or even thousands of centuries

may have witnessed in that portion of the globe, leaving, perhaps,

this unique little floral remnant, now fast disappearing, as almost the

only record of what once was. So far, therefore, the manner in

which this once incandescent mass first received its flora, whether by

the agency of birds or atmospheric and oceanic currents, or direct

from that Hand by which all things were created, still remains un-

fathomed.”

Of the class Arachnida, Mr. Melliss‘ states: —‘‘ Mr. Cambridge says,

in reference to the character of this portion of the island fauna, after

his final examination of the several collections, that ‘the European

stamp observed upon in regard to the spiders of the former collection

is thus equally marked in those now recorded and described.’ It is

worthy of note that the native Spiders are, almost as a rule, least

1 Subsequently referred to a new genus, Mellissia, Hk. f.

2 Pp, 225.

3 « St, Helena is said to be separated from the continents of Africa and America

by a depth nowhere less than 12,000 feet.”

4 Dc. p. 206.

448 DR. F, B. WHITE ON THE [May 7;

abundant now in the island ; in each case where I met with only one

specimen, it turned out to be a new species. It is therefore not at

all improbable that, like the native plants and the Snails, which we

know are fast disappearing, some having gone entirely, the Spiders,

for some cause or other, are also yielding up their native land to

foreign invaders.”

Mr. Wollaston, whose painstaking investigations of the faunas of

the North Atlantic islands, and careful study of the Coleoptera of St.

Helena especially qualified him to give an opinion on this subject,

thus writes regarding the Beetles! :—‘ The whole of the 129 species

to which I have just alluded are, with a single exception (the Chilo-

menes lunata, Fab.), absolutely peculiar to St. Helena; so that the

question of geographical distribution would seem to be well-nigh

‘nipped in the bud.’ Moreover, from all that I know of the South-

African Coleoptera . . . . . it has almost nothing in common with

these 129 aboriginal St.-Helenians, which stand out singly, as it

were, and alone, related more or less inter se, but unrelated for the

most part, to any recognized continental forms. It is true that two

of the most significant of the Rhynchophorous types—namely,

Nesiotes (of the Tanyrhynchide) and Acarodes (of the Anthribiide)

—are allied conspicuously to Echinosoma and Xenorchestes of the

Madeiran archipelago; but if any more successful generalizer than

myself can develop much from these points of quasi-contact, he is

quite welcome to the result. So far as I can understand the evidence

before me, any unprejudiced inquiry into the ‘origin’ (as usually

understood by that term) of these St.-Helenian Coleoptera, does not

elicit, in reply, so much as even an echo; for not only are they en-

demic (in the strictest sense of the word), but an overwhelming

majority of them are attached (or were so originally) to trees and

shrubs which would seem to exist nowhere in the world except on

this remote rock, 1200 miles from the nearest point of the African

coast, surrounded by an all but unfathomable ocean, and which has

every appearance of having been piled up by successive erruptions into

a basaltic mass at no period very considerably larger than that which

we now see. ‘Whence then, came its fauna and flora,’ are enigmas

which I cannot presume to answer on any known principles of deriva-

tion and descent. To a mind which, like my own, can accept the

doctrine of creative acts as not necessarily ‘unphilosophical,’ the

mysteries, however great, become at least conceivable; but those

which are not able to do this may perhaps succeed in elaborating

some special theory of their own, which, even if it does not satisfy

all the requirements of the problem, may at least prove convincing

to themselves. The St.-Helena fauna cannot, I think, be said to

have had much light yet thrown upon it as regards its actual ‘ origin’

(except, perhaps, in so far as my individual opinions on the subject

may be accepted by others who are predisposed to receive them) ;

but its primitive (or at all events remote) stage is another matter, and

appears to be capable of some real elucidation from the facts to

which we have access.”

* Coleoptera Sancte-Helene, p. xix.

1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST, HELENA. 449

Regarding the Mollusca, the late Edward Forbes thought that

both the terrestrial and marine species dimly indicated a closer geo-

graphical relationship between the African and American continents

than now maintains. ‘The marine mollusks would seem to point to

the submergence of a tract of land probably linking Africa and South

America before the elevation of St. Helena. Along the sea-coast of

such a tract of land, the creatures common to the West Indies and

Senegal might have been diffused.”” Commenting on this sugges-

tion, Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys’ writes, “I am not quite satisfied with this

hypothesis, and I believe that more information is needed to support

batt Thy) seo A few of the marine shells are Mediterranean, while

the greater number are well-known inhabitants of the Indian Ocean

and the West Indies; all these may have originated anywhere. But

it must be borne in mind that St. Helena is separated from Africa

and South America in every direction and by very deep water, which

is nowhere less than 2000 fathoms or 12,000 feet. It therefore

seems scarcely probable that such an abyssal and extensive tract of

the sea-bed could have been dry land or ‘sea-coast’ in a geologically

recent period, so as thus to account for the diffusion of littoral species

such as Mytilus edulis, M. crenatus, and Littorina striata. 1

should be rather inclined to attribute the present distribution of the

marine fauna of St. Helena (not to a supposed continuity of land be-

tween Africa and South America in that or any other direction, but)

to the action and influence of the great Agulhas current, which

issues from the Indian Ocean and flows round the Cape of Good

Hope northwards towards St. Helena, and thence past Ascension to

the West Indies.”

Mr. Andrew Murray, whose loss to science we have had so recently

to deplore, has given? a considerable amount of attention to the

origin of the fauna of St. Helena. After stating his conviction that

there at one time existed a land communication, now at the bottom

of the Atlantic, between the northern and southern hemispheres, and

arguing that there are only three great Coleopterous faunz or

stirpes (the Indo-African, the Brazilian, and what he calls, for want

of a better name, ‘‘the microtypal stirps’’), he proceeds to say :—

“St. Helena, that great puzzle of naturalists, is a crucial test to my

hypothesis of a communication between the northern and southern

hemispheres by an Atlantic continent; if that link snaps, the whole

chain will fall to the ground... . . . I say that its fauna is cer-

tainly microtypal, and, if so, almost necessarily a branch of the

Atlantic type of that stirps; there is nothing else microtypal for it

to be attached to. Some three years ago Dr. Hooker gave an admi-

rable Lecture on Oceanic Islands, in which he discussed the origin

of the flora of St. Helena, and on the whole seemed inclined to refer

it to Africa. More in the spirit of ‘audi alteram partem’ than from

any settled conviction of my own, I wrote a reply, in which I gave

some reasons for thinking that it might more probably have been

1 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April 1872; Melliss, 7. c. p. 114.

2 ‘On the Geographical Relations of the Chief Coleopterous Faun,” Journ.

Linn. Soc. x1. no, 49.

450 DR. F. B, WHITE ON THE [May 7,

originally connected with and peopled from Europe, although, also,

possibly connected at some period with Africa. More mature con-.

sideration and subsequent researches have confirmed my opinion.”

Mr. Murray then goes on to point out how the fauna (as then known)

supported his conclusions as to its European origin. Of the flora he

writes :—‘* The general result which I draw from the whole flora is,

that we have here a compound flora, certainly two deep, possibly

three deep. We have, in the first place, I believe, a genuine natural

Atlantic (that is, European) flora; for in the face of the decided

testimony given by the fauna, I cannot accept Dr. Roxburgh’s con-

clusions as to the supposed introduction and naturalization of every

species having a European habitat. If they can be proved to have

been introduced, good and well; but I object to take the thing to be

proved as part of the proof. And in the next place, I believe, we

have the traces of an older African flora (why I call it older I will

explain when I come to speak of an ancient connexion between

Patagonia and South Africa); and I believe that both are due to

actual continuity, however circuitous or interrupted, with the respective

countries the impress of whose floras they bear.. . . . . | .

“Before leaving St. Helena, I have just one other argument to

adduce in support of its former connexion with the other Atlantic

Islands; and that is, the fact (which has only recently been ascertained,

or, at any rate, only recently laid down in our maps) that there is a

long band of elevated submarine bottom running north from St.

Helena to the Cape-Verd Islands, and embracing in its course

Ascension Island and the shoal-ground on the equator.”

Subsequently Mr. Murray explains how, in his opinion, there

might have been a land connexion between Patagonia and the Cape

of Good Hope, “ sending out perhaps arms to Tristan d’Acunha and

St. Helena, which, however, have the option of what, I think, is a

still more ancient union in another direction,” namely from Brazil,

rounding, but not touching, the Cape of Good Hope to Madagascar.

To one or other of these connexions (presumably the first) are owing

‘“‘the score or so of plants left on St. Helena and Tristan d’Acunha,

and a slight sprinkling of microtypal forms which still subsist at the

Cape.”

T have now given the gist of what I have been able to find sug-

gested as to the origin of the flora and fauna of St. Helena, and, be-

fore explaining my own views, will briefly recapitulate.

The facts may be thus stated :—

1, A volcanic island of very ancient origin, very remote from con-

tinental land or other islands, and surrounded by an ocean 12,000

feet in depth on almost every side.

2. A terrestrial fauna and flora, the very great majority of the in-

digenous species comprising which are peculiar, and a marine fauna

with a large proportion of peculiar species.

The various theories suggested for the peopling of this island

arrange themselves as follows :—

1. Special creation and no special affinities.

2. Land connexion with both Africa and America.

1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 451

3. As regards the fauna and part of the flora—land connexion from

the north, and European affinities.

As regards the peculiar part of the flora—land connexion from the

south uniting Africa and America.

4. As regards the marine Mollusca, diffusion by means of the

Agulhas current from the south.

5. Affinities of the flora somewhat suggestive of extratropical

Southern Africa.

Against the first of these theories (special creation) it may be

argued that such a method is contrary to, as far as we can judge, the

whole scheme of creation, and that, while many things can be urged

against it, there is nothing to support such a belief.

Against the theories which necessitate the existence in time past

of a land communication with Africa or America, or both, all the

known facts militate. The non-existence in St. Helena of Amphibia

and terrestrial mammals’, the large number of peculiar species, as

well as the great depth of the surrounding sea, afford reasons for

thinking that it is extremely improbable that the island was ever

connected with either of these continents.

The other theories will be alluded to in giving my own.

A careful consideration of all the known facts leads me to believe

that two, if not three, epochs in the colonization of the island

may be distinguished, and that the great bulk of the inhabitants

came from the north, but not by means of a continuity of land.

The first of these epochs, or that in which the earliest inhabitants

of St. Helena reached the island, occurred possibly early in the last

glacial period, but perhaps and (even probably) in Miocene times ;

and the reasons for thinking so, as well as for believing that the

colonists came from the north, I will now try to prove.

In the first place, all the peculiar species belong either to peculiar

genera, or to genera which, if they have not yet been found in

Miocene formations, are (like the genera which have been found) so

widely distributed that it seems more than probable that they were

Miocene genera. The nearest relations of the peculiar genera are

also of this character.

To begin with the terrestial fauna, viz. the Mollusca, the Coleo-

ptera, the Hemiptera, and the Arachnida.

The molluscan genera are Succinea (with a peculiar subgenus),

Helix, Bulimus, and Achatina—genera which all date from the

Eocene, and which are all very widely distributed.

The Coleoptera, being more numerous, are not so easily disposed

of. Taking Mr. Wollaston’s estimate of what are aboriginal species,

we have 40 genera, of which 25 are peculiar. The remaining 15

genera include 10 actually known as Miocene, 4 of wide distribution

and therefore probably Miocene, and 1 which is only known from

Madeira in addition to St. Helena. Of the 25 peculiar genera, 21

at least belong to families or subfamilies which are Miocene, and 3

are allied to very widely-spread genera.

The Hemiptera are not many in number, nor is our information

1 ©. Darwin, ‘ Origin of Species,’ 6th edition, p. 350.

452 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

about their geographical distribution so complete as it is for the

Coleoptera. The total number of genera is 21, of which 8 are pecu-

liar. Of the 13 genera not peculiar, 4 have Miocene affinities, 3 are

very widely spread, and 6 are more or less widely distributed, but

there is a want of information regarding them. Of the 8 peculiar

genera, 4 have Miocene affinities, and 3 have relations of very wide

distribution, the remaining genus having African affinities.

As the Hemiptera are specially treated of in the second part of

this paper, I need not discuss them at length just now.

The supposed indigenous Arachnida belong to 13 genera, none of

which are peculiar. All the genera are widely distributed—many

very widely, reaching Australia and New Zealand. One genus is

Miocene, and 5 belong to families known as Miocene.

As already mentioned, there are no freshwater fishes; and even if

the sea-fishes were more extensively known than they are, the conti-

nuity of the medium in which they live affords so many facilities for

the distribution of the species, that it is not very easy to learn much

from them. Still we find that both the geological age and the pre-

sent distribution of the 7 families to which the 17 peculiar fishes be-

long are very great, and that, on the whole, they seem to indicate the

same Palearctic origin as the other classes.

The flora alone remains to be considered. The extratropical

South-African affinities of the flowering plants have been pointed

out by Sir J.D. Hooker. As to the cryptogams, many have a very

wide distribution, either as species or genera; and while many, from

their geological age, have had ample time for diffusion, it would seem

that even at the present day cryptogams have greater facilities for dis-

persion than phanerogamic plants. In addition, more information as

to their geographical distribution is necessary before they can be

considered to throw very much light on the subject we are con-

sidering.

The facts connected with the aboriginal fauna to which I have

just called attention seem to indicate that its probable origin was

somewhat after this manner :-—

1. That the first settlers arrived at a very early date, and that

no very great additions, from outside the island, were made to them

from that period up to the time when man’s agency came into

force.

2. That they did not arrive in a body, but that the colonization

of the island was spread over a considerable period.

3. That the road by which they came was not on a continuous

land-surface.

4, That the colonists came from the Palearctic region.

I shall now endeavour to prove these statements seriatim.

1. The first settlers arrived at a very early date.

As, thanks to Mr. Wollaston, the Coleoptera form the best-known

group of the animals of the island, we will see how they support

my argument. If the colonization did not take place at a very early

1878.] ; HEMIPTERA OF ST, HELENA. 453

period, there ought to be some genera represented (amongst those

which are not absolutely peculiar) which are of comparatively recent

origin ; but the facts are that out of 15 genera not peculiar, 10 are

actually Miocene’, and 4 others are of such wide distribution that,

though they have not yet been detected in Miocene formations, they

must be of Miocene age. The remaining genus may have either

been a later importation, or, what is as likely, originated en route.

The 25 peculiar genera are all, as I have stated, allied to Miocene,

or probably Miocene, families ; and their great number is an addi-

tional argument in favour of the long isolation and consequent early

settlement of St. Helena.

The Hemiptera (so far as our defective knowledge of their geolo-

gical and geographical distribution goes) tell the same tale. Of the

13 genera not peculiar, 4 have at least actual, and 3 probable,

Miocene affinities; of the remaining 6 we know less. Of the 8

peculiar genera, 4 have actual and 3 probable Miocene affinities.

Again, we learn the same thing from the Arachnida. The 13

genera are all probably Miocene, 1 being and 5 belonging to families

known as Miocene.

The 4 genera of terrestrial Mollusca are all Eocene ; and one has a

peculiar subgenus. These quite support the evidence learnt from

the insects. ;

2. The aboriginal fauna did not arrive all at once, but the coloni-

zation was spread over a lengthened period.

This is a question into which I need not enter at length, but

merely refer to Mr. Darwin’s remarks on the inhabitants of oceanic

islands?, and point out how the great number of peculiar species in

St. Helena bears out his arguments. If all the inhabitants had

arrived simultaneously, their mutual relationships would have been

undisturbed, and the liability to modification consequently less-

ened by the absence of new forms of competition. Spread over a

lengthened period, the colonization of a new land must inevitably

upset the preexisting relationships of the colonists, and result in, as

we see in St. Helena, many modifications of form.

3. The road by which the colonists travelled was not on a continuous

land-surface.

This, too, is a question not requiring lengthy consideration here.

The absence of Batrachians and terrestrial mammals is quite in

accordance with what Mr. Darwin has shown is the rule in oceanic

islands; and, moreover, the argument in favour of gradual coloniza-

tion also supports that of want of continuity of land-surface.

4. The colonists came from the Palearctic Region.

This is capable of consideration under two headings :—1, the Pala-

1 There seems reason to believe that many genera of insects known as Miocene

are also of Hocene age.

> L.e, p. 348.

454 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

arctic character of the fauna; and, 2, the road by which it came ;

but these will be most conveniently treated of together.

St. Helena is, as has been already said, a small island of ancient

voleanic origin, very distant from any continent, and surrounded by

very deep sea. The nearest land is Ascension Island, 698 miles

north-west of St. Helena; and nearly double that distance north of

Ascension lie the Cape-Verd Islands. Improbable as it may

seem to many, this is the route by which, I think, the aboriginal

fauna reached St. Helena.

But it is not necessary to believe that the colonists crossed such

wide stretches of ocean. ‘“‘Stepping-stones,’”’ in the shape of other

islands, doubtless existed ; and, in fact, we can trace the remains of

some of them. For, deep as is the ocean round St. Helena, a some-

what shallower sea (still, however, very deep) extends between it

and Ascension, and is continued north to the equator, where a yet

shallower place is to be found, not more than 700 or 800 miles from

the Cape-Verd Islands. It seems not only possible but extremely

probable that in this equatorial shoal we have the wreck of an island ;

and as the line indicated coincides with an area of depression as well

as of voleanic action (extending more or less from Iceland to Trinidad

and Tristan d’Acunha), there is no reason why other islands should

not have existed, of which (as Mr. Darwin says) “ not a wreck now

remains.”

It may be argued against this theory that, if it were probable, then

Ascension should have a larger native fauna than it at present pos-

sesses; but, as far as I can learn, the present Ascension is of com-

paratively recent origin, and supplies an argument in favour of my

view that volcanic action has made great alterations in the sup-

posed line of route. If (as seems probable) the present Ascension

Is comparatively recent, it by no means follows that an older island

did not once occupy its place and possess a larger fauna than its suc-

cessor, which has been possibly colonized from St. Helena. (I may

here call attention to Mr. Melliss’s remarks’, that Sterna fuliginosa

does not remain all the year at St. Helena, but probably migrates to

Ascension, returning to St. Helena at the end of the year. If there is

any thing in Mr. Wallace’s theory that the lines of migration of birds

often coincide with ancient land-connexion’?—which, however, Colonel

Drummond Hay has shown* to be by no means invariably the case—

then this would seem to point at some closer connexion in former

times between St. Helena and Ascension.)

But even assuming that the supposed requisite intermediate islands

existed, it is necessary to find some means by which the tide of emi-

gration was induced to flow towards St. Helena.

At the present time both the ocean-currents and the prevailing

winds would tend to lessen, if not, as seems more probable, to

entirely prevent, emigration in that direction, even if the “ stepping-

stone ” islands still existed. The S.E. trade is the prevailing wind ;

and the great Agulhas current sweeps past St. Helena from the

LE ep Oe: ° Geographical Distribution of Animals, i. p. 22.

* Scottish Naturalist. 1877-78.

1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 455

Cape of Good Hope towards the West Indies, and, while effectually

stopping any emigration from the north, does, in fact, occasionally

(as we shall presently see) bring new inhabitants to the island from

the south. Given, therefore, any cause by which the present direc-

tion of the winds and currents could be reversed, the probability of

colonization from the north would be immensely increased. But

when we find, as in reality we do, that one and the same cause not

only reversed the winds and currents, but induced an immense tide

of migration to flow from the north to the south, then it seems

pretty evident whence St. Helena derived its fauna, if that fauna be,

as I shall presently show it is, of a Palearctic character.

The cause I have alluded to is one or other of the northern glacial

periods, either the last or one in Miocene times. That during such

a period the equatorial currents were reversed, Dr. Croll! has shown

there are very good reasons for believing; and as regards the flow

of migration southwards at the same time, we know that that must

necessarily have taken place’.

But perhaps it may be argued that similar reasons to those which

I have advanced to show that the colonization was from the north

may be brought forward to prove, with as great probability, that the

colonization was from the south. We have seen, however, that the

present configuration of the sea-bottom is much more in favour of

the northern than of the southern theory; we, know, moreover, that

emigration from the north has always been more powerful than from

the south ; and I will try to show that the character of the fauna is

in favour of the northern view.

It is now generally admitted that the Cape-Verd Islands belong

to the Palzearctic region, and have derived their fauna through

the Canaries and Madeira. If, then, St. Helena got its fauna

by that route from the north, the affinities should be Palearctic,

and the imprint of the fauna of the route should be more or less

discernible. That this imprint is not more manifest is explained,

I think, by reason that the route was interrupted at the St.-Helena

end, and that island cut off, at a very remote date; the other islands

being less inaccessible, have had their faunas altered very consider-

ably by later importations, and their original settlers less modified

by the fact that the colonization was more en masse and that fresh

blood has tended to preserve the old types.

Mr. Wollaston, whose opinion must be received with the greatest

respect, arrived at the conclusion, as I have already mentioned, that

St. Helena had little in common with the faunas of the Atlantic

archipelagos to the north ; but even he admits that “‘ two of the most

significant of the Rhynchophorous types—namely Nesiotes (of the

Tanyrhynchide) and Acarodes (of the Anthribiide)—are allied con-

spicuously to Echinosoma and Xenorchestes of the Madeiran archi-

pelago.”

Most of the coleopterous genera not peculiar to St. Helena have

already been cited in evidence of the very ancient peopling of the

1 Quoted in Dr. J. Geikie’s ‘ Great Ice Age,’ p. 107, &e.

* Darwin, I. c. p. 339, &e.

456 DR, F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

island. Most of these genera, in addition to being Miocene and of

very wide distribution, are characteristic Paleearctic genera at the

present time. Amongst the peculiar genera many have their

affinities (and, hence, probable ancestry) with Palearctic genera ;

while in the North-Atlantic islands there seems to me to be more

evidence of alliance with St. Helena than Mr. Wollaston was inclined

to admit. Mr. Murray (whose line of migration, in part, at least,

coincides, as will have been noticed, with mine—he arguing, however,

for continuity of land) was decidedly in favour of affinity with the

North-Atlantic islands; and his knowledge of Coleoptera was, it

must be allowed, so extensive as to require his opinion to be received

with attention. It is true that since he wrote on the subject our

knowledge of the St.-Helenian Coleoptera has been immensely

increased ; but so far as I can see, nothing has been found to invali-

date (but rather to increase) the argument in favour of such alliance.

Taking Mr. Murray’s abstract’ of the Coleoptera of the North-

Atlantic islands, we have in Madeira 266 endemic species against

120 aboriginal European species, the endemic species being all akin

to European forms. Then in the Canaries we find that, out of a

total of 930, 224 species are identical with Madeiran, the peculiar

characters of the Madeiran fauna being there in force. Next come

the Cape-Verd Islands, of which Mr. Wollaston says, ‘‘ Our recent

explorations in the Cape-Verdes have shown their coleopterous

population to be so far more than I had anticipated on the Canarian

and Madeiran type, that I am any thing but certain that it would not

be more natural to regard the whole of these Atlantic islands as

characterized by a single fauna unmistakably the same, even whilst

necessarily differing as to many of its exact details (and through the

fact of mere distance) in the more widely separated groups.”

In fact we find in the three archipelagos just what might have

been expected. As we move southwards the same general character

of the fauna is found to be present, but the particulars. gradually

alter. And this, it seems to me, is apparent even when St. Helena

is reached. Making due allowance for its remoteness and different

latitude, the character of the fauna is the same, though the details

are very considerably altered. For example, in Madeira we have

the Heteromerous genera Hadrus and Hegeter, with 3 and | species

respectively ; in the Canaries Hadrus has vanished, but Hegeter has

no less than 19 species; in the Cape-Verds Hegeter has almost

disappeared, having but a single species, but its place has been taken

by a new genus, Oxycara, with 10 species ; in St. Helena all these

genera have vanished, but are represented by two new and allied

genera—Hadrodes and Tarphiophasis, regarding the first of which

Mr. Wollaston remarks that it has a good deal in common with the

Madeiran Hadrus. Tarphiophasis too seems evidently a develop-

ment of Hadrodes, just as the latter is of Hadrus. Then, again, Mr.

Wollaston remarks of the St.-Helenian Opatrum hadroides that it

is closely allied to species from the Cape-Verd, Canarian, and

Madeiran archipelagos, and is even more akin to one, and probably

1 Lc. p. 12 &e,

1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 457

identical with another, Cape-of-Good-Hope species—the significance

of which latter facts will be alluded to in connexion with the flora.

Again, the genus Huwestus was known from Madeira only, till Mr.

Wollaston discovered another species in St. Helena.

But as the most remarkable fact in the coleopterous fauna of St.

Helena is the enormous preponderance of Cossontde—more than a

quarter of the endemic species belonging to that family—which

seem to find there their metropolis, we ought, if the line of migra-

tion is by Madeira &c., to find in the latter a significant development

of this family. And so wedo. ‘In the Madeiran and Canarian

groups,” writes Mr. Wollaston’, ‘‘there is scarcely any fact [the

insular-loving nature of the Cossonide] more distinctly observable—

where every detached rock is tenanted by some one representative,

or more, of this particular department. Nor are trees and shrubs

(which seldom flourish in localities thus weather-beaten and exposed)

by any means essential for their support, the pithy stems of the

ordinary plants being amply sufficient to sustain them; and I have

frequently found the stalks of dead thistles and Umbelliferce to be

perforated through and through by their ravages.” Mr. Wollaston

found 19 species in Madeira and 14 in the Canaries. The Anthri-

btide (which include the next largest number of endemic species in

St. Helena) indicate a like derivation ; but enough has, I think, been

brought forward to show both the Palzearctic origin and probable

route of migration of the Coleoptera of St. Helena.

The Hemiptera are not fitted (from the reasons already given) to

teach us so much as the Coleoptera; but 12 at least, if not all, of the

13 non-peculiar genera are Paleearctic, and many of them Madeiran.

The peculiar genera have also nearly all strong affinities with Pale-

arctic genera. Just as the whole facies of the Madeiran Hemiptera

is European, so that of the St.-Helenian is Madeiran and European.

The characteristics of the Arachnida and of the terrestrial Mol-

lusca have already been pointed out.

But let us now see if there be any thing in the manner of life of

the aboriginal animals of St. Helena which would make their passage

across the sea not only a possible but a probable occurrence. If we

can find that a majority of them are connected with plants, it is not

difficult to imagine how they might have been drifted by sea-

currents to the island; but if, in addition, it turned out that many

inhabited the interior parts of plants, their carriage across the sea

would pass from the region of possibility into that of probability.

Mr. Wollaston has carefully recorded the modus vivendi of the St.-

Helenian Coleoptera; so we will try and prove our case from his

evidence.

At least half of the 12 endemic species of the genus Bembidium

have the very abnormal habit, for that genus, of living within the

dead and rotting stems of the tree ferns. (I may note here that in

the Madeiran group 10, in the Canaries 14 (7 peculiar), and in the

Cape-Verds 5 species of the genus have been found.) The

following St.-Helenian genera are also, amongst others, especially

1 Trans. Entom. Soc, London, 1873, iv. p. 433.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXX. 30

458 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

wood-frequenting—Anchastus, Anobium, the 17 genera of Cos-

sonide, Nesiotes, &c.

Thus 16 out of the 25 peculiar genera, and nearly 80, at. least,

out of the 129 peculiar species, live zx wood at some period of their

existence. The Anthribide, of which 26 species occur in St.

Helena, are not wood-borers, although probably lignivorous as larve,

but cling rather tenaciously to foliage, dead wood, &c. ; and they,

as well as most of the remaining Coleoptera as well as the species of

the other groups which are also attached to plants, must be specially

liable to transportation in or about drift-wood, &c. In the case of

winged species the winds, of course, would assist in the work.

But it is unnecessary to pursue this subject any further, save to

mention that though most of the plant-frequenting beetles are

attached to some one or other of the peculiar plants, it by no means

follows that their ancestors were so restricted ; for, as observed by

Mr. Wollaston, some at the present day devour with apparently

equal relish, the native arborescent Composite and the introduced

Coniferee. . Nor is it necessary to suppose that they were introduced

with the tree Compositze, because it is probable that the progenitors

of the latter were not arborescent when they arrived in the island, but

that that condition was gradually evolved’. Some of the Cossonide

are quite content with the pithy stems of thistles &c., though the

family is essentially wood-loving.

It is also worth while noting the extreme paucity of that section

of the Coleoptera known as the Phytophaga, which seems to show

not only that the lignivorous beetles had more facilities of transport

than those that merely fed upon the leaves of plants, but that, as

Mr. Wollaston remarks, the early flora of St. Helena was essen-

tially a woody one. Now that the forest has vanished, and though

the greater part of the island is suited for the Phytophaga, yet the

number of species remains the same—showing, I think, that coloni-

zation (apart from that brought about by man’s unintentional

agency) is not now going on.

A word now as to the flora. The aboriginal plants have, as has

been already said, most affinity with the flora of Southern extra-

tropical Africa. This affinity can surely only arise from a common

origin ; and if, as I have attempted to prove, the origin of the fauna

is Palzearctic, it seems reasonable to suppose that the origin of the

flora is the same, and that the same agencies which brought its

fauna to St. Helena brought its flora also. Without going into

details of the South-African flora (for which, indeed, I have not the

materials), I may mention that there are one or two genera of plants

common to it and to St. Helena which are strongly suggestive of a

Palzearctic origin and dispersion by the influence of a glacial epoch :—

for example, Stwm, which has an endemic representative in St.

Helena; the very characteristic Cape genus Pelargonium, which has

a straggler in Syria (where, be it noted, the endemic St.-Helenian

coleopterous genus Haplothorax has, according to Lacordaire, its

nearest allies) ; and others.

* Darwin, 7. c. p, 350.

1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 459

Here [ may be permitted to quote a remark by Mr. Darwin

on this point ':—* In Africa, several forms characteristic of Europe

and some few representatives of the flora of the Cape of Good Hope

occur on the mountains of Abyssinia. At the Cape of Good

Hope a very few European species, believed not to have been

introduced by man, and on the mountains several representative

European forms are found which have not been discovered in the

intertropical parts of Africa. Dr. Hooker has also lately shown

that several of the plants living on the upper parts of the lofty

island of Fernando Po and on the neighbouring Cameroon Mountains,

in the Gulf of Guinea, are closely related to those on the mountains of

Abyssinia, and likewise to those of Temperate Europe. It now also

appears, as I hear from Dr. Hooker, that some of these same

temperate plants have been discovered by the Rev. R. T. Lowe on

the mountains of the Cape-Verde Islands. This extension of the

same temperate forms, almost under the equator, across the whole

continent of Africa and to the mountains of the Cape-Verde

archipelago, is one of the most astonishing facts ever recorded in the

distribution of plants”*. Mr. Darwin then proceeds to show how

in a glacial epoch the temperate flora might have invaded the whole

of Africa, and at the return of warmer conditions been driven up the

mountains, or in some cases become gradually acclimatized.

In connexion with this possible, and, as it seems to me, probable,

community of origin of the floras of the Cape (in part) and of St.

Helena, the significance of the occurrence at the former place of

several Coleoptera and Hemiptera closely allied to, if not identical

with, St.-Helenian species, is not to be overlooked’.

Itis not to be wondered at, then, that we do not find, in the parts

of Africa nearest St. Helena, much, if any, relationship to the island

fauna and flora. That such relationship, so far as community of

origin is concerned, once existed, I have little doubt ; but the return

to tropical conditions and the reestablishment of the tropical fauna

and flora have obliterated, except on the mountain-summits, all

traces. And St. Helena by its isolated position and temperate

climate (the mean temperature of the year being only about 61°) is

to all purposes a mountain.

The affinity of the Hemipterous genus Megarhaphis to the

African Macrorhaphis (of which one species is from the Cape, and

the other—rather doubtful as to the genus—is from the Congo)

seems to be an exception; but as we do not know the exact nature of

the locality whence the Congo species was derived, and as it is as

likely as not to be a mountain and not a tropical insect, it may after all

prove our case by being a descendant of one and the same Palearctic

ancestor as the Cape and St.-Helenian species.

There still remain some elements in the fauna and flora of St.

Helena to be accounted for.

1 Origin of Species, p. 337.

2 See also Professor Oliver's ‘Flora of Tropical Africa,’ in which the

occurrence of several species, not only Huropean but even Arctic, is recorded.

3 Oertain European Hemiptera are also natives of the Cape.

30*

“

460 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

For example, there is the one peculiar land-bird, Ayialites

sancte-helene, which is so closely allied to African species that it

is, in all probability, a comparatively recent introduction. It seems

rather remarkable that there are not more peculiar land-birds ; and

the absence of Bats (none of which are recorded by Mr. Melliss) is

another curious feature in the fauna of the island.

There are also the species of West-Indian fish and marine Mol-

lusca as well as the Indian-Ocean species of the same groups. Not

very much can be made out of our present knowledge of these; but

it seems to me that no great obstacle exists to their introduction by

means of the ocean currents. The present currents might have

brought the southern and eastern species, while the reversal of the

currents during a glacial period would bring the West-Indian and

Brazilian animals. Though I have already invoked the agency of a

reversed current for the purpose of bringing the Palearctic fauna

to the island, I think it is improbable that the arrival of the West-

Indian fish at St. Helena was contemporaneous with that of the

ancestors of the endemic fauna, though, in the case of some of them,

it is quite possible. I would rather suppose that, since they are

species of presumably later origin (or, should their origin be as

remote as that of the endemic species, yet it was elsewhere than at

St. Helena), they were brought to the island during a later (or a

later part of the last) glacial period than the ancestors of the endemic

species.

There are also certain elements in the flora, viz. the five tropical

weeds or sea-side plants of very wide distribution, which Sir. J.

Hooker refers to. These are almost certainly of later introduction

than the endemic and peculiar flora. Mr. Melliss remarks’ of

Entada scandens, L., that the large seeds ‘‘ are cast ashore on the

windward side of the island, having been brought from the Mau-

ritius, or elsewhere, by sea-currents. They have been known to

germinate ; but it is doubtful if one now exists there.” ‘This fact

is suggestive of the origin of the five plants alluded to, as well as of

some others thought by Mr. Melliss to be indigenous.

Part II. Drescriprive.

In his recent work upon St. Helena, Mr. Melliss was able to

record the occurrence of only 8 species of Hemiptera. The names

of only five species had apparently been determined ; and of these 4

were evident introductions.

It was therefore left to Mr. Wollaston to add considerably to our

knowledge of the St.-Helenian species of this order. The list which

I now submit to the Society embraces the results of his six months’

exploration of the island; and though it probably does not include

all the native species, yet there is reason to suppose that the collection

is a very representative one.

A few months before his lamented death, Mr. Wollaston placed

the collection in my hands for determination, with directions that a

1E.¢. ip, 266;

- 1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 461

‘set of types” should be placed in the British Museum, and that

the new species should be described in a single paper and not piece-

meal. The first of these requests I have already carried out ; and

the second I now proceed to fulfil. The type specimens of ald the

new species, as well as a larger number of specimens in cases where

the species was represented by more than two individuals, will be

found in the British Museum.

The following is a list of the species in the collection :—-

Order HEMIPTERA.

Suborder Herrrorrera.

Fam. Cimicina, Stil.

Subfam. Asoprna, Stal.

1. Megarhaphis wollastonit, Buchanan White.

Subfam. Penratomina, Stil,

, Nezara viridula, L.

Fam. LyGz1p, Stal.

Subfam. Berytrna, Stal.

3. Metacanthus concolor, Buchanan White.

Subfam. Lycarna, Stil.

Div. Orsituartia, Stal.

4. Nysius sancte-helene, Buchanan White.

5. Nysius thymi, Wolff, var.

Fam. Cimicip, Stal.

Subfam. ANTHOcoRINA, Reut.

Div. ANrHocorARIA, Reut.

. Hapa contorta, Buchanan White.

. Cardiastethus bicolor, Buchanan White.

. Lyctocoris campestris, ¥.

9 Sis or)

Div. Micropuysartia, Reut.

9. Myrmedobia fuliginea, Buchanan White.

Subfam. Capsina, Reut.

Div. Puyrocoraria, Reut.

10. Calocoris (Megacelum) lustratus, Buchanan White.

Div. Cyitocorarta, Reut.

11. Orthotylus mutabilis, Buchanan White.

Div. Capsarra, Rent.

12. Lygus apicalis, Meyer.

462 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [ May 7,

Diy. PuacioGnaTHaRiA, Reut.

13. Agrametra ethiops, Buchanan White.

14. Psallus flavosparsus, Buchanan White.

15. Psallus lutosus, Buchanan White.

16. Psallus vinaceus, Buchanan White.

Fam. Nasip4, Stal.

Subfam. Napina (=Corisc1na, Stai).

17. Nabis capsiformis, Germ.

18. Vernonia wollastoniana, Buchanan White.

Fam. SaLprp&.

19. Salda aberrans, Buchanan White.

Suborder Homorprera.

Fam. FuueGorina.

Subfam. Issinz.

20. Issus coleoptratus, F.

Subfam. DeLpuacint.

21. Liburnia (Ilburnia) ignobilis, Buchanan White.

Fam. JASSINA.

Subfam. ByrHoscoprnt.

22. Stonasla undulata, Buchanan White.

23. Stonasla consors, Buchanan White.

24, Nehela vulturina, Buchanan White.

Subfam. ACocEPHALINI.

25. Argaterma alticola, Buchanan White.

26. Argaterma multisignata, Buchanan White.

Subfam. JAssrn1.

27. Grypotes (2) insularis, Buchanau White.

28. Thamnotetti« sancta-helene, Buchanan White.

29. Jassus wollastoni, Buchanan White.

Subfam. TyPHLocysint.

30. Chlorita edithe, Buchanan White.

There were besides in the collection several species in immature

condition and hence undeterminable. One of these species, which

is a native of the high central ridge, appears to belong to the Coreini ;

and any future explorer of the island would do well to search for it.

To the list must also be added Acanthia lectularia, L., a doubtless

introduced species recorded by Mr. Melliss, and Cirius sanctea-

helene, Stil (Eugenies Resa, Entomol. Bidr. 272. 148), a probably

endemic species. Mr. Melliss also mentions the occurrence of several

1878. } HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 463

Aphides and Cocci. Of the 30 determinable species in Mr. Wol-

laston’s collection 5 species—

Nezara viridula, L., Nabis capsiformis, Germ.,

Lyctocoris campestris, F., and

Lygus apicalis, Meyer, Issus coleoptratus, F.,

have been probably introduced since the island was discovered.

The species which I have referred to Nysius thymi, Wolff, may also

be an introduction ; but I am more inclined to consider it a native.

The remaining 24 species seem to be all peculiar to the island ;

and for the reception of 10 of them I have been obliged to create 7 new

genera and 1 new subgenus. Mr. Wollaston has not, unfortunately,

recorded for the Hemiptera, as he has done for the Coleoptera, the

special modus vivendi of each species; but as the particular part of

the island inhabited by each was briefly noted by him, I have been

careful to give all the information [ can.

i MEGARHAPHIS, gen. nov.

Genus Macrorhaphidi valde affine. Caput apice subtruncatum,

lobis equilongis. Rostrum articulo 2° 4°que subequilongis, sin-

gulatim 3° longioribus. Thorax marginibus lateralibus subcal-

losis, vix tranversim rugosus. Scutellum parte apicali retrorsum

angustata, frenis ultra medium scutelli_ continuatis. Carina

mesosternalis mediocris, nec lata nec sulcata. Venter spina

basali longa compressa armatus, apud marem maculis sericeis

haud instructus. Femora antica subtus apicem versus spina

- parva armata. Tibie antice vie dilatate. Membrana costis 8

instructa.

There is no doubt that Megarhaphis is closely allied to Dallas’s

genus Macrorhaphis ; but it seems to me that the characters pointed

out above are of importance sufficient to necessitate the creation of

a new genus for the species described below. The difference in the

comparative proportions of the joints of the rostrum, the narrow and

unfurrowed keel of the mesosternum, the absence of the two silky

spots on the venter of the male, and other points will at once dis-

tinguish Megarhaphis from Macrorhaphis.

1. MEGARHAPHIS WOLLASTONI, Sp. 0.

M. elongata, rufo-brunnea, rude et dense nigro-punctata ; thoracis

angulis lateralibus prominulis obtusiusculis ; pedibus corpore

concoloribus ; antennis paullo pallidioribus ; capitis lineis 2 lon-

gitudinalibus ocellos includentibus, marginibus tyli, vitta centrali

capitis subtus sternique, maculis marginalibus dorsi abdominis,

nebulisque ventris nigris ; spina basali ventrali ad apicem testacea ;

membrana brunneo-fusca. Capitis lineis 2 longitudinalibus inter

ocellos ad apicem currentibus, margine interiore orbite, tyloque,

pronoti callis irregularibus prope marginem anticum, necnon

carina longitudinali angusta, scutelli linea apicali longitudinali

subelevata, corii spatiis irregularibus (una ad medium, altera prope

apicem), haud vel vir punctatis ; sterno ventreque minus dense

464 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

punctatis, carina ventrali levigata; scutello fovea parva sed

profunda utrinque ad basin prope pronoti angulos posticos sat

productos instructo.

3. Long. 13, lat. 6 m. m.

Hab. “West Lodge’”’ (exemplar unicum).

M. wollastoni agrees in many points of sculpture &e. with the

description of Macrorhaphis (?) acuta, Dall. (List, i. 88. 2), from

Congo, which species may perhaps pertain to the genus Mega-

rhaphis.

2. NEZARA VIRIDULA, L.

Two examples without note of locality. This almost worldwide

species is probably an introduction.

3. METACANTHUS CONCOLOR, §p. 0.

M. ochraceus ; antennarum articulo 1° annulis, uno prope basin,

altero sat lato ad apicem, articulo ultimo (apice excepto), rostro

ad apicem, oculis, scutello (basi spinaque exceptis), femorum

tibiarumque apicibus tarsisque necnon corti marginibus angus-

lissime exteriore et interiore apicali plus minus piceis aut piceo-

nigris; capitis vertice linea elevata longitudinali instructo ;

pronoti lobo antico rude punctato, sulco sat profundo inter lobos

callis 3 irregularibus instructo, lobo posteriore postice valde

elevato et longitudinaliter carinato; mesosterni spina lateralé

longissima, primum recta, deinde retro curvata.

3. Long. 5 m. m.

Hab. ad “The Barn,” ubi Aster glutinosus (Roxb.) (anglice

““ Scrubwood”’) oceurrit.

I have seen only one specimen.

4, Nysrus SANCTH-HELENA, Sp. 0.

N. oblongus, ochraceus, setulis brevibus concoloribus vestitus ; an-

tennis, rostro, capite, pronoti impressione lineari transversa

anteriore, scutelli basi sternoque plus minus rufo-brunneis ; an-

tennis articulo 4° basi excepto, rostro ad apicem, capite vitta

utringue inter oculos, punctis pronoti maculisque utringue ante

marginem posticum, scutelli punctis, costis et maculis clavo disco-

quecorii, hujus margine apicali plus minus interrupte, membrana

maculis irregularibus, femoribus maculis, apice tarsorum, sterno

ad medium, necnon maculis ventris nigris vel fusco-nigris.

Bucculis basin capitis vie attingentibus, pone medium retrorsum

sensim humilioribus ; articulo 1° rostri pone bucculas extenso et

basin capitis atlingente ; capite cum oculis quam apex pronoti

latiore; antennarum articulo 2° quam 3° longiore ; pronoto et

scutello (illius basi excavata excepta) carina levissima instructis ;

mesosterno distincte sulcato ; margine costali corii antice recto,

dein rotundato-ampliato.

3 9. Long. 53-63, lat. 2-23 m. m.

Hab. in intermediis editioribusque insulee—“ Plantation,’’ “ West

Lodge,” “ Luffkins,”’ et ad “ Diana’s Peak.”

1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 465

Nysius sancte-helene varies considerably both in the number and

intensity of the darker markings. Sometimes the whole of the

clavus and disk of the corium are fuscous with pale spots, and the

apical margin entirely infuscated ; but the widened anterior margin

of the corium is almost always immaculate, except that sometimes

there is a dark streak near the apical margin.

This species belongs to the section aa of the genus Nysius in

Stil’s ‘ Enumeratio ;’ but it does not appear to be very closely allied

to any of the species therein placed.

5. Nysrus Toymi, Wolff.

Hab. in intermediis editioribusque insulee—“ Plantation,”’ “ West

Lodge,” et ad ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.”

I cannot find any points of distinction between British and St.-

Helena specimens of this common and variable European species,

except that the latter seem to be rather smaller and to have more

slender antenne and legs.

It does not appear to have been previously found out of Europe.

Hapa, gen. nov.

Corpus oblongo-ovatum, parce hirsutum. Caput sulca transversa cur-

vata inter oculos anterius preditum, inter oculos latum, modice pro-

ductum, collari mediocri instructum, pone oculos leve nitidumque.

Antenne pilose, articulo 1° apicem capitis superante, 2° sursum

leviter incrassato, 3° 4°que filiformibus. Rostrum medium

mesosterni attingens, articulo 1° oculos attingente. Pronotum

haud vel obsoletissimo collari instructum, transversum, apice

truncato, basi levissime concava, angulis anticis rotundatis et

maxime depressis, lateribus acutis ; discus anterius convexo trans-

verse rugosus, posterius depressus et leviter concavus ante angulos

posticos, ad medium sulco longitudinali plus minus obsoleto

instructus. Scutellum anguste transversum, ad basin convexum

concavum ad marginem utrinque pone basin, apice leviter acumi-

nato, disco leviter concavo et leviter longitudinaliter rugosc.

Elytra macropterorum apicem abdominis paullo superantia et

membrana obsolete 3-venosa. Elytra sepius tantum dimidio ab-

dominis equilonga, membrana haud instructa. Femora antica

maris reliquis crassiora; tibie antice apicem versus distincte

incrassate, margine inferiore serie brevissimarum spinularum

instructo ; tibie postice spinis nonnullis setiformibus instructe.

Pedes femine graciliores, tibiis anticis haud incrassatis nec ut

in 3 formatis. Quartum et sequentia segmenta abdominis maris

sinistrorsum asymmetrica, supra 4°, 5° 6°que abdominalibus et 1°

genitali segmentis sinistrorsum maxime abbreviatis; segmento 1°

genitali fere contecto ad marginem sinistrum ; segmento genitali

ultimo (ut videtur) triangulari, levitur sinistrorsum contorto,

latere sinistro foramine calloso-marginato (quod fere @quilon-

gum est ac segmentum), instructo. Quarti segmenti abdominis

subtus margo posticus ad latus sinistrum profunde sinuatum.

Abdomen femine symmetricum. Apex abdominis 3 et 2 pilis

nonnullis longis apicem versus instructus.

466 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

Genus Piezostetho affine.

Nomen a Maori “ hapa” (contortus).

Obs. In Piezostethus, to which the genus is allied, the males

have also unsymmetrical hind bodies—a fact, by the way, that I

do not see noticed in any of my books.

6. Hapa contorTa, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 1.)

H. piceo-nigra, pilis brunneis vestita ; capitis apice, antennis,

pronoti margine postico, elytris, pedibus abdomineque plus minus

piceo-brunneis ; rostro, antennarum articulis duobus ultimis,

cuneo ad basin, trochanteribus, femoribus ad basin, tibiis ad

basin apicemque et tarsis plus minus dilutioribus; abdomine

obscuriore variegato. Macropterorum clavi disco, corti margine

antico basin versus, et macula ad medium basale membrane paullo

dilutioribus ; membrana fusco-luteo-brunnea, venis obscurioribus.

3 Q. Long. 3-33, lat. 15 m. m.

Hab. in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.’’

I have seen but a single macropterous specimen, and that rather

mutilated.

7. CARDIASTETHUS BICOLOR, Sp. 0.

C. niger, capillis pallidissime brunneis vestitus; antennis, rostri

apice, elytris pedibusque luteo-brunneis; capite nitido rufo-

brunneo, clypeo dilutiore; rostro (apice excepto), antennarum

articulis 2 ultimis, elytrorum suturis, margine interiore lato

embolii, margine interiore discoque cunei plus minus fusoo-

brunneis ; membrana luteo-fusca. Capite levi; clypeo sat

angusto; pronoto (callo excepto), scutello elytrisque subtiliter

punctatis.

Long. circa 23 m. m.

Hab. in intermediis insulee—“ Plantation.”

Rather closely allied to C. testaceus; but, besides differing in

colour, C. bicolor is a narrower and more slender insect.

9. MyrMEDOBIA FULIGINEA, Sp. n.

M. atra; antennis piceis, articulo 1° dilutiore ad basin, articulo

2° ad basin medium apicemque albido, articulo ultimo ad apicem

rufo-piceo ; pedibus piceo-nigris, femoribus posticis ad apicem,

annulis 2 ad medium tibiarum anticarum intermediarumque, et

dimidio basali tarsorum omnium albidis ; capite convexo ; antennis

subtiliter pubescentibus, articulis 2° 3°que subeaquilongis ; pro-

noto maxime convexo, annulo male definito, sulco transverso,

nullo ; elytris margine antico anguste reflexo.

Q. Long. 1 m. m.

Hab. locos editiores supra ‘‘ West Lodge.”

10. Catocorts (MrGacuLuM) LUSTRATUS, Sp. n.

C. sordide stramineo-testaceus, maculis parvis fuscis rufisque remote

et obscure notatus, capillis tenuibus adpressis pallido-aureis

vestitus ; pronoto obsoletissime punctulato ; oculis, maculis parvis

1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 467

in disco et ante marginem posticum pronoti, macula geminata ad

basin scutelli, dimidioque apicali femorum posticorum plus minus

brunneo- vel rufo-fuscis ; apicibus rostri scutellique fusco-nigris ;

antennarum articulo 3° ad apicem et articulo 4° toto, apice

imo tibiarum anticarum, apicibusque tarsorum omnium pallide

Susco-brunneis ; capite, antennarum articulo 1°, dimidio apicali

Semorum anticorum intermediorumque, tibiis omnibus ad basin,

et interdum elytris et lateribus abdominis supra subtusque, sat

conferte rufo-sparsis.

3 2. Long. 6, lat. 2 m. m.

Hab. in intermediis insule—* Plantation.”

Sometimes the apical half of the antenne is vinous-red in colour

and the fuscous markings generally more suffused with red.

11. OxTHOTYLUS MUTABILIS, sp. n.

O. pallide fusco-brunneus, capillis pallidis vestitus ; pronoti margine

postico elytrorumque margine exteriore anguste fusco-nigris ;

elytris lutescenti- vel viridescenti-fuscis ; antennis pedibusque

rufo-fuscis, illarum articulis 1° ad basin, 2° ad apicem, 3° 4°que,

necnon tarsorum articulo ultimo et interdum tibiis ad basin,

obscurioribus ; rostro ochraceo, apice fusco-nigro; membrana

pallide fusca venis dilutioribus. Sat angustus, elongatus ; an-

tennis + corporis equilongis, articulo 3° plus dimidio 2' longiore,

4° = 3' subequilongo ; rostro coxas posticas haud superante ;

pronoti lateribus vix sinuatis, callis parvis; scutello convexo,

ante medium transverse depresso.

3 Q. Long. 4m. m.

Hab. editioribus insulae—“ West Lodge’’ et ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.”

Very variable in the intensity of the coloration. It is allied,

but not very closely, to O. nassatus, and belongs to the same group

of the genus.

12. Lyeus apicauis, Mey., Fieb.

Hab. in intermediis insule—* Plantation.”

A South-European species, probably introduced into St. Helena.

AGRAMETRA, gen. nov.

Corpus oblongo-ovatum, sat rude punctatum, nudum. Caput nutans,

latum, convexum; clypeo modice producto, compresso, a fronte

parum discreto ; vertice immarginato ; gula brevi. Oculi oblongi,

leviter granulati, pronoto contigui. Antenne sat crasse, ad

oculorum medium internum inserte, corporis dimidio subequi-

longe, articulo 1° crasso apicem clypei longe superante. Rostrum

coxas posticas vix attingens, articulo 1° capitis basin vir superante.

Pronotum trapeziforme, convexum, latitudine apicali vir longius,

basi quam apice 4 latius, apice, lateribus et basi ante scutellum

leviter sinuatis. Scutellum ad basin detectum. Hemelytra com-

pleta, corii margine exteriore ad basin subito dilatato-explanato ;

clavo, corio cuneoque coriaceis ; membrana biareolata. Ale hamo

instructe. Pedes sat breves ; femoribus sat incrassatis ; tibiis

468 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

modice fusco-spinulosis sed haud punctatis; tarsis posticis

longioribus, articulo ultimo duobus primis simul sumptis paullo

breviore.

Generibus Plagiognatho et Sthenaro subaffinis.

13. AGRAMETRA £THIOPS, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 2.)

A. piceo-nigra nitida; rostro (apice excepto), coxis, femoribus,

tarsorumque articulo ultimo piceo-brunneis ; antennis, tibiis, tar-

sorumque articulis duobus primis sordide ochraceis ; antennarum

articulo 1° ima basi, articulo 2° ad apicem, 3° 4°que piceo-nigris,

imis apicibus 2' 4'gue dilutioribus; membrana fusca, venis

parve cellule exterioris rufis; antennis, pedibus abdomineque

capillis tenuibus pallide fuscis vestitis ; antennarum articulo 1°

paullo supra basin subito incrassato, valido, cylindrico ; 2° sursum

sensim incrassato, quam pronoti basis breviore, 3° 4°que fusi-

formibus, 3° 4 2" paullo longiore, 4° 2 3' subequilongo.

é @. Long. 35 m. m.

Hab. in regione Commidendri robusti DC. (anglice “ Gumwood’’)

—‘ Luffkins”’ et “ Thompson’s Wood.”

14. PsALLUS FLAVOSPARSUS, Sp. 0.

P. testaceus, capillis pallidissime aureis vestitus, capite thoraceque

preterea pilis nigris validioribus instructis ; capite, pronoto

scutelloque ad basin fusco-atris indistincte nigro-guitulosis et

maculis flavidis (una ad marginem interiorem oculi, una utrinque

pone marginem anticam et altera in disco pronoti, necnon una

distinctiore in angulis anticis scutelli) ornatis ; angulis imis posti-

cis pronoti lestaceis ; scutello ad apicem clavoque flavo-guttulosis,

corio cuneoque flavo- et fusco-sparsis, macula orbiculart prope

apicem clavi et macula irregulari oblonga ante mediam basin

cunei fusco-nigris ; membrana dilute fusca, iridescente, basi et

fascia angusta transversa pone albidas venas dilutioribus ; an-

tennis testaceis, annulo prope basin et macula ad interiorem

articuli 1‘, annulis basali apicalique 2', 3° 4°que fusco-nigris ;

femoribus anticis et intermediis ad apicem, margine apicali antico

femorum posticorum, necnon tibiis omnibus e punctis nigris nigro-

spinulosis ; articulo ultimo tarsorum fusco ; antennis mutilatis,

sed, ut videtur, articulis 3° 4°que simul sumptis saltem 2°

equilongis.

2. Long. 3 m. m. .

Hab. in regione Commidendri robusti DC. (anglice ‘“‘ Gumwood ’’)

-—‘* Thompson’s Wood.”

15. PsaLLus LUTOSUS, sp. n.

P. Sat robustus, testaceus, opacus, aureo-pubescens, rufescenti-

brunneo dense irroratus ; signaturis obscuris plus minus confluen-

tibus, presertim in parte antica pronoti, medio apiceque scutelli,

apicibus clavi coriique necnon femoribus ; antennis rufo-brunneis,

articulo 1° ad apicem testaceo, articulo 2° ad basin apicemque

et articulis duobus ultimis fusco-brunneis ; tibiis testaceis, annulis

1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 469

plurimis angustis rufescenti-brunneis notatis et e punctis nigris

nigro-spinulosis ; membrana fusca pallide transverso-fasciata,

venis albidis. Antennarum articulis 2 ultimis simul sumptis 2°

brevioribus, 4° 3 3' subequilongo.

Long. 4, lat. 2 m. m.

Hab. in regione Commidendri robusti DC., ad ‘‘ Peak Gut.’’

16. PsaLLus VINACEUS, sp. n.

P. gracilis, obscure vinaceus, nitidus, capillis pallidis sublongis

vestitus ; antennarum articulo 1° et 2° ad apicem, rostro, scutello

ad apicem, clavi disco, guttulis in disco corti, sutura inter corium

cuneumque, cuneo ad apicem, femoribus ad apicem, tibiis tarsisque

plus minus testaceis vel vinaceo-testaceis ; clavi parte pallida,

Semoribus posticis ad apicem et tibiis posticis plus minus vinaceo

maculatis ; apicibus rostri tursorumque necnon membrana fuscis,

hac basi et fascia transversa pone cellulas dilutioribus, venis albidis,

venis cellule exterioris interdum rufis; tibiis e punctis nigris

nigro-spinulosis. Antennarum articulis 2 ultimis simul sumptis

2° aquilongis, 4° quam dimidium 3+ breviore.

3 2. Long. 3-33, lat. 12 m. m.

Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.’’

Very like a small dark form of Psallus lutosus, but distinguished

by its slenderer and more shining form, longer and less golden

pubescence, more slender legs and antenne, the more uniform

darker markings, and more convex pronotum with less concave

hind margin.

17. Napis cAapsirormis, Germ.

Hab. in intermediis insule, ad “ Plantation.’’

An African and American species, possibly (probably?) introduced.

VERNONIA, gen. nov.

Corpus elongatum. Caput ante uculos oblongo-productum, parte

anteoculari parti postoculari subequali; clypeo distinctissime

convexo-elevato, angusto, jugis depresso-rotundatis, medium versus

constrictis, ad apicem leviter incrassatis. Oculi sat magni.

Ocelli desunt. Rostrum 4-articulatum, coxas posticas attingens,

gracile, articulo 1° brevi, duplo longiore quam latiore, 2° 3°que

longis, subequalibus. Antenne setacee, gracillime, corpore 3

longiores, articulo 1° quam caput 1 longiore, 2° quam primus j

longiore, 3° 2° equilongo, 4° brevissimo. Pronoti lobus anticus lobo

postico angustior ; lobus posticus lateribus subparallelis obtuse et

callose marginatis instructus, ante marginem posticum truncatum

leviter transverse sulcatus. Scutellum latius quam longius, ad basin

transverse modice elevatum. lytra abbreviata, scutello tantum

duplo longiora, ad apicem rotundata, coriacea, marginata.

Acetabula antica postice aperta, a basi prostethii excisa ; meso-

sternum carina, pone medium distinctissima, instructum ; orificia

subobscura ante coxas posticas sita. Pedes gracillimi et longis-

simi ; cove longiuscule; tibie antice seriebus duabus, tibie

470

DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

intermedie serie unica, dentium nigrorum tenuissimorum instructe ;

femora antica modice incrassata, deorsum sensim angustata,

tibiis paullo longiora ; tibie omnes ad apicem leviter incrassate ;

pedes postici longissimi ; femora postica ad apicem modice in-

crassata ; tarsi omnes sat longi, articulo 1° brevissimo, duobus

ultimis subequilongis. Abdomen elongato-ovale, connexivo dilatato

ad segmenta 3°" 4°™que latissimo, illinc apicem basinque versus

sensim angustato.

Genus Arbele affine, memorize viri celeberrimi beati Thomas

Vernon Wollaston dicatum.

18. VERNONIA WOLLASTONIANA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 3.)

. rufo-brunnea ( 3 ) vel rufo-lutea (2) rufo-sanguineo variegata ;

capitis parte anteoculari, antennis pedibusque pilis brevibus

pallide brunneis vestitis ; antennarum articulo 1° rufescente

annulis latis obscurioribus, ad apicem basinque distinctioribus,

ornato ; articulo 2° flavescente annulis 5 vel 6 fuscis, quarum 3

in dimidio basali et ad apicem distinctiores sunt, instructo, 3°

4°que fusco-brunneis obscure annulatis; pedibus plus minus

distincte fusco vel rufo fusco-annulatis, ad basin testaceis ;

abdomine supra sanguineo-variegata, subtus testacea vitta angusta

centrali et vitta latiore laterali utrinque ornata; abdominis

segmento 6° ad medium supra subtusque sinuato.

3 Segmento genitali quadrato, ad apicem truncato.

3 2. ‘Long. 10-12, lat. pronoti 13-17; abdominis ¢ 23, ?

4 m.m.

Habitat in excelsioribus centralibus insule, inter Compositas

arborescentes.

19. SALDA ABERRANS, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 4.)

8. obovata, atra, opaca, pilis brevibus erectis nigris, aliis depressis

aureis intermiztis, vestita; antennarum articulo basilari (apice

excepto), clypeo nitido, rostro, callo utrinque ad medium interne

oculorum, pronoti marginibus lateralibus anguste, marginibus

exterioribus interioribusque (illo basin versus latiore dilutioreque)

elytrorum, necnon maculis nonnullis irregularibus corti pedumque

brunneis vel pallide piceo-brunneis ; clavi maculis triangularibus,

una pone medium, duabus prope apicem, linea ante medium suture

clavalis, corii maculis 5 propemarginem anticum et nonnullisin disco

albidis ; tibiis ad apicem anguste pallidis, apice imo et articulo

ultimo tarsorum piceo-nigris ; unguiculis piceo-brunneis. Late

obovata, pone medium latior ; capite cum oculis quam pronoti apex

latiore ; vertice ante ocellus foveolato, margine antico subobtuse

inerassato ; antennis vix« incrassatis ; rostro longo, coxas posticas

aitingente ; pronoti margine postico quam margo anticus duplo

latiore, marginibus lateralibus anguste reflexis ; callo antico mag-

no, sulco profundo longitudinaliter diviso, pone callum sulco angusto

profundo fovea obliqua ad angulum posticum currente utrinque

conjuncto; scutello convexo, ad medium semicirculariter transverse

sulcato ; elytris totis cortaceis convexis, margine antico rotundato.

1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 471

et reflexo precipue ad basin, margine interiore pone apicem scutelli

recto, margini elytri alterius haud incumbente ; (membrana aleque

desunt ;) pedibus modicis, tibiis ad apicem subincrassatis ; tarso-

rum articulo 1° brevi, articulo ultimo longissimo.

3 2. Long 3-5, lat. (pone medium) 2-3 m. m.

Hab. in editioribus insule, juxta “ Diana’s Peak.’’

The absence of the membrane prevents me referring this to

any of the sections given by Dr. Stal in his ‘ Enumeratio.’ It

may perhaps belong to a new genus; but as it has all the facies

of a Salda, I have placed it in that genus.

S. aberrans is very variable in the intensity of the brown mark-

ings. Frequently the corium is more or less of a rich fulvous

brown with anastomosing black lines; the whitish spots also vary

in intensity. There is, moreover, a considerable range of varia-

tion in the size of the amimal.

20. Issus cOLEOPTRATUS, F.

Hab. intermedis insulee, ad “‘ Plantation.’’

A common European species, and doubtless introduced into St.

Helena.

LisurniA, Stal.

Inpurnia, subgen. nov.

Antennarum articulus primus articulo secundo equilongus vel paullo

longior. Tibia postica tarso postico parte quarta longior.

21. LipurniA (ILBURNIA) IGNOBILIS, sp. 0.

L. testaceo-brunnea ; fronte distincte, clypeo, pronoto scutelloque

obsolete (carinis exceptis), sterni maculis nonnullis abdomineque

plus minus brunneis; dorso abdominis utrinque vitta longitu-

dinali pallida, in segmentis 1° ad apicem, 2° et 3° ad basin distinc-

tiore, et in segmentis 1°, 4° , 5°, 6°que interne magis, externe

minus brunneo-marginata ; connexivo brunneo, angulis exterioribus

apicalibus pallidis; tarsorum unguiculis piceo-nigris; elytris

subhyalinis, concoloribus,vix dimidium abdominis tegentibus; oculis

subrufis ; capite desuper viso et pronoto longitudine subequalibus,

illo inter oculos breviter prominulo, vertice singulo oculo subequi-

lato ; carinis omnibus discretis ; fronte longa, deorsum dilatata,

carina centrali ad verticem brevissime furcata; clypei carina

centrali obsoleta; pronoto scutelloque distinctissime carinatis,

illius carinis lateralibus obliquis rectis marginem posticum attin-

gentibus ; alis abbreviatis.

©. Long. 5, lat. 2 m. m.

Habitat in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.”

Iiburnia diverges from the characters of Liburnia by the longer

first joint of the antennz, and the shorter hind tarsus. In the

collection are two other Homoptera belonging to this family: one,

which is much broken, is perhaps the ¢ of the above; and the

other seems to be an immature Stiroma ?

472 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

STONASLA, gen. nov.

Corpus cylindricum, elongatum. Caput obtusissimum, latum, thoraci

aquilatum seu paullo latius, desuper visum brevissimum, suban-

gulato-arcuatum, vertice maximam ad partem declivi; facie

dilatata, transversa, fere subquadrata ; apice obtusissime angulato ;

marginibus lateralibus ante oculos distinctissime sinuatis, dein

valde votundato-dilatatis ; plica supraantennali valde obliqua,

oculos haud attingente. Ocelli inter oculos in parte antrorsum

vergente verticis positi, ab oculis remoti, sed inter se quam ab

oculis longius distantes. Pronotum transversum, sat longum,

antice subangulato-rotundatum. Scutellum mediocre, latius quam

longius. Elytraaleque apicem abdominis longe superantia. Elytra

pone clavum angustissime marginata.” Vene elytrorum alarumque

fere ut in Bythoscopo formate ; membrane cellule apicales 4.

Ale ante apicem emarginate. Tibia postice spinosissime.

Genus Bythoscopo affine, forma faciei &c. divergens. [Typus S.

undulata. |

22. SronasLA UNDULATA, sp.n. (Plate XXXJ. fig. 5.)

St. sordide virescenti-flavescens, subopaca ; capitis macula parva

irregulari inter oculos et ocellos (necnon interdum macula inter

ocellos, maculaque utrinque in margine postico pone ocellos), fovea

utrinque ante antennas, parte antica suture frontalis, et basi (media

et lateribus prope basin clypei exceptis), pronoti macula parva

utringue ad marginem anticum, scutelli basi centrali anguste, macula

triangulari utringue prope angulos basales, maculis parvis rotundis

in disco, sulco transversali ad medium angustissime, necnon apice

imo, elytrorum venarum punctis irregularibus subconfluentibus et

lineis dentato-fractis inter venas (membrane exceptis),alarum venis,

sterno (lateribus exceptis), macula ad apicem superiorem femorum

omnium, tibiarum posticarum margine exteriore superiore, unguicu-

lisque necnon abdomine brunneo-nigris ; oculis, ocellis, frontis serie

linearum irregularium transversarum utrinque, femorum maculis

irregularibus, et tarsis anticis intermediisque plus minus brunneis ;

alis infuscatis. Elytris oblongo-lanceolatis.

3 2. Long. 8-93, lat. 3-33 m. m.

Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘‘ Cason’s.”

23. STONASLA CONSORS, sp. n.

St. testaceo-brunnea, opaca, elytra subopaca ; capitis macula rotunda

pone ocellos et prope marginem posticum, fovea ante antennas, fron-

tis sutura antice, basi (media excepta) et lateribus prope basin

clypet, necnon serie utrinque lineolarum transversarum, pronoti

linea longitudinali centrali nec apicem nec basin attingente,

macula parva utrinque prope marginem anticum et macula majore

utringue in disco, scutellim acula parva ad mediam basim et macula

triangular prope angulos basales necnon sulco transverso angus-

tissime, clavi venis irregulariter, corti venis distincte, femorum

intermediorum posticorumque macula superiore apicali, unguiculis

1878. | HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 473

et abdomine subtus brunneo-nigris ; scutelli dimidio apicali tes-

taceo-flavido ; oculis ocellisque brunneis.

3 Q. Long. 73-9, lat, 23-3 m. m.

Hab. in editoribus insulee, ad “ Diana’s Peak” et ‘‘ Halley’s Mount.”

In addition to the differences of coloration, this species may be

distinguished from the last by the internal sector of the elytra having

three cells exteriorly between the base of the elytron and the apex of

the clavus instead of two, as well as by the somewhat smaller stature.

NEHELA, gen. nov.

Corpus cylindricum, elongatum. Caput obtusissimum, latum, thoract

e@quilatum, desuper visum brevissimum angulato-arcuatum ; ver-

tice magnam ad partem declivi; facie dilatata, subtriangulari,

apice producto, lateribus ante oculos late sinuatis, dein leviter

rotundatis ; plica supraantennali valde obliqua, oculos fere attin-

gente. Ocelli inter oculos in parte antrorsum vergente verticis

positi, ab oculis et inter se fere equidistantes. Clypeus distincte

productus, sulco inter basin et frontis apicem haud instructus.

Pronotum transversum, sat longum, antice subangulato-rotundatum.

Scutellum mediocre, latius quam longius. Elytra apicem abdominis

superantia, pone clavum anguste marginata. Elytrorum alarumque

vene ut in Stonasla formate. Tibie postice spinosissime.

Genus Stonasle valde affine, forma faciei, situ ocellorum, et

elypeo distinctius producto divergens.

24. NEHELA VULTURINA, Sp. 0. (Plate XXXI. fig. 6.)

N. atra, opaca ; capitis vertice (maculis parvis 2 ad ocellos et 4 ad

marginem posticum exceptis), oculis, macula triangulari in medio

frontis, antennis et lateribus, pronoti marginibus lateralibus interne

angulatis, margine postico et maculis 2 parvis in disco (interdum

obsoletis), scutelli macula utrinque ad marginem ante apicem,

elytrorum (clavo excepto) lineolis longitudinalibus latis inter

venas, necnon marginibus antico interioreque corit, pedibus anticis

intermediisque (unguiculis exceptis), coxis posticis, femoribus po-

sticis ad apicem, tibiarum posticarum basi spinisque et articulis 2

primis tarsorum posticorum testaceo-brunneis.

3 Q@. Long. 7-73, lat. 2-25 m. m.

Hab. in excelsioribus insulz, ad “ Diana’s Peak” et “‘High Peak.”

Frequently the veins of the clavus are more or less brown; and

more rarely the whole of the elytra is entirely black.

ARGATERMA, gen. nov.

Corpus oblongum, paullo depressum. Caput breve, pronoto paullo

breviore et latiore, margine antico acuto ; vertice inter oculos quam

singulusoculus duplo latiore, horizontali, concavo presertim antice,

margine antico arcuato, acuto, inter ocellos angustissime reflexo.

Ocelli in margine antico prope oculos positi. Facies convexa,

dilatata, subquadrata, apice obtusissime rotundato, lateribus

ante oculos sinuatis, dein leviter rotundatis ; sutura frontali ocellos

attingente. Pronotum transversum, antice arcuatum, inter oculos

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1878, No. XXXI. 31

474 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,

prominulum, postice truncatum. Scutellum transversum, latius

quam longius. Elytra subcoriacea, tectiformia, oblonga, apicem

abdominis viv superantia, areis pluribus subquadratis instructa.

Ale areis apicalibus 4 instructe, venis in venam periphericam ter-

minantibus, marginem haud attingentibus. Pedes mediocres,

femoribus posticis paullo compressis, tibiis posticis spinosissimis,

tarsis posticis articulo 1° articulis 2° una cum 3° equilongo,

articulo 2° quam 3°* breviore.

Genus Sive et Selenocephalo affine. [Typus A. alticola. |

25. ARGATERMA ALTICOLA, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 7.)

3 lete fulvus, nitidus ; verticis limbis, pronoti vitta centrali longi-

tudinali et limbo postico, scutelli apice imo, clavi_ marginibus

interne erosis, et fascia ante medium, corii marginibus (exteriore

ad basin excepto), fascia ante medium et maculis pone medium,

necnon areis apicalibus albidis ; verticis marginibus imis antico

posticoque, macula utrinque ad oculos posterius, maculis 4 ad

marginem anticum (2 intermediis geminatis, 1 lunata utrinque

pone ocellos), facie, pronoti maculis parvis 5 ad marginem posti-

cum, sterno ad medium, corii marginibus macularum albidarum

pone medium et arearum apicalium nigris ; abdominis dorso nigro,

segmentis 4°, 5° 6°que et ventre, necnon segmentis genitalibus et

pedibus brunneo-testaceis ; oculis, alis, tibiarum posticarum margine

postico, maculis marginis antici apiceque, tarsorum posticorum

articulorum apicibus, necnon unguiculis omnibus nigro-brunneis.

Q lete fulva, verticis limbo antico, pronoti limbo postico, scutelli

apice imo, elytrorum areis apicalibus flavescenti-albidis ; verticis

marginibus imis antico posticogue, macula utringue ad oculos po-

sterius, maculis 2 in disco, et 4 ad marginem anticum (2 intermediis

interdum postice conjunctis, 1 lunata utrinque pone ocellos),

pronoti maculis 5 ad marginem posticum, elytrorum arearum

plurium parvarum subquadratarum, areolarum elongatarum pone

medium, necnon arearum apicalium marginibus nigris ; cetera ut

in o.

3 Q. Long. 34-5, lat. 13-2 m. m.

Hab. in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.”

I have seen but one ¢ ; and it is possibly a variety. The elytra

of the 2 have numerous black-margined cells or cell-like spots more

or less variable. On the clavus and corium, to beyond the middle,

these are small and vary in size, but are more or less square. Between

these and the apical cells there is a transverse row of 4, more elon-

gate, cells, of which one or more are sometimes subdivided. Beyond

these are 5 marginal cells at the apex of the elytron. The veins of

the elytron are scarcely distinguishable.

26. ARGATERMA MULTISIGNATA, Sp. 0.

A. fulva, nitida 5 verticis limbo antico, pronoti margine imo postico,

elytrorum areis apicalibus flavescenti-albidis ; verticis marginibus

imis antico posticoque, macula utrinque posterius ad oculos, maculis

2 in disco, 3 ad marginem anticum (1 in medio interdum fissa, 1

1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 475

utrinque pone ocellos), pronoti margine antico maculis 7, 3 inter-

mediis elongatis magnis transversis in fasciam sepe confluentibus,

disco fascia transversa abbreviata, limbo postico, necnon macula

parva utringue ad angulos laterales, scutelli macula elongata

utringue ad basin, elytrorum maculis plurimis subquadratis arei-

Formibus, sterno abdomineque nigris ; sterni lateribus, abdominis

segmentis 6° et genitalibus (his nigro-signatis) pedibusque brunneo-

testaceis ; femoribus anticis et intermediis supra, posticis totis

(basi apiceque exceptis), tibiis posticis magnam ad partem, tarsis

anticis et intermediis ad apicem, posticorum apicibus articulorum

omnium, unguiculis oculisque nigro-brunneis ; alis nigro-fuscis

nigro-venosis ; elytris areis apicalibus marginalibus nigro-mar-

ginatis 6 instructis.

3 2. Long. 3-43, lat. 13-2 m. m.

Hab. in excelsioribus insule, ad ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.’’

In stature and general colouring rather like the preceding, but dis-

tinguished at first sight by the much more numerous markings.

Vertex more obtusely rounded in front and less prominent. Elytra

with the veins scarcely distinguishable, covered with many somewhat

square-shaped cell-like black markings, arranged in longitudinal

rows. Apex of the elytron with six marginal cells, of which the first

and the last are the largest. Venation of the wing different from

what it isin 4. alticola. There are four apical-cells bounded by a

peripherical vein as in that species ; but the second cell (counting the

apical as the first) is pedunculate, the peduncle joining the first and

second sectors; and at the base of the fourth cell is a smaller cell

formed by a transverse vein cutting off the base of the fourth cell.

The venation is otherwise normal, but rather subject to variation.

The elytra have sometimes obscure pale markings on the inner mar-

gin of the clavus, and vary also in the intensity of the black mark-

ings of the pronotum and scutellum.

27. Grypores (?) INSULARIS, sp. n.

G. aurantio-flavescens, nitidus ; verticis macula subquadrata utringue

anterius et macula posterius prope oculos, frontis lineolis trans-

versis in medio interruptis, clypei vitta centrali ad apicem dila-

tata, lororum marginibus, linea ante et macula pone antennas,

maculaque ante oculos brunneis vel pallide brunneis; vertice

utrinque linea obliqua brevi, pedibus maculis nonnullis, abdominis

dorso, et corpore subtus maculis paucis nigris ; scutello, abdominis

dorsi lateribus, et corpore subtus flavescentibus ; elytrorum mar-

gine antico late et venis, necnon valvulis genitalibus flavescenti-

albidis ; membrana dilutissime fusca.

3 2. Long. 5 m. m.

Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘‘ West Lodge.”

Perhaps scarcely correctly placed in Grypotes. Head, seen from

above, angularly rounded and prominent between the eyes; as long

as the hind margin between the eyes ; broadly concave and witha fine

impressed middle line; ocelli near the eyes; face very convex, and

clypeus produced but scarcely curved; pronotuma er —- than

476 DR. WHITE ON THE HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. [May 7,

the head. There are sometimes additional brown markings on the

vertex or face ; and the spots on the legs are also occasionally confluent.

28. THAMNOTETTIX SANCTZ-HELEN&, sp. 0.

T. pallide aurantiacus, nitidus ; capitis maculis 2 parvis obsoletis

inter oculos, frontis lineolis obsoletissimis transversis, pronoti

margine postico, scutelli angulis basalibus, clavi nebulis 2 male de-

finitis (1 ante, 1 pone medium), corii nebulis 3 (1 ante, 1 pone

medium) alteraque ad basin membrane indistincte dilutioribus ;

corpore subtus abdomineque supra et sublus flavescentibus ; tibiis

posticis maculis nonnullis et unguiculis omnibus nigris.

3 9. Long. 5 m. m.

Had. in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.”

The always ill-defined pale markings are sometimes scarcely

perceptible. The head, seen from above, is prominent and obtusely

angularly rounded between the eyes; the face is very convex, and

the pronotum broader than the head.

29. JassUS WOLLASTONI, sp. n.

J. flavescenti-albidus ; verticis vitta transversa inter oculos, frontis

vittis 2 latis longitudinalibus, elypei dimidio apicali saltem et

macula utringue ante oculos, pronoto (marginibus postico et

lateralibus exceptis), sterni maculis ad latera, scutelli macula

quadrata ad medium basale, clavi vitta ad suturam clavalem et

vitta centrali a basi ad medium, corii vitta subundulata a medio

ad membranam currente, lineis longitudinalibus 2 minoribus (1

inter vittam centralem et basin elytri, 1 inter vittam centralem et

apicem corii), margine antico toto corii, tibiis anticis intermediisque

et tarsis omnibus aurantiacis vel pallide aurantiacis ; clavi linea

juxta apicem marginis antici, membrane margine basali, sterni

maculis nonnullis ad medium, abdomine (marginibus segmentorum

exceptis) nigrescentibus ; membrana, alis fere totis, unguiculisque

Juscis vel brunneo-fuscis ; venis ad apicem corii membraneque

pallide flavidis, venis ceteris obsoletis ; capite pronoto fere equi-

longo, rotundato et levissime prominulo inter oculos ; verticis

margine postico quam singulus oculus paullo latiore ; vertice leviter

dilatato antrorsum, foveola parva utrinque instructo ; fronte haud

carinata ; marginibus oculorum desuper visorum divergentibus ;

ocellis prope oculos sitis ; elytris oblongis.

3 §. Long 6, lat. 2 m. m.

Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘ Cason’s,’”’ ‘ Diana’s Peak,” et

“*Vine-tree Gut.”

Sometimes the clavus and inner margin of corium are infuscated,

and the hind tibie have a row of black dots on the outside.

30. CHLORITA EDITH#, sp. n.

C. pallide flavescenti-albida ; verticis maculis 2 elongatis inter

oculos, et pronoti maculis 2 in disco sanguineis ; scutello (macula

quadrata ad medium basale excepta), clavi linea ad marginem

interiorem ab apice scutelli currente, corii margine interiore fere

1878.] MR. P, L, SCLATER ON FULIGULA NATIONI. 477

a basi ad apicem clavi, vitta dilutiore centrali inter apicem clavi et

margine antico posita, et nebula ad marginem anticum apicem

versus elytri lete aurantiacis ; oculis, unguiculis et macula ad basin

membrane nigrescentibus; membrana pallide fusca, ad basin

obscuriore, venis late pallide flavescenti-albidis, maculas 5 mar-

ginales (4 apicales) et 2 centrales cingentibus ; femoribus tibiisque

ad apicem flavescentibus ; capite obtuse angulariter rotundato-

prominulo inter oculos, longiore supra quam ad marginem posti-

cum inter oculos ; pronoto semicirculari, dimidio marginis postici

@equilongo.

3 2. Long. 3 m. m.

Hab. ineditioribusinsule, ad “ Cason’s,’’“ High Peak,” et “ Diana’s

Peak.”

Species venusta, in honorem Domine Edith Wollaston, quee Lepi-

doptera et Coleoptera insulz Sanctz-Helene diligentissime collegit,

dicata.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.

Fig. 1. Hapa contorta, p. 466. Fig. 5. Stonasla undulata, p. 472.

2. Agrametra ethiops, p. 468. 6. Nehela vulturina, p. 473.

3. Vernonia wollastoniana, p.470. 7. Argaterma alticola, p. 474.

4. Salda aberrans, p. 470.

3. Further Remarks on Fuligula nation. By P. L. Scrater.

[Received April 12, 1878.]

(Plate XXXII.)

Professor Nation of Lima, Peru, has now forwarded to me a

second specimen of the remarkable new Fuligula which Mr. Salvin

and I described in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ last year (1877, p.

.§22), and dedicated to its discoverer. This is a male, the former

example having been a female ; but, as will be seen on comparison,

there is not a great difference in plumage between the sexes. Prof.

Nation says that this bird is rare in the neighbourhood of Lima, but

that he has lately ascertained that it is common in the north of Peru,

and is found in great numbers on the lakes near the coast in certain

months of the year.

The species may now be diagnosed more correctly as follows :—

FuLIGuLA NATIONI. (Plate XXXII.)

Fusco-atra fere unicolor, in ventre brunnescentior, hypochondriis

et genis in brunneum transeuntibus ; secundariorum parte basali,

fasciam distinctam alarem constituente, alba; subalaribus nigris ;

remigum pagina inferiore obscure cineracea; rostro et pedibus

nigris : long. tota 18-0, ale 8°5, caud@ 2°5, tarsi 1:45, dig. med.

cum ungue 2°6, rostri-a rictu lin. dir. 2°2. Femina omnino

brunnescentior, supra et in ventre tenuissime nigro vermiculata ;

capitis lateribus in brunnescenti-castaneum trahentibus ; et cras-

sitie minore.

Hab. Peruvia occidentalis, prope Lima (Nation).

478 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON FULIGULA NATIONI. [May 7,

Trachea of Fuligula nation g.

Fig. 1. Front view.

Fig. 2. Dilatation at its lower end, seen from the left side.

1878. ] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON FULIGULA NATIONI. 479

This species appears to be a true Fuliguline duck, the only known

representative of the group in South America. In colour it is quite

different from any other species of the genus known to me, being

immediately recognizable by its black dress and the transverse

white bar on the wing.

The characteristic Fuliguline white spot between the rami of

the mandible is small in the male but quite distinct, larger in the

female. The white colour in the secondaries occupies rather more

than the basal two thirds, but does not extend onto the outer elon-

gated feathers ; it likewise pervades portions of both webs of some

of the inmost primaries. The hinder toe has a well-developed lobe,

almost as broad as in F. collaris.

Prof. Nation has also sent to me the dried trachea of the male

specimen, for the preparation of a figure and description of which I

am indebted to Prof. Garrod.

“In the trachea,” Prof. Garrod remarks, “ of this duck, as in the

males of the sea-ducks generally, there is a large dilatation at the lower

end, on the left side, composed of an osseous framework supporting

membranous walls. The outer one of these is traversed by an inter-

vening osseous bar (see fig. 2), which courses backwards and upwards

from its anterior inferior angle, and sends two small extra bars to the

supero-marginal rim, and so forms a pair of oval fontanelles, before

it terminates at the superior and posterior angle of the outer wall.

“The wall of the tracheal box which faces inwards is ossified

through nearly its entire extent, a few small membrane-covered

fontanelles being found not far from its superior margin. In this

respect the species differs from Fuligula rufina, in which the wall

under consideration is almost entirely membranous, whilst it is almost

identical with F. marila.

“The outer aspect of the terminal tracheal box is represented in

fig. 2.

Pa Fig. 1 gives a front view of the trachea, which is seen to be con-

siderably and fusiformly dilated in its middle part, in very much the

same way as in Fuligula rufina, F. marila, Nyroca leucophthalma,

Clangula vulgaris, and Mergus serrator’, except that in the last-

named species the enlargement is situated somewhat nearer the

mouth,

‘In F. rufina the dilatation of the middle of the trachea is rather

more considerable and more localized to the lower portion of the

windpipe, whilst in F. marila it is more extended and not quite so

considerable in breadth. In fact F’. nationi is almost exactly inter-

mediate between the two, tending, if at all, towards the Jatter

species.

“In the South-American Metopiana peposaca the mid-tracheal

dilatation is much more decided and more limited, forming a nearly

globose cavity® like that in Melanitta fusca and Clangula his-

trionica.”

1 Vide Eyton, ‘ Monograph of the Anatide,’ 1838, p. 63.

2 See P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146, and 1875, p. 154.

480 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,

4. On a small Collection of Lepidoptera from Jamaica. By

Axrtruour G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &e.

[Received April 12, 1878.]

The Lepidoptera enumerated in the present paper were collected

at or near Kingstown, Jamaica, by Mr. James John Bowrey, who

has kindly permitted a selection to be made from them of all the

species required for the national collection.

Among the Butterflies, as might have been expected, there is very

little new, a species of Pamphila being the only one to which I have

ventured to give a name; but among the more obscure and small

Moths there are about two dozen novelties.

RHOPALOCERA.

1. Danats arcuippus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 49 (1793).

The males from Jamaica seem to possess a constant peculiarity in

the immaculate black border of the secondaries.

2. Danats JAMAICENSIS, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 33 (1864).

3. Caisto zAncis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 486 (1775).

4, Papuia portiA, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 507 (1775).

5. AGANISTHOS ORION, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 485 (1775).

6. HrTEROCHROA ABYLA, Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,

vol, vi. pl. 9. fig. 7 (1850).

7. Evpacis rGma, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 496 (1775).

8. Lucrnta capMA, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 18. figs. 1, 2

(1773).

9. Marpesta ELEUCHA, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schm. ii. pl. 50

(1816-24).

10. Gynzxcra piece, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 287 (1764).

11. ANARTIA JATROPH#, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 289(1764).

12. JunonrA GENOVEVA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 290.

figs. E, F (1782).

13, CysTrnEURA porcas, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 508 (1775).

14. Puycropes rristA, Poey, Cent. Lep. (1833 ?).

15. Eunica tTatiua, Herrich-Schiffer, Ausl. Schm. figs. 69-72

(1852-58).

In the examples from Jamaica the white spots are smaller than

in the figure.

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 481

16. Everoreta wecesia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 209.

figs. E, F (1782).

17. Dione vaniLu#, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ul. p- 306 (1764).

18. CoLanis pEeixA, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 510 (1775).

19. Hexicontius CHARITHONIA, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2

p- 757 (1766).

20. LampipEs cerAunvus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 303

(1793).

21. TmMoLus coLUMELLA, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p- 282

(1793).

22. Tmoxus pan, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 23. figs 3, 4 (1773).

23. Naruauis roux, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p- 589 (1836).

24, Trrtas GNATHENE, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 680 (1836).

Mr. Bowrey has observed this species flying over low bushes.

The flight of Terias is always very low.

25. TertaAs ELATHEA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 99. figs. C, D

(1779).

26. TERIAS EUTERPE, Ménétriés, Bull. Mosc. p- 299 (1832).

27. Kricocont TErtssa, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 429 (1852).

28. KricoGonia LysipE, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p- 98 (1819).

29. AMYNTHIA M&ZRULA, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 479 (1775).

30. CaLLIpRYAS SENN#&, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 764 (1766).

Mr. Bowrey has seen vast clouds of this species passing over the

town of Kingston, sometimes for a week at a time.

31. Appras poryt, Butler, P. Z. S. p. 49 (1872).

32. SyncuLo# sopra, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 495 (1836).

33. Papiiio potypamas, Linneus, Mus. Lud.UIr. p. 192 (1764).

34, Papiiio stnon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 452 (1775).

35. Papixio pexavs, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 444 (1775).

36. Papitio HomeRvs, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 29 (1793).

37. PariLio CRESPHONTES, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 165.

fig. A, 166. fig. B (1779).

38. Papiyio THERsITEs, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 453 (1775).

39. Gonrurus proteus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 333

(1764).

482 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,

40. GonruRvs CATILLUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 260. figs. F, G

(1782).

41. Tetxconvus, sp.? (Olive-brown, dull green at the base.)

This species is quite common in collections, and therefore is sure

to have been described ; but it would be necessary to work out nearly

the whole family in order to identify it, many of the descriptions

of Hesperiide being so bad that their determination is simply

impossible.

42. Prorerrs aMynTAS, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 533 (1775).

43. PAMPHILA ETHLIUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 392, figs. A, B

(1782).

44, Pampuita nycTe.ius, Latreille, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 746

(1823).

45. Pampnita pHyivs, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pl. 13. figs. 4, 5

(1773).

46. Pameuita uTHA, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 37. n. 32 (1868).

The form from Jamaica being rather different from that of

St. Domingo (and probably of Cuba), I append a description.

Wings above bright tawny, reddish at the base ; a broad choco-

late brown marginal belt from the end of the cell of each wing

round the outer border to the external or anal angle, where the

fringe becomes tawny; primaries with a large dark brown spot

across the median vein ; head and collar metallic green, bordered and

crossed by testaceous lines of upright scales ; remainder of the body

above dull tawny, slightly olivaceous in front, yellowish below,

with blackish spots down the centre of the venter. Primaries below

with the disk of a yellower tint than above; the blackish median

spot extended to the base, a blackish spot beyond the cell; outer

border broadly brown, becoming ferruginous upon the costa:

secondaries ferruginous, with a spot in the cell and a squamose

angulated discal belt more or less orange ; anal fringe bright orange.

Expanse 2 inches.

I have to thank Mr. Du Cane Godman for the identification of

this handsome species. I think it may be the insect intended by the

description of Hudamus capucinus, Lefebvre; but the Latin of that

description cannot be translated. It runs thus :—“ E. alis paululum

subrotundatis, supra piceo-fuscis ad basin ochraceo-rubescentibus ;

anticis in mare supra arcu minuto subtus macula fere dubia, in

disco luteis (feemine utrinque maculis duabus geminis eodem colore)

nervula sectis ; subtus anticis ad basin et disco inferiori nigris ;

omnibus alis fuscis atomis rubris griseisque omnino rubescentibus.”

The whole of the descriptions of Lepidoptera in Ramon de la

Sagra’s ‘Cuba’ are of this character. LH. trinitad is said to have

three front wings on each side, with transparent unequal and yel-

lowish spots, “ anticis utringue tribus maculis transluctdis inequali-

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 483

’

bus et flavescentibus ; and although in this case it is evident what

is intended, in other cases it is not so’. Surely where a Latin

diagnosis defies all possibility of translation it ought to be ignored.

47. PAMPHILA INSOLATA, N. sp.

3. Primaries bronzy chocolate-brown, with tawny basal area; a

large black patch below the cell, its anterior border embossed and

greyish: secondaries tawny ochraceous; the costal area, outer

border, and veins blackish: body greenish, abdomen dull tawny,

palpi below sulphur-yellow ; legs tawny. Wings below sordid ochra-

ceous ; primaries with the basal half of a brighter tint, the interno-

basal area and a spot below the cell blackish ; internal border dark

greyish. Expanse | inch 8 lines.

Quite unlike any other species known to me.

48. Pampnita oTHo, Smith & Abbot, Lep. Ins. Georg. i.

pl. 11 (1797).

49, AcHLYODES PorRILLO?, Lefebvre, Ramon de la Sagra’s Cuba,

p- 641 (1857).

The single example taken by Mr. Bowrey has only four hyaline

apical dots on each of the primaries; but this may be what is

intended by “ anticis ad apicem 8 punctis translucentibus albis cir-

culatim dispositis,” the only difficulty being the arrangement of four

dots so as to produce a circle.

HETEROCERA.

50. Enyo camertus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 225. fig. A

(1782).

51. CuzrocaMpa cutRoN, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pl. 26. fig. 3

(1770).

52. DeiLerHiLA LINEATA, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 541

(1775).

53. PHILAMPELUS SATELLITIA, Linnzus, Mantissa, i. p. 539

pl ib):

54. Pacuyxia Ficus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 352 (1764).

55. AMBULYX sTRIGILIS, Linneeus, Mantissa, i. p. 538 (1771).

56. AMPHONYX CLUENTIUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 124,

pl. 78. fig. B (1779).

57. ANCERYX FASCIATA, Swainson, Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. vol. iii.

pl. 150 (1823).

58. DitorpHonotra ELLO, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 351

(1764).

1 Examine the description of Hesperia baracoa as an example.

484 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,

59. DiLopHonotTa xNoTRUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 201.

fig. C (1782).

60. DiLopHONOTA OMPHALE#, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 72

(1870).

61. Prororarce rustica, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 540 (1775).

62. Proroparcre JAMAICENSIS, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix.

p- 608 (1876).

63. Protoparce crneuLaTa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 545

(1775).

64. PsEuDOSPHINX TETRIO, Linneus, Mantissa, i. p.538 (1771).

The larva of P. tetrio is well known to Mr. Bowrey, who de-

scribes it as “ black with yellow bands, and with the head, feet, anal

claspers, and horn scarlet.”

65. CosMosSOMA TYRRHENE, Hiibuer, Samml. ex. Schm. Zutr.

figs. 483, 484.

66. CosmMosoMA AUGE, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 807. n. 46

(1766).

67. EmpyrEUMA PUGIONE, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. il. p. 807. n. 45

(1766).

68. ARE marorinata, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 22. fig. 2

(1773).

69. ComposiA syBARIs, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 71. fig. E

(1779).

70. Evcua#res rnsuuata, Walker, Lep. Het. iii. p. 734. n. 5

(1855).

71. Deropera speciosa, Walker, Lep. Het. ii. p. 568 (1854).

Common in grass. The larva much resembles that of our Euro-

pean Callimorpha jacobee: it is orange, banded with warty-black

bands, and with rather long black bristles projecting from the

warts ; head and legs reddish.

72. CINCIA PALLIDA, 0. sp.

Primaries white, with cream-coloured veins, a black dot at the

base; four oblique parallel equidistant angular series of black dots,

also a marginal series; secondaries pearly grey; head and collar

white; thorax white dotted with black; abdomen pearly grey.

Under surface pale greyish, the spots obsolete; costal margin of

primaries white, with three pale brown spots beyond the middle ;

body whitish. Expanse ] inch | line.

73. Mutona LApiIpARIA, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. v. p. 1896

(1866).

1878.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 485

74. Guissa VARIEGATA, Walker, Lep. Het. ii. p. 380 (1854).

This beautiful little species seems to be not uncommon. Mr.

Bowrey found it settled on the under surface of the leaves of coffee.

75. LAURONA ERGOLIS, Walker, Lep. Het. ii. p. 335 (1854).

This common species is said to have a hairy caterpillar.

76. EvrHisaNoTia Trmais, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 275.

fig. B (1782).

77. EUGLYPHIA HIEROGLYPHICA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl.

147. fig. D (1779).

The larva of this species, which is slightly hairy, feeds on lilies.

78. OcHRIA NIVEOPICTA, N. Sp.

Primaries above deep coppery red; the orbicular and reniform

spots represented by circles of white dots enclosing white spots ;

costal margin white-dotted; a few scattered white dots on basal

area, a discal series and a marginal series; a submarginal series of

white spots: secondaries shining brown, slightly darker at outer

border: body corresponding in colour with the wings. Under sur-

face pinky brown; internal areas of the wings more or less broadly

white ; primaries with pale discocellular spot and outer border.

Expanse | inch 4 lines.

79. PRODENIA IGNOBILIS, 0. sp.

Primaries above shining whity brown; costal margin whitish,

crossed by oblique brown spots ; two black dots and a small brown

spot at the end of the cell; a double discal series of black dots on

the veins; an ill-defined series of internervular bronzy streaks; an

oblique bronzy streak from the second median interspace to near the

base of the inner margin, where it terminates in a black line; a

marginal series of black dots; fringe bronzy, crossed by white lines

from the ends of the veins, and with a white internal margin:

secondaries semitransparent opaline white: body pale brown, the

head, collar, and tegule whitish ; a darker brown patch on each

side of the collar. Wings below white, most of the markings obso-

lete ; primaries sericeous, with bronzy-tinted fringe and costa; a

marginal series of black dots ; body below whitish, varied with pale

reddish brown. Expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

This species and the next have the general aspect of Leucania.

80. PRopENIA PAUPER, 0. sp.

Primaries above shining whity brown, with five or six black costal

dots and three (indicating the reniform spot) at the end of the cell ;

an arched discal series of minute black dots on the veins ; outer

border rather dusky ; a marginal series of minute black dots:

secondaries semitransparent opaline white ; the apex with a brown

marginal line ; costal area pale brown: body whity brown ; front of

the collar brown, with a black posterior edge. Under surface

shining, the markings obsolete. Expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

486 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,

81. ConpicA PALPALIS, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 240 (1856).

82. APAMEA INTERMITTENS, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1686.

(1858).

83. Periteea Mositis, Walker, Lep. Het. x. p. 277 (1856).

84. Hapena asrpa, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv. pl. 109.

fig. 7 (2).

The example from Jamaica has the apices of the primaries rather

more rounded and the pattern less strongly indicated than in

Felder’s figure ; still it is so like it that it would be unsafe to regard

it as a distinct species.

85. Exousa aLercans, Walker, Lep. Het. xiii. p. 1118 (1857).

This genus is nearly allied to Hrastria; the same species is

described subsequently by Walker under the name of Lrastria

includens.

86. GoNODONTA NuTRIX, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 312. fig. B

(1782).

87. Hypuaa purerA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 103. figs, D, E

(1779).

88. CosmMoPpHILA EROSA, Hubner, Samml. ex. Schm. Zutr.

figs. 287, 288.

89. DrEcELEA BOWREYI, 0. Sp.

Primaries pale brown mottled with black; a broad central band

(the internal third of which is black and the remainder of the

ground-colour), limited internally by a black line, and externally by

an angulated and slightly irregular white line; a black line across

the base, terminating on interno-median area in a triangular black

patch ; several black costal dashes and an oblique black line from

the costa across the central band; a subcostal greyish lunule partly

bordered by pearly scales beyond the central band; a very irregular

dentate-sinuate whity-brown discal stripe with dark borders ; a sub-

marginal series of black bracket-like markings separated by white

dots upon the veins ; fringe spotted with dark brown: secondaries

reddish brown, darker towards the outer border; a black sinuated

marginal line interrupted on the veins by white dots; fringe pale

brown, bordered and intersected by parallel dusky lunules: body

pale brown speckled with black; collar with an ill-defined central

black line, the border pearly ; a few pearly whitish scales scattered

over the thorax ; abdomen with three very prominent dark brown

dorsal tufts or masses of scales. Primaries below pale olive-brown

slightly sericeous; a black costal spot before the middle, and a

second smaller one beyond the middle; the remainder of the costa

alternately brown and white; disk darker than the rest of the wing,

crossed by a nearly straight dusky line, and limited externally by a

very irregular dentate-sinuate line ; a sinuated black marginal line,

interrupted by white dots upon the veins; fringe with red-brown

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 487

external spots: secondaries pinky brown, crossed by two dark

lines which form a central semicircular area, in the middle of which

is the dark discocellular lunule; a dusky submarginal belt ; margin

and fringe as above: body below pinky-brown; tarsi black, banded

with testaceous or pinky whitish. Expanse 1 inch 6 lines.

This singular species has somewhat the aspect of a Dasychira ; it

seems, however, to be allied to the genus Nenia.

90. Homorrera TERROSA, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 11. n. 1332

(1852).

Whether Walker has rightly identified this species I cannot say,

but his H. posterior is the same as his H. terrosa.

91. Boxtrna rascioLaris, Hibner, Samml. ex. Schm. Zutr.

figs. 443, 444.

92. Boxtina cunEarts, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 70. n. 1414 (1852).

93. BoLINA PERPENDICULARIS, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 65. n. 1404

(1852).

94. BoLINnA EVELINA, 0. sp.

Markings nearly as in B. ochrodes, but the primaries slaty grey,

the large reniform patch of the same colour, the internal two thirds

of the central band whity brown mottled with greyish brown; two

triangular black subcostal spots resting upon the inner margin of

the trisinuate red-brown discal stripe; external area soft silver-

grey; marginal line yellowish; fringe brown, white at external

angle; secondaries with the basal half and fringe white, the external

half black; thorax lilacine, abdomen grey. Wings below with the

basal half and fringe white, the external half blackish; primaries

with a white spot just beyond the cell; fringes tipped with black ;

body white; the palpi and legs fringed with pink. Expanse | inch

9 lines.

Most like B. agrotoides in the pattern and coloration of the

primaries.

95. Botina? conrirmans, Walker, Lep. Het. xiii. p. 1157.

n. 25 (1857).

This species would, in my opinion, be better placed with Biula.

I can find no difference whatever between Syneda limbolaris (a

species much like a Bolina) and Grammodes grandirena of Walker’s

Catalogue. ;

96. Prostna NuMERIA, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pl. 23. fig. 5

(1770).

The species from Venezuela is quite distinct, the specimens from

St. Domingo identified by Walker as P. mexicana being referable to

P.numeria. For Walker’s P. numeria I would propose the name of

Hypogramma confusa ; it is nearly allied to Hypogramma sublucida.

488 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,

97. THysANIA ZENOBIA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 115. A, B

(1779).

98. Eresus opora, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 811. n. 11 (1766).

The chrysalis of this species is enclosed in a slight cocoon, to

which leaves are attached.

It appears to me that at least five species have been confounded

under this name; of these three are already figured as follows :—

1. E. odora of Linnzus, in which both sexes are alike in general

pattern and both shot with purple; Drury’s figure represents a

specimen in which the purple seems to have faded. Jamaica and

St. Domingo.

2. E. odorata of Clerk, in which both sexes are again alike, but

different from E. odora, a strongly dentate whitish belt intersected

by black lines running through both wings. St. Domingo and New

Granada.

3. E. agarista of Cramer, in which the male has a pale discal

sinuated belt, and the wings from the centre shot with rose-colour ;

whilst the female has the belt snow-white, intersected by black

lines and a feeble Jilacine tint beyond the centre of the wings.

Brazil.

E. agarista is the most richly-coloured species.

We also have a female from Havannah, which is certainly dif-

ferent, and examples of a species which seems to be distinct from St.

Kitts, Nevis, and New Granada.

99. Puurys GARNOTI, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 307 (1852).

In my opinion this species would be better placed in Trigonodes

than in Phurys.

100. ACHHA INDISTINCTA, 0. Sp.

Primaries red-brown, the base and a diffused belt beyond the

middle paler ; a nearly triangular subapical costal chocolate- brown

patch bounded externally by a white line ; an apical dark-brown spot ;

costa greyish : secondaries smoky brown, crossed at the middle by a

whitish stripe; fringe white; a submarginal sordid white spot near

the anal angle: body whitish. Wings below pale olive-brown, with

the basal area whitish ; primaries with an abbreviated sordid white

discal baud ; a bifid subapical white spot: secondaries with brown

discocellulars, followed by a white central band; a marginal sub-

anal white spot ; fringe snow-white: body creamy-white, Expanse

1 inch 9 lines.

Allied to A. eyllota.

101. PoaPHILA CINEREA, 0. sp.

Ashy grey, wings with diffused chocolate-brown external area; a

faint indication of an irregular central belt, expressed by zigzag

limiting lines; an indistinct grey zigzag discal line across the brown

area; primaries with a white spot at the inferior angle of the dis-

coidal cell. Under surface paler ; the outer edge of the indistinct

1878.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 489

central belt relieved by a whitish border; primaries without the

white spot ; secondaries with an ill-defined dusky discal belt ; fringe

white. Expanse | inch 3 lines.

102. Remicia DIssEVERANS, Walker, Lep. Het. xiv. p. 1495

(1857).

This species is identical with R. persubtilis of Walker, and allied

to his Ophiusa delinquens.

103. RuxescrPHa ELEGANS, nD. Sp.

Allied to R. servia, but with narrower wings, the palpi much

more slender; the primaries with less distinctly sinuated margin; a

small white dot on lower median interspace close to the margin ; no

yellow spots ; secondaries pale reddish instead of smoky brown, the

base and costal area white ; thorax burnt-sienna red like the prima-

ries ; abdomen very pale brown, almost white : wings below much

whiter than in R. servia; body below snow-white, palpi and tibize

of anterior and middle pairs of legs brown. Expanse | inch 7 lines.

I find that the genus Rhescipha is most nearly allied to Tetra-

tocera.

104. THERMESIA GEMMATALIS, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 355. n.

1828 (1852).

105. Azazia MonsrraTuRA, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1564

(1858).

This species is certainly nearer to Azazia than to Thermesia, with

which genus Walker placed it.

The following genus has been a puzzle to me; but it appears to

be more nearly allied to Zuelidia than to any thing else.

CALLISCOTUS, n. gen.

Form and general structure of Zuclidia, but the body less robust,

the palpi shorter, with very short terminal joint, porrect ; abdomen

shorter ; primaries comparatively longer; subcostal branches of

secondaries emitted from a footstalk; discocellulars concave but

very oblique. Type C. bowreyi.

106. Catuiscotus BowReYI, n. sp.

Primaries pale brown, crossed by numerous irregularly dentate-

sinuate black lines; a broad dark-brown subbasal belt, beyond

which are two large patches a little, paler than the ground-colour,

outlined in black ; in the middle of the upper one is a small ocellus,

representing the reniform spot, and pale brown edged with black

and encircled by a yellowish iris; a few scattered white scales on

the external area; subapical area dusky; a dentate-sinuate pale

line, white, and followed by triangular black spots between the veins;

an interrupted black marginal line: secondaries fuliginous brown,

with dusky external border; a dark angulated discal stripe and a

blackish anal spot: body whity brown. Wings below whity brown,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXII. 32

490 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,

with discocellular spots, angulated discal stripes, and external

borders black ; the apices, a triangular spot at the centre of each

outer margin, the fringes, and some spots at the anal angle of

secondaries white; body below whitish. Expanse 1 inch 7 lines.

A pretty species, somewhat calling to mind the Geometrid genus

Scotosia.

107. CapnopEs? CALIDA, 0. sp.

Bright clay-colour ; wings with two very irregular central brown-

bordered whitish dentate-sinuate lines from costa to inner margin,

each dens terminating in a white dot; outer border red-brown,

bounded internally by a pale zigzag line ; a nearly marginal series of

dots black internally and white externally: primaries with a snow-

white spot and one or two dots at the end of the cell ; secondaries

with a black-centred whitish spot at the end of the cell. Wings

below considerably paler and irrorated with smoky brown ; secondaries

whitish towards the base and inner border, the spots at the end of

the cell less strongly defined than above, the lines obsolete. Ex-

panse 1 inch 2 lines.

This species has rather long palpi for a Capnodes, but in general

form, style of coloration, and every thing else agrees with that

genus.

108. Uranta stoanus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 85. figs. E, F

(1779).

109. NycraLazmon acGistus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 10.

n- 93.

110. CH#RODES TRANSTINCTA, var., Walker, Lep. Het. xx. p. 20

(1860).

111. DrepaNopEs PionariA, var., Walker, Lep. Het. xx. p. 71

(1860).

112. BoARMIA DELICATA, 0. sp.

Wings above chalky white ; the basal area and disk of primaries,

and the external half of secondaries, crossed by parallel undulated

testaceous bands; a well-defined zigzag stripe across the middle of

the disk ; two central angulated slender black lines, between which

is a black discocellular annulus on each wing; a marginal series of

black dots: body white; abdomen banded with testaceous. Under

surface white; wings with black discocellular spots, pale greyish-

brown discal belt, and black marginal dots ; primaries with the costa

black-spotted. Expanse 1 inch 6 lines.

113. AmpHiIDasys ARNOBIA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 383. fig. I

(1782).

114. JopIs KINSTONENSIS, n. sp.

_ Wings above emerald-green, crossed by a wavy yellowish discal

line; fringes lemon-yellow, tipped with white; discocellular spots

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 491

black, encircled with orange: frons deep red, with white angles and

a central longitudinal green stripe; crest deep red, speckled with

white; antenne deep red, annulated with white ; back of head, collar,

and tegule emerald-green ; thorax and abdomen pale pinky brown

or flesh-colour. Wings below much paler than above, especially at

outer margin, sericeous; primaries with a small red apical spot ;

palpi above dark red tipped with white, below pearly white; pectus

snow-white, legs and venter pearly white. Expanse 1 inch | line.

115. Mecoceras siractariA, Walker, Lep. Het. xxii. p. 607

(1861).

116. Hyria VINACEA, n. sp.

Laky purple, with rather broad ochreous outer border, between

which and the general colour is a belt, reddish externally and slaty

grey internally; abdomen with ochreous margins: wings below

paler than above, the border cream-coloured ; body below cream-

coloured. Expanse 7 lines.

A pretty little species.

117. Erosta INCONGRUA, 0. sp.

Sordid white, reticulated and speckled with brown: primaries

with the base of costa cinereous; an irregularly elbowed testaceous

line across the basal third; an angulated dark brown discal line

(blood-red in certain lights), terminating on inner margin in a semi-

circular brown spot; four submarginal brown spots on the apical

half of outer border: secondaries with a black-edged sagittiform

streak through the cell; a white-edged elbowed blackish line across

the disk, bounded internally near the abdominal margin by an oblong

patch of red-brown; apical area clouded with reddish brown ;

border between the caudal processes greyish, black-edged inter-

nally ; two submarginal black dots on the median interspaces : body

white, with grey head and collar. Under surface sordid white,

speckled with black. Expanse 9 lines.

118, AcrpaLia umMBiLiIcaTA, Guénée, Phal.i. p. 504. n. 872

(1857).

119. Acrpauia apparitartiA, Walker, Lep. Het. xxii. p. 733.

n. 145 (1861).

120. Macaria acmaLiata?, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 893.

n. 33 (1861). 4

There is a broken example of what appears to be a species of

Anisodes ; but I hope Mr. Bowrey will send us a good example some

day, and thus enable me to identify it with certainty.

121. Yestrperes? ANOMALA, N. sp.

Primaries above with the basal third and costa stramineous, the

rest of the wing silvery brown; basal area crossed by sinuated red-

32*

492 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,

dish ochraceous lines, and the rest of the wing by sepia-brown

lines ; a discal series of white-edged spots, black on the discoidal

interspaces, otherwise brown ; median vein and bases of the branches

black-spotted : secondaries semitransparent sordid white, with opaque

outer border and grey submarginal stripe : body stramineous, streaked

with reddish ochraceous. Wings below cream-coloured, with greyish-

brown submarginal belt ; body white. Expanse 1 inch.

The only example obtained of this singular species is, unfortu-

nately, rather rubbed.

122. Scorosia caTocaLaRiA, Walker, Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1689

(1866).

123. PrerocyPHA STELLATA, Guénée, Phal. ii. p. 443. n. 1627

(1857).

124, HypostpRA OCHREA, 0. sp.

Ochreous ; wings with a silvery gloss, excepting the outer border,

a discal belt, and a costal dash upon the primaries, which are of a

clearer yellow colour ; primaries with the lower half of the discal

belt edged externally with orange and plumbaginous; edge of

fringe orange: secondaries with two parallel zigzag purplish-brown

streaks across the abdominal half, the upper streak intersected by a

plumbaginous line; edge of fringe orange: head brown. Wings

below bright ochreous, with an oblique discal purplish streak ;

primaries with diffused silvery-whitish external area ; pectus whitish,

legs testaceous. Expanse 1 inch 3 lines.

I have to thank Mr. F. Moore for the identification of this genus,

the type of which is a Javan species, not in the Museum collec-

tion.

125. HyPENA LUNIFERA, 0. sp.

Primaries above lilacine brown, crossed by two slender blackish

zigzag lines, between which is an orange lunule, with its inferior

extremity white and edged with black, representing the reniform

spot; an orange dot at the costal extremity of the second black

line, and two subcostal dots of the same colour close to apex; a

marginal series of black dots: secondaries pale smoky brown, darker

towards the outer margin, crossed at the middle by an arched series

of black spots; a marginal series of black dots: body dark brown,

back of thorax slightly lilacine.- Primaries below greyish brown;

costal area speckled with whity brown; the discocellulars and an

arched discal series of spots dusky ; a marginal series of depressed

triangular spots: secondaries sordid white, speckled with dark brown ;

a black discocellular lunule ; two discal parallel zigzag dark brown

lines, the outer one ill-defined ; a marginal series of black spots, as

in primaries ; pectus smoky brown. Expanse 1 inch.

126. SyNGAMIA FLORELLA, Cramer, Pap, Exot. iv. pl. 348. fig. L

1782).

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 493

127. Dresmta orBa.is, Guénée, Delt. p. 192. n. 128 (1854).

128. Desm1a PROGNEALIS, Walker, Lep. Het. xvii. p. 346. n. 22

(1859).

129. SAMEA CHLOROPHASMA, 0. sp.

Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish, with stramineous borders ;

outer border spotted with rust-red ; primaries with three mustard-

yellow irregular lines across the basal area, followed by a straight

golden brown transverse line, then a stramineous belt margined with

brown, followed by a quadrate spot of the same character at the end

of the cell (its inner edge continued as a single line to internal

margin) ; an angulated brown discal line, terminating at inner margin

in a rusty reddish spot: secondaries with a black-edged stramineous

discocellular spot, from which a brown line runs obliquely to inner

margin ; an angulated brown discal line, terminating at anal angle in

a quadrate rusty reddish spot: thorax stramineous, streaked with

mustard-yellow; abdomen testaceous. Wings below altogether paler

than above, the markings less distinct; body below silvery white ;

palpi yellow; legs cream-coloured. Expanse 10 lines.

A delicate golden-looking little species.

130. AGATHODES MONSTRALIS, Guénée, Delt. p. 209. n. 165

(1854).

131. Hymenta perspecrattis, Hiibner, Ex. Schm. Zutr. fig.

101.

132. CoNCHYLODES DIPHTHERALIS, Hiibner, Ex. Schm. Zutr.

figs. 691, 692.

133. PHAKELLURA HYALINATA, Linn. Syst. Nat. ili. 2, p. 873

(1766).

134, PHAKELLURA NiTIDALIS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 371.

fig. F (1782).

Mr. Bowrey says that he found the species of Phakellura feeding

upon the flowers of gourds.

135. MARGARONIA QUADRISTIGMALIS, Guénée, Delt. p. 304.

n. 319 (1854).

136. Borys BUTYROSA, 0. sp.

Wings dull lemon-yellow: primaries with the costa sericeous, a

feeble opaline tint beyond the middle, an angular pale browu line

across the basal third, and a sickle-shaped pale brown line across

the disk ; marginal line tawny : secondaries with opaline costal area ;

marginal line tawny: head and prothorax yellow; rest of the body

shining creamy white ; abdomen with a yellow dorsal line ;_project-

ing frontal tuft white; palpi brown above, white below. Body below

pearly white; legs pearly white, with the femora and the anterior

tibiee brown; wings below opaline. Expanse | inch 7 lines,

494 MR. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. [May 7,

137. Borys LUCILLA, n. sp.

Bright golden yellow, with a very slight pinky spot; wings with

the two usual lines greyish ; primaries with the discoidal spots re-

presented by grey dots; secondaries with whitish abdominal area ;

head pearly white; abdomen pale yellow. Wings below paler than

above, opaline ; body pearly white. Expanse 9 lines.

138. Borys princrpatis, Lederer, Wien. ent. Monatschr. vii.

pl. 10. fig. 17 (1873). _

139. Borys eLaucusauis, Walker, Lep. Het. xvii. p. 576. n. 51

(1859).

140. Borys aGaveatts, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 574. n. 47

(1859).

141. Borys evryTauis, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 576. n. 50

(1859).

142. Borys campatis, Guénée, Delt. p. 344. n. 397 (1854).

143. Borys GasTRALIs, Guénée, Delt. p. 346. n. 400 (1854).

144. Borys eratatis, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 578. n. 54

(1859).

145. Borys oxtvi, n. sp.

Pale olive-brown, with bright bronze reflections; the usual lines

grey; orbicular and reniform spots outlined in grey; body greyish

brown. Wings beiow considerably paler, whitish towards the base,

sericeous ; inner line absent ; body white. Expanse 10 lines.

Nearly allied to B. plebeialis.

146. Borys wexcrrauis, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 574. n. 46

(1859).

147. Mecyna rREveRSALIs, Guénée, Delt. p. 409. n. 531 (1854),

148. ANERASTIA IGNOBILIS, 0. sp.

Primaries above pale pinky brownish or flesh-colour, the infero-

exterior quarter of the wing slaty grey; the median vein, its two

superior branches, the terminal portions of the subcostal branches,

the extreme ends of the remaining veins, and the centre of the

submedian vein silvery white; an abbreviated longitudinal apical

streak and a subcostal streak black; one or two minute black

dots on the median and submedian veins: secondaries hyaline,

iridescent, with dusky outer border: thorax red-brown, streaked

with pinky white; head and palpi white; abdomen grey. Primaries

and body below pale shining brown; secondaries as above. Ex-

panse 11 lines.

149, ARGYRIA VESTALIS, n. sp.

Silvery white: primaries with a small triangular spot at the

1878. | ON LAND-SHELLS FROM JAPAN AND BORNEO. 495

middle of costa, an oblique dash followed: by a triangular spot near

apex, and a submarginal stripe, with zigzag inner edge dark choco-

late-brown ; outer border and fringe pale brown, traversed by two

straight dusky lines; a minute brown spot at middle of inner

margin: base and sides of palpi chocolate-brown. Below silvery

white; the costal area of primaries pale brownish. Expanse 11

millimetres.

Like A. insons of Felder, but only half as large ; also allied to

A. chrysogyrans, Walker (MS. ’).

150. Cypos1A NOBILITELLA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 264.

fig. G (1782).

151. Tinea?, sp.

This insect has lost all the fringes of its wings, so that I cannot

recognize its genus. The neuration of the secondaries seems to be

exactly that of Zinea ; but the head is too broad, and the palpi are

too long and robust ; in coloration and the general form of its wings

it is most like Cerostoma vittella.

152. PreROPHORUS ASPILODACTYLUS, Walker, Lep. Het. xxx.

p- 941. n. 43 (1864).

5. Descriptions of new Land-Shells from J apan and Borneo.

By Enear A. Smiru, F.ZS.

[Received April 15, 1878.]

Hexrx (CAMENA) LEWISII.

Testa dextrorsa, conoideo-globosa, subanguste umbilicata, oblique

striata, alba, epidermide tenui luteo-olivacea induta, fascia angusta

fusca ad peripheriam picta; anfract. 64, convewxiusculi, sensim

crescentes, ultimus rotundatus, antice breviter descendens ;

apertura obliqua, intus alba; perist. undique expansum, margine

columellari sordido-roseo tincto, superne late expanso et reflexo.

Diam. max. 35 mill., min. 29; alt. 24.

Hab. Japan (George Lewis).

Perhaps the most closely allied Japanese species to this one is

H. miranda, A. Adams. From it H. lewisii differs in having a

more conical spire, a narrower umbilicus, finer oblique striae, and no

spiral sculpture.

The oblique striz# at the suture are rather deeply incised and

more crowded than on the other parts of the whorls, many of them

extending only about a line from the suture and then gradually

fading away. The first four whorls differ from the last two in

being obliquely punctato-striate, instead of exhibiting an ordinary

striation. The brown band is situated a very little above the middle

of the body-whorl, and passing just above its suture, is visible on two

496 MR. E. A. SMITH ON LAND-SHELLS [May 7,

or three of the preceding yolutions. The umbilicus is very deep

and penetrable to the apex of the shell, but rather narrow, occupying

about one seventh of the smallest diameter.

The peristome rather broadly expanded and white, with the

exception of the columellar and basal margins, which are stained

with a dirty pinkish colour. Over the umbilicus it is broadly ex-

panded, reflexed, and joined to the upper margin by a thin callosity.

This species is quite distinct from H. myomphala, Martens, and, al-

Fig. 1.

a ey

Helix (Camena) lewisii.

though agreeing in the style of coloration, differs in form and the

umbilicus.

The single example in the British Museum was presented by Mr.

George Lewis.

Hexrx (CAMENA) CONGENITA.

Testa suborbicularis; spira breviter conica, subaperte umbilicata,

tenuiuscula, pallide straminea, zona lata interrupta irregulari fusca,

vel strigis latis fuscis infra medium anfr. ultimi ornata et hic

illic supra strigis obliquis paucis indistinctis notata, interdum ad

peripheriam zona angusta fusca cincta, et umbilico aliquando fusco

tincto ; anfractus 53-6, convewiusculi, lineis incrementi elevatis,

filiformibus, obliquis, flecuosis et striis minutissimis spiralibus

inter lineas elevatas sculpti, ultimus angustiusculus, antice prope

labrum breviter subitoque descendens ; apertura subhorizontalis,

intus livida, fusco tincta; peristoma tenue, livido-fusco et albo

diverse pictum, undique reflecum et expansum.

Diam. max. 30 mill., min. 25, alt. 19; apert. 163 long., 14 lat.

Hab. Japan.

This species partakes in a great measure of the form of H. congener,

recently described by me in these ‘ Proceedings’ (1878, p. 105).

The spire, however, is a little more elevated, the last whorl a trifle

less robust, and the aperture narrower.

The sculpture of this species is much coarser, the lines of growth

being developed into thread-like liree, and the spiral striz invisible

to the naked eye, and more conspicuous between than upon the

1878. | FROM JAPAN AND BORNEO. 497

oblique thread-like lines of growth when viewed under a lens. The

descent of the body-whorl is very sudden and brief. The whorl,

owing to the expansion of the peritreme, has a constricted appear-

ance in that part.

The umbilicus is a little more open than in H. congener, and

consequently more perspective. The coloration of this species is not

easily definable. The ground-colour is pale straw, the oblique raised

liree being more opaque and yellower. The body-whorl below the

periphery is stained with brown, or looks as if it were scorched.

The colouring takes the form of a very broad interrupted transverse

band, or, in other words, of wide blotches or stripes. ‘The latter are

sometimes continued upon the upper half of the whorl, and are also

here and there faintly observable on the upper volutions. One

Helix (Camena) congenita.

specimen has a narrow peripherial brown band. The body-whorl is

stained with brown outside the tip; and this, owing to the thinness

of the shell, produces a brownish labrum, which in some places,

particularly at the extreme edge and in the columellar region, is

somewhat whitish. It is rather widely expanded at the base and

columella, and is a trifle reflexed everywhere. The aperture is very

transverse, in fact almost horizontal; it is of a livid white colour

within, exhibiting the brown marking of the exterior.

Subgen. Myxostoma, Troschel.

Testa plus minusve discoidea, late umbilicata ; apertura circularis ;

peristoma duplex, margine interiore superne plerumque leviter

sinuato, externo supra sinum alatim eapanso. Operculum corneum,

crassum, inferne paulo concavum, in medio nucleo prominulo, extus

marginibus anfractuum lamellosis.

This section of Cyclophorus agrees with Pterocyclos in the form

of the shell and its peristome, but differs in having a thick horny

operculum, with the margins of the whorls lamellated exteriorly,

that of Pterocyclos being calcareous and spirally laminated.

CycLopHorvus (MyxosToMA) BATHYRHAPHE.

‘Testa discoidea, apertissime umbilicata, spira parum elevata, sub

epidermide luteo-olivacea sordide vel ce@ruleo-albida; anfr. 53,

rotundati, sutura valde canaliculata sejuncti, ultimus sat magnus

498 MR. E. A. SMITH ON LAND-SHELLS [May 7,

superne ad canalem suturalem carina lamelliformi munitus, lineis

incrementi tenuibus leviter obliquis sculptus ; apertura oblique

circularis, intus ceruleo-alba; peristoma duplicatum, margine

interiort levi vix expanso, superne prope anfractum parum

profunde sinuato, externo anguste expanso, superne ala parva

leviter fornicata instructo. Operculum corneum, concentricum,

multispirale, utringue concavum, extus lamellis brevibus striatis

obtectum.

Diam. max. 31 mill., min. 22, alt. 15, apert. diam. intern. 9.

Hab. Borneo (G. B. Sowerby).

Shell discoidal, openly umbilicated, and clothed with a thin uni-

form yellowish-olivaceous epidermis. Beneath this it is of a dirty

or bluish-white tint. The spire is only slightly raised above the last

whorl. The whorls, about five in number, are convex and bordered

by a deep and broadish channel at the suture, the outer margin of

the canaliculation being produced into a thin lamellar ridge or keel ;

and outside this carina the whorls are a trifle depressed or excavated.

Fig. 3.

Cyclophorus (Myxostoma) bathyraphe.

The sculpture consists merely of the lines of growth, which are fine

and somewhat oblique. The aperture is slopingly circular, bluish

white, and has a double lip. The inner edge is thicker than the

outer, and scarcely at all everted. The sinus is distinct, moderately

deep, and situated at the termination of the sutural canaliculation.

The outer rim is somewhat expanded but not reflexed, narrowest on

the left side where it touches the whorl, and thin and sharp at the

extreme edge. Above it is expanded in the form of a small wing,

which slightly arches over the sinus and has a tendency to

a deflection in front.

This species in the nature of its operculum agrees with the genus

Myzxostoma, which was founded by Troschel (‘ Zeitschrift fiir Mala-

1878. | FROM JAPAN AND BORNEO. 499

kozoologie,’ 1847, p. 44) for the reception of the curious shell

figured by Martyn under the name of Lituus brevis.

It only differs from Myzostoma in having the inner lip of the

aperture sinuated above, and in the wing-like expansion of the outer

rim not leaning upon the penultimate whorl. The canaliculate suture,

I presume, is only a specific character.

In all respects agreeing with this species are two others, Cyclo-

stoma planorbulus, Lamarck, and Pterocyclos albersi, Pfr. The

former has had several localities quoted as its home, among which

are Senegal?, Philippine Islands, Bengal, Java, Borneo, Sumatra (in

Mus. Cuming), and Pulo Condore Island. Which of these is the

true habitat [ cannot say with certainty, nor am I aware that it has

ever been definitely settled; there is, however, some slight evi-

dence to show that the last locality is the correct one. We are also

in the same state of uncertainty respecting Pt. albersi. Pfeiffer

described the species not knowing its locality ; and Benson (‘Annals

of Nat. Hist.’ 1857, vol. xix. p. 208) is wrong in attributing a shell

found at Teria Ghat, Khasia hills, India, to this species ; for it was,

as shown by Hanley (‘Conchologia Indica,’ p. 56), only a variety

of Pt. parvus, Pearson.

Here, then, is a small group of four species, all having a Pterocy-

cloid expansion of the outer rim of the lip, and an operculum of

precisely the same structure. Three of them have channelled sutures

to the whorls, are of a depressed orbicular form, and have the inner

lip sinuated at the termination of the sutural channel. The fourth

(brevis) and the type of Myzostoma lacks the channelled suture,

and has only the slightest trace of a sinus in the lip—both of which

characters, especially the former, I consider more specific than

generic. From Cyclophorus with its simple concentric thin horny

operculum and simple lip to the aperture, the different operculum

and expansion of the lip of Myzostoma warrant, at all events, a

subgenerie separation.

There are two or three Burmese species (Cyclophorus pinnulifer,

Benson, C. calyx, Benson, and C. hispidulus, Blanford) which will

also conveniently range under this genus. They are depressed sub-

discoid shells with a double rim to the aperture, the outer lip with

a small superior wing-like expansion, and the operculum thick, horny,

with the outer margins of the whorls lamellated. For this group

Blanford proposed the name Scadrina (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,

1863, p. 322).

The museum is indebted to Mr. J. B. Sowerby for a single speci-

men of this interesting species.

500 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

6. On the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Ptilopus.

By D. G. Extiot, F.R.S.E. &c.

[Received April 16, 1878.]

(Plates XXXIII. & XXXIV.)

My material for the present paper has been most ample, and was

derived from the following sources :—the collection of the Paris Mu-

seum, rich in the types of the older authors, such as Hombron and

Jacquinot, Lesson, Quoy and Gaimard, Bonaparte, Temminck, Knip,

&e. ; the collection of the British Museum, containing the types of

Gray, Gould, Wallace, &c.; a series of special desiderata from the

Museum at Genoa, collected by D’Albertis, Bruijn, &c., and from

the Museum of Count Turati at Milan; a large number of various

species from different localities brought by Laglaize, and especially

by M. Raffray, now in the Paris Museum ; the species of Péilopus

procured by the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, also those from Duke-of-

York Island sent by Mr. Brown ; specimens in Messrs. Salvin and

Godman’s collection obtained by Mr. Layard in the Fiji Islands ;

and, lastly, the type specimen of Dr. Finsch’s recently described Pt.

ponapensis.

Probably no such complete series, illustrating the species of this

group from all localities, has ever before been at the disposal of any one

wishing to study these birds; and it is very safe to say that, unless I

had had before me the actual specimens described and figured by the

earlier writers, especially of those species belonging to the islands of

the Polynesian subregion, this paper could never have been written

without great danger of adding to the confusion already existing in

these perplexing birds. The descriptions in many instances are so

meagre and unsatisfactory, and the illustrations, in certain cases, so

totally unlike the originals, that it is utterly impossible to recognize

the species by them ; but having had the specimens, in the majority of

instances, before me, I have been enabled to ascertain without diffi-

culty to what species these doubtful birds (made such by their authors)

really belonged. Some of my conclusions may be found to be quite

at variance from those of other authors; but in all cases (unless

otherwise stated), let it be remembered, I have judged from the vast

material at my command, and, having brought to my task a mind to-

tally unprejudiced by any preconceived opinions, it will not perhaps be

deemed too great a request should I ask that, if any of the decisions

arrived at in this paper are rejected, they may be condemned only

after the examination of material at least approximating somewhat

to that which I have consulted, and such as will clearly show my

views to be erroneous.

Probably there are but few groups of birds so liable to lead a

naturalist astray as those species of Ptilopus inhabiting the Pacific

islands ; and, without an ample series before him, no one could

accurately diagnose the forms that really are distinct. In this spe-

cial division ot the genus the collection of the Paris Museum is rich,

1878. ] MR. D, G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 501

probably beyond all others, through the material brought to France

by the scientific expeditions known as the voyages of the ‘Astrolabe,’

* Coquille,’ ‘Vénus,’ ‘Zélé,’ ‘Pole Sud,’ &. Many types are among

these specimens ; and it has been by their assistance I have worked

out the synonymy of the species of the Polynesian subregion. All

the species figured by Bonaparte in his ‘ Iconographie des Pigeons’

are also in the Museum, and have been invaluable in enabling me to

arrange the synonymy and determine the species to which they be-

long, which has not been always possible from the work itself, some

curious and unaccountable errors having been committed by the

authors.

Man is fallible, and it is not to be supposed that in an extensive

review of some seventy species no errors have been committed ; but,

having endeavoured to verify every statement made in this paper

(taking nothing for granted), I may venture to hope that inaccuracies

have been reduced to a minimum.

The pleasing duty now alone remains for me to express my thanks

to those who have assisted me with material during the time I have’

been occupied with this memoir, without whose aid it certainly never

could have been properly completed. To my friend Prof. A. Milne-

Edwards, to whom I have already so often given my testimony as to

his willingness to accord every facility for the study and examination

of the unequalled collection of birds and quadrupeds under his charge,

I am again under obligations for every assistance rendered to me

during the months I have been engaged upon this group. Not only

was every specimen the Museum contained continually at my dis-

posal, but also many books from his own library were placed at my

service as, from time to time, I had need of them. It is only by

such enlightened assistance and cooperation from those who are at

the heads of great departments in European museums that any satis-

factory work can be accomplished by a naturalist who may not be

himself attached to such institutions. To Dr. Oustalet, Aide-Natura-

liste, I also desire to express my thanks for much assistance continu-

ally and freely given. To my friend Count T. Salvadori I would

acknowledge my indebtedness for a very valuable series of specimens

not otherwise obtainable, procured by the consent of the Marquis G.

Doria from the Museum at Genoa, among which were some types of

Count Salvadori’s lately described species. To Count H. Turati I

am also obliged for specimens from his magnificent museum. To

my friend Dr. Sclater I am indebted for opportunities of examining

the collection of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, and also those sent to

him from different islands in the Pacific, containing various types of

the species described by him from time to time; and to Messrs. Sal-

vin and Godman for specimens from their collection obtained by Mr.

Layard, and which I brought to Paris for comparison with those in

the Museum collection. To Mr. Sharpe, who placed at my disposal

all the specimens of this genus in the British Museum, among which

were various types of much service in determining some doubtful

points, I am greatly obliged. And, lastly, to the Directors of

the Museum Godeffroy, who sent me the types of Ptilopus pona-

502 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

pensis described lately in this Journal by Dr. Finsch, I am much

indebted.

I commence with a brief review of the literature of the genus :—

1766. Linnzvus, ‘ Systema Nature.’

But one species was known to this author belonging to the pre-

sent genus, and was named by him Columba viridis. Species 1.

1788. GMELIN, ‘Systema Nature.’

In this work three species are given, two of which are described

the first time—C. viridis, C.jambu, and C. melanocephalus. Another

one is mentioned, the C. purpurata, based on Latham’s “ Purple-

crowned Pigeon.” This, however, describes no species known, but

is taken from portions of two different ones, and therefore cannot be

recognized. Species 3.

1813. Temminck, ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Pigeons et des Gal-

linacées.’

Two species are here described belonging to the genus Ptilopus,

viz. Pt. cinctus and Pt. superbus, placed in the genus Columba.

Species 5.

1820-39. Tremminck, ‘ Planches Coloriées.’

Eight species are described in this work belonging to this genus,

all under the term Columba, seven of which are given for the first

time, viz. Pt. magnificus, Pt. monachus, Pt. pulchellus, Pt: hyogaster,

Pt. porphyreus, Pt. perlatus, and Pt. nanus. The Pt. zanthogaster

of Wagl. is renamed diademata. Species 12.

1825. Swainson, ‘ Zoological Journal.’

Pt. regina, from Australia, described as Columba purpurata, var.

regina. Species 13.

1826. Lesson, ‘ Voyage de la Coquille.’

In the volume devoted to the zoology of this expedition one species

is described belonging to this genus, viz. Pt. taitensis as Columba

kurukuru, var. taitensis, from Otaheite. Species 14.

1827. Lesson, ‘ Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles.’

The Colombe amarante of the ‘ Voyage of the Coquille’ is here

named Columba puella. Species 15.

1827. Waacter, ‘Systema Avium.’

Pt. vanthogaster first described as Columba xanthogaster. Spe-

cies 16.

1829. Wacuer, in the‘ Isis.’

In his list of the Columbz several species of this genus are given.

Two are described for the first time, viz. P¢. pectoralis and Pt.

purpuratus, ex Tonga Tabou. Pt. taitensis, Less., is renamed

Columba oopa. Species 18.

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. ° = BOS

1830. Quoy & Garmarp, in the ‘ Voyage of the Astrolabe.’

Pt. gularis is here described and figured as Columba gularis.

Species 19.

1831. Lesson, ‘Traité d’Ornithologie.*

Under the term Ptilonopus eight species are given, one of them

for the first time, Pé. roseicapillus. Four of the remainder are

valid species, viz. melanocephalus, jambu, porphyreus, and taitensis.

Pt. cyanovirens is the female of superbus, Pt. virens is the female of

pectoralis, and Pt. purpuratus is Pt. ewingit. Species 20.

1838? Knipe anp Prevost, ‘ Histoire Naturelle Générale des

Pigeons.’

Ptilopus rivoli described as Columba rivoli. Species 21.

1840. Nrsoux, in the ‘ Revue Zoologique.’

Pt. dupetit-thouarsi first described as Columba dupetit-thouarsii.

Species 22.

1841. HomBron AND JACQuINoT, ‘Annales des Sciences Natu-

relles.’

Pt. luteovirens described in the genus Columba. Species 23.

1842. GouLp, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.’

Pt. ewingii described. Species 24.

1844. Gray anp MircHe t, ‘ Genera of Birds.’

Twenty-five species are here recorded, of which three do not be-

long to this genus, viz. Pt. holosericeus, Temm., maculatus, Gmel.,

and pulcherrimus, Scop. Pt. purpuratus, Lath., is a made-up species,

Pt. virens=pectoralis, Wagl.; Pt. eyanovirens =superbus 9 ,Temm.;

Pt. purpureo-leucocephalus = dupetit-thouarsi, Neboux; Pt. swain-

sont = regina, Swains.; Pt. roseicollis = porphyreus, Temm.; Pt.

viridissimus, Temm. = fasciatus, Peale. The remaining species are

valid, among which P¢. oceipitalis is given for the first time and a

plate published. Species 25.

1848. Praxe, ‘ United-States Exploring Expedition, Ornithology.’

A list of the species belonging to this group, collected by this

Expedition, is given, four in all, among which three are described

for the first time, viz. Pt. coralensis, Pt. perousii, and Pt. fus-

ciatus ; the-fourth, Pt. furcatus, is the Pt. taitensis of Lesson.

Species 28.

1850. Gouxp, in ‘ Jardine’s Contributions to Ornithology.’

Pt. strophium described for the first time. Species 29.

1850. Gov xp, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’

A race of Pt. magnificus is named Pt. assimilis. Species 30.

1853. Gray, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’

Pt. chrysogaster described. Species 31.

504. ° = MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

1853, JacaurnoT AND PucHERAN, ‘ Voyage au Pole Sud’ (text).

Young of Pt. luteovirens described as Pt. felicia.

1854. Bonaparte, in the ‘ Comptes Rendus.’

In a paper contributed to this Journal, Bonaparte divided the

then known species of Ptilopus into various genera as follows :—

Leucotreron, Cyanotreron, Rhamphiculus, Omeotreron, Kurutreron,

Thouarsitreron, Lamprotreron, Iotreron, and Chryscena. These

are founded mainly upon the coloration of plumage (a dangerous

character (?) always), and in this case not particularly well selected.

In the case of Rhamphiculus and Omeotreron, the former is created

for the young (!), and the latter for the adult (!), of Ptilopus occipi-

talis ; and in Cyanotreron is placed the female (?) of Péilopus su-

perbus, while the male (!) of the same species is made the type of the

genus Lamprotreron. In Omeotreron, also, is placed the young of

Pt. luteovirens, while the adult is the type of the genus Chrysena!

It does not appear to me necessary, or even advisable, to adopt any

of this author’s genera for this group.

1854. Bonaparte, in the ‘Comptes Rendus.’

The young of Pé. occipitalisis called Pt. batilda, and Pt. apicalis

is first described. Species 32.

1855. DesMurs anp Prevost, ‘ Voyage de la Vénus.’

Pt. merciert and Pt. temminckii first described. Species 34.

1855. Bonaparte, in the ‘ Comptes Rendus.’

Pt. leclancheri described as Trerolema leclancheri. Species 35.

1856. Gray, ‘ List Birds British Museum.’

Among the members of this genus here recorded P¢. greyi is

named but not described. Species 36.

1856. Gouxn, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’

Pt. eugenie from the Solomon Islands described. Species 37.

1857. Bonaparte, ‘Conspectus Generum Avium.’

In this publication this author made a subfamily of this group,

and divided it into the genera proposed by him in the ‘ Comptes

Rendus’ three years previously. Pt. canthogaster, Wagl., is called

diademata, after Temminck; Drepanoptila holosericea is placed

in the genus Lamprotreron with superba and porphyreus! In Pti-

lopus are purpuratus, Wagl., as porphyraceus, Forst., ex Tonga-

Tabou ; regina, Swains., as swainsoni, Gould; Pt. ewingii, Gould,

from Timor, is separated as flavicollis, after Gray ; Pt. coralen-

sis, Peale, redescribed as viridissimus; the species ex Vanikoro (!)

(errore) called purpuratus, Wagl. [this bird comes from Balaou,

not Vanikoro, and was afterwards named donapartei by Gray];

Pt. roseicapillus, mercieri, fasciatus, Peale (as clementineg, Hombr. &

_ Jacq.); perousit, Peale (as marie, Hombr. & Jacq.); pulchellus and

apicalis. Cyanotreron has cyanovirens (= superbus, Temm., 9)

and monachus, Temm. JTotreron contains viridis, Linn., melano-

cephalus, Gmel., rivoli, Prév. & Knip, iogaster, Temm., and nana,

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 505

Temm. (Kurutreron possesses oopa, Wagl. (=taitensis, Less.),

chrysogaster, Gray, and coralensis, Peale. Omeotreron bas batilda

(=oceipitalis, juv.), virens (=pectoralis, Wagl.), and felicia, Hombr.

and Jacq. (=/uteovirens, Hombr. & Jacq., juv.). In Ohrysena

is placed /uteovirens. Phapitreron is also included in this subfamily,

containing the Columba leucotis, Temm., and PA. amethystina,

Bon.; but these birds have but little in common with those of the

genus Ptilopus.

1858. Gravy, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’

Five species are here described for the first time, viz. Pé. prasi-

norrhous, Pt. iozonus, Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt. coronulatus, aud Ft.

wallacet. Species 42.

1859. Gray, ‘ List of Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific

Ocean.’

Nineteen species of the genus Péiopus are recorded in this catalogue

of the species of the Pacific islands contained in the British Museum.

One species is described as distinct—P¢. chalcurus. Species 43.

1860. Gray, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’

Pt. temminckii, Des Murs & Prév., described as Pt. formosus.

1861. Schlegel, ‘ Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde.’

Pt. insolitus described. Species 44.

1862. Waxxacg, ‘ Proceedings of theZoological Society of London.’

Pt. humeralis first described. Species 45.

1863. Waxxace, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’

Pt, albocinctus first named. Species 46.

1863. ScuieGeL, ‘ Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde.’

Pt. bernsteini first described. Species 47.

1868. HarrLtaus anp Frnscu, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological

Society of London.’

Pt. pelewensis described. Species 48.

1867. Finsca anp Hartwavs, ‘Fauna Centralpolynesiens.’

This standard work on the Central Polynesian avifauna contains all

the species of this genus that were known at the time of its publi-

cation. Pt. purpuratus, Wagl., ex Tonga Tabou, is called Pt. por-

phyraceus, Forst.; Pt. purpuratus, Temm., is referred to C. forsteri,

Desm.; and the genus Chrysena is employed for Pé. luteovirens.

Drepanoptila holosericea is also retained in the genus Ptilopus. No

new species are described. Many of the species given had not been

seen by the authors.

1870. Gray, ‘ Hand-list of Birds.’

A list of the known species is here given, without any especial at-

tempt to arrange their synonymy being made. The birds figured

by Bonaparte on pl. xix. of his ‘Iconographie des Pigeons’ are

named Pt. bonapartii. Species 49.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXIII. 33

506 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUs PTILOPUS. [May 7,

1871. Harrtaus anv Finscu, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoo-

logical Society of London.’

Pt. rarotongensis described. Species 50.

1871. Scuxecet, ‘ Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde.’

Three species are here described, viz. Pt. speciosus, Pt. ornatus,

and Pt. geelvinckianus, the last as Pt. viridis geelvinckianus. Spe-

cies 53.

1871. Goutp, in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.’

Pt. vietor described. Species 54.

1873. ScHLeGeEL, ‘Muséum des Pays-Bas.’

A catalogue is here given of the species contained in the Leyden

Museum belonging to the genus Ptilopus. Some are included which

should be separated into different genera, such as Drepanoptila holo-

sericea and the members of Funingus. Three species are described

as new—Pt. neglectus, Pt. lettiensis (called Pt. cinctus lettiensis),

and Pt. jobiensis (called Pt. humeralis jobiensis). Species 57.

1873. ScxatTer, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.’

Pt. bellus described. Species 58.

1874. Finscu, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.’

Pt. huttoni described. Species 59.

1875. Satvaporzt, ‘ Annali del Museo Civico Naturale di Genova.’

In different lists of birds inhabiting New Guinea, six species of

Ptilopus are described, viz. Pt. gestroi, Pt. melanospilus, Pt. chry-

sorrhous, Pt. xanthorrhous, Pt. geminus, and Pt. trigeminus. Spe-

cies 65.

1875. Layarp, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.’

Pt. viridis, as Chrysenas viridis, described. This is the Pé.

layardi of the present paper. The name viridis, having been given

by Linneeus to another species of Pti/opus, cannot stand. Species 66.

1876. Sarvaport, ‘ Annali del Museo Civico Naturale di Genova.’

Pt. zonurus described. Species 67.

1876. Ramsay, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of

New South Wales.’

Pt. corriei described. Species 68.

1876. Briaeemann, ‘ Abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen

Vereins zu Bremen.’

Pt. fischeri described. Species 69.

1877. ScLaTER, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.’

Pt. johannis described. Species 70.

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 507

1877. Finscu, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London.’

Pt. fasciatus, Peale, described as Pt. ponapensis.

1878. D. G. Exxiot, ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’

Pt. pictiventris described. Species 71.

As the term “ purpuratus” has been applied to so many different

species by authors, it occurs to me that it may be useful if I give a

list of these, referring each one to the species for which it was in-

tended. For the reasons given in the article on Pt. purpuratus of

this paper, I accept for this term the species so designated in 1829

by Wagler, considering that the purpuratus of Gmelin should be re-

jected from the nomenclature of the group as not representing any

known species, but one formed from the characters possessed by two

distinct ones.

(1813) Columba purpurata (prem. var.), Temm. Pig. & Gall.

LOM s Ufa: s camacinaecsws cases = Pt. regina, Swains.

(1813) s ‘A Temm. Pig. & Gall. tom.i. p. 280 = Pt. ewingiz, Gould.

(1821-34) ,, :, Jard. & Selby, Dllustr. Zool.

VOU Tp Oe os dastes seecase soe c= = Pt. regina, Swains.

(1824) Bs zt, Temm. Plan. Col. livr. 43 ...... = Pt. xanthogaster, Wag).

(1826) Ptilonopus purpuratus, Steph. Cont. Shaw Gen.

Zool. vol. xiv. p. 277......s0000 = Pt. xanthogaster, Wag).

(1829) Columba purpurata, Wag). Isis, p. 742 ..-.........008 =Pt. purpuratus, ex Tonga.

(1835) Ptilinopus purpuratus, Selby, Nat. Libr. vol. v.

Bleicher taccncessnoseees =Pt. ewingii, Gould.

(1844) Ptilonopus purpuratus, Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.

Ob et, (Cel Reem ape cene ebrCrice iar = Pt. ewingii, Gould.

(1855) Kurukuru purpuratus, Des Murs & Préy. Voy. Vé-

mus; ZOOL, P. 222 ‘sscecassscee- o> = Pt. taitensis, Less.

(1857) Pttlopus purpuratus, Bon. Consp. Gen. Ay. vol. ii.

BLO. Sak eee. Jodeci oe ors = Pt. greyi, Gray.

(1857) is, Bon. Iconogr. Pig. pl. xix.adult. =P#. bonapartei, Gray.

(1857) ” ” ” ” ” juy..

(1858) Ptilonopus purpuratus, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped.

(1859)

Ornith. pl. 30. p. 269 ... =

Gray, List Birds of the

Uy SEN AREER Seoocod: ae

(1867) Pztilinopus purpuratus, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Cen-

tralpolyn. p.122 .........

(1873) Ptilopus purpuratus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. p. 15 ...

” ”

GENERA.

Jie

=r.

purpuratus, Wagl.

. taitensis, Less,

taitensis, Less.

Quite a number of genera have been proposed for these birds ; but

only one is necessary. The term Pti/opus was given to them by

Swainson in 1825, its derivation being zr/Aov, rovs. Swainson wrote

it Ptilonopus, which was afterwards corrected by Strickland in 1841.

Various ways of spelling the name of this genus have been adopted,

viz. Ptilonopus, Ptilinopus, Ptinilopus!, all of which are incorrect,

and should not be used. P#ilopus is an artificial genus, by which I

mean to express that the birds placed together in it do not possess

any characters common to them all, either of form, structure, or

coloration, which will serve to distinguish them from Getter groups

508

MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTiLoPuS. [May 7,

Fig. 1.

A 5 \) 3

AY os V/

\ «(

woe

ijititllllle

1. Pt. purpurutus.

2. Pt. chrysogaster.

3. Pt. mercieri.

4. Pt. dupetithouarsit.

5, Pt. jobiensts.

6. Pt. xanthorrhous. 11. Pé. letliensis.

7. Pc. insolitus. 12. Pt. ornatus.

8, Pé. taitensis, 13. Pt. pectoralis.

9. Pt. aurantiifrons. 14. Pé. bellus.

0. Pt. luteovirens. 15. Pt. victor.

1878. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 509

in the family. Some authors have separated them from the rest of

the Pigeons on account of the abruptly attenuated first primary.

This is utterly worthless, either as a generic or a specific character, as

among the species which are included in Péilopus every gradation

of the first primary is procurable, from the most abrupt attenuation

to the normal shape of feather.

T here give (fig. 1), in proof of this assertion, a series of drawings of

first primaries, together with the name of the species to which each

belongs, so that any one can verify it for himself; and I may

state that it would not have been at all difficult to have arranged a

more minute gradation from the species at my disposal if it had been

necessary ; but those given will be found, I think, amply sufficient

for the purpose.

Another so-called character, which has been adopted by some to

distinguish the members of the genus P¢i/opus, and one which is ex-

pressed by the term itself, is the tarsus feathered to the foot. This

proves to be of no more value, generically or specifically, than the

attenuated primary. Species with or without the last-named cha-

racter have the tarsus covered or partly bare, as do also those with the

graduated or normal shape of this feather. The drawings (pp. 510,

511) of the partly bare and partly covered tarsus, together with the

first primary of several species, will show clearly how very unsatis-

factory these characters are.

Relative lengths of wing and tail, as given by some writers for the

separation of some of these birds into different genera, also are not

constant, as the tail can be found shorter than the wing, or nearly equal

to it in length. This last is the main character given by Reichen-

bach for separating the birds placed by him in his genus Meqgalopre-

pia, as all the others are common to different species of Ptilopus.

He says:—‘‘ Schwanz fast so lang wie die Fliigel. Vorderschwinge

nicht verschmilert.” The species included by him, it is true, have

not this last character; but P¢. perlatus has the tail only a little

over half the length of the wing, while P¢. cinctus and Pt. gularis,

neither of which are included in Megaloprepia, have the tail nearly

as long as the wing, with the first primary abruptly attenuated. I

do not see that there is a single character remaining among those

given by Reichenbach which can distinguish the birds included in

his genus from those of the genus Péilopus.

For those who deem colour sufficient to establish a genus, it

might be supposed that among these gaily plumaged birds certain

patterns might be found which would answer for a generic cha-

racter. But this, again, fails; for the variety of the coloration is

so great that it would be necessary to divide the group into

numerous genera (as has, indeed, been attempted), and many of

the species would be left alone to represent a genus. I do not find

any thing better to designate the genus than the following formula :—

Ptilopus. Size moderate; wings usually reaching two thirds the

length of the tail; rectrices fourteen in number, excepting Pt. occi-

pitalis, which has apparently sixteen ; tarsi partly or wholly covered

with feathers ; colours of plumage usually bright, and often strongly

510 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOpuS. [May 7,

opposed: distinguished from Treron (with which it constitutes the

subfamily T'reronine) by not possessing the scallop on the inner web

of the third primary.

Ptilopus is well placed between Teron and Carpophaga, leading

Fig. 3.

Ptilopus fasciatus. Upolu, Samoa.

First primary abruptly attenuated ; tarsus partly bare.

up to the latter genus through the different races of Ptilopus

magnificus. It is the absence of the scallop on the third primary

which is the chief distinction between Péilopus and Treron. To any

one who will study this group with ample materials, such as has

fortunately been at my disposal, I think the difficulty, nay, impossi-

bility, of discovering any trenchant generic characters will be readily

acknowledged. Those who have had but a few species before them,

represented by two or three individuals of each, might easily imagine

that some one character of those which I have mentioned is really

1878. | MR, D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 511

of generic value ; and it is only when a great series has been obtained

that it is perceived how these gradually disappear or become evolved

into something quite different. It is from the lack of material to

show this fact that such a genus (among others) as Chrysena has

been accepted for Pt. victor and Pt. luteovirens. First established for

the latter species, chiefly on account of the lanceolate form of the

feathers, it was quickly perceived, on the discovery of P¢. victor,

that the genus could not rest on this character ; for the two species

Ptilopus geelvinckianus. Mafor.

First primary normal in shape; tarsus completely feathered.

Ptilopus coronulatus. Aru.

First primary abruptly attenuated ; tarsus completely feathered.

were generically essentially the same, and yet P¢. victor did not

possess lanceolate feathers. The partly covered tarsus is not suffi-

cient to separate them from Péilopus ; for, as I have shown, many

species of that genus have also the tarsus half nude. The normal

shape of the first primary also fails, as this is also possessed by other

species of Ptilopus ; and therefore no characters remain worthy of

separating these birds generically from the other members of the

group, those that exist being only of specific value. Bonaparte has

proposed most of the generic divisions ; and he founded them mainly

upon the colour of plumage, sometimes placing the two sexes, or

adult and young, of the same species in different genera (vide Pé.

superbus, Pt. luteovirens, &c.). I have not been able to discover

512 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

any reasons (after a careful examination of the species separated

generically by him) for accepting his divisions. The species named

by Schlegel P#. insolitus has been made the type of a genus,

(Edirhinus, by Cabanis and Reichenow. The same peculiarity ex-

hibited by this bird—a bony protuberance upon the base of the

culmen—is also found in certain members of the genus Carpophaga ;

and I see no more reason for separating P¢. insolitus from the

other members of this genus than exists for placing these Carpophage

in a new generic division. The term Megaloprepia, instituted by

Reichenbach for certain birds of this group, was so oddly selected, at

least in one instance (P¢. perlatus) that a doubt arises in my mind if

the author had ever had an opportunity of examining specimens.

No characters were given by him which were not also to be found in

other species of Ptilopus; and although the term has been employed

by some authors, it seems to me to be entirely unnecessary ; for it is

impossible to designate in a large series of Ptz/opi where the genus (?)

should commence, as the species graduate into one another from the

smallest to the largest.

Prof. Garrod, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1874, in

his paper on the “Anatomy of the Columbe,” states that the

members of the genus Ptilopus possess a form of gizzard such as is

not found in any other bird, and gives figures exhibiting its peculi-

arities as compared with Treron. If this is ascertained to be a con-

stant formation in all the species of Péilopus, it may well be deemed

of sufficient importance to constitute a generic character ; but, unfor-

tunately, as yet, it cannot be said to be proven ; for out of the seventy-

one species considered in this memoir as belonging to Péilopus, Prof.

Garrod has only been able to dissect three, a number too insignifi-

cant for it to be decided that all the members of the genus have the

same formation. The Carpophage do not possess a similar gizzard ;

yet certain species of Pétilopus, viz. Pt. magnificus with its races assi-

milis and puella, and Pé. gularis, in their outward form resemble

certain species of Carpophaga ; and it is possible that in some of these

at least a modified form of gizzard may be found toexist. It will be

interesting to learn if such be the case, or if really the species of

Ptilopus are separated from all other Pigeons by an abrupt alteration

in the gizzard’s shape, one not approached by that of any other bird.

A large number of species must be first examined before this can be

definitively ascertained.

The following are the principal generic terms which have been

proposed for these birds.

Type.

(1825) Ptilonopus, err. Swains. Zool. Journ. yol.i. p.473 Pt. regine.

(1841) Pélopus, corr. Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 386.

(1854) Leucotreron, Bon. Compt. Rend. vol. xxxix. p.876 Pt. cinctus.

(1854) Cyanotreron, Bon. tom. cit. p. 878 .........0eeeeeeee Pt. monachus.

(1854) Rhamphiculus, Bon. ibid. .........6..620cceeceeeeeeeees Pt. occipitalis.

(1854) Omeotreron, Bon. ibid. ..........ccseceeceeseceseeeeeets Pt. occipitalis,

(1854) 2Rar-verero PBO0 STNG». siae aniclesacniestaed sainnascosecinne Pt. purpuratus.

(1854) Chery sana. Bont a DiGies. s.as; sacuncucpseenscas<arenots Pt. luteovirens.

(1854) Thouarsitreron, Bon. tom. cit. p. 876 .............4. Pt.dupetit-thouarsii.

(1854) Lamprotreron, Bon. ibid. ...........cceccceeeeeeen ences Pt, superba.

1878. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 513

(1854) Zotreron, Bon. tom. cit. p. 878 ......csecseseesenee eee Pe ngaaeen

(1857) Sylphitreron, Verr. teste Bon. Consp. ii. p. 40 ... Pt. perlatus.

(18 oloprepia, Reich, Tauben ............00.s0seeeeee Pt. magnificus.

6) Gdirhinus, Cab. & Reich. J. f. Orn. p. 326 ...... Pt. insolitus.

The Drepanoptila holosericea, from New Caledonia, has usually

been placed in the genus Ptilopus ; but it does not appear to me that

this is its proper position. With a colouring, it is true, approaching

something the style of these birds, it differs from them in form, and

especially in the shape of the wing-feathers. These (sce fig. 6) are

very peculiar, and, in my opinion, at once remove this species from

Wing of Drepanoptila holosericea.

among the present group of birds into a separate genus. The

drawing will show, better than any description can’ explain, the

unusual formation of the feathers in question’.

The members of the genus Funingus, beyond the feathered tarsus,

1 In the Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1862, p. 135, pl. 8, MM. J. Verreaux and O.

Des Murs conferred another generic name upon this bird, viz., Calyptomenenas,

and gave a drawing of both it and a portion of the wing. Neither of these, how-

ever, are correctly done, especially that of the wing, which shows only the ends

of the primaries. The illustration here given more faithfully exhibits the

peculiar shape of these feathers.

514 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

have but little in common with the members of Ptilopus, the

peculiarly notched first primary and bare face easily distinguishing

them.

GEOGRAPHICAL DisTrRIBUTION.

Probably no group in ornithology exhibits to a greater degree the

effects upon the coloration of plumage arising from the physical

causes incidental to an insular life than the one here considered as

composing the genus Ptilopus. Some of these birds that have

evidently had a common origin exhibit greater or less variations

from each other, according to the position of their various habitats,

sometimes of sufficient importance to constitute their possessors dis-

tinct species, at others only of that trivial kind that would at

best but cause them to rank merely as varieties, the lapse of time

during which the individuals have dwelt in their separate localities

not having been sufficiently great, or the physical causes of climate,

food, and soil not powerful enough to modify essentially their

appearance from the typical form. It is therefore not surprising

that we find some species inhabiting one island only, others dwelling

upon several, though perhaps separated by miles of sea, while again

in other localities uncertain forms are observed not changed suffi-

ciently to authorize the bestowal upon them of a separate distinctive

rank, but yet differing enough to show that a departure from the

type and towards a distinctive independent form has been com-

menced, and will continue (unless the race should become exter-

minated) until the variety eventually blooms into a separate species

possessing characters not found elsewhere. It is not to be supposed

that the continents of which the islands of the Pacific and those

of the Eastern Archipelago are the sole remains, were broken up

simultaneously or always suddenly throughout their length and

breadth ; but more probably the casualty happened at various periods

and sometimes gradually. Therefore we may not be surprised at

the apparently strange phenomenon that one species should inhabit

various islands, between which are others containing totally distiact

forms of the same genus. This may have been brought about

in two probable ways. A species may have been widely dispersed

over the continent; and when portions of this had disappeared

beneath the waves, the fragments that remained above water at

the outset were all occupied by the same species: but physical

effects at intermediate points were of a different character from

those at the extremes; and in course of time the birds dwelling on

the intervening islands departed entirely from their types, while

those most widely separated retained their original characters. Or

it may, on the other hand, have been that on the breaking-up of the

continent a district inhabited by a strictly local species (but one

surrounded by a more widely disseminated and distinct species) had

not been entirely submerged ; and this, all other circumstances being

equal, would explain the fact that a distinct form should intrude itself

on an island lying between others inhabited by a different one, the

species with the greater range having been preserved at the extremes

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 515

of its habitat, which also had become islands. In considering the

peculiarities of the geographical distribution of these birds, the

great physical changes that have taken place in that portion of the

globe over which they are dispersed must always be borne in mind.

The members of the genus Ptilopus are found in only two of the

zoogeographical regions of the earth, viz. the Oriental and Aus-

tralian. Of these the latter contains by far the great majority of

the species ; and, to judge from the material at present available, the

Papuan group of the Austro-Malayan Subregion is apparently the

head quarters of the genus, The Polynesian Subregion also

possesses many species ; but they are altogether of a different style

of plumage, and constitute almost a division by themselves.

I commence the review of this portion of my subject with the

most easterly group of the Pacific islands (in the Polynesian Sub-

region of the Australian Region) in which any members of this genus

are found, viz. the Marquesas. But two species are met with

among these islands—the Pt. dupetit-thouarsit, on Christine Island,

and the Pé. mercieri, from Nuka-hiva. Both of these are very

distinct from all others known. I have described Pé. pictiventris as

from Nuka-hiva of the Marquesas ; but, for the reasons I give under

the head of this species, I believe that locality to be an error, and that

the bird in question is a native of the Samoan Islands only. To the

south-west of the Marquesas lies the Pomatu archipelago, which is

as yet hardly known in an ornithological sense. But one species of

Ptilopus has been recorded from there, Pt. coralensis, found on

Carlshoff Island. South of the Pomatu group lies the island of

Rapa. Here has been procured probably the most important

member of this genus, Pt. huttoni. To the west of Pomatu

are the Society Islands, upon only two of which have any species

of Ptilopus been procured, viz. P. chrysogaster, upon Huahaine, and

Pt. taitensis in Otaheite. To the south-west of this last is Cook’s

Archipelago, where Pt. chalcurus has been obtained on Harvey

Island. It is still doubtful if this bird is specifically distinct from

Pt. coralensis of the Pomatu group. If the identity of those

two could be established, it would be an interesting and important

fact, since the two clusters of islands are not only separated by miles

of ocean, but several distinct forms of Ptilopus are found upon

the intervening archipelagos, none of which, so far as we know,

are particularly related to Pt. chaleurus. Upon Rarotonga island

has been procured P#. rarotongensis; and these two species are

all that have as yet been found in this group. Savage Island, lying

between Cook’s Archipelago and the Friendly group, contains three

species—Pt. purpuratus, Pt. pictiventris and Pt. rarotongensis.

Passing on to the westward we reach the Tonga Islands, among

which five species of Ptilopus dwell, a number exceeded in only one

of the Pacific groups, viz. the Fijis. On Tonga-Tabou all the

species occur—P¢. chrysogaster, Pt. apicalis, Pt. pictiventris, Pt.

purpuratus, and Pt. perousii. Harpai contains P¢. perousii and

Pi. purpuratus ; and this last has also been procured at Eua and

Ninafou, the last the most northern of them all. North of the

516 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [| May 7,

Friendly Islands lie the Samoan or Navigators’ Islands. These

contain also five species, two of which are not met with in the Tonga

Group. Opalu has four—Pt. perousii, Pt. luteovirens. Pt. picti-

ventris, and Pt. fasciatus, this last being also found on Wallis Island,

while Pt. purpuratus is a native of Fulima, lying to the south

of Wallis. We now come to the Fijis, which possess among the

different islands nine species of Ptilopus. Only one island, however,

contains more than two species, viz. Viti- Levu, which has three—P¢?.

perousii, Pt. luteovirens, and Pt. pictiventris. Schlegel suggests

Viti as the probable locality also of the bird he has called P¢.

neglectus ; but this is very uncertain, and there is no evidence to

support the supposition. Balaou has two species—P¢#. luteo-

virens and Pt. bonapartei. Two species are found upon five islands

which possess no others of this genus. These are Pé. perousii and

Pt. purpuratus, met with at Waikia, Vanua Levu, Mango, Mokani,

and Loma Loma. Bua, Lanthala and Ngamia only have P¢. victor.

Taviuni has Pé. victor and Pt. purpuratus; while Kandavu con-

tains Pt. perousii and Pt. layardi. The New Hebrides possess-

but two species—P¢. greyi on Erromango Island, and Pé. corriet

on Malacolo, On Lifu, of the Loyalty group, Pt. greyi is

found, as well as on the Isle of Pines and New Caledonia to the

west, this last being also recorded by Schlegel as the habitat of Pé.

insolitus—which, however, is probably an error, Passing now to

the northward, Pt. greyi is again met with on Vanikoro of the

Santa-Cruz archipelago; and in the Caroline archipelago, on the

island of Ponapé in the Seniavin group, Pt. fasciatus has been

procured. To the north-west, the furthest north perhaps that any

species of this genus is found, lie the Marianne or Ladrone Islands.

Here is met with the very distinct P¢. roseicapillus, the only repre-

sentative of these birds in this group. To the west are the Pelew

Islands, whence comes Pé. pelewensis; but from which particular

island is not stated by its describers.

We now reach the Austro-Malayan Subregion; and the islands

which come first in this review (proceeding from the east towards

the west) are those contained in the Papuan group, of which New

Guinea is the centre and most important. Beginning with the most

eastern division of this group, we have first the Solomon Islands,

upon one of which, not as yet known, the Pt. eugenie was obtained.

To the westward of this, in the Louisiade archipelago, on the Island

of Duchateau, the type of Pt. strophium was procured. From

New Ireland, to the north-west, come P¢. insolitus and Pt. puella;

while between this last-named island and New Britain lies Duke-of-

York Island, the home of the rare and little-known Pé. rivolii and

also of the Pé. znsolitus mentioned above. From New Hanover Pé.

superbus has been received. To the north-west of this section, on

Wild and D’Entrecasteaux Islands of the Admiralty group, the

beautiful Pt. yohannis was obtained by the naturalists of the ‘ Chal-

lenger’ Expedition. Coming now to New Guinea, the islands in the

great Bay of Geelvinck claim our attention. Krudu, the most eastern

of these, possesses one species, P#. geminus. Next, on the large

1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 517

island of Jobie, eight species of this genus dwell, viz. Pt. superbus,

Pt. coronulatus, Pt. geminus, Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt. perlatus, Pt.

strophium, Pt. puella, and Pt. jobiensis. The small island of

Ansus, to the south of Jobie, contains also one species, Pt. geminus,

being the only one out of those found upon its great neighbour.

Meosnoum or Misnomin, to the west of Jobie, also contains one

species found on that island, Pt. strophium. On the island of

Korido, or Sook, the most northern of those in this bay, two species

have been procured, Pt. pectoralis and Pt. speciosus. Mansinam,

the last island in this bay from which any species of Ptilopus is

known to come, contains one species, the P¢. humeralis. It will thus

be seen that, so far as we are able to determine from our mate-

rial, in the Bay of Geelvinck, Jobie is the central or starting-

point of the members of this genus. The two small islands lying

near are only detached portions of Jobie, each containing one species

found on the last, but none peculiar to themselves. On the other

hand the islands of Korido and Mafor only have one species in

common with Jobie, viz. P¢. superbus, found on Korido, while on

Mafor Pt. pectoralis and Pt. geelvinkianus are met with, the

last-named being also a native of Meosnoum. The relationship of

these islands, so far as regards this genus, are nearer to the western

shores of the bay than to Jobie. Turning now to the mainland, at

Andai and Dorey five species are found— Pt. pulchellus, Pt. pecto-

ralis, Pt. puella, Pt. geminus, and Pt. perlatus ; while on Mount

Arfak Pt. superbus, Pt. bellus, Pt. iozonus, Pt. aurantiifrons, and

Pt. ornatus have been obtained. At Amberbaki, on the north

coast, five species have been procured, viz. Pt. pulchellus, Pt. super-

bus, Pt. perlatus, Pt. pectoralis, and Pt. bellus; while at Sorong

Pt. trigeminus, Pt. humeralis, Pt. coronulatus, and Pt. prasi-

norrhous have been met with. At Triton Bay Pt. nanus has been

obtained; and at Mount Epa, in the south of New Guinea, the

small race of Pt. magnificus, called puella, is found. These are all

that are as yet known to come from the mainland of New Guinea ;

but doubtless others of the described species, as well as those not

yet discovered, remain to be obtained among the dense forests of

this singular country. Passing now to the western islands of the

Papuan group, the most northerly is Waigiou, which contains five

species—L’t. superbus, Pt. pulchellus, Pt. prasinorrhous, Pt. puella,

and Pé. pectoralis, this last being also found upon the near-lying

small islands of Gagie and Giebeh, while P¢. puella is also met

with on Ghémien. Batanta has four, viz. Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt.

superbus, Pt. pectoralis, and Pt. prasinorrhous ; while Salwatty pos-

sesses all these (excepting P¢. pectoralis) and also Pt. coronulatus,

Pt. trigeminus, Pt. humeralis, Pt. pulchellus, Pt. perlatus, and Pt.

puella. Mysol, to the south-west of Salwatty, contains seven

species, viz. Pt. prasinorrhous, Pt. superbus, Pt. aurantufrons, Pt.

pulchellus, Pt. puella, Pt. pectoralis, and Pt. nanus. All of these

save the last two are found upon Salwatty. Far to the south of this

last-named island we reach the most southern ones of the group, viz.

Aron, with seven species (Pt. coronulatus, Pt. superbus, Pt. iozonus,

518 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Pt. wallacei. Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt. zonurus, and Pt. perlatus), and

Yule Island, lying to the south-east of the mouth of Fly River, in

the Papuan Gulf, and close to the coast, with two (Pt. coronu-

latus and Pt. gestroi, the last intermediate between Pf. ornatus

and Pt. perlatus). The next group of the Austro-Malayan Islands

that claims our attention is the Moluccas ; and, commencing with the

furthest north, Sanghir is the first to be considered: here is found

a race of Pt. melanocephalus from Java, which has become pos-

sessed of sufficient characteristics to separate it from the type, and

is known as Pé. xanthorrhous. Gilolo and its small neighbours,

Ternate and Batchian, contain four species, found on each, viz. Pé.

togaster, Pt. superbus, Pt. bernsteini, and Pt. monachus. Tidore,

on the west, has three—P¢. monachus, Pt. iogaster, and Pt. prasinor-

rhous; Morty two, Pt. monachus and Pt. iogaster; Obi one, Pé.

bernsteini ; Dammor and Kaisa, each one, Pé. monachus; and Weda

and Dodingo also one, Pt. cogaster. Ceram contains three species—

Pt. chrysorrhous, Pt. superbus, and Pt. viridis, this last being also

found upon the small island of Monavolka, which, together with

Matabello, also possesses Pt. prasinorrhous. Banda, to the south

of Ceram, has Pt. xanthogaster, which is also found upon the

islands of Khoor and Ki, these last having in addition Pt. pra-

sinorrhous. Goram, lying to the east, has two species, the one

last named and P¢. viridis. Bouru has three species—P¢. super-

bus, Pt. viridis, and Pt. prasinorrhous; while Amboyna has also

three species—P¢. superbus, Pt. viridis, and Pt. prasinorrhous ; and

Harouka, east of Amboyna, contains Pt. viridis. Of the Timor

group, I commence with Timor, which possesses two species, P.

ewingtt and Pé. cinctus, this last being also found upon the small

island of Wetta, to the north of Timor; while Lettie, to the

north-east, possesses Pt. lettiensis (a modification of Pt. cinctus)

and Pt. xanthogaster. Flores has three species—P¢. ewingii, Pt.

albocinctus, and Pt. melanocephalus, this last being also found

in Sambawa and Lombock. Celebes has four species, three of

which are peculiar to it, viz. Pt, melanospilus, Pt. temminckii, Pt.

gularis, and Pt. fischeri; while Sula contains Pt. melanospilus and

Pt. chrysorrhous. Australia, the last division of this region, has six

species—L¢. regina and Pt. magnificus in New South Wales, in the

district between the river Hunter and Moreton Bay, Pt. superbus

at Cape York and on the Booby Islands, Pt. assimilis and Pt. mag-

nificus in North-east Queensland at Rockingham Bay, Pt. assimilis

being also found together with P¢. puella at Cape York, and Pt.

ewingii on the Coburg Peninsula near the coast—the distribution

of the three forms of P¢. magnificus being decidedly against the view

that they represent distinct species.

The other zoogeographical region in which these birds are found

is the Oriental; and we here find them restricted to the subregion

containing the Indo-Malay islands. Of these I commence with the

Philippine group, in only one island of which as yet has any species

been found, viz. Luzon, containing three (Pt. occipitalis, Pt. gambu,

and Pt. leclancheri). The great island of Borneo, and also Sumatra,

1878.]

the birds of this genus.

The following key will show the chief differences existing between

I recognize 71 species, and have divided’

them into two great groups, characterized by having the breast-

feathers bifurcate or not bifurcate.

MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS.

have but one species, Pt. jambu ; while Java, the last locality in

which Péilopus is found, contains two, Pt. melanocephalus and Pt.

porphyreus.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

A. Breast-feathers bifurcate.

a. Front and top of head purple or deep rose,

margined with yellow or pale green.

a', Tail with a subterminal grey or ash-

coloured band.

a". Abdomen deep rose-colour; under

tail-coyerts yellow, tipped with

rose ; breast bright green............

6", Abdomen and breast washed with

2. Secondaries and tail copper-colour;

sinall dark purple spot on lower

part of abdomen.

a. Front and crown purple .........

8. Front and crown greyish purple

OLaAMemhysh.csrcesc-tecccearecetees

3. Middle of abdomen rufous, upper

edge dark purple, scapulars tipped

NWTUHMLTLAGEZy so Tee eteee ol seNNe

4, Feathers on upper part of breast

with transverse violet spots near

the tips; no spot on lower part of

breast ; abdomen orange; crissum

yellow; under tail-coverts white

at base, then yellow, with rose-

WIGS DS oseeeeysteae oe toe sacceesore

5. Throat white or pale yellow ; breast

pale green, feathers tipped with

light grey ; abdomen orange, with

a lilac-red spot in the centre .....

6. Throat light yellow; breast pale

green, feathers tipped with light

grey ; abdomen orange, witha pale

10.

Pt. grey?, p. 528.

Pt. neglectus, p. 524.

. Pt, bonapartei, p. 524.

. Pt. purpuratus, p. 5265.

. Pt. apicalis, p. 527.

. Pt. coralensis, p. 528.

. Pé. chaleurus, p. 529.

. Pt. pictiventris, p- 530.

. Pt. pelewensis, p. 531.

Pt. regina, p. 581.

lilac band upon the upper part ... 11. P¥, ewingii, p. 533.

519

520 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

7. Abdomen and under tail-coverts

bright yellow; on lower part of

breast a large spot of dark purplish

nO dbs eae asaanlappocmegonaccencansdacawces 12. Pt. rarotongensis, p. 534.

8. Throat, cheeks, and breast yellowish

green; abdomen clear green, with

a purplish black spot in the centre 13. P#. fasciatus, p. 535.

6". Conspicuous deep-rose spot at base

of mandible.

1. Abdomen bright uniform yellowish

green, without spot ............06 14. Pt. mercieri, p. 536.

2. Breast with a deep purple spot on

lower part; abdomen orange;

under tail-coverts bright yellow,

Ups OLATIOO ..0--cataecsagse esac aneee 15. Pt. roseicapillus, 537.

3. Chin pale purplishred; dark purplish

violet spot on breast, with the base

of the feathers dark olive-green ;

under tail-coverts purplish violet-

red, basal portion yellow; purplish

violet of front and crown sur-

rounded by green...........sseeeseee 16. Pt. huttoni, p, 588.

4. Front and top of head greyish or purplish

white, margined with yellow.

a’. Abdomen deep rose; crissum and under

tail-coverts deep yellow ...............0+5 17. Pt. dupetithouarsi, p. 539.

'. Abdomen and under tail-coverts orange-

ry ell OW viteapndoee semen tees eaaascce restate eee 18. Pt. xanthogaster, p. 540.

c' Abdomen and under tail-coverts bright

VCO War tawe sia cnc cep oanea bess acacia 19. Pt. chrysogaster, p. 541.

d', Underparts pale ash-green ; centre of ab-

domen and crissum pale yellow; under

tail-coverts bright yellow ..............- 20. Pt. taitensis, p. 541.

c. Top of head and occiput bright purple;

sides of head light green; nape and sides

of neckrufous-orange; middle of abdomen

and crissum white: flanks and thighs green.

a, Feathers of breast purple at base, broadly

tipped with ashy grey, a broad bluish

black band acrossthe lower partof breast 21. Pt. superbus, p. 542.

6’. Lower part of breast light purple, gra-

duating into bluish black ........000..4 22. Pt. temmincki, p. 544.

d. Front, crown, band across the back, and

under tail-coverts dark purplish red ; fea-

thers of breast purple at base, white at tip;

beneath these an orange band ............ 23. Pt. perousei, p. 545.

e. Front pink, with posteriorly a narrow band

of purple, followed by a broader one of

yellow ; a purple spot on fore part of ab-

domen; middle of abdomen and under

tail-coverts yellow ....c0.es.s.seessssecevsees 24, Pt. coronulatus, p. 546.

f. Front pinkish white, surrounded by a

purple band succeeded by one of yellow ;

purple spot on abdomen, surrounded by

HasTOn=VellOw: \ozssctecsaweenissdgnonseseeastes 25. Pd. geminus, p. 546.

g. Bronut greyish: White. ..cccienwenneawonesatennss 26. Pt. trigeminus, p. 547.

B. Breast-feathers not bifurcate.

a. Middle of abdomen deep orange; vent and

under tail-coverts white varied with yel-

low; tertials violet grey in the centre.

a’. Shoulders greyish violet, mixed with

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS.

green ; tail green, with an apical grey

band above, white beneath............... 27.

8' Shoulders violet-grey, bordered beneath

by deep purple; tail green, with a sub-

terminal grey band on lower surface only 28.

'. Shoulders violet-grey ; tail green above,

beneath black, with an apical white band 29.

d'. Bony protuberance on _ forehead ;

shoulders and patch on back light grey ;

tail bright green, apical third ashy grey 30.

6, Bluish grey band on each side of breast ;

purple spot on centre of abdomen; wing-

coverts, scapulars, and tertials tipped

DEMUVOLLOWHesdeensesiccatsessaecasemsascemcctes 31.

¢. Front, crownand lores, moustaches, and spot

on the breast greyish blue ; superciliary

stripe, chin, throat, lower parts of abdo-

men, and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow 32.

d. Front and crown bright carmine; sides of

head and neck and breast light grey;

chin and throat white ; large purplish red

spot on lower part of breast; abdomen

and under tail-coverts orange .......0.... 3d.

e. Head and neck light grey; occiput and

back of neck black ; throat yellow.

', Crissum and short under tail-coverts yel-

low, long ones carmine ...... ces Caen 34,

4', Throat-mark narrow; crissum yellow,

washed with orange .........ssssseeeeeee 35.

. Throat-mark narrow ; black bar on nape

small; crissum orange-yellow ......... 36.

d'. Lower parts of abdomen and crissum rich

OLANES Fecsveccecessecsnscnssnsscoesnerssneces 37.

f. Head and neck rose- -colour, graduating into

carmine on the breast, beneath which is

a broad white band, followed by another

fof blackish) preen:. ..5... .c.cleseetecavenaleeee 38.

g. Throat, crown, and sides of face in front

scarlet, chin and throat black; middle of

breast rose-colour; under tail-coverts

STRGIETOUAT st See pe a MBB SSeS dar cds ee aS ec 39.

ht, Throat white or pale grey.

a, Scapulars and tertials grey, margined

with green.

a". Top of head bright carmine; mantle,

neck, and breast bluish grey ; lower

part of breast crossed by a white

band, succeeded by a broad one of

deep orange; shoulders deep orange 40.

4". Forehead deep orange; crown and

occiput yellowish green; back and

upper part of breast plumbeous ;

underparts yellowish green......-..... 41.

. Shoulders dark purplish red ; lower

parts of throat dark yellow; breast

dark ochre; tail dark green, with a

light-yellow apical band.

1. Top of head and sides of face pur-

Phish! red!" oo0. lscukes wseeek ee eee 42,

2. Top of head and sides of face olive-

BOUL WAM. Ay dw cee gevaceGolte mance seen 43.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXIV.

521

Pt. iozonus, p. 547.

Pt. humeralis, p. 548.

Pt. jobiensis, p, 548.

Pt. insolitus, p. 549.

Pt. nanus, p. 549.

Pt. monachus, p. 550.

Pt, pulchellus, p. 551.

Pt. melanocephalus, p. 551.

Pt. melanospilus, p. 552.

Pt. chrysorrhous, p. 553.

Pt. xanthorrhous, p. 553

Pt. porphyreus, p. 553.

Pt. gambu, p. 554.

Pt. wallacei, p. 555.

Pt. aurantiifrons, p. 556.

Pt. ornatus, p. 556.

Pt. gestrot, p. 557.

522 MR. D. G, ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

b'. Middle of scapulars and lesser wing-

coyerts rosy purple.

a. Tail uniform dark green ......s0s0+.0. 44, Pt. perlatus, p. 557.

6". Tail dark green, with an apical greyish

Vibe DAMGN Us. c-esac.ce-kecserasenetes ates 45, Pt. zonurus, p. 558.

i. Head, except occiput, light grey ; abdomen

reddish [01 6) eane see eoppBa, sosueceodorbannad 46. Pt. iogaster, p. 558.

j. Forehead and chin greenish grey ; reddish

purple spot on breast ............00cseseeees 47. Pt. pectoralis, p. 559.

k. Forehead and chin grey; tips of tertials

and bar across the shoulders grey.

a', Lower part of throat and upper part of

breast dark reddish purple; tail bronzy

green, tipped with yellow ........+..+... 48. Pt. viridis, p. 560.

b'. Lower part of throat and upper part of

breast bright reddish purple ; tail yel-

lowish green, each feather with a sub-

terminal grey spot on the inner web... 49. Pt. geelvinkianus, p. 560.

1. Head white, secondaries slate-grey ; centre

of throat and chest crimson ............... 50. Pt. eugenia, p. 561.

m. Upper parts, throat, and upper part of

breast green.

a’, Breast crossed by a broad white band ;

forehead purplish red.

a’. Rose spot on abdomen,

1. Crissum and under tail-coverts

bright yellOw <2.........:.0csssceaee 51. Pt. rivolit, p. 561.

2. Crissum and under _ tail-coverts

green, edged with yellow ......... 52. Pt. prasinorrhous, p. 562.

6’. No rose spot on abdomen ............ 53. Pt. strophium, p. 568.

b'. Breast crossed by a broad band, lemon-

yellow above, white beneath.

a''. Front and crown rosy red; purplish

red spot on abdomen ................45 54, Pt. bellus, p. 563.

6". Frontandcrowngreen; abdomenlilae 55. P¢. speciosus, p. 564.

c’, Band on breast, crissum, and under tail-

coverts yellow ; top of head and middle

of abdomen lilac ...... isc. sesecsvsreesese 56. Pt. gohannis, p. 564.

n, Feathers of neck and breast lanceolate, sul-

phur-yellow, tinged with green; abdomen,

vent, and under tail-coverts bright yellow 57. Pt. luteovirens, p. 565.

o. Head and neck olive-green ; plumage green ;

secondaries tipped with yellow; under

tail-coverts yellow, blotched with green . 58. Pt. corriei, p. 566.

p. Head and neck greenish yellow; under tail-

coverts bright yellow; rest of plumage

Fale oes Rapa ar oc bist accueuencon ead poet 59. Pt. layardi, p. 567.

g. Head and throat olive-green ; rest of ae

mage OFANge-CArMINE, ............ee nese eee . 60. Pt. victor, p. 568.

r. Top of head light grey

a'. Sides of head and upper part of breast

ashy white ; a dark purple band across

the breast ; "flanks and underparts ashy

green ; under tail-coverts cinnamon ;

Givin DISK syccos acecdns seeeens . eaeeaeees 61. Pt. leclancheri, p. 568.

b'. Sides of face and occiput purplish red ;

centre of breast ochraceous............... 62. Pt. occipitalis, p. 569.

c'. Sides of face, breast, and flanks grey ;

centre of abdomen yellowish white ;

thighs and under tail-coverts cinna-

mon; chin deep chestnut .......cce00+0 63, Pt. gularis, p. 570.

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 523

d'. Head, neck, and underparts partly grey,

partly golden-ochre ; under tail-coverts

grey and white intermixed; sides of

head bluish red; black band on back

OT WTC epee pth ee Eee eee ES 64. Pt. fischeri, p. 571.

s. Head white.

a’. Abdomen yellowish green, separated

from breast by a black band.

a", Neck and breast light blue ............ 65. Pt. albocinctus, p. 571.

6". Neck and breast white.

1. Tailblack, with apicaldarkgrey band 66. Pt. cinctus, p. 571.

2. Tail greyish black, with apical third

Vellowish/White, gisicena:decssesows 67. Pt. lettiensis, p. 572.

Head and neck greenish grey.

a'. Red spot on lower part of breast ; abdo-

men and flanks yellowish ochre ...... 68. Pz. bernsteini, p. 572.

4’, Centre of throat and neck in front and

underparts to the thighs purplish red 69. P#. puella, p. 574.

ce’. Larger race of the above ..........ss000.0. 70. Pé. assimilis, p. 574.

d', Stilllarger ; centre of throat and under-

parts deepypurple © ...0.2....ss>.0reeereane 71. Pt. magnificus, p. 575.

™

1, PriLopus GREYI.

Ptilopus greyi, Grey, List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 4. sp. 8, desc.

nulla—Columbe ; id. List B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 38; id. Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 165; J. Verr. & Des Murs. Rev. Zool. 1860,

p- 435 ; Bon. Iconogr. Pig. (1857) pl. xx.

Pitilopus purpuratus, Bon. (nec auct.) Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii.

p. 19. sp. I.

Hab. New Caledonia (Germain); Isle of Pines (Gray); Lifu,

Loyalty Islands (Whitmee)-; Erromaugo, New Hebrides, Vanikoro

(Voy. Astrolabe).

This handsome species was first named by Gray, but not described

(l.c.). Bonaparte gave a description and very good figure of the

bird in his Iconogr. Pig. pl. 20, from the specimen brought, by the

naturalists attached to the expedition of the ‘ Astrolabe,’ from Vani-

koro Island. The species has a rather extensive distribution, from

New Caledonia and neighbouring islands to Vanikoro on the north,

Young and immature birds are greener on the breast and neck than

the adults; and the first primary is not so abruptly attenuated.

Adult. Front and top of head deep rose, margined posteriorly with

_ yellow ; back of head, neck, and breast pale greyish green; throat

yellowish white; flanks and sides of crissum bright green; abdomen

very deep rose-colour, running into orange-yellow oncrissum. Under

tail-coverts rose-colour, but not so dark as on the abdomen. - Upper

parts bronzy green. Primaries black on inner web, dark green on

the outer, and the innermost ones tipped with bronze-green ; first

primary abruptly attenuated, end very narrow. Secondaries shining

green, edged with yellow. ‘Tertials and some of the innermost secon-

daries with a pale lilac spot near their tips. Tail dark green, with a

subterminal grey band. Bill black, with pale tip, Feet brown,

possibly red in life. Total length 8 inches, wing 5, tail 3, culmen 13.

Specimen described is the one figured by Bonaparte, Iconogr, Pig.

pl. 20, ex Vanikoro. 3

524 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Another specimen from New Caledonia, marked as a female,

differs from the male only in having the forehead slightly tinged

with rose, and the abdomen mottled with rose and bright yellow.

The under tail-coverts are deep rose on their apical half, as in the

specimen from Vanikoro. The secondaries are more broadly mar-

gined with yellow, and the primaries tipped with white. I am

inclined to regard this example rather as an immature male than a

female. Three examples are in the British Museum from Erro-

mango Island, one of the New Hebrides, which are in all respects

like the one in the Paris Museum figured by Bonaparte from

New Caledonia.

2. PTILOPUS NEGLECTUS.

Ptilopus neglectus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas (1873), p. 7, Columbe.

Hab. Océanie! Viti? (Schlegel).

Allied to the Pt. greyi, but differs in having the lower part of the

abdomen and under tail-coverts tinged with sulphur, the abdomen

and breast washed with olive-green, the purplish-red spot being

placed upon the dreast and not on the abdomen, and in the neck

and upper part of breast being tinged with light grey (Schlegel).

Wing 5 inches, tail 2 inches 3 lines.

The locality suggested by Schlegel, as given above, “ Viti,” is

without doubt incorrect, as there are no indications to support the

idea, the relatives of this bird having been procured in quite a

different group of islands.

3. PTILOPUS BONAPARTEI.

Ptilopus purpuratus, Bon. (nec auct.) Iconogr. Pig. (1857) pl. xix.

fig. a, adult, ex Balaou (nee Vanikoro).

Ptilopus bonapartei, Gray, Hand-l. B. vol. ii. (1870) p. 225,

descr. nulla, founded on pl. 19, Bon. Iconog. Pig.

Hab. Balaou, Fiji Islands (Hombron and Jacquinot).

This is the species figured by Bonaparte as Pt. purpuratus, fig. a

(J. c.). The specimen is in the Paris collection ; and the plate gives

no idea of the bird; which is reddish in all lights, but in certain ones

exhibits a brilliant coppery-red hue. Bonaparte committed two

strange errors in reference to this bird. He stated that it came

from the island of Vanikoro, and also figured as the young the Pé.

purpuratus, Wagl., from Tonga-Tabou, a very different and distinct

species. Gray (/.c.) bestowed the name of Pé. bonapartei (1. ¢.), ex

Vanikoro!, on the bird represented by Bonaparte on plate 19 of his

work, ‘Iconographie des Pigeons.’ Gray could never have seen

the specimen ; or else he would have corrected Bonaparte’s error, and

stated that it did not come from Vanikoro, but from Balaou, and also

that Bonaparte had confounded two species. Gray gives no de-

scription, which also strengthens the belief that he did not know the

species autoptically. It is a question whether Gray’s name should

be noticed at all; for to name species without seeing them, on the

chance of their proving new, is not a commendable practice ; and, as

he did not designate which figure he bestowed the name of bona-

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 525

partei upon, it is of course impossible to know whether it ought to

be applied to the present or to the Tonga-Tabou bird. As, however,

I now have selected the Balaou species as the type of bonapartei, in

order to avoid giving it a new name (for it is quite distinct from the

Pt. purpuratus, Wagl.), and as the type will be in the collection of

the Paris Museum for future reference, it will not be difficult here-

after to ascertain what the species really is. The type is unique.

Adult. Front and crown rosy purple, faintly margined posteriorly

with yellow; throat white ; occiput, neck, and breast ash-colour,

tinged with green; abdomen and flanks green; an indistinct dark

green spot in the middle of the former. Back and wings green,

with strong coppery-red reflexions. Inner secondaries with a small

dark green spot at tips, and all edged with yellow. Primaries dark

coppery red, edged with white. Tail above green, with bright

coppery-red reflexions, and with a subapical greyish-white band ;

beneath dark grey, with a broad apical white band. Crissum and

under tail-coverts bright yellow. Bill greyish black, with yellow tip.

Feet light red. Total length 9 inches, wing 53, tail 33, culmen 2.

4. Pritorus PURPURATUS.

Columba purpurata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xi. p- 66 (1819),

partim ; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) Columbe, sp. 30.

Columba porphyracea, Temm. Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xiii. p. 1302

(1822).

Columba porphyrea, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 312, Columbe.

Columba forsteri, Desm. Dict. Scien. Nat. vol. xl. p. 340 (1826)?;

Less. Comp]. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. p. 34 (1837), ex Tonga-Tabou.

Columba purpurata, Wagl. (nec Gmel.) Isis, 1829, p. 742, ex

Tonga-Tabou (1829).

Columba porphyracea, Licht., Forst. Descr. Anim. p- 167 (1844) ;

Finsch & Hartl. Fauna Centralpolyn. (1867) p. 119; Graffe, Journ.

Mas. Godeffr. tab. 7. fig. 3.

Ptilonopus porphyracus, Gray, Gen. B. (1844-49) vol. ii. p. 466;

id. B. Trop. Isl. p. 38 (1839); id. List Columb. p- 3 (1856), partim.

Ptilopus purpuratus, Bon. (nee Gmel.) Iconogr. Pig. (1857)

pl. xix. fig. 6, juv., spec. Paris Mus. ex 'T onga-Tabou (Voy. Astro-

labe), nec Vanikoro.

Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Finsch & Hart. Journ. fiir Ornith. 1870,

p- 131; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soe. 18775 ppe 7 2557-7557 83.

Ptilonopus porphyraceus, Reich. Taub. p- 95; Layard, Proc, Zool.

Soc. 1876, p. 502. '

Ptilonopus purpuratus, Reich. (nec auct.) Taub. p. 94?

Columba kurukuru, variété, Temm. & Knip, Pig. vol. i. pl. 352

Pilopus fasciatus, Layard (nec Peale), Ibis, 1876, p. 392.

Hab. Tonga-Tabou, Waikai, Mango, Mokani, Loma-Loma, Ta-

viuni, Fiji Islands, Futuna, Friendly Islands (Layard) ; Ninafou

Island, most northern of Tonga group (Finsch); Hapai (Griffe) ;

Bua, Friendly Islands (Hibner) ; Savage Island (Whitmee) ; Vavao,

Friendly Islands.

It is apparently a difficult matter for authors to decide upon the

526 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

correct name for this Fruit-Pigeon ; and, as will be seen by the list of

synonyms given above, the species has been presented with a very

fair number of appellations. In order to explain why I consider

that this bird, of all those given in this paper, should alone bear the

name of purpuratus, it will be necessary to begin at the beginning.

Latham, in his ‘General Synopsis of Birds,’ vol. ii. p. 626. sp. 15

(1783), describes a Dove, which he says came from Otaheite, as the

“« Purple-crowned Pigeon,” the chief characteristics of which were :—

‘“* Forehead to the middle of the crown purple; head, neck, and

underparts of body pale green, inclining to ash-colour; vent and

under tail-cuverts yellow. Tail greenish black, with green edges, and

when spread a greyish bar appears near the end, the colour only

occupying the inner webs of each feather.” To this description

Gmelin gave the name of Columba purpurata. Now there is no

Pigeon known belonging to the genus Ptilopus that will answer to

the above description of Latham. No such bird is found upon the

island of Otaheite, whence, according to Latham, this curiously

compounded specimen came ; for it carries the head of the bird from

Tonga-Tabou and the body of the species found in Otaheite,

distinguished afterwards by Lesson as faitensis. Latham possessed

specimens from both these localities, and remarked upon their dif-

ferences, but did not deem them distinct species; and it is very

evident that when he wrote his description he took his characters

from both forms. The bird from Otaheite does not possess a purple

forehead or crown, these parts being ash-colour with but a faint

tinge of lilac; therefore it could never have been designated as the

‘* Purple-crowned Pigeon.’ Nor does the Tonga-Tabou bird have the

underparts of the body pale green inclining to ash-colour (which is

a characteristic of the Otaheite species), but has the flanks and abdo-

men grass-green, with a conspicuous purplisk-black spot in the centre

of the latter. Therefore the name Col. purpurata, Gmel., having

been founded upon a bird that did not exist, taken from a description

comprising portions of two distinct species, cannot be accepted, and

should be rejected from the nomenclature of the genus.

The next author after Gmelin who mentioned this species was

Shaw (/.c.) (1819). He, however, also confounded two species, and

his name of purpurata must be passed over. Temminck follows in

1822 (l.c.) with Columba porphyracea ; and this name, attributed to

Forster, has been used by various writers when referring to this bird,

especially from the island of Tonga-Tabou. Now the C. porphy-

racea of Temminck was bestowed upon the bird figured by Madame

Knip in their great work on the Pigeons, at plate 35, and there con-

sidered as a variety of the Pt. ewingii, and called Columba pur-

purata. Temminck states (Trans. Linn. Soc. 1822, p. 130) that his

specimen came from New Holland! The figure resembles no species

from that country, nor indeed from any other; and it can only be

through an examination of the type that a correct knowledge of the

species intended can be ascertained. I have therefore placed Tem-

minck’s name, as well as porphyrea, Wagl., founded upon Tem-

minck’s bird, whatever it may have been, among the synonyms of

1878.) MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 527

the present species with a doubt’. Desmarest also published a

name (/.c.) for the bird depicted on Temminck’s plate, viz. forstert.

This, for the same reason which has placed Temminck’s name on

one side, will also have to go among the list of doubtful synonyms.

We now come to Wagler, ‘ Isis,’ 1829, who first diagnosed as distinct

both species, from Otaheite and Tonga-Tabou respectively, and gave

names to each, and properly portrayed their distinctive ckaracters.

To the Tonga bird with the purple crown he applied the term

purpurata, which name will take precedence; and the Otaheite

species he called oopa. Unfortunately he did not appear to be

cognizant of the name ¢attensis previously given to this species by

Lesson, Voy. Coq. tom. i. text, p. 297 (1826); and therefore oopa

will of course become a synonym of Lesson’s term.

Mr. Layard speaks of this species under the name of porphyraceus,

Forst., as not uncommon in the Friendly Islands. In its habits it

resembles the other species of this genus, and is called by the natives

* Kullu kullu.” The female, when in full breeding-dress, resembles

the male, but is not so brightly coloured on the abdomen, the male

at this season having the black abdominal patch shading away into

brilliant purple.

Adult. Front and top of head, extending in a curved line behind

the eyes, rich purple, edged with light yellow. Rest of head, neck,

upper part of back, throat, and breast pale ashy green. Flanks and

abdomen grass-green, with a dark purple spot in the centre of

abdomen. Crissum and under tail-coverts bright yellow, tinged

with orange on the tips of the coverts. Back and upper tail-coverts

dark yellowish green. Wings the same colour, with the inner

secondaries and some of the scapulars deep bluish green near their

tips. Primaries black on their inner webs, green on their outer,

and, together with the secondaries, margined with yellow; first

primary abruptly attenuated and very narrow at the end. Rectrices

bright green on their outer webs, brownish black on their inner, with

a terminal grey or ash-coloured band, this margined with yellow.

Under surface smoke-colour, terminal portion white. Bill black, tip

flesh-colour. Feet brownish. Total length 8? inches; wing 5};

tail 32; bill, culmen 3.

Young. Resembles the adult, except that the top of the head is

ashy like the breast, with only a tinge of purple on the forehead.

The back of the neck is pale green, instead of ash-colour; and the

plumage of the upper part, tail, and wings is bronzy.

5. PTILOPus APICALIS.

Lamprotreron apicalis, Bon. Compt. Rend. vol. xxxix. p. 877

1854).

. nee apicalis, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. (1857) p. 23 ;

Finsch & Hartl. Centralpolyn. (1867) p. 121.

Ptilonopus apicalis, Reich. Tauben, p. 97.

Hab. Samoa, Vavao ( Bonaparte).

This species, described by Bonaparte (J. c.), while resembling in

? See further remarks upon this plate 35 in the article on Pt. coralensis.

528 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May /,

general appearance the preceding one, differs from all others in the

colour of the spot upon the abdomen. In the type this is mixed

with rufous and yellow, the latter colour perhaps predominating ;

but in a second specimen, also in the Paris collection, the spot is

more rufous, and extends over a greater space. I regard this latter as

a more adult individual. It unfortunately bears no precise locality,

but has merely marked upon the stand, ‘donné par la Société des

Missions Catholique de ! Océanie en 1849.” The type was brought

by Hombron and Jacquinot from the Samoan Islands in their Voyage

au Péle Sud. The exact island is not given on the specimens by

these travellers; but Bonaparte has stated Vavao to be the habitat.

I am not aware how he ascertained this island to be the one in

which the specimen described by him was procured.

Adult. Front and crown rosy purple, faintly margined with

yellow; throat yellowish white; occiput and back of neck pale

green ; sides of neck and breast greenish grey; flanks and abdo-

men pale green, with a rufous spot tinged with yellow in the centre

of the latter ; crissum and under tail-coverts bright yellow, inclining

to a deep orange hue at the tips. Upper part and wings bronzy

green. Secondaries margined on outer webs with pale yellow. Tail

bronzy green, with an apical light-yellow band. Bill green? Feet

dark red? ‘Total length 7$ inches; wing 53, tail 33, culmen 3.

(Type.)

6. PrrLOPUS CORALENSIS.

Ptilopus coralensis, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. (1848) p. 190,

pl. 51; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped. 2nd ed. (1858) p. 272, pl. 32;

Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1873, p. 14, Columbe.

Columba purpurata, Temm. & Knip, Pig. vol. i. pl. 357:

Ptilopus viridissima, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. i. p. 20 (1857).

Kurutreron coralensis, Bon. Consp. Av. vol. il. p. 26. sp. 3

(1857); Reich. Taub. p. 93; id. Novit, Suppl. p. 203, t. ii. f. 33.

Ptilinopus coralensis, Cass. Wilkes Expl. Exped. text, p. 272, atl.

pl. 32 (1858).

Ptilonopus coralensis, Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. p. 37 (1859).

Ptilonopus viridissimus, Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. p. 38 (1859),

partim ; Reich. Tauben, p. 95, pl. 236 0. fig. 3367.

Ptilinopus viridissimus, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

(1867) p. 134.

Hab. Island of Carlshoff, Paumotu group (Peale).

The type of Bonaparte’s Péilopus viridissimus is in the Paris

Museum. The example, which was brought home by M. Maugé, the

surgeon attached to the expedition commanded by Captain Baudin,

is marked as from Timor. ‘This locality is evidently erroneous, as

no species belonging to this particular group of the genus Ptilopus

is found in that island, but all are, on the contrary, apparently con-

fined to the islands of the South Sea, from some one of which it is

most probable the specimen described by Bonaparte was brought.

It is in a bad condition, the primaries and tail being worn away to a

considerable degree, as though the bird had been in captivity at

1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 529

some period of its existence. It may possibly have been purchased

by Maugé at Timor. In the coppery-red hue of the wings, as well

as the tail, it answers well to the description given by Peale (J. c.) of

his P. coralensis ; and I have therefore assigned it to that species. The

back of the type is not ‘‘viridissimum immaculatum,”’ as described

by Bonaparte, but has very conspicuous violet spots on the scapulars.

I have given among the synonyms of this species the Columba

purpurata, var., figured by Madame Knip on plate 35 of the work on

Pigeons. Temminck states that there are two specimens in the

Paris Museum, brought by Capt. Baudin, which resemble the type

of his plate 35. I find that the type of Bonaparte’s Pé. viridissimus

is marked as follows :—‘‘Ptilopus viridissimus, Bp. ex Temm. tab. 35,

nec 34.” This unquestionably refers to the work of Temminck and

Knip ; but whether it is also intended to indicate that the example

was the original of Madame Knip’s plate I am unable to ascertain.

I deem it very probable, however, that it is the original from which

the drawing was made. In that case this bird would bear the name

of porphyraceus, Temm. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1822, p. 130, which

antedates coralensis, Peale.

Mr. Peale states that this Dove attracted his attention by its

plaintive call, resembling hoot-hoot-hoot, uttered in rapid succession.

Although not wild, it was very difficult to see them, as their plumage

accorded so well with the leaves. Specimens were subsequently

obtained on the low coral islets of the Paumotu group, but nowhere

else. They always kept in the most wooded and secluded places.

Male. “‘ Vertex having a very pale rubiaceous spot, which does not

reach to the base of the bill; bill yellow; irides red; head, neck,

and breast ashy, the feathers having a very pale greenish-yellow

band near their tips, those on the breast bifurcate ; back and rump

green, inclining to olive; vent, wings, and tail, when viewed in a

positive light, bright copper-colour, barred with golden green;

underparts of the wing and tail cinereous; quill-shafts brown ; tail-

shafts white beneath and black on the upper surface ; tail even, the

inner web having a dark bar near the tip; tertiary feathers edged

with yellow ; primaries and secondaries having a very narrow margin

of white; feathers on the leg cinereous. ‘Total length 9 inches; tail

35), extent of wings 17, bill 3, tarsus 1.”—Peale (J. c.).

7. PTILopUS CHALCURUS.

Piilonopus chaleurus, Gray, List Birds Trop. Isl. Brit. Mus.

(1859) p. 37.

Ptilinopus chaleurus, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

(1867), p. 131.

Hab. Harvey Islands, Cuok’s Archipelago (Gray).

The type of this species (?) is in the British Museum, where I

have had an opportunity of examining it. The colour of the fore-

head is amethyst, a lighter hue than in P¢. viridissimus, Bon. ; but in

their coppery tints the two birds greatly resemble each other. Gray

separated this Harvey-Island bird from Pé. coralensis, Peale, on

account of the light-coloured front and crown. Without the

530 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

type of Peale’s species to compare it with, I cannot say if the

difference mentioned is sufficient to separate the present form as dis-

tinct, and for the present leave it under the designation given to it

by its describer.

Forehead amethyst. Crown, occiput and nape pale green. Throat

yellowish ; sides of neck and breast greyish ash; abdomen pale

green. Back and wings bronzy-green, Primaries and secondaries

with a coppery-red hue in certain lights. Tail coppery red, with

a greenish shade; but in the majority of lights the feathers are

bright copper-colour. Crissum and under tail-coverts pale yellow.

Bill, legs, and feet yellowish in the skin. Wing 53, tail 4in. (Type.)

8. Pritorus pictiventrRis. (Plate XXXIII.)

Ptilonopus fasciatus, Whitmee (nec Peale), Proc. Zool. Soc.

1873, p. 152 (spec. exam.)

Ptilonopus apicalis, Lay. (nec Bon.), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 495.

Ptilopus pictiventris, Elliot, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. i.

p- 349 (1878).

Hab. Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (?) (type Paris Museum) ;

Samoa (Whitmee); Savage Islands (Brenchley) ; Navigators’ and

Friendly Islands (Layard).

This species was sent from Samoa by the Rev. S. J. Whitmee,

and marked by him Pé. fasciatus. I have examined his specimens

now in the British Museum, from one of which the figure (Plate

XXIII.) is taken; and they agree exactly with my type in the

Paris Museum. Mr. Whitmee states (J. c.) that this bird is kept

generally in- captivity by the natives of the Samoan Islands, and

they train it to act as a decoy for the wild bird. I described

this species from a specimen in the Paris Museum, stated to have

been brought by Hombron and Jacquinot from Nukahiva of the

Marquesas. I am inclined to think this locality may be erroneous,

as I find on the bottom of the stand that it is first stated to have

come from “ Upolu,’ Samoan group. This was erased and Nuka-

hiva substituted. It seems to me, in view of the Rev. Mr. Whitmee’s

examples, that Upolu is probably the correct locality of the type.

Mr. Layard, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, 1876, p. 495,

has erroneously referred this bird to the Pt. apicalis, Bon. This

latter species, the type of which is before me, has a rufous spot

mixed with yellow in the centre of the abdomen, without any black

line about it. The secondaries are also uniform bronzy green without

any lilac spots near their tips; and the under tail-coverts are bright

yellow inclining to an orange hue at their tips. The present species

and Pé. apicalis are readily distinguishable from each other, the pur-

plish-black line above the rufous on the abdomen of the present bird

being at all times sufficient to separate it. Mr. Layard states that he

found this species abundant, feeding on wild berries, and having a

pleasing rolling ‘‘coo.”” The females were not so brightly coloured

as the males ; and the young have the whole of the underparts scaly

with yellow edges to their green feathers. They exhibit no trace

of the bifurcation in the breast-feathers, as in the adults; nor is the

1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 531

first primary so greatly attenuated. Front and crown rosy purple,

with a very faintly indicated yellow margin, almost obsolete. Occi-

put greenish grey. Throat whitish; neck, upper part of mantle,

and breast ashy green. Flanks light green. Centre of abdomen

rufous, bounded above by a deep-purple line. Crissum and under

tail-coverts bright yellow, the latter orange towards their tips. Back

and upper tail-coverts bright green. Scapulars tipped with lilac.

Tail bright green, with a broad apical yellow band. Bill greenish

with a yellow tip. Feet brown in the skin. Total length 83 inches,

wing 53, tail 3, culmen 5%.

9. PriLOoPUS PELEWENSIS.

Ptilinopus pelewensis, Hartl. & Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868,

p- 7, 1872, p. 101; Graffe, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1873, pt. 1,

pl. 7. fig. 5; Finsch, Vég. Palau-Gruppe, Journ. Mus. Godeff.

1875, Heft viii. p. 24.

Hab. Pelew Islands.

This species, described by Messrs. Hartlaub and Finsch (J. c.)

belongs to the second group into which I have divided the green

Fruit-Pigeons of the South-Sea Islands, viz. the one with the yellow

apical band on the tail. It differs apparently from its relative in

the violet spot on the breast-feathers, and in the colouring of the

under tail-coverts, and also, as Dr. Finsch writes me, in the large

orange vent-spot. It is evidently a very distinct species. In their

first description the above-mentioned authors state that the under

tail-coverts are white at base, then yellow, with the tips rose-violet.

In the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1872, p. 101, they describe these

coverts as bright purplish red, with narrow bright orange edgings.

From this there would seem to be considerable variation in the hues

of these feathers. I have not seen an example of this species.

Adult. Front and crown rose-violet, margined with yellow ; rest

of head and neck pale greenish yellow, feathers of upper part of

breast crossed transversely with violet spots, tips greenish yellow.

Middle of abdomen deep orange. Crissum yellow. Under tail-

coverts white at base, then yellow, with the tips rose-violet.

Upper parts light green. Primaries black, tipped and margined

on the outer web with light green. Secondaries bright green

edged with yellow. Middle rectrices green; lateral ones black on

inner webs, green on outer, all with an apical yellow band. Bill

lead-colour, feet flesh-colour. Length 93”, wing 8” 2'”, tail 22”,

tarsus 10"", bill 6’” (Hartl. and Finsch).

10. PriLopus REGINA.

Columba purpurata, prem. var., Temm. Pig. et Gall. tom. i.

p- 282 (1813) (2).

Columba purpurata, var.regina, Swains. Zool. Journ. vol. i. (1825)

- 473.

Columba purpurata, Jard. and Selby, Mlust. Ornith. vol. ii. pl.

70 (nec auct.).

Ptilinopus swainsoni, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 18; id.

532 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Birds Austr. vol. v. pl. 55; id. Hand-b. B. Austr. vol. ii. p. 106;

Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. (1867) p. 125; Graffe,

Journ. Mus. Godeff. 1873, pt. 1, pl. 7. fig. 6; Ramsay, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 114.

Ptilonopus swainsoni, Gray, Gen. B. (1844) vol. ii. p. 466. sp. 6 ;

id. List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 2. sp. 1; Reich. Tauben, p. 94,

pl. 235. figs. 1309-10.

Kurukuru swainsonii, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, Zool. (1855)

. 256.

h Ptilopus swainsonii, Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1873, p. 4, Columbe.

Hab. Australia, river Clarence, between the Hunter and More-

ton Bay (Gould).

Temminck, in his ‘ Pigeons et Gallinacées,’ (/. c.), describes a ‘‘ pre-

miére variété ” of his Columba purpurata (=ewingii, Gould). This

has been referred, by Messrs. Finsch and Hartlaub in their work

on Central-Polynesian birds, to Pt. fasciatus, Peale. I do not

think this is correct ; and although it may be impossible to prove

what really this ‘variety’ of Temminck’s is, yet it seems to me

that his description points more towards the present species. In the

first place Temminck makes no mention of a purplish-black spot upon

the abdomen, which Pé. fasciatus (Peale) possesses ; and he describes

the belly as exhibiting “ plusieurs nuances de jaune et d’orange,”

which certainly are not to be found on Peale’s bird, which has this

part grass-green with a purplish black spot in the centre. As the

Columba purpurata, Temm., is known to be the Pé. ewingii, Gould,

and did not come from Tahiti, it is probable that he had with it

the Pt. regina, also from Australia, and looked upon them as

varieties of the same species. As this cannot, however, be defi-

nitely ascertained, I have placed his name among the synonyms, with

a question. Temminck states that there are two specimens in the

Paris Museum, brought by Capt. Baudin, which are like the variety

described by him. I have examined all the examples brought by

Baudin’s expedition ; and they belong only to the Pé. ewingii and

Pt. viridissimus, Bon. (=coralensis, Peale). This species has been

generally known as the Péilopus swainsoni, Gould; but it was

called regina by Swainson seventeen years before Mr. Gould’s name

was published. In fact it is the type of Swainson’s genus Ptilo-

nopus (Ptilopus) ; and Gould’s name must become a synonym.

Male. Forehead and top of head crimson, margined narrowly

with yellow. Occiput and back of neck greyish green. Throat

white, sometimes tinged with yellow. Breast pale green, each

feather tipped with light grey. Flanks dull green. Abdomen deep

orange, with a spot of deep lilac-red in the centre. Crissum and

under tail-coverts orange-yellow. Upper parts bright green. Pri-

maries slaty grey on inner webs, green on the outer, edged with

yellow. The first abruptly and greatly attenuated. Secondaries bluish

green, becoming deep blue near their tips, and broadly margined with

yellow. ‘Tail deep green, with a broad terminal rich yellow band.

Irides reddish orange. Bill greenish black, horn-colour at the tip.

feet olive-brown. Total length 94 inches, wing 54, tail 33, culmen 3.

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 533

Immature. Front tinged with rose-colour ; loral space and a line

over the anterior half of the eye light yellow. Head, neck, cheeks,

back, and breast green, the feathers of the latter tipped with light

yellow. Throat yellowish white. Abdomen and under tail-coverts

light yellow; the lilac-red spot absent. Rest of plumage as in

the adult.

Specimens described are those figured by Bonaparte, Iconogr. Pig.

pl. 21.

11. Pritopus EWING.

Columba purpurata, Temm. Pig. et Gall. tom. i. p. 280 (1813) ;

Less. Traité Ornith. (1831), p. 472 (nec auct.).

Columba purpurata, Desmar. Dict. Se. Nat. vol. xl. (1826) p.

339; Knip & Prév. Pig. vol. i. pl. 34 (nec auct.).

Le Kurukuru, Less. Compl. Buff. Ois. tom. iii, p- 32 (1837).

Ptilinopus purpuratus, Selby, Nat. Libr. vol. v. pt. 3, p. 103

(1835) (not from Otaheite); Swains. Class. Birds, vol. ii. p. 347

(nec auct.).

Piilinopus ewingii, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p: 19); id;

B. Austr. vol. v. pl. 56.

Ptilonopus purpuratus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1844) p. 2,

Galline.

Ptilonopus ewingii, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1844) p. 2, (1856)

p. 3. sp. 2; id. Gen. B. vol. ii, (1844) p. 466; Reich. Tauben,

p- 94, pl. 235. figs. 1307-8.

Kurukuru roseicapillus, Des Murs & Prév. (nec Less.), Voy.

Vénus, Ois. p. 262 (1855), partim.

Ptilinopus flavicollis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 3. sp. 3.

Piilonopus flavipectus, Reich. Tauben, p- 94, pl. 235. fig. 1305

(ex pl. 35, Knip, Pig.), ex Timor.

Ptilonopus flavicollis, Reich. Taub. p. 95; Gray, List B. Brit.

Mas. (1856) p. 3. sp. 3; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p- 380.

Ptilopus flavicollis, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p- 20. sp. 4; id.

Compt. Rend. (1855) tom. xl. p. 216. sp. 40; id. Iconog. Pig.

(1857) pl. 25.

Ptilopus ewingii, Bon. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 20 (1857) ; id.

Iconog. Pig. (1857) ,pl. 24. fig. 1 ; Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 5.

Ptilinopus flavicollis, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

(1867) p. 125.

Hab. Coburg peninsula, northern coast of Australia (Gould) ;

Timor, Flores (Semmelink).

The representation of this species given by Madame Knip on

plate 34 of her work is so badly executed that it is impossible to

recognize what is intended ; for it certainly resembles no species that

was ever seen. Therefore Bonaparte was perfectly justified in

giving another figure in his Iconogr. Pig. pl. 25, from which a very

good idea of this species is obtained. It is very safe to say that,

unless the originals of some of Madame Knip’s plates had been

preserved in the Paris Museum to show what the species really

were, they would always have remained a stumbling-block to ornitho-

534 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. _[May 7,

logists. I do not find, after a careful comparison of specimens

from the two localities, that the birds from Timor and Australia

show any characters that should separate them as distinct species.

Desmarest, in the ‘Dictionnaire des Sciences,’ gives a species of

Ptilopus as Columba purpurata. This has been referred to the

Pt. fasciatus of Peale. As, however, the description mentions

yellow and orange colours on the belly, and, moreover, this bird is

referred to plate 34 of Temminck and Kuip’s ‘ Pigeons,’ which re-

presents Pt. ewingii, I have placed Desmarest’s name among the

synonyms given above.

Aduit male. Forehead and crown rose-colour, margined with

yellow. Sides of head greyish. Throat light yellow. Breast pale

green, feathers tipped with yellow. Abdomen orange, with a pale

lilac band crossing the upper part. Flanks green. Crissum and

under tail-coverts orange-yellow. Back of neck and upper parts

bright green. Wings bluish green. Primaries brownish black on

inner webs, dark green on outer, margined with yellow, the first

abruptly and greatly attenuated. Secondaries bluish green; base

of inner webs brownish black, margined with light yellow. Tail

bright green, with a broad terminal yellowish-white bar. Bill

black, with yellow tip. Feet brownish. Total length 9 in., wing 5,

tail 34, culmen }. (Specimen figured by Bonaparte.)

12. PriLOPUS RAROTONGENSIS.

Ptilinopus rarotongensis, Hartl. & Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871,

p- 80; Griiffe, Journ. Mus. Godeff. 1873, pl. 7. fig. 1.

Hab. Cook’s Islands (Finsch § Hartlaub); Savage Island

(Whitmee, Brenchley).

A specimen in the British Museum from Savage Island, one of

the Friendly group, is apparently of this species, and answers quite

well to the description given by Finsch and Hartlaub. The spot

on the lower portion of the breast is rosy red in the centre, sur-

rounded by very dark purple. Abdomen and under tail-coverts

are yellow, the latter strongly tinged with orange towards the ends.

** ddult. Front and vertex purplish violet-red, surrounded by a

narrow indistinct line of yellow ; occiput, sides of head, neck, crop,

and upper part of breast delicate grey, the feathers of the latter bifur-

cate and with a pale yellow cross band ; chin and middle of throat

white, washed with pale yellow ; breast and remainder of underparts

yellow, purer on the back and under tail-coverts, paler on the anal

region ; the sides washed with pale greyish green, the same as the

feathered tarsus ; on the middle of the lower portion of the breast a

large spot of dark purplish red; back and upper parts vivid grass-

green; primaries and their coverts on the outer web and end bril-

liant dark green, with a very narrow but distinct white margin, the

inner web black ; secondaries also dark green, but with a somewhat

broader yellow margin along the outer web ; coyverts of the secondaries

dark green, narrowly margined externally and at the end with yellow ;

larger shoulder-coverts brilliant dark green, broadly margined at the

end with grass-green ; wing beneath ashy grey ; under wing-coverts

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUs. 535

delicate grey like the neck ; tail dark green with a broad greyish-

white end ; the feathers, except the two middle ones, are on the inner

web dark grey, crossed above the white end by a blackish cross band ;

the white end is margined narrowly with pale yellow; tail beneath

dark grey, at the end broadly white ; bill plumbeous, tipped with

pale horn-colour ; feet reddish brown, nails dark ; irides yellow ;

bill brownish yellow ; legs purple-red.

“Young. Vertex and hind neck green like the back ; front and

forehead covered with a pale violet-purple patch ; sides of head

and neck grey, washed with green, the crop and upper portion of

breast with greenish yellow ; the underparts are of a less brilliant

yellow ; the sides darker greyish green ; the red pectoral patch is in-

dicated only by some dirty purplish feathers ; the pale yellow mar-

gins at the ends of the coverts of the secondaries are broader and

form a distinct cross line; the white end portion of the tail-feathers

is washed at the outer web and apex with green ; bill and feet brown ;

total length 8 inches, wing 5, tail 3°1.”’—Finsch and Hartl. (1. ¢.).

13. Prinopus rascratus.

Ptilinopus fasciatus, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. Ornith. (1848)

p- 193, pl.; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p.4; Finsch & Hartl.

Faun. Centralpolyn. (1867) p. 115; Graffe, Journ. Mus. Godeff.

Heft i. (1872) p. 45, Taf. 7. fig. 2.

Ptilinope de Clémentine, Hombr. & Jacq. Voy. Pdle Sud (1841),

pl. xxix. fig. 3.

Ptilinopus clementine, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xl. (1855) p- 216.

sp. 48 ; id. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 22. sp. 9; id. Iconogr. Pig.

pl. xxii. fig. 1 (1857) ; Reich. Taub. p- 96, tab. 240. fig. 2588;

id. Suppl. p. 203, pl. iv. figs. 34, 35 ; Gray, B. Trop. Isl. p. 38 ;

Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeff. Heft xii. p- 37 (1876).

Columba viridissima, Temm. Pl. Col., text of C. diademata.

Ptinilopus! clementine, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Péle Sud, vol. iii.

text (1853), p. 117, Atl. pl. xxix. fig. 3.

Kurukuru clementing, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, Ois. p-

269 (1855).

Lamprotreron porphyracea, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 21.

Piilopus clementine, Bon. Iconog. Pig. (1857) pl. xxii. fig. 1.

Ptilonopus fasciatus, Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 37

(partim).

Ptilonopus clementine, Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 38.

Ptilopus porphyraceus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p.8, Columbe.

Ptilopus fasciatus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 6, Columbe.

Ptilonopus ponapensis, Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 779.

Native name Manu-tagi ( Whitmee).

Hab. Samoa (Peale, Hombron and Jacquinot) ; Ponapé Island

(Kuébary).

This is the species first described by Peale (/. c.) from Samoa,

and afterwards by Hombron and Jacquinot as clementine. It is a

well-marked bird, differing from all its allies in the yellowish hue

of its throat, cheeks, and breast. The abdomen is pure green, with

536 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

a purplish-black spot in the centre. Several examples are before

me, including the type of Pt. clementine ; and the species is readily

recognizable from all the others of this especial section of the genus

Ptilopus. Pt. apicalis, Bon., sometimes referred to this species,

is quite distinct. I place with a doubt, among the synonyms given

above, the Ptilinopus fasciatus figured in the Journal of the Museum

Godeffroy (/. c.); for the colouring of the figure is so defective that

it is impossible to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to what

species is meant. The purplish-black mark on the abdomen is

apparently omitted. If the specimen does not possess this, it cannot

be the P¢. fasciatus, and is probably Pt. apicalis, Bon. An ex-

amination of the bird itself could alone decide the matter.

Dr. Finsch, in a late number of these ‘ Proceedings’ (1877, p. 779),

described a Ptilopus from the island of Ponapé from specimens sent

to the Museum Godeffroy by Mr. Kubary, as distinct under the

name of Pt. ponapensis. Not being able to make out by the descrip-

tion wherein this bird differed from the Pt. fasciatus, Peale, I wrote

to Dr. Finsch asking if it was not possible to have the type sent to

me. On his making the request to the Directors of the Museum

Godeffroy, they most kindly forwarded me three specimens, among

which was the type of the description published in this Journal.

I compared it with the examples in the Paris Museum ; and, as I

supposed it would be, the species is the same as Pt. fasciatus,

Peale, being identical with those birds in the Paris Museum called

clementine by Hombron and Jacquinot, and procured by them in

the Voyage au Péle Sud, and which do not differ specifically from

the Pt. fasciatus, Peale. The Pt. ponapensis will therefore have to

become a synonym of the present species.

Adult. Top of head and forehead bright purple, margined with

pale yellow. Back and sides of neck, cheeks, upper part of back,

throat, and breast pale yellowish green inclining to ash colour. Flanks

and abdomen grass-green, with a purplish-black spot in the centre

of the abdomen. Back and upper tail-coverts bronzy green.

Primaries and secondaries black on inner webs ; outer bright green,

edged with yellow on the secondaries ; first primary abruptly and

greatly attenuated. Some of the innermost secondaries and tertials

have a pale violet mark near their tips. Tail bright green, with the

terminal fourth bright yellow. Crissum and under tail-coverts

orange-yellow. Bill black, tip yellowish. Feet brown. Total

length 83 inches, wing 54, tail 33, culmen2. (From Hombr. & Jacq.

specimen in Paris Museum.)

14. PriLopus MERCIERI.

Kurukuru mercieri, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, Ornith. p.

266 (1855).

Ptilopus mercieri, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xl. (1855) p. 216 ;

id. [conog. Pig. pl. xxii. fig. 2 (1857); id. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii.

(1857) p. 22. sp. 8.

Ptilinopus mercieri, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. (1867)

p. 128; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 410.

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 537

Ptilonopus merciert, Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 36;

Reich. Tauben, p. 96.

Hab. Nuka-hiva, Marquesas Islands. (Type.)

A very rare and well-marked species; but one or two examples

besides the type in the Paris Museum are, I believe, all that are

known in European collections. It resembles in its coloration the

last species, but is readily recognized by the red spot on the head at

the base of the mandible.

Adult. Entire upper part of head and occiput and a conspicuous

spot at base of the mandible deep rosy purple. Nape, mantle, sides

. of neck, throat, and breast pale yellowish green, with a tinge of ash

upon cheeks and nape. Abdomen and flanks bright greenish yellow ;

crissum and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Back and upper tail-

coverts bright green, with a yellowish tinge upon the latter. Wings

same colour as the back; primaries black, shaded with very dark

green upon the outer webs, the first abruptly and greatly attenuated ;

secondaries black on the inner webs, dark green on the outer, and

margined with yellow; the innermost ones with a conspicuous blue-

black spot near the tips, and margined broadly with yellow. Rec-

trices smoke-colour at base, the outer webs barred with pale green

in the centre, this colour sometimes extending slightly onto the

inner web; and all the apical third very light yellow. Bill

black with light tip. Feet brown. Total length 9 inches, wing

o4, tail 33, culmen 3. (Description taken from type in Paris

Museum.)

15. Prinorus ROSEICAPILLUS.

Columba roseicapilla, Less. Trait. Ornith. p. 472. sp. 44 (nec

syn.) (1831).

Le Kurukuru des Martannes, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois.

p- 33 (1837).

Ptilonopus purpureicinctus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1853, p. 48,

pl. lv; id. List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 4. sp. 5 (partim); id.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xv. (1855) p. 159; id. List

B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 37.

Kurukuru roseicapilla, Des Murs & Prév. Zool. Voy. Vénus, Ois.

p. 259 (1855).

Piilopus roseicapillus, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xl. (1855) p.

216. sp. 46; id. Iconog. Pig. (1857) pl. xxii. ; id. Consp. Gen: Av.

vol. ii. p. 21. sp. 7.

Ptilonopus roseicapillus, Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. p- 37; Reich.

Taub. p. 96.

Ptilinopus roseicapillus, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

(1867) p. 127.

Hab. Ladrone Islands or Marianne Islands.

This is a very distinct species, differing in certain particulars from

all others known. Besides Lesson’s type there are several examples

in the collection of the Paris Museum. It is a rare species, net

many examples having been brought to Europe.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1878, No. XXXV. 33

538 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Adult. Front, crown, and spot at base of lower mandible rich

purple, margined on the posterior part with yellow. Back and sides

of neck greenish grey. Throat white. Upper part of breast greyish

green, the feathers tipped with pearly white. Lower part of breast

crossed by a green band, with a large spot of deep purple in the

centre; abdomen orange, with the centre yellowish green ; under

tail-coverts bright yellow, becoming rich orange towards their tips.

Back and upper tail-coverts bronzy green. Wings like the back ;

primaries black on inner webs, green on the outer, edged with yellow,

the first one abruptly and greatly attenuated ; secondaries bluish

green margined with lemon-yellow. Rectrices pale green on outer

webs, smoke-colour on their inner, with a broad terminal band of

yellowish white. Billblack, tip yellowish. Total length 83 inches,

wing 51, tail 34, culmen 3. (Specimen figured by Bonaparte

l. ec. in Paris Museum. Lesson’s type of this species is also before

me; but not being in so good a condition as Bonaparte’s specimen,

I have preferred not to take my description from it.)

16. PriLopUus HUTTONI.

Plilinopus huttoni, Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 92.

Hab. Island of Rapa or Opara, South Sea. |

I do not know this bird autoptically. It is evidently a very fine

and distinct species, differing in many ways from all others of this

genus. It is quite large, has the first primary attenuated, and also

two thirds of the basal portion of the tarsus feathered. As I

have shown, however, in the discussion of the genera in the earlier

part of this paper, these two characters are not of any especial im-

portance in defining the generic position of the members of the group

now under consideration. The following. description is taken from

that given by Dr. Finsch of the type.

Adult, Front and crown and spot at base of mandible purplish

violet-red ; chin red, but paler than the crown. Red of crown

margined narrowly and indistinctly with green. Occiput, neck,

throat, and crop ashy grey tinged with green ; feathers on the crop

bifurcate, and dull olive-green in the centre. A pale yellowish

longitudinal patch below the chin. A large dark purplish-violet

patch on the breast ; base of feathers dark olive-green. Sides of

breast and flanks dark olive-green. Anal region and back of thighs

dirty yellow. Under tail-coverts purplish violet-red like the crown,

basal portions yellowish. Upper parts dark olive grass-green. Quills

dark green, margined narrowly with yellow, with apical portions

having coppery reflections. Shoulder-coverts with a triangular spot

of dull lilac. Tail-feathers dark green; apical margin yellowish

white, with coppery reflections in certain lights. _ Bill horny grey,

tip yellowish ; feet pale, apparently yellow; eye pink. Total length

12-20 inches, wing 6°70, tail 4°90; bill above *75, at gape 1°15; tarsus

1:20; middle toe *95, nail °35.

1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 539

17. PrtLopus DUPETIT-THOUARSI.

Ptilinope de dupetit-thouars, Hombr. & Jacq. Voy.Péle Sud, pl.

29.4.1.

Columba dupetithouarsii, Neboux, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 289 ; id.

Voy. Favor. pl. 7.

Columba kurukuru purpuro-leucocephalus, Hombr. & Jacq. Ann.

Se. Nat. xvi. p. 316 (1841).

Ptilinopus emilie, Less. Echo du Monde Sav. (1844) p. 873.

Ptilonopus leucocephalus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 2 (1844),

Galline.

Ptilonopus dupetit-thouarsi, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ili. App. p. 23

(1844-49) ; id. List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 3, Columbe ; id. B.

Trop. Isl. p. 36 (1859).

Ptinilopus dupetit-thouarsi, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Pdle Sud, vol.

ill. (1858), text, p. 114, atl. pl. 29. fig. 1.

Trygon dupetit-thouarsi, Reich. Syst. Av. p. xxvi.

Thouarsitreron leucocephala, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xxxix.

(1854) p. 276, and tom. xl. (1855) p. 216 ; id. Iconogr. Pig. (1857)

pl. 17; id. Consp. Av. p. 16 (1857).

Columba dupetit-thouarsi, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, Zool.

(1855) p. 241.

Thouarsitreron dupetit-thouarsii, Reich. Tauben, p. 93, pl. 240.

fig. 2587.

Ptilinopus dupetit-thouarsi, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

(1867) p. 129; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 410.

Ptilopus dupetit-thouarsii, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 15,

Columbe.

Hab. Christine Island, Marquesas.

A very handsome species, not likely to be confounded with any

other of this group. It has, I believe, only been obtained on Chris-

tine Island of the Marquesas. The first primary is especially

noticeable for the great length of its attenuation.

Adult. Top of head greyish white, margined faintly with light

yellow. Throat and spot in front of the eye light yellow. Neck

and upper part of back greyish green. Feathers of the breast pale

green tipped with grey. Flanks pale green. Abdomen deep rose-

colour; crissum and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Back and

upper tail-coverts bronzy green. Wings like the back ; primaries

black, with a dark green shade on their outer webs, and the inner-

most ones bronzy green at their tips, the first one abruptly and greatly

attenuated. Secondaries—outer ones dark green on their outer webs,

dark brown on inner with bronze-green tips, innermost ones deep

blue near their tips, and all broadly margined with light yellow.

Rectrices dark green (sometimes strongly tinged with bronze), with

a broad apical yellowish-white band. Bill black, tipped with yellow.

Feet red. Total length 93 inches, wing 6, tail 33, culmen 3.

(Type of the species from Christine Island.)

540 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

18. PriLopus XANTHOGASTER.

Columba purpurata, Temm. (nec auct.) Pl. Col. livr. 43 (1824),

vide text to pl. 254, livr. 95 (1835).

Columba xanthogaster, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 29,

Columba.

Columba diademata, Temm. text to Pl. Col. 254, livr. 95

(1835).

Ptilinopus purpuratus, Steph. (nec auct.) Cont. Shaw’s Gen.

Zool. vol. xiv. p. 277. sp. l.

Ptilinopus flavigaster, Swains. Class. B, vol. ii. p. 347.

Le Kurukuru @ ventre jaune, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois.

p- 36 (1837).

Ptilonopus zanthogaster, Gray, Gen. B. (1 844-49) vol. ii. p. 446 ;

id. List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 5; id. List B. Trop. Isl. p. 36

1859).

; Kurukuru wanthogaster, Des Murs and Prév. Voy. Vénus (1855),

Zool. p. 238. :

Thouarsitreron diademata, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xxxix.

(1854) p. 876, tom. xl. (1855) p. 216; id. Iconog. Pig. pl. 18

(1857); id. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 16 (1857); Reich. Tauben, p.

93, figs. 1326, 1327.

Ptilonopus diadematus, Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 380.

Ptilinopus diadematus, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

(1867) p. 124.

Ptilopus diadematus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 11,

Columbe.

Ptilopus wanthogaster, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. 1876,

vol. ix. p. 199.

Hab. Banda (Reinwardt, Hoedt); Khoor or Kanaloor, Little

Ké, Grand Ké (Von Rosenberg); Lettie, east of Timor ( Hoedé).

This species was first called by Temminck Columba purpurata,

Lath., in the 43rd livraison of the ‘ Planches Coloriées,’ he sup-

posing that it was a female of Latham’s bird. Afterwards he

ascertained, from an examination of the specimens obtained by Quoy

and Gaimard during the voyage of the ‘ Uranie,’ that the bird figured

by him represented a distinct species ; and he therefore, in the 95th

livraison, issued a new sheet of text calling the bird diademata, and

requested that the previous page should be replaced by this one.

However, between the dates of these two livraisons (1824-1835),

Wagler had in 1827, in his ‘ Systema Avium,’ described the species

as xanthogaster, which name will of course take precedence over

Temminck’s later one of diademata.

Adult. Head, neck, and upper part of the breast greyish white.

An orange-yellow line passes over the eye and encireles the occiput.

Throat bright yellow. Lower part of breast, abdomen, and under tail-

coverts orange-yellow ; a large pale grey patch on upper part of abdo-

men. Upper parts dark green. Centre of tertials, scapulars, and

innermost secondaries deep blue, bordered with yellow. Primaries

bordered with white, the first one abruptly and greatly attenuated.

Tail dark green, with an apical band of lighter green. Bill green,

1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 541

tip yellow; feet dark red. Total length 9 inches, wing 54, tail

33, culmen 4.

19. Prinopus CHRYSOGASTER.

Ptilonopus chrysogaster, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 48;

id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. xv. (1855) p. 158; id.

List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 5. sp. 10, Columbe ; id. List B. Trop.

Isl. p. 36 (1859); Sclat. Pioc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 9.

Kurutreron chrysogaster, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1854) tom, xxxix.

p- 876, (1855) tom. xl. p. 217; id. Iconogr. Pig. (1857) pl. 29.

fig. 2; id. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 26. sp. 2 (1857).

Kurutreron chrysogastra, Reich. Taub. p. 92, tab. 249 5. figs.

3525, 3526.

Ptilinopus chrysogaster, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

(1867) p. 128; Graeffe, Journ. Mus. Godeff. 1873, Taf. 7. fig. 4.

Hab. Tonga-Tabou, Huaheine, Society Islands (Wodehouse).

Although distinct, this species is a close ally of the Pt. xantho-

gaster. It can, however, be readily recognized by its bright yellow

abdomen and under tail-coverts and light-purple ‘crown, those of its

relative being orange and greyish white respectively. It is one of

the two species known to inhabit the Society Islands.

Adult. Front and crown light-purple, margined posteriorly with

dark yellow. Rest of head, neck, mantle, breast, and flanks greenish

grey. Throat pale yellow. Abdomen and under tail-coverts bright

yellow. Back and wings bronzy grass-green. Primaries black, the

outer webs margined with dark green, the first abruptly and greatly

attenuated for one third its length; secondaries bluish green, mar-

gined with pale yellow. ‘Tail dark bronze-green, with a broad ter-

minal band of yellowish white edged with a bright yellow. Bill

black, tip yellow. Feet brown. Total length 94 inches, wing 53, tail

4, culmen 3.

20. PTILOPUS TAITENSIS.

Columba kurukuru, var. taitensis, Less. Voy. Coq. tom. i. text,

p- 297 (1826).

Columba oopa, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 742.

Oolumba tattensis, Less. Trait. Ornith. (1831) p. 472.

Le Kurukuru @ Otaiti, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. ii. Ois. p. 35

(1837).

Colombe de Taiti, Neboux, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 289.

Ptilonopus taitensis, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 466 (1844-49).

( Ptilinopus furcatus, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 191

1848).

Kurukuru purpuratus, Des Murs & Prév. (nec auct.) Voy. Vénus,

Zool. p. 222 (1855). Spec. Paris Mus.

Kurukuru dupetit-thouarsi, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, Zool.

pl. vii. (1855).

Kurukuru nebouxii, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Venus, Zool. p. 253

atl, pl. vii.

542 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Kurukuru taitensis, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, Zool. (1855)

Poco

Ptilonopus purpuratus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 4

(partim); id. List B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 35 (partim); Finsch,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 741.

Kurutreron oopa, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1854) tom. xxxix. p. 878 ;

id. Iconogr. Pig. (1857) (text); id. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 26 ; Reich.

Taub. p. 92, pl. 245 6. figs. 3527-28.

Ptilinopus purpuratus, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped. (1858) Ornith.

pl. xxx. p. 269; Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. (1867) p-

122; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 741.

Ptilopus purpuratus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B.1873, p.15, Columbe.

Hab. Otaheiti.

Peale says this species utters a cov-coo-coo slowly and at regular

intervals. It is not as sprightly as the Coral-Island Dove, and

delights to sit on some dead branch in the shady recesses of the

woods. In my article on Pt. purpuratus I have given my reasons

for considering that this species should not bear that name. The

fact that Latham states that the bird he describes came from

Otaheite, which is the chief reason why his name of purpuratus

was assigned to this species, loses entirely its value and force when

it is seen that no bird of the genus Péi/opus inhabits Otaheite that

answers to bis description. Having specimens from both the Society

Islands and Tonga in his possession, and having confused them in

his description, he probably did not particularly regard his specimen

or eompare it with his deseription when he stated it to have come

from Otaheite. By no stretch of the imagination can the present

species be deemed to have a “‘ purple crown.” It is ashy grey with

a lilac tinge, but in no way does it approach any shade of purple.

A series of specimens now before me from the Paris-Museum collec-

tion clearly substantiates this.

Adult. Top of head ash-grey with a tinge of lilac. Underparts

light ash-green, darkest on the abdomen. Back of neck cinereous,

washed with green. Upper parts bright green. Wings bright green ;

first primary gradually narrowed to tip ; the inner webs of secondaries

and primaries black, outer webs bright green, those of the secondaries

edged with yellow. Centre of abdomen and crissum pale yellow,

becoming bright yellow on the under tail-coverts. The tail has the

rectrices bright green on the outer webs, black on the imner, and a

subterminal interrupted greyish bar, extending only over the inner

webs. Feet violet; eyes orange; bill green at base, tip yellow.

Feet brown. Total length 9 inches, wing 53, tail 33, culmen 3.

21. Pritopus suPERBUS.

Columba superba, Temm. Pig. & Gall. tom. i. p. 277 (1813) ;

Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xi. pt. 1, p.64 (1819) ; Desm. Dict. Se. Nat.

vol. xl. (1826) p. 337; Temm. & Knip, vol. 1. pl. 33.

Columba cyanovirens, Less. Voy. Coq. pl. xhi. fig. 1 (1824) ;

Desm. Dict. Se. Nat. vol. xl. (1826) p. 343; Less. Trait. Ornith.

(1831) p. 471; Knip & Prév. Pig. vol. ii. pl. 8,2.

1878. MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 543

Columba superba, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 32, Columba.

La Verte, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. ii. Ois. p. 29 (1837).

La Poukiopou, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. (1837).

Ptilinopus leucogaster, Swains. Class. B. vol. ii. p. 347.

Ptilinopus superbus, Steph. Gen. Zool. vol. xiv. p. 279. sp. 6;

Gould, B. Austr. vol. v. pl. lvii.

Ptilonopus superbus, Gray, Gen. B. (1844-49) vol. ii. p. 467 ; id.

List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 7; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 184;

id. List B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 39; id. List Mamm. and B. New

Guin. (1859) p. 46; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 379; Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Civ. Gen. (1875) vol. vii. p. 786.

Ptilonopus cyanovirens, Gray, Gen. B. (1844-49) vol. ii. p. 467 ;

id. List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 8. sp. 23 ; id. Cat. Mamm. and B.

New Guin. (1859) p. 47.

Kurukuru superbus, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, p. 231

1855).

; Lamprotreron superba, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 18;

Reich. Tauben, p. 97, pl. 23646. fig. 3366, 9, pl. 236. figs. 1316-17,

¢ juv.; Ibis (1866), p. 333; Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876,

» 114.

; Cyanotreron cyanovirens, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1854) tom. xxxix.

p- 878 ; id. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 23; Reich. Tauben, p. 98, pl. 238.

fig. 1324.

Ptilonopus (Lamprotreron) superbus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1860, p. 360.

Piilopus superbus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 30, Columbe;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1877) vol. x. p. 158.

Lamprotreron porphyrostictus, Gould, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist.

(1874) vol. xiii. p. 137, 2 ?

Hab. Amboyna, Ceram, Batchian, Gilolo, Waigiou, Mysol, Aru,

New Guinea (Wallace); Mount Arfak (Bryjn.); Halmahera,

Ternate, Batanta, Jobie (Bernstein, Von Rosenberg); Bouru, Sal-

watty (Hoedt) ; Amberbaki, Mafor (Raffray) ; New Hanover (Ca-

banis); Booby Islands (Gould) ; Cape York, Australia (Cockerell).

As will be seen from the list given above, this species has received

many names. The two sexes have been described as distinct species,

and have been assigned to different genera! It has a wide dis-

tribution, having been procured as far to the eastward as New

Hanover, reaching Gilolo on the north, and Cape York, Australia,

on the south. In fact it is found generally throughout the Papuan

group of islands and along the northern part of New Guinea. As

it has been obtained at Mount Arfak and Amberbaki, and also on Sal-

watty on the west coast, it is probable that it will be ascertained to

inhabit the entire northern portion of New Guinea. According to

Mr. Ramsay, this bird is tolerably abundant in the scrub-lands of

the Herbert River and coast-range. The note, which is a rolling

guttural ‘* coo,’ may be heard half a mile off. The young resemble

somewhat those of P¢. swainsoni (regina), but do not show the bifur-

cate breast-feathers before the end of the second year ; but the green *

bands on the flanks are conspicuous even in the nestling. The

544 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Lamprotreron porphyrostictus of Gould seems to be only a female of

this species, having “‘a purplish-blue spot at back of head.”

Adult male. Upper part of head bright purple. Ear-coverts and

sides of face light green. Chin and throat ashy white. Nape and

sides of neck above shoulders rufous-orange. Breast has the feathers

light purple at the base, broadly tipped with ashy grey, this latter

hue giving the predominant colour to the breast. A broad bluish-

black band crosses the lower part of the breast. Middle of abdomen

and crissum white. Flanks and thighs green, the former crossed by

a white band above the thighs. Upper parts bright green. Shoulders

and a spot on the scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondaries deep

purple. Primaries brownish black, the first abruptly attenuated.

Secondaries bright green, edged with light yellow. Tail has the rec-

trices blackish on the inner webs, bright green on the outer, and all

except the central pair with a white apical band. Under tail-coverts

white, tinged with yellow, with broad central green stripes. Bill

olive-green, tip yellowish. Feet pink; claws pale. Iris yellow.

Total length 93 inches, wing 53, tail 4, culmen 8.

Specimen described from Ternate. Amboyna examples seem to

be bright pale orange on the nape and sides of neck.

Female. Uniform green above. A spot of deep greenish blue on

the occiput. Throat greyish white; breast greyish green. Middle

of abdomen white.

Young. Uniform yellowish green, tinged with grey upon the

breast.

22. PrirLorus TEMMINCKI.

Columba superba, Kuip & Prév. Pig. tab. 42, 2 , ex Celebes (1838).

Kurukurutemminchii, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, p. 234 (1855).

Ptilonopus formosus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 360; Wall.

Ibis, 1865, p. 379; Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vili. (1872)

p- 82.

Ptilopus superbus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 32, Columba,

ex Celebes.

Megaloprepia formosa, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876)

vol. ix. p. 199.

Hab. Celebes.

This form, from the island of Celebes, possesses quite sufficient

difference in coloration to entitle it to be considered distinct from

Pt. superbus. The nape and sides of the neck are a much brighter

orange ; and the lower part of the breast is pale purple, graduating

insensibly into the bluish-black band that crosses the body above

the abdomen. An immature bird of this species from Celebes was

figured by Knip & Prévost (/.c.) as the female of Pt. superbus ;

but afterwards, convinced that it represented a distinct species, they

called it temminckii in the Voyage of the Vénus (J. c.), which name

antedates the formosus of Gray. The figure originally published by

these authors does not represent well the differences existing between

this species and Pt. superbus, on account of the specimen not having

yet assumed its perfect livery; but the locality, Celebes, proves

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 545

that their bird cannot belong to the older known form. Gray did

not well indicate the distinctive characters of this species in the

‘Proceedings’ of this Society when he conferred a name upon

it (J. c.) ; but it was properly and completely described by Wallace

afterwards in ‘ The Ibis’ (/.¢.). It can readily be distinguished from

its ally by the purple breast, the general plumage of the two species

being the same, as are also the dimensions.

The female resembles that of Pt. superbus, with rather a deeper

coloration.

23. PTrILOPUS PEROUSEI.

Ptilopus perousei, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. (1848) p. 195, pl. 54;

Cassin, ibid. (1858) 2nd ed. p. 274, pl. 33; Finsch & Hartl. Faun.

Centralpolyn. (1867) p. 110; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 548 ;

Finsch, Journ. fiir Ornith. 1872, p. 44; Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas

1873, p. 10, Columbe.

Ptilinope de Marie, Hombr. & Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, pl. 29. fig. 2.

Columba kurukuru superba, Hombr. & Jacq. Ann. Scien. Nat.

(1841) tom. xvi. p. 316.

Ptinilopus marie, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Péle Sud (1853), tom. iii.

p- 115.

Kurukuru samoensis, Des Murs & Prév. Voy. Vénus, Zool. p. 247.

Type examined.

Ptilopus maria, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1854) tom. xxxix. p. 877 ;

id. Iconog. Pig. (1857) pl. 26, ad. et juv.; id. Consp. Av. vol. ii.

p. 22. sp. 10.

Ptilonopus marie, Gray, List Columb. (1856) p. 4; Reich. Tauben,

p- 96, pl. 240. fig. 2586 ; id. List B. Trop. Isl. p. 37 (1859).

Piilinopus cesarinus, Hart]. Journ. fiir Ornith. 1864, p. 413, juv.

Ptilinopus peroysei, Cass. Expl. Exped. (1858) p. 274, pl. 33 ;

Reich. Tauben, Supp. p. 203, nov. taf. 38-40; Finsch & Hartl.

Faun. Centralpolyn. (1867) p. 110, t. xi. fig. 1; Griffe, Journ. fir

Ornith. 1870, pp. 122 & 408; Finsch, Journ. fiir Ornith. 1872,

. 44,

- Ptilinopus maria, Finsch & Hartl. Journ. fiir Ornith. 1870, p. 131.

Ptilonopus perousei, Whitmee, Ibis, 1875, p. 441.

Hab. Ovalau (Filhol) ; Upolu, Hapai (Griéfe) ; Samoan Islands,

Viti-Levu (Gréfe); Wakaia, Mokani, Vanua Levu, Loma Loma,

Kandavu, Mango (Layard); Fiji Islands; Tonga or Friendly

Islands.

This species was first described by Peale (/.c.) under the name

here adopted, and afterwards by Hombron and Jacquinot (/.c.) as

«* Ptilinope de Marie,”’ still later latinized by Jacquinot and Pucheran

(1. c.) as Ptinilopus! marie. Peale’s appellation, however, has un-

doubted priority. Mr. Peale found it in the mountain-gorges of the

Feejee Islands, but not abundant. The native name, Manu-ma,

means shame or modest bird. It is one of the most beautiful and

curiously marked members of this genus, The young are so dif-

ferently coloured from the adult that they might easily be mistaken

for a different species.

546 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILoPUS. [May 7,

Adult, Front and crown, and a broad band across the back, dark

purplish red. Head, neck all around, and throat white with a wash

of yellow. Feathers of the breast, split at their ends, have their

basal half rose-red, apical portion yellowish white ; beneath these

feathers is a reddish-orange band. Abdomen, flanks, and crissum

yellowish white. Under tail-coverts dark purplish red. Back and

upper tail-coverts pale greenish yellow. Wings pale grey, feathers

margined with greenish yellow. Primaries and secondaries dark

bronzy green; first primary abruptly attenuated. Tail greyish

white. Bill black, with the tip yellow. Feet black.

Total length 82 inches, wing 53, tail 33, culmen 3.

Immature. Front and crown deep rosy purple. Cheeks grey.

Upper parts shining golden green. ‘Throat white. Breast green,

feathers tipped with white. Abdomen and crissum yellowish white.

Under tail-coverts bright yellow. Wings shining golden green ; pri-

maries and secondaries margined with yellow. ‘Tail golden green,

very bronzy on the edges and tips of the feathers. Bill and feet as

in the adult. (Four specimens before me, all of which lack the

purple bar on the breast shown in the figures of Bonaparte and

Hartlaub and Finsch.)

24. PrILOPUS CORONULATUS.

Ptilonopus coronulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 185,

pl. 138; id. List Mamm. & Birds, New Guinea (1859), p. 45 ; Wall.

Ibis, 1865, p. 378; Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas 1873, p. 9, Columbe ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. vii. (1875) p. 833.

Ptilopus coronulatus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876)

vol. ix. p. 198.

Hab. Aru Islands (Wallace, Rosenberg) ; Salwatty and Sorong,

(Bernstein) ; Jobie (Rosenberg) ; Yule Island (D’ Albertis).

This species and the two next mentioned form a small section of

this genus, related closely to each other in the distribution of the

hues of their plumage. Like so many others of the genus, they are

conspicuous for their brightly-coloured crowns and abdomens.

Male. Front and crown pink, bordered posteriorly by a narrow

line of purple, succeeded by a broader one of bright yellow. A

purple spot on the upper part of the abdomen; middle of abdomen,

crissum, and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Entire rest of plumage

bronzy green. Secondaries and primaries margined with yellow.

First primary abruptly attenuated at tip. Bill greenish yellow. Feet

red. Iris orange.

Total length 73 inches, wing 43, tail 27, culmen 2.

Female like the male.

25. PTILOPUS GEMINUS.

Ptilonopus geminus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoy. vol. vii.

(1875) p. 786.

Ptilonopus senev, Briigg. Abhandl. natur. Ver. Brem, 1876,

p. 82.

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 547

Ptilopus geminus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. ix. (1876)

p- 198.

Hab. Sobie (Von Rosenberg, Bruijn); Krudu (Beccari) ; New

Guinea, near Dorey (Bruijn) ; Ansus (Salvadori).

This is a species apparently entitled to be considered distinct from

the Pt. coronulatus. It differs by having the front and crown pinkish

white, and the upper part of the abdomen around the violet spot saffron-

yellow. The cheeks are also a dark greenish grey. First primary

abruptly attenuated at tip. Size the same as Pt. coronulatus.

Prof. Schlegel, in Mus. Pays-Bas, was the first to point out the dif-

ferences existing between these two birds, but did not deem them of

specific importance; and Dr. Salvadori bestowed the name here

adopted.

26. PriLorus TRIGEMINUS.

Pétilonopus trigeminus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vii.

(1875) p. 787.

Ptilonopus marginalis, Brigg. Abhandl. natur. Ver. Brem.

1876, p. 82.

Ptilopus trigeminus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. ix.

(1876) p. 198.

Hab. Salwatty (Von Rosenberg); New Guinea, near Sorong

(Bernstein).

The claims of this form to be considered distinct from the last

are based upon very slight grounds ; and it may well be doubted if it

should be separated from Pt. geminus. The only difference is in the

slightly paler crown. At best it seems to be but a local race of the

preceding species.

27. PTILOPUS IOZONUS.

Ptilonopus iozonus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 186; id.

List Mamm. & Birds New Guin. (1859) p. 46; Wall. Ibis, 1865,

p- 378.

Ptilopus iozonus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 17, Columbe ;

id. Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk. tom. iv. p. 25 (1873); Meyer, Rowl.

Ornith. Mise. pt. ix. p. 342.

Ptilonopus itonozonus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vii.

(1875) p. 834.

Piilopus ionozonus, Salvad. Ann. Mos. Civ. Gen. vol. ix. (1876)

p- 198.

Hab. Aru (Wallace, Von Rosenberg) ; New Guinea (D’ Albertis).

We have here, in this species and its two relatives, another

small section of this genus. One of their chief differences is the ar-

rangement of the colours on the margin of the wing, and another

the manner in which the terminal band on the tail is exhibited.

Although closely allied, the species seem to be quite distinct, their

geographieal distribution also giving strength to this view.

Male. Yellowish green. Bend of wing greyish violet, mixed with

green, Middle of the abdomen deep orange. Vent and under tail-

548 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

coverts white, varied with yellow. Greater wing-coverts and tertials

bordered with yellow, the latter grey in the middle of each feather.

Quills shining deep emerald-green, first one gradually narrowed to

the tip. Under surface of wings slate-colour. Tail green, with a

broad band of grey at the tip, which is white beneath, especially on

the inner webs.

Length 8" 3! ; wings 4! 9!" (Gray, 1. c.).

Female with a patch on the abdomen of an orange-yellow.

28. PriLopus HUMERALIS.

Ptilonopus humeralis, Wall. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 166.

Ptilopus humeralis, Meyer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Soc. 1862, pl. 21;

Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. (1873) p. 16, Columbe ; id. Nederl. Tijdsch.

Dierk. tom. iv. p. 24 (1873) ; Meyer, Rowl. Ornith. Mise. p. 342,

pt. ix.; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876) vol. ix. p. 198.

Hab. Salwatty and adjacent coasts of New Guinea (Wallace) ;

Sorong (Bernstein) ; Salwatty and Mansinam (Zeyer).

This bird is easily distinguished from its immediate allies by the

deep-purple band on the shoulder. It apparently ranges across the

northern part of New Guinea, having been procured, as will be

observed, from Mansinam, on the mainland, in the Bay of Geel-

vink, to Sorong, on the west coast, and also on Salwatty, opposite

Sorong.

Adult male. General plumage bright green. Middle of abdomen

rich orange. Crissum and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Shoulders

violet-grey, bounded beneath by deep purple. Wing-coverts violet-

grey, margined with green. Secondaries margined with yellow,

Primaries dark green, the first sharply narrowed towards the tip.

Tail bright green above, dark grey beneath, with an apical whitish

band. Bill greenish, tipped with yellow ; base above red and swollen.

Feet purplish red.

Total length 83 inches, wing 43, tail 25, culmen 2.

29. PriLoPpus JOBIENSIS.

Ptilopus humeralis jobiensis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 16,

Columbe ; Rowl. Ornith. Misc. pt. ix. pp. 340, 348, pl.; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876) vol. ix. p. 198.

Hab. Island of Jobie.

This species, a close relative of Pt. humeralis, has as yet only been

found upon the island of Jobie, in the great Bay of Geelvink, New

Guinea. It differs chiefly from the species just named in the colo-

ration of the shoulders of the wing, which are violet-grey, without

any purple; and the tail is uniform green above, without the apical

grey band.

Adult. General plumage yellowish green. Abdomen rich orange.

Crissum and under tail-coverts white, the latter tipped with yellow.

Shoulders violet-grey. Wing-coverts violet in the centre, surrounded

by greenish blue, and margined with green. Primaries and secon-

daries dark green, the latter edged with yellow; first primary nar-

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 549

rowed at tip. Tail bronzy green above, beneath black, with an

apical greyish-white band. Bill black, tip yellow. Feet red.

Total length 7} inches, wing 43, tail 2}, culmen 3.

30. PriLoPpus INSOLITUS.

Ptilopus insolitus, Schleg. Neder]. Tijdsch. (1861) vol. i. p. 61,

pl. 3. fig. 3.

Ptilopus humeralis jobiensis (monstr.?), Schleg. Mus. Pays-B.

1873, p. 16, Columba.

Gidirhinus globifer, Cab. & Reich. Sitzungsb. Gesellsch. nat.

Freunde Berlin 1876, p. 73; id. Journ. fiir Ornith. 1876, p. 326.

CGdirhinus insolitus, Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 110;

Salvad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 196.

Hab. New Ireland (Huesker); Duke-of-York Island (Brown).

This strange and attractive species was first described by Schlegel

(l.c.). He afterwards, on account of the protuberance on the fore-

head, imagined it was only a monstrosity of the Pt. jobiensis. This,

however, is not the fact, as the species is very distinct. The locality

given by Schlegel (New Caledonia) is probably an error, as the bird

has lately been received from both New Ireland and Duke-of-York

Island. Cabanis and Reichenow have made a new genus for the re-

ception of this bird, ‘‘ @dirhinus,” on account of the swelling of the

forehead. I have not adopted this term; for the division does. not

seem to me to be necessary. The same peculiarity exists in species

of Carpophaga, viz. C. tumida and C. rubricera and others ; and if it

is a sufficient cause to separate P¢. insolitus from the members of the

genus Pti/opus, the species above mentioned should also be generically

divided from Carpophaga, a proceeding which is hardly likely to

meet with favour. Nothing is known about the habits and economy

of the present species. In the arrangement of the group it naturally

comes next to the Pé. jobiensis.

Adult. Head, neck, back, breast, and flanks bright bronzy green.

Throat green, slightly tinged with grey. Abdomen deep orange.

Shonlders anda patch on each side of the back at the edge of the mantle

light grey. Wings green; secondaries margined with bright yellow

on their outer webs; inner secondaries light grey, margined with

green. Tail bright green, with the apical third ashy grey. Crissum

and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Bill greenish at base, yellowish

at tip. Forehead and base of culmen covered by a bony protuberance

large and rounded in form, very conspicuous, and of a red colour.

Tarsi and feet red.

Total length 93 inches, wing 5, tail 3, bill at gape 3.

31. PTILoPpUS NANUS.

Columba Naina, Temm. Plan. Col. no. 565; Knip & Prév. Pig.

vol. ii. pl. 59.

La Naine, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. p. 30 (1837).

Ptilonopus naina, Gray, Gen. B. vol. iii. p. 467 (1844-49),

Totreron nana, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 25 (1857),

550 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Tonotreron nana, Reich. Taub. p. 100, Taf. 239. fig. 1330.

Ptilonopus nanus, Gray, List Mamm. & B. New Guinea (1859),

p- 46; Wall. Ibis 1865, p. 381.

Ptilopus nanus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. (1873) p. 21, Columbe ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. ix. (1876) p. 196.

Hab. Triton Bay, New Guinea (Miiller) ; Mysol (Hoedt).

This is the smallest species of this genus, and one of the mest at-

tractive. It is very rare in collections, but few specimens having

been procured since it was first descrived by Temminck (J. ¢.). It

is conspicuous among its relatives from having all the wing-coverts

tipped with yellow, and from the blue-grey bands on each side of the

breast.

Male. General plumage bronzy green. Large band of bluish grey

on each side of the breast. A purple spot on the centre of the ab-

domen. Wing-coverts, scapulars, and tertials tipped with yellow, a

greenish-blue shade behind the yellow on the last two. Feathers

of the legs whitish. First primary narrowed at tip.

Wing 2 inches 11 lines, tail 1 inch 6 lines.

Female. Green, without abdominal spot.

32. PriLOPUS MONACHUS.

Columba monacha, Temm. Pl. Col. 253; Desm. Dict. Se. Nat.

tom. xl. p. 344 (1826); Knip & Prév, Pig. pl. 53; Wagl. Syst. Av.

(1827) sp. 35.

Ptilinopus monachus, Steph. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xiv. (1826)

p- 277. sp. 2; Swains. Class. B. vol. ii. p. 347 (1837).

La Monache, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. tii. Ois. p. 29 (1837).

Ptilonopus monachus, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 466. sp. 8 (1844—

49); Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 378; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.

vol. vil. p. 786 (1875).

Cyanotreron monacha, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 24 (1857) ;

Reich. Taub. p. 98, Taf. 236. figs. 1314, 1315.

Ptilonopus (Cyanotreron) monachus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860,

. 359.

: Ptilopus monachus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. (1873) p. 12, Columbe ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. ix. (1876) p. 198.

Hab. Batchian, Kaisa, Ternate, Gilolo, Morty (Wallace) ; Motir,

Dammar (Bernstein) ; Tidore (Raffray).

A series of this bird from different localities brought by M.

Raffray is now before me. 1 notice that those from Ternate differ

from Gilolo specimens, as well as those from Tidore &c., in being of

larger size, and also in having the blue spot of greater extent and

situated upon the abdomen, and not on the breast, as in those from

Gilolo. The type of Pt. monachus was erroneously stated to have

come from Celebes. A specimen in the Paris collection was obtained

in exchange from M. Temminck, and the locality given as Celebes.

This agrees precisely with Ternate examples, and has the blue patch

upon the abdomen. ‘Temminck’s figure in the ‘ Planches Coloriées’

exhibits this large abdominal patch very clearly. The Gilolo birds

may require separation.

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. aod

Adult male. Front, crown, lores, moustache, and a spot on the

breast greyish blue. Superciliary stripe, chin, and throat, lower

part of abdomen, and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow. Rest of

plumage of body bright green. Primaries and secondaries black on

inner, green on outer webs, edged with white or pale green ; first

primary abruptly attenuated at tip. Tail bright green, with a sub-

terminal bar of darker green. Bill greenish, tip lighter ; iris dark ;

feet red.

Total length 7 inches, wing 4, tail 23, culmen 2.

Female differs in having the front and top of head greenish blue,

the throat only slightly tinged with yellow, no spot on the breast,

rest of plumage like the male but all the colours much duller.

33. PriLopus PULCHELLUS.

Columba pulchella, Temm. Pl. Col. 564; Knip & Prév. Pig.

vol. ii. t. 14.

La Mignonne, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. (1837).

Ptilonopus pulchellus, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. (1844) p. 466. sp. 7;

id. Cat. Mamm. Birds New Guin. (1859) p. 44; Reich. Tauben,

p- 96, pl. 236. fig. 1311; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 378; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. vii. (1875) pp. 786, 833.

Ptilopus pulchellus, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 22 (1857) ;

Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 2, Columbe; Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Civ. Genov. (1876) vol. ix. p. 198, & vol. x. (1877) p. 158.

Hab. New Guinea, Salwatty, Waigiou (Bernstein) ; Mysol ( Wal-

lace); Amberbaki, Andai (Ruffray); Monte Epa, New Guinea

(D Albertis).

A very brightly coloured and charming little species. From the

localities in which it has been procured, we should judge its range

was the northern part of New Guinea, with some of the islands lying

off the west coast. Its synonymy is very simple, the species never

having received a second name.

Male. Front and crown bright carmine. Sides of head and neck,

together with the breast, light grey. Chin, throat, and lores white.

A large spot or bar of purplish red on the lower part of the breast.

Flanks green. Abdomen orange, shading into deep yellow upon the

lower parts and crissum. Under tail-coverts orange. Entire upper

parts and back of neck bright green. Wings green; primaries and

secondaries black on inner webs, green on outer, those of the secon-

daries edged with yellow; first primary abruptly attenuated at tip.

Tail bright green. Bill yellow, tip greenish yellow. Feet dull car-

mine. Iris orange, paler within. Eyelids yellow.

Total length 8 inches, wing 43, tail 33, culmen 74.

There is no difference between the sexes in plumage.

34. PrrLoPpUS MELANOCEPHALUS.

Columba melanocephala, Gmel. Syst. Nat. tom. i. p. 781 (1788) ;

Temm. Pig. & Gall. tom. i. (1813) p. 263; Horsf. Trans. Linn.

Soc. 1821, vol. xiii. p. 182; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) Columba,

552 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

sp. 33; Temm. Pl. Col. 214; Knip & Temm. Pig. vol. i. pl. 30;

Less. Trait. Ornith. (1831) p. 471.

Tourterelle de Batavia, Buff. Plan. Enlum. 214.

Columba melanocephala, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xi. pt. | (1819).

Ptilinopus melanocephalus, Steph. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xiv.

p- 279. sp. 7; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 381.

Le Turgis, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. p. 26 (1837).

Ptilonopus melanocephalus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1844) p. 1,

(1856) p. 6. sp. 15; id. Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 467 (1844-49).

Ionotreron melanocephala, Reich. Taub. p. 100, Taf. 237. figs.

1318, 1319.

Totreron melanocephala, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 24. sp. 2

(1859).

Ptilopus melanocephalus, Schleg. Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk. vol. it.

p- 207; id. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 28, Columbe.

Ptilopus melanauchen, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov, vol. vii.

(1875) p. 670 (ex Flores).

Totreron melanocephala, id. ibid. p. 671.

Hab. Java (Diard, Temminck); Sumbawa, Flores (Forstein,

Rosenberg) ; Sulabessie (Hoedt); Lombock (Wallace).

Count Salvadori has called the birds from Flores (/. c.) Péelopus

melanauchen; but I really cannot see that this island form differs

sufficiently from typical Pt. melanocephalus, ex Java, to require sepa-

ration as a distinct species. It would seem that four races of this

style of Péilopus are quite sufficient to indicate the varieties that

exist. This species is one of the longest-known in the genus; and

while the typical style is confined to Java and the Timor group of

islands, representative forms, constituting races if not distinct species,

are met with on other islands of the Malay archipelago.

Male. Top and sides of head and neck, and lower part of throat

light grey ; occiput and back of neck black ; chin and throat yellow ;

crissum and short under tail-coverts rich yellow, long ones carmine ;

entire rest of plumage bright green; primaries black on inner web,

green on outer; first primary slightly scalloped and narrowed at

tip; bill yellow, greenish horny at the tip; feet pink-red ; orbits

bare, green.

Total length 93 inches, wing 43, tail 3, culmen 3. (Java.)

Female. Entirely green, with the exception of the longest feathers

of the under tail-coverts, which are carmine, like those of the male.

35. PriLOPUS MELANOSPILUS.

Ptilopus melanocephalus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 29, ex

Celebes.

Totreron melanospila, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. vii.

(1875) p. 670.

Ptilinopus melanocephalus celebensis, Brigg. Brem. Abhandl.

(1876) p. 80.

Hab. Celebes.

The various forms of Pé#. melanocephalus were pointed out by

1878 .] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 553

Prof. Schlegel (/. c.), and names afterwards given to them by M.

Salvadori. The principal difference between examples from Gelebes

and Java appears to be that the former have a much narrower throat-

mark, which is lemon-yellow washed with orange.

36. PriLopus CHRYSORRHOUS.

Ptilopus melanocephalus, Wall. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p-» 344 ;

Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 29, ex Sula.

Totreron chrysorrhoa, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1875) vol. vii.

p- 671.

Ptilonopus sulaensis, Brigg. Abhandl. natur. Ver. Brem. 1876.

Hab. Sula, Ceram (Bernstein).

This form has the throat-mark as in specimens from Celebes.

The black band on the occiput is smaller, and the abdomen orange-

yellow. The characters it offers to support its claim to a distinct

rank are not very striking ; and it may be questioned if it should be

really separated from Pt. melanocephalus.

37. PritLopus XANTHORRHOUS.

Ptilopus melanocephalus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 29,

ex Sanghir.

Lotreron «anthorrhoa, Salvad. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vii. (1875)

p- 670.

Ptilinopus nuchalis, Briigg. Brem. Abhandl. 1876, p. 80.

Hab, Island of Sanghir.

This well-marked race of Pt. melanocephalus differs, both in size

and colour of plumage, so much that, more than any of the other

styles, it deserves a separate name. The colour of the throat is

of a deeper yellow ; and both abdomen and crissum are orange; and

this colour runs up nearly to the breast instead of being confined to

the short under tail-coverts and crissum. It is much larger than

any of the other races.

Male. Head and neck pearly white. Occiput and back of neck

Jet-black. Throat orange-yellow. Abdomen and crissum bright

orange; long feathers of the under tail-coverts rich carmine. Entire

rest of plumage bright yellowish green. Primaries and secondaries

margined on their outer webs, near the tips, with lemon-yellow-

First primary gradually narrowed towards tip. Bill black, tipped

with yellow. Feet very dark red.

Total length 10 inches, wing 5}, tail 33, culmen 3.

Female. Entirely green. Feathers of the abdomen tipped with

yellow. Some feathers of the under tail-coverts tipped with yellow,

others with carmine. Bill black. Feet dark red.

38. PriLopus PORPHYREUS.

Columba porphyrea, Temm. Pl. Col. 106 (1824); Knip & Préy.

Pig. vol. ii. pl. iv.; Less. Trait. Ornith. (1831) p. 472.

Ptilinopus porphyreus, Swains. Zool. Journ. vol. i. p. 474 (1824—

25); Steph. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xiv. (1826) p. 277. sp. 3.

Proc. Zoo. Sec.—1878, No, XXXVI. 36

5a4 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

Columba roseicollis, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827), Columba, sp. 30.

La Porphyre, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. (1837).

Ptilonopus erythrocephalus, Swains. Class. B. vol. ii. p. 347 (1839).

Ptilonopus roseicollis, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 467 (1844-49) ;

id. List B. Brit. Mus. (1844) p. 1, (1856) p. 8.

Ptilopus porphyrea, Reich. Taub. p. 97, pl. 237. figs. 1322-23.

Ptilonopus porphyreus, Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 380.

Ptilopus porphyreus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B, 1873, p. 33, Columbe.

Hab. Java (Wallace, Diard).

This is a rather large and brightly plumaged species, with a long

square tail, approaching somewhat in form Pt. cinetus, Pt. bern-

steini, &e. The first primary is abruptly attenuated at the tip. It

is apparently restricted to Java, all the specimens that I have seen

having come from that island. There is considerable difference in

the colour of the plumage of the adult and young, the latter almost

entirely wanting the rose or carmine on the head and breast which

makes the adult so conspicuous. There does not appear to be any

difference in the plumage of the sexes.

Adult. Head rose-colour, graduating into carmine upon the neck

and breast. Beneath the red colour on the breast is a rather broad

white band, below which is another of blackish green. Abdomen

and flanks clear grey. Thighs and crissum bright green, feathers

tipped with bright yellow. Under tail-coverts greenish on the inner

webs, white on the outer, with the margins light yellow. Entire

upper parts dark yellowish green, lightest on the rump. Primaries

black, the first abruptly attenuated at tip. Tail dark green, with a

broad dull grey apical band. Bill black, with pale tip. Feet red.

Total length 11 inches, wing 53, tail 43, culmen 2.

Young. Have a generally green plumage, with the feathers mar-

gined with yellow, and the breast mottled with purplish red.

39. PriLoPpus JAMBU.

Columba jambu, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) vol. i. p. 784; Rafi.

Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822) vol. xii. p. 212 ; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827)

sp. 28, Columba.

Columba jambos, Lath. Ind. Ornith. (1790) vol. i. p. 598. sp.

18; Less. Trait. Ornith. (1831) p. 472.

Columba jamboo, Temm. Pig. et Gall. (1813) p. 257; Temm.

& Knip, Pig. vol. i. pl. 27 9, 28 ¢; Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xi.

pt. 1 (1819), p. 49.

Le Jambou, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. p. 27 (1837).

Ptilonopus jambu, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1844) p. 2, (1856)

p-. 7. sp. 18; id. Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 467 (1844); Sclat. Proc. Zool.

Soc, 1863, p. 221; Wail. Ibis, 1865, p. 378.

Ramphiculus gambu, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 17 (1857) ;

Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 465; Reich. Taub. p. 99,

pl. 239. figs. 1334-35 ¢, pl. 244. figs. 3488-89 9°.

Ptilopus jambu, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 36, Columbe.

Native name Punei-chitrah in Borneo (Motley).

Hab. Malacca (Wallace) ; Sumatra (Miller) ; Borneo (Motley) ;

1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 555

Luzon, Philippines (Crockewit) ; Busan and Bintulu, Borneo (Lve-

rett).

This bird, although very plentiful at Banjermassing, is, according

to Mr. Motley, rare in other parts of Borneo. It feeds on fruits,

particularly of the different species of Ficus. Quite different in its

style of coloration, it cannot be confounded with any other species

of Ptilopus. Of late hundreds of specimens have been sent to

Europe to be cut up to decorate ladies’ bonnets. I saw only lately

a box, at least three feet square, full of these birds, which were con-

demned to be torn to pieces in order to supply the demand this un-

fortunate fashion has created.

Adult male. Front, crown, and sides of face in front scarlet, the

top of head in some lights having an amethyst shade. Upper part

of throat and chin black. Sides of neck, from just below the eye,

lower part of throat, and entire underparts pure white, washed with

rose-colour on the centre of the breast. Under tail-coverts deep

chestnut. Entire upper parts and wings dark green. Primaries

black, tinged with green on the outer webs, and edged with rufous,

the first abruptly attenuated at tip. Tail dark green, with a dusky

grey apical band. Bill bright yellow. Inris sienna-orange. Feet

dark red.

Total length 103 inches, wing 53, tail 4, culmen 3.

Female. Top of head greyish purple, sides of face in front deep

rose, centre of throat and chin black. Upper parts and breast

bronzy green, rest of underparts white. Under tail-coverts chest-

nut. Tail green, with a pale rufous apical band.

Young. Plumage almost uniformly green. Chin pale red. Middle

of abdomen white. Under tail-coverts chestnut.

40. Pritopus WALLACEt.

Ptilonopus wallacei, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 185,

pl. 136; id. List Mamm. & B. New Guin. p. 45 (1859); Wall.

Ibis, 1865, p. 380.

Ptilopus wallacei, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 18, Columbe ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876) vol. ix. p. 197.

Hab. Aru Islands (Wallace); Kei Island (Von Rosenberg).

This beautiful bird, one of the most lovely species of this lovely.

group, was procured by Mr. Wallace on the Aru Islands, and de-

scribed by Gray (/.c.). It is still very rare in collections; and for

the examples from which my description was taken I am indebted

to the Marquis Doria, who sent them to me from the Museum of

Genoa. I have also examined the type in the British Museum.

Adult male. Top of head and occiput carmine. Chin, throat,

and sides of head pure white. Nape, neck, and breast pure grey.

A band of white across lower part of breast, succeeded by a broad

one of deep orange. Abdomen and under tail-coverts light yellow,

the latter striped with green. Upper part of back grey, bordered

with orange; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts grey, margined with

green. Shoulders orange. Secondaries bright green, margined with

lemon-yellow. Quills deep green, the first one narrowed gradual];

36*

556 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

to the tip. Back and rump yellowish green. Tail coppery green,

apical half of lateral feathers greenish white. Bill yellow. Feet

red. Iris orange-red.

Total length 10 inches, wing 6, tail 33, culmen 2.

41. PriLopus AURANTIIFRONS.

Ptilonopus aurantiifrons, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1858, p. 185,

pl. 137; id. List Mamm. & B. New Guin. (1859) p. 45; Wall.

Ibis, 1865, p. 380.

Ptilopus aurantiicollis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 18,

Columbe.

Ptilopus aurantiifrons, var. nove-guinee, Meyer, Sitz. Ak. Wiss.

1874, p. 508.

Ptilopus aurantiifrons, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.(1876) vol. ix.

p- 197.

Hab. Aru Islands, Mysol (Wallace); Salwatty (Von Rosenberg) ;

Batanta (Laglaize); New Guinea (Wallace, D' Albertis); Jobie

(Meyer, Beccari).

This is a very beautiful and very distinct species. Dr. Meyer

(/.c.) has proposed to separate the bird from the mainland of New

Guinea, procured at Passim, from that of Jobie, on account of some

slight variation in the hues of the plumage, such as the deeper

orange of the forehead and the orange tint of the back of the head

and breast, with also metallic reflections of the top of the head. I

do not deem these slight differences of sufficient importance to give

New-Guinea specimens a distinct specific rank. Examples from

Batanta before me seem to be intermediate between those of Jobie

and Passim, with more orange tints than in individuals from Jobie,

and less than in those of Passim.

Adult. Forehead deep orange, rest of top and sides of head yel-

lowish green. Throat pure white. Neck all around and upper part

of breast leaden grey. Underparts yellowish green. Mantle and

scapulars with some of the lesser wing-coverts grey, margined with

green, some of the feathers of the mantle margined with orange.

Rest of wing-coverts and secondaries yellowish green, margined with

lemon-yellow. Primaries dark green, the first narrowed gradually

to the tip. Back and upper tail-coverts yellowish green. Tail

bronzy green, with a subterminal interrupted grey band; this band

does not extend entirely across the outer web of each rectrix. Under

surface smoky grey, with a light-grey apical band. Bill yellow;

base swollen, red. Feet red. Iris orange.

Total length 94 inches, wing 53, tail 2#, culmen 2.

42. PriLoPUS ORNATUS.

Ptilopus ornatus, Schleg. Nederl. Tijdsch. 1871, vol. iv. p. 52;

id. Mus. Pays-B. 1873 p. 18, Columba; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genov. (1876) vol. ix. p. 197, et (1877) vol. x. p. 158.

Hab. New Guinea, Mount Arfak (Rosenberg, Laglaize).

This species seems to be entirely confined to the mainland of New

1878.] MR D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 557

Guinea. At all events I have not seen a specimen from any of the

islands. To state that it was a beautiful bird would be only equi-

valent to saying that it belongs to the genus Péilopus. It is still

quite a rare species in collections.

Adult. Top and back of head, sides of face, and back of neck

purplish red. Chin and throat pale grey. Upper part of breast

dark ochre, becoming a clearer yellow on the lower part of throat.

Underparts bright green; feathers of abdomen edged with yellow ;

centre of abdomen pale yellow. Under tail-coverts lemon-yellow,

streaked with dark green. Upper parts bright green, darkest on

the mantle. A band of dark purplish red upon the shoulders.

Wing-coverts light grey, margined with green. Primaries black,

tinged with dark green on outer webs, the first narrowed gradually

to tip. Secondaries bright green, edged with lemon-yellow. Tail

bright green, with a broad light yellow apical band. Bill yellow,

dark brownish towards the base in the skin. Feet red. Iris lemon-

yellow, bordered with orange.

Total length 92 inches, wing 6, tail 33, culmen 2.

43. Pritopus Gestror. (Plate XXXIV.)

Ptilinopus gestroi, D’ Alb. & Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vii:

p. 834 (1875).

Ptilopus gestroi, Salvad. Aun. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1876) vol. ix.

p- 197.

Hab. Yule Island (D’ Aldertis).

This very beautiful species is singularly intermediate between the

Pt. ornatus and Pt. perlatus, possessing as it dues the head and

neck of the latter with the body and tail of the former. I have only

seen one specimen, kindly sent to me by my friend Count Th. Salva-

dori, a male, collected by Signor D’Albertis in Yule Island. _ In size

it is larger than P¢. ornatus and more like Pé. perlatus. It is the

representative of its near allies in the district it inhabits. As yet

Yule Island is the only locality in which it has been obtained.

Adult male. Top and sides of head and upper part of back of

neck olive-yellow. Chin, throat, and a broad line going round the

lower part of neck light lead-colour, nearly white on throat. Lower

part of throat ochraceous yellow. Upper part of breast greenish

ochre, changing in certain lights to purplish. Lower parts of breast;

abdomen, and flanks bright green. Under tail-coverts yellowish

white, striped with bright green. Upper parts bright green. Wings

with a rich dark purple band near the shoulders; the coverts pale

grey, margined with green. Secondaries green, edged with lemon-

yellow. Primaries dark green, the first narrowed gradually at the

tip. Tail bright green, with a broad pale yellow apical band edged

with green. Bill olive-yellow. Iris yellow. Feet carmine. Total

length 10 inches, wing 6, tail 37, culmen 3.

44. PriLopus PERLATUS.

Columba perlata, Temm. Pl. Col. 559, livr. 94; Knip & Prév,

Pig. vol. ii. pl. xxi.

558 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

La Perlée, Less. Comp]. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. p. 31 (1837).

Ptilonopus perlatus, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 466 (1844) ; id.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 185; id. Cat. Mamm. & B. New Guin.

(1859) p. 47; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 380.

Megaloprepia perlata, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1854) tom. xxxix.

. 1097.

' Sylphitreron perlatus, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 40.

Ptilopus perlatus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 17, Columbe ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876) vol. ix. p. 197, (1877) vol. x.

p. 157.

Hab. Aru Islands (Wallace); New Guinea (Bernstein) ; Sal-

watty, Jobie (Von Rosenberg); Amberbaki (Laglaize) ; Dorey

(Raffray).

Like the last, this is rather a large species. It was placed by

Reichenbach in his genus Megaloprepia ; but I cannot see that it

possesses any characters to separate it generically from the members

of the genus Péilopus.

Male. Chin and upper part of throat pure white. Moustache,

sides, lower part of throat, and a narrow band separating the neck from

the mantle pale grey. Top and sides of head and back of neck greenish

yellow. Breast and a line beneath the grey band on the neck rufous.

Lower part of breast, abdomen, and flanks yellowish green. Crissum

and under tail-coverts pale yellow; the latter striped with dark green.

Upper parts and wings bright green, with the centre of scapulars

and smaller wing-coverts rosy purple. First primary slightly nar-

rowed at tip. Secondaries edged with light yellow. Tail dark green

above, beneath dark smoke-grey, with an apical greyish-white band.

Bill yellow ; feet red; iris orange-yellow. Total length 92 inches,

wing 63, tail 33, culmen 2. No difference in the sexes.

Immature. Top of head green ; lores and cheeks greenish yellow.

Throat greyish white. Sides and back of neck grey; breast dark

ochre. Rest of plumage like the male. (Spec. ex Dorey, New

Guinea, Voy. Astrolabe.)

45. PriLopus ZONURUS.

Ptilopus zonurus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. ix. (1876-77)

p- 197.

Hab. Aru Islands (Wallace, Von Rosenberg).

Like Pt. perlatus, save that the tail has an apical greyish-white

band above and below. Barely distinguishable from Pt. perlatus.

46. PriLopus 10GASTER.

Columba hyogastra; Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 252, livr. 43; Desm.

Dict. Sc. Nat. tom. xl. pl. 344 (1826); Knip & Prév. Pig. vol. ii.

pl. 54.

Columba iogastra, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 34, Columbe.

TP’ Hyogastre, Less. Compl. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. p. 30 (1837).

Ptilinopus hypogaster, Swains. Class. B. vol. ii. p. 347 (1837).

Ptilonopus hyogaster, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 466 (1844); Wall.

Ibis 1865, p. 381.

1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 959

Totreron hyogaster, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 25. sp. 4

(1857).

Ionotreron ionogaster, Reich. Taub. p. 100, pl. 239. figs. 1332-33.

Ptilonopus (Iotreron) iogaster, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860,

p. 359.

Ptilopus iogaster, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 20, Columba.

Ptilopus ionogaster, Salvad. Anu. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876) vol.

ix. p. 196.

Hab. Tidore (Bruijn); Batchian, Gilolo (Wallace); Weda,

Dodingo, Ternate, Morotai (Bernstein).

This is a well-marked species, its grey head and purple abdomen

making it very conspicuous among the other species of the genus.

Adult. Head, except occiput, clear grey. General plumage of

body, neck, and occiput brouzy green. Abdomen almost entirely

covered by a spot of deep reddish purple. Crissum and under tail-

coverts rich lemon-yellow. Wings green. Some of the scapulars and

greater wing-coverts violet-grey, margined with green. Primaries

emerald-green, first narrowing gradually. Secondaries yellowish green,

edged with lemon-yellow. Tail bronzy green, with an interrupted

subterminal grey bar, this not reaching the edge of the outer web of

the rectrices. Beneath smoke-grey, apical band white. Bill bluish

white, tip yellow ; feet lilac-purple. Total length 9 inches, wing 54,

tail 3, culmen 2.

47. PriILorus PECTORALIS.

Columba pectoralis, Wag). Isis, 1829, p. 759.

Columba virens, Less. Voy. Coq., descr. 9; id. Trait. Ornith.

(1831) p. 471.

Columba cyanovirens, Less. Voy. Coq. pl. 42. fig. 2, 2.

Omeotreron pectoralis, Bon, Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 27.

Ptilonopus roseypectus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 432 ;

Reich. Tauben, p. 191 ; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 381.

Ptilonopus virens, Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 382.

Ptilopus pectoralis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 23, Columbe ;

Meyer, Rowl. Ornith. Misc. pt. xiii. p. 114 (1878).

Ptilonopus pectoralis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1875)

vol. vii. p. 785.

Hab. Rubi, Passim, Andai, New Guinea (Meyer); Mysol (Hoedt);

Gagie, Guébeh, Waigiou (Bernstein); Mafoor, Sook (Von Rosen-

berg); Batanta (Laglaize) ; Amberbaki (Raffray).

Examples from Batanta are of larger size, but otherwise do not

seein to differ from those procured in New Guinea and other

localities. The species has a rather wide distribution among the

Papuan Islands.

Male. Forehead and chin greenish grey. A small reddish-purple

spot upon the breast. Middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts

light yellow ; the latter striped with dark green. Rest of plumage

of body yellowish green. A few of the scapulars with grey tips,

Primaries dark green on outer webs, and bronzy green at tips; first

560 MR. D. G. ELLIGT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

equal for its entire length. Secondaries yellowish green, edged with

pale yellow. ‘Tail bright yellowish green, with a grey spot at tip of

feathers on inner webs. Underneath smoky black, with apical grey

band. Bill yellow, base red; feet red; iris orange. Total length

84 inches, wing 4?, tail 27, culmen 2.

Female. Like the male, but without the spot on the breast.

48. PrrLopus virInis.

Columba viridis, Linn. (nee Scop.) Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 283. sp.

23 (1766); Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 780. sp. 23; Shaw, Gen.

Zool. vol. xi. pt. 1, p. 65 (1819); Knip & Préy. Pig. vol. ii. pl. xvii.

Tourterelle a gorge pourprée d@ Amboine, Buff. Pl. Enl. no.

142.

Ptilinepus viridis, Steph. Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xiv. p. 299. sp.5

1826).

Ionotreron viridis, Reich. Taub. p. 99, pl. 237. figs. 1320-21.

Totreron viridis, Bon. Iconogr. Pig. (1857) pl. 28, juv. 92; id.

Consp. Gen. Ay. vol. ii. p. 24. sp. 1.

Ptilonopus viridis, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 467 (1844-49) ; id.

List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 6; id. List Mamm. & B. New Guin.

(1859) p. 45; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 34; Wall. Ibis, 1865,

p. 381.

Ptilopus viridis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 22, Columbe ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. ix. (1876) p. 195.

Hab. Bouru, Amboyna, Ceram, Goram (Wallace); Harouka,

Monavolka (Rosenberg).

This is the oldest-described member of the genus Ptilopus, and

the only one known to Linnzeus. It is entirely an insular species,

confined to the islands west of New Guinea, upon which land I

have found no record of its ever having been procured. It is repre-

sented in the east (Bay of Geelvink) by the next species.

Male. Forehead and upper part of throat light grey. Lower part

of neck, and upper part of breast very deep reddish purple. Rest

of underparts yellowish green. Crissum and under tail-coverts light

yellow ; the latter with broad dark green stripes on the inner webs of

the feathers. Upper parts, occiput, and back of neck bronzy green.

A grey band near the shoulder, and tertials also grey, edged with

green. Primaries dark green; first about equal in width for the

entire length ; secondaries bronzy green, margined with lemon-yellow.

Tail bronzy green and tipped with yellow, lightest on the edges. Bill

yellow, base red ; orbits yellow; feet pink-red; iris with inner ring

yellow, outer red. Total length 8 inches, wing 43, tail 3, culmen 2.

49. PriLopus GEELVINKIANUS.

Piilopus viridis geelvinkianus, Schleg. Nederl. Tijdsch. vol. iv.

(1871) p. 23; id. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 23.

Ptilopus musschenbreeckii, Rowl. Ornith. Mise. pt. xiii. pl. 95,

p- 114; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol ix. (1876) p. 195.

Hab. Islands of Mafor and Meosnoum (Von Rosenberg, Raffray) ;

Mysore (Meyer).

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 561

This bird, separated from the Pt. viridis by Schlegel, is appa-

rently entitled tc be considered a distinct species. With a large

series of examples before me, mainly brought by M. Raffray, the

difference of the colour on the breast is very perceptible, being very

much brighter and purer than the deep purple of Pé. viridis. In

other respects the two species closely resemble each other. The

term musschenbreckii, being only a MS. name of von Rosenberg’s,

without any description of the bird given, must become a synonym.

Adult. Forehead and chin dark grey ; sides of face grey, washed

with green. Breast and lower part of throat bright reddish purple,

much lighter than the similar spot in Pt. viridis. General plumage

yellowish green, slightly bronzed in certain lights. Centre cf abdomen

and under tail-coverts pale yellow ; the latter striped with dark green.

Across the wing, near the shoulders, a broad band of pale grey. Some

of the innermost secondaries with a spot of light grey near their tips ;

first primary not narrowed. ‘Tail yellowish green, each feather with

a subterminal grey spot on the inner web. Bill yellow, base red.

Iris red; feet red. Total length 8 inches, wing 43, tail 3, cul-

men 2. Sexes alike.

50. Prinorus EUGENI.

Totreron eugenia, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1856, p. 137 ; Gray,

List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 6; Bon. Iconogr. Pig. (1857), text.

Ptilonopus eugenia, Gray, List B. Trop. Is!. (1859) p.39; Wall.

Ibis, 1865, p. 381; Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 124.

Ptilopus eugenie, Salvad. Aun. Mus. Civ. Genov. vol. ix. (1876)

p- 195.

Hab. Solomon Islands.

The type specimen, which I have examined, of this apparently

distinct species, is in a mutilated condition, and wants entirely the

tail. The species is very close to the two preceding, but differs in the

white head. The type in the British Museum is unique.

Top of head, cheeks, and upper part of throat white. Centre of

lower throat and breast rich deep crimson. Back of neck and upper

parts yellowish green. Across the shoulders a band of grey, and

the tertiaries tipped with the same. Secondaries bright green, edged

on the outer webs with yellow. Under surface greyish greeen. Tail

wanting. Bill apparently greenish at base, yellow at tip. Wing 43

inches, culmen 3. (Type.)

51. Pritopus RIvOLII.

Columba rivoli, Knip & Préy. Pig. vol. ii. pl. 57; Des Murs,

Iconogr. Ornith. pl. 4 (1845).

Lotreron rivolit, Bon. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 25 (1857).

Tonotreron rivolii, Reich. Taub. p. 100, Taf. 235. fig. 1306.

Ptilonopus rivoli, Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 381.

Ptilonopus solomonensis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. y.

(1870) p. 328.

Ptilopus rivolit, Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 109.

562 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS pPTiLoPus. [| May 7,

Hab. Duke-of-York Island (Brown), Wanga, San Christoval

(Brenchley).

The type of the Péclopus rivolit was originally in the collection of

the Prince d’Essling, which was purchased by Dr. Wilson, and now

forms part of the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at

Philadelphia. In the catalogue of Prince d’Essling’s collection made

at the time of its sale, the specimen of Pt. rivolii is entered on page

30 as having ‘‘Inde” for the habitat. The exact locality of this

handsome species was unknown until Mr. George Brown, C.M.Z.S.,

obtained it in Duke-vf-York Island, lying off the north-east coast of

New Guinea. I am inclined to believe that the Pé. solomonensis,

Gray, is based on a young bird of this species.

Male. Forehead purplish red ; breast crossed by a broad white

band, a large rose-red spot on the abdomen ; lower part of abdomen,

crissum, and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Rest of plumage

bright green, with some small round bluish-black spots on the

scapulars. In its dimensions this species agrees with the following

one.

Female. General plumage bright green.

52. PriLopus PRASINORRHOUS.

Ptilonopus prasinorrhous, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 185;

id. List B. & Mamm. New Guin. 1859, p. 46; Wall. Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1863, p. 34, ex Bouru.

Ptilopus rivoli, Schleg. (nec Prév.) Nederl. Tijdsch. tom. iv.

p- 21 (1873) ; id. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 24, Columbe ; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. ix. 1876, p. 196, ex Bouru.

Ptilopus prasinorrhous, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1876)

vol. ix. p. 196, (1877) vol. x. p. 157.

Hab. Ké Islands, Khoor, Tegoor, Matabello, Monavolka, Pulo-

Pandang, Goram, Salwatty (Von Rosenberg); Bouru, Waigiou

(Wallace) ; Amboina, Mysol (Hoedt); Koffiao (Beccarz); Batanta

(Bruijn) ; Sorong (D’ Albertis).

This species appears to be very variable in its coloration from

different localities; and it is a question if examples might not be

procured leading completely from the typical style of this bird into

that of the Pt. rivolii. It is mainly distinguished from this last by

having the vent and under tail-coverts green, slightly margined with

yellow, instead of these parts being bright yellow asin P¢. rivolit. In

the collection at Leyden are specimens from the same locality (island

of Bouru), with the under tail-coverts green and yellow respectively,

which would seem to show that this character is an indefinite and

unsatisfactory one. I do not consider that the specific distinctness of

this bird from the Pé. rivoliz has as yet been established. A larger

series than I have had at my command, from all the localities known,

will be necessary before the question can be determined. If the two

are distinct, it would be a curious fact that, in the case of such

closely allied species, P¢. rivolit should be restricted to the Duke-of-

York Island, while the present is scattered over a dozen islands and

also found upon the mainland of New Guinea.

1878. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 563

Resembling in its coloration P¢. rivolit, but differs chiefly in the

vent and under tail-coverts being green, slightly margined with

yellow; the reddish-purple patch of the abdomen sometimes reaches

the white pectoral band. First primary slightly narrowed at tip.

Bill yellow ; feet red.

53. Pritopus sTROPHIUM.

Ptilinopus strophium, Gould, Jard. Contr. Ornith. 1850, p- 102,

pl. 105 (note).

Ptilonopus strophium, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p-. 6

(partim) ; id. List Mamm. & B. New Guin. (1859) p- 46; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1876) vol. ix. p. 196.

Tonotreron rivoli, Reich. Taub. p. 100, pl. 236 8. fig. 3364.

Ptilopus miqueli, Schleg. Ned. Tijdsch. (1873) vol. iv. p. 22;

id. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 26, Columbe; Rowl. Ornith. Mise.

part xii. p. 60, pl. 88 (1878) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. ix.

p. 196 (1876).

Piilopus miqueli, Meyer, Sitzungs. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. vol. lxx.

p- 128 (1874).

Ptilinopus miqueli, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1875) vol. vii.

p- 786.

Hab. Duchateau Isles (MacGillivray, type of Pt. strophium,

Gould) ; Jobie, Meosnoum (Von Rosenberg, Meyer).

Mr. Gould’s type of his Pé. strophium is in the British Museum,

and is undoubtedly the same bird as was afterwards described as

Pt. miquelli by Prof. Schlegel. The type is faded upon the forehead

and is more of a rosy hue than purple-red; but it is plainly

evident, I think, that the original colour has faded away. Another

specimen in the Museum collection, without any locality, has the

forehead purplish red. The name miqueli will have to give way

to the older one of strophium.

Male. Front and top of head purplish red. A broad pure white

band across the breast, beneath which is a stripe of bluish green.

Centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts bright yellow. Entire rest

of plumage bright yellowish green, with some small round bluish-

black spots on the scapulars near the tips. Primaries greenish black,

first narrowed to the tip. Tail same colour as the back. Bill

greenish, tip yellowish; feet red; iris orange. Total length 103

inches, wing 45, tail 2?, culmen?. (Ex type.)

Female. Plumage almost entirely green.

54. PriLoprus BELLUS.

Piilonopus bellus, Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p- 696, pl. 57 ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1875) vol. vii. p. 786.

Piilopus bellus, Salvad. Aun. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876) vol. ix.

p. 197, aud (1877) vol. x. p. 157.

Hab. Atam, New Guinea (D’ Albertis) ; Mount Arfak (Laglaize);

Amberbaki ( Raffray).

This very fine and distinet species is one of the largest of the

364 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS pTiLopus. [May 7,

section of the genus to which it belongs. Originally described by

Mr. Sclater froin specimens obtained by D’ Albertis on Mount Arfak,

it has since been found in other parts of the northern coast of New

Guinea. Beside its much greater size, it can always be distinguished

from Pt. speciosus, its uearest ally, by the rosy-red forehead and

crown, together with the purplish-red spot on the abdomen.

Male. Front and crown deep rosy red. Occiput dark bluish green.

Breast covered by a broad, halfmoon-shaped band, pure white on

the lower parts and sides, lemon-yellow on the upper part. Abdomen

has the middle portion covered by a purplish-red patch. Entire

rest of plumage yellowish green, with small round bluish-black

spots on the scapulars, and the feathers of the crissum and under

tail-coverts edged with yellow. Primaries greenish black, first not

narrowed. ‘Tail yellowish green, with a pale apical band of the same

colour. Bill yellow; feet dark red; iris yellow. Total length 93

inches, wings 52, tail 33, culmen 2.

55. PriLopus SPECIOSUS.

Ptilopus speciosus, Schleg. Neder]. Tijdsch. vol. iv. (1871) p. 23;

id. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 27, Columbe; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genov. (1876) vol. ix. p. 197.

Hab. Sook, Mafor (Von Rosenberg, Raffray); Misori (Raffray).

This very peculiarly-coloured and striking species is apparently

confined to the islands in the great Bay of Geelvink, New Guinea.

It was first described by Sehlegel from specimens sent by Von

Rosenberg, and is very rare in collections. Lately a large series

has been received at the Paris Museum, obtained by M. Raffray in

the localities given above. There does not appear to be any variation

among individuals from the different habitats.

Male. General plumage yellowish green, darkest on the head and

neck. A broad bright-yellow band bordered on the lower side with

white crosses the breast. Abdomen beautiful lilac ; lower part of

abdomen and under tail-coverts bright lemon-yellow. A purple spot

in front of the eyes. Primaries grey on their outer webs and tips ;

first not narrowed especially towards tip. ‘Tail yellowish green.

Bill black, tip yellow; feet dark red. Total length 7 inches,

wing 43, tail 23, culmen 3.

Female. Green, with the feathers of the abdomen margined yellow,

and under tail-coverts yellow. Primaries have outer webs and tips

grey.

56. PriLopus JOHANNIS.

Ptilopus johannis, Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 556.

Hab. Wild and D’Entrecasteaux Islands, of the Admiralty group

(‘ Challenger’ Expedition).

This very distinct species was obtained by the ‘Challenger’ Ex-

pedition, and derives its name from Mr. John Murray, one of the

naturalists. By the kindness of Mr. Sclater I have been enabled

to examine the types. With its nearest relationship perhaps to

1875. |] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 565

Pt. speciosus, it differs conspicuously from all the members of this

particular section of the genus Péilopus in having the band which

crosses the breast all yellow—and in this respect differs from all the

others, as it is the only one so marked, the others having this band

white, or yellow and white. It is a very beautiful species.

Male. General plumage green, with small dark blue spots on the

scapulars. A broad band across the chest, which, together with the

lower part of abdomen, crissum, and under tail-coverts, is light yellow.

Top of head and middle of abdomen lilac. Primaries leaden grey,

with the tips light grey, nearly white. Bill black, feet dark red.

Total length 7} inches, wing 43, tail 22.

Female. Nearly uniform green; middle of belly and crissum

yellow.

57. PrILOPUS LUTEOVIRENS.

Colombe jaune, Hombr. & Jacq. Voy. Péle Sud, plaid 2..£,2.

Columba luteovirens, Hombr. & Jacq. Ann. Sc. 2° sér. vol. xvi.

(1841) p. 315.

Colombe de Felicie, Hombr. & Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, pl. 12. f. 1,

a Columba felicie, Hombr. & Jacq. Aun. Se. 2° sér. vol. xv. (1841)

p. 316, juy. ‘

Columba flava, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 470 (1844-49).

Calenas luteovirens, Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, p. 134.

Ptinilopus! luteovirens, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Péle Sud, vol. iii.

p. 112 (text) (1853).

Ptinilopus! felicie, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Péle Sud, (1853), text,

uv.

Ptilonopus luteovirens, Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. (1859) p. 38.

Chrysenas luteovirens, juv. felicia, Reich. Taub. Suppl. p. 203,

Taf. nov. no. iii. fig. 32.

Chryscenas luteovirens, Reich. Taub. p- 90, t. 245. fig. 5594, t.

263. figs. 1469-70.

Chryscena luteovirens, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1854) tom. xxxix. p-

879; id. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 28; id. Iconogr. Pig. (1857) pl. 31;

Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. (1867) p. 134, Taf. ii. fig. 4,

juv. ; Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p: 436; Finsch, Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1875, p. 557; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeff. Heft xii. (1876)

p- 10.

Omotreron felicia, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 27 (1857), juv.

Hab. Fiji Islands, Balaou (Homér. § Jacq., type); Ovalau (Lay-

ard) ; Viti Levou (Godefroy).

This species, according to Layard, dwells in the forest-covered

parts of the island of Ovalau and the Rewa. It breeds in October,

November, and December. On account of the colour of. their

plumage it is difficult to see them in the trees ; but their presence

is betrayed by their voice, which sounds something like a bark. It

feeds on berries, and is fond of the seeds of araliaceous trees and

ereepers of the genus Melastoma.

This species is the type of Bonaparte’s genus Chryscena, the chief

566 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. {May 7,

character being the lanceolate shape of the feathers of the body.

This, however, would seem to indicate more a specific than a generic

value, as the Pt. victor, with which the present bird is generically

identical, does not possess this form of feather. As is shown in my

remarks on genera, in the beginning of this paper, neither of these

two species exhibits any characters that, in my opinion, would separate

them from the genus Ptilopus, those relied upon by authors for

establishing a distinct generic rank not being at all peculiar to, or

possessed solely by, these birds.

Male. Head greenish yellow. Throat and irregular collar on lower

part of neck lemon-yellow. Feathers of breast and back lanceolate

sulphur-yellow, tinged with green. Abdomen, vent, and under tail-

coverts bright yellow. Primaries dark greenish yellow, first not

narrowed especially ; secondaries pale green, both edged with lemon-

yellow. Tail pale green, graduating into light yellow at the tip. Bill

black, tip yellow. Feet black. Total length 8 inches, wing 43, tail

23, culmen 3. (Ex type, Paris Museum.)

Young male. Head and throat pale green. General plumage

bright green, with yellow lanceolate feathers appearing upon the

breast and back. Abdomen mixed with yellow and green. Under

tail-coverts saffron-yellow. Primaries and secondaries brownish

green, broadly margined with yellow. Some feathers of the ramp

and upper tail-coverts tipped and margined with yellow. Tail bright

green. Bill black, tip yellow. Feet black.

Female. General plumage bright green, verging to yellow on the

throat and abdomen. Primaries and secondaries margined with light

yellow. Under tail-coverts pale yellow. Tail bright green, lightest

at the tip. Bill black, tip yellow. Feet black.

58. Pritopus CoRRIEI.

Ptilinopus corriei, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales,

1876, p. 133, vol. i.

Hab. Malacolo Island, New Hebrides.

In the above-named publication Mr. Ramsay describes a specimen

of Ptilopus as representing a distinct species. It is evidently imma-

ture, and, judging from the description, belongs to the group com-

prising Pt. victor, luteovirens, and layardi; and it is not impossible

that it may be one of these species from a new locality, although the di-

mensions given are larger than those of any examples of the above-

named species that I have seen. The type had been in spirits, and, as

stated by Mr. Ramsay, was somewhat discoloured on the sides of the

neck and interscapular region. The texture of the feathers resembled

that of Chryseenas viridis, Layard (Pt. layardi of this paper). Only a

single specimen was procured by Dr. A. Corrie, at Malacolo Island,

during the cruise of H.M.S. ‘ Pearl,’ in August 1875. More speci-

mens will be required before its specific rank can be satisfactorily

determined.

The following is Mr. Ramsay’s description :—

Male. ‘‘The whole of head, chin, and throat olive-green, becom-

ing bright green on the neck and occiput ; the whole of the remainder

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 367

of the upper and under surface bright deep green ; the wing-quills

deep golden green, mesially shaded with black ; the inner webs of

the primaries black towards the middle and basal portion of the

feather. The three inner secondaries and their corresponding coverts

of the larger series only have an oblique oblong blotch of bright

golden yellow at their tips, which on the secondaries is confined to

the outer web only, the smaller wing-coverts at the bend of the wing

adjacent to the scapulars having a roundish, crescentic or cordate

spot of white (?) near the tips of the feathers; some show a green

shaft-line and a margin of green round the tip of the feather ; under

wing-coverts green; the outer series ashy ; under surface of the wings

ashy brown ; under surface of the tail ashy brown, becoming lighter

towards the base, and crossed conspicuously near the tip with a band

of light ashy grey ; upper surface green, the grey band not so con-

spicuous ; the inner portion of the legs and lower part of the abdo-

men yellowish (much faded); under tail-coverts yellow, blotched

with oblong marks of green on inner webs; the thighs, outer

feathered portion of the legs, and the flanks bright green, like the

rest of the body; tail of 14 feathers, square, even ; of the wings, the

third, fourth, and fifth feathers are nearly equal and longest ; bill,

legs, and feet bluish lead-coiour; tarsi not feathered to the toes,

lower portion scaled in front. Total length 9°5 inches, wing 6°3,

tail 3; bill from forehead 0-8, from gape 1; tarsus 95.”

59. PriLorus LAYARDI.

Chrysenas viridis, Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, pp. 151, 437 ;

Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p- 736.

Native name Sohulu (Layard).

Hab. Kandavu, Fiji Islands.

This apparently very distinct Pigeon was described by Layard

(J. ec.) from specimens obtained by himself at Kandavu. He at first

identified it, as he tells us, with P. /uteovirens, but afterwards, having

obtained it in the full breeding-dress, saw that his first impression

was an erroneous one, and then conferred upon the species the

name of viridis. Several specimens of this pretty Dove are in the

collection of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, which, through the.

kindness of my friend Dr. Sclater, I have had the Opportunity of

examining. ‘hey are all in the adult dress, with greenish-yellow

head, and entirely green body relieved only by the yellow of the

under tail-coverts. The feathers of the back are slightly inclined to the

lanceolate form of those of P. luteovirens ; but the two species cannot

well be confounded together. As I do not consider that the birds

included in the term Chrysenas possess any characters that should

properly separate them generically from Péilopus, it will be impos-

sible to retain the name of viridis given to this species by Mr. Layard,

as there is already, unfortunately, a species of this group so named,

described originally by Linneeus. I have therefore substituted the

name layardi, in justice to my friend, who has, in his researches

among the birds of the Fiji Islands, exhibited the same energy and

568 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOoPUS. [May 7,

love for natural history which has always characterized him in other

parts of the world in which his lot has been temporarily cast.

Male. Head and neck greenish yellow ; under tail-coverts bright

yellow. Thighs and lower part of abdomen grey. Rest of

plumage of body and wings dark green, with a golden gloss upon back

and chest. Primaries are edged with yellow on outer webs, and,

together with the secondaries, have nearly all the inner webs golden

yellow; the first primary is narrowed gradually towards the tip.

Bill blue-black, tip livid ; legs dark crimson ; iris yellowish. Length

72 inches, wing 43, tail 25, culmen 2 (skin).

Female. Like the male, but less brilliant generally.

60. PriLopus vicTorR.

Chrysena victor, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 642; Layard,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 437; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875,

p- 557; Rowl. Ornith. Mise. pt. v. pl.; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeff.

Heft xii. (1876) p. 10; Lay. Ibis, 1876, p. 151; Finsch, Proce.

Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 736.

Native name Buli ndamu (Layard).

Hab. Fiji Islands, Bua (Filhol); Vanua Levu, Taviuni, Ngami,

Lanthala (Layard).

Layard says that this Dove is the glory of the forest of Taviuni,

and is also found in Lanthala and Rambi Islands, also on Vanua

Levu, about Bua, Ndreketti, &e. The young males would be mis-

taken for females, but that the vent is more orange. They breed

about December or November, making a rude platform of small

twigs for a nest about ten feet from the ground, and lay two eggs,

axis 1" 4, diam. 1”, pure white in hue. The species feeds on

many sorts of small and large berries and fruits.

Male. Head and throat dull olive-green. Entire rest of plumage

bright orange-carmine. Under surface of wings bright yellow.

Primaries greenish yellow, edged with orange; first not narrowed.

Tail, which is very short and almost hidden by the upper-coverts,

brownish orange, graduating into pure orange at the tip. Bill and

feet black. Total length 7 inches, wing 44, tail 23, culmen 3.

Female. Head yellowish green, lightest upon the throat. Entire

plumage of body rich green ; inner webs of primaries and secondaries

broadly margined with orange; outer webs edged with the same

colour. Under tail-coverts orange, with the centre of the feathers

green. Bill black, tip yellow; feet black.

61. PriLopus LECLANCHERI.

Trerolema leclancheri, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1855) tom. xli. p.

247; id. Iconog. Pig. (1857) pl. 16.

Carpophaga leclancheri, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 21.

sp. 19.

Leucotreron gironieri, J. Verr. & Des Murs, Ibis, 1862, p. 342,

pl. 12, 2 ; Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 213 (1875).

Ptilopus geversi, Schleg. Ibis, 1863, p. 120.

Ptilopus hugonianus, Schleg. Neder). Tijdsch. 1863, p. 60, pl. 3,

1878. } MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 569

fig. 2, juv. ex Luevu; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 378; Schleg. Mus.

Pays-B. 1873, p. 36.

Ptilopus leclancheri, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (1876) vol.

ix. p. 199.

Hab. Philippines, Luzon, and Guimaras (Meyer).

This species was first described by Bonaparte (J. c.) as Trerolema

leclancheri. The type is a female, and resembles in a great degree

the specimen described by Lord Walden (J. ce.) from Guimaras,

brought by Meyer, and called, in Lord Walden’s memoir on Philippine

birds, Leucotreron gironieri. The type was brought to Paris by

M. Leclancher, who was attached as surgeon to the expedition of the

‘ Favourite ;’ but no locality whatever was given to the specimen ; so

that of New Guinea, furnished by Bonaparte (J. c.), is erroneous.

Messrs. J. Verreaux and Des Murs redescribed the species in ‘ The Ibis’

(1. c.) as Leucotreron gironieri, their specimen being also a female or

possibly a young male, bearing, however, a very close resemblance to

Bonaparte’s type. Schlegel (/. c.) also described a young bird of

the same species as Péilopus hugonianus. All these names must be-

come synonyms of that given by Bonaparte.

Male. Head, neck, and upper part of the breast ashy white,

washed on the nape with pale green ; chin and throat black. A broad

dark purple band crosses the breast just below the white. Flanks

and underparts ashy green. Under tail-coverts cinnamon. Upper

parts bright green. Wings green; primaries and secondaries black

on inner webs, dark green on the outer, all edged with yellowish

white. Tail bright green, with a terminal light-yellow band. Bill

yellowish ; feet red. Total length 94 inches, wing 6, tail 4,

culmen 3.

Female. Head and breast ashy white, nape pale green. Throat

and chin black. A purplish band on the breast, which does not ex-

tend across. Rest of underparts and flanks tawny ashy green.

Under tail-coverts chestnut. Upper parts and tail as in the male

described above. (From type of 7’. leclancheri, Paris Museum.)

62. PriLopPus OCCIPITALIS.

Ptilonopus occipitalis, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 467, pl. 118 (1844);

id. List B. Brit. Mus. Gall. p. 1 (1844), (1856) p. 7. no. 17;

Wall. Ibis 1865, p. 378; Mart. Journ. fiir Ornith. 1866, p. 22.

no. 124.

Ramphiculus occipitalis, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xxxix. p. 878

(1854) ; id. Iconogr. Pig. pl. 14 (1857); id. Consp. Av. vol. ii.

p- 17; Wald. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. (1875) p. 214.

Omotreron batilda, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xxxix. p. 878 (1854);

id. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 27; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 382 ; Von Mart.

Journ. fir Ornith. 1866, p. 22. no. 125 (juv.).

Tonotreron occipitalis, Reich. Taub. p. 101, pl. 239. fig. 1331.

Columba occipitalis, Schleg. Handl. vol. i. p. 411 (1857).

Lamprotreron porphyria, Bon. (nec Temm.), Iconogr. Pig. (1857)

pl. xv. (juv.), from type of O. batilda.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXVII. 37

570 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILopus. [May 7,

Ptilopus occipitalis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 35, Co-

lumbe.

Hab. Luzon, Philippines (Meyer).

Bonaparte described a young bird of this species, in the ‘Comptes

Rendus’ (J. c.), as Omotreron batilda; and afterwards, in his ‘ Icono-

graphie des Pigeons,’ he figured this specimen as the young of

Ptilopus porphyreus! The type of O. datilda is in the collection of

the Paris Museum, and proves to be simply a young bird of P. oc-

cipitalis. It is larger than any specimen of porphyreus, of which

there is a series before me, even exceeding the adults in its measure-

ments, and presents quite a different coloration. The type was

brought from the Philippines in 1839 by M. Barrot, but no parti-

cular island is indicated.

Adult. Top and front of head light leaden grey ; sides of face

below the eyes and entire back of head purplish red. Throat yel-

lowish white; sides of neck and breast grey, like the top of head.

Entire centre of breast, from the lower part of the throat to the ab-

domen, ochraceous ; flanks bright green ; a large purplish-red spot in

the middle of the abdomen. Crissum grey mingled with white. Upper

parts bronzy green, darkest upon the rump and upper tail-coverts.

Wings bright green; primaries and secondaries black on their inner

webs, green on their outer and edged with light yellow. Tail bright

green, with an apical greyish band; under coverts white, with a

broad green stripe on their inner webs. Bill red, with light tip ; feet

red. Total length 11? inches, wing 61, tail 43, culmen 2. (Specimen

figured by Bonaparte, Icon. Pig. pl. 14.)

Young. Top of head, back of neck, and entire upper parts bronzy

green. Throat yellowish white. Sides of head yellowish white, in-

terspersed with green. Underparts greyish green, bronze upon the

breast. Crissum and under tail-coverts whitish, the latter striped

with green. Wings like the back, the secondaries and primaries

edged on outer web with yellowish white. Tail bright green, with a

greyish-white apical band, which is observed only on the inner

webs. ‘Total length 11 inches, wing 6, tail 4, culmen 8. (Type of

batilda, Bou.)

63. PriLopus GULARIS.

Columba gularis, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Zool. vol. i. p. 247,

pl. xxix. (1830).

La Mentonniere, Less. Comp. Buff. tom. iii. Ois. (1837).

Columba gularis, Knip & Prév. Pig. pl. xi. -

Laryngogramma gularis, Reich. 'Tauben, p. 102, pl. 233. fig. 1297;

id. suppl. p. 203, nov. Taf. iv. fig. 44.

Leucotreron gularis, Bon. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 15 (1857); Wald.

Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii. (1872) p. 83; Salvad. Ann. Mus, Civ.

Gen. (1875) vol. ix. p. 670.

Ptilonopus gularis, Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 377.

Ptilopus gularis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. (1873) p. 57, Columba.

Hab. Celebes.—Menado (Wallace); Tondano (Forsten) ; Goron-

talo, Wawou, Bone, Modelido (Von Rosenberg).

1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 571

Peculiarly a Celebes species, the present bird has fortunately never

received another name beside the one originally bestowed on it by Quoy

and Gaimard (/. c.). In its long tail it differs from the majority of

the species of Ptilopus, and approaches the birds placed by

Reichenbach in “ Megaloprepia ;” but the first primary is abruptly

attenuated.

Adult. Top and sides of head grey, graduating into light green

upon the occiput and hind neck. Chin and centre of throat very deep

chestnut; rest of throat, neck on sides, and underparts lavender-

colour, with a large spot in the centre of the abdomen yellowish

white washed with rufous. Thighs and under tail-coverts rich dark

cinnamon. Upper parts, wing, and tail bright green, the rectrices in-

distinctly tipped with yellowish green. Primaries and secondaries

black on inner webs, green on outer, and edged with light yellow.

Bill yellow; iris orange-brown; eyelids and orbits bare, blue ; feet

red. Total length 131 inches, wing 63, tail 53, culmen 3. (Type

in Paris Museum.)

64. PriLopPus FISCHERI.

Ptilinopus fischeri, Brigg. Brem. Abhandl. (1876) p. 82, Taf. iv.

flab. Celebes.

I only know this handsome species by the description and figure

published by Dr. Briiggemann (/. c.)._ Is is apparently very distinct

from all the known forms, and cannot be compared with any of them.

The red patch on the side of the head is a very peculiar character.

It may be briefly described as follows -—

“Back green. Head, neck, and breast partly grey, partly golden

ochre, Under tail-coverts grey and white intermixed. Sides of head

in the male bluish red; back of neck with a black band. Total

length 400 millims., wing 168, tail 147, bill 17, tarsus 21.” (Briigg.

de.)

65. PriLopus ALBOCINCTUS.

Ptilinopus albocinctus, Wall. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 496,

pl. xxxix.; id. Ibis, 1865, p. 377.

Ptilopus cinetus florensis, Schleg. Nederl. Tijdsch. vol. iv. p. 20

(1873).

Hab. Flores (Wallace).

This species, which seems distinct from Pt. cinctus, was first de-

scribed by Wallace (/.c.). It differs from its ally in having the

neck and breast light blue, and the first primary less attenuated.

The bill, according to Wallace, is greenish at the base, yellow at tip ;

feet bright red. I have examined the type in the British Museum.

In size and all other characters, save those pointed out, it is like

Pt. cinctus.

66. PriLopus crncTUs.

Columba cincta, Temm. Pig. & Gall. vol. i. p. 243(1813); Knip

& Prév. Pig. vol. ij. pl. xxiii.; Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. xi. p. 50

(1819); Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 19, Columba.

37*

572 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7>

Leucotreron cincta, Bon. Compt. Rend. (1854) tom. xxxix.

p- 876 ; id. Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 15; Reich. Tauben, p. 103, pl. 238.

fig. 1328.

Patong cinctus, Gray, Gen. B. vol. ii. p. 467 (1844); id. List

B. Brit. Mus. (1844) p. 2, (1856) p. 8. sp. 22; Wall. Ibis, 1865,

0. Oi

| Ptilopus cinetus, Schleg. Nederl. Tijdsch. tom. iv. p. 19 (1873) ;

id. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 34.

Hab. Timor (Wallace, Miller) ; Wetter (Hoedt).

This bird is about the same size as the Pé. gularis, but has a long

and square tail, the feathers of which are very broad. It belongs to

the large members of this genus, and should, from its size, be in-

cluded in the genus Megaloprepia, if that were really a valid division;

but then it has an abruptly attenuated primary, which although not

a generic character, as I have shown, still, according to Reichenbach,

prevents its entrance into his genus (?).

Adult. Head, neck, throat, and entire breast white ; rest of under-

parts yellowish green, separated from the white breast by a black

band. Entire upper parts, wings, and tail black; the rectrices with

a broad apical dark grey band. Under tail-coverts dark grey on the

inner webs, white on the outer, margined broadly with bright yel-

low. Bill ocbre-yellow, greenish at base; feet red ; irisred. Sexes

alike. Total length 123 inches, wing 63, tail 53, culmen 2.

67. PrILOPUS LETTIENSIS.

Ptilopus cinctus lettiensis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 35,

Columbe ; id. Neder]. Tijdsch. Dierk. tom. iv. p. 20 (1873).

Hab. Lettie, east of Timor (Hoed¢).

This bird is apparently entitled to be considered distinct from the

Pt. cinctus. I am indebted to my friend Count H. Turati for the

loan of a very fine specimen, exhibiting very clearly the differences

existing between it and P¢. cinctus. The principal one is the colo-

ration of the tail, which for one third of its length from the tip is yel-

lowish white, instead of having merely a dark grey apical band as in

Pt. cinctus. Another difference between the birds is that the last-

named species has the first primary abruptly attenuated, while that

of the present is gradually narrowed to the tip, which is sharply

pointed. The tails of both are long and square, as in P¢é. bernsteini.

Adult. Head, mantle, throat, neck, and breast ivory white; be-

neath the white of the breast is a broad blue-black band. Lower

part of abdomen and crissum greenish yellow. Under tail-coverts

brownish in the centre; rest white, margined with yellow. Back and

wings black ; first primary gradually attenuated to the tip, which is

pointed. Rump greenish grey. Tail greyish black for two thirds of its

basal half, rest yellowish white. Bill green, tip ochre; feet dark

red. Total length 112 inches, wing 63, tail 43, culmen 3.

68, PriLopus BERNSTEINI.

Carpophaga formosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 360 (nec

P. formosus, Gray, ex Celebes).

1878. | MR. D, G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS, 573

Ptilopus bernsteini, Schleg. Nederl. Tijdsch. 1863, p. 59, pl. iii.

fig. 1.

Ptilonopus ochrogaster, Bernst. Journ. fiir Ornith. 1864, p. 408.

Ptilopus ochrogaster, Bernst. Nederl. Tijdsch. 1865, p. 324.

Carpophaga bernsteini, Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 388.

Megaloprepia bernsteini, Salvad. Aun. Mus. Ciy. Gen. (1875)

vol. vii. p. 783.

Hab. Halmahera, Ternate, Batchian, Obi (Bernstein); Gilolo

(Wallace).

This and the next three species have been placed by some authors

in Reichenbach’s genus Megaloprepia. It seems very evident that

at least some of the species which he placed in his genus were not

known to Reichenbach autoptically, or else when desiring to sepa-

rate certain members of the genus Péilopus generically from the

others he would probably not have selected Pé. perlatus, with its

short tail and narrow rectrices, as one of those especially fitted to

go with the present and the succeeding ones. I fail to see any cha-

racters whatever that should cause this bird and Pt. magnificus,

with its two races, to be separated generically from Ptilopus. The gra-

dation from Pé. leclancheri, through Pt. gularis, cinctus, albocinctus,

bernsteini, puellus, and assimilis, is complete between the moderate-

sized, comparatively short-tailed species of Ptilopus and the large Pt.

magnificus, which brings the genus into Carpophaga. In his dia-

gnosis of Megaloprepia, Reichenbach gives no character that may

not equally apply to Péilopus; and it seems to me to be a division

highly artificial, and in no way necessary.

This species was first described by Gray (/. c.) ; but as he had

already bestowed the name formosus upon another species of Ptilopus,

his appellation cannot stand; and even for those authors who place

this bird in Megaloprepia, to avoid confusion, it is better to con-

tinue the name bestowed by Schlegel.

Male. Head and neck greenish grey ; breast, back, wings, and tail

bright green. In the middle of the lower part of the breast a large

spot of rich deep red. Abdomen and flanks yellowish ochre ; under

tail-coverts brownish yellow-ochre. Bill black, tip yellowish ; feet

black. Total length 114 inches, wing 5, tail 53, culmen 2.

Female. Like the male, but wants the red spot on the breast, and

has the neck light green.

It may be seriously questioned if the three following races should

be continued as distinct species. They only differ in size; and this

is very variable even among those examples acknowledged as repre-

senting one of the species. The localities of the forms also seem to

have no recognizable bounds; and while the island form puella is

the smallest, yet at Cape York it meets its large relative magnificus,

which here, according to Mr. Ramsay, is very variable in size, and

which, if the bird is distinct, ought not to be found at all in this

part of the continent, which should be reserved for assimilis. I

have no doubt that in a large series of examples from various

localities the small puel/a would graduate directly up to magnificus,

574 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,

and leave no characters by which the forms could be distinguished

apart. The specimens of the smallest race, called Pt. puella, which

are found in the island of Jobie and also at Mount Epa in the south

of New Guinea, have the under surface of the tail lighter in colour

than those from other localities, being blackish-grey instead of

blackish-brown. This, however, cannot be considered of any specific

importanee, the geographical distribution alone forbidding the idea

that they could be designated as a fourth race ; for the Pt. puella is

known to dwell between the Jobie and Mount-Epa birds as well as

to the south of the latter, which fact is alone sufficient to preclude

the supposition that two species, or even races, are indicated by the

slight difference observable. For convenience I have kept the

synonymy of the three races distinct ; but they really should only be

regarded as representing but one species.

69. PriLopus PUELLA.

Colomba amarante, Less. Voy. Coq. (text), 1826, p. 711.

Colomba puella, Less. Bull. Sc. Nat. (1827) p. 400; id. Trait.

Ornith. (1831) p. 469; Knip & Prév. Pig. vol. i. pl. i.

Carpophaga puella, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. (1856) p. 21. sp.

18; Wall. Ibis, 1865, p. 388.

Megaloprepia puella, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. vol. ii. p. 40; Reich.

Taub. p. 102; id. Suppl. p. 203, nov. Taf. iv. fig. 41; Ramsay,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 118.

Ptilopus puellus, Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, 1873, p. 38, Columbe.

Megaloprepia puella, Salvad. Aun. Mus. Civ. Gen. (1875) vol.

vii. p. 788, vol. iv. p. 199, (1877) vol. x. p. 158.

Mapouha of the Papuans (Less.).

Hab. Cape York, Australia (Ramsay) ; Mysol, Salwatty, Wai-

giou, Ghémien, New Guinea (Bernstein, Hoedt) ; Jobie ( Von Rosen-

berg) ; Dorey (Lesson) ; New Ireland (Lesson).

The type of this species is in the Paris Museum. There are two

specimens, one from Dorey, New Guinea, and the other from New

Ireland, both of which were procured during the voyage of the

‘ Coquille.’

Adult. Front and chin greyish white; head and neck greenish

grey ; centre of throat and neck in front, and underparts to the

thighs, rich purplish red; lower part of abdomen and crissum rich

yellow. Under tail-coverts greenish grey. Wings, back, and tail

bright grass-green. Upon the outer web of the wing-coverts are

some pale yellow spots forming a line along the wing. Bill yellow,

red at base; iris orange-red ; feet yellow-green; claws dusky. Total

length 133 inches, wing 6, tail 62, culmen ?. Sexes alike.

70. PTILOPUS ASSIMILIS.

Carpophaga assimilis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 201.

Megatloprepia assimilis, Bon. Compt. Rend. tom. xxxix. p. 1077 ;

Reich. Taub. p. 102; id. Suppl. p. 203, nov. Taf. iv. figs. 42, 43 ;

1878.] MR D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 975

Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 115; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Gen. (1876) vol. ix. p. 199.

Ptilopus assimilis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 38, Columbe.

Hab. Cape York, Rockingham Bay, Australia (Ramsay).

This is a race of Pt. magnificus, representing it in the northern

part of Australia, and differing mainly in being smaller in size.

Whether this is sufficient to constitute a species, I do not propose at

present to discuss, but merely to remark that, as in many groups of

birds it has been very properly rejected as a specific character, it

would seem that, in the present instance, this bird and Pé. magnificus

might with advantage be retained under one specific name.

Pt. assimilis was procured by Mr. Ramsay, together with P¢.

magnificus itself, at Rockingham Bay, North-east Queensland. Ex-

cept in its smaller size, he found that it presented no differences what-

ever from Pt. magnificus. He regards it as a connecting link between

the large form and the smallest (Pt. puedla), of which form he had

received a fine pair collected at Cape York, Australia, by Mr. J. A.

Thorpe, this being the first instance known to me in which Pt. puella

has been obtained in Australia.

Head and throat grey; centre of throat and underparts to middle

of abdomen rich purple. Under wing-coverts, thighs, and under tail-

coverts rich yellow. Back and rump yellowish green. Wing and tail

bright grass-green ; wing-coverts with a conspicuous oblong spot at

the tip. Total length 14 inches, wing 7, tail 6, culmen 3.

The specimen described was obtained at Cape York by the ‘ Chal-

lenger’ Expedition.

71. PriLopus MAGNIFICUS,

Columba magnifica, Temm. Pl. Col. 163; id. Trans. Linn. Soe.

vol. xii. p. 125 (1822); Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 26 (1827), Columba ;

Knip & Préyv, Pig. vol. ii. pl. 25; Gould, B. Austr. vol. v. pl. lviii.

(1848); Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 115.

Carpophaga magnifica, Selby, Nat. Libr. Ornith. vol. v. p. 119.

Megaloprepia magnifica, Reich, Tauben, p. 101, pl. 283. figs,

1299, 1300.

Ptilopus magnificus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. 1873, p. 38, Columbe.

Hab. South Australia, river Hunter to Moreton Bay (Gould) ;

Rockingham Bay, North-east Queensland (Ramsay).

Mr. Ramsay states in this journal (J. c.) that he found this spe-

cies abundant at Rockingham Bay in North-east Queensland, and

very variable in size.

Adult. Forehead and chin light grey ; head and neck greenish

grey, becoming light green on sides of breast ; centre of throat and

neck in front, breast, and abdomen deep purple. Lower part of ab-

domen orange-yellow. Under tail-coverts yellowish green. Wings,

back, and tail bright green; wing-coverts with large pale yellow

spots, forming a bar across the wing. Bill red at base, tip yellow.

Total length 19 inches, wing 9, tail 7, culmen 2.

for}

MR, P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS [May 21,

May 21, 1878.

F. D. Godman, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :-—

1. Description of a new Genus of Snakes of the Family

Calamaride, from Southern India. By Lieutenant-

Colonel R. H. Beppomeg, C.M.ZS.

[Received April 29, 1878.]

XYLOPHIS, n. gen.

Body cylindrical, slender; head short, not distinct from neck,

gradually narrowed forwards and pointed ; eye very small, with round

pupil; tail about one seventh of the total length; maxillary teeth very

numerous, equal; the two palatine rows very conspicuous, and the

teeth slightly longer behind ; upper labials four, the first very minute,

the second and third enter the orbit, fourth in contact with a large

temporal ; rostral very small; an elongate loreal gradually narrowed

behind replaces anteocular and occupies all the space from rostral to

eye; nasals simple, very small; frontals only one pair, large, a very

small superciliary shield and a similar postocular. Scales smooth,

without apical groove, in fifteen rows ; anal single; subcaudals broad,

bifid, or a few occasionally entire.

XYLOPHIS INDICUS, 0. Sp.

General colour of a uniform brown like an earthworm, but beauti-

fully iridescent ; length 93 inches, of which the tail is 12 inch:

vertical, pointed behind, rounded in front; occipitals elongate ;

ventrals about 136; subcaudals about 26, bifid, or a few of them

entire ; tail ending in a blunt point.

Hab. The dense heavy evergreen forests on the mountains at the

south of Cumbum Valley, Madura district; elevation 5000 feet.

Under old logs along with Uropeltide.

The specimen, which is unique, has been forwarded to the British

Museum.

2. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the

Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger.—No. X. On the

Birds of the Atlantic Islands and Kerguelen’s Land,

and on the Miscellaneous Collections. By P. L. Scrarer,

M.A., F.R.S.

[Received May 2, 1878.]

In this paper, which concludes the preliminary reports on the

terrestrial birds collected during the voyage of the ‘Challenger,’ I

1878.] COLLECTED BY THE ‘CHALLENGER.’ 577

give an account of the specimens obtained on the Tristan-d’ Acunha

group and Kerguelen’s Land, and of a few small collections made at

various other localities which were touched at during the course of

the expedition. I have arranged all these, according to the dates

at which the places were visited, as follows :—

Date. No. of specimens.

A. St. Iago, Cape-Verds ........ July 1873 4

B. Tristan d’Acunha .......... October 1873 12

©. werencien Land 1... ...0<).. January 1874 16

D. New Zealand ..... oie Reb June 1874 4

F. Meangis Islands ............ February 1875 3

Bt SE ao EE a's bn geipiyr ren ne February 22,1875 2

H. Humboldt Bay, New Guinea .. February 24, 1875 2

PE ine Be oi eH ae ates a April 7, 1875 5

LT SPIE amines par Yet i May 1875 4

A. St. Iago, Cape-Verds (July 1873).

Four examples of the peculiar King-hunter of this Island, Halcyon

erythrogastra (Temm.), Sharpe’s Kingf. p. 171, pl. 63, were

obtained here. In one specimen the eyes are marked “ black,” and

the contents of the stomach “insects.”

B. Tristan-d Acunha group (October 1873).

Seven examples of the peculiar Thrush of Tristan d’Acunha, de-

scribed by Mr. Gould, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 165, as Nesocichla eremita,

were obtained. The sexes are not marked; but the specimens are all

nearly alike, so that probably the sexes do not differ in plumage. The

irides are noted as ‘‘ black.”

In the adjoining island “Inaccessible,” five specimens of the

peculiar Finch lately described by Dr. Cabanis (Journ. f. Orn, 1873,

p- 154) as Nesospiza acunhe were obtained. All five are alike ;

the eyes are marked “ hazel; ” but the sexes are not recorded.

Of Crithagra insularis, described by Dr. Cabanis at the same

time as the Wesospiza, there is no specimen in the collection, nor of

the Island-Hen (Gallinula nesiotis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 261).

The latter is said to be now almost extinct’.

The only oceanic birds in the collection from the Tristan-d’ Acunha

group are two Petrels, Pelagodroma marina and Gstrelata mollis,

both from Nightingale Island, the most southern of the three islands

of the group, and one Penguin (Hudyptes chrysocome) from Inac-

cessible ; but Sir Wyville Thomson (Atl. ii. pp. 164, 178) mentions

several others.

C. Kerguelen Land (January 1874).

The only land-birds from Kerguelen Land in the collection are

1 Wyville-Thomson, ‘ Atlantic,’ ii. p. 165,

578 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS [May 21,

nine specimens of Chionis minor and seven of Querquedula eatoni ;

and these are the only land-birds included by Mr. Sharpe in his

memoir in the Royal Society’s volume on the Transit-Expedition of

1875.

The female of the Querquedula (of which there is one example de-

termined as such, and two others, evidently of the same sex) differs

from the male not only in the absence of the green alar speculum,

but also in its smaller size, in the fuscous edgings to the feathers

generally, and in the much shorter tail. There is also one chick of

this species in the collection.

D. New Zealand (June 1874).

In New Zealand only four skins, belonging to three species, were

obtained, namely :—

1 Miro albifrons jr., Hardy Bay.

2 Hematopus unicolor jr., Hardy Bay.

1 Botaurus peciloptilus jr., Wellington.

E. Hong-Kong, China (January 1875).

From Hong-Kong seven skins, belonging to four species, all known

Chinese birds, were procured, viz :—

1 Turdus mandarinus, Bp.

1 Halcyon pileata (Bodd.).

2 Alcedo bengalensis, Gm.

2 Coturnix communis, Bonn.

1 Turnix maculosus (Temm. ).

F. Meangis Islands (February 1875).

Four examples of os indica were obtained here (of which three

have arrived home), under the circumstances mentioned in Mr. Mur-

ray’s MS., as follows’ :—

“On the 10th February, 1875, while the ship was dredging, some

natives came off in a boat. They had with them mats and cocoa-

nuts and some Perroquets. The following are those which were

purchased for tobacco :—

“440, 9.

441, Q.| Feet black; bill orange; eyes red, or light brown in

442, 2. the male.

443, ¢.

“We kept the male for several days alive; he used to fly about

the ship and return to the house on deck when shown his food.

‘‘He died from eating some green stuff, it is supposed, but was

perhaps hurt aloft.

“The natives came from the southermost isle of the Meangis

group.”

This is the most northern species of Hos known; its hitherto only

ascertained locality is the neighbouring Sanghir group of islands’.

1 Cf. also Lord G. Campbell’s ‘ Log-letters’ p. 245.

_? Cf. Rowley’s Orn. Mise. p. 123, where a beautiful figure of this species is

given.

1878. } COLLECTED BY THE ‘ CHALLENGER.’ 579

G. At sea (February 22, 1875).

Two examples of Phalaropus hyperboreus in winter plumage

(nos. 445, 446, both “ females’) were ‘‘shot by Mr. Moseley on

February 22, 1875, among the drift wood.” Mr. Murray ‘saw many

the previous day.”

This Phalarope is said to wander occasionally even as far south as

the Aru Islands!. The present examples were obtained the day

before the ship arrived at Humboldt Bay, New Guinea.

H. Humboldt Bay, New Guinea (February 23, 1875).

At this most interesting locality but two birds, unfortunately, were

obtained, namely :—

447. Trichoglossus cyanogrammus, Wag].

448. Arses insularis, Meyer. .

The first of these is a well-known Papuan species. Of the second

(shot by Mr. Murray under the circumstances mentioned in Lord

George Campbell’s ‘ Log-letters,’ p. 253)the only specimens yet known

were obtained by Dr. A. B. Meyer on the island of Jobi’. Its oc-

currence on the mainland is therefore of much interest.

Mr. Murray notes of this specimen, “ Male; eyes brown; ring

round the eye large and of a delicate sky-blue; bill and legs of a

darker blue or violet.

“IT landed in Humboldt Bay from the pinnace in a native canoe ;

and with some of the natives went a short way into the woods. Was

not much over half an hour on shore. It was then that I shot the

above two birds. I saw a Tern and a small Swift, also some

Cockatoos, but all out of shot. I fired at another small bird, but

did not get it. I also saw three Goura Pigeons, very fine large ones,

and after a time got a shot at one, but did not bring it down. I should

have had several more birds, but had to return to the boat on the

signal.”—J. M.

I. Aé¢ sea (April 7, 1875).

Four days before arriving at Yokohama, and nearly due south of

that port, five specimens of Hirundo gutturalis, the eastern form of

our familiar H. rustica, were “ caught round the ship. They were

apparently in an exhausted state.”

J. Japan (May 1875).

In Japan four specimens of birds were obtained—an example of

Buteo japonicus, Bp., in Jedo Bay, and a hen Phasianus versicolor

and two specimens of V'erekia cinerea from the Inland Sea.

! Cf. Dresser, B. Hurope.

° Monarcha insularis, Meyer, Sitz. Ak. Wien, Ixix. p. 395.

580 MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON NEW MANTID#, (May 21,

3. On new and little-known Mantide.

By J. Woop-Mason.

[Received May 7, 1878.]

(Plates XXXV. & XXXVI.)

Genus DerpHosge, Stil.

M. Stil has recently! made the Fischeria ocellata, Sauss. (the

nearest ally of 7’. laticeps), the type of a new genus, Deiphobe, and

restricted, rightly as it seems to me, the name Fischeria to Fischeria

betica and its allies, species in which, as in Hremiophila, structures

ancillary to the ovipositor* are developed upon the two terminal ven-

tral segments of the abdomen. Though Ff. /aticeps differs from

Deiphobe ocellata in the form of the eyes (which are compressed and

produced straight outwards in the form of blunt cones), in its long,

stout, and subfoliaceous cerci (which extend far beyond the extre-

mity of the abdomen), and in its more elongated and slenderer body,

it yet resembles that species so closely in all other characters that its

separation seems unwarrantable.

DEIPHOBE LaTICcEPs. (Plate XXXV. ¢ @.)

Fischeria laticeps, Wood-Mason, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876,

4th ser. vol. xvill. p. 337, 5; op. cit. 1878, 5th ser. vol.i. p. 144, 2.

Hab. 2 2, Bangalore district, Mysore; ¢, Sheargaon, Kolapur

State, India.

The typical specimens are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

HieRopuLA (RHOMBODERA) TECTIFORMIS.

Rh. tectiformis, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. tom. 1. fase. 3, p. 216,

pl. v. fig. 19,9.

In all the numerous specimens of this species which I have exa-

mined the basal or superior angle of the facial shield is produced into

a small projecting spiniform tubercle—a point of structure not men-

tioned by M. de Saussure in his description.

The first branch of the discoidal vein of the tegmina terminates at

the sutural margin in males in two, in females in three branchlets.

Hab. I havea ¢ from Jalra-patan, captured by Mr. Cecil Tem-

pleton of the Indian Topographical Survey, a 2 from Sahibganj by

myself, anda ¢ from Doomarkoonda in the same district, and a °

nymph from Sambalpur by Mr. Valentine Ball.

Obs. The lamellar fore margin of the tegmina is entire.

Hieropuia (RHOMBODERA) BUTLERI, n. sp. (Plate XXXVI.

figs. 3, 3a, 36.)

3 Q. Very closely allied to H. (R.) tectiformis, Sauss., from which

it differs in having no projecting spiniform tubercle in the middle of

’ Bihang till k. Svenska Vet. Akad. Hand. 1877, Bandet iv. No. 10.

? T have observed similar structures in the South-African Chroicoptera vidua,

Stal. All the insects thus provided probably lay their eggs in the earth.

P.A.S: 1878-Pl. SOK.

4 io s

$eham Lal Dos del. Mintern Bros imp.

NEW MANTIDA.

PZ S676 Pl SOCK,

Mintern Bros imp.

NEW MANTIDZ..

eae bP 7 . 1 “

¥ .

1878. | MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON NEW MANTID&. 581

the superior margin of the facial shield, in having the lamellar expan-

sions of the pronotum arcuate in outline, and consequently broader

postero-laterally, and not angulate antero-laterally—in its more pointed

tegmina, the first branch of the discoidal vein of which terminates at

the sutural margin in three (3) or four (2) branchlets, instead of

two and three respectively ; the last branch of the median vein is

undivided ; and the stigma is bounded at either end by a dark blotch,

is larger, and commences as much before the origin of the third

branch of the discoidal vein as it does after it in the allied species,—

in the armature of -the fore coxee, the anterior crest of which is fur-

nished with five blunt and slightly curved conspicuous conical spines,

arranged 3+ 2, and all arising from its inner side and not from its

summit, the outer crest of which is only smoothly and obscurely

denticulate—and in the coloration of the fore femora, which are

transversely trifasciate externally, and have no conspicuous red blotch

at the base of the inner face.

The fore tibie have thirteen teeth (¢ 2) on the imner, and ten

(eleven on one side in one 2 ) on the outer edge.

The pronotum of the male is faintly constricted behind the setting-

on of the fore legs; so that ‘when viewed from above its lamellar

margins appear slightly excised.

Total length, 9 72-82 millims. ; length of pronotum, 2 20°5-

22°25, 3 15:25; greatest breadth of pronotum (at the anterior end

of its posterior lobe), 2 11°75-13°75, 3 7°75; breadth of primitive

prenotum at dilatation, 2 8°5-10°75, 3 6; length of tegmina, 2

62-69, to stigma 2 19-22; breadth of tegmina, 2 22, of marginal

field, 2 5°5; length of stigma, 2 5-6, ¢ 4:7; breadth of stigma,

2 1:3, b 0°9.

Hab. The neighbourhood of Samaguting, Naga Hills, Assam,

whence a specimen of the female was sent to me some years ago

by my late friend Captain John Butler, the Political Agent, after

whom I name it. A second and smaller specimen of the same sex

has recently been obtained by Mr. A. W. Chennell, of the Indian

Topographical Survey, in the valley of the Um-thana, W. Khasi

Hills, at about 15,000 feet elevation. But the only male I have

ever seen is a much mutilated and abnormally small insect from

Sikkim in the collection of Mr. F. Moore.

Obs. The species differs in the form of the pronotum from H.

tectiformis much in the same way as H. deflexa, Sauss., does from

H., laticollis, Burm., Sauss.

The lamellar front margin of the tegmina is entire.

Hieropuia (RHOMBODERA) FRATRICIDA, n. sp. (Plate XXXVI.

fizs. 5, 5 a.)

3. Allied to H. (2.) macropsis, Giebel, which it closely resem-

bles in the form of the pronotum, but from which it differs in its

larger size, in having the primitive pronotum apparently longer and

stouter, the facial shield higher than broad and distinctly bicarinate,

and in having the anterior crest of the fore coxee rather lower and

blunter (than usual) than produced and lamellar.

582 MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON NEW MANTIDE. [May 21,

The organs of flight are long and rather pointed, extending, when

closed, far (nearly a fourth of their length) beyond the extremity

of the abdomen. The tegmina are hyaline everywhere except in the

marginal field and along a very narrow linear space next to the

principal nervure, between the base of the organ and the stigma, in

which parts they are opaque green; the median vein gives off two

branches; and the first branch of the discoidal is forked ; the stigma

is placed just after the origin of the third branch of the discoidal vein.

The wings are throughout hyaline, save the marginal area, which

is a little clouded with green; the discoidal vein is three-branched.

The front crest of the fore coxe armed with ten to eleven low

blunt tubercles, which become successively higher and sharper

towards the distal end of the joint; and the external crest is quite

smooth ; the tibiee have ten to eleven teeth on the outer edge, and

14 on the inner; the superior margin of the femora is slightly

arcuate. The edges of lamellar margins of pronotum quite smooth.

Total length 85 millims. ; length of pronotum 28, greatest breadth

of pronotum 13:25; breadth of primitive pronotum at dilatation 8 ;

length of abdomen 31+6 (last ventral segment)=37 ; length of

tegmina 76, to stigma 20; width of tegmina 19, of their marginal

field 5-25; length of stigma 4, breadth of stigma 0°9 ; length of an-

tenne 50.

Hab. The records of the British Museum state that the specimen

was received in a collection of insects from Malabar.

Obs. The lamellar front margin of tegmina entire.

Hreropuna (RHOMBODERA) ATRICOXIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXVI.

figs. 4, 4 a, 40.)

3 Q. Very closely allied to H. (R.) laticollis, Burm., from which

it differs in having the lamellar expansions of the pronotum abso-

lutely narrower, concave instead of straight postero-laterally, and not

extended quite so far towards the base of the segment, and in having

the whole inner surface of the fore core coloured jet-black, and the

hinder end of the prosternum and the mesosternum symmetrically

marked with the same colour.

The anterior crest of the fore cox armed with minute blunt

denticles and granules ; tibize with eleven teeth ( ¢ 2) on the outer

edge, and 2 15, ¢ 14 on the inner..

Sexual differences the same as in the allied species.

Total length, 2 about 80 millims.; length of pronotum, 2 27,

3 25°5, of which the anterior lobe is respectively, 2 8 and 3 7;

greatest breadth of pronotum, 9 16, ¢ 15; breadth of primitive

pronotum at supracoxal dilatation, 2 9:5, ¢ 9; length of tegmina,

2 50, 3 64, breadth of tegmina, 2 20, ¢ 19°5, breadth of mar-

ginal field, 9 6, 3 5; length of fore coxa, 2? 18, ¢ 17; femur,

2 22, S$ 20; of intermediate femur, 2 19, ¢ 18; tibia, 17,

3 15; of posterior femur, 2 22°5, ¢ 21°5; tibia, 9 23°5, ¢ 23.

Hab. 92, Australia (C. French); 3, one of the islands in Torres

Straits (MacFarlane).

Obs. With the exception of the Indian H. (R.) tectiformis, which

1878.] MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON NEW MANTID2. 583

has a great shining red blotch at the base of each of the femora, this

is the only species of the genus which has any part of the internal

face of the fore legs conspicuously coloured’.

The lamellar fore margin of the tegmina is toothed? in both sexes,

probably so as to act as a stridulating organ by scraping against the

corresponding part of the wings.

Hirrovvuta (RHOMBODERA) PUSTULIFERA, Nl. sp. (Plate XXXVI.

figs. 6, 6 a.)

Q. Allied to H. (R.) major, Sauss., but differing in its stouter

and broader pronotum, which is more broadly rounded off in front,

in the armature of the anterior crest of the fore coxee, which is fur-

nished with eight hemispheroidal yellow tubercles or callosities, all

arising from its inner surface, gradually increasing in size from the

proximal to the middle, and then gradually decreasing to the distal

end of the joint, and constricted at the base so as closely to resemble

the crushing-teeth of certain fossil fishes (Pyenodus).

The discoidal nervure of the wings emits four branches.

The fore tibize have eleven teeth on the outer edge and fifteen on

the inner.

Total length 85 millims.; length of pronotum 29, greatest breadth

of pronotum (just behind coxal groove) 12-5, of primitive pronotum

at supracoxal dilatation 10, at middle of posterior lobe 6; length

of tegmina 57, to stigma 21; breadth of tegmina 24, of marginal

field 8; length of stigma 3, breadth of stigma 0°9.

Described from two alcoholic specimens.

A dried specimen in British Museum obtained at the same time

measures total length 80 millims, and has the coxal callosities

shrunken or less developed.

Hab. One of the islands in Torres Straits. The specimens were

obtained by the Rev. M‘Farlane.

Obs. The lamellar fore margin of the tegmina toothed.

Hreroputa (RHOMBODERA) TAPROBANE. (Plate XXXVI.

figs. 7, 7 a.)

Hierodula taprobane, Wood-Mason, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878,

5th ser. vol. i. p. 146, 2.

Hab. Ceylon.

Obs. The lamellar fore margin of the tegmina is smooth.

ARCHIMANTIS MONSTROSA,n. sp. (PlateXX XVI. figs. 1, 1 a, 1.)

Mantis monstrosus, Bates, MSS., in coll. Brit. Mus.

2. Closely allied to.4.armata, W.-M., 9, differing in its greater

size, in its proportionally longer tegmina (which are fully equal to

the prothorax in length), in the form of the pronotum (which is

dilated at the setting-on of the fore legs, so as to be conspicuously

i ? These coloured femora serve, in all probability, to allure or fascinate the

rey.

* I first met with this curious structure of the tegmina in the Empuside, in

all of which it occurs in both sexes alike.

584 MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON NEW MANTID&. [May 21,

ovate-cordiform in front), and in the form of the cerci, the margins

of the foliaceous terminal joints of which are arcuate.

Fore tibize with sixteen or seventeen teeth on the inner and ten on

the outer edge.

Total length 115 millims.; prothorax 41, of which the neck is

10; width of prothorax at supracoxal dilatation 10; height of head

8, breadth of head 11:75; length of meso- and metanotum taken

together 19, of abdomen 53, of cerci 12°75; breadth of terminal

joint of cerci 2; length of fore coxa 22:5, femur 28, tibia to insertion

of tarsus 11; of intermediate femur 27, tibia 27; posterior femur 33,

tibia 38; tegmina 42 (or reaching to end of middle third of third

abdominal segment); breadth of marginal field of tegmina 3; length

of stigma 6°75; length from base of tegmen to stigma 14; length

of wings 35.

Hab. Victoria River, N. Australia. The type in British Museum

was ‘‘captured on March 10th, 1856, by R. Elsey, Esq., during the

exploring expedition under Mr. Gregory.”

ARCHIMANTIS ARMATA. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 2, 2 a.)

A. armata, Wood-Mason, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, 4th ser.

vol. xx. p. 76.

Hab. North Australia (C. French).

ANTHALOCHROA ASHMOLIANA.

Vates ashmolianus, Westw. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii.

p- 272; Arcana Entomol. 1843, vol. ii. p. 52 (note f).

Popa? aschmoliana, Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. tom. i. fase. 3, p. 309.

Asthalochroa ashmoliana, Wood-Mason, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

April 1877, p. 308, 3 2.

Arsacia ashmoliana, Stil, Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1877, Bd. iv.

no. 10, 75, 2.

A male (var. simplicipes) from Bombay, in the collection of Mr.

F. Moore, differs from the type and from the specimens from Ben-

gal (Calcutta and Murshidabad) in not having the crests of the four

posterior femora developed into foliaceous lobes at the apex, and in

having the upper crest of the four posterior tibize more developed

and with more regularly arcuate margins, and in having the ridge of

the posterior lobe of the pronotum more convex longitudinally.

A gigantic female (var. insignis) in the India (olim E.-I. Com-

pany’s) Museum, South Kensington, marked “N. India,” has the

lobes at the extremities of the four posterior femora more highly but

less regularly developed ; this specimen measures :—

Total length 132 millims., length of prothorax 48, of which the

neck is 10, abdomen 61—as against 115, 40, 9:5, and 52, the mea-

surements of the same parts in the Calcutta specimen of the same

Sex.

A female in the collection of Mr. W. B. Farr (though not labelled

as to locality, doubtless from Bengal) agrees exactly with the spe-

cimens from Calcutta and Murshidabad,

1878.] MR, J. WOOD-MASON ON NEW MANTID. 585

Genus CREOBROTER’, Serville.

CREOBROTER PICTIPENNIS, n.sp. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 8.)

2. Closely allied to Cr. apicalis, Sauss. (2), from Assam, from

which it differs in the form of the pronotum (which is slenderer and

more distinctly quadrilobular), in its much narrower and less-de-

pressed abdomen (a part which in the species mentioned, as also in

Cr. urbanus 2, is greatly dilated and suborbicular and depressed),

in its less rebust fore legs, and notably in the colour of the wings.

The head also is a littie smaller, its frontal spine much the same.

Organs of flight in repose, in the dried insect, extending by about

a seventh of their length beyond the extremity of the fusiform ab-

domen, which is longitudinally strongly roof-shaped below. 'Teg-

mina bright green, yellow at the very base, furnished with a well-

defined subquadrate or suborbicular brightyellow spot a short distance

from the base, and with a still richer dead-yellow oval ocellus placed

a little obliquely across the middle; this is bordered both on its ex-

ternal and on its internal margin by a curved black line; the black

line that borders the base of the ocellus is but slightly curved or is

a smaller segment of a larger circle, and sends forwards and inwards

at its posterior end a small process, so as to present the appearance

of a curved arrow that has lost one of its barbs; external black

line strongly curved, or a larger segment of a smaller circle; it

is preceded by an opalescent line rather broader than itself, and upon

the veins and veinlets traversing which the yellow of the ocellus is

continued; this is marked with three black dots, all placed in the

same straight or slightly curved line, each upon one of the sectors of

the organ; the yellow of the ocellus flows out, as it were, in an irre-

gular stream from between the black bounding lines to the sutural

margin, accompanied by the translucent white line only ; but at the

opposite side its exit is barred by the polished and slightly paler

yellow oblong stigma, which there quite blocks up the interval be-

tween the ends of the black lines; the anal gusset is spotted with

brown, paling towards the hinder margin, the network being pale

green, very narrowly lined with hyaline, and its membranous meshes

brown. Wings tricolorous, opaque at the base; the basal third of

the posterior and the basal two thirds of the anterior field of a beau- —

tiful semiopaque cream-colour, slightly tinged with green ; this is

succeeded in the former by a broad band of clear brown (with dark

amethystine reflections) lined with hyaline along the transverse vein-

lets, and in the latter by a narrower band of semiopaque dull vina-

ceous, the rest of both fields being throughout hyaline, slightly tinged

and clouded with very pale greenish white, and having the venation

rather distinct and also coloured pale greenish white.

The head, the pronotum, and the outsides of the fore legs bright

green, concolorous with the elytra, variegated (the two first-named)

and banded (the last) with yellow, much, in fact, as in Cr. apicalis.

1 Neither “Creobrota” nor “‘Creobotra,” nor “Creoboter,’ but ‘‘Creobroter,”

from xpéas, flesh, and Bowrhp, an eater, kpeoBpwrhp, so formed on the analogy

of Kpeorwdys, Kpeopayos, K. T. A.

Proc, Zoox. Soc.—1878, No. XX XVIII. 38

586 MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON NEW MANTID#. — [May 21,

The anterior crest of the fore coxe is armed with eight bluntish

spiniform tubercles, between some of which are one or two minuter

ones ; the right fore tibia has fifteen teeth on each edge ; the four

posterior legs are wanting.

Total length about 32 millims. ; length of pronotum 7:6; breadth

of pronotum at supracoxal dilatation 4°3, at constriction behind dila-

tation 2°6 ; length of tegmina 26; length of abdomen 14, breadth

of abdomen 8°5.

Hab. Ceylon. Communicated by Mr. F. Moore. There is also

a specimen in the Hopeian collection at Oxford.

HyMENOPUS BICORNIS.

Mantis bicornis, Stoll, Spectres et Mantes, 1787, pl. xi. figs. 44

(2), 44a (nymph). '

Mantis coronata, Olivier, Encyl. Méth. 1792, Insectes, t. vii.

. 638.

f Empusa coronata, Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. t. i. p. 91.

Hymenopa coronata, Serville, Revue, p. 19. no. 1, et Hist. Nat.

des Orthopt. 1839, p. 163 9.

Hymenopus coronatus, Burm. Handb. d. Entom. 1839, vol. i.

. 549.

‘ Hymenopus bicornis, Saussure, Mel. Orthopt. i. fase. 3, p. 291.

The larve and nymphs, at any rate, of this species simulate blos-

soms, some specimens being rose-pink, others of a beautiful wax-

white colour. The thighs of the four posterior pairs of legs are ex-

panded into huge broad pear-shaped plates ; so that (according to

Mr. S. E. Peal, who has discovered the species in Assam, many

hundreds of miles from any of its hitherto recorded habitats) the

immature insect when seated on a twig with thorax and abdomen

raised at right angles to one another, with the fore legs drawn up

out of sight beneath the thorax, and with the four expanded thighs

spread out two on each side, the tarsi being brought to one spot,

presents in form as well as in colour a most perfect and deceptive

resemblance to a flower. The small Mantis (exactly resembling a

pink orchis-flower) which, according to Mr. Wallace, was shown to

Sir Charles Dilke in Java, and was said to attract and devour butter-

flies, probably belongs to the same species.

Hab. Sibsagar, Assam (S. #. Peal); Moluceas (Serville) ; Sunda

Isles. The perfect insect is represented in one of the beautiful

sketches of foliage and flowers made by Miss North in Java,

PARABLEPHARIS KUHLII.

Blepharis kuhlu, De Haan, Orthopt. Orient. p. 93, tab. 18.

fig. 3, 9.

Se idbiiphlers kuhlii, Saussure, Bull. Eutom. Suisse, iii. p. 223

(1870); id. Mél. Orthopt. i. 1871, fase. 3, p. 320, 9.

Hab. Java (De Haan) ; *‘ les Indes Orientales?” (Saussure). A

larva has been obtained by Mr. A. W. Chennell, of the Topographical

Survey of India, in the Naga Hills, Assam.

1878.] MR. BATES ON NEW GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 587

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

{N.B. All the figures are of the natural size, except where the contrary is stated.)

PuatE XXXV.

Hig. 1. Deiphobe laticeps, p. 580. Male, with wings extended.

2. Deiphobe laticeps. Female.

2a, The right fore femur and tibia, from the inner side.

26. Front view of the head of female, magnified twice nat. size.

Prats XXXVI.

Fig. 1. Archimantis monstrosa, p. 583, 2. The head, pronotum, and fore legs.

1a. Front view of the head of the same.

1. One of the cerci from the side, enlarged.

2. Archimantis armata, p. 584, 2. The head and pronotum.

2a. One of the cerci from the side, enlarged.

3. Hierodula (Rhembodera) butleri, p. 580, 2 d. Head, pronetum, and

left fore leg of a female.

3a. The right fore coxa, from the inside.

3). Head and pronotum of a small male.

4. Hierodula (Rhombodera) atricowis, p. 582, 2 §. Head, pronotum, and

right fore leg of a female.

4a. The left fore coxa, from the inside,

4b. Head, pronotum, and right fore leg of a male.

5. Hierodula (Rhombodera) fratricida, p. 581, g. Head, pronotum, and

left fore leg.

5a. Right fore coxa, from the inside.

6. Hierodula (Rhombodera) pustulifera, p. 583, 2. Head, pronctum, and

left fore leg.

6a. Right fore coxa, from the inside.

7. Hieredula (Rhombedera) taprebane, p. 583, 9. Head, pronetum, and

right fore leg.

7a. Left fore coxa, from the inside.

8. Creobroter pictipennis, p. 585, 2. Head, pronotum, and fore legs,

4. On new Genera and Species of Geodephagous Coleoptera

from Central America. By H. W. Barss, F.L.S.

[Received May 11, 1878.]

The following diagnoses of new Central-American Coleoptera, of

the families Cicindelidze and Carabide (Geodephaga), are preparatory

to the full descriptions which will be given in the work now pre-

paring by Messrs. Godman and Salvin, entitled ‘Biologia Americz

Centralis.’ In that work figures will be given of all the more

characteristic forms. ‘

Family CicinDELIDé.

TETRACHA IGNEA.

T. carolinee forma similis, paullo magis angustata, supra tgneo-cuprea;

epistomate, thoracis et elytrorum lateribus viridi-eneis ; elytris

grosse confertim usque ad apices punctatis, macula apicali pallida,

angusta, antice gradatim paullo dilatata ; antennis articulis 1™°—4"™

subtus nigro-lineatis ; femoribus quatuor BOSC AURCe late

588 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

nigris : corpore subtus viridi-eneo, ventris apice utringue flavo-

fasciato.

Long. 8lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Chiriqui.

CICINDELA BELTI.

C. roseiventri affinis, apud elytrorum humeros latior, his rectangulis.

Saturate olivacea, elytris utrinque maculis albis quingue, scilicet

una humerali, secunda antico-discoidali paullo transversa, tertia

mediana lineiformi recte transversa, quarta postertore rotundata

prope suturam, quinta prope angulum posteriorem transversa ;

subtus viridi-enea, lateribus cupreis et dense albo-pilosis ; femo-

ribus infra cupreis ; abdomine rufo, bast eupreo-nitida,

Long. 53 lin. oC.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CICINDELA FLOHRI.

Elongata, capite angusto, thoracis lateribus anticis paullo rotundatis ;

elytris elongato-ovatis, apice obtuse rotundatis; supra rufo-

cuprea subopaca, sericeo-micans, thoracis sulcis elytrorumque

punctulis viridibus ; elytris utrinqgue macula alba humerali et

altera post humeros, fascia mediana omnino discoidali obliqua, et

maculis quatuor subapicalibus, quarum tribus marginalibus ;

corpore subtus lete chalybeo, episternis rubro-cupreis, parce

pilosis ; abdomine toto lete rufo.

Long. 5 lin. of Q.

Hab. Mexico; San Angel, Guadalupe, near the capital (Flohr).

CTENOSTOMA SIGMA.

Ad sectionem Procephalus pertinet. Cylindricum, @eneo-fuscum

nitidum, sparsissime griseo-hirtum, antennis pedibusque dilutiori-

bus ; capite impunctato, supra inequali, fronte plana utrinque

sulcata ; elytris disperse punctulatis, apices versus sublevibus,

apice obtuse sinuato-truncatis, utrinque macula parva anteriore

subsuturali, et pone medium fascia valde flexuosa, S-formi, testaceo-

albis.

Long. 7 lin. 3 Q.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt; Janson).

CTENOSTOMA LETICOLOR.

Ad sectionem Procephalus pertinet. Cylindricum, gracile, lete

viridi-auratum, glabrum, antennis (scapo metallico excepto) tibiis

tarsisque piceis ; capite impunctato, fronte tubere magno rotun-

dato, sulcis antice et postice marginato, verticis lateribus etiam

sulcatis ; elytris pone scutellum subumbonatis, disco prope

suturam undulatis punctisque ocellaribus impressis, reliquis

sparsissime, versus basin grosse, punctatis, apice breviter sinuato-

truncatis, utringue macula parva anteriore subsuturali, et pone

medium fascia valde obliqua intus hamata, testaceo-albis.

Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Janson).

1878. | GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 589

Family Caranips.

ASPIDOGLOSSA BRACHYDERUS, D. sp.

In hoc genere brevis; thorace brevi et lato. Nigro-enea, palpis

antennis pedibusque piceo-testaceis, elytris apicem versus diffuse

rufescentibus ; clypei margine haud emarginato, fovea frontali

parva, simplici ; thorace lato, convexo, antice angustato, lateribus

Sereutin A. subangulata angulatis ; elytris oblongo-ovatis, versus

basin paullo angustatis, fortiter striatis, striis passim crenatis,

interstitio tertio tripunctato.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Panama.

STENOUs OLIVACEUS.

Hlongato-ellipticus, gracilis, supra eneo-fuscus, nitidus, subtus niger,

pedibus piceis, femoribus obscurioribus ; antennis rufo-piceis,

articulis 1»°—3" pallidis ; elytris striatis ; limbo alutaceo-sub-

opaco, viridi-tincto, striis obsoletis.

Long. 3? lin.

Hab. Mexico (Boucard).

DIC@LUS FLOHRI.

Oblongo-ellipticus, niger vix nitidus ; capite minus robusto, collo

angustiore ; thorace antice puullulum angustato, lateribus vix

rotundatis, omnino levi; elytris striis omnibus obsoletis, seriebus

punctorum suturali et marginali tantum eastantibus, carina

humerali brevi, valde elevata.

Long. 93-10 lin. of Q.

fIab. Mexico, San Angel (FloAr).

PoLPOCHILA MEXICANA.

Angusta, parva, castanea, palpis, antennis basi, pedibus margineque

apicali elytrorum flavo-testaceis ; foveis frontalibus usque ad

oculorum marginem posticum fortiter impressis; thorace late

cordato, lateribus ante basin fortiter sinuatis, angulis posticis

exstantibus ; elytris profunde striatis.

Long. 3 lin. C.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Boucard).

Specimens have been distributed under the name I have adopted,

given by M. de Chaudoir.

ANISODACTYLUS ROTUNDANGULUS.

Elongatus, niger, modice nitidus, pedibus piceis, antennis palpisque

piceo-rufis ; thorace lateribus arcuutis, angulis posticis tate

rotundatis, foveis posticis latis, modice impressis ; elytris apice

haud sinuatis, supra simpliciter striatis,; impunctatis.

Long. 7-7} lin. 3 Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

NorIoBiA DISPARILIS.

AGneo-cuprea (elytris 2 cupreo-fuscis), glabra; epistomate, labro,

590 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

palpis, antennis et pedibus piceo-rufis; thorace valde transverso,

ante medium late rotundato, deinde vix sinuatim angustato, an-

gulis posticis rectis, anticis omnino rotundatis, supra impunctato,

fovea basali utrinque magna irregulari, subrugata: elytris

thorace basi latioribus, apice profunde sinuatis, supra (3)

fortiter striatis, interstitiis dorso subplanis, duobus marginalibus

alutaceo-opacis ; 9 haud striatis, opacis, sutura costisque

tribus elevatis nitidis.

Long. 6-7 lin. 3 Q.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belé).

NOTIOBIA PARILIS.

Glabra, capite thoraceque chalybeis, elytris cupreo-violaceis, subtus

nigra, antennis, pedibus antennisque interdum piceo-rufis ; thorace

valde transverso, ante medium late rotundato, deinde sinuatim an-

gustato, angulis posticis rectis, anticis omnino rotundatis ; elytris

utroque sexu politis, sulcato-striatis, interstitiis omnibus valde

convexis, apice sinuatis (nec dentatis).

Long. 63 lin. 3 Q.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

NorioBiA LIMBIPENNIS.

Subcupreo-enea, nitida; thorace valde transverso, medio rotundato-

dilatato, postice modice angustato, angulis posticis vix reetangulis ;

elytris oblongo-ovatis, apice fortiter sinuatis et extus dentatis,

profunde striatis, limbo laterali (apicem versus latiore) alutaceo

subtestaceo-opaco, fovea etiam lata antico-discoidali paullo alu-

taceo-opaca, interstitio tertio postice unipunctato; antennis,

palpis et pedibus rufo-piceis.

Long. 53 lin. oC.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

NoTIOBIA LEIROIDES.

Latior, supra eneo-olivacea, labro, antennis basi, palpis et pedibus

rufis ; thorace valde transverso, medio rotundato-dilatato, postice

angustato, angulis posticis rectangulis ; elytris apice paullulum

sinuatis, regulariter striatis, interstitiis equalibus, apicem versus

angustioribus, marginalibus subopacis, tertio postice unipunctato,

margine apicali testaceo.

Long. 7 lin. 9.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Boucard).

NOTIOBIA CUPREOLA.

Angustior, polita, nigro-enea, elytris cupreo-violaceis ; antennis

(articulis 1™°-3"™ nigris exceptis) labro, palpis et tarsis fulvo-tes-

taceis ; thorace lateribus antice valde rotundatis, postice vix sinu-

atim angustato ; angulis posticis fere rectis, supra impunctato,

foveis basalibus latis vagis ; elytris (3 2) apice oblique leviter

1878.] GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 591

sinuatis, supra striatis, 2 subtilissime alutaceis sed politis,

interstitio 3° postice unipunctato.

Long. 43 lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, alt. 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

HARPALUS ALIENUS.

Oblongus, modice convexus, niger nitidus ( 2 elytris sericeo-opacis),

pedibus piceis, ntennis palpisque rufo-piceis, illis articulis 2°-4""

basi nigris ; thorace transversim quadrato, postice plusquam

antice angustato, lateribus rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis,

impunctato, basi coriaceo, fovea utrinque late impressa ; elytris

apice (3b 2) sinuatim subtruncatis, fortiter simpliciter striatis,

interstitiis paullo convexis, 3 postice unipunctato.

Long. 53-6 lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

SELENOPHORUS AMBLYDERUS.

Oblongus, converus, nigro-eneus, antennarum articulo basali palpis-

que rufis, pedibus picescentibus ; thorace lateribus arcuatis, an-

gulis posticis rotundatis, fovea basali utrinque parva, margine

medio multistriato ; elytris glabris, striatis, striis apice pro-

fundioribus, interstitiis 3°, 5°, et 7"° punctis seriatis parvis.

Long. 34-43 ln. o Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

SELENOPHORUS CALLISTICHUS.

Oblongo-ovatus, elongatus, minus convexus, cupreo-eneus ; antennis

basi pedibusque flavo-testaceis ; thorace antice gradatim, versus

basin citius, angustato, angulis posticis rotundatis, basi tota

haud profunde punctulata ; elytris apice sinuatis, supra fortiter

striatis, interstitiis alternis punctis numerosis rotundatis seriatim

impressis ; tarsis posticis gracilibus, elongatis ; tibiis et tarsis

absque spinis fortibus.

Long. 44 lin. oO.

Hab. Panama (Salvin).

SELENOPHORUS TENUISTRIATUS.

Oblongus, cupreo-eneus, antennis basi, palpis, tibiis et tarsis rufes-

centi-testaceis ; thorace transversim quadrato, antice minus et

citius quam postice modice angustato ; elytris apice haud sinuatis.

tenuiter striatis, interstitiis planis, alternis conspicue seriatim

punctatis.

Long. 23 lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

SELENOPHORUS MITIS.

Oblongo-ovatus, niger, vix eneo vel chalybeo tinctus ; palpis anten-

nisque fulvo-testaceis, labro et pedibus piceis ; capite levi, foveis

frontalibus obsoletis ; thorace quadrato, levi, foveis basalibus

Jatis, vagis, lateribus paullulum arcuatis, antice gradatim, postice

592 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

vie angustato, angulis posticis obtusis ; elytris apice leviter

sinuatis, supra striatis, interstitiis alternis punctis parvis seriatis ;

tibiis anticis sparsim spinosis, tarsis dilatatis, 3 subtus pauct-

squamosis.

Long. 33 ln. ¢ 9.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ATHROsTICTUS, nov. gen. Selenophoro affine.

Corpus elongato-ovatum, supra (precipue elytris) dense minute

punctatum. Caput ovatum, postice gradatim paullo angustatum.

Oculi magni sed non prominentes, postice orbitu inclusi. Antenne

filiformes, graciles. Mentum profunde emarginatum, sinu fundo

haud dentatum. Ligula angusta, apice libera, longe bisetosa ;

paraglossis latis ea longioribus. Elytra haud conspicue seriato-

punctata. Caeteris ut in generibus Hypolitho et Harpalo.

Ad hoe genus Selenoph. epeciosus (Dej.), Pangus metallicus

(Reich.), Hypolithus puberulus et H. chlenioides (De}j.), et Harpalus

sulcatulus (De}.) pertinent.

ATHROSTICTUS OPALESCENS.

Oblongus, piceus, breviter erecte pubescens ; labro, palpis, antennis

et pedibus rufo-fulvis; capite et thorace nitidis, elytris opales-

centi-micantibus ; capite postice punctulato; thorace quadrato,

lateribus fortiter arcuatis, angulis posticis fere rotundatis,

basi late subrugose punctulatis; elytris apice leviter sinuatis,

exarato-striatis, interstitiis minute crebre granulatis, 3'° et 5

indistincte seriatim punctatis ; corpore subtus nigro, lete opales-

cente ; metasterno punctulato.

Long. 4 lin. of Q.

Hab. Panama (Salvin).

ATHROSTICTUS SERICATUS.

Latior, oblongus, niger, omnino punctulatus, breviter erecte fulvo-

pubescens ; antennis, palpis et tarsis obscure rufescentibus ;

thorace transversim quadrato, postice viv angustato, angulis

anticis haud prominulis, posticis fere rectangulis, latertbus

paullulum arcuatis ; elytris lete awreo-sericeo relucentibus, fortiter

striatis, ‘interstitiis densissime punctato-granulatis ; corpore

subtus nigro nitido, opalescente, punctulato.

Long. 63 lin. 2.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Boucard).

BRADYCELLUS LUCIDUS.

Testaceo-rujis ; elytris piceo-fuscis, politis, striis (suturalt, mar-

ginalibusque exceptis) nullis; meso- et metasternis ventrisque

basi nigris; capite latiore ; thorace vix elytris angustiore, postice

valde sinuato-angustato, angulis posticis reetis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Mexico.

1878. ] GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 593

BrADYCELLUS SUBOBSOLETUS.

Castaneo-fuscus, subtus nigricans, antennis basi pedibusque _flavo-

testaceis ; elytris strits suturali et marginalibus profundis, disco

striato-punctatis.

Long. 23-3 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ACUPALPUS CIRCUMDATUS.

Elongato-oblongus, castaneo-fuscus ; antennis basi, palpis, pedibus

margineque angusto elytrorum flavo-testaceis ; thorace postice

valde angustato, levi, basi utringue haud foveato, parum punc-

lato, lateribus antice fortiter rotundatis, pustice sinuatis, angulis

posticis prominulis rectis ; elytris striis modice impressis, haud

punctatis, striola scutellari nulla.

Long. 24 lin.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Boucard).

ACUPALPUS FLOHRI.

Elongato-oblongus, castaneo-rufus, capite supra, elytris utrinque

disco, abdomineque castaneo-fuscis ; capite fronte foveolata ;

thorace lateribus usque angulos posticos obtusos rotundatis, basi

utringue grosse sparsim punctato ; elytris simpliciter striatis,

striola scutellari nulla.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ACUPALPUS OBESUS.

Latior, oblongo-ovatus, castaneo-fuscus, thorace et elytris indistincte

castaneo-rufo limbatis ; palpis, antennis basi pedibusque fulvo-

testaceis; thorace transverso, sublunato, lateribus omnino rotun-

datis et angulis posticis fere nullis, supra impunctato ; elytris

subpunctulato-striatis, striolu seutellari elongata, obliqua.

Long. 14 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ANCHUMENUS MONTEZUM&.

Elongatus, gracilis, piceo-niger ; capite ovato ; oculis haud pro-

minentibus, orbitu posteriore sensim angustato ; thorace elongato,

truncato-cordato, lateribus explanato-reflexis, angulis posticis

rectis ; elytris convexis, elongato-ovatis, punctulato-striatis, apice

oblique sinuatis, marginibus basali et laterali explanato-reflexis ;

pedibus elongatis.

Long. 43-53 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ANCHOMENUS TRANSPUNCTATUS.

A. anthracino (Dej.) affinis, oblongo-ovatus, niger, subtus cum

pedibus nitidus; elytris sericeo-nitentibus ; capite et thorace

eyaneo-tinctis ; antennis articulo basali subtus rufo-piceo ; capite

- parvo, pone oculos gradatim angustato ; thorace elytris multo

594 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

angustiore, rotundato, postice magis quam antice angustato ;

elytris tenuiter striatis, stria tertia 3-, stria secunda 2-punc-

tata.

Long. 4lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ANCHOMENUS SCUTIFER.

Elongato-ovatus, niger, nitidus, supra leviter cyaneo-tinctus ;

antennis articulo basali rufo; capite levi, oculis vix prominulis ;

thorace magno, ovato, levi ; elytris thorace vix latioribus, acute

et fortiter striatis, interstitiis planis, tertio 4—5-punetato.

Long. 43-53 lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ANCHOMENUS VIXSTRIATUS.

Parvus, gracilis, fusco-eneus politissimus ; palpis, antennis basi,

pedibusque fulvo-testuceis ; thorace subcordato-ovato, angulis

rotundatis ; elytris ovatis, striis vix impressis, interstitiis paul-

lulum convexis 2% bi- vel tripunctato ; metasterni episternis

brevibus, latis, epimeris transversis.

Long. 2? lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ANCHOMENUS CONCISUS.

A. vixstriato affinis, metathoracis episternis brevibus. Fusco-

eneus, modice nitidus ; palpis, antennis, pedibus, murgineque

deflexo elytrorum fulvo-testaceis ; capite collo transversim de-

presso ; thorace subcordato, postice sinuatim angustato, angulis

posticis fere rectis, margine laterali explanato-reflexo, fulvo ;

elytris ovatis apice oblique sinuatis, supra acute striatis, inter-

stitits planis, tertio tripunctato.

Long. 3-37 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ANCHOMENUS SUFFECTUS.

A. conciso simillimus : differt elytris amplioribus, thorace an-

gustiore marginibus lateralibus anguste reflexo-marginatis,

postice magis sinuatis, antice angulatim rotundatis. Castaneo-

Suscus ; palpis, antennis pedibusque fulvo-testaceis, margine an-

gusto thoracis, epipleurisque elytrorum obscure testaceis ; elytris

acute striatis, apice oblique fortius sinuatis, interstitio 3” tri-

punctato.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Mexico (Boucard).

ANCHOMENUS NUGAX.

A. conciso affinis: differt thorace latiore, postice multo mimus at-

tenuato, antice distincte angustato. Castaneo-fuscus, vel ceneo-~

fuscus, nitidus ; palpis, antennis et pedibus prceis, raro fulvo-

testaceis ; thorace quadrato, paulo ante medium subangulatim

1878.]} GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 595

dilatato, deinde postice paulo angustato, angulis posticis rectis,

margine laterali anguste explanato-refleco vix pallidiore ; elytris

minus rotundato-ovatis, apice viv sinuatim oblique truncatis,

supra acute striatis, interstitiis planis, 3% tripunctato ; margine

deflexo interdum testaceo.

Long. 3} lin. 3 2

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

ANCHOMENUS SIMPLICIOR.

A. nugaci provime affnis : differt tantum thorace paullulum

angustiore, lateribus antice equaliter rotundatis nullomodo

angulatis, postice vix conspicue sinuatim modice angustato, an-

gulis fere rectis, margine laterali angustissime explanato haud

pullido : piceo-niger, viv eneo-tinetus, antennis palpis et pedibus

prceo-rufis ; elytris ovatis, subtiliter striatis etc, ut in precedenti-

bus.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

GLYPTOLENUS, nov. gen. Anchomeno affine.

Corpus gracile. Caput angustum, ovatum. Mentum sinu dente

magno elongato. Palpi nudi, articulis terminalibus cylindricis.

Thorax angustus, ante medium angulatim dilatatus, dorso grosse

transversim rugatus. Elytra ampla, convewa, apice haud

stnuata, supra fortiter suleata. Prosternum apie marginatum,

prominulum. Metasterni episterna elongata. Pedes graciles ;

tibiee et tarsi fortiter sulcata ; tarsorum articulis 1°-4"™ latitu.

dine equales, plantis pubescentibus, 4 emarginato.

GLYPTOLENUS RUGICOLLIS.

Niger, subnitidus; thorace capite vix latiore, oblongo, postice

sinuatim paulo angustato, angulis posticis subrectis, supra grosse

rugato; elytris latis, convewis, apice rotundatis, swpra grosse

profunde striatis, interstitiis convexis ; antennis, palpis, tibiis

et tarsis piceo-fulvis. 9°.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

COLPODES STRICTICOLLIS.

Hlongatus, niger, nitidus ; palpis, antennarum articulis 49-11“

tarsisque piceo-rufis ; thorace fere orbiculari, basi fortiter con-

stricto, marginibus lateralibus rotundato-explanatis, supra

levi, polito ; elytris convenris, marginibus lateralibus explanatis

levibus, apice vie sinuatis, supra valde convexis, suleato-

striatis.

Tarsi articulo 4% latiusculo, emarginato, subtus sublonge setoso,

articulis 1°-3"" quatuor posteriorum supra bisulcatis.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt, Janson).

96 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

CoLPODES INTERGENEUS.

Gracilis, piceo-niger ; elytris purpureo-fuscis ; palpis, antennis

pedibusque pallide testaceis; capite collo supra transversim

depresso; thorace angusto, quadrato, antice paulo rotundato-

dilatato, postice vix sinuatim modice angustato, angulis posticis

distinctis subobtusis, margine laterali angusto ; elytris elon-

gato-ovatis, apice oblique (haud sinuatim) truncatis, supra

subtiliter subpunctulato-striatis, interstitus planis, tertio 3-

punctato.

Tarsi 2 antici articulo 4” latiusculo, breviter bilobo, subtus longe

setoso.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

CoLPoDES GRATUS.

Elongato-ovatus, convexior, subeneo-niger; palpis, antennis,

tibiis et tarsis piceo-rufis; palpis articulo ultimo sublineari ;

thorace ovato, lateribus equaliter rotundatis, paullo ante basin

sinuatim citius angustatis, angulis posticis subobtusis, margine

@qualiter anguste explanato ; elytris apice leviter sinuatis, in-

terstitiis paululum convexis, 3° puncto unico solum conspicuo.

Tarsi articulo 4° subtus longe setoso, quatuor anteriorum breviter

bilobo, lobis inequalibus.

Long. 43-5 lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

CoLPoDES DUPLEX.

Elongato-ovatus, subeneo-niger, elytris purpureo-fuscis ; palpis,

antennis (art.5°—-11“™ dilutioribus) pedibusque rufo-piceis ; tho-

race quadrato, ante medium rotundato-dilatato, deinde paullo viz

sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis subrectis ; elytris apice

oblique sinuatis, striatis, interstitiis planis (versus apicem con-

vexis), 3° tripunctato, puncto anteriore interdum deficiente ;

elytris raro eneo-fuscis.

Tarsi, articulo 4° subtus sparsim longe setoso, quatuor anteriorum

brevissimo bilobo.

Long. 33-4 lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

CoLPODES OBSCURELLUS.

Elongatus, vix convecus, nigro-olivaceus cenescens ; palpis apice

flavo-testaceis, antennarum articulis 3 basalibus et tarsis prcers ; ;

thorace parvo, quadrato-cordato, transverso, lateribus antice

valde rotundatis, postice sinuatim modice angustato, angulis

posticis subobtusis ; elytris apice fortiter oblique sinuatis, supra

subpunctulato-striatis, interstitiis paullulum convewis, 3 (in

striis) tripunctato ; metasterni episternis elongatis ; epimeris

postice fortiter rotundatis.

Tarsi, articulo 4 subtus longe setoso, quatuor anteriortbus leviter

tantum emarginais.

1878. ] GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 597

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

COLPODES LACTIPEs.

Nigro-piceus, pedibus albo-testace is, palpis antennisquerufo-testaceis ;

labro et mandibulis piceo-rufis ; thorace cordato, antice fortiter

rotundato, postice valde angustato, ante angulos breviter recto ;

elytris amplis, convexis, apie sinuatis, tridescentibus, striatis,

interstitio 3° tripunctato ; metasterni episternis elongatis.

Long. 5 lin.

Tarsi, articulo 4to latiusculo, 2 anterioribus breviter bilobis, ceteris

emarginatis.

Hab, Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CoLPODES PROCEPHALUS.,

Elongatus, vix convexus, niger ; elytris purpurascentibus 3 capite

elongato, post oculos gradatim angustato, collo supra haud trans-

versim depresso, oculis haud promnulis ; palpis et antennis

preis ; thorace valde elongato, oblongo-ovato, postice paullo

leviter angustato, angulis posticis obtusis vel rotundatis, supra

subtiliter transversim striato ; elytris ellipticis, apice fortiter

sinuatis, striatis, interstitio 3% tripunctato ; metasterni episternis

brevibus quadratis.

Tarsi articulo 4% latiuscuto, profunde emarginato.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Guatemala (Salvin).

Cox.popeEs PROLIXUS.

Elongatus, gracilis, pedibus antennisque valde ‘elongatis, castaneo-

piceus, palpis, pedibus et antennis rufo-piceis ; capite elongato-

ovato, post oculos crasso, rotundato, oculis vix prominulis, collo

paullo angustato, supra transversim depresso 3 thorace quam caput

vix latiore, cordato, postice sinuatim angustato, angulis postice

rectis, apice obtusis ; elytris oblongo-ellipticis, apice extus oblique

truncatis, apud suturam triangulariter excisis, angulo apicali

dentiformi, supra punctulato-striatis, interstitio 3% tripunctato ; -

metasternt episternis brevissimis.

Tarsi articulo 4t profunde emarginato, lobulis valde meequalibus,

Long. 6 lin.

Hab, Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

CoLropEs PARVICEPs.

Ellipticus, ceeneo-olivaceus, politus, antennis tibiis et tarsis rufo-

testaceis; palpis piceis, articulo ultimo apice attenuato rufo ; capite

puro, oculis prominulis, mox pone oculos angustato ; thorace

quadrato, antice longe postice paullulum angustato, marginibus

explanatis, angulis posticis rectis ; elytris oblongis, prope basin

transversim convexis, apice leviter sinuatis, dorso striato-punc-

tulatis, striis prope basin evanescentibus, prope apicem incisis ;

metasternt episternis elongatis, angustis,

598 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

Tarsi articulo quarto profunde emarginato, lobulis valde inequa-

libus.

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CoLPODES AUROTINCTUS.

Parvus, elongato-ovatus, supra nigro-eneus ; elytris awrato-enes

viridi tinctis, politis ; palpis, antennis, trochanteribus et tarsis

rufo-piceis ; corpore subtus femoribus tibiisque nigro-piceis ;

capite gracili, collo angustato, supra transversim depresso ;

thorace quadrato, lateribus fere requlariter paullo rotundatis,

postice puullulum magis quam antice angustato, angulis obtusis,

margine explanato rufescente ; elytris ovatis, subtiliter acute

striatis, interstitiis planissimis ; metasterni episternis viv

elongatis.

Long. 33 lin.

Tarsi articulo 4 quatuor anteriorum profunde emarginato vel

bilobo, duorum posteriorum modice emarginato, lobulis paullo

ineequalibus.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

COLPODES PROSTOMIS.

Elongato-oblongus, niger, nitidus, elytris violaceo-tinctis, palpis

gracilibus antennisque rufo-piceis ; capite mox pone oculos an-

gustato, collo cylindrico, supra depresso ; mandibulis valde elon-

gatis ; thorace elongato-quadrato, swpra levissimo ; antice prope

angulos angustato, postice longius et minus, ix sinuatum, angus-

tato, angulis posticis subrectis apice obtusis, margine laterali

subceequaliter explanato-reflewo ; elytris oblongis, valde convewxis,

apice sinuatis, fortiter, prope apicem profundius, striatis, inter-

stitiis paullo conveais, 3° tripunctato ; metasterni episternis

brevibus.

Tarsi, articulo 4© bilobo, lobulis valde inequalibus,

Long. 63-7 lin. 3 Q.

Hab. Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

CoLPODES CYANOSTOLUS.

C. cyanonoto affinis ; differt thoracis angulis posticis fere rotundatis.

Oblongus, violaceo- vel chalybeo-niger, supra ceeruleus ; thorace

lateribus regulariter rotundatis, angulis posticrs obtusis ; elytris

subtilissime punctulato-striatis, striis apice haud profundioribus.

Tarsi, articulo quarto bilobo, lobulis valde incequalibus,

Long. 5% lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

COLPODES CHONTALENSIS.

C. cyanonoto affinis, niger; elytris viridi-eneis, fortiter punctulato-

striatis, striis apice haud profundioribus, interstitiis paulo con-

vewxis ; thorace quadrato, lateribus regulariter rotundatis, postice

haud sinuatis ; antennis rufo-piceis.

1878. | GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA, 599

Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CoLPoDEs LEBIOIDES.

C. chalybeo affnis, niger, capite thoraceque eneo-tinctis, elytris

ceruleis ; antennis tarsisque rufo-piceis ; capite parvo, mox pone

oculos angustato ; thorace parvo, quadrato, medio leviter dilatato,

angulis posticis subrectis ; elytris latiusculis et brevibus, puulo

convenis, apice haud sinuatis, acute striatis, interstitiis planis.

Tarsi supra trisulcati.

Long. 3-32 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CoLPoDES PRINCEPs.

C. ceruleomarginato affnis, ceruleus, elytris lete purpureo-

cupreis ; thorace antice magis quam postice angustato, medio sub-

angulatim dilatato, lateribus postice nullomodo sinuatis, angulis

posticis obtusis; elytris striato-punctatis, margine incrassato

ceruleo.

Long. 54 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CoLPopEs suPERBUS.

C. ceruleomarginato affnis, nigro-politus, elytris lete aureo-

cupreis ; palpis, antennis et tarsis rufo-piceis ; capite mox pone

oculos prominentes angustato: thorace medio Sortiter dilatato,

antice gradatim postice citius et valde sinuatim angustato ; angulis

posticis exstantibus, rectis : elytrorum striis vir conspicuis.

Long. 63 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CoLPoDEs VIRIDIAURATUS.

C. cxruleomarginato afinis, subtus chalyheus, supra lete viridi-

eneis, elytris interdum viridi-auratis vel cupreo-auratis ; capite

mox pone oculos prominentes angustato ; thorace valde transverso,

lateribus regulariter rotundatis, postice haud sinuatis, angulis

posticis haud exstantibus, vir rectis ; elytris conspicue striato-

punctatis.

Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belé).

CoLPoDES CHRYSOPTERUS.

Elongatus, niger nitidus, elytris aurato-eneis ; thoracis margine,

palpis, antennis et tarsis rufescenti-piceis; capite mox pone oculos

magnos subito angustato ; thorace Sere ut in C, ceruleomarginato,

medio rotundato-dilatato, lateribus postice sinuato-angustatis, an-

gulis posticis subrectis 3 elytris elongatis, striato-punctatis, ver-

sus apicem striis acute incisis et minus punctulatis.

Tarsi lati, subtus dense pubescentes, articulo 4 bilobo.

Long. 52 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

600 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

COLPODES PROLONGATUS.

Valde elongatus, elegans, viridi-eneus, elytris lete aureo-cupreis ;

capite pone oculos elongato, gradatim angustato ; thorace ovalt,

angulis posticis rotundatis ; elytris apice sinuatis, longe productis

sed haud spinosis, striatis, striis passim equaliter fortiter incisis,

interstitiis planis.

Tarsi articulo quarto 2 anteriorum bilobo, 4 posteriorum emarginato,

lobulis haud prolongatis.

Articulo unguiculari biseriatim setoso.

Long. 64 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

LEPTOTRACHELUS PUNCTICOLLIS,

Fulvo-testaceus, immaculatus, pedibus pallidioribus; capite levi,

post oculos paullo rotundatim angustato, convexo ; thorace antice

prope apicem distincte angustato, ante medium rotundato-dilatato ;

supra passim punctulato, versus angulos posticos grossius punc-

tato ; elytris depressis, punctato-striatis.

Long. 43-43 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Janson).

LEPTOTRACHELUS PANAMENSIS,

Fulvo-testaceus fuscescens, sutura angusta plagaque apicali nigro-

fuscis ; untennis et pedibus pallidioribus : capite levi; thorace

antice prope apicem angustato, lateribus anticis leviter rotundatis,

ante basin paullo sinuatis, supra punctato et medio dorsi punc-

tato-rugoso.

Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Panama.

CELIA COSTARICENSIS.

Oblongo-ovata, nigra, polita, plus minusve e@nescens vel fusco-

@nea; antennis piceo-nigris, articulis 1° et 2° vel 1°-3“™ rufis ;

thorace convexo, mox pone angulos anticos rotundato-dilatato,

deinde usque ad basin leviter arcuato vel subrecto, basi utrinque

foveolis duabus distantibus levibus, interiore recta, exteriore versus

angulum oblique ducta; elytris prope apicem angustatis et com-

pressis, striatis, striis lateralibus evanescentibus, striola scutel-

lari ad basin secunde oriente suturam haud attingente, interstitiis

paullo convexis; pedibus piceis, tarsis pallidioribus ; prosterni

apice dilatato subtruncato.

Long. 4 lin.

Variat. 1, elytrorum interstitiis planissimis ; 2, striis. subtilissimis

subpunctulatis ; 3, forma abbreviata, ovata.

Hab. Ivazu, Costa Rica, alt. 6000-7000 (Rogers).

CURTONOTUS PUTZEYSI.

Elongato-oblongus, niger nitidus, subtus cum pedibus picescens, an-

tennis et palpis piceo-rufis; thorace lateribus valde rotundatis,

juata basin fortiter subito constricto, angults posticis rectis, limbo

1878. ] GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 601

antice et postice grosse punctato ; elytris thorace vix latioribus,

parallelis, striis conspicue punctatis, omnibus acute impressis.

3 tibiis intermediis medio intus haud dentatis.

Long. 74 lin. ¢ Q.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

Differs from C. substriatus by its larger size and more robust pro-

portions, and by the stronger and more uniform striation of the

elytra. The ¢ is destitute of the broad tooth on the inner side of

the middle tibize. Immature individuals are reddish piceous with

paler margins.

DIPLOHARPUS EXSTRIATUS.

Oblongo-ovatus, supra levissimus eneo-relucens, subiridescens ; par-

tibus oris, antennis pedibusque fulvis ; mandibulis longissimis,

rectis ; thorace ovato, marginibus postice explanato-elevatis, angu-

lis posticis rotundatis ; elytris absque striis, marginali excepta.

Long. 32 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

PERICOMPSUS LONGULUS.

Elongatus, parallelogrammicus, castaneo-piceus, capite margini-

busque thoracis rufis; elytris fulvo-testaceis plaga mediana oblongu

communi ( postice usque ad marginem dilatata) nigro-picea; par-

tibus oris, antennis pedibusque pallidis; thorace transverso,

postice fortiter sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis rectlis, mur-

ginibus paullo explanato-reflexis.

Long. 1 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

XyYSTOSOMUS BELTI.

Elongato-ovatus, modice converus, politus, viridi-eneus, elytris

aureo tinctis ; antennis fulvis, pedibus rafo-piceis, corpore subtus

piceo ; foveis frontalibus longis ab suiculo oculari utrinque carina

separatis ; oculis maximis ; thorace transverso, antice prope an-

gulos fortiter rotundato-angustato, postice haud angustato, angulis

posticis rectis ; elytris striis punctulatis novem, 1™4¢-34%™ vix im-

pressis (1 versus apicem excepta), 4*-;" apice evanescentibus.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

XYSTOSOMUS OLIVACEUS.

X. belti affinissimus ; differt colore supra omnino olivaceo-eneo,

antennis obscure cinereis, articulis 4 basalibus piceis ; thorace

transverso, antice subito rotundato-angustato, postice haud angus-

tato, sed leviter sinuato, angulis posticis acutis; elytris paullo

convezis, ovatis, mox pone humeros rotundato-dilatatis, margineque

explanato et fortiter reflero, punctulato-striatis, striis 17-30"

viv impressis ; pedibus et palpis obscure piceis, articulo subulato

rufo.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab, Chontales, Nicaragua ( Belt).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXIX. 39

602 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

TACHYS DIPLOHARPINUS.

Oblongus, modice convexus, sericeo-nitens, subopalescens ; partibus

oris, antennis pedibusque fulvis ; mandibulis acute hamatis ; oculis

prominulis ; foveis frontalibus fortiter impressis, post oculos cur-

vatis; thorace lato, postice modice sinuato-angustato, angulis

posticis exstantibus acutis, margine lateral elevato-explanato ;

elytris levibus, stria suturali solum fortiter impresso, striola api-

cali recurva fortiter impressa, apice setifero, foveis irregularibus

duabus submarginalibus, puncto discoidali mediano.

Long. 13 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Janson).

A species remarkable for its many points of resemblance to the

genus Diploharpus.

Bemsipium (NorTapnvs) FLOURI.

Oblongum, parallelogrammicum, depressum, eneum nitidum, elytris

pallido-testaceis, regione scutellari, gutta utrinque discoidali,

maculaque majore posimediana transversa fuscis ; palpis, antennis

et pedibus fulvo-testaceis ; sulcis frontalibus modice impressis sim-

plicibus ; capite levi; thorace postice angustato, angulis posticis

obtusis fere rotundatis, supra medio basi strigoso, fovea utrinque

vaga, lata, rugulosa, carinaque acuta oblique ad angulum posticum

ducta ; elytris thorace vie latioribus, integriter punctulato-striatis,

interstitiis planis, tertio tripunctato.

Long. 2-23 lin.

Hab. Mexieo, near the capital (Flohr).

The species belongs to an unnamed group near Notaphus, and is

only referred to the latter for general guidance as to its position.

Bempipium (NOTAPHUS) PLACITUM.

Elongato-oblongum, depressum, viridi- vel subcupreo-aeneum, elytris

cupreo-fuscis ( 3 nitidis, 2 subopacis) vitta laterali ab humero

usque medium, intus biloba, fasciaque maculari ante apicem, fulvo-

testaceis ; sulcis frontalibus latis haud profundis ; thorace late

rotundato, postice magis quam antice angustato, angulis posticis

obtusis, fovea media profunda carinaque parva jurta angulum ;

elytris subtiliter punctato-striatis, interstitiis planissimis, tertio

3-punctato; palpis, antennis pedibusque obscure piceis.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

This species has been mistaken for N. semifasciatus of Say. His

description, however, suits much better an equally common and

similar, but smaller, Mexican species.

BremsBipium (PERYPHUS) ROGERSI.

Gracile, convexiusculum, nigro-eneum, pedibus piceis, antennarum

articulo basali subtus rufo; thorace anguste cordato, antice ro-

tundato, postice sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis rectis, basi

transversim depresso, vage punctato, foveis profundis carinaque

elevata ad marginem fere parallela; elytris punctulato-striatis,

1878. | GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 603

interstitiis convexis paulo undulatis, tertio foveis duabus magnis

vagis impressis, stria 7" obsoleta.

Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Costa Rica, Mount Irazu, alt. 6000-7000 feet (Rogers).

Bemsipium (Perypuus) suBMACULATUM,

Elongato-ovatum, modice converum, fusco-eneum, elytris utringue

versus apicem macula obliqua flavo-testacea ; antennis piceis, ar-

ticulo 1° et 240_4tum basi pedibusque fiavo-testaceis ; palpis mavil-

laribus articulo penultimo obscuro ; thorace transversim quadrato,

antice modice rotundato, postice leviter sinuatim angustato, angulis

posticis subrectis, fovea basali profunda vage rugosa, carinaque

oblique juxta angulum ; elytris subtiliter striato-punctulatis, striis

interdum magis impressis, 74 abbreviata, exterioribus omnibus

versus apicem obliteratis, interstitio 3% bipunctato.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Mexico, near the capital (Flohr).

Specimens received from Paris as “‘submaculatum, Chaud. MSS.,”’

have the strize impressed; in Mr. Flohr’s specimens the rows of

fine clear punctures are superficial. The nearly allied B. meai-

canum, Dej., is much larger, and has-a short curved fold instead of

a distinct carina at the hind angles of the thorax.

LacHNoPHorRus SEMIRUFUS.

Breviter oblongus, erecte pilosus, capite thoraceque rufis, elytris

pectore abdomineque nigro-eneis, palpis antennis pedibusque flavo-

testaceis ; capite postice modice angustato, oculis minus prominu-

lis, vertice grossissime punctatis ; thorace late cordato, versus

basin modice angustato, grossissime intricato-punctato ; elytris

quadratis, fortiter punctato-striatis, interstitiis supra paulo

planatis, crenulatis, tertio 3-foveato,

Long. 23 lin.

#Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Beit).

LACHNOPHORUS LEUCOSCELIS.

L. levicolli (Reich.) proxime affinis. Elongatus, nigro-eneus, .

nitidus, supra glaber ; palpis antennarumque articulis 4 basalibus

rufo-testaceis ; tibiis (apice excepto) albo-testaceis 3 capite (cum

oculis) quam thorax latiore, punctis magnis conspersis; thorace

rotundato-cordato, valde convexo, postice Sortiter angustato, basi

constricto et depresso, fere impunctato, polito ; elytris profunde

striatis, striis a basi usque paulo ultra medium grosse punctatis.

Long. vix 2 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt),

Lacu NOPHORUS LONGULUS.

dn hoc genere elongatus, convezior, olivaceo-eneus, breviter setosus ;

elytris sordide fusco-albis, pone medium Suscia irregulari fusca

prope suturam valde dilatata ; antennis piceo-fuscis, articulo basali

infra rufo ; femoribus flavo-testaceis, basi et apice piceo-nigris f

39”

604 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

tibiis et tarsis piceis, illis dimidio basali rufo-piceis ; capite longitu-

dinaliter vage striato ; thorace angusto, elongato-ovato, lateribus

anticis modice rotundatis, basi angustata, angulis posticis haud

exstantibus, supra viridi-eneo subtiliter alutaceo et punctulato ;

elytris oblongis, apice distincte sinuato-truncatis, fortiter exarato-

striatis, strits dimidio basali punctatis, interstitiis planis, seriatim

punctulatis, disco utrinque 3-foveatis.

Long. 2}, lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt, Janson).

LACHNOPHORUS SCULPTIFRONS.

L. elegantulo similis. Gracilis, breviter pallido-hirsutus, viridi-

@neus ; antennarum articulo basali infra, 2°-4“™" basi, femoribus

(annulo basali et genibus exceptis) tibiisque (apice excepto) rufo-

testaceis ; elytris albo- et flavo-testaceis, fascia ultra medium

fusco-enea; capite crebre longitudinaliter strigoso et punctato,

thorace elongato-cordato, paullulum dilatato, alutaceo-opaco et

sparsim punctulato; elytris acute striatis, striis basi punctatis,

interstitiis planatis uniseriatim punctulatis, disco trifoveato, foveola

anteriore solum conspicua.

Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Guatemala, Chinautla, alt. 4100 feet (Sa/vin); Chontales

(Belt).

CHALYBE BELTI.

Gracilis, subeneo-nigra, breviter griseo-setosa, setis longioribus nigris

commixtis ; antennis ut in gen. Ega brevibus extus incrassatis,

brevius hirsutis, articulis tribus basalibus flavis, 4°-7"™" nigro-

fuscis, 8-11" albis ; capite grosse reticulato-punctato ; thorace

gracile cordato, grosse discrete punctato ; elytris pone basin valde

transversim depressis, acute exarato-striatis, interstitiis summis

planatis, distanter lineato-punctatis, utrinque fasciis angustis

brevibus macularibus testaceo-albis duabus ; pedibus albis, femo-

ribus, tibiis tarsisque apice fuscis.

Long. 13 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Bel¢).

CASNONIA TUBULIFERA.

Subeneo-niger, elytris macula anteriore antice ramum ad basin

emittente, altera apwali marginibusque rufo-testaceis ; antennis

pedibusque rufescentibus ; capite levi, mow pone oculos subito con-

stricto, deinde in collum tubuliforme prolongato ; media fronte

bicallosa ; thorace minus elongato, grosse punctato ; elytris oblon-

gis, politis, nudis, apice leviter sinuatim truncatis, angulo exte-

riore obtuso, supra striato~punctatis, striis interioribus quatuor

post medium interruptis, interstitio tertio trifoveato, calloque

posteriore submarginali.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

1878. ] GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 605

CALOPHZENA CRUCIATA,

C. acuminatee (Oliv.) affinis. Migro-cyanea, nitida; elytris

utrinque maculis magnis quadratis duabus (interstitia sex occu-

pantibus) albo-testaceis, basi et apice anguste cruceque mediana

nigro-cyaneis ; thorace valde elongato, antice magis quam postice

recte angustuto ; elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitus modice

convexis ; antennis articulis 5°--11”™ fulvis.

Long. 6% lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CALOPHENA LEVIGATA.

C. acuminata (Ol.) affinis. Oolore letius cyanea; elytris medio

violaceis, striis (apud maculas albas exceptis) nullo modo wm-

pressis; thorace valde elongato, antice subrotundatim, postice

sinuatim angustato ; elytris aculeatis, maculis utrinque duabus

transversis, albo-testaceis, prima interstitia 5, secunda 6 occupante.

Long. 63 lin,

Hab. Panama.

CaTASCOPUS CHONTALENSIS.

Supra lete viridi-ceneus, elytrorum limbo aurato, pectore et pedi-

bus nigro-piceis, abdomine castanco ; capite post oculos gradatim

modice angustato, sed haud elongato, oculis valde eastantibus ;

thorace transverso vel late cordato, angulis anticis modice provectis,

margine exteriore late explanato et valde rotundato usque «ad

summun angulum, postice sinuatim angustato, angulis posticts

eastantibus acutis ; elytris punctato-striatis, interstitirs viv convexis.

“Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Beit, Janson), 4 exempl.

The elytra viewed from the front against the light have a delicate

milky opalescent bloom, as in C. validus, to which the species is

very closely allied.

CATASCOPUS ANGULICOLLIS.

Supra viridi-eneus, corpore subtus pedibusque nigro- vel rufo-pweis,

abdomine castaneo ; capite mox pone oculos subito anqgustato ;

thorace subquadrato, angulis anticis angustis prominulis, margine

explanato, laterali angusto, ante medium angulato, postice sinua-

tim angustato, angulis posticis prominulis acutis, supra distinc-

tius transversim strigato, margine explanato grosse punctato ;

elytris punctato-striatis, interstitiis paullulum convexis.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Chontales (Belt).

CopTroDERA SCINTILLANS.

C. acutipenni (Bug.) affinis. Elongato-oblonga, supra capite tho-

raceque aurato-viridibus politissimis, elytris aurato-cupreis ;

partibus oris, epistomate, antennis, corpore subtus pedibusque

fulvo-testuceis, tibiis obscuris ; thorace valde transverso, latertbus

rotundatis nullo modo angulatis, margine late elevate-explanato,

606 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [May 21,

impunctato ; elytris amplis, truncaturee angulis acutis sed non

ut in C, acutipenni productis, subtiliter punctato-striatis, stris

via impressis, interstitiis planis.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

EuRYCOLEUS BELTI.

E. 13-punctato (Chaud.) proxvime affinis, differt maculis pauci-

oribus magnitudineque cequalibus. Latus, ovatus, testaceo-rufus ;

elytris flavo-testaceis, maculis utrinque 7 margineque subapicali

nigris; antennis rufescentibus, articulis 1° (apice) et 29-4", palpis

(apice excepto), femoribus upice, tibtis et tarsis nigris ; elytro-

rum maculis 3 suturalibus (apicali communi antice dilatata),

1 subhumerali, 2 medianis, 1 rotunda subapicali, a margine

laterali longe separata.

Long. 5 lin,

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

APENES COMISs.

Ad sectionem A. purpuripennis pertinet. A. sinuata paulo mayor,

recipue latior, supra plana, subopaca, fusco-wnea, antennis

palpis pedibusque fulvis ; capite fere levi, subtiliter alutaceo, vix

ruguloso ; thorace late cordato, angulis posticis dentiformibus,

basi media arcuata, sublobata, versus angulos subsinuata, lateribus

marginulo explanato, supra passim subtiliter transversim stri-

gato ; elytris oblongis, apice subfortius sinuato-truncatis, punctu-

lato-striatis, interstitvis planis alutaceis, fascia angusta, cur-

vata, maculari, subapical, rufa, interstitia 4-8 occwpante, apud

zmum Srumone maculis versus apicem elongatis, macula altera

subhumerali minus distincta. .

Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Panama.

PINACODERA AMBLYGONA.

P. nigritee (Chaud.) prowime affinis, differt thorace angustiore et

longiore angulisque posticis omnino rotundatis. Nigra, nitida,

antennis tarsisque rufo-piceis ; capite impunctato ; thorace trans-

versim striolato ; elytris subtiliter punctulato-striatis, interstitiis

planissims, sparsim obsolete et minutissime punctulatis,

Long. 5j lin. 9.

Hab. Mexico (Boucard).

PINACODERA ANGULIFERA.

P. nigritee (Chaud.) simillima, differt thorace postice latiore, angulis

acutis exstantibus. Nigra, nitida, antennis tarsisque rufo-piceis ;

capite ruguloso, via punctulato ; thorace antice et postice sub-

crebre punctato ; elytris acute striatis, striis subtiliter punctula-

tis, interstitiis vin convewis, grossius uniseriatim punctulatis.

Long. 5} lin. 2. .

Hab. Mexico.

EO a rt

i". a oe

Lenn et ee ee

1878. ] GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 607

LEBIA CALLIZONA.

L. bifasciate (Dej.) prowime affinis, differt fascia postica metal-

lica apud suturam antice fere divisa. Levis, testaceo-rufa,

capite fusciisque duabus elytrorum latis et macula apicalr

ceruleis, fascia prima postice medio emarginata, fascia secunda

antice ad suturam fere divisa ; antenmis nigris articulo basali

rufo; pedibus ceruleis, femoribus basi rufis; abdomine apice

subtus rufo concolori, supra nigro.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Guatemala.

LEBIA CORCULA.

L. nigricipiti (Chaud.) similis, at capite flavo, elytris ovatis differt.

Parva, ovatula, testaceo-flava ; elytris fasciis duabus nigris, prima

basali (latera haud attingente) postice medio angulatim emargi-

nata, secunda pone medium (marginem lateralem haud attin-

gente) antice et postice medio elytro leviter sinuata, iterstitio

suturalt inter fascias autem nigro; thorace valde transverso,

apud angulos posticos valde explanato ; elytris profunde punc-

tulato-striatis, unterstitiis culminatis.

Long. vix 2 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Janson).

LEBIA CHARINA.

L. quinquenotatee (Chaud.) simillima, differt elytrorum maculis

mimoribus posticisque ad suturam conjunctis. Late ovata, flavo-

testacea ; palpis, articulis 4-11" antennarum, capite, femoribus

apree, tibiis et tarsis, abdominis seqmento anali, et elytrorum

utrinque maculis 3 nigris ; thorace quam in L. quinquenotata

angustiore ; elytris obsolete striato-punctatis ; elytrorum macu-

lis, 1 ovata communi seutellari, 1 virguliformi humerali, et 1

postmediana transversa, antice apud suturam indentata, latera

haud attingente, apice autem anguste nigro.

Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

LIA QUADRIANNULATA.

In hoe genere convexa, polita, subcastaneo-rufa, subtus et pedibus

testaceo-rufis ; antennis articulis 4°-11”™ piceis; thorace angus-

tiore, antice gradatim angustato ; elytris utrinque annulis duobus

flavis, primo mediano-laterali, secundo versus apicem, macula

autem flava subhumerali.

Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

OTOGLOSSA C@LESTINA.

O. terminali (Chaud.) forma similis. Supra lete cyanea ; elytris

violaceo relucentibus, fascia apicali flava ; antennis, partibus oris,

pedibus et pectore chalybeis, tarsis abdomineque flavis ; thorace

angusto, pone medium fortiter sinuato-angustato, bast tterum

608 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW [ May 21,

subito dilatato, angulis apice rotundatis ; elytris supra modice

_ inequalibus, obsolete punctulato-striatis.

Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

OTOGLOSSA OBSCURELLA.

Minor, nigra ; elytris leviter violaceo-tinctis, wpice fascia obscure

rufa ad suturam angustata ; tarsis rufo-piceis ; abdomine flavo ;

capite post oculos paulo citius rectiusque angustato, occipite minus

convexo ; thorace angusto, pone medium fortiter sinwato-angus-

tato, basi iterum dilatato ; elytris supra modice incequalibus, ob-

solete striatis.

Long. 24 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

CALLEIDA SEMIRUBRA.

Llongato-oblonga, nigro-nitida, elytris (basi excepta) rufo-casta-

neis; abdomine rufo; capite post oculos magis quam in C.

metallica incrassato, collo subito angustato; thorace quadrato,

antice cum angulis rotundato, postice sinuato modice angustato,

angulis posticis obtusis; elytris apice fortiter sinuatim trun-

catis, angulis externis denttiformibus, supra paulo inequalibus,

punctulato-striatis, interstitis planis.

Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

Taken from the stomach of a toad on the summit of a hill near

St. Domingo.

CALLEIDA L/TIPENNIS.

Subgracilis, castaneo-rufa, elytris (epipleuris exceptis) aurato-

@neis ; capite angusto, post oculos gradatim angustato haud

tumido, collo distincto; thorace quadrato-cordato, postice

leviter sinuatim aagustato, angulis posticis subrectis ; elytris

apice leviter sinuatim truncatis, angulis externis valde rotun-

datis, punctulato-striatis, interstitiis planis.

Long. 4$ lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt, Janson).

CALLEIDA JANSONI.

C. onypterygoidi (Chaud.) coloribus similis, at minus nitida, for-

maque multomagis parallela. Cyanea; elytris purpureo-cupreis,

subtiliter alutaceis ; capite post oculos citius recte angustato,

haud tumido ; thorace elongato-quadrato, postice vix sinuatim

modice angustato, angulis subrectis, supra subfortiter transver-

sim strigoso; elytris elongatis, parallelis, truncature angulis

externis valde rotundatis, fortiter vix punctulatim striatis,

interstitits paulo convexis, tertio conspicue tripunctato.

Long. 6 lin.

Hab, Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt, Janson).

1878. | GEODEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 609

AGRA LETICOLOR.

Ad sectionem A. ftemorate (K/.) pertinet. Gracilis, viridi-enea,

antennis pedibusque rufis, femoribus basi obscurioribus ; capite

maxime elongato, levi, post oculos gradatim rotundato-angus-

tato, juxta collum haud tumidulo; thorace angusto, elongato-

conico, sulcis 4 longitudinalibus, foveolato-punctatis, impressis,

quorum duobus dorsalibus antice carina abbreviata separatis ;

elytris ante medium sinuatim angustatis, postice iterum. dilatatis,

apice utringue flexuoso-truncatis, angulo exteriore subspinoso,

suturali acute dentato, supra punctato-striatis, interstitiis

inter se lineolis transversis multifariam conjunctis.

3 metasterno medio, femoribusque basi infra rufo-pilosis.

Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

AGRA CHRYSOPTERYX.

A. rutilipenni proxime affinis et similis. Castaneo-rufa, elytris

(epipleuris exceptis) lete viridi-auratis; capite post oculos

breviter semiovato, punctis nonnullis piliferis impresso ; thorace

medio modice rotundato-dilatato, paulo ante apicem fere subito

angustato, lineatim subsparsim irregulariter foveato-punctato,

longe piloso; elytris apice subrecte oblique truncatis, angulo

exteriore breviter dentato, suturali rotundato, supra acute

punctulato-striatis, stris secunda et quarta 5-6-punctatis, stria

sexta bipunctato.

3 metasterno et abdomine medio longe rufo-barbatis.

Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua (Janson).

AGRA PANAMENSIS.

Ad sectionem A. ene (F.) pertinet ; at ceteris speciebus dis-

tinctissima. Latior, nigra, partibus oris, antennis, trochan-

teribus, genibus, tibiis et tarsis fulvo-castaneis ; capite lato,

ome pone oculos quadrato, margine posteriore ante collum exacte

recto, supra impunctato; thorace quam caput longiore, pone’

medium rotundato-dilatato, antice usque ad apicem gradatim

angustato, supra medio fere levi, juxta marginem sparse punc-

tato-impresso; elytris apiee urcuatim truncatis, angulo exteriore

Sortiter spinoso, suturali acute dentato, supra vix inequalibus,

punctato-striatis, struis 2% et 4% seriatim rotundato-foveolatis,

6% et 8% magis confuse foveolatis.

Long. 12 lin.

Hab. Panama (received from Mr. E. Bartlett).

610 MR. G, F. ANGAS ON A NEW TUDICULA. [| May 21,

5. Description of a new Species of Tudicula. By Grorce

Frencu Aneas, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &e.

[Received May 11, 1878.]

TuDICULA INERMIS, N. sp.

Shell globosely turbinate, solid, white, ornamented with a broad

band and descending flames of an orange-chestnut colour, sculptured

throughout with numerous elevated concentric ridges alternating with

smaller ones, the interstices crossed by very fine close-set descending

strie ; whorls 64, flattened, last whorl large, tumid, flattened above

and angulated at the periphery, suture impressed, apex papillary ;

aperture acuminately ovate; outer lip simple, arcuate, strongly

grooved within ; inner lip with a broad white callus spreading over

the pillar, and with three transverse plaits at the lower portion of the

columella; canal long, straight, somewhat longer than the entire

body of the shell.

Long. | in. 8 lin., lat. 10 lin.

Hab. Singapore ?

Tudicula inernis.

This remarkable shell belongs to the genus Tudicula of H. and A.

Adams, constituting the third species of the genus as yet described.

The genus Tudicula was proposed by the learned authors of the

‘Genera of Recent Mollusca’ (in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863) for

the reception of two species of shells ‘ with spiny varices and three

transverse plaits on the columella,”’ viz. 7’. armigera, A. Ad., and T.

spinosa, H. & A. Ad. The peculiar feature of the species now de-

scribed is that it is destitute of spines, although it agrees perfectly

with all the other characters of this well-marked genus, which, in

my opinion, should be placed in the family Turbinellidz.

I am indebted to my friend Dr. W. Newcomb, of Ithaca, New

York, for an examination of this very interesting shell, two specimens

: Ptah at :

Stow

ad _~ a

1878. | ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 611

of which were obtained from a dealer at Singapore ; but the exact

locality of their habitat could not be satisfactorily determined.

Care must be taken not to confuse Tudicula of H. and A. Adams

with Tudicla of Bolton, of which genus 7. (Murex) spirillus of

Linneus is the type.

6. Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—

No. IX. On the Collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett

in the Island of Palawan?. By Arruur, Marquis of

TweEEDDALE, F,.R.S., President of the Society.

[Received May 16, 1878.]

(Plates XXXVII. & XXXVIII.)

Until visited by Dr. Steere in July 1874, when he remained for a

month at the Spanish settlement of Puerto Princesa, the island of

Palawan, so far as is on record, had not been explored by any

naturalist. Nothing was known of its zoological productions ; and its

exact relationship as a zoogeographical area remained an unsolved

problem. During his stay at Puerto Princesa Dr. Steere collected

examples of 32 species of birds, all of which have been enumerated

by Mr. Sharpe’.

At the end of November 1877 Mr. A. H. Everett arrived at Puerto

Princesa, and remained until the beginning of January, when,

becoming disabled by fever, he was obliged to return to Manilla to

recruit his health. He, however, succeeded in collecting specimens of

52 species of birds, 32 of which are additional to those obtained by Dr.

Steere. This last gentleman discovered 12 Species not sent to me by

Mr. Everett ; so that the total of known Palawan species of birds

(and all are from Puerto Princesa and its vicinity ) now amounts to 64.

This small number cannot exhaust the avifauna of this large island ;

and as Mr. Everett is now happily recovered, and has returned to

Palawan, I propose postponing any remarks on the character of the

Palawan ornis until we are in possession of the wider evidence which.

further collections will doubtless supply. Generally, however, it

may be affirmed from the data before us that the birds of Palawan

represent mostly Bornean genera and species, although a few distinctly

Philippine types also occur.

The following species in the present collection have not hitherto

been described :—

4. Tiga everetti. 22. Brachypus cinereifrons.

12. Dicrurus palawanensis. 25. Oriniger palawanensis.

17. Broderipus palawanensis. 34. Cyrtostomus aurora.

19. Trichostoma rufifrons. 39. Corvus pusillus.

20. Drymocataphus cinereiceps.

* I treat Palawan as being a Philippine Island in a political sense. It remains

to be shown whether it does not in fact belong, zoologically, rather to Borneo.

? Trans, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zoology, vol. i.

612 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [May 2],

1. TANYGNATHUS LUZONENSIS (3).

[P. Princesa, ¢, January 1878. ]

Not separable from all other Philippine examples.

2. BurasturR inpIcus (20).

[P. Princesa, ¢(?), November 28, 1877 : iris bright vellow; cere

light wax-yellow ; bill and nails black ; legs and feet dull yellow. ]

3. CHRYSOCOLAPTES ERYTHROCEPHALUS.

Chrysocolaptes “erythrocephalus, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool.

1. p. 315. no. 13, t. xlvi. f. 1.

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 2, 1877: iris crimson; bill pale

yellow tinged with green; feet and claws grey-green. 2, No-

vember 27: iris crimson; bill pale yellow tinged with green; feet

and claws greyish green. |

The male example is in full adult plumage. That of the female

(hitherto undescribed) resembles the male in all respects excepting

the crown of the head and the crest, the feathers of which are ruddy

brown, each being tipped with a pale rusty-yellow drop or spot.

The cheeks, chin, and throat are washed with dilute crimson, not

intense as in the male.

4, Tica EveRETTI. (Plate XXXVII.)

Tiga javanensis (Ljungh,), Sharpe, ¢.c. p. 315. no. 14?

Three examples, two of the adult male and one of the adult

female, were obtained near Puerto Princesa by Mr. Everett. They

probably belong to the species doubtfully identified by Mr. Sharpe

(J. c.) with TZ. javanensis. From this species, as well as from all the

other species of the genus known to me, the present bird differs in

the female having the head and crest uniform dark brown, the latter

being broadly terminated with crimson. The lower part of the throat

and the upper breast are uniform buffy brown, and not squamate.

Male. Forehead, crown and crest, uropygium, and upper tail-

coverts crimson. Many of the dorsal plumes washed with crimson.

Lores buffy brown. Space behind the eyes creamy white, each

feather narrowly margined with pale brown. A patch commencing

below the posterior angle of the eye and including the ear-coverts

dark brown, this colour being continued as a narrow band round

the occiput. Space below the eye buffy cream-colour, which is

continued as a narrow line on the cheek, and expands into a broad

stripe down the sides of the neck. A brown stripe commencing

at angle of mouth and descending down the sides of the neck; a

few crimson feathers on the inner edge of this stripe. Chin and

upper throat buffy cream-colour, many of the feathers tipped dark

brown. Lower throat and crop uniform buffy brown. — Breast-

feathers pale yellow, very narrowly margined and boldly centred

with dark brown; within the brown centres a pale yellow stripe

of varying dimensions. Abdominal and ventral feathers and the

under tail-coverts pale yellow, with generally two cross bands of

1878. | THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 613

dark brown. Back, wing-coverts, outer edges of secondaries, and

exposed surface of tertiaries and scapulars golden. Primaries and

rectrices dark brown.

Female. Differs from the male in having the top of the head

dark uniform brown, almost black, the crest-plumes being termi-

nated with crimson.

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in. in.

Gees bbe 4:12 1:00 1°37

2 ar Be 4:12 1:00 1°37

In one example (¢) the lower breast-markings are not so well

defined, and the general markings of the lower surface are less

pronounced. ‘The upper tail-coverts are mostly black, some only

being tipped with crimson, others with golden.

[P. Princesa, ¢, November 25, 1877: iris dark brown; bill

black, basal half of mandible grey ; feet greenish, nails grey. P.

Princesa, 2, November 27, 1877: iris crimson; other parts as

in ¢.]

5. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS (37).

|P. Princesa, 2, November 29, 1877.]

6. CACOMANTIS MERULINUs (57)?

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 10, 1877; iris bright salmon-red ;

bill black, mandible light brown ; feet yellow, claws black. ]

A single example, not sufficiently mature to be identified with

certainty.

7. SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS.

Cuculus lugubris, Horsf. Tr. L. 8. xiii. p. 175.

[P. Princesa, 2, December 6, 1877: iris dark brown; bill

black ; feet dark grey. |

8. PHaNnICOPHAES HARRINGTONI.

Dryococcyx harringtoni, Sharpe, t.c. p. 321. no. 34, f. 1.

[P. Princesa, ¢, November 29, 1877: iris light brown ; orbital

and loral space deep crimson; bill light green, tinged with olive ;

feet and legs lead-grey ; nails dark grey. 9, December: iris bril-

liant yellow, with ring of ochreous orange. |

Of other males Mr. Everett notes the iris as being reddish

brown.

This Coucal is a representative form of P. curvirostris and P.

erythrognathus, closely resembling both species, but differing structu-

rally in the shape and position of the nostril. Mr. Sharpe (P. Z.S.

1873, p. 604) has generically separated P. curvirostris from P. ery-

thrognathus, on account of the shape and position of the nostrils in

those two species being different, and for the same reason has esta-

blished (/. c.) the genus Dryococcyx for the reception of this Palawan

614 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [May 21,

representative form’. That three birds, one inhabiting Java, another

Borneo, the Malay peninsula, and Sumatra, and the third Palawan,

all so closely resembling each other in their colouring and markings

that they are difficult to recognize without careful comparison of

their shades and tints, should possess nostrils structurally differing

in all three is remarkable ; but is it a sufficient reason to place them

in three different genera? I can only regard the character as

being specific.

The plumage of the sexes is alike. The amount of dark chestnut

on the middle pairs of rectrices varies considerably, from three inches

to one inch in depth.

9, CENTROCOCCYX EURYCERCUS.

Centropus eurycercus, A. Hay, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 551.

[P. Princesa, ¢, January 8, 1878: iris bright crimson; bill,

legs, and feet black. < (juv.), December 9, 1877: iris neutral

tint ; bill and legs jet-black. |

Rather smaller than the Malaccan type.

10. Lanrus LUZIONENSIs (72).

[P. Princesa, ¢ 2, December 6 and 11, 1877.]

11. GRAUCALUS SUMATRENSIS.

Ceblepyris sumatrensis, S. Miller, Verh. Land- en Volkenk. p. 191.

LP. Princesa, 2, December 1877 : iris light lemon-yellow. ]

Does not differ from Sumatran, Malaccan, and Bornean examples.

12. DicruRUS PALAWANENSIS.

In the: Philippines three species of Dicruride are known :—

D. balicassius, type of the genus Dierurus; D. mirabilis, its repre-

sentative form; and D. striatus. This last, by its even, almost

unfurcated tail, resembles D. dalicassius in structure, but in its

general colouring and in the distribution of its markings exhibits a

close relationship to the Papuan and Malaccan species associated by

Mr. Sharpe with Chibia hottentotta. These Papuan species seemed

to me to belong to a group distinct from that represented by D. bali-

cassius on the one hand and Chibia hottentotta on the other; and

their geographical range favoured this view. But Mr. Everett has

discovered in Palawan a species which undoubtedly belongs to the

Papuan section of the Dicruridz ; and it would appear that, with

D. striatus as a connecting link, the Papuan and the Philippine

species must be regarded as members of one section of the family, to

which the title of Dicrurus should be applied. Besides this unde-

scribed species, Palawan is inhabited by at least one other member

of the family, belonging to the genus Buchanga ; and Palawan and

Lombock are the only two islands or areas known to me where there

is a second species associated with a true species of Dicrurus, unless,

* The type was from Balabac; but the Palawan bird does not appear to differ,

* Count T. Salvadori has recently (anted, p, 88, note) proposed the generie

title of Dierwropsis for this group.

1878.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 615

indeed, D. lemostictus is shown to also inhabit New Ireland or D.

megarhynchus New Britain.

Male and female. Upper surface of wings and tail burnished

bronze-green. Glistening scale-like feathers on crown of head bluish

metallic green. Neck-hackles and pectoral and gular spots dark

metallic steel-blue ; these spots, which extend from lower part of the

throat and cover the breast, are lengthened and ovate in form rather

than round, and occupy the tips of the feathers. With their excep-

tion, the entire under surface is dull jet-black. The nape, back, and

uropygium is black with a blue gloss. The tail is forked for about

one inch in depth; and the distance between the extremities of the

outer pair of rectrices is nearly three inches ; upper tail-coverts tipped

with metallic green.

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in.

oe ne oor ae 3°5 1-0 1°5

{P. Princesa, ¢, November 1877: iris crimson; bill and feet

black. 2, December: iris deep brown. |

All the female birds have the iris noted as being deep brown by

Mr. Everett. On the label of one of the males Mr. Everett has

written :—“ Iris in the living bird deep crimson.”

D. palawanensis most nearly resembles D. leucops, D. pectoralis,

and D. lemostictus ; but, besides being much smaller, the shape and

position of the pectoral and gular spots are different, not being so

round, but narrower.

13. BUCHANGA LEUCOPHAA.

Dicrurus leucopheus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. ix. p. 587.

Buchanga cineracea (Horsf.), Sharpe, ¢. c. p. 324. no. 48.

[P. Princesa, 3, November 29, 1877: iris crimson; bill and feet

black. o, December: iris deep rich orange-brown. @, December ;

iris orange-brown. |

14. CyorNis BANYUMAS.

Muscicapa hanyumas, Horsf. Tr. L. 8. xiii. p. 146.

Muscicapa cantatriz, Tem. Pl. Col. 226.

[P. Princesa, ¢ , December 1877: iris chocolate; bill black ; legs

and feet purplish grey; claws dark grey. Q, January 1877: iris

chocolate ; bill black ; legs lead-grey. |

The female of this species is well described, but badly figured, by

Temminck (J. ¢.).

15. Hyporuymis azurREA (85).

[P. Princesa, 2, December 1877: iris deep brown; bill entirely

black, interior of gape golden; legs and feet dark blue-grey. |

16. HrruNpDO JAVANICA.

Hirundo javanica, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. t. 100.

[P. Princesa, 9, December 7, 1877. |

616 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [May 21,

17. BRODERIPUS PALAWANENSIS, 0. sp.

[P. Princesa, 2, January 1878. |

A representative form of B. acrorhynchus, but smaller and with a

shorter bill. The yellow space included with the black horseshoe-

mark on the head extends far beyond the eyes, and measures in depth

over one inch. There is no yellow alar spot.

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in. in.

Oe. OU 4°5 1-0 1:5

18. Or10oLUS XANTHONOTUS.

Oriolus zanthonotus, Horsf. Tr. L.S. xiii. p. 153; Zool. Res. Java,

t. 46; Temm. Pl. Col. 214.

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 30, 1877: iris crimson ; bill burnt

sienna ; legs dark lead-grey. |

In the colouring and markings the single specimen sent by Mr.

Everett (an adult male) is not to be distinguished from Malaccan,

Bornean, and Sumatran individuals; but it greatly exceeds them by

its dimensions—wing 4°63 inches, tail 3°50.

19. TRICHOSTOMA RUFIFRONS, 0. sp. (Plate XXXVIII.)

Mr. Everett has sent three skins of a Timeliine bird which appear

to belong to a somewhat aberrant form of the genus Trichostoma.

The bill, seen in profile, has the exact contour of the bill of T. abbot,

but is somewhat stouter; at the base it is slightly broader ;

and the rictal bristles are longer. The tail is also more graduated,

the outer pair of rectrices being shorter than the penultimate pair,

which, again, are not quite so long as the remainder. Perhaps this

species is congeneric with the two described and figured by Mr. Sharpe

(t.c.) under the titles of Zeocephus cinnamomeus and Z. cyanescens

(species with which I am unacquainted); but if so, they cannot be

classed under the Muscicapide.

Male and female. Forehead bright rufous-brown, contrasting with

the duller rufous-brown of the vertex and occiput. Nape and back

earthy brown, tinged with olive and paler on the nape. Long, lax

feathers of the uropygium bright rufous. Upper tail-coverts pure

chestnut ; rectrices dull chestnut. Lores and supercilium, which

extends behind the eye, pure grey. Cheeks and ear-coverts greyish

brown. Chin, throat, and vent pure white. Breast, abdomen, flanks,

under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts tawny, with a pale brown

shade on the breast. Primaries brown, edged with pale tawny

chestnut. Remaining quills and the wing-coverts dull chestnut,

tinged with the colouring of the back.

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in. in.

Bove OrOr 3°50 1°00 0-94

Y oti Ole 3°25 0°95 O87

1878. ] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 617

[P. Princesa, ¢ 2, December 10, 1877: iris pale Naples-

yellow ; dill dark plumbeous ; feet pale plumbeous. ]

20. DryMocATAPHUS CINEREICEPS, Ui. sp.

This species is congeneric with Brachypteryx malaccensis, Hartl.,

which Count T. Salvadori retains under the genus Brachypteryz.

But B. malaccensis is certainly nearer to Drymocataphus than to Bra-

chypteryx, although it may perhaps be advisable to form a separate

genus for its reception, more especially as the species which inha-

bits Palawan, about to be described, is identical in structure with the

Malaccan and Bornean form (which is also said to inhabit Su-

matra), and also as Brachypteryx murinus is congeneric.

Female. Forehead, crown, and occiput dark iron-grey. Ear-

coverts, space before the eye, and nape pale grey. Back, uro-

pygium, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and exposed surface of wing

and tail ruddy brown, brighter than in D. malaccensis. Dorsal

plumes pale-shafted. Chin, throat, upper breast, abdomen, and vent

pure white. Flanks, a band across the breast, under tail-coverts, and

thigh-coverts, wing-lining, and axillaries pale rufous-brown.

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus, Culmen,

in.

im. in.

Q.... 2°50 1:00 1-06 0°75

[P. Princesa, 2, January 1878: iris burnt sienna-orange; bill

brownish grey, mandible white ; legs pallid, the front of tarsus tinged

brown. }

Distinguished from D. malaccensis by its dark-grey head, its

light-grey ear-coverts, and the brighter rufous of the dorsal plumage.

21. Mrxornis woont.

Mixornis woodi, Sharpe, t.c. p. 331. no. 69.

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 5, 1877: iris dark ochre-yellow ; bill

black, mandible grey ; legs and feet horn-yellow. 9, January 1878:

iris ochreous orange; bill dark grey, mandible pale grey; legs

greenish olive. |

22. BRACHYPUS CINEREIFRONS, 0. sp.

Male and female. Chin, throat, and breast pale cinereous brown,

palest and whitest on the chin and throat. Abdomen and ventral

region pale yellowish white, in some examples with a certain admix-

ture of the colouring of the breast. Flanks pale earthy-brown.

Thigh-coverts ochreous yellow. Under tail-coverts light yellow, with

a slight ochreous tinge. Wing-lining and axillaries pale yellow ;

carpal edge ochreous yellow. LEar-coverts pale cinereous, with

almost white shafts. Space before the eye uniform dull brown.

Cheeks dull. cinereous brown, with a few white-shafted feathers.

Head and nape olive-brown, tinged with pale grey, the frontal

feathers being distinctly tipped and centred with pale grey. Back,

scapulars, wing-coverts, and uropygium olive-brown, olive predomi-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—18738, No. XL. 40

618 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON {May 21,

nating, the long, lax, and fluffy uropygial feathers being of a slightly

lighter shade of olive-green. Upper tail-coverts olive-green. Quills

light brown, margined with a brighter olive-green. ectrices light

brown, edged with olive-green, and some with pallid yellowish apices.

Underneath pale brown, washed with very light yellowish green.

Shafts above brown, below yellowish white.

Dimensions :-—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.

m. mm. m. in.

Si W.L1SSP 3°37 0°88 0°88

Oy) as 25 3°12 0°87 0°75

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 14, 1877: iris deep rich burnt-sienna ;

bill blackish brown; legs and feet purple-brown. ¢, November 28:

iris chocolate; bill dark brown ; legs pale brown. |

One example marked 2 equals the ¢ in its dimensions.

Mr. Everett procured a good series of this short-footed Thrvsh.

At first sight it can be easily mistaken for B. plumosus (Blyth), of

which it is a representative form. It is to be distinguished by

its pale abdomen, which in B. plumosus is browner and nearly

uniform with the breast, by its pale greyish breast, by its yellow under

tail-coverts, which in B. plumosus are ochreous-brown, by its pale

yellow, and not ochreous, wing-lining and axillaries, and by the

cinereous or pearl-grey edgings and centres of the frontal plumes.

Nor is the green of the quills and rectrices nearly so developed. The

colouring of the abdominal plumage resembles that of [ole olivacea,

but is not so distinctly yellow.

23. BracHYPODIUS MELANOCEPHALUS.

Lanius melanocephalus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 309.

[P. Princesa, ¢ 2, January 1878: iris violet-blue ; bill and legs

black. |

Undistinguishable from typical examples.

24. CRINIGER FRATER.

Criniger frater, Sharpe, t.c. p. 334. no. 77.

[P. Princesa, 3, December 1, 1877: iris red-brown; bill horn-

grey, darker on culmen. @, December: iris red-brown; bill dark

grey ; mandible whitish ; legs, feet, and nails pallid brown. |

25. CRINIGER PALAWANENSIS, 0. sp.

Male and female. Chin, lower breast, abdomen, vent, under tail-

coverts, wing-lining, axillaries, and carpal edge bright yellow. Feathers

of the throat, cheeks, and upper breast of the same yellow, the centres

towards the apices being pale grey. These parts have thus a streaked

appearance. Sides of the breast and the flanks clouded with pale

brown ; a few of the nareal plumes bright yellow. Space before

the eye yellowish grey. Head, ear-coverts, and nape reddish brown,

the frontal and coronal plumes being sublanceolate and with pale

central streaks. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and uropygium

1878.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 619

ruddy olive-brown. Upper tail-coverts, which are almost concealed

by the mass of loose and lax uropygial plumes, ruddy brown. Rec-

trices of a darker tone than the tail-coverts. Quills brown, mar-

gined with the colour of the dorsal plumage.

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in. in,

BUD Weretige B25 3°20 0°75 0°87

[P. Princesa, 3, January 1878: iris lemon-yellow. 2, Decem-

ber 27, 1877: iris lemon-yellow ; bill dark smoky grey, the mandible

whitish ; legs and claws pale brown. |

26. PHYLLORNIS PALAWANENSIS.

Phyllornis palawanensis, Sharpe, ¢. c. p. 333. no. 72, t. 50.

alee?

[P. Princesa, ¢ 9, January 1878.]

The only example marked 2 has the terminal portions of the

moustache deep blue. ‘Two examples marked ¢ have it white.

Mr. Sharpe’s conclusions (/. c.) on the point were the reverse. This

is one of the most beautiful species of the genus. The throat is

bright golden; and the whole colouring of Mr. Keuleman’s figures

(@. ¢.) is much too pallid.

27. ASGITHINA SCAPULARIS.

Tora scapularis, Horsf. Tr. L. 8. xiii. p. 158.

[P. Princesa, ¢ 2, December 12, 1877: iris white; bill lead-

grey, the culmen black ; legs and feet bluish grey ; claws black.]

All the males. are without a trace of black on the upper parts.

They agree with Bornean and Malaccan examples (J. viridis, Bp. ?).

Bornean individuals are stated by Count T. Salvadori to be identical

with Javan (Ucc. Borneo, p. 191).

28. Monrticota souitarivs (103).

[P. Princesa, ¢ 2, December 1877. ]

29. CrTTOCINCLA NIGRA.

Cittocincla nigra, Sharpe, t. c. p. 335. no. 82, t. lil. f. 1, 2.

[P. Princesa, 3, December 14, 1877: iris very dark brown ; bill,

legs, and feet black. @Q, January 1878: iris dark brown; bill

black ; legs lead-grey.]

30. ORTHOTOMUS RUFICEPS.

Edela ruficeps, Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 309.

[P. Princesa, ¢ 2, December 1877.]

31. ANTHUS MACULATUS.

* Anthus maculatus, Hodgs. Gray’s Zool. Mise. p. 83 ; Tweeddale,

P. Z.S. 1877, p. 596. no. 48.

[P. Princesa, 2, January 2, 1878. ] a

620 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [May 21,

32. MyzanTHE pyGma (121).

[P. Princesa, ¢, January 7, 1877: iris dark brown ; bill and legs

black. |

33. NECTAROPHILA SPERATA (122).

[P. Princesa, 3, January 1878. @, December 29, 1878: iris

warm brown. |

Two males, not adult; the violet throat and plastron bounded on

both sides with a white border, the scarlet breast mixed with white,

the crown dingy dull brown.

34. CyRTOSTOMUS AURORA, Nl. Sp.

Notwithstanding that Captain Shelley, in his beautiful work on

the Sun-birds, includes the large group of Asiatic and Australian

Nectariniidee, of which C.jugularis and C. asiaticus may be taken as

types, along witha number of other species, under Cuvier’s genus

Cinnyris, I still adhere to the view expressed by me (Ibis, 1870,

p- 19) that these Sun-birds forma natural, distinctive, and separate

section of the family. For it I adopted Dr. Cabanis’s generic title

Arachnechthra; but as the type of that genus is C. lotenia, L., which

may be considered generically separable (although not so in my

opinion), and as Dr. Cabanis established his genus Cyrtostomus

(type C. jugularis, L.) before that of Arachnechthra, according to

strict rule, the generic title of Cyrtostomus should be employed; and

I observe that this is the view of Count Salvadori. There are now

twelve species of this group described—namely, C. asiaticus, C. lote-

nia, C. osea, C. brevirostris, C. flammaaillaris, C. andamanicus, C.

rhizophore, C. pectoralis, C. frenatus, C. jugularis, C. zenobia, and

C. solaris. To this list Mr. Everett’s researches in Palawan enable

me to add a thirteenth.

Male. Above uniform dark olive-green. Forehead, chin, throat,

cheeks, and upper breast metallic steel-blue with shades of green

and violet in certain lights. Lower breast fiery orange-red. Re-

mainder of lower surface, under tail-coverts, and wing-lining bright

yellow. Quills brown, faintly edged with olive-green. Rectrices

black; terminal half of outer pair white, a broad white terminal

patch on the penultimate pair; apices of third pair fringed with

white, of fourth pair still less so.

Female. Above and ear-coverts olive-green, slightly lighter in shade

than that of male. Superciliaries, cheeks, and all the under surface

and the wing-lining bright yellow. Wing-feathers brown, margined

with olive-green. Rectrices as in male,

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail, Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in. in.

ee Be 220 1:62 0°62 1:00

Oe siaccsO0 1°62 0°60 0°87

[P. Princesa, ¢, November 30, 1877 : iris deep crimson ; bill and

legs black. Q, Jannary: iris dark brown; bill and legs black. ]

1878.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 621

The flame-coloured lower breast at once distinguishes this Sun-

bird from all others. Its nearest ally is C. solaris, in which the

flame-colour covers the abdomen also.

35. CHALCOSTETHA INSIGNIS.

Nectarinia insignis, Jardine, Nat. Lib. xxxvi. p. 274.

[P. Princesa, ¢, January 1878: iris warm brown; bill and legs

black. ]

A single example of an adult male, and not to be distinguished

from Sumatran and Malaccan individuals,

36. AETHOPYGA SHELLEYI.

Aithopyga shelleyi, Sharpe, Nature, 3rd August, 1876, p. 297 ;

Tr. L. 8, 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. 343. no. 105; Shelley, Monogr. Cin-

nyridee, pt. iii. t.

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 2, 1877: iris brown; bill black 3 legs

and feet very dark brown. 9 (?), January 4, 1877: bill and legs

dark brown. |

The female has not been described; and it is with some doubt

that I so identify the single skin noted above. The chin, throat,

and upper breast is pale grey ; the lower breast and abdomen and

wing-lining are pale yellowish white. The vent and under tail-coverts

of a more decided shade of yellow. The head is greyish olive-brown.

Remainder of upper surface a clear olive-green, lightest on the upper

tail-coverts. The quills and rectrices are dark brown edged with

olive-green, having a slight ruddy hue. Cheeks and ear-coverts pale

grey with a greenish tinge. The dimensions are sensibly smaller

than those of the male—wing 1°75; culmen 0°56.

37. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS.

Certhia malaccensis, Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 91.

no. 62.

[P. Princesa, ¢, January 1878: iris Indian red ; bill black ; legs

greyish olive; scales of feet yellow. 2, December 29, 1877: iris

bright Indian red ; bill very dark sepia-brown; legs and feet yel-

lowish olive ; soles of feet yellow; claws pale brown. ¢ (jun.),

November 27, 1877: iris Indian red; bill dark brown; legs yel-

lowish olive. ]

The example of the young male above noted is in the exact plumage

of the adult female, its sex being betrayed by a couple of metallic

plumes on the crown.

38. ARACHNOTHERA DILUTIOR.

Arachnothera dilutior, Sharpe, Nature, 3rd August, 1876, p- 297;

t. c. p. 341. no. 100; Shelley, Cinnyride, pt. iii. t.

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 6, 1877: iris brown; bill black ; legs

and feet dark grey. 2, January 1878: iris dark brown; denuded

orbital skin green-yellow ; bill black ; mandible grey ; legs and feet

blue-grey.]

Bill of female considerably shorter than that of male.

622 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [May 21,

39. CoRVUS PUSILLUS, n. Sp.

Female. Basal portion of plumage white. Above purple-black, with

aslight greyish shade. Wing-coverts and outer margins of rectrices

deep purple-black. Plumage underneath dull ashy black, with a

purplish gloss on cheeks and throat. Contour of bill as in the C.-

validus group.

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus, Culmen.

in, in. in,

Dineen Ore 9°25 1°75 2712

[P. Princesa, 2 , December 27, 1877: iris deep brown ; bill, legs,

and claws shining black. ]

This Crow, or rather small Raven, is a diminutive form of C. vali-

dus and its allies. It has no affinity with true C. enca.

40. CALorRNIS PANAYENSIS (128).

Calornis chalybeus (Horsf.), Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 343. no. 111.

[P. Princesa, 2, December 1877: iris brilliant red; bill and feet

black. ]

A large series is sent by Mr. Everett, which I refer to the Philip-

pine rather than to the Bornean species.

41. GRACULA JAVANENSIS.

Corvus javanensis, Osbeck, Voy. China & E. Ind. i. p. 157,

** Java”’ (Eng. tr. 1771).

[P. Princesa, 3, January 1878: iris deep brown; bill fine deep

orange ; wattles and legs chrome-yellow; claws dark brown. 9°,

December 3, 1877: iris deep brown; bill red-orange; wattles

orange-yellow ; legs yellow. |

These examples are not to be distinguished from Bornean, although

they are somewhat smaller and have slenderer bills than Javan and

Sumatran individuals.

42. OxyYCERCA EVERETTI.

Oxycerca everetti, Tweeddale, P. Z. 8S. 1877, p. 699, t. Ixxiii. f. 2.

[P. Princesa, ¢, December 1877: iris rich deep orange-brown ;

bill, maxilla black, mandible pale grey; feet, legs, and claws dark

lead-grey. _¢ juv.: iris umber-brown; mandible blackish ; maxilla

black ; angle of gape pure white ; legs, feet, and claws lead-grey. |

Oxycerca everetti is a very closely allied form of O. leucogastra

of Malacca and Borneo, mainly to be distinguished by the crown of

the head being striated in the former and uniform in the latter, and

the breast and general colouring being nutmeg-brown and not sooty

brown. These Palawan examples, although not quite identical with

either species, most nearly resemble O. everetti. The general tone

of colour is nutmeg-brown; but the crown of the head is not

striated.

1878. | THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 623

43. OsMOTRERON VERNANS (135).

[P. Princesa, 2, January 2, 1878: iris (in dead bird) orange ;

bill lead-grey, base yellow-olive ; feet carmine ; claws grey. |

44, TRERON NASICA.

Treron nasica, Schlegel, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. i. p. 67.

[P. Princesa, ¢ 9, January 1878: iris deep brown, with outer

ring of burnt sienna-orange ; orbital skin bright emerald-green ;

base of bill dull crimson, the rest pale greenish-yellow ; feet carmine. |

45. CARPOPHAGA NEA (141).

[P. Princesa, ¢, January 1878: iris pure crimson; bill bluish

grey ; feet violet-carmine ; nails dark grey. 9, December 28, 1877:

iris deep crimson ; orbital ring crimson; bill light grey ; feet car-

mine ; nails dark grey. |

46. PotypLeCTRON EMPHANES.

Polypectron emphanum, Temm. Pl. Col. 540; Elliot, Phasianide,

vol. i. pl. 9.

[P. Princesa, ¢, January 1878: iris dark rich brown ; orbital

aud loral regions crimson ; bare setigerous skin above the eye livid

brown ; bill, including vaulted base of maxilla, very dark brown, tip

horny ; legs, feet, and nails purple-brown.

Native name “ Tandikan.”’

Q juv.: orbital skin black, otherwise not different from the male. |

The male of this beautiful Pheasant was first described and figured

‘by Temminck on the 14th of May, 1831, from a single example in

the museum of the Prince of Essling (J. ¢.). Its habitat was

unknown, but was believed to be either one of the Sunda Islands

or else one of the Moluccas. In the same year, but earlier, Lesson

(Tr. p. 437) enumerated the species under number 47 of the genus

Polyplectron, and called it P. napoleonis; but as he gave no de-

scription, his title falls.

A second specimen of the species was afterwards acquired from

Messrs. Verreaux by the British Museum; but the habitat still re-

mained unknown, the late Mr. G. R. Gray giving it as the Moluccas

(List Birds B. Mus., Galline, 1867, p.25). Mr. Sclater (P. Z. 8.

1863, p. 124) attributed its habitat, with some doubt, to the island

of Borneo, in which he was followed by Mr. Elliot (/.c.). Mr.

Everett has now cleared up all doubts; for he has found this Phea-

sant living in the island of Palawan near the Spanish settlement of

Puerto Princesa, and has sent me three examples—one of the adult

male, one of the immature female, and one of an immature male.

This is the second instance in which Mr. Everett has established

the correct habitat of a little-known and remarkable bird.

The young male has the lengthened crest-plumes brown, partially

tinged with green. The brilliant bluish-purple wing-coverts and

interscapulars of the fully adult are absent, only a trace presenting

itself on one covert of each wing. Whereas in the adult the nape

and neck are black with brilliant green borders to the feathers, and

624 ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. [May 2],

the whole throat and breast are black with green reflexions, the

immature bird is brown. The quills and underparts are also very

dark brown in the adult, whereas in the immature bird they are

light brown. The ocelli on the rectrices in the immature bird are

not so perfectly formed, and the dark brown ground-colour of the

dorsal plumage and of the rectrices is not so well defined.

The skin of the female (immature) has the chin, space before the

eye, and throat dingy white. The green ocelli only occur on some

of the rectrices, and are small. The remainder of the plumage

resembles that of the young male, the crest being shorter and uni-

form brown.

47. MEGAPODIUS CUMINGII.

Megapodius cumingii, Dillwyn, P.Z.S. 1851, p. 118, t. 39.

[P. Princesa, 3, January 1878: iris warm brown; orbital skin

coral ; auricular region washed with bright red; bill horn-yellow ;

legs reddish, brighter than in female ; tarsal scutellee and feet dark

olivaceous brown; the red of the face brighter than in female.

3 juv., January 1878: character of soft parts as in mature male,

only paler. 2, January 2, 1878: iris warm brown; bill horn-yellow ;

orbital skin coral ; auricular region washed with vermilion-red (not

crimson) ; legs yellowish grey, the tarsal scutelle dark grey.

Note.—In these birds the bill is sometimes horn-yellow, some-

times the same more or less deeply tinged with brown on culmen

and at the base. ‘'Tabun”’ of the natives. |

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen,

in. in. in. in.

(ot ne 9:00 3°50 2°50 125

Oe dugsthia 9°25 3°50 2°50 1°18

The Palawan megapode closely resembles the Labuan (M. cu-

mingii), and can hardly be separated specifically. In this view Mr,

Sharpe concurs.

48. EvpromtiAs GEOFFRoy! (161).

[P. Princesa, ¢, November 29, 1877.]

49. JKGIALITES CANTIANUs:

Charadrius cantianus, Lath. Suppl. Ind. Orn. p. Ixvi.

jP. Princesa, 2, November 29, 1877. ]

50. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS (183).

[P. Princesa, 2, December 11, 1877.]

51. BuBpuLcus coromanvus (194).

[P. Princesa, ¢ 9, December 1877. ]

Forehead in both examples buffy yellow.

52. BuTorIpEs JAVANICA (197).

[P. Princesa, 2 juv., January 6, 1878. ]

1878.] ON THE TRACHEX OF TANTALUS AND VANELLUS. 625

7. On the Trachea of Tantalus loculator and of Vanellus

cayennensis. By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S.

[Received May 21, 1878.]

Tn his ‘ Beitriige zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien,’ Maximilian,

Prince of Wied’, describes briefly and figures the lower end of the

trachea of Tantalus loculator. A male specimen of the species

having recently died in the Society’s Gardens, I take the opportunity

of more minutely pointing out its peculiarities and of comparing it

with 7’. ibis, the windpipe of which, with its elaborate convolutions,

1 have had the opportunity of bringing before the notice of the

Society upon a previous occasion’.

In Tantalus loculator the trachea is not elongated as it isin 7. ibis ;

nevertheless it is peculiarly modified, and differs in detail from that

of any bird with which I am acquainted, although its plan of con-

struction is perfectly Ciconiine.

The seventy-eight lowermost rings of the trachea are those which

are modified, the rings above them being quite typical, of average

depth, notched in front as well as behind, and overlapped to produce

the well-known zigzag markings on the surface.

With the exception of the last one, all the modified rings are much

reduced in depth; and of them the sixty-one upper rings are com-

pressed from side to side and bent sharply in front, whilst the lower

seventeen are somewhat flattened from before backwards and sharply

bent laterally, the general effect of which is to produce a lateral flat-

tening and an anterior carination of the whole tube opposite the

fifty-one rings, as well as an antero-posterior flattening with a lateral

carination in the part below. The change from the superior unmodi-

fied tube to the laterally compressed portion is somewhat abrupt, as

is that between the two differently modified parts. In figure 1 a

(p- 626) the front view of the lower end of the trachea is repre-

sented, figure 4 giving a side view of the same.

The powerful sterno-tracheal muscles leave the wind-pipe opposite

the middle of the laterally flattened portion of the tube; and a few

muscular fibres from their anterior margin are continued downwards

for a short distance, but not nearly to the last ring, they being lost

upon the sides of the trachea,

The arrangement above described is only an exaggeration of what

is found in Ciconia alba, in which species the lowermost nine-and-

twenty tracheal rings are extremely shallow and slender, the fifteen

above the bifurcation of the bronchi being antero-posteriorly flattened,

the fourteen above them being in no wise peculiar except for their

slenderness, In C, aida there is, however, a small prolongation up-

wards of the lateral portions of the three lowermost tracheal rings,

which forms a consolidated triangular process on each side, overlap-

ping the next few rings, and looking extremely like rudiments of the

? Band iv. p. 687, tab. 1, figs 7 and 8,

2 P. ZS, 1875, p. 298.

626

MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE TRACHEZ

Fig. 1.

Lower end of the trachea of Tantalus loculator ¢.

a. View from the front; 6. View from the right side.

[May 21,

1878. | OF TANTALUS AND VANELLUS. 627

similarly situated processus vocales of the passerine tracheophone

syrinx, which resemblance is increased by the thinness of the neigh-

bouring rings and their being flattened from before backwards.

In Tantalus loculator there is no trace of these triangular processes.

Its last tracheal ring, or three-way piece, is not enlarged, as it is in

so many birds; and the rings of the bronchi for some considerable

distance are complete as in the Ciconiide generally, which is so very

seldom found to be the case in the Class. In this last feature the

Storks agree with the Cathartide, and the general arrangement of

the bifurcation of the Stork’s windpipe would require but little change

to pass into a Cathartine type.

The uppermost bronchial rings are thinner on the outer side of

each bronchus than they are internally, which consequently leaves

greater gaps between them along the outer margin of the tubes.

Ring four on one side and ring three on the other are partly redupli-

cated, the extra processes ending freely in the bronchial membrane.

From this description it is evident that these two Tantali differ

greatly in the arrangement of their windpipes, whilst a recent com-

parison of specimens makes it evident to me that what I thought on

seeing 7’. Joculator might have been an error in my account of 7.

ibis, namely the posterior carination of the windpipe, is correct, in

which, as well as in the relative lengths of trachea, the two species

differ so much.

In other anatomical characters Tantalus loculator agrees with T.

ibis, and is perfectly ciconiiform. In both the great pectoralis

muscle is formed of two layers, as in the Steganopodes, Procellariide,

and Cathartide only. The ambiens muscle is slender ; the femoro-

caudal is minute, without any accessorius ; and the semitendinosus, as

well as its accessorius, are not large. There is no great gluteus muscle,

nor any muscular slip from the biceps of the wing running to the

patagium.

The small intestine measures six and a half feet, the czeca half an

inch, and the large intestine nearly three inches. The stomach is

capacious, with but a small muscular development. The tongue is

an inch long and arrow-head shaped. The sub-equilobed liver has

a gall-bladder.

In Vanellus cayennensis there is an exaggerated development of

the intrinsic muscles of the trachea a short way above its bifurcation

in both sexes that is quite worthy of special note, because the amount

of muscular fibre there present is proportionately as much as in any

bird with which I am acquainted.

There is nothing peculiar about the windpipe itself or the bronchi,

which are represented in the accompanying figure (p. 628). The

uppermost two bronchial semirings are not like those which succeed

them, but are like halves of tracheal rings. The third and fourth

semirings are closely united, whilst those which follow are not

modified in any way.

The sterno-tracheal muscles are powerful, and besides springing

directly from the side walls of the windpipe opposite the spot where

628 ON THE TRACHE# OF TANTALUS AND VANELLUS. [May 21,

Fig. 2.

Windpipe of Vanella cayennensis.

a. Anterior aspect; 4. Posterior aspect.

1878.] MR. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF THE MALEO. 629

they run off, their upper fibres are continuous up the trachea itself

in front of and in contact with the intrinsic muscles. These latter,

one on each side as usual, meet in the posterior middle line of the

trachea, but are not unusually near in front; they are of considerable

size throughout. Near their lower ends they increase immensely in

bulk to form, combined posteriorly, a large subglobose mass which

is situated opposite the twenty-four lowermost rings of the trachea,

which are considerably shallower than those above them and conse-

quently occupy a much less space than if they were of the same depth,

as is the case in Tantalus loculator. There is a consolidation of the

last few rings in adult birds, with which the first two bronchial semi-

rings fuse to form a compound three-way piece, and it is to the

lower elements of this that the powerful lateral muscles are attached

(as well as to the third and fourth bronchial semirings slightly) by a

broad fibro-tendinous continuation of their muscular substance, which

fixes itself on each side along nearly the whole length of the semi-

rings, especially the second, of which the extremities are alone free.

So far as I can find out by watching the living birds, there is nothing

peculiar in their note to lead one to surmise so large a muscular

supply for their lower larynx. They make a powerful screech, with

no modulation in it; and it can hardly be possible that the extra

muscular development has not some other function to perform.

What that may be it is not easy to surmise,

8. On the Anatomy of the Maleo (Megacephalon maleo).

By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S.

[Received May 21, 1878.]

Besides being a Megapode, Megacepkalon maleo is interesting as a

peculiar form; I therefore take the opportunity of bringing before

the Society the results of my dissection of three specimens of this

bird which have died in the Gardens.

Péerylosis.—In the distribution of its feather-tracts the Maleo

is somewhat different from the typical Gallinze. Nitzsch briefly

records what he found in a bad specimen of Megapodius rubripes,

mentioning that the tracts were not different from those in allied

birds, and that the oil-gland was tufted. This is all we know of the

pterylosis of the group.

In Megacephalon maleo the anterior surface of the neck is covered,

not thickly, with feathers, which only tend to divide opposite the

furcula into the two pectoral tracts, each of which descends, strong

and uniform in breadth, to opposite the middle of the carina sterni,

where it ceases obtusely. ‘The ventral tract does not exist over the

anterior or upper part of the pectoral region, but commences narrow

close to and opposite the middle of the carina sterni, dilating oppo-

site the abdomen, near the middle line of which it descends parallel

to its fellow, to just above the anus, where the two meet. The skin

over the carina and in the middle line of the abdomen is hard and

630 MR. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF THE MALEO. [May 21,

scaly. The hypopteral tract is but feebly represented, and the

termination of the pectoral tract is some distance from the commence-

ment of the abdominal tract, the angle between the direction of the

one and the other being about 25°.

A strong tract traverses the middle dorsal line of the neck, with a

space on each side of it. This does not bifurcate in the scapular

region, but ceases abruptly a little below the level of the shoulder-

joints, undilated. Over the rump and the inferior scapular region

the dorsal tract is diffused and indefinite, ceasing before the nude oil-

gland is reached. There is no ephippial space. There are sixteen

rectrices. The lumbar tract is only well developed over the tibia-

head and for a little way behind it. ‘The humeral tract is not in any

way peculiar. I counted nine primary and sixteen secondary

remiges, the first and second secondary feathers being considerably

shorter than those which follow.

Down-feathers are generally distributed. The after-shaft is weak,

and the rhachis of each feather is not swollen, except in some of the

smallest size.

Lower larynx of Megalocephalon maleo.

a. From the front; . From behind.

Visceral Anatomy.—The tongue is simple and fleshy ; a well-de-

veloped crop is present, situated between the limbs of the very open

furcula; the proventriculus is zonary, the gizzard powerful; the

small intestine is four and a half feet long, the simple ceca five and

a half inches, and the large intestine five inches in length.

There is only one carotid artery, the left, as in all the Megapodiidee.

In its myology the bird is perfectly gallinaceous, the third pectoral

muscle being found beneath the much larger second of the same

name, the femoro-caudal and semitendinosus with their accessories,

the ambiens, gluteus maximus, being all present. The obturator in-

ternus is triangular; a vinculum joins the two deep flexors of the

foot, and the biceps of the arm sends a fasciculus to the patagium.

The expansor secundariorum muscle ends by running to the scapula

at the same time that it sends a slip of tendon to the first rib.

1878.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 631

The lower end of the trachea is represented in the accompanying

figures (p.630), from the front and from behind. It differs in arrange-

ment from all other of the Gallinee with which I am acquainted.

To the terminal tracheal three-way ring is fused the first bronchial

semiring by its extremities, its bowed free portion being upturned

with its limbs almost perpendicular. In the middle line posteriorly

the penultimate tracheal ring fuses with the what may be compound

three-way piece, in the posterior aspect of which a small upward-

directed tongue of cartilage develops from its upper border. The

sterno-tracheal muscles are minute and the intrinsic tracheal muscles

form thin broad sheets which almost cover the tube and end on the

outer surface of the first bronchial semiring and in the semicartila-

ginous large membrane between it and the unmodified following

semiring.

June 4, 1878.

Prof. Flower, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of May 1878 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of May 1878 was 104, of which 43 were by

birth, 39 by presentation, 8 by purchase, 7 by exchange, and 7 were

received on deposit. The total number of departures during the

same period by death and removals was 120.

. The most noticeable additions during the month of May were as

follows :—

1. Two male Lesser Birds of Paradise (Paradisea minor), pur-

chased of Mr. Leon Laglaize, May 2. On his return from the

Eastern Archipelago in October last, Mr. Laglaize brought with

him four living specimens of this Paradise-bird. All of these passed

the winter safely in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris; and two of them

in full plumage have now been acquired by the Society.

The only other examples of Paradise-bird previously living in the

Society’s Gardens were the two individuals of the same species

brought by Mr. Wallace from Singapore in April 1862’. One of

these lived until 25th December, 1863, the other until the 28th

March, 1864, in the Society’s Gardens.

2. A Copper-head Snake (Cenchris contortrix) presented by Dr.

Frederick Painter, F.Z.S., of South Pittsburg, Tennessee, U.S. A.

This is a well-known venomous snake in the United States; but we

have not previously received living examples of it.

3. A Hairy or Andean Tapir (Tapirus roulini*), obtained in ex-

change from Mr. C. Rice, May 25.

Although we have had in our Gardens examples of all the other

three known species of Tapirs, this is, I believe, the first example

1 See P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 128.

? See, for the reasons for adopting this name, footnote, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 51.

632 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON MANIS TEMMINCKI. [June 4,

of this rare and little-known animal that has been seen alive in

Europe’.

Mr. Wolf’s sketch (Plate XX XIX.) will give a good idea of the

external appearance of the present specimen, which is a young male,

probably not full-grown, and with the teeth small and imperfectly

developed. The hairs over the whole body are nearly uniformly

thick, but short ; they are barely an inch in length, and of nearly

uniform black colour throughout, with just a shade of brown tinge.

The hairs on the nape of the neck and sides of the body are rather

longer ; those on the sides of the face are brown, and there is a

slight white spot at the corner of the mouth, and some white hairs

at the extremity of the muzzle. There is a slight white external

edging to both ears. There are no white rings round the feet; but

the upper margins of the naked nails have a whitish appearance.

The irides are of a light bluish hazel, quite different from those of

the ordinary Tapirus terrestris, in which they are brown.

The height of the animal at the shoulders is about 26 inches; the

length from the end of the extended snont to the base of the tail

about 54 inches. :

There can be no question, to my mind, that Dr. Gray’s Tapirus

leucogenys (P. Z.S. 1872, p. 483) is merely an individual variety

of the present species. The figure given (J. c. pl. xxi.) is altogether

of too brown a tinge; and in Dr. Gray’s specimen itself, which is

now in the British Museum, the general colour is darker and more

of a greyish black, and, except as regards the white sides of the jaws

and grey face, does not materially differ from that of our specimen.

As regards the white cheeks, upon which Dr. Gray lays so much

stress, it may be remarked that M. Roulin’s “ Tapir pinchaque”

had traces of the same colour’, and there are likewise traces of it in

our living specimen.

The Secretary exhibited a young specimen of Temminck’s Manis

(Manis temmincki), which had been brought from Zanzibar by Mr.

Frederick Holmwood, Assistant Political Agent at Zanzibar, and read

the subjoined extract from a letter of Mr. Holmwood referring to it :—-

“The mother of this little Pangolin came from the coast opposite

Zanzibar, lat. 6° S.; but I have seen what I took to be the same

animal, both in Somali-land under the equator and as far south as

the Makna country opposite Mozambique. They always appeared

to burrow in hard or stony ground; and I saw them always in the

daytime.

“The mother of the specimen I send you lived three months in

Zanzibar. She only fed at night, and remained coiled up in a ball

all day. She regularly retired to the dark corner of my harness-

room at daylight, and left for the garden at sunset. There were

very few ants; but she seemed to get plenty of insects. She bur-

1 Unless it be true, as stated in Mr. Jamrach’s letter to ‘The Times’ of

May 8lst, that an example of the same animal has lately been acquired by the

Zoological Gardens of Antwerp.

2 Vide Aun. des Sci. Nat. xvii. p. 109.

1878.} MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CICONIA MAGUARI. 633

rowed at intervals all round the garden-walls ; but this was evidently

only to try and escape, as she never made a hole large enough to

give cover. The day she had the young one she came out during

the day ; but not being quite up to grubbing for insects, she went

into the stable and remained among the horses grubbing in the

dung. After the birth she tried to entice the young Pangolin

to suck (apparently), sitting up like a dog when begging, and coiling

up the moment she got it in her lap. I could not, however, detect

whether she managed to suckle it; indeed I was quite ignorant of

the habits of the animal in its natural state. The first day the

young one had soft scales ; but they hardened the second day, and

it died the same night. The mother wandered about for two days

afterwards, then came into the house and died.”

Mr. Sclater stated that he had, in company with the Superinten-

dent, examined the living examples of Ciconia maguari now in the

Society’s Gardens, and could confirm what Mr. Ridgway had so

clearly described (Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. vol. iv. p- 250) as to extra-

ordinary mimicry of the true rectrices by the elongated upper

tail-coverts. ‘The same was also the case with Ciconia episcopus, of

which there were also living examples in the Society’s Gardens.

Mr. Ridgway’s generic term Euaenura, however, based on this

peculiar structure, had, it appeared, been anticipated by Dr. Cabanis,

who, in 1850, had proposed the name Dissoura! for this form of

Stork ; so that the two species should stand for the future as Dissura

maguart (Gm.) and D. episcopus (Bodd.).

On behalf of Dr. Elliott Coues, C.M.Z.S., two specimens of

Synaptomys cooperi, Bd., were exhibited by Mr. Edward R. Alston.

This species, Mr. Alston observed, was the type of Synaptomys, pro-

posed in 1857 by Prof. Baird as a subgenus of Myodes*, and accorded

full generic rank by Dr. Coues in 1874%. The present specimens were,

as far as was known, the first typical specimens sent to Europe.

When Mr. Alston wrote his paper “On the Classification of the Order

Glires’’* he was only acquainted with Dr. Coues’s preliminary remarks,

and hesitated at accepting the full generic value of this form ; he was

therefore now desirous of expressing his full recognition of its rank.

Synaptomys was particularly interesting as presenting a connecting

link between the Lemmings and Field-Voles, combining the general

cranial and dental characters of Myodes with the external pecu-

liarities of Arvicola, but differing from both in its grooved upper

incisors. Its range was much less boreal than that of the Lemmings,

extending as far south as Kansas. The specimens exhibited were

destined for the British and Berlin Museums.

* Cf. Reichenow, J. f. Orn. 1877, p- 168. The name is written Dissoura; but

Dissura is more simple and more correct.

* Mamm. N. Amer. pp. xliv, 558.

° P. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 192. Cf. Mon. N. Am. Rodent. p- 223.

* P. ZS. 1876, pp. 61-98.

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1878, No. XLI. 41

634 PROF, FLOWER ON A TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. [June 4,

Prof. Ray Lankester, M.A., F.R.S., read a memoir on the hearts

of Ceratodus, Protopterus, and Chimera. The structure of the

conus arteriosus and its valves was more particularly described in

this paper. Owen and Hyrtl had shown that the conus of the

Dipnoans differed from that of cartilaginous fishes and Amphibians

in the fact that its walls were devoid of pocket-valves, and presented

instead a long spiral valve and a second short vertical valve. Dr.

Ginther, the only author who had described the heart of Ceratodus,

showed that it possessed in the upper part of the arterial cone

pocket-valves, whilst the spiral valve was shortened so as to be

absent from this upper region. The possession of pocket-valves

served as a very important character to connect the Dipnoans and

the other fishes.

Prof. Lankester now showed that in the lower part also of the arte-

rial cone of Ceratodus there were numerous small pocket-valves, in

addition to those in its upper part ; and further he showed that these

small pocket-valves (so called “ ganoid valves”) were also present

in the lower part of the arterial cone of Protopterus, the African

Mud-fish, which had been generally supposed to be quite devoid of

this kind of valve. The basal fibro-cartilage of the floor of the heart

was described and compared in Ceratodus and Protopterus, and a pos-

sible rudiment of this remarkable structure pointed out in Ceratodus.

This Paper will be published entire, with illustrations, in the

Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. On the Skull of a Rhinoceros (R. lasiotis, Scl.?) from

India. By Witt1am Henry Frower, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

[Received October 12, 1877.]

Mr. Sclater has put into my hands for examination the skull of a

Rhinoceros, which he had received from Dr. W. D. Stewart, of Cut-

tack, Orissa, being the skull of the two-horned Rhinoceros killed

near Comillah, in Tipperah, as mentioned in P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 269.

Mr. Sclater thinks that the skull may not improbably belong

to the species (at present only known by the living animal in the

Society’s menagerie) which he has named A. Jasiotis.

It is that of a nearly adult animal. All the sutures of the upper

surface of the cranium are consolidated ; and all the permanent teeth

in both jaws are in place except the posterior molars, which are still

concealed in their alveoli.

In size and general conformation it resembles the skull of R.

sumatrensis, and possesses all the essential characters! which distin-

guish that species from R. indicus and R. sondaicus, viz. the sepa-

ration of the postglenoid from the posttympanic processes of the

squamosal below the auditory meatus, the backward position of the

occipital crest (though, perhaps, less marked than usual), and the

* See “On some Oranial and Dental Characters of the existing Species of

Rhinoceros,” P, Z.8, 1876, p. 443,

1878.] PROF. FLOWER ON A TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. 635

indication of a second or frontal horn. I have compared it with the

eight skulls assigned to R. sumatrensis at present in London—four

in the British Museum, and four in the Museum of the College of

Surgeons.

These skulls present considerable individual variation in general

conformation, proportional breadth to length, in the development

and form of the nasal bones, number and position of the lachrymal

foramina, form of the posterior margin of the palate, and other

details. The present skull, however, is strikingly different from all

in its superior breadth compared with its length, and especially the

breadth and flatness of the frontal region. The annexed table of

dimensions exhibits the extent of this peculiarity; and, to make it

more manifest, I have added the ratio of the breadth, taken between

the anterior margins of the orbits (where the difference is most cha-

racteristic), compared with the entire length of the skull, the latter

being taken as 100. On looking down this column of the Table, it

will be seen that, though there is a considerable variation among the

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1. Adolescent (all permanent

teeth except milk-molars),

from Tipperah: ...............06. 200 | 12:0 | 68 | 340 | 73 | 80 | 400

2. Aged 9. Malacca, Died in

Zool. Gardens, 1872. B. M...|207 | 11:8 | 60 | 290 | 64 | 65 | 31-4

3. Aged 9. Sumatra. Mus. R.

C.8. No. 2933 .....e0.. cece eee 204 | 111 | 5:2 | 255 | 61 66 | 32:6

4, Aduit.. Pegu. B.M.......... 21:4 | 111 59 | 276 | 66 | 69 | 32-7

5. Adolescent ¢ (all permanent

teeth except last molars). Su-

matra. M.R.C.8. No. 2935 }23:0 | 120 | 60 | 261 | 70 | 76 | 33:0

6. Young (last milk-molar re-

maining). Sumatra. M. R.

BNO 298 In 154-030 casoaades 190 | 106 | 50 | 263 | 65 | 73 | 380

first and second permanent

molars). Sumatra. M.R.C.S.

PO se «ache b gine ddanedan uel 21-:0*?| 10°7 | 52 | 248?|] 64 | 70 | 33:3?

9. Still younger (all milk-molars

and first permanent molars). Teeth nearly

Borneo. B. M...... sc... sees. 181 96 | 50 | 276 | 62 all lost.

* Nasals broken.

4]*

636 PROF. FLOWER ON A TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. [June 4,

other skulls, the difference between the narrowest and widest being

almost as great as that between the latter and the present skull, yet

there are intermediate gradations in the former case, whereas the

Tipperah skull is completely isolated from the others. It is curious

that the skull which comes next to it in width is that of the small

dark-coloured animal from Malacca, which died in the Society’s me-

nagerie in 1872, and of which the external characters were certainly

quite unlike those of R. lasiotis.

A second peculiarity by which this skull is distinguished from all

the others, and one to which I am inclined to attach still more im-

portance, is the greater size of the teeth, especially the premolars, both

absolutely and relatively. Thisis also seen in the Table, in which is

given the absolute length of the series of molars and premolars, ex-

cluding the first and last, which are either absent or not developed

in many of the specimens under consideration, and including, there-

fore, the three posterior premolars and the two anterior molars. In

the case of the younger skulls, milk-molars occupy the place of pre-

molars; but this probably does not materially affect the length of

the series. It will be seen that in the present skull this length ab-

solutely exceeds that of any of the others, and, relatively to the

length of the skull (taken as 100), it is 40-0, whereas, of the other

seven, five range between 31°4 and 33°3, and the other two, which

give a higher figure, are both young animals, in which the skull

had not attained its full dimensions, and the teeth therefore appear

relatively larger than they otherwise would have been. It is pro-

bable that sex may affect the size of the teeth, as in the two known

females (Nos. 2 and 3 of the list) they are smaller than in any of

the others. Not only in antero-posterior diameter are the premolars

larger in the present specimen, but still more notably in breadth.

Thus the last premolar in the Pegu adult skull (No. 4) is 18 in

greatest breadth, in the Sumatran female (No. 3) 1°85, in the Ma-

laccan skull (No. 2) 1’*9, in the Sumatran male (No. 5) 2'"05, in the

present skull 2-2. The lower molars exhibit the same superiority

of size; but in other respects the dentition does not differ appreci-

ably from that of the various specimens of R. sumatrensis.

As an individual peculiarity may be noted the single lachrymal

foramen on each side, whereas many of the others have two; but in

both the Malacca and one of the other British-Museum skulls, the

foramen is also single on both sides, and in the Pegu and one of the

Sumatran specimens it is single on one and double on the other side.

Again, the great amount of ossification in the base of the pterygoid

fossa, at the posterior end of the vomer, forming a sort of “ para-

sphenoid”’ mass, is worthy of note; but it is repeated in the Pegu

skull, and partially in the old Sumatran specimen (No. 2), though

not in the equally aged Malacca female.

I have pointed out the peculiarities of this skull, which are in-

teresting in connexion with the fact that it was obtained from a

locality quite beyond the hitherto known range of the Sumatran

Rhinoceros ; but, in the absence of other evidence, will not attempt

to decide whether they should be considered of specific value.

Hanhart .vap

NEW LEPIDOPTERA...

1878. | ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM BILLITON. 637

___ 2. Catalogue of Lepidoptera collected by Mr. S. N. Walter

= in the Island of Billiton. Rhopalocera by F. D. Gop-

MAN and Ospert Satvin; Heterocera by H. Druce.

es [Received May 17, 1878.]

(Plate XL.)

RHOPALOCERA.

That the Rhopalocerous fauna of Billiton should largely partake

of the character of that of the surrounding islands of Sumatra, J ava,

and Borneo, and of the peninsula of Malacca was to be anticipated.

Of the thirty-three species represented in this collection (which was

made in Billiton by Mr. S. N. Walter, and has been sent to us by

Lord Tweeddale for examination), all but one are well-known forms

from one or all of these islands. The single exception, the Myrina,

described below, has, so far as is at present known, its sole repre-

sentative in a nearly allied species from Tenasserim, also described

in the present paper.

The differential elements of the Butterfly faunas of Borneo, Su-

matra, Java, and Malacca have not yet been traced with sufficient

precision to enable us to say to which of the four localities the island

of Billiton has most affinity. With Borneo it is certainly very closely

allied ; but it possesses several species in common with Java, and

others with Malacca. Unfortunately our series of Sumatran Butter-

flies is not very complete; but, so far as we can see, many species

are also found in that island, geographically its nearest neighbour.

Fam. NyMPHALID&.

= Subfam. Danainz.

1. Hestia CLARA.

Hestia clara, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, v. p-. 469.

? Hestia leuconoe, Druce, P. Z. S. 1873, Pp. d5/.

A single female specimen, agreeing with Mr. Butler’s types in the

British Museum. The species also occurs in Borneo, whence we have

an example of the same sex. Its occurrence in Java is doubtful.

2. DANAIS PHILOMELA.

Euplea philomela, Zink. Nov. Act. Ac. Nat.-Cur. xv. p. 184,

pl. 16. f. 17; Druce, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 337.

Agrees with Malaccan and Bornean examples.

3. DANAIs SIMILIs.

Papilio similis, Linn, Syst. Nat.

Danais similis, Druce, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 338.

Identical with Malaccan and Javan examples.

4, DANAIs JUVENTA.

Papilio juventa, Cr. Pap. Ex. pl. 188. f. B.

Danais juventa, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 337.

Agrees with Bornean specimens.

638 MESSRS. GODMAN, SALVIN, AND DRUCE {June 4,

5. DANAIS HEGISIPPUS.

Papilio hegisippus, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 180. f. A.

Agrees with Malaccan specimens.

6. DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS.

Papilio chrysippus, Linn. Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 118. f. B, C.

Identical with specimens of this widely dispersed species.

7, EVPL@A MENETRIESIL.

Euplea ménétriésii, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 398; Druce,

P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 338.

Agrees with specimens thus named in the British Musium.

8. EuPL@A BREMERI.

Euplea bremeri, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 398; Druce,

P. Z.8. 1873, p. 338.

Found also in Borneo and Malacca.

9. EuPL@A THOOSA.

Trepsichrois thoosa, Hibn. Ex. Schmett. t. viii.

Agrees very well with Hiibner’s figure, being also identical with

Malaccan specimens.

10. EupL@A MULCIBER.

Papilio mulciber, Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 127. f. C, D; Druce, P.Z.8.

1873, p. 338.

Also a Bornean species.

Subfam. ELYMNIINZ.

11. ELYMNIAS NIGRESCENS.

Elymnias nigrescens, Butl. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 520, t. 42. f. 1;

Druce, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 340.

A female specimen agreeing with Bornean examples of the same

sex.

12. ELYMNIAS LAIS.

Papilio lais, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 110. f. A, B.

Elymnias lais, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 340.

Also found in Borneo and Java.

Subfam. Morpuinz.

13. AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS.

Papilio phidippus, Linn. Syst. Nat.

Amathusia phidippus, Druce, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 340.

Both sexes of this widely ranging species.

1878.] ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM BILLITON. 639

14. ZEUXIDIA HORSFIELDI.

Zeuwidia horsfieldi, Feld. Voy. Nov. Lep. p. 460, t. 62. f. 4;

Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 340.

Agrees with Bornean specimens.

Subfam. NyMPHALIN2.

15. CYNTHIA DEIONE.

Cynthia deione, Erichs. Nov. Act. Ac. Nat.-Cur. xvi. Suppl.

G0. t 2,2 a.

Cynthia arsinoe, Druce, P. Z.S. 1873, p- 342 (mec Cramer).

Agrees with this widely-ranging species, of which we have speci-

mens from Java, Malacca, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands.

16. JuNONIA LAOMEDIA.

Papilio laomedia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 772.

Junonia laomedia, Druce, P.Z. 8. 1873, p. 342.

A widely-distributed species, occurring throughout the Indo-

Malayan subregion.

17, JUNONIA IDA.

Papilio ida, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 42. f. C, D.

Junonia ida, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p- 342.

Agrees with Javan, Bornean, and Philippine-Islands specimens.

18. NEptis AcERIs.

Papilio aceris, Lepechin, Tageb. d. Reise Russ. Reich. i. p. 203,

(alles Batis

Neptis aceris, Druce, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 344.

A single specimen of this very widely-distributed species.

19. Tanaicta, sp. ?

A single specimen of a species of this genus which we have not

been able to determine.

20. Apottas, sp. ?

Agrees with a Malaccan specimen of an unnamed species in our

collection. Others from the same locality in the British Museum,

have a MS. name of Mr. Butler’s attached to them.

21, SyYMPHZDRA DIRTEA.

Papilio dirtea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 59.

Symphedra dirtea, Butl. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 613; Druce, P. Z.S.

1873, p. 346.

Adolias boisduvali, Bdv. Sp. Gén. t. 8. f. 2.

A male agreeing with Sumatran and Bornean examples.

640 MESSRS. GODMAN, SALVIN, AND DRUCE {June 4,

22. CHARAXES SCHREIBERI. .

Nymphalis schreiber, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 825.

Charaxes schreiberi, Druce, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 346.

Found also in Java and Borneo.

Fam, Lyc 2NID&.

23. MyRINA NIVEA, sp.n. (Plate XL. figs. 3, 4.)

@. Exp. 2-2inches. Secondaries with projection at the anal angle

and a long tail on the first median branch; outer margin slightly

dentate, pure white ; outer margin of primaries black, blending into a

delicate blue in the apex, the blue colour extending along the costal

margin; a black spot between the median branches of the secon-

daries and a faint black submarginal line on the same wings. Beneath

pure white, both wings cressed with five concentric bands, consisting

of confluent spots, each enclosed in a faint dark line; a submarginal

black line to both wings ; the black spot of the upper surface between

the median branches of the secondaries is mostly blue ; and there are

two blue spots near the margin, one between the submedian nervure

and the first median branch, and one at the anal angle.

Hab. Billiton Island.

Mus. nostr.

This beautiful species, of which there is’ only a single female spe-

cimen in the collection, seems to belong undoubtedly to the genus

Myrina, as defined by Westwood (D. W. & H. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii.

p- 475). In coloration it is quite distinct from any hitherto de-

scribed member of the genus. We have, however, since received

from Mr. A. O. Hume an example of a closely allied species, which

was taken at Meetan in Burma. This is also a female, and we de-

scribe it as follows :—

Myrina HIEMALIS. (Plate XL. figs. 5, 6.)

Exp. 2°2 inches. In shape exactly like M. nivea, the dark apex of

the primaries more extensive and the inner edge of this dark mark

with two prominent indentations instead of being simply curved ;

beneath, the bands of the wings are better defined, and the dark

marginal lines of each band enclose a greyish space, whereas in M.

nivea the inside of the spots forming the bands is white.

Hab. Meetan, Burma.

Mus. nostr.

Fam. PAPILIONID&.

Subfam. Prerinz.

24. CALLIDRYAS CATILLA.

Papilio catilla, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 55. f. C, D.

Callidryas catilla, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 355.

A widely ranging species found in Borneo and elsewhere.

25. Trertas, sp. ?

A bad specimen.

1878. } ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM BILLITON. 641

26. ‘[eRIAS HECABE.

Papilio hecabe, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 763.

Terias hecabe, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 354.

A widely ranging species, also found in Borneo.

Subfam. PaprLioninz.

27. PAPILIO ANTIPHATES.

Papilio antiphates, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 72. f. A, B; Druce, P. Z. S.

1873, p. 357.

Agrees with Bornean specimens.

28. PAPILIO SARPEDON.

Papilio sarpedon, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 747; Druce, P. Z.S.

1873, p. 559.

A wide-ranging species, found in Borneo and Malacca.

29. PAPILIO EURYPYLUS.

Papilio eurypylus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 754; Druce, P. Z.8.

1873, p. 357.

Agrees with Bornean examples.

30. PaprLio PAMMON.

Papilio pammon, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 746.

Papilio polytes, L. Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 357.

The caudal appendage in Billiton specimens is but slightly deve-

loped ; and in this respect they agree best with Javan examples.

31. PApILio IswARA.

Papilio iswara, White, Entom. i. p. 280; Doubl. & Hew. Gen.

D. Lep. t. 3. f. 1.

Agrees with a Malaccan specimen.

32. PAPILIO MEMNON.

Papilio memnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 747; Wall. Trans. L. S.

xxv. p. 47, pl. 1. figs. 2, 4.

A female agrees with Javan specimens and with figure 4 of Mr.

Wallace’s plate, and with Cramer’s figure of his P. achates. A

second female resembles figure 2 of Mr. Wallace’s plate, except that

the white band of the secondaries is slightly narrower. This form

is represented by Cramer under the name P. agenor.

Fam. HesPpeRiID2&.

33. CASYAPA THRAX.

Papilio thrax, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 794.

Casyapa thrax, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 358.

Agrees with Indian examples.

642 ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM BILLITON. [June 4,

HETEROCERA.

Fam. SPHINGID&.

Subfam. Co #ROCAMPINE.

Cherocampa suffusa, Walk. List Lep. Brit. Mus. Het. pt. viii.

p: 146 (1856).

The type was obtained at Hong-Kong. Mr. Moore tells me he

has specimens from Borneo.

Fam. LiTHosiip&.

HypsiA SILVANDRA, Cr.

Phalena (Bomby:) silvandra, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 369. f. D

(1782).

Fam. SATURNIIDE.

ANTHERA BILLITONENSIS, Moore, n. sp.

Male. Upperside pale purplish ferruginous, suffused with grey on

external borders; ocelli oval, defined by a narrow dusky line, blind,

outer half bordered within by a narrow yellow line and a central

transverse line: fore wing with the area within and below the cell

brighter ferruginous; apex yellowish ; an oblique discal, pale ferru-

ginous, narrow lunular band, bordered within by a dusky lunular

line and without by a straight dusky line; a dusky black streak

crossing the middle of the cell, and another from its base to the hind

margin: hind wing with the base brighter ferruginous; a dusky-

bordered, pale yellowish, transverse, discal, sinuous band, the dusky

border encircling the ocellus and terminating on abdominal margin

above end of sinuous band. Body bright ferruginous.

Expanse 47 inches.

Hab. Billiton Island, Malay archipelago. In coll. H. Druce.

Nearest allied to 4. frithii, from Darjiling.

Fam. EREBID.

NyYcTIPAO CREPUSCULARIS.

Phalena (Attacus) crepuscularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2811. 13;

Clerck, Icon. pl. 53. f. 1-4; Drury, Ins. i. p. 37, pl. 20. f. 1, 2.

A species frequently sent from Hindostan.

Fam. HyrporyRrip&.

HyPopyra FENISECA.

Hypopyra feniseca, Guén. Noct. iii. 200. 1599 (1852).

Tn the British Museum, from Silhet.

Tribe URANIDES.

Fam. NycTALEMONIDS.

NycTALEMON bocILE, Butler, in litt.

Very closely allied to Nyctalemon hector, White, from Borneo,

1878. ] ON BUTTERFLIES FROM NEW GUINEA. 643

the principal difference being its larger size, broader white bands,

and longer tails to the posterior wing. Mr. Butler’s description has

been in the hands of the Linnean Society for some time.

GEOMETRID&.

Fam. ENNOMID&.

ENNOMOS TESTACEARTA.

Ennomos testacearia, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 623.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Xi,

Figs. 1, 2. Doleschallia comrit, p. 646.

3, 4. Myrina nivea, p. 640,

5, 6.

hiemalis, p. 640.

3. List of the Butterflies collected in Eastern New Guinea

and some neighbouring Islands by Dr. Comrie during

the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Basilisk. By F. D. Gopman

and OsBert SALvIn.

[Received May 17, 1878.]

(Plate XL.)

The small collection made by Dr. Comrie, of which we here give a

list, was got together under many difficulties and pressure of official

duties. It is therefore not surprising that the number of species it

contains is not greater than it is. We make no apology for pre-

senting this list to the Society, seeing that several of the places

touched at by Captain Moresby’s expedition were absolutely unknown

as to their Butterfly-fauna before Dr. Comrie visited them. Amongst

these we may specially mention the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, which

lie some little way from the eastern shores of New Guinea. The

result of a comparison of the Butterflies of these islands with those

of the New-Guinea mainland shows that, so far as we can see at

present, no difference can be said to exist. In fact these islands are

(as far as their Butterflies are concerned) as essentially a portion of

New Guinea as the Aru Islands are known to be, if not more so.

Family NyMPHALID#.

Subfamily Danarnz.

Danals CITRINA.

Danais citrina, Feld. Voy. Nov. Lep. p. 350, t. 42. f. 5-7.

Danais gloriola, Butl. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 56.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

Agrees with specimens from the Aru Islands, whence both Dr.

Felder’s and Mr. Butler’s types were obtained.

644 MESSRS. GODMAN AND SALVIN ON [June 4,

Danals AFFINIS.

Papilio afinis, Fabr. Syst, Ent. p. 511.

Danais affinis, Blanch. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iv. p. 389 ; Atl. Lep.

to. fo.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

A widely-ranging species, found in the islands neighbouring New

Guinea and also North Australia, whence it was originally described.

EurL@a CALLITHOE.

Euplea callithoe, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Ent. p. 93; Kirsch, Mitth.

k. z. Mus. z. Dresden, i. p. 115.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

A single specimen agrees with one of Dr. Meyer’s examples

obtained in North-western New Guinea.

EvupLa@a IPHIANASSA ?

Euplea iphianassa, Butl. P.Z.S8. 1866, p. 287.

D’ Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

These specimens only agree approximately with Mr. Butler’s type,

which came from New Hebrides. The chief difference consists in

the absence in the male of the submarginal row of spots on the

underside of the secondaries.

EvrLa@a nox?

Euplea noz, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 278.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

An imperfect specimen, probably of this species, the type of which

was obtained in the Aru Islands.

EuPL@A EURIANASSA.

Euplea eurianassa, Hew. Ex. Butt., Hupl. i. f. 2.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

Described from a specimen taken on board ship, off the coast of

New Guinea.

EuPL@a TREITSCHKII?

Euplea treitschkii, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Kut. p. 98; Salv. & Godm.

P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 142.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

A single female specimen probably belongs to this species, though

it differs somewhat from our specimen from Duke-of-York Island as

regards the arrangement of the spots on the secondary wings. The

specimen is in poor condition.

HAMADRYAS ZOILUS.

Papilio zoilus, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 480.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

1878. ] BUTTERFLIES FROM NEW GUINEA. 645

Subfamily Saryrinz.

MYCALESIS MEDUS.

Papilio medus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 488.

Mainland of New Guinea.

A single tattered specimen seems to belong to this widely-ranging

species. The white cross bands of the underside are nearly

obsolete.

MYCALESIS DORYCUS.

Satyrus dorycus, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Ent. p. 152.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

Dr. Comrie’s specimens agree with Boisduval’s description in not

having any of the fulvous colour of the secondaries near the anal

angle of the primaries. In this respect they differ from Guérin’s

figure of his S. duponchelit (Voy. Coq. Zool. Atl. Ins. t. 17. f. 3).

The ocelli on both wings are small, and differ much in size from

those of the female figured by Hewitson (Ex. Butt. Myce. t. 2.

£5'7,°10),

Subfamily Moreuinz.

DRUSILLA CATOPS.

Drusilla catops, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 335, note; Trans. Ent.

Soe. ser. 2, iv. p. 181.

D’ Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

DRvsILLA MYOPS.

Drusilla myops, Feld. Wien. ent. Monatschr. iii. p. 109, t. 1.

£44

D’Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

These specimens agree fairly with Dr. Felder’s figure ; the white

spot on the primaries, however, is more elongated, and the basal

portion of the secondaries much paler.

Subfamily NyMPHALINa.

CETHOSIA CHRYSIPPE.

Papilio chrysippe, Fab. Syst. Fnt. p. 502; Donov. Ins. N. Holl.

24.

D’ Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

Agrees with North-Australian and New-Guinea specimens.

RHINOPALPA AMELIA,

Vanessa amelia, Guér. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 278, t. 14 bis. f. 1.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands and mainland of New Guinea.

Agrees closely with Guérin’s figure. We much doubt whether

R. algina, Boisd., is really distinct. The figure of the latter in the

* Voyage au Pole Sud’ does not seem to be very accurately drawn.

646 MESSRS. GODMAN AND SALVIN ON | June 4,

CYNTHIA ARSINOE.

Papilio arsinoe, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 160. f. A, B.

Mainland of New Guinea.

A single female specimen.

JUNONIA IPHITA.

Papilio iphita, Cr. Pap. Ex. t. 209. f. C, D.

Mainland of New Guinea.

JUNONIA VELLIDA.

Papilo vellida, Fab. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 35; Donoy. Ins. N. Holl.

6.925) £3:

Mainland of New Guinea.

DoLEsCHALLIA CoMRII, n.sp. (Plate XL. figs. 1, 2.)

Q@. Expanse 4 inches. Outer third of both wings dark blackish

brown, basal portion reddish brown; a subtriangular large white

patch on primaries beyond the cell, its base on the costa, its apex

nearly reaching the inner margin; a black spot at the end of the

cell; between the white patch and the apex are four white spots,

placed transversely in an irregular line, and below them, on either

side of the lower radial, two irregular bluish spots. Beneath reddish

brown ; a straight band crosses the secondaries near the middle and

passes into the primaries, on the inner side margined with white ; and

outside it (running parallel) is a dark brown band ; the white spots

show as on the upperside of the primaries; and on the secondaries

are two ocelli—one between the first and second median branches,

the other between the middle and upper radials.

Mainland of New Guinea (Dr. Comrie).

The sexes in the members of this genus do not differ to a great

extent; so that we may expect the male of this species to be some-

what similar to the female specimen now described. There is no

described member of the genus which the present species is at all

like. This, we trust, will be sufficiently apparent from the figure

on the Plate accompanying this paper. ‘There is only a single spe-

cimen in Dr. Comrie’s collection.

CYRESTES ACILIA.

Nymphalis acilia, Godt. Eneye. Méth. ix. p. 478.

Mainland of New Guinea.

Agrees with other New-Guinea specimens, and with others from

Waigiou.

ATHYMA VENILIA.

Papilio venilia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 780.

Mainland of New Guinea.

Agrees with Amboina and New-Guinea specimens.

1878. ] BUTTERFLIES FROM NEW GUINEA. 647

ATHYMA LACTARIA.

Athyma lactaria, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3, xvii. p. 98.

Mainland of New Guinea.

Agrees with the specimens in the British Museum.

DIADEMA NERINA.

Papilio nerina, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 509; Donov. Ins. N. Holl.

t. 27. f. 1.

D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

A female specimen, agreeing with others from Australia.

DIADEMA ALIMENA.

Papilio alimena, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 780.

D’ Entrecasteaux Islands.

Agrees with Amboina specimens.

Family PAPILIONIDS.

Subfamily Prerinz.

TERIAS HECABE.

Papilio hecabe, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 763.

Mainland of New Guinea.

Subfamily PariLionIn&.

ORNITHOPTERA POSEIDON.

Papilio poseidon, Doubl. Ann. & Mag. N. H. xix. p. 173; Wall.

Trans. L. 8. xxv. p. 35.

Possession Bay and D’Entrecasteaux Islands.

Dr. Comrie obtained a number of specimens of Ornithoptera

(mostly females) in these two localities. Unfortunately most of

them are in broken condition ; but enough remains to show an in-

teresting range of variation in the females—enough, indeed, still

further to discredit the many species of the O.-priamus group that

have been attempted to be set up at various times.

Some of the females from Possession Bay have the primaries

spotless brown; others show a trace of the light-coloured spot near

the end of the cell. The specimens from D’Entrecasteaux Islands

are strongly marked, indeed as much so as female examples of

O. arruana.

Unfortunately, Dr. Comrie’s collection contains only one male

(from Possession Bay) in a condition to compare with examples from

other localities. This seems to agree closely with typical specimens

of O. arruana, the apical angle of the secondaries being perhaps

rather less acute; but the difference is very slight. Comparing this

with Montrouzier’s description of his O. boisduvalii, from Woodlark

Island (no great distance from Dr. Comrie’s locality), we find it

agree in every respect.

So far, then, as we can see, these specimens tend to confirm the

648 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON A NEW PHYLLOPTERA. [June 4,

accuracy of Mr. Wallace’s views on these Ornithopteree, expressed

in his paper on the Papilionida of the Malayan region.

PAPILio ERECHTHEUS.

Papilio erechtheus, Donov. Ins. N. Holl. t. xiv., xv.

Mainland of New Guinea.

A female, agreeing with specimens from Moreton Bay, Australia.

PAPILIO EUCHENOR.

Papilio euchenor, Guér. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 273, t. 13. f. 3.

Mainland of New Guinea.

PaPILio POLYDORUS.

Papilio polydorus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 746; Wall. Trans. | FR

xxv. p. 42.

Mainland of New Guinea.

These specimens have a light spot on the primaries; and the

secondaries are more elongated than in P. leodamas, Wall., the

species we should have expected to find here. They do not differ

from the ordinary type of P. polydorus.

4. Description of a new Species of the Orthopterous Genus

Phylloptera from Madagascar. By Artuur G. Butter,

F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.

[Received May 23, 1878.]

The genus Phylloptera is one of the numerous interesting groups

amongst the Orthoptera which exhibit a striking resemblance to

leaves, some of them being imitated in a green condition, and others

when faded.

The species now before me is an admirable example of this

adaptation to surrounding conditions, the tegmina being quite like

sear and yellow leaves in which the brown patches of decay have

begun to appear.

PHYLLOPTERA SEGONOIDES, 0. sp.

Tegmina of the normal elliptical form; horn yellow, with the

veins and borders more or less tinted with burnt sienna; the whole

of the areoles, excepting those along the anterior border, with central

irregular dull greyish-brown spots or patches ; under surface paler,

with greenish borders; wings hyaline-white, veins yellowish, the

normal black-dotted horn-yellow cuneiform patch bounded by an

oblique brown line at the very acuminate apex ; frons testaceous ;

eyes (in the dead example) chocolate-brown ; antennze black, with

testaceous scape; back of head sordid whitish, with two divergent

grey lines from behind the antenne; pronotum black, whitish in

front, with the sides, posterior third, and a V-shaped central

1878. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON A NEW PHYLLOPTERA. 649

marking pale castaneous; meso- and metathorax glassy greyish,

with two or three opaque whitish spots; abdomen sordid testaceous,

sides of the venter whitish ; pectus and posterior coxze whitish ;

anterior femora with the upper or iaterior surface castaneous at the

proximal end, otherwise greyish, spotted with cream-colour, with

two small tuberculose castaneous dots and a short longitudinal black

dash, three black denticles along the supero-interior inargin, inferior

or exterior surface deeply grooved, paler, the distal half sordid

whitish, with an irregular longitudinal brown dash; tibize with the

proximal half whitish, expanded, compressed, and marked on each

side by two deep pyriform impressed spots, distal half cylindrical,

castaneous in the centre and black at the extremities, interior

margin with three fine spinules; tarsi black, the terminal joint

PEs

Lk SN

mis

WRN =

Phylloptera segonoides.

castaneous, with black claws: middle pair of legs longer than the

anterior pair, the tibiz yellowish, banded with black across the

centre and at each end, without the impressed markings of the

anterior pair: posterior legs with the femora compressed, tawny,

with an external longitudinal blackish lateral streak, inferior margin

deeply grooved, its exterior edge with four short black denticles;

tibiz above flattened, slaty grey, with the distal end and a lateral

series of triangular spots cream-coloured, twelve black denticles

along the inner and eight along the outer margin, otherwise casta-

neous, subcylindrical, with about eleven delicate little spmules along

the inferior margin ; tarsi as in the other legs. Length of the body

23 millims., of the tegmina 91 millims., of the wings 96 millims.

This species much resembles the New-World genus Segona, but

differs markedly in the structure of the anterior pair of legs.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XLII. 42

650 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [June 4

5. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the

Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’”—No. XI. On the

Steganopodes and Impennes. By P. L. Scuater, M.A.,

Ph.D., F.R.S, and Ossert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S.

[Received May 24, 1878.]

a. STEGANOPODES.

Of this order the collection contains 33 specimens belonging to 9

species, as follows :—

1. FREGATID.

1. Freeata aquiza (Linn.).

a, adult, }

6, young, j Ascension Island (March 1876).

c, young,

2. Freeata MINOR (Gmn.).

Attagen ariel, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 72.

133, male, Raine Island.

“Legs and feet black; bill grey; skin of throat red ; eyes red.

The skin of the throat is of a lighter red in the male than in the

female. The stomach contained remains of cuttlefish, Spirula, and

a fish.’—J. MW.

134, female,

135, young, female, Raine Island.

136, nestling, female,

“Feet red; eyes red. The biil and fect of the young birds are

of a white colour with a shade of blue; eyes black.

‘‘In the adult birds the male has the eyelids, feet, and eyes

black. The female has these parts red. This holds good in all our

specimens.” —J. M.

144, female, Raine Island.

482, male, Admiralty Island.

«Eyes black; flesh of throat red. Stomach contained fish. I

shot this bird from the pinnace while with several others. It was

hovering over a shoal of fish. A Noddy and Black-headed Terns,

and a Puffin or Petrel, larger than a Cape-Pigeon, were also fishing.”

—ZJ. M.

The series before us. so far as it goes, tends to show that this

smaller Frigate-bird may remain distinct from its larger brother,

although we are not aware of any other obvious point of difference

than that of size.

The specimens measure as follows :—

Wing. Bill from gape.

PEG ANG AGUIAG 7225 eA. ee ZOD 30

ad Rt Yes te sake Cee 4°5

ae Be wllesragreins 2% vis, Sel) 4-4

1878.] COLLECTED BY THE ‘CHALLENGER.’ 651

Wing. Bill from gape.

Fregata minor 3,133.... ... 20°53 3°9

» sei ID 5 ES elo tialie 9205 4:0

» at, Py tees 20°5 4:0

99 Fa LO aeeO 2 oieo isa -F 20°5 4:0

The bill of F. minor is also narrower at the base, and more feeble.

2. PHAETHONTID.

3. PHaiTHon #THEREUs, Linn.

a, Ascension Island (1876, March).

143, female (young), Raine Island.

“Eyes black, legs white, claws black, bill dark brown colour.

The only one seen on the island.”—/J. M.

4. Paatraon riavrrostris, Brandt.

ZL ae } Ascension (March 1876).

e, female, Tongatabou.

507, female, at sea, 19th March, 1875.

“Eyes black, legs lake-white. The claws and membrane between

the toes quite black. Bill pale yellow. Came on board the ship on

the morning of the 19th March, 1875, before daylight. The bill of

a cuttlefish was in the stomach.”—J. M.

} Fernando Noronha (Sept. 1873).

3. PELECANID.

5. SuLA LeucoGastra (Bodd.).

Pelecanus sula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 218.

Le Fou de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 973, undé

Pelecanus leucogaster, Bodd. Tabl. de Pl. Enl. p. 57.

Sula leucogastra, Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p- 496.

141, male, Raine Island.

“ Hyes grey ; feet light green ; bill bluish towards the base, white

at the tip.’”—J. M.

510, female, at sea.

“Eyes white or light grey. Stomach had cuttlefish; feet yellow

with green tinge; bill flesh-colour, cere greenish. Came on board

the ship on the evening of the 6th April, 1875.”—J. M.

a, female. Ascension (March 1876).

4 } St. Paul’s rocks, Atlantic (August 1873).

6. Suxa PiscaTor (Linn.).

Pelecanus piscator, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 217.

Dysporus piscator, Finsch et Hart!. Orn. Centr.-Polyn. p. 255.

123, female, off Cape York, at sea.

“« Eyes brown ; bill and throat light blue-reddish towards the base,

42*

652 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON BIRDS [June 4,

and the tips of both mandibles brown ; feet coral-red. The stomach

contained cuttlefish about 33 and 4 inches long, allied to Gonatus

ameenus, and the caudal portion of a fish. There were a great many

lice on this bird (preserved in a tube).”—J. M.

139, female, Raine Island.

«Byes hazel; feet red; bill light blue, red towards the base.

Stomach contained fish and cuttlefish.’—J. M.

7. SuLA CYANops, Sund.

Sula cyanops, Sund. Phys. Sallsk. Tidsekr, 1837, p. 218.

Dysporus cyanops, Finsch et Hartl. Orn. Centr.-Pol. p. 252.

137 and 138, females, Raine Island.

«Byes yellow, skin of the throat black, legs and feet slate-colour.

Stomach contained fish and cuttlefish.’—J. M.

8. PHALACROCORAX IMPERIALIS.

Phalacrocorax imperialis, King, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 20.

Phalacrocoraz carunculatus, Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 500.

637, male, Core Harbour, Messier Channel.

*« Byes brown. Stomach had shells.’—J. M.

This Cormorant appears to be different from the P. carunculatus

of New Zealand, with which we have hitherto united it, having a

broad white patch on the middle of the back in the adult plumage,

no crest, and the white extending further over the cheeks. Both

species have the white bar on the upper wing-coverts.

The species of the Falkland Islands which has hitherto been called

Ph. carunculatus (Sel. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 391; Abbott, ‘Ibis,’ 1861,

p- 166) is again different, having a recurved crest and the caruncles

on the front largely developed. It should probably stand as P. al-

biventris, Lesson’s Carbo albiventer (Trait. d’Orn. p. 604) being

apparently based upon the young of this species.

9. PHALACROCORAX VERRUCOSUS.

Haheus (Hypoleucus) verrucosus, Cab. Journ. f. O. 1875, p. 450.

Halieus verrucosus, Cab. et Reich. Journ. f. O. 1876, p. 359,

tab. 1.

Phalacrocorax verrucosus, Sharpe, Zool. of Kerguelen, p. 49.

a, male, )

6, male,

] ae oung), Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Land, January 1874.

e, female,

J, sex ind.,

The series of this Shag is quite sufficient to warrant us in adhering

to the species as distinct. The principal characters are clearly pointed

out by Dr. Cabanis in his original description ; and a good figure is

given of the adult male under the second reference given above. Not

one of the six specimens, of which a, 6, and, apparently, / are adult,

shows any traces of the white line along the upper wing-coverts

1878. ] COLLECTED BY THE ‘CHALLENGER.’ 653

or of the white spot in the middle of the back which distinguish

P. imperialis. The female, d, is in young plumage.

6. IMPENNES.

Of Penguins the collection contains 37 specimens, belonging to 6

species.

1. APTENODYTES LONGIROSTRIS.

Apterodyta longirostris, Scop. Del. Faun. et Flor. Ins. ii. p- 91.

Aptenodytes longirostris, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1872, p- 193;

Sharpe, Zool. Kerg. p. 52.

a, Kerguelen Land.

6, Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen.

ec, Marion Island.

Zoe, female, |) pik lands.

735, male,

“Eyes brown; the stomach of the female had the remains of

cuttlefish, there being many beaks of these and also a weed-like sub-

stance. Female weighed 20 Ib. ; skin of male weighed 10 lb.”—

J. M.

2. PYGoscELEs THNIATUS.

Aptenodytes papua, Forst. Nov. Comm. Gott. iii. p. 140, tab. iii.

Aptenodytes teniata, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 264 (1848).

Pygosceles wagleri, Scl. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 390.

Pygosceles teniata, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1872, p- 195; Sharpe,

Zool. Kerg. p. 54.

a, \

* Kerguelen Land.

3. SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS.

Diomeda demersa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 214.

Spheniscus demersus, Temm. Tabl. Méth. p. 107 (1836).

a, |

“4 ads of Good Hope.

ad; )

4, SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS.

Aptenodytes magellanicus, Forst. Nov. Comm. Gott. iii. p. 143,

tab. v.

Spheniscus magellanicus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 382.

Spheniscus demersus, var. magellanicus, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1872,

p- 209.

689, male, Port Churrucha.

654 ON BIRDS COLLECTED BY THE ‘CHALLENGER. | June 4,

“<The only one seen. Eyes hazel; the stomach had many por-

tions of fish, some of considerable size ; upper part of the feet white,

bill black or slate-coloured.”—J. M

741, female, Falklands.

«Eyes brown; stomach had fish.” —J. M.

In our opinion this species is quite distinct from S. demersus of

the Cape, having a double band on the chest, as is well represented

in Forster’s figure.

5. EupYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS.

Aptenodytes chrysocome, Forst. N. Comm. Gott. ili. p. 135.

Catarractes chrysolophus, Brandt, Bull. Ac. Pét. i. p. 315.

Eudyptes chrysolophus, Scl. Ibis, 1860, pp. 338, 432, et P. Z.S.

1860, p. 390; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163; Sharpe, Zool. Kerg. p. 57.

Eudyptes diadematus, Gould, P. Z.S. 1869, p. 419.

a—c, males,

d, temale, | Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen.

e, pale var.,

On comparison of the Kerguelen specimen with others from the

Falklands we find no reason for considering them otherwise than of the

same species. There is, however, less appearance of the white upper

tail-coverts in the Falklands specimens. Why Mr. Sharpe should

have supposed that Z. chrysolophus (Sclater et Abbott) of the Falk-

lands was his 2. saltator we cannot understand.

Forster evidently had both the ‘‘ Rock-hopper”’ and ‘* Macaroni”

Penguins under his eyes when he described his Apt. chrysocome’.

Brandt first clearly separated the two species, which are quite dis-

tiret and easily recognized by the character which Brandt gives.

The type specimen of EH. diadematus, Gould, for which we have

made every inquiry, is unfortunately no longer to be found. Mr.

Gould has parted with it, he knows not whither. It was probably

only an individual variety cf this species.

§. EupyPTES CHRYSOCOME.

Aptenodytes chrysocome, Forst. N. Comm. Gott. iil. p. 135 (partim).

Catarractes chrysocome, Brandt, Bull. Ac. Pét. ii. p. 314.

Eudyptes chrysocome, Scl. P.Z.8. 1860, p. 390.

Eudyptes nigrivestris, Gould, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 418.

Eudyptes saltator, Sharpe, Zool. Kerg. p. 60.

a—e, Inaccessible Island.

J, male, | ee

ye } Kerguelen.

4, m, males, } Falklands.

n, young,

On comparison of the series from these three localities we cannot

satisfactorily recognize more than one species of ‘‘ Rock-hopper.”

The bird trom Inaccessible Island has the elongated supereiliary .

) He deseribes {le erest “in aliis indiyiduis in fronte unita, in aliis divisa ”

(7.s.c. p. 137).

1878.) MR. P. L. SCLATER ON FELIS LANEA. 655

plumes more produced ; those of the Falklands and Kerguelen have

them rather shorter.

As regards the Australian and New-Zealand bird (2. pachyrhyn-

chus of Gray), to which Mr. Sharpe proposes to restrict the name

chrysocome ot Forster, we likewise doubt its distinctness. The only

differential characters given by Mr. Sharpe consist in the relative

lengths of the black and yellow feathers of the superciliary tufts. At

the same time we should like to examine a series of this form before

pronouncing a decided opinion on the point.

June 18th, 1878.

Arthur Grote, Esq., F.Z.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Extracts were read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by Mr.

E. L. Layard, F.Z.S8., dated British Consulate, Noumea, March

30th, 1878.

Mr. Layard pointed out that Mr. Gould’s Glycyphila fasciata

(Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 499; B. Austr. iv. tab. 30) was quite a dif-

ferent bird from G. fasciata (Forster) of New Caledonia, the latter

being nearly half as large again. Mr. Layard proposed to change

the name of the Australian species to G. gouldi.

Mr. Layard also sent the subjoined note on Petreca kleinschmidti

of Finsch :—

*‘Dr. Finsch has described as new, under the name of Petroica

kleinschmidti, the little Petroica of Fiji (P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 643). I

wish to point out that this species will not stand, and that the Fijian

species is not separable from the Samoan P. pusilla, Peale. Ur.

Finsch says, ‘it differs from P. pusilla, Peale, from the Navigators, in

lacking the white front and the large white mark on the wing-coverts.’

Dr. Finsch’s description is evidently taken from a female; and she

lacks the white marks, which, however, are very visible in the male.

““T have before me two pairs of Fijian birds (¢ and 9), and

three males from Samoa, Unfortunately one of these, from Mr.

Whitmee, is unsexed ; the other two are of my own killing: one is

a young male, and I have no doubt Mr. Whitmee’s bird is also

a male; none are in very good plumage, whereas my Fiian birds

are in splendid order.

“* Now, I can affirm that the males are not to be distinguished

one from the other, except that the Fijians are in brighter plumage ;

so that P. kleinschmidti must sink into a synonym of P. pusilla, with

Peale’s description of which (U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 165) it entirely

agrees.”

Mr. Sclater called the attention of the members present to the

unique specimen of his Felis lanea (P. Z. S. 1877, p. 532), still

living in the Society’s menagerie, and read the subjoined extract

from a letter of Mr. E. L. Layard, F.Z.S., relating to this animal :—

** Tt will interest you to know that there is a second specimen of

656 MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. [June 18,

your Felis lanea in the South-African museum, sent from the same

place (the Beaufort-West Karras) by the late Arthur V. Jackson,

who killed it himself. Unfortunately I received the skin in very

bad condition. The ground-colour is much paler than in your plate,

almost white.

“Jackson and I thought it an albinism (or rather erythrism)

of F. jubata (see Catalogue of S. A. Museum, p. 38, No. 82, Gue-

parda jubata, specimen 6). At p. 39 of the same Catalogue, I

remark that we have had notices of a second species of Maned Leo-

pard, with solid spots and with retractile claws, from Natal. The

claws of your animal are not shown in Smit’s plate. What is

their structure ?”’

On this last point Mr. Sclater stated that, so far as could be told

from examination of the living animals, the claws of Felis lanea

resembled those of Felis jubata, being observable when the feet

were at rest, and being but slightly extensile.

The existence of a second specimen of the animal in the South-

African Museum (of which Mr. R. Trimen had also informed Mr.

Sclater) was a fact of great interest.

Mr. Sclater read some Supplementary Notes on the Curassows

(Cracidze), mainly based on specimens which had been received by

the Society alive since Mr. Sclater’s previous memoir on this subject

had been read five years ago.

This paper will be published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. On the Squirrels of the Neotropical Region.

By Epwarp R. Atston, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

[Received June 3, 1878. ]

(Plate XLI.)

No better example of a polymorphic genus can be found than the

almost cosmopolitan Sciurus. Even our commen European Squirrel

assumes such phases of coloration in the north, in the east, and

among the Alps that the extremes would undoubtedly be considered

perfectly distinct species if the intermediate links were not known.

The same variability is found to a still greater extent in many of

the Oriental species; while the polymorphism of some of the North-

American forms was pointed out by Professor Baird more than

twenty years ago.’

It is only lately that similar critical attention has been given

to the Squirrels of the Neotropical Region. Ofthese no fewer than

Jjifty-nine nominal species have been described by various writers.

The late Dr. Gray, in 1867, published a ‘‘ Synopsis of the Species

? Mamm. North Amer. pp. 244, 245.

1878.] MR. E. R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. 657

of American Squirrels in the Collection of the British Museum”’’,

in which he recognized twenty-nine Neotropical species as being

represented in the national cabinet, nineteen of them being described

as new. Last year appeared Messrs. Coues and Allen’s exhaustive

volume of ‘ Monographs of North-American Rodentia’ *, in which

the Squirrels are discussed by the last-named zoologist, who includes

the South-American species in his scope. Having had access to

considerably larger series of specimens than were available to most

previous writers, Mr. Allen was led to reduce the number of valid

species of Neotropical Squirrels to ten, with two “ subspecies,”

namely :—

Sciurus carolinensis. Sciurus leucops.

, var. yucatanensis. e@stuans.

colliei. -—— » var. rufo-niger.

aureigaster. tephrogaster.

——- boothie. gerrardi.

—— hypopyrrhus. —— variabilis.

He further remarked that he thought that “on the whole the

number of species will, by future investigations, be further reduced

rather than increased,” and that he had erred in recognizing too

many species rather than tou few.

No one who is acquainted with Mr. J. A. Allen’s recent memoirs

on the geographical variation of species, needs to be reminded of

his breadth of view and extreme carefulness in comparison; and in

the present monograph these qualities are as conspicuous as ever.

In it Mr. Allen has done a great service in reducing the complicated

synonymy of the South-American Squirrels to some order ; and if

some of his identifications prove to be erroneous, the fault lies in

the often totally insufficient or even misleading descriptions of

some previous writers.

Within the last year I have been able to examine in the British

Museum and the Museums of Berlin and Paris, the types of no less

than forty-one nominal species of Neotropical Sciuri. In these

collections I have also been able to compare much more extensive

series of specimens than even Mr. Allen had access to; and, through

his kindness, I have examined typical examples of the species re-

eognized by him. This study has led me to accept many of Mr.

Allen’s identifications (some of which are sufficiently startling at

first sight), and in some instances to carry the reduction of species

still further ; but it has also enabled me to correct a few errors in

his synonymy, and to point out a few apparently valid species

with which he was not acquainted.

Particularly rich in this group are the Paris and British Mu-

seums; and the study of their long suites of specimens leads one

irresistibly to conclusions which must appear strange to those who

only know the extreme links of the chain. Among other things they

1 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. pp. 415-434.

> Rep, U.S. Geol. Suryey of Territories, vol. xi.

658 MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. [June 18,

have convinced me that Mr. Allen has laid too much stress on the

comparative size of the ears, and length and bushiness of the tail, as

distinctive characters. In both these points, as well as in the quality

of the pelage, every intermediate stage is often to be found; and I

have therefore been obliged to unite Mr. Allen’s S. awreigaster

and S. leucops, his S. boothie and S. hypopyrrhus, and his 8.

gerrardi and S. variabilis. On the other hand, I have felt obliged

to recognize, at least provisionally, the specific rank of 8. stramineus,

S'. griseogenys, S. rufo-niger, and S. pusil/us, and more doubtfully

that of S. griseoflavus,—thus raising the number of species from

ten to twelve.

In facing the intricate and often baffling problem of distinguish-

ing between ‘species’ and “ varieties”’ in such a protean group, I

have endeavoured to act in harmony with Mr. Darwin’s directions :

“When a naturalist can unite by means of intermediate links any

two forms, he treats the one as a variety of the other’, It must

be remembered that many of these “ varieties” apparently breed

true and prevail in certain parts of the range; but all that are here

brought together are united by such intergradations that a sufhi-

cient series at once convinces one of their identity. It is evident,

however, that still more complete material will be required before

every point can be regarded as definitely settled.

Before proceeding to remark on the various species*, I must

return my warmest thanks to all who have assisted me in this in-

vestigation, especially to Mr. J. A. Allen, Professor A. Milne-

Edwards, Dr. Peters, and Dr. Giinther.

I. Scturus CAROLINENSIS.

Sciurus carolinensis, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 148 (1788,

ex Pennant); Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent, p. 700.

Length of head and body averaging 10 inches ; of tail-vertebree

about 8 inches,

Upper parts grey or brownish grey, the middle of the back

brownish, a rufous lateral stripe usually present ; lower parts white.

Tail moderate, washed with white, the hairs yellowish brown or

whitish, with narrow black rings, broader black subterminal bands

and white tips.

Hab. Southern Canada; Eastern United States; Mexico; Yu-

catan ; Guatemala (7).

Concerning this well-known Nearctic form I can add almost

nothing to Mr. Allen’s exhaustive account. He distinguishes three

geographical races or varieties, of which two, his “ var. caro-

linensis”’ and “var. yucatanensis,” are found within the Neotropi-

eal limits. The former, smaller and browner than the northern

leucotis race, is apparently the S. carolinensis which M. de Saus-

sure records from Mexico * and Mr. Tomes from Guatemala’; and

Origin of Species, 6th ed. p. 36.

° The species of which I have been able to examine the types or typical

species are distinguished in the following pages by an asterisk.

3 Rey. et: Mag. de Zool. 1861, p. 4. * Proce. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 282.

1878.] MR.E.R ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. 659

there are specimens from Nuevo Leon in the National Museum at

Washington. Mr, Allen’s “var. yucatanensis”’ is based on speci-

mens collected at Merida, which agree in their pale coloration, the

absence of rufous on their flanks, their small size, and the compara-

tive coarseness of their pelage. He considers that this form is

‘possibly specifically distinct,’? but remarks that the Nuevo-Leon

examples are fairly intermediate; and, judging from the single

typical example which Mr. Allen kindly lent me, I think he was

wise in refusing it specific rank, at least for the present.

Of the geographical variations presented by the Grey Squirrel

throughout its very extensive range, Mr. Allen observes they consist

“mainly in decrease in size southward, and an increase in in-

tensity of coloration, the whitish tips of the hairs of the dorsal

surface seen in northern specimens being replaced by yellowish-

brown in the southern ones, except in the case of var. yucata-

nensis.” The decrease in size as we go southwards is of course

strongly in favour of the distinctness of the next species.

II. Scrurvus ARIZONENSIS.

*Sciurus arizonensis, Coues, Amer. Nat. i. p. 357 (1867).

(Sciurus colliei, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent, p. 7388, nec

Richardson.)

Length about 12°50, of tail-vertebree 11 inches. Upper parts

grey, more or less mixed with yellowish-brown, especially along

the middle of the back; lower parts pure white. Tail long, very

bushy, strongly washed with white, the hairs tawny or fulvous with

two narrow and one broader black band, succeeded by a long white

tip.

PTab. Arizona; California; Mexico.

Misled by imperfect descriptions and a bad figure of Richardson’s

type, Mr. Allen has referred the Arizona Squirrel of Dr. Coues to

Richardson’s 8S. co/liei. He has since kindly intrusted me with a

typical example of S. arizon-nsis ;.and I find that it is quite distinct

from S. colliei (which is Mr. Allen’s S. doothie), being much more

nearly allied to S. carolinensis, from which, however, both Dr. Coues

and Mr. Allen consider that it is ‘thoroughly distinct.” The

superior size, coloration of the long heavy tail, and absence of a lateral

line appear to be constant, but in some specimens in the Paris and

British Museums the grey of the upper flanks is not so clear from

rufous as in the examples described by Mr. Allen. The example

mentioned by that gentleman as having “the lower surface consi-

derably varied with irregular patches and streaks of pale yellowish

rufous’ gives support to the opinion that furthur material will

render it necessary to unite the next species with the present. If

so, Dr. Coues’s name must be retained, as it has priority over Gray’s

title.

660 MR. £E.R.ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. [June 18,

III. Scrurus GRISEOFLAVUS.

*Macrozus griseoflavus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd series,

xx. p. 427 (1867).

(Sciurus leucops, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent, p. 753, nec

Gray.)

Length (in skin) about 13°50 inches, of tail-vertebrze 10°25 inches.

Upper parts nearly uniform yellowish grey, the narrow black rings

and minute whitish tips of the hairs merely obscuring the general

tint produced by their broad pale-brown median bands ; lower parts

yellowish red, the hairs in one specimen obscurely ringed with black.

Tail bushy, strongly washed with white; the hairs yellowish or pale

brown, with two or three narrow and one broader black band suc-

ceeded by a long white tip.

Hab. Mexico (?) ; Guatemala.

Mr. Allen considers Gray’s M. griseoflavus to be specifically

identical with his M. leucops (op. cit. p. 753); and the original

diagnosis certainly seems to give countenance to such a view. The

typical specimens (five in number), however, are very different, and

in my opinion are closely allied to the last species, of which I

suspect it will eventually prove to be a southern race. More speci-

mens, however, are required before they can be united; and provi-

sionally I therefore accept S. griseoflavus as a distinct species.

It” appears probable that this is Mr. Tomes’s S. ludovicianus

from Guatemala’; and a Mexican specimen in the Copenhagen

Museum, labelled “ Se. afinis, an sp. nov.? Reinh.,” does not

appear to be separable.

IV. Scrurvus VARIEGATUS.

Sciurus variegatus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 421 (1777, ex

Hernandez).

*Sciurus aureogaster, F. Cuvier, Hist. des Mamm. iii., livr. lix.

(1829).

( Sciurus leucogaster, F. Cuvier, Suppl. de Buff. i. Mamm. p. 300

1831).

Sciurus albipes, Wagner, Abh. Bayer. Ak. ii. p. 101 (1837).

Sciurus ferruginiventris, Audubon & Bachman, P. Ac. Philad.

1841, p. 101.

Seiurus varius, Wagner, Suppl. Schreber Siugeth. iii. p. 168

(1843).

Sciurus socialis, Wagner, tom. cit. p. 170.

* Macroxus morio, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd series, xx.

p- 424 (1867, nec Wagner).

* Macroxus maurus, Gray, tom. cit. p. 425.

* Macroxus leucops, Gray, tom. cit. p. 427.

(Sciurus aureigaster et S. leucops, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.

pp. 750, 753.)

Hab. Southern Mexico; Guatemala?

Average length about 10°50 inches, of tail-vertebrae 8°75 inches.

' Proc, Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 281.

1878.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. 661

Upper parts grey or reddish grey, the hairs black, tipped or

ringed and tipped with white or red. Pelage somewhat soft, with

a good deal of under-fur; lower parts deep red, orange, or white.

Tail black, washed with white, the hairs usually rufous at their base,

with black rings and white tips.

Under this nameI feel myself obliged to bring together two Mexican

Squirrels of which typical specimens are very different in appearance.

Mr. Allen has kept them separate under the names of S. aureigaster

and S. leucops, remarking that the difference in coloration leaves

little doubt of their distinctness, but adding that “more abundant

material may show that they are not specifically separable ”’ (op. cit.

p. 755). The colour-variation is not nearly so great as we shall find

it to be in the next species ; and after a careful examination of a great

number of specimens, especially of the fine series in the Paris Museum,

[ have been unable to find a single distinctive character which is

constant.

Typical specimens of the two forms may be thus described :—

1. The aureogaster type. Upper parts dark grey, the hairs

black, finely tipped with white. Lower parts deep red, which

is usually more or less washed over the grey on the shoulders and

flanks.

2. The /eucops type. Upper parts lighter grey, with a peculiar

golden lustre, the hairs being finely ringed with bright rufous and

tipped with i oe nape and rump more strongly rufous. Lower

parts bright red, orange, or white.

Many specimens, however, which have the general appearance of

aureogaster show the rufous subterminal ring of Jeucops on some

part of the dorsal surface ; and in others we find the red nape and

rump-patches gradually appearing. I am therefore compelled to

return to the view long ago expressed by Isidore Geoffroy ', and to

regard them as varieties of the same species.

With regard to distribution, all the specimens which I have seen

with authenticated localities are from Mexico ; but Mr. Allen mentions

one from Guatemala in the Washington Museum. Specimens in

the British Museum are labelled as being from Columbia; but

there can be little doubt that this is an error. S. aureogaster is stated

by Prof. Sumichrast (as quoted by Mr. Allen) to be ‘‘ the common

species of Sczurus of the tierra caliente of the east coast” of

Mexico; and both forms are found in the States of Oaxaca and Te-

huantepec.

Turning to the question of synonymy, I must briefly explain why

I have retained Erxleben’s name for this species. Mr. Allen con-

siders it to apply rather to the next species, but rejects it altogether,

on the ground that it is based partly on Buffon’s ‘ Coquallin”

(S. niger, L.), and partly on the ‘‘ Coztiocotequallin ”’ of Hernandez.

It is, however, primarily founded on the latter, Buffon’s name being

only quoted as a synonym; and Erxleben’s diagnosis and description

appear to me to be quite characteristic of the leucops form of the

1 Voy. de la Vénus, Zool. pp. 156-163.

662 MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. [June 18,

present species’. By retaining this appropriate name, we are enabled

to escape from F, Cuvier’s barbarous term aureogaster, under which

this beautiful animal has laboured in so many works. S. albipes,

Wagner, afterwards re-named S. varius by its describer, is doubt-

fully referred to the next species by Mr. Allen; but the description,

especially the character of the hairs being ringed with red, black,

and white, appears to point certainly to identity with Gray’s S. lewcops.

Wagner’s S\. socialis also, founded on a single example, seems also to

be a synonym of the present species ; for the characters of coloration

by which he differentiates it from his S. varius are quite insufficient,

and the small size may, as Mr. Allen suggests, be due to the imma-

turity of the specimen described.

V. SCIURUS HYPCOPYRRHUS.

Sciurus hypopyrrhus, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 610.

*Sciurus nigrescens, Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1833, p. 41.

*Sciurus colliei, Richardson, Zool. Voy. ‘ Blossom,’ p. 8, pl. i.

(1839}.

*Sciurus variegatoides, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 117.

*Sciurus richardsoni, Gray, Aun. Nat. Hist. x. p. 265 (1842, nec

Bachman).

*Sciurus boothie, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 139 (1843).

*Sciurus griseocaudatus, Gray, Zool. Voy. ‘Sulphur,’ p. 34,

pl. xin. (1844).

*Sciurus fuscovariegatus, Schintz, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 17 (1845,

ex Gray).

* Macroxus adolphei, Lesson, Desc. de Mamm. &e. p. 141 (1847).

*Macroxus pyladei, Lesson, tom. cit. p. 142.

*Sciurus dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1848, p. 138, pl. vii.

*Sciurus rigidus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 652.

* Sciurus oculatus, Peters, tom. cit. p. 653.

*Sciurus intermedius, Verreaux, ap. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 421 (1867).

* Macroaus nicoyana, Gray, tom. cit. p. 423.

*Macroxus melania, Gray, tom. cit. p. 425.

(Sciurus boothie et S. hypopyrrius, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.

pp. 741, 746.)

Hab. Central America, from the Pacific coast of Mexico to the

{sthmus of Panama.

Average length about 11°75 inches, of tail-vertebrz 10 inches.

Pelage close-lying and rather glossy, with little underfur. Upper

parts dark brown or black, often broadly ringed with rufous or white.

Lower parts varying from deep red to creamy white, sometimes

ringed with black. ‘Tail black, generally washed with white, the

hair rufous, pale brown or whitish at their base, with one or two

black or brown rings and a white tip.

In uniting all the very variously marked Squirrelsthe names of which

1 * § corpore supra nigro, albo et fusco variegato. x « *« Magnitudo dupla

S. vulgaris. Auriculz imberbes. Corpus supra nigro, albo et fusco variegatum,

ventre flavescente. Cauda supra corpus reflexa.”

1878.] MR. E. R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. 663

ure given above, 1 have gone beyond Mr. Allen, who divides them

into two species under the titles of 8. hypopyrrhus and S. boothie.

The series of specimens to which he had access Jeft him strongly

impressed with their distinctness; but he adds that further material

may show that they intergrade. After a careful examination of the

large series contained in various Museums, and especially of that at

Paris, I am quite convinced that this is the case, and have even

grave doubts of the propriety of keeping them distinct from the last

species. But as I have uot yet found specimens strictly intermediate

between S. varieyatus and S. hypopyrrhus in the character of the

pelage and the aunulation of the fur, it seems best to keep them

distinct.

The opinion has been expressed above that the differences in com-

parative length of tail and ears, on which Mr. Allen lays most weight

in separating S. boothie from S. hypopyrrhus, cannot be depended

ou; and I have been totally unable to detect any constant difference

in general stoutness of form or, breadth of muzzle. As to colour,

the intergradations of the different varieties are quite complete, so

that it is often difficult or impossible to say to which a given spe-

cimen is to be referred. Each variety, however, has its own type,

and seems to predominate in its own immediate locality. The five

principal phases known to me may be thus arranged :—

1. The hypopyrrhus type. Upper parts dark-grey, the hairs

black, ringed with white or pale fulvous. Lower parts either con-

colorous, with the upper or washed with rufous. To this variety

T agree with Mr. Allen in referring Bennett’s S. nigrescens ; and it

is to the same form that the description of Macroxus boothie

iu Gray’s memoir of 1867 refers, although the same author’s

Seiurus boothie of 1833 was founded on a young example of the

white-bellied colli#i phase. ‘Lhe rufous-beilied specimens lead us

directly into

2. ‘The rigidus type. Upper parts usually marbled with fulvous

and black, tue hairs being glossy brown or black with a median band

of yellowish brown. Lower parts bright rufous (rigidus), or varied

with rufous aud white, either symmetrically (intermedius) or asym-

metrically (xicoyanus). In many specimens, as observed by Mr.

Allen, there is a more or less marked tendency to the development

of a pale grizzled lateral stripe placed high on the tanks and con-

fining the dark dorsal area to a broad median band. From these we

have every gradation into the rufous phase of

3. The dorsalis type. Upper parts with the median dorsa! area

black, flanks and lower parts white, fulvous, or rufous. In many in-

dividuals the hairs of the black dorsal area will be found to have

concealed rings of white or fulvous; so that we have a further tran-

sition into

4. The colliai type. Upper parts much as in the rigidus form,

but usually less rutous ; lower parts white (colliei, adolphet) or pale

fulvous (variegatoides, griseocaudutus, pyladei, oculatus). Usu-

ally the dark coloration of the back is extended onto the shoulders,

hips, and limbs; but in others it is confined to the middle of

664 MR.E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. [June 18,

the back, as in the last phase, while the rufous-bellied phases lead

us directly back into the rigidus form.

5. The melania type. Upper and lower parts uniform glossy dark

brown, often with irregular patches of paler brown. This is a very

peculiar phase, and I have not yet seen any direct intergradation with

the other varieties; but uniformity of coloration is so abnormal

among the Squirrels, that it seems impossible to doubt that Mr. Allen

is right in regarding it as a melanism. The colour is exactly similar

to that of the white-bellied dorsalis varieties, in which alse the paler

apparently faded patches are sometimes seen. It appears to be much

rarer than any of the other forms described.

With regard to the synonymy, J may observe that I have been

able to examine the types of all the “species”’ here united, except-

ing that of S. hypopyrrhus, which, however, has been well described

by Wagler and Wagner; it appears to be a dark variety without

the usual wash of white on the tail. That of 8. nigrescens only

differs in having the fur of the lower parts ringed like that of the

back ; it agrees well with specimens in the Paris and Berlin Museums.

S. collizi and 8. adolphet are synonyms for the white-bellied form

above described, from which I am also unable to distinguish 8S.

richardsoni of Gray (not of Bachman), on which both S. doothie and

S. fuscovariegatus were founded. SS. variegatoides, S. griseocauda-

tus, S. pyladei, and S. oculatus are all intermediate links with more

or less fulvous lower parts, leading to the phase with a red or red

and white belly, on which the names S. intermedius, S. rigidus,

and Macrozus nicoyanus have been bestowed.

Of the geographical distribution of the various races we can only

judge from the comparatively few specimens of which the exact

localities have been noted. The hypopyrrhus phase appears to be

the most northern, the colligi to obtain principally along the Pacifie

slopes, and the dorsalis to be the most southern. Each, however,

appears to be found along with others im some part. Thus, I have

seen specimens of hypopyrrhus type from Mexico, Honduras, and

Guatemala, of rigidus from Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica,

of dorsalis from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Veragua, and Panama, and

of collizi from the west coast of Mexico and Guatemala, Nicaragua,

and Costa Rica. The only localities which I know for S. melania

are Nicaragua and Veragua.

VI. Scrurus STRAMINEUS.

Sciurus stramineus, Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. de ‘La Bonite,’

Zool. i. p. 37, Atlas, pl. ix. (1841),

* Sciurus nebouwii, Is. Geoffroy, Voy. de ‘ La Vénus,’ Zool. p. 163,

Atlas, pl. xii. (1855).

*Macrovus fraseri, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx.

p. 430 (1867).

(Sciurus hypopyrrhus, Allen, Mon, N.-Am. Rodent. p. 747.)

Hab. Ecuador; Peru.

Average length about 12°50 in., of tail-vertebree 12°50. Upper

parts nearly uniform grizzled grey, ramp and lower parts more or

1878.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. 665

less washed with rufous, the hairs blackish towards their base, with

long white fulvous or rufous ends ; feet blackish ; tail black, washed

with rufous and whitish; pelage very sparse and harsh, with almost

no under-fur.

This curious Squirrel, which appears to be the sole representative

of the genus in Western Peru, is rare in collections ; and though the

few specimens which have been sent to Europe differ little in colour,

they have received the above names. Mr. Allen referred three

specimens from Guayaquil to S. hypopyrrhus (tom. cit. p. 747) ; and

certainly some varieties of that species bear a strong general resem-

blance to the present. But so far as can be judged from the small

series in the Paris and British Museums, S. stvamineus seems to be

fairly entitled to specific recognition; and intermediate forms are

hardly likely to be found, as no similar Squirrel appears to be known

from any part of Columbia. It is only fair to Mr, Allen to add, that

Gray’s description of M. fraseri is so imperfect that it is not sur-

prising that the American zoologist should have doubtfully referred

it to S. tephrogaster (tom. cit. p. 763).

A remarkable peculiarity of this species is its tendency to the

development of irregular tufts of pure white hairs, rather longer than

the rest of the fur, and sometimes uniting in larger patches. These

asymmetrical markings are present in the majority of the individuals

examined.

A fine specimen of S. stramineus from Ecuador is now living in the

Society’s Gardens’.

VII. Scrurvs VARIABILIs.

*Sciurus variabilis, Is. Geoffroy, Mag. de Zool. 1832, pl. iv.

Sciurus langsdorfi, Brandt, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. 6° sér. iii. p.425,

1835).

; Sciurus igniventris, Natterer ap. Wagner, Wiegm. Arch. 1842,

360.

~ Sciurus pyrrhonotus, Natterer, loc. cit.

Sciurus tricolor, Poppig ap. Tschudi, Faun. Peruan. p. 156, pl. xi.

(1844-46).

Sciurus morio, Wagner, Abh. Bayer. Ak. v. p. 275 (1850, nec

Gray),

*Sciurus gerrardi, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 92, pl. xvi.

*Sciurus brunneo-niger, Castelnau ap. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 429 (1867).

*Sciurus fumigatus, Gray, tom. cit. p. 428 (1867).

(Sciurus gerrardi et S. variabilis, Allen, Mon. N.-Amer. Rodent.

pp- 766, 768.)

Hab. Panama; Venezuela; Columbia; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil;

Bolivia.

Average length about 12 inches, of tail-vertebrze 11 inches. Upper

parts red, either pure or more or less grizzled with black, lower parts

white, fulvous, or light rufous, sharply defined from the dorsal colour-

1 See above, p. 441.

Proc. Zoou. Sec.—1878, No. XLII. 43

666 MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL sQuirRELs. [June 18,

ing; tail black, washed with bright-red orange, often very bushy.

Pelage rather harsh and sparse, ears high and narrow.

Here, again, the greater amount of material at my disposal

compels me to go beyond Mr. Allen in the identification of nominal

species. Most of the above synonyms were brought together

by him. under the name of S. variabilis; but S. gerrardi and S.

brunnre - niger . sfeniger were kept separate under the former title. The principal

points on which he rested were the smaller size and shorter ears

of 8. gerrardi; but on examination of a sufficient series, I have

not been able to find any constancy in the proportions of the ears,

while the difference in size totally disappears, as is shown by the

following series of measurements—9°50, 9°75, 10°00, 10°25, 16°75,

11, 11°50, 11°75, 12°00, 12°75, 13°00. The smaller specimens

(S. variabilis, S. gerrardi, &c.) appear to prevail towards the north :

but this is not constant ; for a Santa-Martha example measures over 12

inches, while others from Brazil are under 10 in., although evidently

adult. Nor is it constantly connected with any of the numerous

varieties of coloration—rufous, grizzled, and melanistic specimens

occurring of all sizes.

The range of these variations of colour is not nearly so great as

in S. hypopyrrhus; and they seem to resolve themselves into three

primary groups, namely :—

1. The morio type. Upper and lower parts black, only slightly

ringed with rufous or fulvous, tail black, either entirely or slightly

washed with red. Of this melanistic form no two specimens agree

exactly in the proportion of red ; and every step is present leading

into

2. The variabilis type. Upper parts red, more or less varied with

black—but the rufous tint prevailing, especially on the flanks ; lower

parts pure white, fulvous, or pale rufous; tail (either narrow or bushy)

black, strongly washed with bright rufous or orange. Here we have

an endless series of minor variations, from the very brilliant black

and red specimens sent from the Rio Napo to the British Museum,

and the bright rufous Columbian form, through more and more

greyish red specimens, till we find ourselves in

3. The langsdorffi type. Upper parts reddish or yellowish griz-

zled, the hairs being pretty uniformly ringed with black and red or

black and yellow ; lower parts and tail as in the last.

Each of these styles appears to prevail in certain localities: thus

the melanistic form has been found on the Upper Amazous by Mr.

Bates and by Castelnau and Deville, the rufous type on the Rio

Negro and Rio Madeira by Natterer, and the grizzled in North-

western Brazil by Spix. But there seems to be no regularity in their

distribution ; and I have seen both grizzled and red specimens from

Panama, Venezuela, Columbia, and North-eastern Peru.

The oldest name, and therefore the one here adopted, is S. varia-

bilis, given in 1832 by Isidore Geoffroy to small red specimens from

Columbia, and strictly synonymous with Gray’s S. gerrardi; while

S. igniventris and S. pyrrhonotus were MS. names of Natterer’s,

applied by Wagner to other varieties of the rufous type. 8. langs-

1878.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. 667

dori and S. tricolor both refer to the forms in which the upper

parts are more or less uniformly grizzled; while S. morio, S. #4fe5

niger, and M. fumigatus, are all more or less melanistic varieties.

VIII. Scrurvus GRISEOGENYs.

*Sciurus estuans, var. hoffmanni, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl.

1863, p. 654.

*Sciurus hyporrhodus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx.

p- 419 (1867).

*Macroxus xanthotus, Gray, tom. cit. p. 429.

* Macroaus griseogenu, Gray, tom. cit. p. 429.

(Sciurus estuans, var. rufo-niger, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.

p: 797.)

Hab. Ecuador; Columbia; Venezuela; Panama; Veragua; Costa

Rica; Nicaragua.

Length about 9 inches, of tail-vertebrae 8 inches. One upper pre-

molar. Upper parts dark olive, the hairs dusky, very minutely an-

nulated with rufous or fulvous ; lower parts bright orange or rufous ;

tail black, more or less washed with bright red or deep orange, the

hairs reddish brown banded with black and tipped more or less

broadly with rufous.

Mr. Allen, in his monograph, regards this Squirrel as a “ variety ”

or geographical race of the next species, differing in its uniformly

larger size and strikingly in the coloration of its tail. In a sub-

sequent letter to me, he says :—‘“‘ It would perhaps be just as well

to recognize it as entitled to specific rank, although I still feel sure

of their intergradation.”” That such connecting links may yet be

found seems very probable ; but I have not been able to find such

in the very large series which I have examined, and am consequently

compelled to keep them provisionally distinct.

Unfortunately Mr. Allen has identified this species with Pucheran’s

S. rufo-niger, which, as will be seen presently,is a much smaller and

quite distinct species’. Dr. Peters described it only as a variety of

S. estuans; and though specimens in the Berlin Museum are la-

belled ‘‘ Sciurus hoffmanni,” the name remains a manuscript one.

Of Gray’s three titles I have adopted griseogena (more correctly gri-

seogenys) as being simultaneous in date with the others, and as in-

dicating the typical form. His S. hyporrhodus is founded on an

example from Santa Fé de Bogote, and is characterized by its

long soft fur and hairy ears, peculiarities easily explained when

we remember that that city stands at an elevation of over 8800

feet, and is overlooked by lofty mountains. Macroxus xanthotus

is undoubtedly an immature animal, as is proved by the dentition

of the type specimen. By some curious error Gray’s account of

this last has been printed after that of M. brunneo-niger, instead of

after M. griseogena: so that the remark, “very like the former” &c.,

naturally led Mr. Allen to refer the synonym to 8. gerrardi.

S. griseogenys varies very little in colour: in some examples the

1 Cf. infra. p. 669.

43*

668 MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. [June 18,

middle of the back is considerably darker than the flanks; and there

is some variety in the exact tint of the red wash on the tail. I can

confirm Mr. Allen’s statement that this species (as well as S. varia-

bilis and S. wstuans) have normally only one upper premolar. Dr.

Peters states, it is true, that the type of his “ var. hoffmanni” had

two; but the first was minute and only attached to the gum; and

I have not been able to find more than one, either in dried skulls or

in spirit-specimens.

IX. Scrurvus £STUANS.

Sciurus estuans, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 88 (1766).

Myoaus guerlingus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii. p. 171, pl. elvi. (1801).

Sciurus gilvigularis, Natterer ap. Wagner, Abh. Bayer. Ak. v.

p- 283 (1850).

*Macroxus leucogaster, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3,

xx. p. 430 (1867, nec F. Cuv.).

* Macroxus irroratus, Gray, tom. cit. p. 431.

* Macroaus flaviventris, Castelnau ap. Gray, tom. cit. p. 432.

(Sciurus e@stuans, var. estuans, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.

p- 796, 1877).

Hab. Guiana; Brazil; Eastern Peru; Bolivia.

Average length about 7:25 inches, of tail-vertebree 7 inches. One

upper premolar. Upper parts olive, rather lighter and more fulvous

than in the last species; lower parts fulvous, greyish, or white; tail

black, more or less washed with pale fulvous, the hairs pale brown,

banded with black and tipped with pale faded yellow.

I have little to add to Mr. Allen’s critical notes on this well-known

Squirrel. Gray states, in his description of his M. leucogaster (not

to be confounded with FP. Cuvier’s species of that name’), that the

hairs of the lower parts are “‘white to the base;” this is not the

case, though the dusky colour at the roots is little developed on the

chest. M.irroratus must also be placed here, although the original

description is such that Mr. Allen unhesitatingly referred it to the

last species ; and M. flaviventer is to me quite undistinguishable from

the ordinary type of S. estuans. S. pusillus, Geoffr., and Macrotus

kuhlit, Gr., are considered by Mr. Allen to be the young of the

present species; but I believe them to be quite distinct”.

X. ScruRUS DEPPEI.

*Sciurus deppei, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 654.

*Macroxus tephrogaster, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3,

xx. p. 431.

* Macroxus teniurus, Gray, loc. cit.

* Macroxus medellinensis, Gray, op. cit. ser. 4, x. p. 408 (1872).

(Sciurus tephrogaster, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 763 (1877)).

Hab. Mexico ; Honduras; Guatemala; Columbia.

Average length nearly 9 inches, of tail-vertebrze 7°25 inches. Two

upper premolars. Upper parts dark olive, often darker along the

1 Cf. antei, p. 660. 2 Cf. infra, p. 670.

1878.] MR. E. R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. 669

middle of the back ; lower parts white, greyish white, or light ful-

vous ; tail black, lightly washed with white, the hairs fulvous, with

black bands and short pure white tips.

Mr. Allen was led to admit the specific validity of this Squirrel,

on finding that it differed from the last two in having normally two

well-developed upper premolars ; and the specimens which I’ have

been able to examine confirm his observation. He failed, however,

to recognize this species in Dr. Peters’s description of his S. deppei,

which he doubtfully referred to the southern form of S. carolinensis',

An examination of the types of S. deppei, M. tephrogaster, M. teni-

urus and M. medellinensis convinces me that they are all strictly

synonymous, the species presenting but little variation in coloration.

In S. deppei and M. teniurus the lower parts are washed with ful-

vous ; in M. tephrogaster they are greyish white; while the types of

M. medellinensis ave smaller and have the middle of the back

nearly black, exactly as in many specimens of 8. griseogenys. In-

termediate examples occur ; and the whole range of variation between

the extremes is comparatively trifling.

As already observed”, M. fraseri, Gr., was so insufficiently de-

scribed that Mr. Allen was led to identify it with the present species,

which is about half its size and totally different in coloration.

XI. Scrurus RUFO-NIGHR. cht us Osayus-

*Sciurus rufo-niger, Pacheran, Rev. de Zool. 1845, p. 336{q 20

*Sciurus chrysosurus, Pucheran, tom. cit. p. 337.

*Macroxus tephrogaster minor, Gray, MS. (Mus. Brit.).

Hab. Columbia; Panama; Veragua.

Average length about 5°50 inches, of tail-vertebre 3°75 inches.

Two upper premolars. Upper parts dark olive, the hairs very mi-

nutely tipped with fulvous ; breast bright rufous, rest of lower parts

like the upper, but paler ; tail nearly uniform with the back, the

hairs reddish fulvous, barred with black and minutely tipped with

pale yellow or white.

On examining the type of Pucheran’s S. rufo-niger in the Paris

Museum, I found that it was not identical with S. griseogenys, as

Mr. Allen supposed, but rather allied to 8. deppei; and I soon recog-

nized in it a small Squirrel of which I had seen several specimens

from Panama, and which I had begun to fear would require a new

name. These examples prove to agree further with S. deppei in

having two upper premolars, but differ in being more than one third

smaller, in the colour of the lower parts (which are only paler than

the upper, save on the breast), and in the tail being nearly uniform

in colour with the back (the hairs having only very minute white or

yellow tips). Specimens in the British Museum are labelled M.

tephrogaster minor ; but I cannot doubt the distinctness of the form.

The type of S. rufoniger has the middle of the back nearly black ;

while that of MW. chrysosurus appears to be a variety, merely differing

in the tail being more rufeus.

1 Tom. cit. p. 710. > Cf. ante, p. 665.

‘=>

670 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS [June 18,

XII. Scrurus pusttius. (Plate XLI.)

Sciurus pusillus, Geoffroy apud Desmarest, Mamm. p. 337,

pl. Ixxvii. fig. 2 (1820).

*Macrozus kuhlii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx.

p- 433 (1867).

Hab. Guiana; Brazil.

Length about 4°50 inches, of tail-vertebree.3 inches. ‘Two upper

premolars. Upper parts greyish olive, the hairs dusky, very mi-

nutely tipped with pale fulvous ; lower parts only slightly paler ; tail

black, washed with whitish or pale yellow.

I was not able to ascertain the type of Geoffroy’s S. pusillus in

the Paris Museum ; but there can hardly be a doubt of its identity

with specimens standing under that name ia the British museum, and

with the types of Gray’s Macrovus kuhlit. All these are supposed by

Mr. Allen to be merely very young individuals of S. @stuans’, in spite

of Buffon’ s observations on the development of the reproductive organs

in the type of S. pusillus*. The British- Museum specimens, however,

agree in size with Buffon’s and Desmarest’s descriptions, and areset

et quite adult, as shown by their skulls and teeth ; moreover the two

specimens examined differ from S. estuans in the possession of two

upper premolars. ‘Their very small size and the nearly uniform

greyish olive of both their upper and lower parts prevent their being

confounded with any other species known to me. The type of

M. kuhlii, collected in Brazil by Castelnau, merely differs in having

a white spot at the root of each ear, and in the extreme tips of the

hairs of the tail being white instead of pale fulvous.

2. On a third Collection of Birds made by the Rey. G. Brown,

C.M.Z.S., in the Duke-of-York Group of Islands and its

vicinity. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A:, Ph.D., F.RS.,

Secretary to the Society.

[Received June 11, 1878.]

(Plate XLII.)

T have now the pleasure of submitting to the Society a third® col-

lection of birds made by our Corresponding Member the Rev. J.

Brown, in the group of islands known generally as the Duke-of- York

Islands, and on the adjacent islands of New Britain and New

Treland.

The collection was forwarded from Port Hunter, the missionary

station in the Duke-of-York group, on the 24th of February last by

a small trading-steamer bound for Hongkong. It contains a series

1 Tom. cit. p. 759. 2 Hist. Nat. Suppl. vii. p. 264.

3 For notices of two previous collections, see P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 96, and 1878,

p. 289.

Fu pg

1878.] FROM THE DUKE-OF-YORK ISLANDS. 671

of birds obtained while coasting along in a boat amongst the islands

of the group. Ima letter of the same date Mr. Brown states that

he was hoping to be able shortly to spenda week at Spacious Bay or

some other place in New Britain, where he would be able to make a

more extensive collection.

The present collection contains thirty-five skins referable to thirty

species. The exact localities being marked in every case, I think it

advisable to give a perfect list of the species. ‘ Duke-of-York

group”? means one of the group of twelve islands which form together

the land marked in our chart “‘ Duke-of-York Island ’’?.

See P. Z. 8. Locality. Date.

if.” Gisticola ruficeps’... .20....20..-.-92- 1877, p. 98 | Duke-of-York group. | 1, 78

2. | Sauloprocta melaleuca..............: x 99 of y ee

3. | Rhipidura setosa ... ........:..cceees 3 99 is 33

4. | Monarcha verticalis ................+: + 99 = re

5. | —— chrysomelas ............00ecseees »» LOO| New Ireland.

Ore f—-— aL eCtO = aint... .ce cercnceotap base » 100| Duke-of-York group.

ui AIEOP DEGRA cae bode cetecaunecacl at’ b Geened 5 -

8. | Artamus insignis ..........00....00065 » 101] Spacious Bay, N.B. | 1,’78

9. | Hdoliosoma, sp. ine. ( Q).......++4-. » 10] | New Ireland. ules

RU ualaceskarw: 21.085. tubes seiawainn tens ,, 101) Duke-of-York group.

11. | Dicranostreptus megarhynchus ...| _,, 101 | New Ireland.

ier | Gracia KYEMUL ..ccccesectsccteeresss ‘ 104| Duke-of-York group.

13. | Alcedo moluccensis .......06...se0e8- i 105 » 5 5777

14. | Halcyon albicilla ..................+++ 58 105 a 4

V5.5 jBuceros ruficollis .......c.s<secveeses] | -cevecees Spacious Bay, N.B.

16. | Eurystomus crassirostris............ » 106} Duke-of-York group. |10, 77

17. | Centropus ateralbus ............+06... ,, 106} New Ireland.

i8. | Cacomantis insperatus............++ » 106} Duke-of-York group.

19. | Hudynamis picatus ...........ee es 3) 06 ” ”

20. | Geoffroius heteroclitus............2..) cesses New Ireland. .

21. CYABICEPS- .2.8-..:cervesecceonee » 106| New Britain.

22. | Trichoglossus subplacens..........-. » 108} Duke-of-York group. |10, 77

23. | Carpophaga rubricera ............... - 109 of

24. NDEMEV ORM ear atecttecsact sheets re 109 A, ;

255 melanochroa, Sp. NOV.......+22| sseeeeees “3 :,

26. | Gidirhinus insolitus ...............00. ‘s 110 a, is 10, 77

27. | Macropygia browni .............+0++- - 110 3 a

28. | Chaleophaps stephani ............... seis is - -

29. | Nycticorax caledonicus.............06] sereeees- bs im

30. | Megapodius eremita...............04+ », 113 | New Ireland.

I now give some notes on the species new to the locality, or on

which I have additional information to offer.

4. Monarcua verticais, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 99, pl. xiv.

fig. 1.

A second specimen of this interesting species has an oblong white

spot at the extremity of the outer rectrix on both sides.

1 Of. footnote, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 98.

672 ON BIRDS FROM THE DUKE-OF-YORK ISLANDS. [June 18,

7. Monarcua 1nornatus (Garnot); Scl. P. Z.8. 1877, p. 552.

This bird has not occurred in the former collections of Mr. Brown,

but is a well-known and rather widely extended Papuan species.

15. Bucreros rvuFIcoLiis, Vieill.; Temm. Pl. Col. 577; Sel.

P. Z. S. 1869, p. 122.

Apparently an adult female of this Hornbill from Spacious Bay,

New Britain.

20. GEOFFROIUS HETEROCLITUS.

Psittacus heteroclitus, Hombr. et Jacq. Ann. Se. Nat. xvi. p. 319.

Pionus heteroclitus, id. Voy. au P. 8. Atl. t. 25 bis (¢).

Pione heteroclitus, Puch. ibid. Zool. ii. p. 103.

A fine male of this species from New Ireland agrees with the ori-

ginal figure and description of that sex. One of the Solomon-Islands

skins referred to, P. Z.S. 1869, p. 122, appears to be the female of

this species, the other to belong to the next.

21. Grorrroius CYANICEPS, Pucheran.

A skin from New Britain marked “ male,’? which has had the

wings cut away, and has apparently been in a cage, is probably of

the same species as that previously referred (P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 107)

to Geoffroius cyaniceps. ‘This is decidedly smaller than G. hetero-

clitus, and has the top of the head of a pale greenish grey with the

sides yellowish.

Dr. Salvadori, who examined the specimen in the previous col-

lection of Mr. Brown, remarks that it comes very near the female of

G. simplex, Miller. A better series of this bird is necessary before

it can be made out decidedly.

25. CARPOPHAGA MELANOCHROA, sp. nov. (Plate XLII.)

Nigricanti-ardesiaca fere unicolor, alis cauda et dorso inferiore

in plumbeum transeuntibus ; alarum tectricibus omnibus margi-

nibus angustissimis albis preditis ; subalaribus et crisso castaneo

tinctis ; rostro nigro; pedibus purpureo-rubris.

Long. tota 15°5, alee 9°5, caudee rectr. med. 6°0, ext. 5°5.

Hab. Ins. Duke of York.

This fine Fruit-pigeon is quite new to me, and, I believe, unde-

‘scribed, though I am not acquainted with C. pistrinaria, Bp.’, of the

Solomon Islands, to the neighbourhood of which it would appear to

belong.

Mr. Brown’s single specimen is marked “male; eyes bright

scarlet; legs purple.’’ As will be seen from the measurements, the

tail is slightly rounded; there are fourteen rectrices, as is always,

I believe, the case in Carpophaga. The under-surface of the tail is

rather ashy white, that of the wings grevish black.

The uniform dark colour, varied only by the very narrow margins

of the wing-coverts, will render this species easily recognizable.

1 Consp. Ay, ii. p. 36.

PZ SAGTSPESLE

18 owt em

ieee ea a

JSmit hth

AH Young MB. del

ANATOMY OF CHLAMYDOPHORUS TRUNCATUS.

1878.] DR. M. WATSON ON CHLAMYDOPHORUS TRUNCATUS. 673

27. Macroryera Brown], Scl. P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 110.

I am glad to receive a second example of this fine species from

the Duke-of-York group.

Dr. Salvadori writes me that he suspects that Turaccena crassi-

rostris, Gould (P. Z.S. 1856, p. 136), may be the young of Macro-

pygia browni. Ihave examined Mr. Gould’s typical specimen of the

former species now in the British Museum ; but although I believe

it is, no doubt, the young of an allied species of Macropygia, I do not

think it can belong to JZ. drowni, as it is so much smaller in size.

29. Nycrocorax CALEDoNICcUs (Gm.); Gould, Handb. B. Austr.

i. p. 311.

An adult of this Night-Heron from the Duke-of-York group is

marked :—“‘Trides yellow ; legs dusky reddish pink ; bare space about

eyes lavender.—G. B.”

30. MEGAPODIUS EREMITA.

Megapodius eremita, Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 830.

M. hueskeri, Cab. et Reich. J. f. O. 1876, p. 326; Scl. P. Z.8.

1877, p. 113.

M. rubrifrons, Scl. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 556.

Prof. Salvadori has recently examined the typical specimens of M.

eremita from the Echiquier Islands, M. hueskeri from New Hanover,

and M. rubrifrons from Admiralty Island, and pronounces them

to be identical.

3. On the Male Generative Organs of Chlamydophorus trun-

catus and Dasypus sexcinctus. By M. Warson, M.D.,

Professor of Anatomy, Owens College, Manchester.

[Received June 11, 1878.]

(Plate XLIIL)

1. CHLAMYDOPHORUS TRUNCATUS.

The anatomy of Chlamydophorus truncatus has formed the subject

of elaborate monographs by Hyrtl!, Macalister’, and others*?; and

little remains to be said regarding such parts of the animal as have

been fully investigated by these anatomists. On looking over their

essays, however, I find that, with regard to the male genera-

tive organs, we possess almost no reliable information. Professor

Hyrtl’s specimen was a female ; and although that anatomized by

Professor Macalister was of the opposite sex, his reference to the

male organs is sufficiently meagre to justify me in giving a detailed

description of these from two male specimens of this rare mammal

which have lately come into my hands.

1 Denkschriften der kais. Akad, Wien, ix. 1855.

? Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. 1875, p. 219.

* Harlan, Lond. Zool. Journ, 1825; Atkinson, Journ. of Anatomy, vol. v.

674 DR. M. WATSON ON THE MALE ORGANS OF _ [June 18,

The specimen measured 43 inches in length, exclusive of the tail.

Penis..—The penis is large for the size of the animal, and, so

far as one can judge from the examination of specimens preserved

in alcohol, appears, in the natural condition, to be strongly curved,

the convexity of the curve being directed forward, whilst the extre-

mity of the penis is directed downward and backward toward the

anus. The organ js slender, and tapers gradually from base to apex,

measuring 3 of an inch in length and 7; of an inch in diameter.

The base is surrounded by a small prepuce consisting of little more

than a narrow ring of integument, and is entirely destitute of a frenum

preeputii. The presence of two powerful retractores penis, however,

justifies us in concluding that in the Chlamydophorus, as in Da-

sypus sexcinctus, the penis is, in the flaccid condition, retracted

within this apparently rudimentary prepuce. The intermediate por-

tion of the penis presents an appearance of irregularly disposed cir-

cular constrictions, apparently due to the annulated character of the

integument, and corresponding exactly to that described below in the

six-banded Armadillo. The glans penis is not distinguishable as a

separate portion from the rest of the organ; and the absence of it,

together with that of the bulb, would appear to indicate that a corpus

spongiosum is altogether wanting, as it apparently is in the Armadilio,

the penis in that animal being formed exclusively by the two cor-

pora cavernosa. I could not distinguish any patch of transverse

ridges on the ventral aspect of the organ, such as is seen in that of

Dasypus seacinctus ; but the small size of the parts, combined with

their immersion in alcohol, may have obliterated these (under any cir-

cumstances) very minute elevations.

Internal Organs.

Kidney.—The kidneys are large in comparison with the size of

the animal, and are situated in the lumbar region. Each is almost

globular in form, measuring 2 of an inch in length and 3 in breadth,

and is surmounted by asuprarenal capsule of large size and pyramidal

form. The ureter measures 5° of an inch in length, and enters

the bladder close to the orifice of the urethra, being crossed on its

inner side from before backward by the corresponding vas deferens.

Bladder,—The bladder, globular in form, small, and provided

with walls of considerable thickness, lies altogether in front of the

transverse ligament which unites the two pubic bones together, and

which corresponds in position to the pubic portion of the brim of

the pelvis in the majority of mammals. The viscus is partly invested

by peritoneum, which forms a well-marked inferior ligament attach-

ing it to the middle line of the anterior abdominal wall. In the spe-

cimen examined the bladder was contracted, and measured } of an

inch in length and the same in greatest breadth. The urethral ori-

fice is on a level with the base of the viscus.

Urethra.— The urethra is divisible into two portions—an intra-

pelvic or muscular, and an extrapelvic or spongy portion. The

intrapelvic portion, from the neck of the bladder to the point of en-

trance of the Cowperian ducts, measures 3°; of an inch in length, Its

1878. | CHLAMYDOPHORUS TRUNCATUS. 675

walls are thick, being surrounded by a layer of circularly disposed

muscular fibres. Resting upon the upper surface of the proximal

half of this portion of the urethra is the prostate gland, the pos-

terior border of which is attached to the tube. On slitting open

the canal, no trace of a vesicula prostatica could be distinguished ;

but it is well to bear in mind that the small size of the parts, together

with the immersion of these for some time in alcohol, may have

served to prevent the recognition of what, under any circumstances,

must be a very minute organ. Professor Macalister’ refers to the

presence of a “Weberian organ, of which, however, he gives no de-

scription, merely statiug that it is “long, and not distinetly bifid ;”

but inasmuch as he makes no mention ofa prostate gland, it appears

to me to be not improbable that he may have mistaken that gland

for the organ in question, an error which need occasion no surprise

when the small size of the parts is taken into consideration. If the

Weberian organ be present, it certainly does not project beyond the

wall of the urethra. The extrapelvic or spongy portion of the

urethra lies within the penis and measures { of an inch in length.

At its commencement it receives the ducts of Cowper’ s glands, whilst

at its termination it opens upon the summit of the rounded extre-

mity of the penis.

Testicles and vasa deferentia.—Professor Macalister? states that the

testicles lie within the ‘‘ wide abdominal ends of the inguinal canals;”

but this was certainly not the case in my specimen. In it the tes-

ticles were situated immediately posterior to the kidneys, and in close

relation to the superior abdominal wall, to which each was closely

attached through the yefection of the peritoneum. The testicle of

the right side was posterior in position to that of the left. The gland

itself was of the same size and form as a canary-seed, and, together

with the epididymis, measured 1 of an inch in length. The latter

was of large size as compared with the testicle, to the outer side

of which it was attached at both its anterior and posterior extremi-

ties. The anterior extremity, or globus major, is continuous with the

testicle, the separation between them being indicated by a slight

constriction. From this it passes forward for +1; of an inch, and,

suddenly curving upon itself, turns backward to the same extent,

and becomes constricted to form the body of the epididymis. The

latter extends along the outer side of the testicle as far as its

posterior extremity, where it again expands into a glandular mass, or

globus minor, which, however, is of larger size than both limbs

together of the globus major. From this body the vas deferens

passes off. The entire testicular mass is placed obliquely, its ante-

rior extremity being directed obliquely forward and outward, the

posterior, which is in contact with the lateral aspect of the apex of

the bladder, in the opposite direction. The vas deferens measures 4

of an inch in length, and crosses the ureter in its course backward.

The two vasa at their termination are almost in contact, and disap-

pear from view by sinking into the anterior border of the prostate

gland, the substance of which they traverse in their course to the

1 Loc, cit. 2 Loe. cit.

676 DR. WATSON ON CHLAMYDOPHORUS TRUNCATUS [June 18,

urethra. As Professor Macalister observes, the vasa are not convo-

luted, neither do they present any trace of lateral diverticula or vesi-

culze seminales.

Prostate gland is well developed, and forms a quadrilateral mass

of lobulated glandular tissue lying upon the upper surface of the intra-

pelvic urethra. It measures + of an inch in length, and the same

in breadth, and is attached by its posterior border to the urethra,

its anterior border, which is free, extending between the vesical

openings of the ureters. The vasa deferentia sink into the latter

in their course to the urethra. Prof. Macalister does not refer to

this gland.

Cowper’s glands.—These, which are not mentioned by Macalister,

are two innumber. Each lies in close relation to, and slightly under

cover of, the inner side of the crus penis. They are regularly pyri-

form; and each measurss ;; of an inch in length. Their ducts pass

forward, and open at once into the commencement of the spongy

portion of the urethra.

Penis.—The penis is formed by the junction of the two crura

exclusively, the third element or corpus spongiosum being entirely

absent. The crus penis of each side is attached to the ramus of the

ischium, as well as to the posterior half of the free border of the pubic

bone, the latter bone not uniting with its fellow of the opposite side.

Each measures } an inch in length, and lies along the inner side of

the adductor muscle of the thigh. The two crura unite opposite

the anterior border of the pubic bones, and together form, as it

were, a bridge, underneath which the rectum passes backward to the

anus. In consequence of the absence of a corpus spongiosum, the

penisis devoid of both bulb and glans. The penis itself measures

4 of an inch in length, of which the basal 2 are concealed by the inte-

gument, the remainder being free.

Muscles of penis.—Of these there are three on each side of the

middle line:—(1) The ischio-cavernosus is strong and covers the

crus. Its fibres are attached posteriorly to the ischium, whilst ante-

riorly they are inserted into the crus behind the junction of the

latter with its fellow. A small portion of the crus between this and

the next muscle is uncovered by muscular fibres. (2) Bulbo-caver-

nosi. These two muscles are apparently continuous across the middle

line, and together form an investment of transversely arranged mus-

cular fibres which covers the lower surface of the basal portion of

the penis. No median raphé could be distinguished between them.

(3) Retractores penis. These are placed on the dorsal aspect of the

organ. ach is a delicate riband-like muscle which, arising from

the upper wall of the pelvic cavity, crosses the outer side of the de-

pressor caudz muscle, and passing down parallel to the crus penis,

and along the dorsal aspect of that organ, is inserted into the corpus

cavernosum immediately behind the tip of the penis. These muscles

doubtless act in the same manner as in Dasypus, and serve to retract

the penis within the rudimentary prepuce. Beyond the statement

that the crus penis is invested by muscular fibres, Prof. Macalister

gives no account of the muscles just described.

1878. | AND DASYPUS SEXCINCTUS. 677

2. Dasypus SEXCINCTUS.

If now we compare the male organs of Chlamydophorus with those

of Dasypus sexcinctus, we shall find that the resemblance between

them is very striking. A full description of the male organs of D.

seacinctus after that already given of those of Chlamydophorus trun-

eatus would be superfluous, seeing that the one would to a large extent

be a mere repetition of the other; and I shall therefore confine my-

self to the indication of some points of interest in the anatomy of

Dasypus which appear to have been overlooked’. The penis is

enormous, and in a specimen measuring 13 inches in length, exclu-

sive of the tail, is 4 incheslong. It closely resembles that of Chla-

mydophorus in form, its extremity being simple and not bifid as in

the allied genus Vatusia. The integumental covering of the penis is

annulated in character, the annulation extending from the base to the

extremity of the organ on its dorsal or abdominal aspect, but inter-

rupted on its lower surface toward the tip of the organ by a cutaneous

patch presenting an altogether different appearance. This patch,

which is situated immediately behind the extremity of the penis, is

oval in form, and measures 14 inch in length. It surface is charac-

terized by the presence of numerous closely placed transverse ridges

of a hard and corneous nature. These ridges give to the patch

somewhat of the appearance of a fine file, and, in the absence of a

distinct glans, in all probability fulfil the function of the recurved

spines so frequently seen on the latter in many mammals. The pre-

puce is very small, and, when the penis is fully extended, disappears

entirely, being stretched-so as to form the cutaneous covering of the

latter. In the flaccid condition, however, and when the organ is re-

tracted, the penis is withdrawn entirely within the prepuce and almost

concealed from view. Improbable as it may appear that an organ of

the length of the penis can be really retracted within so small a pre-

puce, I am ina position to know that such is the case, having exa-

mined two specimens, in one of which the penis was exserted, as in

fig. 4, whilst in the other it occupied the position shown in fig. 5.

The retraction is accomplished by two retractor muscles, which,

arising from the lower surface and outer border of the sacrum, pass

forward along the whole length of the dorsum penis even to the tip,

fibres being inserted into every part of that surface. These muscles,

which exactly repeat those of Chlamydophorus, when contracting,

have the effect of throwing the penis into a series of spiral curves, its

extremity being bent inwards, as shown in fig. 5, so as to complete

the concealment of the organ under its sheath. That these muscles

are really the agents in producing this retraction is proved by the

fact that the concavity of the terminal curve of the penis is formed

by the dorsal aspect of the organ, on which these muscles are placed,

whilst the convewity of the curve is formed by its ventral surface

which is readily distinguished by the presence of the file-like patch

already referred to. The penis is formed, as in Chlamydophorus,

? Thaye been unable to consult Prof. Alexandrini’s monograph of Dasypus,

in Mem. Accad. d. Sci. Bologna, tom. vii. 1856.

678 DR. WATSON ON DASYPUS SEXCINCTUS. [June 18,

by the junction of the two crura alone, and possesses neither bulb

nor glans. With regard to the other muscles of the penis, these

closely resemble those already described in Chlamydophorus, with

this difference, that the single mass formed by the bulbo-cavernosi

muscles in the latter are here represented by two distinct and

powerful fleshy bands which envelop the under surface of each

crus previous to its junction with its fellow. The testicle differs

in position in Dasypus from that which it occupies in Chlamydo-

phorus, being attached to the inguinal region of the anterior ab-

dominal wall in the former, whilst in the latter it lies behind the

kidney. The globus major in Dasypus is closely applied to the

anterior extremity of the testicle, and does not form the loop-

like arrangement seen in Chlamydophorus. The vasa deferentia in

both are non-convoluted; nor is there any trace of vesicule semi-

nales in either. In both, a prostate and Cowper’s glands are

present, the former being traversed by the vasa deferentia in their

course to the urethra, whilst the latter, although occupying the same

position, are relatively considerably smaller in Dasypus than in Chla-

mydophorus. The bladder and urethra are similar in both genera,

the only difference being that the walls of the intrapelvic portion of

the latter are much more muscular in Chlamydophorus than in Da-

sypus, and that in the latter a well-marked caput gallinaginis, of a

pyramidal form, is present, which is not represented in the former.

In neither is there any trace of a vesicula prostatica.

It will thus be seen that in respect of the male sexual organs the

resemblance between Chlamydophorus and Dasypus seacinctus is very

striking—a resemblance which, in respect of other organs, has been

already pointed out by Prof Garrod’. As shown by that anato-

mist, Chlamydophorus agrees also with Tolypeutes and Xenurus ia

the absence of vesicule seminales and the simple condition of the

glans penis, in both of which respects it differs from Tatusia. The

presence of Cowper’s glands constitutes a further element of agree-

ment between Chlamydophorus on the one hand, and Dasypus and

Xenurus on the other. These glands are also present, according to

Dr. Murie’, in Tolypeutes ; but whether in Tatusia I cannot say, as

with regard to the latter we possess no precise information. So far,

then, as the observations above recorded go, they tend to strengthen

the conclusions already arrived at by Mr. Garrod upon other grounds

with regard to the close relationship which exists between Chlamydo-

phorus and Dasypus. Professor Macalister, as the result of his

elaborate investigation into the muscular anatomy of the Edentata,

arrives at the conclusion that ‘“‘the position of Chlamydophorus will

be seen..... to be plainly among the Dasypodidze, and very close

to Tatusia.”’ The arrangement, however, of the sexual organs,

including the nipples, together with that of the alimentary canal,

which in Dasypus and Chlamydophorus is provided with two colic

ceca, these last being absent in the other genera above referred

to*, appear rather to point to a closer relationship between Chla-

1 P. ZS. 1878, p. 222. 2 Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xxx,

3 See Prof. Garrod’s paper.

1878.] PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF PLOTUS. 679

mydophorus and Dasypus than between Chlamydophorus and Ta-

tusia.

I am indebted to Dr. Young for the preparation of the accom-

panying illustrations.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLITI.

Fig. 1. Male generative and urinary organs of Chlamydophorus truncatus, seen

from the front. From above downwards are seen the suprarenal cap-

sules, the kidneys and ureters, the testicles, the bladder and urethra, and

the penis. The penis is hooked back to show the retractor muscles on

its dorsal aspect.

2. Male organs of Chlamydophorus truncatus, perineal view. From

above downwards are seen:—the penis, its basal portion being covered

by the fibres of the bulbo-cavernosi muscles; below this the Cowperian

glands lying in the interspace between the crura penis, these last being

covered by the fibres of the ischio-cavernosi muscles,

3. Male organs of Chlamydophorus dissected, and seen from behind. K,

kidney and suprarenal capsule; T, testicle; P, prostate gland; ©,

Cowper’s gland; Pe, penis; Cp, crus penis.

4. Penis of Dusypus sexcinctus, showing the file-like structure on the lower

aspect of its extremity.

5. Penis of Dasypus sexcinctus retracted within the prepuce.

4. Note on Points in the Anatomy of Levaillant’s Darter

(Plotus levaillanti). By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S.

[Recgived June 14, 1878.]

In a former communication? I had the opportunity of bringing

before the Society several facts with reference to the anatomy of

Plotus anhinga, and of confirming Mr. Macgillivray’s account of its

most peculiar proventriculus. Several specimens of the species have

since passed through my hands which differ in no way from that first

described.

On the 9th of March last the Society obtained for the first time,

by purchase, a male specimen of Levaillant’s Darter (Plotus levail-

lanti) from Senegal. It unfortunately died on the 7th of this

month (May) from peritonitis, the result of a perforating ulcer in

the stomach.

The severity of the peritonitis caused all the abdominal viscera

to be agglutinated into a single mass, and rendered them particularly

soft. Nevertheless I was able to disentangle most of the alimentary

canal for examination; and it has proved of more than ordinary in-

terest, as the following description will serve to show.

The tongue, as a free organ, is obsolete. The cesophagus is capa-

cious, without any crop. The oesophageal epithelium ceases abruptly

by a transverse line where the gastric portion of the canal com-

mences, below which it is replaced by the tough yellow epithelium

so characteristic of the situation.

The proventriculus is composed of two circular areas of deep

glands, which latter are of considerable size and do not come into con-

£ P’ 7.8. 1876, p. 335,

PROF. A. H. GARROD ON [June 18,

680

tact, being situated laterally upon opposite sides of the gullet. These

areas are flat, except at their upper margins, where a small transverse

ridge is developed, which may be the slight foreshadowing of the

special cavity developed in Plotus anhinga for the reception of the

secretion of the gastric glands. But in P. levaillanti it is to be

noticed that there are two gland-surfaces, whilst in P. anhinga it

will be remembered there is but one gland-cavity.

2p,

View of the inner surface of the posterior wall of the stomach of Plotus levail-

lanti, with the cesophagus slit up anteriorly so as to show the whole of its

proventricular surface, with the two gland-areas and the U-shaped elevation

on its anterior wall (on the left of the figure), as well as the pyloric

infundibuliform plug.

The calibre of the cessphagus must be somewhat diminished by

the presence of a curious U-shaped ridge upon the mucous mem-

brane of its anterior wall, which is situated between the antero-

lateral margins of the gland-areas, and has a small pit in the part

is J

1878.] THE ANATOMY OF PLOTUS LEVAILLANTI. 681

corresponding to the surface between the limbs of the U, apparently

not glandular in nature. All these structures are covered with the

tough gastric epithelium, which ceases just above them.

The first true gastric cavity is larger than the second, though not

much so. In the second the peculiar hairy covering of its pyloric

portion is largely developed, and in a different manner from what it

is in P. anhinga, where, as [ have shown in my paper on the anatomy

of that bird, it forms a kind of sieve to prevent large solid particles

from entering the duodenum. In P. devaillanti a more elaborate

arrangement obtains ; the hairy epithelium surrounding the pyloric

orifice, near the lower margin of the gastric surface of which it is

developed, is produced into a considerable conical hair-covered pro-

cess, projecting into the second stomach, and evidently acting as a

valve to close the pylorus wheu necessary. In general appearance

it much resembles the operculum of the Cheilostomatous Polyzoa,

and is very striking at first sight, the hirsute conical plug when re-

tracted, fitting exactly into the equally hirsute conical pyloric end of

the second stomach-cavity. All the rest of the second stomach is

lined with a non-hirsute epithelium, which ceases abruptly where

it meets the hairy surface. I can find no trace of this operculum in

Plotus anhinga, upon re-examination.

The small intestine measured two feet, and the large three inches ;

but they may have been contracted by the inflammation of their

surfaces. Two minute caeca were clearly seen, one a little larger

than the other. In P. anhiaga there is no indication of a second

czecum.

As in P. anhinga, P. levaillainti possesses but one carotid artery,

the left. In their myology the two species agree in every respect,

as far as I can see. In P. levaillanti the ambiens is large, groov-

ing the patella, the femoro-caudal is present without an accessorius,

as is the semitendinosus. There is a slip from the biceps of the

arm, which traverses the patagium; and the temporal muscles run

back beyond the skull, being separated by a median fibrous raphé,:

which is not ossified into a separate bony style. The great pectoral

muscle is formed of two layers.

Donitz’s bridge is ossified, as in the specimen described by the

author after whom it is named: it is developed on the ninth, and

not on the eighth cervical vertebra, as I predicted would be the case.

The lower larynx is indistinguishable from that of P. anhinga.

It is interesting to notice that the Manatee and Dugong have

special gastric gland-structures, the method of arrangement of which

differs in exactly the same way as does that of the two species of

Plotus under consideration, the peculiar flat gland-area found in

Halicore and Plotus levaillanti being converted into a glandular

eavity in Manatus and Plotus anhinga.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XLIV. | 44

682 MESSRS. GARROD AND TURNER ON [June 18,

5. On the Gravid Uterus and Placenta of Hyomoschus

aquaticus. By Professors A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S.,

and Wixtuiam Turner, M.B., F.R.S.

[Received June 11, 1878.]

(Plate XLIV.)

An adult female of Hyomoschus aquaticus having come into our

hands, it was with no small pleasure that on eviscerating it we found

it far advanced in pregnancy ; for it enables us to give an account

of the placenta, the nature of which has, till now, only been surmised

from what is found in Tragulus.

In his valuable memoir on the Tragulide’, M. Alphonse Milne-

Edwards briefly describes and also figures the foetus with the placenta

of Tragulus stanleyanus. He makes no mention of the uterus, of

which, in an allied species, John Hunter tells us” that it ‘soon

divides into two horns, which are pretty large and not long, having

none of the buttons for the cotyledons.”

In his paper on the visceral anatomy of Hyomoschus aquaticus *,

Prof. Flower describes the female generative organs in the following

words :—‘‘ The vagina was 5 inches in length; the‘uterus 3°5 inches

to the point of bifurcation, sharply bent back on itself near the upper

end, and terminated in a pair of rather short, closely curled

cornua.”

In our gravid specimen the single hairless foetus which, from tip

of nose to end of tail, measures 8°5 inches, the tail being an inch

long, is lodged on the left side.

The uterus consists of two horns communicating with a common

corpus uteri. The horns are united together in the greater part of

their extent, not more than about 1°5 inch of the tip of each horn

being free. The line of union is marked externally by a groove, and

internally by a broad partition, the septum uteri, which extends

longitudinally backwards and terminates in a well-defined semilunar

free border, behind which the two horns are fused together into the

common corpus uteri. The free ends of the cornua are curled back-

wards, and together with the Fallopian tubes and ovaries are situated

upon the anterior part of the superior wall of the uterus. Owing to

the foetus being developed in the left horn, this cornu is much more

dilated than the right ; but the latter is considerably more capacious

than in the non-gravid uterus. The corpus uteri communicates by

a constricted os with a passage which may perhaps be regarded as a

cervix, though some might look on it as only the specially modified

anterior end of the vagina. This part of the genital passage is 1?

inch long and very much constricted. Its mucous lining is longitu-

dinally folded; and the folds are at intervals so projecting as to give

the appearance of transverse constrictions. The passage and the os

1 Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 5th series, vol. ii. 1864, pp. 49-167.

2 «Wssays and Observations,’ edited by Prof. Owen, 1861, vol. ii. p. 135.

* P.Z.8 1867, p. 960.

HUSOWNOAH 40 AWOLVNY

(ueH NW UA yume '¢

1878. | THE PLACENTA OF HYOMOSCHUS AQUATICUS. 683

are blocked up by a whitish viscid mucus. Behind the most poste-

rior transverse constriction the vagina undergoes a considerable dila-

tation, and the mucous lining exhibits faint longitudinal folds.

The uterine walls are slightly thinner than those of the human

stomach. The cavity of the two cornua and of the corpus uteri is

lined by a well-defined mucous membrane, from which the foetal

chorion can readily be separated. This mucous membrane forms

the maternal portion of the diffused placenta characteristic of Hyo-

moschus. The mucosa of both cornua is not elevated into folds,

except in close proximity to the openings of the corresponding Fal-

lopian tubes; and the mucous lining of the corpus uteri is longitudi-

nally folded only in proximity to the os uteri. The free surface of

the mucous membrane, both in the cornua and corpus and on both

surfaces of the septum uteri, is soft and velvety and pitted with

multitudes of minute depressions just visible to the naked eye. These

depressions are the crypts in which the villi of the chorion are lodged

when the chorion is ia situ. The erypts are distributed with almost

equal regularity over the surface of the mucosa in the several divi-

sions of the uterus ; but on the more convex part of the impregnated

left cornu the mucosa is not quite so thick, so that the crypts are

shallower, and over a limited arga.the free surface of the mucous

membrane is almost, if not quite, free from crypts. We did not,

however, see any depressed circumscribed smooth areas surrounded

by crypts such as one of us has. described elsewhere * in the Pig and

Lemurs, or polygonal areas occupied by crypts and bounded by ridges

free from crypts, such as are to be seen in the gravid uterus of the

mare. In the regular diffusion of the crypts over the surface of the

mucosa, the gravid uterus of Hyomoschus much more closely re-

sembled what has been described in Orca gladiator? than it did the

uterine mucosa of the Pig, Mare, and Lemurs.

We then carefully stripped portions of the mucous membrane off

the subjacent muscular coat, and soaked them in glycerine for some

days, in order to render the membrane as translucent as possible.

When the mucosa thus prepared was examined microscopically, the

openings of the uterine glands on the surface of the membrane could

be seen. Sometimes these openings were found on the slender raised

folds of mucosa separating adjacent crypts from each other ; at other

times they opened into the crypts, and at other times on smoother

portions of the membrane where the crypts were shallower or almost

absent ; but in no case were the mouths of the glands specially

localized in smooth circumscribed areas of the mucosa, as is the case

in the Pig and in the Lemurs. ‘The gland-orifices were directed

obliquely to the plane of the free surface of the membrane ; and it

was not uncommon to see an epithelial plug projecting through the

mouth.

Additional views of the relation of the glands to the crypts were

obtained by making vertical sections through the mucosa. This

1 Turner, Lectures ‘“‘On the Comparative Anatomy of the Placenta,” Edin-

burgh, 1876, and Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 1876.

? Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1871.

44*

684 MESSRS. GARROD AND TURNER ON [June 18,

membrane consisted of a gland layer and a crypt layer. The gland

layer was next the muscular coat, and consisted of elongated tubular

glands, somewhat tortuous and occasionally bifureating. In the

vertical sections the glands were cut across so that the tubes were

sometimes transversely, at others obliquely, at others longitudinally

divided, and here and there the stem of a gland could be seen pass-

ing obliquely through the crypt-layer to open on the surface in the

manner already described. The glands were lined by a columnar

epithelium, and possessed a central lumen. The glands were neither

so numerous nor so distinct, neither did they bifureate so frequently

as do the utricular glands in the Pig and the Cetacea.

The crypt layer contained the numerous depressions already re-

ferred to for the lodgment of the villi of the chorion. The epithe-

lium lining the crypts had, as arule, disappeared ; so that it was only

in exceptional localities that it could be seen im sttu, where it ap-

peared to consist of cells, the type form of which was columnar,

though modifications of that shape occurred. The subepithelial

connective tissue contained a large proportion of corpuscles, some of

which were fusiform, others polygonal, others of the rounded form

of white blood-corpuscles. This tissue was more compact where it

formed the walls of the crypts; but deeper in the mucosa, as it ap-

proached the glandular layer and the muscular coat, it had an areo-

lated character. The vessels of the uterus were not injected ; but

there can be no doubt that, if they had been so, the walls of the

crypts would have been seen to contain an abundant freely anasto-

mosing network of capillaries, such as exist in the corresponding

crypts in the Cetacea, the Mare, the Pig, and the Lemurs. In

sections through the wall of the uterus, that had been stained with

heematoxylin, a well-defined band, coloured with the blue pigment,

marked the junction of the deep surface of the mucous membrane

and its glands with the muscular coat. This band in all probability

was the muscularis mucose. In Hyomoschus, as in other animals

possessing a diffused placenta, the uterine glands have no relation, as

regards numbers or termination, to the crypts. The crypts are in-

finitely more numerous than the glands, and are not to be regarded

as formed by a dilatation of their mouths, but are new formations

during pregnancy, due to hypertrophy and folding of the mucous

membrane so as closely to adapt it to the irregular villous surface

of the fcetal chorion.

The chorion extended from the tip of the left uterine cornu, through

the corpus uteri, to the tip of the right uterine cornu. The left horn

of the chorion, which contained the foetus, was longer and much

more capacious than the right horn. The tip of each horn of the

chorion was in close relation to the orifice of each Fallopian tube; and

close to the tip the free surface of the chorion was over a very limited

area smooth and non-villous. That part of the chorion situated in

the corpus uteri, immediately opposite the os uteri, presented a cir-

cular non-villous surface about the size of a shilling. This surface,

though without villi, was folded so as to adapt it to the correspond-

ing folds of the uterine mucosa in the.same locality. A portion of

1878. ] THE PLACENTA OF HYOMOSCHUS AQUATICUS. 685

the chorion corresponding to the more convex part of the gravid

uterine cornu was thinly covered with villi, and, indeed, in one or two

very limited areas was non-villous—these bare or thinly covered

patches being in contact with those portions of the uterine mucosa

(already described) where the crypts are either shallow or absent.

In all other localities the free surface of the chorion was as thickly

studded with villi as the uterine mucosa was with crypts; so that it

furnished an excellent and characteristic example of a diffused pla-

centa. In the absence of villi from those parts of the chorion which

were situated in relation to the three uterine orifices, 2. e. the os uteri

and the two Fallopian tubes, the chorion of Hyomoschus corresponded

with what one of us has elsewhere described in Orca, the Narwhal,

and the Mare.

The villi were arranged in small tufts, separated from each other

by very narrow intervals. The tufts varied in size; and the villi of

which they were composed were short and branched, usually in the

form of filamentous processes. The basal substance of each villus and

of the chorion itself consisted of a delicate corpusculated connective

tissue. The epithelium on the free surface of the chorion was partly

shed ; but considerable patches of it were seen in many localities.

The amnion formed a capacious ag, which extended to within half

an inch of the tip of the left horn of the chorion. It occupied the

rest of this horn and the part of the chorion situated in the corpus

uteri, but did not extend into the right horn of the chorion.

The sac of the allantois occupied the whole of the right horn of

the chorion, extending as far as its tip ; and its wall was in close ap-

position by its attached surface with the deep surface of the chorion.

The sac of the allantois was also prolonged into the left horn of the

chorion to within half an inch of its tip: but in other respects its

distribution in this horn was limited ; for instead of being in contact

with the whole extent of the deep surface of the chorion, it formed

only a circumscribed tubular prolongation attached to that part of

the chorion which was opposite the belly of the foetus. The remain-

ing part of the deep surface of the chorion in this horn was in con-

tact with the attached surface of the amnion, which membrane ex-

tended as far as the edge of the non-villous circular spot opposite

the os uteri. The amnion was also prolonged over the tubular pro-

longation of the allantois which extended into this horn. The

amnion enveloped the umbilical cord up to the abdominal wall of the

foetus. The amniotic investment of the cord was studded with

numbers of small stunted whitish sessile corpuscles, which did not,

however, project from the free surface of the amnion, where it was

in contact with the chorion and allantois. These bodies resembled

in form and size the bodies projecting from the umbilical cord in the

Cetacea. ‘hey had not, however, the yellowish-brown colour of the

corresponding corpuscles in Orea and the Narwhal, but like them

they were developed in relation to the deep surface of the amnion

and caused an elevation of that membrane by their growth.

The umbilical cord was 32 inches long. It contained two arteries

and two veins; and a slender tubular prolongation of the sac of the

686 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERIDZ. [June 18,

allantois could just be traced into the chorionic end of the cord.

Some injection was passed into the vessels of the cord, which filled

the principal vessels of the chorion ; but as the specimen had been

for some time in spirit before the injection was made, it did not

enter the vessels of the villi. Slender vessels, however, traversed

the non-villous spot opposite the os uteri, and some also were seen

subjacent to the amnion where it was in contact with the wall of the

tubular prolongation of the allantois situated in the left horn of the

chorion.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.

Fig. 1. Foetal membranes of Hyomoschus aquaticus, opened into and foetus re-

moved; reduced from natural size. Ch. Villous chorion of the

foetal horn. Ck!, Villous chorion of the opposite horn. Al. Sac of

allantois in the non-fecundated cornu, the communication of which

with the tubular prolongation in the fetal horn is seen to the right

of the letters. Am. Sac of the amnion; the letters are placed on the

amnion where it is in contact with the chorion. U. Vhe umbilical

cord ; the letter is placed on the amnion where itis in contact with the

allantois. o. The non-villous surface of the chorion opposite the os

uteri. 8.8. The smooth non-villous parts of the chorion in relation

to the Fallopian tubes.

2. Magnified view of the free surface of the uterine mucous membrane of

Hyomoschus, showing the crypts in which the villi of the chorion are

lodged. At @ the mouth of one of the uterine glands is shown.

The drawings have been kindly made for us by Mr. J. D. Dunlop.

6. Descriptions of new Asiatic Hesperide.

By F. Moors, Assistant Curator, India Museum, London.

[Received June 11, 1878.]

(Plate XLV.)

IsMENE SUBFASCIATA, Ni. Sp.

Male. Upperside dark velvety umber-brown ; costal edge of fore

wing slightly ochreous; cilia of both wings ochreous. Underside

paler: fore wing with a pale pink triangular costal patch before the

apex ; posterior border ochreous, adorned with a large hairy tuft:

hind wing with a transverse pink fascia across middle of the wing.

Eyes red. Legs beneath and anal tuft ochreous.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Ceylon (In coll. Sir W. H. Gregory and Dr. Thwaites).

Allied to I. aria, Moore, from which it may be distinguished by

the markings on the underside.

CALLIANA, D. g.

Wings ample, broad. Fore wing trigonal ; cell long, broad ; costal

vein extending to one third from apex ; subcostal vein curved at end

of the cell, first, second, third, and fourth branches arising at equal

distances before end of cell, fifth from its end, the three former ter-

NEW ASTATIC

Mintern Bro? i

Ee SPE FD AS.

ths

1878.Pl. XLV.

1878. ] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERID. 687

minating before the apex, fourth at the apex, and fifth below it; dis-

cocellulars angled close to the upper end; upper radial from the

angle, lower from their middle ; median vein three-branched, widely

apart, the upper from lower end of cell, middle and lower branches at

equal distances, the lower from near base of cell ; submedian slightly

recurved. Hind wing broadly ovate ; subcostal two-branched, second

before end of cell; discocellulars slightly angled; radial from their

angle; median three-branched, middle branch from immediately

before end of cell. Body small, robust, abdomen short. Palpi short,

thick, pilose, ascending, third joint short, conical. Antennee slender.

Legs pilose.

CALLIANA PIERIDOIDES, n. sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 2.)

Male. Upperside creamy-white, glossy ; fore wing with the apex

broadly vinous-brown, the end of the median veins also witha

vinous-brown-speckled spot: hind wing with a curved upper discal

decreasing series of five purple-black spots, the upper one large and

situated between the costal and subcostal veins; the end of the

veins also with a small vinous-brown-speckled spot. Underside

white; fore wing with the costal base, a patch beyond end of

the cell, and the outer border pale vinous-brown : hind wing with

a short black narrow streak at end of costal border, four large

subbasal and a curved discal series of seven purple-black spots, a

marginal series of broad vinous-brown spots, one at end of each vein.

Thorax and abdomen white ; collar, top of head, palpi, and tip of

abdomen pale ferruginous; tip of palpi and antenne black ; legs

pale ferruginous above, purple-brown beneath.

Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. ?N.E. Bengal (4. Grote). In coll. F. Moore.

HESPERIA NAROOA, n. sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 4.)

Male and Female. Upperside dark olive-brown: fore wing with

two prominent semidiaphanous yellowish well-separated spots at end

of the cell, a subapical series of three smaller spots, and an oblique

discal series of five spots: hind wing with two very small discal

spots in male, three in female. Underside dark olive-brown; fore

wing marked as above: hind wing with a prominent white spot at

upper end of the cell, and a curved discal series of four spots. Body

olive-green.

Expanse 1,%; inch.

Hab. Bombay (Wilkinson); Ceylon (Mackwood). In coll. F.

Moore and F. M. Mackwood.

Allied to H. contigua, Mabille ; markings similar, but both sexes

one third less in size.

HESPERIA KUMARA.

Hesperia kumara, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 255 (1857).

Female. Upperside dark olive-brown ; fore wing with a transverse

discal series of seven yellowish semidiaphanous spots from before the

apex ; cilia pale brownish-yellow. Underside deep ochreous-brewn :

688 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERIDZ, [June 18,

fore wing marked as above, the lowest spot being yellow: hind wing

with a single discal indistinct yellow spot between the two lower

median branches. Palpi and body brown; tarsi ochreous.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. Canara (S. N. Ward). In coll. India Museum, London.

This species is also found in Ceylon, the male differing from the

female above and beneath in the first upper and lowest discal spots

being obsolete.

HESPERIA SERIATA, i. sp.

Allied to H. kumara. Male differs from the same sex of that

species in the discal row of spots being slightly smaller, and in having

an additional lower small spot (which is present only in the female

of H. kumara). Underside greenish brown; fore wing marked as

above, the lowest spot suffused.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. F. M. Mackwood and F. Moore.

Hesperia BEVANI, 0. Sp.

Male. Upperside dark olive-brown; cilia pale brownish-cinereous ;

fore wing with a single small, pale white, semidiaphanous spot at upper

end of the cell, three contiguous subapical spots, another below

these, and two larger spots below obliquely on the disk, a small spot

also very indistinctly visible on middle of submedian vein: hind

wing without spots. Underside greyish olive-brown ; spots slightly

more prominent than above: hind wing with a discal series of five

small somewhat indistinct white spots.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. Salween, Moulmain (Lieut. Bevan). In coll. F. Movre.

A male specimen of this species from Calcutta, collected by the

late Mr. Atkinson, is in the collection of Dr. O. Staudinger.

HESPERIA BADA, Ni. sp,

Allled to H. mangala.

Male and Female. Upperside dark brown, base of wings olive-

brown; cilia pale cinereous-brown: fore wing with two (in some

specimens three) contiguous subapical small white semidiaphanous

spots, and three spots below obliquely on the disk, the upper one the

smallest: hind wing with a discal irregular linear series of three or

four white semidiaphanous spots, more or less indistinct. Under-

side greyish-brown ; both wings marked as above, the spots on the

hind wing being more prominent.

Expanse, d 15%, 2 153; inch.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. F. Moore.

Also in the collection of Dr. O. Staudinger from Malacca.

HESPERIA FARRI, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Upperside ferruginous-brown, base of both

wings olive-brown ; cilia yellowish-cinereous : fore wing with two pale

yellow semidiaphanous spots at end of the cell, and a discal recurved

1878. } MR. F, MOORE ON NEW HESPERID&. 689

series of seven spots, the four upper and the seventh smallest, the

upper three being contiguous and obliquely before the apex, the

sixth below end of the cell and the largest. Underside greyer-

brown in the female: fore wing marked as in male, except that the

lowest spot is more diffused : hind wing without spots.

Expanse, ¢ 14, ¢ 12 inch.

Hab, Calcutta (Farr); Cherra Punji (Atkinson). In coll. F.

Moore and Dr. Staudinger.

HESPERIA TOONA, nD. sp.

Allied to H. eltola, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Hesp. pl. 4. f. 40.

Male. Differs in the fore wings being slightly more elongate, the

hind wing more convex exteriorly, and the anal angle less lobed ;

markings above similar, those on the fore wing narrower, the spot

between the. median branches elongated and extending to their basal

angle ; those on the hind wing very small, the outer spot crossed by

a vein. Underside brownish-ochreous ; base of fore wing slightly

dusky-ochreous ; markings as above.

Expanse 15%; inch.

Hab. N.K. Bengal (4. Grote). ~in coll. F. Moore.

Hesperia SUBGRISEA, n. sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 5.)

Allied to H. gremius, Fabr. (Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M.

psn; pl. 3..f.'7),

Male. Differs above in having the three oblique discal spots

smaller, the lowest appearing only as a few greenish-grey scales, the

upper subapical series of two and a single spot at upper end of the

cell very minute. Underside less grey in colour, the fore wing

marked as above; hind wing with an indistinct black cell-spot and

a discal series of spots.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab, Ceylon. In coll. F, M. Mackwood and F. Moore.

PITHAURIA, 0. g.

Fore wing elongated, narrow ; apex pointed ; exterior margin very

oblique; hind margin short ; hind wing convex externally, lobular at

anal angle. Head and thorax very broad, robust; abdomen not so

long as hind wing. Antenne with a slender club and very long

whip-like tip. Venation similar to Pamphila.

PirHavuRIA MuRDAvA. (Plate XLV. fig. 13.)

Hesperia murdava, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p- 764.

Hab. Darjiling.

HALPE, n. g.

Allied to Pamphila (P. sylvanus). Antennze with a more slender

club and longer hook at tip. Fore wing shorter; exterior margin

more convex; the discal oblique series of raised scales in male

shorter and broader, Head and thorax smaller; abdomen slender.

Veins similar, the lower median branch being nearer end of the cell.

690 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERID. [June 18,

Harr Crytonica, n. sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 9.)

Upperside dark brown; base of wings and body olive-brown ;

fore wing with two contiguous subapical small white spots, two

oblique discal small conical spots with deeply excavated outer border,

and a smaller spot at upper end of the cell; the male with an

oblique discal streak composed of broad raised darker brown scales ;

cilia brownish-cinereous, alternated with dark brown. Underside

dark brown, speckled with ochreous scales; fore wing with white

spots as above, and a small spot also below the discal series; an

upper submarginal row of indistinct pale ochreous spots; hind wing

with a broad transverse median and a maculated discal greyish-

ochreous band. Palpi, body beneath, and legs greyish-ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 1,%;, 2 12 inch.

Hab. Ceylon. In coll. F. M. Mackwood and F. Moore.

HALPE BETURIA.

Hesperia beturia, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 36 (1868).

Hab. Calcutta district (Atkinson and Farr); Andamans (Rep-

storff ).

HALPE LUTEISQUAMA.

Pamphila luteisquama, Mabille.

Hab. Luzon.

HALPE DOLOPIA.

Hesperia dolopia, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 27 (1868); Exot.

Butt. Hesp. pl. 6. f. 60, 61.

Hab, Darjiling (Atkinson).

Havre RADIANS, n. sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 1.)

Male. Upperside luteous-brown, basal hairy scales yellow. Cilia

cinereous-white : fore wing with a pale yellow constricted spot at end

of the cell, and an irregular transverse centinuous discal band of

spots with their lower angles continued outward along the veins ;

hind wing with a yellow streak at end of the cell, and a short discal

band with outer rays. Underside paler, minutely speckled with

yellowish-white; fore wing as above, the hind margin being also

broadly yellow ; hind wing with a subbasal spot, all the veins, and

two (a median and a discal) transverse sinuous bands pale yellow.

Palpi, body beneath, and legs yellowish-white.

Expanse 13 inch.

Hab. Dhurmsala, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. F. Moore.

PAMPHILA PALMARUM, 0. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 6 & 7, 2 3.)

Differs from typical Java specimens of P. augias, Linn., in its much

larger size, the male having the markings above paler yellow and

broader, the impressed oblique discal streak on the fore wing being

obsolete, the outer border of the discal band much less sinuous, and

the yellow colour not extending along the veins to the exterior mar-

gin of the wing.

1878. ] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERID&. 691

Female. Paler brown above, the yellow bands on the upperside also

paler, less prominent, and there being no yellow along the costal

border of fore wing, and no median streak from base of the hind

wing. Underside pale vinous-brown, this colour pervading the upper

portion of the discal on the fore wing and the entire discal band on

the hind wing. ‘

Expanse, ¢ 14, ? 14 inch.

Hab. Calcutta (Grote and Atkinson). In coll. F. Moore and Dr.

Staudinger.

“ Larva feeds on the date and cocoa-nut palms” (Atkinson, MS.

note).

PAaMPHILA BAMBUSA, n. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 11 & 12,3 9).

Allied to P. augias, Linn., from typical Java specimens of which

it differs in its somewhat broader and less pointed wings. Markings

above similar, but more defined, the borders of the wings blacker,

the basal yellow streak on hind wing confined to a terminal spot at

the end of the cell, and the abdominal border black. On the under-

side the markings are also more clearlydefined and the interspaces

blacker.

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 14 inch.

Hab. Caleutta (Frith and Atkinson). In coll. F. Moore and Dr.

Staudinger.

“ Larva feeds on the bamboo” (Atkinson, MS. note).

PAMPHILA SUBOCHRACEA, 0. sp.

Upperside glossy luteous olive-brown ; cilia yellowish-cinereous.

Male. Fore wing with two pale semidiaphanous spots at end of the

cell, three contiguous spots obliquely before the apex, three upper

discal spots, below which is a narrow white oblique streak or brand:

hind wing with three small yellow upper discal spots, the two lowest

small. Female. Fore wing with a lower or fourth discal spot, anda

small dot below the third spot; the spots angled outward: hind

wing as in male. Underside greenish-ochreous, brown on hind

border of fore wing and anal lobe ; marginal line brown and promi-

nent : fore wing with the lower spot diffused and white: hind wing

with the upper discal white spot large and quadrate; four spots

below in a slightly linear position, the upper spot indistinct ; a white

spot also at upper end of cell, and a smaller indistinct spot above it.

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 18 inch.

Hab. Caleutta (Atkinson). In coll. Dr. Staudinger.

Allied to P. mathias, Fabr., but of larger size and more promi-

nently marked.

PAMPHILA BRAHMA, n.sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 8.)

Male. Upperside deep ochreous-brown, basal area ochreous. Cilia

cinereous-yellow: fore wing with a black-bordered white streak ob-

liquely below the cell, a semidiaphanous yellowish-white constricted

spot at end of cell, a small subapical streak of three spots, and two

large discal spots, the one above hind margin being ochreous: hind

692 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERIDZ. [June 18,

wing with an indistinct cell-spot and a discal series of three pale

yellowish, semidiaphanous spots. Underside greenish-ochreous ;

costal base of fore wing ochreous-red, hind margin broadly dusky

black and centred by a white streak ; markings as above, but less

distinct.

Female brown above, with less ochreous at base, the spots more

prominent. Underside as in male.

Expanse 12 inch.

Hab. Masuri, 7000 feet, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. Major Lang

and F. Moore.

Nearest allied to P. subhyalina, Ménétr., from China.

PAMPHILA SIVA, N. Sp.

Male. Allied to preceding (P. brahma). Darker brown above,

the base of fore wing and large lower discal spot only being ochreous,

upper semidiaphanous spots brighter yellow, the one between the

lower median branches broader; spots on hind wing prominent.

Underside brighter greenish-ochreous, base of costa not ochreous red :

spots on hind wing clear white, very prominent and with dark border.

Expanse 13 inch.

Hab. Khasia hills (G. Austen). In coll. F. Moore.

ASTICTOPTERUS OLIVASCENS, 0. Sp-

Allied to 4. unicolor, Brem. (Ménétr. Catal. Mus. Pet. Lep. i. t. 5.

f. 6), from Pekin and Hong Kong, but of larger size. Upperside

uniform glossy olive-brown. Female with a white, semidiaphanous,

narrow subapical spot crossed by the fourth and fifth subcostal

branches. Underside: male uniformly brown; hind wing sparsely

grey-speckled : female with subapical spot on fore wing as above,

the exterior margin grey-speckled ; hind wing with three ill-defined,

sparsely grey-speckled, transverse bands. Palpi, body, and legs

beneath grey.

Expanse 1,6; inch.

Hab. Salween, Moulmain (Lieut. R. C. Bevan); Darjeeling (At-

kinson and Dr. Staudinger). In coll. F. Moore.

CYCLOPIDES SUBVITTATUS, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Upperside dark vinous-brown ; extreme edge

of both the costa and cilia chrome-yellow. Female with an oblique

subapical small chrome-yellow streak, composed of three connected

spots crossed by two branches of subcostal vein. Underside: fore

wing vinous-brown, with the costal vein, subcostal veins along their

marginal end, and a narrow outer marginal band chrome-yellow :

hind wing chrome-yellow, with partly interrupted black streaks be-

tween the veins.

Expanse +4 inch.

Hab. Salween district, Moulmain (Lieut. R. C. Bevan), In

coll. F. Moore.

Note. Also in Mr. Atkinson’s collection, labelled Darjiling.

1878. | MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERIDS. 693

CYCLOPIDES SUBRADIATUS, N. Sp.

Male and Female. Allied to C. subvittatus. Differs in being

larger, the fore wing above having a very indistinct yellow streak,

which is composed of two well-separated spots only. Underside

brighter-coloured, and the streak between the veins more clearly

defined.

Expanse-1 to 12 inch.

Hab. Khasia hills (Godwin-Austen). In coll. F. Moore.

ISOTEINON ATKINSONI, n. sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 10.)

Male. Upperside dark glossy olive-brown; cilia brownish cine-

reous, with a brown inner line and indistinct bars: fore wing with a

small yellow semidiaphanous spot at end of the cell, three smaller

contiguous spots obliquely before the apex, and two contiguous spots

obliquely on the disk. Underside speckled with ochreous-green :

fore wing marked as above: hind wing with a median discal curved

series of eight small prominent white spots, and a spot at end of the

cell.

Expanse 1,1}, inch.

Hab. Darjiling (Atkinson). In coll. Dr. Staudinger.

_—

IsOTEINON KHASIANUS, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside glossy ochreous-brown ; cilia brownish-cine-

reous, with a brown inner line and indistinct bars: fore wing with a

small silky-white semidiaphanous spot at end of the cell, three con-

tiguous spots before the apex and two on the disk. Underside

rufous-brown : fore wing marked as above; a small tuft of black

hairs on middle of hind margin: hind wing grey-speckled, a small

white spot at end of the cell, and a median discal curved series of

white dots, each surrounded by dark brown.

Expanse 1,); inch.

Hab. Khasia hills (Godwin-Austen). n coll. F. Moore.

A specimen of what I believe to be the female of this species

is in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, but without a locality (though

probably Indian). .It differs from the male above described

in having the spots on the fore wing slightly larger, the cell-spot

transversely elongated, and in there being an additional spot below the

two on the disk. It isalso greyer on the underside; the hind margin

on the fore wing has a very pale border; and the hind wing has no

perceptible white dots.

IsOTEINON MASURIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLV. fig. 3.)

Male and Female. Upperside bluish purple-brown. Cilia white,

alternated with brown: fore wing with a large semidiaphanous white

quadrate spot at end of the cell, two contiguous elongated spots

below it (and in the male a smaller spot below these), three very small

spots before the apex. Underside dark brown, numerously speckled

with ochrey-brown scales: fore wing marked as above: hind wing

with a discal series of three small indistinct white spots, one being

694 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW HESPERIDZ. [June 18,

between the subcostal branches, the others between the upper median

branches. Body and legs beneath speckled with ochreous-green.

Expanse 1} inch.

Hub. Masuri, N.W. Himalaya. In coll. Major Lang and F.

Moore.

“On clover, June, 7000 feet’ (MS. note).

THANAOS STIGMATA, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Upperside glossy olive-brown: fore wing with

a short black bar or brand of raised scales obliquely above middle of

hind margin, and a very indistinct upper discal slightly curved row

of six small pale spots; cilia whitish-cinereous, with slight brown

bars. Underside paler; costal border of fore wing, veins, and basal

interspaces of hind wing speckled with greenish-grey ; fore wing with

whitish discal maculated band as above, but more distinct, a spot

at end of the cell, and a marginal row of lunules less distinct ; hind

wing with a distinct whitish cell-spot and a submarginal and marginal

lunular band. Female without the raised bar, and the discal band

above less distinct.

Expanse, ¢ 1 inch, 2 5% inch.

Hab. Masuri (7000 feet), N.W. Himalaya. In coll. Major Lang

and F. Moore.

“Common in clover-fields ”’ (Lang).

THANAOS INDISTINCTA, N. Sp.

Upperside uniform olive-brown ; cilia edged with cinereous: fore

wing with a very indistinct grey-speckled submarginal and marginal

line : hind wing with indistinct grey-speckled veins, basal interspaces,

and two outer indistinct lunular bands. Palpi and body greyish-

white beneath.

Expanse 5, inch.

Hab. Salween, Moulmain (Lieut. R. C. Bevan). In coll. F.

Moore.

THANAOS OBSOLETA, N. sp.

Allied to 7. stigmata. Differs above in the absence of the short

black oblique bar or brand on the fore wing ; the maculated band

being slightly more prominent. Underside similarly speckled, the

bands on hind wing not lunular, but composed of a slightly broader

series of spots ; some spots also present around the cell-spot.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. Cherra Punji, Assam (Atkinson). In coll. Dr. Staudinger.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV.

. Halpe radians, n. sp., p. 690.

. Calliana pieridoides, n. sp., p. 687.

. Isoteinon masuriensis 3, n. sp., p. 693.

. Hesperia narooa 8, n. sp., p. 687.

subgrisea 8,0. sp., p. 689.

—

Fig.

Ore 9 bo

1875. | MR. F. MOORE ON HAINAN LEPIDOPTERA, 695

Fig. 6. Pamphila palmarum 3, n. sp., p. 690.

palmarum Qn. sp., p. 690.

brahma, n. sp., p- 691.

9. Halpe ceylonica, n. sp., p- 690.

10. Lsotetnon atkinsoni, n. sp., p. 693.

11. Pamphila bambuse 3, n. sp., p. 691.

12. —— bambuse 9, n. sp., p. 691.

13. Pithauria murdava, p. 689.

7. List of Lepidopterous Insects collected by the late R.

Swinhoe in the Island of Hainan. By F. Moors,

Assistant Curator, India Museum, London.

[Received June 11, 1878.]

RHOPALOCERA.

Danaip#.

DANAIS LIMNIACE.

Papilio limniace, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 59. f. D, E.

Danals AGLEA.

Papilio aglea, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 377. f. E.

DANAIS PLEXIPPUS.

Papilio plexippus, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p. 767.

DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS.

Papilio chrysippus, Linn. 8S. N. i. 2, p. 767.

EUPL@A FELDERI.

Euplea felderi, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 275.

Allied to E. layardi, Druce, P. Z. S. 1874, pl. xvi. f. 1, from Siam ;

differing above in having all the spots on the fore wing larger, those

on the hind wing being smaller, and the inner row nearly obsolete

towards the anal angle.

SALPINX MINORATA, N. sp.

Male. Upperside dark brown: fore wing glossed with blue; two

small narrow bluish-white streaks beyond the cell, a less distinct

streak above the submedian vein, a submarginal series, and a mar-

ginal row of indistinct speckled spots: hind wing with pale canescent

subbasal patch and two marginal rows of small indistinct white spots.

Underside paler brown : fore wing with three purplish-white discal

spots, a smaller costal spot, and two marginal series of white dots:

hind wing with two marginal series of white dots.

Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

Allied to S. Aluyi, Moore, but of much smaller size; it is also di-

stinct from S. hobsoni, Butler, P. Z.S. 1877, p- 811, from Formosa.

696 MR. F. MOORE ON THE [June 18,

SATYRID.

LETHE EUROPA.

Papilio europa, Fabr. Syst. Nat. p. 500.

ZOPHOESSA MUIRHEADI.

Lasiommata muirheadi, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p. 28.

MELANITIS ISMENE.

Papilio ismene, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26. f. A, B.

MYCALESIS PERSEUS.

Papilio perseus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 488.

MYCALESIS RUNEKA.

Mycalesis runeka, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 234.

MycaLEsIs CHARAKA.

Mycalesis charaka, Moore, P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 566.

YPHTHIMA PANDOCUS.

Yphthima pandocus, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. i. p. 235; Hewits.

Trans. Ent. Soe. 1865, p. 290, pl. 18. f. 12.

YPHTHIMA ZODIACA.

Yphthima zodiaca, Butler.

ELYMNIAS HAINANA, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside brownish purple-black: fore wing with narrow

bright blue marginal spots: hind wing with outer border broadly

ferruginous.

Female. Dark ferruginous-brown ; disk of both wings indistinctly

brighter ferruginous ; narrow marginal spots on fore wing pale pur-

ple; small whitish submarginal spots on hind wing. Underside

with the basal portion numerously covered with dark brown strigze,

the outer borders paler and with less and narrower strigz ; the

apical grey patch on fore wing prominent; and costal spot on hind

wing small but distinct.

Expanse 2% inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

Allied to the Bornean species Z. nigrescens, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871,

p- 520.

PAPILIONIDZ.

PapriLio PAMMON.

Papilio pammon, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p. 746, 3.

P. polytes, Linn, ib. p. 746, 2.

PAPILIO HELENUS.

Papilio helenus, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p. 745.

1878.] LEPIDOPTERA OF HAINAN. 697

PAPILIO ACHATES.

Papilio achates, Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. 182. f. A, B.

PAPILIO MALAYANUS.

Papilio malayanus, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1865, p. 59.

PaPILIo SWINHOET, 0. sp.

Allied to P. nomius, Esper, from S. India. Differs on the upper-

side in the fore wing having the costal bands broader, the submar-

ginal row of spots smaller and narrower; the hind wing is also

shorter, the upright black bands broader, the two pale spots beneath

them widely separated, and the marginal lunules much narrower.

On the underside the hind wing has the discal red maculated band

more heavily margined with black.

Expanse, ¢ 28, 9 3 inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

PAPILIO AXION.

Papilio axion, Felder, Verh. nuplhoteGes xiv. p. 305 (1864).

P. euryphilus, Hiibner, Samm. exot. Schm.

PAPILIO MEGARUS.

Papilio megarus, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. pl. 79. f. 2.

PAPILIO SATURATA, N. sp.

Distinguished from Indian specimens of P. panope by its intense

and uniform dark colour throughout the upperside, being of a much

darker tint than any specimens from India ; the marginal spots on

the fore wing small but very prominent. In the hind wing there is

an outer marginal series of broad quadrate ochreous spaces, a sub-

marginal row of very narrow brown-speckled ochreous angular lunules,

and an inner row of acutely angular, scarcely perceptible ochreous

marks. Underside also very dark-coloured ; the base of fore wing

black-tinted ; quadrate ochreous spots on outer margin of hind wing

very broad ; submarginal lunules white.

Expanse 4 inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

MorpuHip2.

CLEROME EUMEUS.

Papilio eumeus, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pl.. 2. f23:

NYMPHALIDS.

ATHYMA LEUCOTHOE.

Papilio leucothoé, Linn. S. N. i. 2, p. 780.

NEPTIS HAINANA, N. sp.

Near to N. eurynome, Westw. (Donov. Ins. of China, 2nd edit.

p. 66, pl. 35. f. 4), from China. Differs above in its more compactly

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1878, No. XLV. 45

698 MR. F. MOORE ON THE [June 18,

disposed maculated bands, the fore wing having the discoidal streak

comparatively broader and its terminal portion more elongated at the

point ; in the hind wing the subbasal band is straighter and of equal

width throughout, the submarginal band being narrower. The un-

derside is of a much paler orange-yellow colour, and the bands less

black-bordered, being similar in both these respects to the Assam

species V. kamrupa, Moore.

Expanse, ¢ 27 inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

NEPTIS RIHODONA, 0. sp.

Allied to N. hordonia, Stoll; differs above in the bands being

broader, those on the hind wing considerably so, in the male these

latter also having a prominently waved outer border. Both wings

in the male have a well-marked outer marginal band.

Expanse, ¢ 18, 2 2 inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

ERGOLIS ALTERNUS, 0. sp.

Nearest allied to the typical #. ariadne from Java. Differs in

its more deeply excavated margins, the upperside being of a more

yellowish-ferruginous colour between the discal and marginal bands ;

the broad basal portion, the median discal band, and marginal band

of a deeper dusky ferruginous, the discal band also being distinetly

and darker maculated. Underside with broad dark dusky chestnut-

brown suffused bands.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce and F, Moore.

CYRESTIS THYODAMAS.

Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisd., Cuv. Rég. An., Ins. ii. pl. 138. f. 4,

Identical with Indian specimens.

CyYRESTIS COCLES.

Papilio cocles, Fabr. Mant. Ins. i. p. 7; Donov. Ins. Ind. pl.

Oe. ees

JUNONIA LEMONIAS.

Papilio lemonias, Linn. S. N. i. 2, p. 770.

JUNONIA LAOMEDIA.

Papilio laomedia, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p. 772; Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent.

pl. 5. f. 3.

JUNONIA NONE.

Papilio enone, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p. 770; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i.

pl. 35. f, A-C.

One specimen from Ho Ching Shang, agreeing in size with those

from India, but smaller than the Chinese.

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF HAINAN, 699

JUNONIA ALMANA.

Papilio almana, Linn. S.N, i. 2, p- 769; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i.

pl. 58. f. F, G.

SYMPHZDRA PARDALIS, n. sp.

Allied to S. dirtea, Fabr. Differs in the male having somewhat

shorter wings, the fore wing more convex on the costa, the outer

margin being slightly concave, and the antennz are shorter and less

robust. Distinguished on the fore wing above by the broad greenish

grey marginal band, which is uniformly coloured and extends to the

apex ; the band on the hind wing is also comparatively broader, the

snbmarginal spots larger, and itrorated with greenish-grey anally.

The underside is more uniformly ferruginous, but with the spots

aler.

j Female with the spots above of a greenish-yellow tint.

Expanse, ¢ 33, 9 35 inches. “Ti

Hab, Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

DIADEMA Avia.

Papilio avia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 111.

Papilio iacintha, Drury, Til. Exot. Ent. ii. ple 21. f. 1, 2.

ATELLA PHALANTA. :

Papilio phalanta, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 21. f..1, 2.

P. columbina, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 238. f, A, B.

MESSARAS ERYMANTHIS.

Papilio erymanthis, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pi 15. 7.3, 4

CETHOSIA BIBLIS.

Papilio biblis, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 4. f, 2:

Pirrip2.

NYCHITONA XIPHIA.

Papilio xiphia, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 43.

P. nina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 194.

CATOPSILIA GNOMA.

Papilio gnoma, Faby. Syst. Ent. App. p. 808.

TERIAS Esiore.

Lerias esiope, Ménétr. Cat. Lep. Mus. Petr. p. 85, pl. 2. f. 3.

TERIAS SUBDECORATA, n. sp.

Upperside deep yellow: fore wing with a moderately broad blackish

border, the inner margin of which forms a slightly sinuous curve in

the male, but a more angled curve in the female: hind wing with a

slight speckled spot at end of the veins. Underside similarly but

more prominently marked, as in 7. @siope, Ménétr.

Expause, ¢ 18, 9 13 inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

700 MR. F. MOORE ON THE [June 18,

TERIAS ATTENUATA, 0. Sp.

Male. Upperside with a very narrow black border, its inner mar-

gin but very slightly sinuous; costal margin blacker than in the

other species: hind wing with a very narrow indistinct speckled

border. Underside with markings similar to T. esiope, but smaller

and narrower.

Expanse 14 inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. F. Moore.

TERIAS ARCUATA, 0. Sp.

Male. Allied to T. subdecorata. Differs above in having a more

regularly curved inner margin to the black border of the fore wing,

a nearly eontinuous speckled border on hind wing, and in the mark-

ings beneath being nearly obsolete.

Expanse 1? inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. F. Moore.

TERIAS HAINANA, N. Sp.

Male and Female. Allied to T. drona, Horsf., fram Java. Differs

on the fore wing in the marginal band being narrower and slightly

broken at its termination on posterior angle ; the hind wing has the

band very narrow and sinuous, being nearly obsolete at the anal end

in the female ; cilia pinkish. Underside paler yellow ;. two: promi-

nent small black spots at end of the cell on fore wing and dusky

speckled markings on hind wing.

Expanse 1,4) inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

A distinct species from 7’. vagans, Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 357.

THESTIAS SESIA.

Papilio sesia, Fabr. (Donov. Ins. China, pl. 31. f. 2).

Papilio evippe, Drury, Ill. Ins. pl. 5. f. 2, 3.

Papilio pyrene, Cram. ii. pl. 125. f: C, 3.

APPIAS ZELMIRA.

Papilio zelmira, Cram. iv. pl. 320. f. C, D, ¢.

APPIAS AMASENE.

Papilio amasene, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 44. f. A.

APPIAS COPIA.

Pieris copia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 340.

One specimen (male) froni Ho Ching Shang.

APPIAS INORNATA, N. sp.

Allied to 4. vacans, Butler, from Sikkim.

Male. Upperside with the markings similar to 4. hippo (Cramer,

pl. 195. f.B,C). Female as in A. vacans, having the costal border of

fore wing, and outer borders of both wings only, black. Underside

of male with the apical spot on fore wing and the hind wing deep

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF HAINAN. 701

yellow, the former absent and the latter paler in the female; outer

border of hind wing narrow, and of a golden-brown colour.

Expanse 2} inches.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

This is quite a distinct species from the Formosan (4. formosana),

described by Mr. Wallace in P. Z. §, 1866, p. 356.

SyNCHLOE CANIDIA.

Papilio canidia, Sparrm. Ameen. Acad. vii. p. 504 (1768).

P. gliciria, Cramer, pl. 171. f. E, F.

Tuyca PAsiITHO:.

Papilio pasithoé, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p. 759.

P. dione, Drury, Ul, Exot. Ent. ii. Bl, Sto

ERyYcINID&,

SospirTa saTURATA, n. sp.

Form of outline as in S, lydda, Hewits. Exot. Butt. iii. Sosp.

pl. fig. 13, from Hong Kong. Upperside dark purple-brown, basai

half darkest: hind wing with very indistinct small black white-

bordered apical and anal spots. Underside brighter ; pale bands

distinct, the discal band broad, nearly straight on fore wing, and

its inner border darker-coloured ; three small white-bordered black

apical and two anal spots on hind wing.

Female brighter-coloured.

Expanse 1 inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

ZEMEROS CONFUCIUS, n. Sp.

Z. confucius, Wallace, MS.

Male. Smaller than Javan or Indian specimens of Z. flegyas.

Markings above similar; tlie subapical spots larger and indistinct,

two only being visible above, these being white and prominent be-

neath,

From Z. albipunctata, Butler, from Malacca, it may be distin-

guished by the much less prominent and smaller number of subapical

spots both above and beneath, and in the inner series of spots on

both wings being white-bordered as in Z. Jlegyas.

Expanse 1,4; inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Drace.

LycznIpD&.

MILETUS CHINENSIS.

Miletus chinensis, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. xii. p. 488 ( 1862).

Lucia pinama, n. sp.

Male. Similar to L. evius (Westw. Gen. D. L. p. 902, pl. 76.

f. 5) from India, Underside of a browner grey, the transverse zig-

702 MR. F. MOORE ON THE {June 18,

zag markings less defined, and the white interspace beyond the end

of the cell much wider.

Expanse 1 inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

PITHECOPS NIHANA, N. Sp.

Upperside dusky brown; cilia white: fore wing with a slight

white brown-speckled longitudinal central patch, and hind wing with

a similar streaky subapical patch. Underside white: fore wing with

a submarginal series of six very narrow, dusky, short, recurved marks,

and a marginal series of narrow dusky lunules bordered within by

an indistinet Iunular line: hind wing with a moderately large black

costal spot before the apex, and a smaller spot on abdominal margin ;

a series of very indistinct dusky submarginal and marginal streaks.

Expanse +} inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

PoLYO@MMATUS LAIUS.

Papilio laius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 319. f. D, E.

POLYOMMATUS VARUNANA.

Polyommatus varunana, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 772, pl. 41. f. 6.

POLYOMMATUS SIMILIS, 0. sp.

Allied to P, argia, Ménétr. Cat. Lep. Mus. Petr, p. 125, pl. x. f. 7.

from Japan. Differs above in being of a pale lilac-blue, the margin

of the fore wing less dusky, and the hind wing with the marginal

spots searcely perceptible (both these characters in P. argia are very

prominent), On the underside the colour is of a brownish-grey ;

markings similar, but those of fore wing less prominent, the spots

on the hind wing having the e¢entre of the same tint as the ground-

colour of the wing.

Expanse 1,'5 inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H, Druce and F. Moore.

LAMPIDES BA&TICUS.

Papilio beticus, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p, 789.

LAMPIDES KANDARPA.

Lycena kandarpa, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. 1829, p- 82.

APHN ZUS LOHITA.

Amblypodia lohita, Horst. Cat. Lep. E.I. C. 1829, p, 106,

ILERDA BELENA.

Heliophorus belenus, Hiibner, Zutrage, f. 785 (1832).

MAHATHALA, n. g.

Wings broad: fore wing somewhat short, exterior margin nearly

erect and slightly scalloped ; third subcostal branch biftieate; hind

1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF HAINAN. 703

wing short ; costa abbreviated, lobed at the base, concave towards

the end, the apex produced and pointed upward ; exterior margin

slightly concave below the apex, and very convex in the middle ;

anal anzle lobed ; a spatulate tail extending from end of lower me-

dian vein; palpi long, stout, apical joint broad laterally ; antennz

thickened to apex.

Differs from typical Amblypodia (A. narada, Horsf.) in the en-

tirely different form of wings ; the fore wing having the third branch

of the subcostal vein bifurcate instead of trifurcate, as in male of

A, narada.

MawaTHALa Ameria.

Amblypodia ameria, Hewits. Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 14, pl. 8. f. 85.

(Harr BETURIA. a

Hesperia beturia, Hewits. Dese. Hesp. p. 36 (1868).

Hesperip2.

Hesperia GREMIUs. ;

Hesperia gremius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 433; Butler, Cat.

Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 271, plan fy.

HI. divodasa, Moore, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 791.

Hesperia matutas, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 433; Butler,

Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 275, pl. 3. f. 8.

The specimens from Island of Ho Ching Shan.

Hesperia MANGALA, Moore, P. Z. S, 1865, p. 792.

Hesperia QUINIGERA, n. Sp.

Male and Female. Upperside olive-brown; cilia pale cinereous-

brown: fore wing with five small pale semidiaphanous spots, two

only being subapical, and three obliquely discal : hind wing with a

single indistinct pale semidiaphanous spot. Underside pale ochre-

ous-brown ; fore wings marked as above.

Expanse, ¢ 1,2, 2 1545 inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

GEGENES HAINANUS, n. sp.

Male. Allied to the European species G. nostrodamus, but smaller

in size, also much paler above and less grey beneath.

Expanse 1} inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. H. Druce.

PAMPHILA CONFUCIUS.

Pamphila confucius, Felder, Wien. ent. Monat. 1862, p. 29.

ISMENE RIA.

Ismene aria, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 784; Hewits. Exot. Butt.

iv. Hesp. pl. 2. f. 24,

704 MR. F. MOORE ON THE {June 18,

CYCLOPIDES CAMERTES.

Cyclopides camertes, Hewits. Desc. Hesp. p. 43 (1868).

HETEROCERA.

BoMBYCES.

SYNTOMID&.

RHAPHIDOGNATHA HAINANA.

Artona hainana, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 357.

CHALCOSIID&.

Ptworvs GLAUCOPIS.

Phalena glaucopis, Drury, Exot. Ins. ii. p. 11, pl. 6. f. 4.

CHALCOSIA NYMPHA, 0. sp.

Mate. Fore wing silvery-white; a circular purple-black spot in

middle of the cell, and a speckled spot obliquely below it; apical

band purple-black, traversed with white spots: bind wing with a

black-streaked pale blue apical band, the extreme margin and cilia

being white. Head and collar crimson; body metallic green ; an-

tenne black ; legs grey.

Expanse 144 inch.

Hab. Hainan. In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to OC. diana, Butler, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 815, from Formosa.

EvuscHEMA MILITARIS.

Phalena militaris, Linn. 8. N. 1. 2, p. 811.

LiITHOSIID.

UrerHeEsiA PULCHELLA.

Phalena pulchella, Linn. S. N, i. 2, p. 884; Guér.-Meén. Icon.

Rég. An. pl. 88. f. 8.

BoMBYCID.

ARISTHALA, Noy. gen.

Fore wing elongate, trigonate, falcate ; costa moderately arched

at the end; apex convex; exterior margin oblique, concave below

the apex, slightly produced and angled in middle; posterior margin

nearly straight, angle acute; costal and subcostal with its first and

second branches running close together along the extreme margin,

third branch trifureate at nearly equal distances, the two upper

ascending to the costa, the first before the second to the apex, the

third to below the apex ; discocellulars bent inward at the middle,

upper shortest ; upper radial as a subcostal branch beyond the cell,

lower radial from angle of discocellulars ; a discoidal veinlet emitted

within the cell paraltel to lower radial ; median vein three-branched

at equal distances, upper from end of the cell; a submedian and

internal vein close to the margin. Hind wing elongated, narrow, apex

1878. } LEPIDOPTERA OF HAINAN. 705

and exterior margin very cunvex ; anal angle concave in male, angled

in female ; abdominal marginal long, nearly straight, fringed; two

subcostal branches emitted beyond the cell; discocellulars very

oblique, bent outward ; one radial from their angle; median three-

branched, two upper from end of cell ; a submedian and internal

vein. Body stout, with a dorsal crest and anal lateral tuft ; antennze

short, bipectinate to near end; palpi very small; legs very hairy

aud tufted to end of tarsi.

This genus is allied to Ocinara and Ernolatia, Walker, to Tri-

locha, Moore, and to Bombyx (B. mori, Linn.).

ARISTHALA HAINANA, 0. sp.

Female. Fore wing dark ferruginous ; posterior border brighter

ferruginous ; discal area speckled with buff and-purple-brown scales ;

an oblique curved subbasal and two discal sinuous darker lives; a

small bright-coloured ferruginous spot at end of the cell; exterior

border speckled with chalybeous-white : hind wing yellowish-ferru-

ginous, with short basal, median, and narrower discal purple-brown

bands; a subanal lunular white streak bordered above with purple-

brown. Thorax dark ferruginous; abdomen greyish-ferruginous ;

head, legs, and body beneath brighter ferruginous. Underside

bright ferruginous: fore wing palest at base: exterior border

dusky and white-speckled; one blackish transverse discal line:

hind wing with outer curved discal line, two discocellular spots, and

indistinct median fascia ; anal angle speckled with dusky-brown and

white.

Expanse 2 inches.

Heb. Hainan. In coll. F. Moore.

A closely allied species of this genus, from which the generic

characters of the male have been taken, is found in the Sikkim

Himalayas.

Liparip2.

PANTANA AMPLA.

Pantana ampla, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 820.

PyYRALEs.

LEPYRODES GEOMETRALIS.

Lepyrodes geometralis, Guén. Spec. Gén. Lép. Delt. et Pyr. p. 278.

706 MR. F, MOORE ON THE [June 18,

Tabular List showing Geographical Distribution.

Sb :

2 | 4 4

1 6 |

B i Far:

Sieh e a |=

colic Cam He os S|

g § Sa S| z= ica]

“| altel lPSilaae hes

a) Ss )\Ola ts |e

DaANAID#. | |

Danais limniace * ye Be

apleai: <3 wgeaseeedas *

—— plexippus...... * | * | * | *

chrysippus ... * | * | # | ®

Euplea Felderi * | *

PalPierWHNOALA. weedoses os se cesses. cones *

SavyrIDz.

DEBISVEUO PaAwasoss- seca slewlsen se waceccioaise ones % tude al tate meckall ge *

Zophoessa muirheadi .....-...s++seeeeeee ees Tia Zeb TH af

MGiAmttiS ISMONG Toc eccatss sacnpendandescersne * | « | x | x | *

Mycalesis perseus..... ooh x | *

WUDGKS s.h03:. 0002 * *

———charaka ......... sant | G8

Yphthima pandocus *

zOdiaca..........- *

Hlymnias hainana ............00-s6000-

PAPILIONIDA,

Papilio pammon ............... Petceeebe atic Sa ba Sal ee

WPGVONIUB Se oes ee eoes Pete teen eae ee) iE

ere BCH ALES SA iiis voc Rae nled secanechoeeelees * * | x

———— NALAVALNIS! \seeciseecuwoscesceccupcemsaterec cl) oar oe ns cael! os

swinhoei *

PRION. fies ashes ay -U9e oH coz, csiewi eine, Meee aE

—— megarus * ¥

saturata ... * |

MorrpHip%. |

Olerome OumMOUS. 4... sd0c..c0nseeeeoaee ech BA Scan} 36

NyMpPHALID2£.

Athyma leucothoé ............ Ae ye 2 x | «| «| « | x | x

Neptis hainana...... *

TINA OWA ei aatascwavseocles «ceccsccoree.s *

Ergolis alternus ................ a eacosse * }

Cyrestis thyodamas ...............0.-0s0s0008- WD SET nes, Tee geen re

Cote Aa ride aac deecte oeki as Hakee TS « * | Se

Junonia lemonias.......... x | « | « | * | # | x

Taomiedis.....ace-sssce * | * | * * | *

—— None ..........0e eee * co | nce eee ee

—— almana............. Re Meetaaeaceimeet veo * * * * *

Sympheedra pardalis ..............:.00eeee *

IAC GRAN AVIRA: Siaceccchins soaee sv oncateres tee 3 1] gael aecall ae

Atellambhalantaly 7: 0t:nsctlte oscastsvaSsescs et doe [re |) Se gee

Tabular List (continued.)

78.] LEPIDOPTERA OF HAINAN.

io}

NympuaLipe (continued).

Messaras erymanthis. ...............002+ee0e *

Cethosia biblis *

Pinrips.

Nychitona xiphia *

Catopsilia gnoma ‘ *

Terias wsiope ...........- WASTES tn eepe 12 sae *

AUIDUCCOLALA a. codedtac cache sso ves seace ene *

BIGOHU A Goce. t note deamancene.(iesseeer eae *

BRC Ub os tec neces cee *

hainana .......- Srrerse *

PHeRHAS BESIG: ”ss..s demawclageces *

Appias zelmira................6- *

amasene *

copia........ *

inornata *

Synchloé canidie .............ceceeeeseeeneteee *

Thyca pasitho€...........c020ceseseeeeeasceeee %

Erycinip&.

Sospita saturata ........sccleecceesceeceee ees *

Zemeros CONFUCIUS .........0.eeeereeeereee ees *

Lyce&nip4,

Val obus (Chin engi sc .vese clus anne aicceeush eres *

Lucia dilama .......... *

Pithecops nihana...... *

Polyommatus laius . *

yarunana........ *

similis .......... 1%

Lampides baeticus ..........0..0sseeneeeeeees *

Pee Aes sera tease ra se aavawanes es See (ee

Aphneus lohita ....... Saithhec net wn doeaea tots *

lord belenas « pye.csjc-spnsconsapeeess seer ensc« *

Mahathala ameria ..,...........+ BRT soecee® *

Hesparip£.

Hesperia gremius...... oO

beturia....... *

— mathias *

mangala *

quinigera ... eae + a

Gegenes hainanus.......00...cseeeeceeceeeeeees *

Pamphila) confuctus......5-5.02.---..5-+25e+20- | *

HRMIENOPAMIG cesses -asscertecsseesses | *

| Cyclopides camertes ............. raccehice wal

Z é

B r=)

(=) n

fe ‘=|

ie & | 8

° ; Aa iE

a=} a . >| a

Sh) te ele fetes ;

3 ‘a =I &

a | | es - gs

= je) wm = A

% * *

* * *

ean We: * * *

% *

* *

* * *

A huis * *

* | * * *

wae da oe * *

Fhe 2 Spee *

| x | *

* *

* * * *

* *

708 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [June 18,

Tabular List (continued).

Sg a

a |g i=

ale A

cm] & a | a

ei || ere] os i bl

@/s/-8/8/3/a

coche 2

SE SNS) ea) |p

Bompyces.

Rhaphidognatha hainana ............+++... *

IPIGOUS PIAMCOPIS! ioeccse<geecmsee ce ser osama * * *

Chalcosia nympha ...............s0000ceerees *

Huschema militaris ......,.....0.....s0eeesee % [oe | * * | *

(Utethesia pulchella: oo... ice. sesceeesessens ai ee wel aeRO alee (83

APISG Mele DAINATIAl A -Sc.nescctseccscesnecs eee ®

IPanitanayamiplaressnactasdarsccctcessvocecesasee * *

PyRALEs.

Lepyrodes geometralis .................442- x [-* | % x | *

8. Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—

No. X. On the Collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett

in the Island of Bohol. By Arrnur, Marquis of

Twreppate, F.R.S., President of the Society.

[Received June 14, 1878.]

The island of Bohol lies between Leyte and Zebu, and is situated

about seventy miles N.W. of Mindanao. It has a length of about

forty miles and a breadth of thirty miles. After leaving Leyte, Mr.

Everett stopped for a week at Talibon, on the north coast of the

island, and then left for Palawan, while his brother proceeded to the

interior of the island to collect. There he found a country covered

with grass 12 feet high, and with no forest except on the tops of a

few hills. Birds were scarce; and he had to return stricken with

fever. The collection obtained in North Bohol contains representa-

tives of 47 species; and although all belong to previously known

birds, seven of them have not been hitherto recorded as being

inhabitants of the Philippines. These are :—

Cisticola cursitans. Limosa lapponica.

Alauda wattersi. Tringa albescens.

Terekia cinerea. Strepsilas interpres.

Limicola platyrhyncha.

The rest of the species are generally distributed throughout

the archipelago, with perhaps the exceptions of Lanius nasutus,

which appears to be a northern form, and Orthotomus frontalis and

Loriculus hartlaubi, which are southern species.

1878. ] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 709

1. Lorrcutus wartiavusi (7) ?

[Bohol, 2, October. ]

Only one example of a female, and not in full dress. It agrees

with individuals of true Z. harélaubi in a similar stage of plumage,

but has the maxilla shorter by one tenth of an inch.

2. HaLiAsTuR INTERMEDIUs (17).

[N. Bohol, g 2, October. |

3. Burastur rnpicus (20).

[N. Bohol, 2, October : iris golden-yellow ; bill black; cere and

base of bill bright chrome-yellow; legs and feet dirty chrome-

yellow ; nails black. ]

~~"

4. Merops pHILIPPiNus (35).

[N. Bohol, 3, October.]

5. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS (38).

[N. Bohol, 2, October. ]

6. SAUROPATIS CHLORIS (47).

[N. Bohol, $ 2, October. ]

7. CACOMANTIS MERULINUS (57).

[N. Bohol, 3, October: iris light red ; bill biack; base of man-

dible reddish ; nails black ; feet and legs waxy Naples-yeliow. ]

The above note pertains to the adult. Two other examples are

in rufous and brown-banded plumage.

&. CenTRococcyx vrripis (64).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October.]

The male is immature; the female adult.

9. Lanrus nasutus (70).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November. ]

10. Lanrus LucroneEnsts (72).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November. |

11. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNCHUS (73).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 9, October and November. |

12. LaLacGe pominica (76).

[N. Bohol, ¢, November. ]

13. Leucocerca nicRitorauis (83).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October. |

14. HrrunpDo JAVANICA,

Hirundo javanica, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. t. 100.

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October. ]

710 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [June 18,

15. BRopDERIPUS ACRORHYNCHUs (90).

[N. Bohol, 2, October and November. |

16. Ixus GorAvIER (99).

[N. Bohol, 2, October. |

17. Pratrncoua cCapRATA (104).

[N. Bohol, ¢, November. Locust in gizzard. }

18. CisTICOLA CURSITANS.

Prinia cursitans, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118; Dresser, B. of

Europe, parts I]xi., Lxii.

[N. Bohol, 3, October: iris yellow-brown. |

Four examples identical with Indian individuals, but distinct from

the Negros example referred to anted, p. 285. no. 31.

19. ORTHOTOMUS FRONTALIS.

Orthotomus frontalis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 112, t. i. f. 1;

T. L.S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 336. no. 85.

{N. Bohol, ¢ 9, October. |

20. Bupyres viripis (114).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, November. ]

21. CoryDALLA LUGUBRIS (117).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November. |

22. CyrTostomus JUGULARIS (123).

[N. Bohol, 2, October. ]

23. Corvus PHILIPPINUS (125).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, November. ]

Female smaller than the male.

24. CALORNIS PANAYENSIS (128).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October. ]

25. Munia sacort (132).

[N. Bohol, 3, October. |

26. ALAUDA WATTERSI.

Alauda wattersi, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389.

[N. Bohol, 3, October. |

A single example of the genus Alauda, which most nearly agrees

with the South-Formosan race of A. celivox, separated under the

above title by Mr. Swinhoe. The occurrence in the Philippines of

any member of the genus has not before been recorded,

27. OSMOTRENON VERNANS (135).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 9, October. |

1878.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 711

28. Turtur pussumiert (147).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November. }

29. CHARADRIUS FULVUS (159).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October. |

30. EupromiAs GEOFFROY! (161).

[N. Bohol, 3 2, October and November. |

31. EupRoMIAS MONGOLICUS (163).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November. |

32. ANGIALITIs DUBIA (162). aii

[N. Bohol, 2, October. |

33. ANGIALITIS CANTIANA.

[N. Bohol, 2, October. ]

34. ANGIALITIS PERONII.

Charadrius peronii, Temminck, Schlegel, Mus. P.-Bas, Cursores,

p- 33.

ARGIALITIS, sp.?

{N. Bohol, ¢, November. ]

35. STREPSILAS INTERPRES.

Tringa interpres, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 248.

[N. Bohol, ¢, November. 9, November: iris chocolate ; ne”

and bill black ; legs and feet dirty orange. |

New to the Philippines.

36. LIMOSA LAPPONICA.

[N. Bohol, ¢, November. ]}

37. RHYACOPHILUS GLAREOLA (182).

[N. Bohol, ¢, November: iris dark brown ; bill and nails Black ;

legs and feet ‘yellow-green. ]

38. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCOs (183).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November. |

39. ToTaANUS INCANUS.

Scolopax incanus, Gm, 8. N. i. p. 658.

{N. Bohol, ¢ 2, November : iris chocolate-brown; legs and feet

dirty chrome ; nails black; bill dark dull grey, base yellow. ]

40. TeREKIA CINEREA.

Scolopax cinerea, Guldenstadt, N. Comment. Ac. Sc. Imp.

Petropol. xix. p. 473, t. 19 (1775).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October. }

New to the Philippines.

712 PR. 0. FINSCH ON A NEW STURNUS. [June 18,

41. LimicoLa PLATYRHYNCHA.

Tringa platyrhyncha, Temm. Man. d’Orn. p. 398 (1815).

[N. Bohol, 2, October. }

The specimens have been submitted to Mr. Dresser, who is of

opinion that they belong to this species and not to L. sibirica.

42. TRINGA ALBESCENS.

Tringa albesecens, Temminck, Pl. Col. 41, f. 2.

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November.]

New to the Philippines.

43. GALLINAGO SCOLOPACINA (187).

[N. Bohol, ¢, November.]

44. Busuxcus coromannvs (194).

[N. Bohol, 2, October. }

45. HERODIAS GARZETTA (195).

[N. Bohol, ¢, October. |

46. DENDROCYGNA vaAGANS (203).

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, October and November. ]

47, STERNA BERGII.

Sterna bergii, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. Berl. Mus. p. 80.

[N. Bohol, ¢ 2, November. |

9. On a new Species of Starling. By O. Fivscn,

Ph.D. C.M.Z.83

[Received June 17, 1878.]

This species, which I propose to name after General Poltaratzsky,

Governor of Semipalatinsk, is easily distinguishable from our common

Starling by having the back green instead of purplish-violet, and

the underparts below the neck of a deep purplish-violet instead of

green as in the remaining species.

I found this Starling breeding on Lake Marka-Kul, in the Chinese

High Altai, about 5000 feet above the sea-level. A careful compa-

rison of it with the rich series of Séurni in the British Museum has

convinced me that it belongs to a distinct species hitherto confounded

with S¢. vulgaris and its allies. The British Museum contains

fifteen specimens of tne same bird from North-Western India,

Persia, and Baluchistan. Specimens from the two last-named

localities are marked S¢. unicolor and St. vulgaris by Mr. Blanford.

The single specimen of a Starling brought home by Mr. Seebohm

from the Yenisey belongs also to this species. It is the St. humei,

Gould (1877), but not of Brooks (1876), and most probably also

the S¢. vulgaris of Radde and Schrenck from Eastern Siberia. The

1878. | MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 713

group to which our common Starling belongs contains the following

Species :—

St. vulgaris, L.; Sé. indicus, Hodgs. (Nepaul); Sé. humei,

Brooks (= xifens, Hume, = ambiguus, Hume) ; St. purpurascens,

Gould ; and St. poltaratskyi, mihi (= humez, Gould).

All these species are well marked, and distinguishable even in

winter plumage and in the young state, as J intend to show in a

more extended description of them.

10, On new Species of Coleopterous Insects (Geodephaga

and Longicornia) taken by Dr. Stoliczka during the

Forsyth Expedition to Kashgar in 1873-74. By H.

W. Bates, F.Z.S.

[Received June 17, 1878.]

The following are preliminary diagnoses of new genera and spe-

cies of Coleoptera, of the groups above mentioned, taken during

the mission of Sir T. Douglas Forsyth to the Amir of Kashgar in

1873-4. Complete descriptions will hereafter appear in the general

work on the results of the expedition, now in course of publication

at Calcutta.

GEODEPHAGA.

CICINDELA STOLICZKANA.

C. burmeisteri (Fischer) affinis, sed minor. Nigra; corpore sub-

tus, pedibus antennarumque basi chalybeo-violaceis ; elytris

lunula humerala et apicali fausciaque mediana, lata, abbreviata,

recta flavo-albis ; thorace brevi, lateribus fere rectis, supra sub-

talisseme granulatim strigoso; elytris minute, haud confertim

granulaties ; palpis nigris, albo-setosis ; labro albo, convexo, antice

medio rotundato producto, unidentato ; corpore subtus pedibusque

sparsim albo-pilosis.

Long 6-73 lin.

North of the Kuen-lun. Exact locality not given.

CARABUS STOLICZKANUS.

C. caschmirensi (Kollar) affinis. Maxime elongatus et angustus,

niger subnitidus ; thorace late subcordato-quadrato, angulis pos-

ticis retrorsum productis, acutis ; elytris angustis, post medium

perparum rotundato-dilatatis, dorso tuberculorum triplict serie,

inter se carina uniea separatis; menti dente verticaliter ex-

stante, valde compresso,

Long. 14-15 lin.

Murree.

DicHIROTRICHUS ALTICOLA.

Oblongus, supra testaceo-fuluus, capite (maculis rufis exceptis),

Proc. Zoox, Soc.—1878, No, XLVI. 46

14 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 18,

thoracis macula discoidal alteraque elytrorum postico-discoidalt

nigro-ceeneis ; palpis apice acuminatis ; capite et thorace grosse

subsparsim punctatis, hoc postice angustato, angulis posticis

oblique rotundatis, margine postice arcuato ; elytris striatis,

interstitiis medio leviter culminatis, biseriatim punctatis ; corpore

subtus nigro ; antennis fuscescentibus. 3. Tarsi duo antici ar-

ticulis 1°-3"™" ovatis, 4° bilobo.

Long 2+ lin.

Pamir, ‘between Sirikol and Panga.

HARPALUS CHRULEATUS.

Elongato-oblongus, glaber ; thorace transversim quadrato, postice

distincte angustato, lateribus arcuatis, angulis posters rotundatis,

bast utringue late subcrebre punctato, margine basali bisinwato ;

elytris pice Sortiter sinuatis, supra striatis, interstitis planis,

umpunctatis, tertio unipunctato.

d supra capite thoraceque nagr is, politis ; elytris cwruleis, subviola-

ceis, nitidis ; antennis nigris, articulo basali rufo ; corpore sub-

tus nigro, pectore medio pedibusque rufopicers ; abdomine minus

nitido. Immaturus toto corpore castaneo-rufo, elytris violaceis.

2 nigro- vel rufo-castanea, raro obscure nigra ; elytris opacis, inter-

dum violaceo tinctis, wpice fortius (sicut in H. eeneo Q ) sinuatis.

Long. 53-6 lin.

Yangi Hissar.

HARPALUS MELANEUS.

H. calceato (Dufts.) forma coloreque similis, at thorace fere wm-

prnctato, angulisque posticis obtusis. Oblongus, modice elongatus,

niger nitidus, elytris x opacis ; antennis et palpis nagris, arti-

culs omnibus apie piceo-rufis ; thorace transversim quadrato,

postice leviter angustato, angulis posticis obtusis, lateribus antice

modice arcuatis, basi utrinque vage vie punctato, fovea linear

impresso ; elytris apice paullulum sinuatis, supra convexis,

simpliciter striatis, interstitiis modice convexis, tertio unipunctato.

Long. 6 lin.

Sind valley; Murree; near Leh.

HARPALUS TURCULUS.

Oblongus, niger, 3 nitidus, Q sericinitens ; antennis articulo primo

rufo, palpis apice flavis ; capite modice angusto, levi ; thorace

quadrato, antice prope angulos rotundato-angustato, postice latert-

bus exacte parallelis, elytris multo angustiore, angulis posticis

rectis, supra impunctato ; elytris utroque sexu apice fortiter

subrecte sinuatis, supra subtiliter striatis, interstitus planis,

tertio unipunctato ; metasterno grosse sparsim punctato,

Long. 4 lin.

No locality. Probably near Yarkand.

HARPALUS INDICOLA.

Elongato-oblongus, angustior, nigerrimus, g magis, 2 minus niti-

- 1878.] MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 715

da, palpis et antennis fulvis ; thorace quadrato, latertbus leniter

arcuatis, postice longe angustato, angulis posticis obtusis, base

tota subsparsim punctata et paulo rugosa, fovea utringue obliqua ;

elytris convexis, apice modice sinuatis, supra striatis ( 3b fortius),

interstitiis vix convexis, tertio puncto conspicue impresso ; sternis

et ventre lateribus grosse haud profunde punctatis.

* Long. 5 lin.

Murree.

“—

HARPALUS MASOREOIDES.

Parvus, niger subsericeus, levis, partibus oris antennisque flavo-

testaceis, pedibus magis rufescentibus ; thorace transverso, elytris

vie angustiore, antice gradatim paullulum angustato, angulis

posticis rotundatis, levi, foveola basali utrinque oblonga, margi-

nibus rufescentibus ; elytris oblongis, apice late obtusis, leviter

sinuatis, supra striatis, striis minutissime punctulatis, interstitirs

via convexis, marginibus reflexis et epipleuris piceo-rufis.

Long. 23 lin.

Pamir, between Sirikol and Panga.

HARPALUS LIODES.

Ovatus, latus, modice conveaus, niger, gS sericinitens, Q serici-

opacus, antennis palpisque piceo-rufis, wllis nigro maculatis, tarsis

piceo-rufis ; capite lato, levigato, oculis minus prominulis ;

thorace valde transverso, antice angustato, postice multo latiore,

angulis posticis rectis, fere impunctato; elytris ovatis, apice

paullulum sinuatis, supra subtiliter striatis, interstitiis planis,

tertio minute unipunctato.

Long. 5-53 lin.

No locality. Probably near Yarkand.

HYPOLITHUS PERLUCENS.

Piceo-niger, lete iridescens, glaber, antennis, palpis e pedibus

fulwo-testaceis ; capite levissimo, post oculos angustato, fovea

frontali lineari versus oculum curvata ; thorace quadrato, lateribus

leniter fere equaliter arcuatis, angulis postics valde obtusis,

margine postico late sinuato, supra limbo toto crebre subtiliter

punctulato, polito, marginibus rufescentibus ; elytris fortiter

striatis, interstitiis paulluium conveais, politissimis, tertio (prope

striam secundam) multipunctato,

Long. 4} lin. 2.

Jhelam valley.

HyPpsINEPHUS, nov. gen,

A genere Selenophoro differt pedibus elongatis, validis, tarsisque 3

articulis dilatatis cordatis, primo basi gracili, apwe subito dila-

tato, 4" breviter bilobo. Mentum edentatum ; elytra «nterstitirs

alternis pluripunctatis.

46*

716 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 18,

HypsINEPHUS ELLIPTICUS.

Piceo-niger vel castaneus ; partibus oris, antennis pedibusque fulvo-

testaceis ; thorace quadrato, elytris angustiore, lateribus postice

explanatis, angulis posticis obtusis, supra impunctato ; elytris

elongato-ovatis, striatis, interstitio tertio punctis quinque parvis,

quinto versus basin duobus, septimo versus apicem pluribus

umpressis.

Long. 6 lin.

Pangong valley.

AMARA BAMIDUNY.

A. triviali (Dufts.) afinis. Ovata, subtus viridi-cenea, supra enea,

antennis articulis 2 basalibus rufis ; pedibus nigro- vel ceneo-

piceis ; thorace quam in A. triviali breviore, bast impunctato ;

elytris striis subtilibus, apice haud profundius unpressis, distincte

punctulatis, interstitiis planis.

Long. 33-4 lin.

Pamir, between Sirikol and Panga.

AMARA AMBIGENA.

Breviter ovata, nigro-cenea polita, ventris apice rufo, palpis, anten-

nis basi, pedibus elytrorumque epipleuris rufis ; elytris interdum

castaneis ; thorace brevi, antice gradatim rotundato-anqustato,

apud basin elytris paulo angustiore, margine basali flecuoso,

angulis posticis subacutis, foveolis basi utrinque duabus latis,

sparsim grosse punctatis ; elytris brevibus, punctulato-striatis,

interstitus planis ; menti dente elongato triangulari, apice’ an-

guste fisso.

Long. 33 lin.

Between Tanktze and Chagra, Pangong valley.

LEIOCNEMIS HIMALAICA.

Elongato-ovata, rufo-picea, supra eneo tincta ; partibus oris, an-

tennis pedibusque flavo-testaceis ; thorace brevi, transverso, lateri-

bus fere cequaliter arcuatis, antice paulo magis quam spostice

angustato, angulis posticis obtusis, lateribus paullulum explanatis,

foveolis basalibus grosse sparsim punctatis, interiore rotundata,

exteriore vage impressa, carinaque obsoletissima ; elytris acute

et simpliciter striatis, interstitiis planis.

3. Tibi intermedi subtus medio sinuate, deinde paullo dilatate

et denticulate.

Long. 35 lin.

Ladakh.

LEIOCNEMIS TARTARI.

Oblongo-ovata, modice convexa, nigra, polita, supra enescens ; par-

tibus oris, antennis pedibusque piceo-rufis ; thorace valde trans-

verso, lateribus fortiter arcuatis, antice et postice fere cequaliter

angustato, angulis posticis distinctis sed obtusis, bast utrinque

foveis duabus modice impressis, fortiter punctatis ; elytris

punctato-strratis, interstitiis planis ; prosterno apice late rotun-

1878.] MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 717

dato, marginato ; meso- et metastérnis punctatis ; menti dente

lato, magno, bifido.

Long. 33 lin.

Between Yangi Hissar and Sirikol.

LEIOCNEMIS FRIVOLA.

Parva, oblonga, subtus rufo-castanea, supra nigro-cenea vel cenea,

elytris interdum castaneis ceneo tinctis ; partibus oris, antennis

pedibusque rufo testaceis ; thorace transversim quadrato, lateribus

leniter arcuatis, postice minus quam antice angustato,-mox ante

basin paullulum sinuato, angulis posticis fere rectis, foveis

basalibus grosse punctates ; elytris punctulato-striatis ; menti

dente bifido, plano.

Long. 23 lin.

No locality. Probably near Yarkand or eastern slopes of Pamir.

AMATHITIS BADIOLA.

A. rufescenti (Dej.) prowime affinis, at angustior corporeque infra

nigro. Subtus nigra, supra capite thoraceque rufo-castaneis (illo

obscuriore) ; elytris subfusco-badiis, interdum ceneo-nitidis, strits

obscurioribus ; oculis multo minus quam in A. rufescente promi-

nulis ; thoracis angulis posticis via rectangulis (sed apice acutis),

basi tota discrete punctata, carina via elevata ; elytris punctulato-

striatis, interstitus planis ; menti dente prominulo, triangulari.

Long 4 lin.

North of Kuen-Lun. One example ticketed “ Sanju.”

AMATHITIS KUENLUNENSIs.

Valde elongatus, pallide ferrugineus, antennis pedibusque gracilibus,

dlarum articulo 3° ceteris multo longiore ; thorace elytris multo

angustiore, late cordato, lateribus antice fortiter arcuatis, postice

sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis acutis, supra impunctato,

foveis basalibus latis, vagis, carinaque prope angulum indistinete

elevata ; elytris elongato-ovatis, apice paulo sinuatis, striis levi-

bus, modice impressis.

Long. 5 lin. 9.

Sanju.

BRrabDYTUS COMPACTUS.

Breviter oblongo-ovatus, latus, subceneo-niger, convexus ; capite brevi

et crasso, oculis parum convexis, epistomatis margine antico

transversim sulcato; thorace elytris haud angustiore, postice

modice angustato, angulis posticis acutis, foveolis basalibus parvis,

punctatis, carinaque obsoleta ; elytris simpliciter striatis, inter-

stitus plans; palpis, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis ; menti

dente magyno, apie inconspicue emarginato.

Long. 4 lin.

Murree.

CURTONOTUS PAMIRENSIS,

Hlongato-oblongus, angustus, rufo-castuneus, supra olivaceo-ceneus,

718 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 18,

thoracis elytrorumque marginibus reflexis rufescentibus ; capite

levi, mox pone oculos angustato ; thorace transversim quadrato,

ante basin subfortiter constricto, ibique lateribus parallelis et

margine laterali haud interrupto, angulis posticis rectis, base

grosse subsparsim punctato, foveis utrinque linearibus ; elytris

striatis, striis (versus apicem exceptis) punctatis.

3 tibiis intermediis post medium angustatis et subtus acute breviter

bidentatis.

Long. 43-5 lin.

Pamir, between Sirikol and Panga.

BreMBIDIUM (PERYPHUS) PAMIRENSE.

Oblongum, depressum, capite thoraceque viridi- vel awrato-ceneis,

politis ; elytris fulvo-testaceis, vitta suturali (ante apicem abbre-

viata) fasciaque pone medium, interdum quoque margine et apice

eneo-fuscis ; antennis, palpis pedibusque flavo-testaceis ; thorace

breviter cordato, antice fortiter rotundato, basi rugato, angulis

posticis rectis, fovea utrinque profunda carinulaque obliqua ; ely-

tris striato-punctatis, interstitiis planis.

Long. 23 lin.

Pamir, between Sirikol and Panga.

Bemeipium (PERYPHUS) PUNCTULIPENNE.

Subdepressum, eneo-nigrum, politum, mandibulis piceo-rufis; thorace

antice leniter rotundato, postice usque ad angulos angustato, his

fortiter reflexis, obtusis, margine basali utrinque prope angulum

valde obliquo, supra basi et margine rugulosis, fovea oblonga ;

elytris punctato-striatis, striis 1°-4"™ solum impressis, 6% et 74

obsoletis, interstitiis planis, minutissime sparsim punctatis,

Long. vix 2 lin.

No locality. Pamir or near Yarkand?

MOL.uopPs PILIFERUS.

Niger, nitidus ; thorace late cordato, post medium subsinuatim

angustato, angulis posticis rectis, antice juxta marginem lateralem

punetis decem longe piliferis lineatim disposites ; elytris elongato-

ovatis, convexis, prope apicem fortiter sinuatis, supra exarato-

striatis, striis 7¢ et 8% valde approximatis, 7" continuo punctatis,

punetis longe piliferis, interstitus dorsalibus planis, 3° et 5° apice

pilifero-punctatis.

Long. 6-7 lin.

Murree.

ANCHOMENUS LADAKENSIS.

A. parumpunctato (Linn.) proxime affinis, sed gracilior, thorace

longiore, etc. Supra subfusco-cupreus, capite thoraceque magis

eneis, interdum toto viridi-eneus ; femoribus nigro-piceis, tibiis

tarsisque rufopicers ; antennis prceo-fuscis, articulo basali rufo ;

thorace subquadrato, lateribus leniter arcuatis, angulis posticis

rotundatis, ibique margine explanato-reflewo, toto limbo alutaceo ;

1878. } MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 719

elytris elongatis, parallelis, acute striatis, interstitis planis, tertio

5-punctato.

Long. 34 lin.

Between Tangtze and Chagra, Pangong valley ; also Pamir, be-

tween Sirikol and Panga.

ANCHOMENUS POLITISSIMUS.

A. fuliginoso (Panz.) forma subsimilis, nigro-cneus, politissimus¢

capite breviter ovato, oculis vix prominulis; palpis art. ult.

acuminatis ; thorace postice angustato, angulis posticis oblique

rotundatis, margine prope angulum valde refleao ; elytris versus

apicem valde sinuatis, swpra obsolete striatis, disco utrinque haud

conspicue bipunctato ; pedibus wneis, tibiis rufo-testaceis.

Long. 23 lin.

Murree.

COLPODES OVALICEPS.

Minus elongatus, nigro-chalybeus, nitidus ; elytris ampliatis, ovatis ;

capite parvo, ovato, oculis haud prominulis ; menti dente apie

sulcato-emarginato ; thorace ovato, quamcaput dimidio latiore,mar-

gine laterali equaliter explanato, subreflexo, angulis posticis subro-

tundatis ; elytris convexrs, late ovatis, apice via sinuatis, humeris

rotundatis. striatis, interstitis planis, tertio tripunctato ; meta-

stern episternis brevibus ; antennis, palpis pedibusque rufo-picers,

Ffemoribus nigris.

Long. 5 lin.

Murree.

METABLETUS TARTARUS.

M. truncatello (Linn.) paullo major, magis elongatus, subeneo-

niger, nitidus, antennis et pedibus fusco-piceis ; thorace quam in

M. truncatello magis angustato, angulis posticis obtusiortbus,

deinde usque ad basin magis obliquis ; elytris elongatis, apice

obtuse subsinuatim truncatis, obsolete striatis, umpunctatis.

Long. 12 lin.

ebweon Vane Hissar and Sirikol.

CyYMINDIS GLABRELLA.

C. andree (Ménétr.) affinis, at gracilior, oculis minus prominulis,

elytrisque fusco-castaneis flavo marginatis. Gracilis, glaberrima,

castaneo-rufa, abdomine margine picescente, capite obscuriore,

partibus oris, antennis, pedibus elytrorumque margine fulvotesta-

ceis ; capite angusto, sparsim punctulato ; thorace quam caput haud

latiore, anguste cordato, lateribus postice leviter sinuatis, angulis

posticis fere rotundatis, subpunctulato-striatis, interstitiis sparsim

unctulatis.

Long. 4-43 lin.

Ladakh.

720 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 18,

LONGICORNIA.

PRIONUS CORPULENTUS.

Q magna, elongata, nigro-castanca, supra omnino coriacea via

nitida ; thorace parvo, utrinque acute trispinoso ; elytris versus

basin parallelis, compressis, deinde modice dilatato-rotundatis,

apice late obtusis ; pectore toto dense fulvo-hirto ; abdomine poli-

tissimo ; antennis 12-articulatis, grosse punctatis, articulis

39-11” serratis. b

Long. 24 lin.

Murree.

HEsSPEROPHANES CRIBRICOLLIS.

Cylindricus, fulvus, pubescentia ineumbente cinereo-fulva apud

elytra maculatim vestitus ; thorace rotundato, elytris multo

angustiore, inequali, lateribus medio subtuberoso, supra erebre

alveolato-punctato ; scutello cinereo ; elytris omnino discrete

punctatis, haud conspicue bicarinatis, apice gradatim angustatis,

subacuminatis.

Long. 8-9 lin.

Murree.

TRINOPHYLUM, nov. gen.

Gen. Hesperophani affine, sed femoribus abrupte clavatis, oculisque

minus fortiter granulatis. Corpus elongatum, subdepressum, brevi-

ter suberecte pubescens, crebre punctatum. Caput brevissimum :

tubera antennifera haud elevata; palpis brevissims. Thorax

rotundatus, inermis. LElytra apice obtusa. Acetabula antica

extus haud elongata. Prosternum angustum ; mesosternum latum,

subconverum ; metasterni episterna elongata, angusta, postice

attenuata. Antenne filiformes, corpore paullo breviores, arti-

culo 4° paulo abbreviato.

TRINOPHYLUM CRIBRATUM.

Castaneo-fuscum, subnitidum, omnino suberecte fusco-pubescens,

crebre sed discrete punctatum ; thorace supra antice et postice

paullo depresso, inva dorsali levi; elytris linets duabus indi-

stinctis, lavibus.

Long. 63 lin.

Murree.

LEPTURA RUBRIOLA.

L. sanguinolente(Linn.)afinis. Nigra, subtus sparsim fulvo-pilosa,

thoracis plaga magna discoidea elytrisque rufo-opacis ; capite et

thorace reticulato-punctatis, illo paullo post oculos subito et for-

titer constricto ; thorace medio haud conspicue dilatato, modice

convexo, angulisque posticis modice productis ; elytris subcrebre

punetulatis, apice recte truncatis, angulisque breviter dentatis, 2 .

Long. 6 lin.

Murree:

1878.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON A NEW NOTAUGES. 721

CLYTANTHUS IGNOBILIS.

Cl. 4-punctato (Fabr.) prowime affinis. Nigro-fuscus, tomento

cinereo-flavo vestitus ; elytris utrinque maculis 5 nigris, quam in

Cl. 4-punctato majoribus, scilicet 1 curvata post scutellum, 1

parva humerali, 1 antico-discoidali, 1 mediana majore transversa

et 1 huic proxima longitudinali oblonga.

Long. 6 lin.

Murree. a

11. On anew Species of Notauges (N. hildebrandti, Cab.).

By Dr. G. Harrravs.

[Received June 17, 1878.]

The Museum of Natural History of Bremen has been enriched of

late with a fine adult specimen of a new typical Notauges, discovered

by the famous traveller Mr. Hildebrandt, in Eastern Africa. The

exact place where he collected this interesting bird is “Tkanga in

Ukamba.”

Mas ad. capite, gutture, dorso, tergo, uropygio, supracaudalibus,

tectricibus alarum minoribus margineque alari chalybeis, nitore

purpurascente ; collo postico late et circumscripte «neo-vire-

scente; alis duabus seriebus macularum holosericeo-nigrarum

bifasciatis ; tectricibus alarum majoribus viridi-eneis ; remigibus

primariis in pogonio externo eneo-cerulescentibus, obscure macu-

latis, interno nigris ; tectricibus minoribus in pogonio externo

unicoloribus eneo-virentibus; pectore, abdomine, cruribus et sub-

caudalibus cinnamomeo-rufis ; subalaribus majoribus rufis, minori-

bus chalybeis ; rectricibus cerulescenti-eneis, minus distincte

undulatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris ; iride aurantiaco-rubra.

Long. 19 centim., rostr. afr. 18 mill., al. 123 mill., caud. 83 mill.,

tars. 30 mill.

The steel-blue colour of the head is less brilliant on the crown;

there appear some rufous feathers on the uropygium; and some of

the upper tail-coverts have aslight rufous terminal edging; the first

primary is of a uniform blackish colour.

In Notauges superbus (Abyssinia, Shoa) the colouring is very

different: the upper parts are brown-green, the vent and under

tail-coverts are white, and there are other differences.

Mr, Hildebrandt told me that during his many excursions in East

Africa he never met with Notauges albicapillus, Blyth. This is cer-

tainly one of the rarest birds, the Calcutta specimen collected by

Speke and Burton being as yet the only one known.

722 LIEUT.-CUL, BEDDOME ON A NEW BATRACHIAN. [June 18,

12. Description of a new Batrachian from Southern India,

belonging to the family Phryniscide. By Lieut.-Col.

R. H. Bepvomg, C.M.ZS.

[Received June 17, 1878.]

MELANOBATRACHUS, gen. Nov.

Toes cylindrical, not dilated at the ends ; no maxillary or vomerine

teeth; ear imperfectly developed, no parotids; sacral vertebra

dilated; toes webbed; body slender, elongate, uniform in width ;

muzzle short, obtuse; fingers and toes short, metatarsus with a

slightly swollen inconspicuous tubercle.

MELANOBATRACHUS INDICUS, 0. Sp.

Body with nearly parallel sides as in Ansonia ; no canthus rostralis,

no sign of a tympanum or cavum tympani; cleft of mouth extends

nearly as far back as the eyelid, the space between the nares yy of

an inch; fingers 4, free, short, the third double as long as the others ;

toes 5, slightly webbed, the fourth much longer than the third.

Eustachian tubes closed, tongue rounded and free behind, surface of

the head and body tubercled, arms smooth, the humerus short, hind

limbs tubercled, the thigh shorter than the calf; belly and sides

smooth. Colour black, with minute white dots on the back and larger

ones on the belly, the thighs near their junction with the body are

girt with a brilliant scarlet band, j inch in breadth, either continuous

all round or interrupted above ; and there are sometimes a few scarlet

blotches on the anterior portion of the belly between the fore legs

and sometimes on the lower portion of the humerus (the scarlet

colour of these markings fading to cream-colour in spirits). Length

of body 13 to 12 inch, length of hind limb to end of fourth toe

14 to 1¢ inch.

Hab. The Anamallays and the Ghat range to the south of those

mountains, very rare, in moist evergreen forests of 4000 feet

elevation, under old rotten logs. The specimens found were all in

guite a torpid state and curled up almost into a ball, but became

very active when put in spirits.

Dr. Anderson, who has kindly prepared the skeleton of one of

these Batrachians, informs me that its osteology much more resembles

that of Bufo than Rana; the skull is short and broad, and the

frontals and parietals have considerable lateral extension; it is also

edentulous, and there are no vomerine eminences; a careful exami-

nation of the sternum does not reveal the existence of any omoster-

num ; clavicles are present. Dr. Anderson was not able to detect

any tympanum under the skin; nor could he trace a tympanic

cavity. He mentions that the stem of the stapes is not developed,

and moreover that he could not detect any Eustachian openings in

the mouth.

There are only from 8 to 9 vertebrze in Bufo melanostictus; and the

1878. ] SIR V. BROOKE ON GAZELLA GRANTI. 723

first vertebra, which has considerable length and breadth, is marked

on its under surface by a prominent ridge which does not occur in

the above-mentioned Indian toad.

The transverse processes of the sacral vertebra are dilated as in

Bufo.

13. On Gazella granti. By Sir Victor Brooks,

Bart., F.Z.S.

[Received June 17, 1878.]

Some years ago (vide P. Z.S. 1872, p. 601. pl. xli.) I had the

pleasure of bringing before the Society’s notice a species of Gazella

which I supposed to be new, and upon which I conferred provi-

sionally the name Gazella granti. My original description of the

species was based on small water-colour sketches of the head and flat

skins of a male and female obtained by Capt. Speke and Col. Grant

in Ugogo, which were executed by them previous to the dispatch of

the specimens to England. When writing my first notice, I believed

that these specimens had been lost, there being no record of their

arrival at the Society’s rooms, where Capt. Speke had expressed a

wish that they should be kept until his return; but Col. Grant has

since informed me that they reached England safely and are still

preserved along with some other objects of natural history collected

by Capt. Speke, in Capt. Speke’s father’s house. ;

In 1875 Dr. Kirk presented to the Society (vide P. Z. S. 1875,

p- 527, pl. lix.) the first living specimen of the species which

had ever been exhibited in Europe. Unfortunately the animal,

a very young female, arrived in very delicate health, and died

shortly afterwards. It is now preserved in the British Museum

(spec. 75. 12. 29. 4), whither it was transferred after Mr. Sclater’s

exhibition of it to the Society. It was not, however, till towards

the end of last year that the first specimen of an adult male of this

magnificent gazelle came under my personal observation. The

animal was shot by Mr. Charles Arkwright, about 8 miles from the

village of Tubugwe, which is situated, as nearly as Mr. Arkwright

could ascertain, about 50 miles N.E. of Ugogo. It was one of

a herd composed of about 20 individuals, amongst which there

was one other old male. Mr. Arkwright has most kindly intrusted

his valuable trophy to my care ; so that I am enabled to exhibit it

to the Society this evening, and to base upon it and upon the young

female in the British Museum a fuller and more accurate description

of the species than was possible at the time of my original notice.

GAZELLA GRANTI.

1863. Antilope semmerringii? Speke, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 3, sp. 15.

1872. Gazella granti, Brooke, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 601, pl. xli.

1873. Gazella granti, Brooke, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 550.

1875. Gazella granti, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 535.

General colour very rich fawn tinged with purple, the neck and

724 SIR V. BROOKE ON GAZELLA GRANTI. [June 18,

body in certain lights mottled like watered silk ; this pattern is gained

by indefinitely bounded bands of darker hair. Central facial band *

darker than the neck and body, and strongly tinged with rufous on

the forehead. A large black patch above the nostrils. Light facial

streaks very definite, white. Dark facial streak black, extending

Fig. 1.

Gazella granti.

from the base of the horn to the eye, which it almost encircles, and

from the eye to above the corners of the mouth. Posterior to the

eye is a small white patch. External surface of the ear-conchs

streaked with dark brown. Dark lateral and pygal bands distinctly

marked; the former grizzled, the latter very broad and jet-black.

1 For a detailed definition of the terms used in this description, wide P.Z.8.

1873, p. 436.

1878. ] SIR V. BROOKE ON GAZELLA GRANTI. 725

Lower two thirds of the tail black, the upper third white. The tip

of the tail is tufted ; for the remainder of its length it is furnished

with coarse hairs which project at right angles to its axis. Chin, lower

surface of the head, breast, belly, inside of limbs and rump white,

the white of the rump extending forwards in an angle into the

darker colour of the body. Knee-brushes of moderate length,

Fig. 2.

Gazella granti.

grizzled. Horns of great length in both sexes, much compressed

from side to side, marked by strong annulations which completely

surround the horn for the proximal half of its length, but become

obsolete on the posterior surface of its distal or upper half. The

horns diverge at first gradually, then more boldly, their tips con-

726 SIR V. BROOKE ON GAZELLA GRANTI. [June 18,

wereing and giving to the set of the horns a remarkably perfect lyrate

orm.

The skull is in every respect typically Gazelline.

Dimensions of Mr. Arkwright’s head and horns (figs. 1 and 2,

pp- 724, 725).

English Inches. Metre.

Length of horns round the curve ...... 240 0610

Length of horns in a straight line ...... 23°0 0°580

Circumference of horns at base ......... 66 0-170

Distance between the tips.................. 13-0 0-330

Wien tiMon Cars is.04.kvcsss kecswoweesseraae 6:5 0165

Dimensions of the young female in the British Museum, of which

the dentition is d. ig, d. e¢, d. m.3, m.4.

—

English Inches. Metre.

Height at shoulder ...................000e- 28°0 0:710

Bength*of Horns «.; 00. csesatees sss eiseeetee 75 0-190

Tength’ of ars | ....2...tecottyctsy-ss0ecses 5.5 0-140

Trenptl of Gail)....¢- 0-0: «c+ Scesmtere- sens c's

Length of tail, exclusive of hair ......... 65 0165 |

The horns of the adult female shot by Capt. Speke and Col. Grant

in Ugogo measured 15 inches round the curve.

Comparison with allied Species.

Gazella granti belongs, as pointed out in my former description,

to the group of long-limbed large Gazelles which are distinguished

by the white of the rump projecting in an angle into the fawn-colour

of the back and sides (vide P. Z.S. 1873, p. 537, B'). The allied

species are G. semmerringi, G. mohr, and G.dama. From all these

it differs in the very much greater size, and in the form of the horns.

It is also peculiar in the presence of the dark lateral band, which is

wanting in the three above-named species, and in the remarkably defi-

nite black pygal band, which is only shown in very young specimens

of Gazella semmerringi, is absent entirely in Gazella dama, and ouly

indefinitely shown. in Gazella mohr. In the watered-silk mottling

of the neck and back Gazella granti differs from all other known

Gazelles.

P Z.S. 1878. Pl. XII.

Df eet:

Peestuermenene

a Se te

wy PTT esee iON

NEW AND OTHER SHELLS FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES.

C, Berjeoat ith

/antern 7

1878.] ON SHELLS FROM CHINA AND JAPAN. 727

14. Descriptions of two new Species of Shells from China

and Japan. By Cart Bock, F.G.S. &e.

[Received June 18, 1878.]

(Plate XLVI.)

TELLINA WROBLEWSKYI. (Plate XLVI. figs. 1, 2.)

Shell subovate, slightly inequilateral, gaping at both ends, marked

with coarse and rather distant concentric lines of growth, covered

with fine radiating strie, pellucid at intervals, with concentric opaque

layers, the posterior region also being somewhat opaque. Colour

bluish white stained with grey, especially at the posterior end. The

latter portion is 4 longer than the anterior, acuminately produced,

and terminates in a somewhat obtuse angle. Anterior margin

rounded, ventral but slightly arcuate, almost rectilinear near the

middle ; posterior dorsal slope deeply excavated, the valves being

strongly carinate from the umbo towards the posterior extremity,

with a deep excavation between the keel and the extreme margin.

Cardinal teeth 2 in the left valve, 1 in the right. Anterior muscular

impression very elongated near the margin, posterior irregularly

quadrate. Ligament situated on a narrow ledge of the posterior

dorsal slope, marked off by an incised line, and extending from the

umbo nearly 20 millims. In both valves (principally towards the

umbones) there are rather large and irregular pittings. Pallial sinus

very deep, forming a subacute angle, which extends anteriorly beyond

the umbo.

Breadth 112 millim., length 61 millim., diameter, with the valves

closed, 39 millim.

Hab. China.

The magnificent species here described is one of the largest of the

family (Tellinide), and resembles in outward appearance certain

species of the genus Anatina.

I propose to associate with this beautiful shell the name of Dr.

Wroblewsky of Copenhagen.

Trocaus (THaxoriA) yoxonamensis. (Plate XLVI. fig. 3.)

Shell imperforate, acutely pyramidal, dull white, marked at in-

tervals with irregular dark brown blotches, and the base ornamented

with brown lines radiating from the centre (where they are paler,

almost orange) to the periphery. Whorls 7, quite flat, spirally

ridged ; ridges crenulate or subgranular through being crossed by

oblique raised strize or lirulee ; on the upper whorls there are about

six ridges, and on the last, which is acutely angled at the middle,

they are about fourteen in number, that at the carina consisting of

two or three small approximated ones, and hence broader than

the rest. Aperture slightly oblique, subquadrate, upper half above

the carina shallowly sulcate, lower portion smooth; columella

white, callous, terminating in an oblique slight truneation. Greatest

diameter 15 millim., length 18.

Hab. Yokohama, Japan.

728 MR. E. A. SMITH ON NEW SHELLS FROM [June 18,

15. Descriptions of five new Shells from the Island of For-

mosa and the Persian Gulf, and Notes upon a few known

Species. By Encar A. Smiru, F.Z.S.

[Received June 18, 1878.]

(Plate XLVI.)

ME.aniA FoRMOSENSIS. (Plate XLVI. figs. 4 & 5.)

Shell elongate, subulate, olivaceous yellow, purer yellow beneath

the whorls, marked with longitudinal, undulating, more or less in-

terrupted and broken flammules of a dark brown colour, at the top of

the whorls forming conspicuous blotches, and at the base of the

body-whorl with a broad blackish-brown band. Whorls 13, a little

constricted at the upper part and submarginated and somewhat

convex beneath, the first 9 or 10 obliquely costate and deeply

transversely sulcate, the lowermost sulcus at the suture being par-

ticularly wide, forming a canaliculation, the last three whorls only

spirally sulcate and striated by obliquely flexuous lines of growth ;

sulci narrower than the interstices, about 10 in the penultimate

whorl and 24 in the last. Aperture ovate, acute superiorly, within

of the same colour as the exterior, but clouded by a white enamel,

the brown flammulation and spiral basal band being visible ; colu-

mella white, oblique, but slightly arcuate.

Length 33 millim., diameter 93; aperture 93 long, 5 wide.

Var. In this variety the longitudinal plicze extend as far as the

penultimate whorl, and are even partially developed on the last.

Hab. Formosa (Dickson).

This species, which I feel much pleasure in naming after Mr.

Matthew Dickson, has been liberally presented to the Museum by

him, together with the other Melaniz here described, and a nu-

merous series of insects,

Me tania picksoni. (Plate XLVI. fig. 6.)

Shell elongate, acuminate, shining, olivaceous yellow, purplish

brown at the apex, with or without spiral brown bands. Whorls 8

or 9, moderately convex, the six upper ones almost smooth, only

finely striated longitudinally by lines of growth, and also trans-

versely, the last two with a few faint transverse keels or ridges..

Aperture ovate, acuminate above, occupying nearly 2 of the entire

length, white within, the brown bands of the exterior (when present)

also visible. Lip thin, almost even, not prominent or sinuated ;

columella rather thickly callous in the umbilical region, and united

to the lip above by a very thin callosity.

Length 21 millim., diameter 8; aperture 8} long, 5 wide.

Hab. Formosa (Dickson).

This is a very remarkable species, and looks more like a North-

American than an Eastern form.

The brown transverse bands are present in five out of the six spe-

1878. ] FORMOSA AND THE PERSIAN GULP. 729

cimens presented to the Museum by Mr. Dickson. There are two

on the penultimate whorl, one at its base, and one a little above the

middle. On the body-whori there are three, the two upper ones

being continuous with those on the preceding volution, and the third

at the base.

MELANIA OBLIquIGRANOSA. (Plate XLVI. figs. 7 & 8.)

Shell elongately ovate, acuminate above, of a dirty yellowish

colour, and usually coated with a black earthy deposit ; spire acutely

conical, with straight outlines; whorls 9-10, turreted, quite flat,

obliquely plicated and spirally ridged, with nodules at the point of

contact of the plicee with the ridges; on the whorls of the spire the

ridges are four in number, the granules on the uppermost one a little

larger than those on the three lower ones. Body-whorl almost flat

above the middle; at that point and beneath somewhat convex,

encircled by 11 or 12 transverse ridges, whereof 5 or 6 of the upper

ones are granuliferous, the rest either uninterrupted or displaying

an indication of oblong granulations. Aperture pyriform, acute su-

periorly, within of nearly the same colour as the exterior, but coated

with a thin smooth callous deposit occupying about 2 of the entire

length of the shell; columella considerably arcuated, at the middle

white, united above to the lip by a very thin enamel on the whorl ;

lip thin, sinuated above and prominent below the middle. °

Length 25 millim., diameter 8; aperture 10 long, 5 wide.

Var. monstrosa. Shell ovate; spire short; aperture more than

half as long as the shell.

Hab. Formosa (Dickson).

This species may be recognized among the several allied forms

from the Philippine Islands and other places by its very rectilinear

acute spire and perfectly flat whorls. ‘The uppermost series of gra-

nules is at a little distance beneath the sutural line; and from this

circumstance the whorls have a turreted appearance. The nodules

of this series are larger and fewer in number than those of the other

series, and consequently do not quite regularly terminate the ob-

solete plicee, upon which the other three granules are situated in an

oblique direction. Some of the granules haye a squarish form,

others are transversely somewhat oblong; and most of them have

the upper and lower margins rather straight, with the lateral edges

less defined, but gradually blending off into the transverse ridges.

The colour of this species is pretty constantly uniform ; one spe-

cimen, however, is marked with a few reddish dots towards the base,

and these are most conspicuous within the aperture.

MeE;aniA TUBERCULATA, Miiller. (Plate XLVI. fig. 9.)

Hab. Formosa ( Dickson).

The shell here figured appears to be inseparable from this re-

markably variable and widely distributed species.

MELANIA suBPLICATULA. (Plate XLVI. fig. 10.)

Shell rather small, elongate, acuminate, eroded or truncate at the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XLVII. 47

730 MR. E. A. SMITH ON NEW SHELLS FROM [June 18,

apex, olive-brown, more or less coated with a black earthy deposit.

Whorls probably about 9 in number, the remaining four or five

slightly convex, spirally suleate, and longitudinally sculptured with

coarsish flexuous lines of growth; ridges between the sulci about 10

in the penultimate whorl and 18 in the last, those near the base

separated by wider sulci than above. Aperture oval, acuminate

superiorly and very slightly effuse at the base, occupying about 3 of

the supposed entire length of the shell, sordid bluish within; lip

very thin, broadly sinuated above and somewhat prominent below

the middle. Columella whitish, moderately arcuate.

Supposed total length 23 millim. ; actual length of five remaining

whorls 19, diameter 74; aperture 74 long, 44 wide.

Hab. Formosa (Dickson).

This species resembles M. dolorosa, Gould, to some extent ; how-

ever, it is distinguishable on account of more elongated whorls and

coarser spiral sulci. Some of the lines of growth here and there are

well marked, and give the whorls a subplicated appearance.

Buta persica. (Plate XLVI. fig. 11.)

Shell ovate-acuminate superiorly, greyish or lavender-colour,

whitish at the upper part of the whorls, with the callous band at their

base white, bordered below by a brown line at the suture; and the

base or cauda of the last whorl is also white. Whorls 6, the first

two smooth, convex, the rest spirally sulcated, the ridges between

the sulci 8 in number in the upper whorls and about 16 in the last,

whereof 12 are above and 4 below the acute ridge or keel, which

winds round the lower portion of the whorl. Of these ridges the

four immediately below the suture are more or less white, granulous

through being crossed by oblique sulci, which only extend from the

suture a short distance. Aperture deep brown within, with a paler

or white border at the outer lip and over the basal sinus, and a little

longer than the spire. Columella moderately arched, and coated

with a thinnish white enamel. Basal sinus rather broad and deep.

Length 24 millim., diameter 10; aperture 12 long, 7 broad.

Hab. Bushire, Persian Gulf.

Two specimens of this very interesting species have recently been

presented to the Museum by Mr. A. S. Betts. The peculiar form

and colouring, the granular ridges at the upper part of the whorl,

and the brown aperture with the white margin to the labrum and

basal sinus are the most obvious distinguishing characters of the

species.

OsrreEA, sp., adhering to Trochus (Polydonta) maculatus, Linn.

(Plate XLVI. fig. 12.)

This is a remarkable instance in which a shell has assumed, to a

certain extent, the sculpture of another to which it has adhered.

This assumption or mimicry of the surface of other shells and foreign

substances has already been noticed in other species of Ostrea and

other genera, and is common to most forms of the geuus Myochama.

The same process which effects so remarkable a change in the normal

1878. | FORMOSA AND THE PERSIAN GULF. 731

aspect of the latter, namely the moulding of the edges of the upper

valve by the animal to the surface of the substance to which the

shell is attached, no doubt, was employed by the Oyster here figured ;

for I do not think that this alteration of outward appearance has

been in any way effected by contact of the tentacular cirri which

proceed from the edge of the mantle of the Trochus, because if this

were the case some alteration in colour would have been expected.

The lower valve is white both externally and within, and, being

thin, does not conceal the granular surface of the Trochus upon

which it rests. The upper valve is olive-green within, and smooth,

with the exception of the pear-shaped muscular scar and a few

small granules scattered all round the margin. The exterior is dark

lilac, with six obscure brownish rays, most observable towards the

margin, and terminating at the digitations or prolongations at the

edge.

The lamellated surface, so common to the upper valves of most

Oysters, is almost altogether obliterated, and only here and there

traces of it are noticeable. The exterior is rather smooth, sub-

angular, the indistinct granules arranged in series corresponding to

those on the Trochus; and the suture dividing the last and the pen-

ultimate whorls, and a depression or sulcus round the middle of the

former, are also reproduced. The specimen is in the collection of

Mr. Carl Bock.

Cyprma pease, Sowerby. (Plate XLVI. figs. 13 & 14.)

Cyprea peasei, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyl. iv. pl. 311. figs.

167, 168.

Hab. Mauritius. Coll. Carl Bock.

The shell here figured appears to be a monstrous growth of this

species. The alteration of form and the obtuse ridges on the dorsal

‘surface are suggestive of certain forms of the genus Ovulum.

Convus PASTINACA.

Much uncertainty and confusion exists with regard to the deter-

mination of this Lamarckian species. The original description of it

is so brief that it is absolutely impossible ever to know with cer-

tainty what species Lamarck really had before him, more especially

as the actual type (which has been lost) was never figured by him,

nor does he refer to any previously published figure. The shell de-

scribed and delineated by Kiener (Coq. Viv. pl. 26. fig. 2) certainly

cannot be the true C. pastinaca. The species there represented

(unknown to me) is decidedly distinct. The character of the spire

does not at all agree with Lamarck’s description, which is as fol-

lows :—‘‘spira obtusa, immaculata, submucronata;” and again in

French: ‘‘a spire non tachée.’’ Kiener’s shell has a rather con-

cavely elevated spire and fulvous blotches upon it.

Reeve’s idea of C. pastinaca, figured (Conchol. Icon. i. pl. 46.

fig. 257, copied by Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, iii. pl. 201.

fig. 353) from a specimen in the British Museum, is also an erro-

neous one. This shell I have very carefully examined, and unhesi-

732 ON SOME KNOWN SPECIES OF SHELLS. [June 18,

tatingly pronounce it to be a bleached example of C. virgo; for in

form and sculpture it is absolutely identical with certain specimens

of that species, and differs only in colour. This variation may be

due to bleaching; or it may possibly be an albino form. The

purple base, which is so constant a character in this species, is trace-

able in a faint degree in Reeve’s shell. He does not refer to this in

his description; yet in the figure it has been represented by the

artist.

The species figured by Weinkauff in Kuster’s Conchilien-Cabinet,

pl. 32. figs. 1 and 2, apparently is the same as or very closely allied

to that depicted by Reeve.

In order to come to some decision in the matter, I commuicated

with Dr. Brot, of Geneva, asking him for information respecting

Lamarck’s species, as his types in Delessert’s collection have recently

been obtained by the museum of that city. Unfortunately, it ap-

pears that Lamarck’s Cones are not marked as in other genera, but

placed on tablets bearing the designation L. According to a cata-

logue of Delessert’s collection, Dr. Brot informes me that there

ought to be five specimens of C. pastinaca; but only four are now

to be found; the fifth (possibly that figured by Kiener) had disap-

peared before the collection reached Geneva. Of the remaining

four; three existed in Lamarck’s cabinet. None of these, how-

ever, has the dimensions indicated by that author. Two are con-

sidered by Dr. Brot small specimens of Conus quercinus ; for they

are ornamented (indistinctly, however) with the fine thread-like

brown lines which are characteristic of that species. ‘The third shell

he considers a diminutive specimen of that figured by Kiener ; for it

so resembles the figure, that at first he thought that it had been en-

larged for Kiener’s plate. Finally, the fourth specimen of C. pasti-

naca, which is not from Lamarck’s collection, resembles the form

figured by Reeve under this name. Thus it appears that, under the

name of C. pastinaca, the Delessert collection contains three species,

viz. the C. pastinaca of Kiener (young), that of Reeve, also young,

and, lastly, two small specimens of Conus quercinus. The question

which now has to be settled is this: —Is the specimen in Delessert’s

collection, which is similar to Reeve’s figure, really the same species

as that delineated? if not; may it not be the true pastinaca?

In the British Museum the shell which accords most closely with

the Lamarckian diagnosis is a worn specimen of C. tabidus, Reeve,

figured in the ‘Conchologia Iconica’ under the name of C. hepaticus,

Kiener (Conch. Icon. Suppl. pl. viii. fig. 278).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.

Figs. 1, 2. Tellina wroblewskyi, p. 727.

. Trochus (Thalotia) yokohamensis, p. 727.

. Melania formosensis, p. 728.

Sormosensis, var., p. 728.

. —— dicksoni, p. 728.

obliquigranosa, p. 729.

obliquigranosa, var., p.

—— tuberculata, p. 729.

Wel

OH IG Sum go

1878.] MESSRS, GODMAN AND SALYIN ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. 733

Fig. 10. Melania subplicatula, p. 729.

11. Bullia persica, p. 730.

12. Ostrea, attached to a Trochus, whose character of sculpture it has

assumed, p. 730.

13, 14. Cyprea peasei, var. monstrosa, p.'731.

16. Descriptions of some apparently new Species of Butter-

flies from New Ireland and New Britain, sent by the

Rey. G. Brown. By F. D. Gopman and O. Satyin.

[Received June 18, 1878.]

The five species described below form part of a collection just

received from Mr. G. Brown. We are preparing a full report of

this collection, which we hope to lay before the Society in the

autumn. In the mean time we have thought it desirable to publish

the following descriptions.

EUPLa@a ERIMAS.

3. Exp. 3:7. Upper surface rich steel-blue, a large patch of

bluish white on the primaries cut by the dark median nervure and

its branches and by the nervules at the end of the cell; there is a

dark triangular spot in the acute angle between the median nervule

and its first branch; the inner margin of the primaries is strongly

convex, aud covers a brown patch on the secondaries; the secon-

daries have a whitish median band cut by the nervules, one section

falling inside the cell; the inner edge of this band is deeply sinuated,

as also is the outer edge to a less extent.

Beneath greenish black, the spots of the upper surface are much

more broken up, that on the primaries being divided into eight

separate portions, the largest of which lies just within the cell; that

on the secondaries is broken into eleven portions, one of which oc-

cupies the end of the cell.

Hab. New Ireland.

Oés. Allied to ZH. jessica from the Fiji Islands, and more remotely

to E. eupator, Hew., from Celebes. From the former it differs in

having the markings on the upper surface bluish white instead of

yellow, and the spot on the upper wing is not broken into two as

shown in Mr. Butler’s figure (Lep, Ex. pl. 8. fig. 3).

PIERIS MADETES.

d. Exp. 3°5. Above uniform orange, apex and costa of prima-

ries black.

Primaries beneath black, a large spot at the end of the cell and

seven large elongated submarginal spots yellow; a pale yellowish

patch spreads from the inner margin over the median branches to just

within the cell; secondaries orange, base and outer margin black,

the latter including a row of six large yellow spots; a large red spot

between the costal and subcostal nervures near their origin.

2. Exp. 3°8. Above, primaries black; a large yellowish spot at

734 GODMAN AND SALVIN ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. [June 18,

the end of the cell and six submarginal spots running from the costa

to the anal angle, those nearest the latter nearly white; the central

portion and inner margin of secondaries dull yellowish white, the

base and outer margin broadly black, the latter including six obso-

lete yellowish spots.

Beneath like the male, except that the primaries have no yellowish

spot spreading from the inner margin over the median branches.

Hab. New Ireland.

Obs. Belongs to the Delias group. The male resembles on the

upperside the same sex of P. aruna, Boisd., as figured by Hewitson,

and D. inferna, Butl. The female on the upperside, and both

sexes on the under, more nearly resemble P. descombresi, Boisd.

PizeRIS EURYGANIA.

3. Exp. 3:2. Above white, the apex of the primaries chrome-

yellow, margined with the black costa and outer margin and a curved

band running from inside the cell to near the anal angle, the outer

margin of the secondaries broadly black.

Beneath, primaries chiefly black, yellow apical spot as on the

upperside, the proximal end of the cell yellow, and the inner margin

white ; the secondaries at the basal half yellow, black towards the

distal half, across the black a distinct band of crimson, which becomes

orange where it meets the yellow near the inner margin.

@. Like the ¢, except that the basal portion of the primaries is

black, the outer margin of the secondaries is more broadly black,

and the inner portion of the secondaries, together with inner margin

of the primaries, pale yellow.

Beneath same as the male.

Hab. New Ireland.

Obs. This is a very distinct species, apparently belonging to the

Delias group.

PIERIS LYTHA.

Q. Exp. 2°5. Above black, a large subtriangular spot on the

inner margin, extending to just within the cell, three apical spots of

the primaries and the basal half of the secondaries white.

Beneath, black arranged as above, a submarginal row of large

white spots on both wings; the base of the primaries and the greater

portion of the base of the secondaries sulphur-yellow ; the rest of the

secondaries (not occupied with black) is white.

Hab. New Britain.

A female, apparently belonging to the Belenois group; we have

no nearly allied species with which to compare it.

PApILio SEGONAX.

3. Exp. 4°6. Primaries slightly faleate, secondaries produced,

Upper surface rich metallic green, a median row of five nearly cir-

cular spots starting from the apex to the space between the third

and fourth median nervules, a similarly coloured subtriangular spot

near the middle of the inner margin, and a very small one close

1878.] ON BIRDS COLLECTED BY H.M.S, ‘CHALLENGER. 735

inside the submedian nervure. The proximal half of the secon-

daries greyish white, rather darker towards the anal angle.

Beneath umber-brown, the outer portion of both wings rather

darker, the spots on the primaries as above.

Hab. New Ireland.

Obs. Allied to P. codrus, from which it differs in having the

band of spots of the primaries interrupted, there being no spots in

the spaces between the first and second, and second and third median

branches, that between the first median branch and the submedian

nervure being wanting. On the other hand, there is a spot on the

inner margin of the primaries not usually seen in P. codrus. The

single specimen sent by Mr. Brown has the secondary wings slightly

injured, so that the prolongation of the second median branch,

common to all the allied species of the P.-codrus group, is broken off.

17. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the

Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger..—No. XII. The Pro-

cellariide. By Ossert Savin, M.A., F.R.S., &c.

[Received June 18, 1878.]

Eighty specimens of Procellariidee are comprised in the ‘ Chal-

lenger’ collection, belonging to 22 species and 13 genera. The

greater part of these were obtained during the visit to Kerguelen

Island ; others were secured at sea in the South Pacific Ocean, a few

near the Straits of Magellan, at Nightingale Island, and elsewhere.

None of the species present any difficulty as regards their nomencla-

ture; but I take this opportunity of adding a few notes on this sub-

ject gathered during recent study of the species to which they

belong.

OCEANITES OCEANICUS.

Procelluria oceanica, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 136, pl. x. f. 1.

Oceanites oceanica, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 82; Salv. Orn.

Mise. ii. p. 227.

a-c. Males.

d, e. Females.

} Ice Barrier.

‘Obtained on the 14th February, 1874.”’

FREGETTA GRALLARIA.

Procellaria grallaria. Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. N. xxv. p. 418.

Fregetta grallaria, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 197; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil.

1864, p. 86.

Thalassidroma leucogastra, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p.

367, et B. Austr. vii. pl. 63.

568-571. Females. :

Bb, 578. Males. _f South Pacific.

“Eyes brown. Shot on the 11th November, 1875, at sea. Their

736 MR. 0. SALVIN ON THE PROCELLARIIDE [June 18,

stomachs were filled with a yellow oil, and mixed with it some pieces

of Crustacea.”

I am strongly disposed to add to the above synonyms Thalassi-

droma gracilis, Elliot, Ibis, 1859, p. 391, and T. segethi, Phil. &

Landb. Arch. f. Nafurg. 1860, p. 282, names admitted by many

authors to apply both of them to a species found on the Chilian coast.

I have seen specimens of the present species in the Paris Museum

from the same locality ; and the Challenger specimens now before

me were obtained at sea at no great distance from the same shore ; so

that on geographical grounds their identity is a reasonable supposi-

tion. The chief, if not the only discrepancy I can find between the

description of F. gracilis and F. grallaria is one of dimensions, the

former being considerably smaller (as shown by Mr. Elliot’s measure-

ments) than the ‘Challenger’ birds. Thus we have :—

Wing. Tarsus. Tail.

in. in, in.

F. gracilis ..... 5°22 2°40 1:20

F. grallaria .... 5°9-6°3 2°9-3°0 1-3-1°4

T. segethi seems to be intermediate in dimensions ; but so far as

the description goes, its identity with /. grallaria is obvious.

Mr. Sharpe (Zool. Kerg., Aves, p. 31) suggests that P. leuco-

gastra may prove to be a stage of plumage of P. melanogaster; but

I cannot think that this will ever turn out to be the case.

FREGETTA MELANOGASTRA.

Thalassidroma melanogastra, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii.

p. 367, et B. Austr, vii. pl. 62.

a. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

Mr. Sharpe (Zool. Kerg., Aves, p. 30) unites 7. tropica, Gould,

with this bird, and calls it by the last-mentioned name. They may

be identical ; but in any case the adoption of the name ¢ropica in

place of melanogastra cannot be justified, as the latter, having been

in use for over thirty years, ought not to be supplanted by the

former, the two having been published simultaneously on opposite

pages of the same publication !

PELAGODROMA MARINA.

Procellaria marina, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 410.

Pelagodroma marina, Salv. Orn. Mise. ii. p. 228.

a-c. Nightingale Island.

_ “Byes black; anight-bird. These were taken out of holes in the

ground during the day by help of the dogs.”

THALASSGECA GLACIALOIDES.

Procellaria glacialoides, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 51.

Thalasseca glacialoides, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 30.

a. Male. Ice Barrier.

‘Obtained on the 26th February, 1874.”

1878. | COLLECTED BY H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER.’ 737

THALASSGCA ANTARCTICA.

Procellaria antarctica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 565.

Thalasseca antarctica, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 31.

a. Male. Ice Barrier.

Obtained on 14th January, 1874.

6. Male. Fors Banc:

c, d. Females, f “°° ?@™™er-

Obtained on the 14th January, 1874.

ADAMASTOR CINEREUS.

Procellaria cinerea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 563.

Adamastor cinereus, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p- 119.

ope. Pemale- | South Pacific.

“Byes hazel; feet flesh-colour: the stomach of one was full of

the beaks of Cuttlefish ; stuff from the ship in the other, and small

crustacea.”’

“Obtained on the 5th November, 1875.

MAJAQUEUS ZQUINOCTIALIS.

Procellaria equinoctialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 213.

Majaqueus equinoctialis, Coues & Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

No. 2, p. 25; Sharpe, Zool. Kerg., Birds, p. 19.

-d. Males.

e Bede. } Kerguelen,

OssIFRAGA GIGANTEA,

Procellaria gigantea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 563.

Ossifraga gigantea, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 32.

567. Female. South Pacific.

** Bill yellowish green, feet black.”

Obtained on the 5th November, 1875.

a. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

PAGODROMA NIVEA.

Procellaria nivea, Gm. Syst, Nat. i. p. 562.

Pagodroma nivea, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 160.

a, 6. Females. Ice Barrier.

“Obtained on the 14th January, 1874.”

DAPTION CAPENSIS.

Procellaria capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 213.

Daption capensis, Coues, Pr. Ac, Phil, 1866, p. 163.

a. Antarctic Sea.

“Shot in April 1874.”

CESTRELATA LESSONI.

Procellaria lessoni, Garn, Ann. Se. Nat. 1826, vii. p. 54.

Cistrelata lessonia, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p- 142; Coues &

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XLVIII. 48

738 MR. 0. SALVIN ON THE PROCELLARIID# [June 18,

Kidd. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 2, p. 27; Sharpe, Zool. Kerg.

Birds, p. 26.

a, 6. Males. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

c-f. Females. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

“ Eyes black.”

During a recent visit to the Paris Museum I had an opportunity

of examining the type of @. sericea, concerning which I had occa-

sion to publish some notes in ‘The Ibis’ for 1875 (p. 373). On

seeing this type I at once recognized a specimen of @. lessoni! GH.

sericea (Less.), placed in the genus ddamastor by Bonaparte and

Coues, has therefore no existence as a species distinct from @.

lessoni.

CEsTRELATA MOLLIS.

Procellaria mollis, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 363.

CEstrelata mollis, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 150.

a, 6. Nightingale Island.

“Eyes hazel. Night bird. Obtained on the 17th of October,

1875.”

CEsTRELATA BREVIROSTRIS.

Procellaria brevirostris, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. p. 611.

Estrelata brevirostris, Salv. Orn. Misc. ii. p. 235; Sharpe, Zool.

Kerg., Birds, p. 24.

Cstrelata kidderi, Coues, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 2, p. 28.

a. Young. Kerguelen.

The species included in Cabanis and Reichenow’s paper on the

Birds collected by the ‘ Gazelle’ (J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 329) under the

name Procellaria mollis, belongs here. Last year I examined in

Berlin the specimen brought home by the ‘ Gazelle,’ and found it to

belong to this species.

The ‘Challenger’ specimen is quite young, but interesting, as

showing that these birds moult at once from the downy plumage into

the feathering of the adult bird.

PRION DESOLATUS.

Procellaria desolata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i, p. 562.

Prion desolatus, Gray, H.-list. iii. p. 108 ; Sharpe, Zool. Kerg.,

Birds, p. 37 (excl. syn.).

Pseudoprion desolatus, Coues, Bull, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 2, p. 32.

a. Male. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

Obtained 11th January, 1874.

** Eyes black.”

b-e. Males. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

‘Eyes black.”

f. Female. Ice Barrier.

Obtained on the 14th February, 1874.

g, h. Females. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

Of the eight specimens of this species brought home by the ex-

1878. | COLLECTED BY H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER.’ 739

pedition, five are males and three females. They thus offer an

opportunity of testing the view advanced by Mr. Sharpe as to the

supposed sexual difference in the size of the bill existing in these

birds’.

In these specimens there is no tangible difference between the bills

of the sexes; and as the opposite sexes of P. banksi, as shown by the

two ‘ Challenger’ specimens, are also alike as regards the size of the

bills, doubts may fairly be raised whether the great difference obser-

vable in the size of the bills in these birds is a sexual character at all.

PRION BANKSI.

Pachyptila banksi, Smith, Ml. Z. 8. Afr. Birds, pl. 55.

Pseudoprion banksi, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 166.

a. Male. Marion Island.

«yes brown.”

6. Female. ‘Caught at sea near Crozets.”’

Without attempting to decide the question as to how many species

of Prion exist, I use the name P. banksi for these birds, as their

bills agree most nearly with that of the type of P. banksi in the

British Museum.

PELECANOIDES URINATRIX.

Procellaria urinatriz, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 560.

Pelecanoides urinatrix, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 190; Sharpe,

Zool. Kerg., Birds, p. 14.

a. Male. Kerguelen.

“‘ Eyes dark grey.”

6. Male. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen. Obtained January 1874.

e. Male. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen.

d. Male. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen.

e-h. Females. Kerguelen.

2. Kerguelen.

j- Young. Kerguelen?

PELECANOIDES GARNOTI.

Puffinuria garnoti, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. pl. 46.

Pelecanoides garnoti, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p- 190.

ne Aa } Cove Harbour, Messier Channel.

** Eyes hazel. These birds and another one which was put in spirit

were found dead. Two were picked up by the boat in which Cap-

tain Maclear and I went, floating on the surface of the water; and

the third was picked up by the galley on the rocks. They were quite

fresh ; the bodies were very thin.

“Their stomachs were filled with small leaves. It looks very much

1 Latham seems to have been the first author who mentioned this supposed

sexual difference in Prion, After describing P. vittatus (Syn. iii. p.414), he adds:—

“ The female has the same plumage ; but the bill, though greatly exceeding that

of any other Petrel, is scarcely more than half the breadth of that of the “ male.”

740 ON BIRDS COLLECTED BY H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER. [June 18,

as if these birds had got out of their region, Mr. Moseley says he

saw what he supposed to be one of these birds on Penguin Island.”

DIOMEDEA EXULANS.

Diomedea exulans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 214; Coues, Pr. Ac.

Phil. p. 866, p. 175; Coues & Kidder, Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 2, p. 11;

Sharpe, Zool. Kerg., Birds, p. 45.

574. Kerguelen.

DioMEDEA BRACHYURA.

Diomedea brachyura, Temm. Pl. Col. 554; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil.

1866, p. 177.

517-519. Males. ) 1 .

590. Female. North Pacific.

‘These were all caught with the hook from the ship while at sea

in June and the first half of July 1874, between Japan and Honolulu ;

they followed the ship every day in numbers till we got into the

trade-winds, when no more were observed.”

509. Female. North Pacific.

‘Eyes brown, bill black, stomach empty. Shot on the Ist April,

1875, by Lord Campbell, with the Henry rifle, while on thewing. We

were just north of the tropic; but this bird, as well as another Alba-

tross, were seen some days before we had passed out of the tropics.”

511. Male. North Pacific.

«Eyes brown, feet and bill dark or nearly black ; stomach had

cuttlefish. Caught with a hook by Percy on the 7th "April, Pia.”

DIoMEDEA MELANOPHRYS,

Diomedea melanophrys, Temm. PI. Col. 456 ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil.

1866, p. 181; Sharpe, Zool. Kerg., Birds, p. 46.

Male.

Bele. } Shot at sea, 8th July, 1874.

Sar } Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen.

DIOMEDEA FULIGINOSA,

Diomedea fuliginosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p.595 ; Sharpe, Zool. Kerg.,

Birds, p. 48.

Phebetria fuliginosa, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 186; Coues &

Kidder, Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 2, p. 2].

Male. See Barnier, 16th February, 1874.

Female. Royal Sound, Kerguelen, 17 January.

1878. | M. DU BOCAGE ON ANGOLAN ANTELOPEs. 741

18. Liste des Antilopes d’Angola. Par J. V. Barpoza pu

Bocace, F.M.Z.S.

[Received June 17, 1878.]

La présente liste des espéces d’Antilopes observées en Angola a

éte dressée d’aprés les exemplaires qui existent au Muséum de

Lisbonne. La plupart de ces individus ont été recueillis dans

Pintérieur de Mossamedes et au Humbe, sur Ja rive droite du Cunene,

par notre infatigable explorateur M. de Anchieta.

1, GazeLLA EUCHORE (Forst.).

Une paire d’individus adultes envoyés de Huila par M. de Anchieta.

Le blane de la téte, de abdomen et des membres est remplacé chez

la femelle par une teinte uniforme d’un fauve-jaunatre pale.

2. AEPYCEROS PETERSI, sp. nov.

Nous possédons également une paire d’individus adultes de cette

espéce, qui nous semble nouvelle. Le male, que nous avions recu

dabord, nous avait paru identique & ! Zpyceros melampus daprés

un premier examen ; mais ayant recu plus tard la femelle, nous avons

été frappé de quelques particularités de coloration qui nous semblent

autoriser leur distinction spécifique. Nous commencerons done par

donner un rapide apercu des caractéres de la femelle.

Pelage d’un roux-fauve, plus pale sur les flancs et Ja face externe

des membres; menton, gorge, poitrine, ventre et partie interne des

cuisses et de l’avant-bras d’un blanc presque pur. La téte porte sur

un fond de la couleur du dos quelques marques trés-caractéristiques :

le dessus du chanfrein, une bande au travers de l’ceil et une tache

en fleur-de-lys sur le front d’un noir profond; au devant de

Poel une bande blanche bien distincte. Oreilles longues, arrondies

A la pointe, d’un roux-fauve en dehors, revétues de poils blancs en

dedans, avec un espace noir 4 l’extrémité, plus large en dehors qu’en

dedans. Queue longue, de la couleur du dos a la base, le reste

blanc, marquée en dessus d’une bande longitudinale noire, a laquelle

vient aboutir de chaque cété une autre bande étroite de la méme

couleur qui s’étend sur les fesses. Un trait noir coupant verticale-

ment la face antérieure du genou, une tache de la méme couleur a

la pointe du jarret. Aux membres postérieurs, de chaque coté de

Pextrémité inférieure du canon, une brosse de poils noirs. Point de

mufle et point d’onglons. Deux paires de mamelles.

Dimensions. métre.

Du bout du museau 4a la base de la queue ........ 1°30

ReMECUL MU OMTOE: ooo nag oe eo aw 2s ca ew avers, OBO

Longueur de la téte .-...... Se a es a

Biperciye Ge VOLEMIG: or Oo noe whit +) + eiroretsl se aha

Longucur de la queue | ht Rie palitens A axtoopy Pi

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XL ix 49

742 M. DU BOCAGE ON ANGOLAN ANTELOPES. [June 18,

Chez notre individu male, plus jeune que la femelle, nous

remarquons des curnes en forme de lyre fortement annelées sur leur

tiers inférieur. II présente quelques légéres différences de coloration.

La teinte des parties supérieures est d’un bai-roux plus foncé et le

blanc des parties inférieures moins pur, plus lavé de jaune-isabelle;

le dessin de la téte ressemble 4 celui de la femelle, quoique le noir

y soit plus rembruni. Malheureusement une portion de la peau

de la région frontale 4 été détruite par suite du coup qui l’a tué, de

sorte qu’on ne peut pas constater le présence de la tache noire si

nettement indiquée sur la région frontale de la femelle.

Les cornes portent trois bourrelets étroits mais saillants sur

leur tiers inférieur, supérieurement elles sont lisses et arrondies ;

leur courbure est simple, 4 convexité en dehors et a pointes

convergentes.

Dimensions du male. métre.

De l’extrémité du museau a la base de la queue.... 1°20

Hautenr ai garrot. ois. aj ais cere ait « 1) Ls eee

Sionpnenmde da tGtey: ii. 25 sung aye vag es a ae

Bonedeur der oreile tric. wok. vy + cn ceneic denne. = ae eeetee

Longneur We Taqnene sca) ayayetn «oe diate Se oak eee

Hoveneur Ues/eormess os). i ees weet s bie oy. onmeliee

Le male nous vient de Capangombe, la femelle du Humbe, tous

les deux par M. d’Anchieta’.

3. NANOTRAGUS TRAGULUS (Forst.) ?

Nous rapportons avec hésitation 4 cette espéce une jeune femelle

que M. d’Anchieta nous a envoyée du Humbe en 1874. Voici ses

principaux caractéres :—

Pelage d’un roux-fauve, plus pale sur les flanes et les membres ;

gorge et ventre d’un blanc pur; front et chanfrein de la couleur du

dos ; les jones d’une teiute plus pile ; tour des yeux blanchatre ; une

tache brune en forme de fer 4 cheval sur le front ; une autre petite

tache triangulaire brune sur le chanfrein immédiatement au-dessus

du mufle, qui est petit. Oreilles trés-longues, légérement acuminées,

grises en dehors, blanches en dedans avec un liséré brun sur les

bords. Point de brosses aux genoux; point d’onglons; queue,

incomplete, de la couleur du dos. Quatre mamelles.

Dimensions. metre.

De l’extrémité du museau a la base de la queue .... 0°75

IEVATCC UT ALN ATTOb Sees ee - «ee oretel's oe apes ws ores 0°45

Peoneteur de letéte «2254. fs. os ara sah ips 0-14

5 detlagliovenlem ss free. eee ie ens ae 011

* La figure qui accompagne cette note permettra de bien juger les caractéres

de coloration de la femelle. Notre ami le Prof. Peters, 4 qui nous l’ayons com-

niuniquée, penche a croire, comme nous, qu’il s'agit d’une espéce nouvelle.

1878. ] M. DU BOCAGE ON ANGOLAN ANTELOPES. 713

4, NeorraGus SALTIANUs (Blainv.).

Des individus de Capangombe et du Humbe, sur la rive droite du

Cunene, par M. d’Anchieta.

CrePHALOPHUs GRiIMMivs (Linn.).

Une paire d’individus adultes et un jeune male de Capanugombe

par M. d’Anchieta.

Il y a méme au Muséum d’autres individus de cette espéce

proveuant d’ Angola, mais dont on ignore la localité of ils auraient

été pris ; quelques uns de ces individus ont vécu pendant quelques

années au Jardin du Palais de Necessidades appartenant a sa

Majesté le Roi Ferdinand, et s’y sont méme reproduits.

Tous nos individus nous sembleut appartenir par leur syst¢me de

coloration a la variété dont le Dr. Gray a fait une espéce distincte

sous le nom de Grimmia splendidula (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871,

p. 590). Nous les avions d’abord rapportés au C. burchellii (Journ.

Acad. Sci. Lisboa, ii. p. 222).

6. CerpHaLoruus monticoxa (Thunb.).

Deux individus, male et femelle, rapportés de Benguella par M.

Freitas Branco; un individu male envoyé de Loanda par M.

Toulson.

CEPHALOPHUS ANCHIETA, Sp. lov,

Une paire d’individus adultes et une jeune femelle capturés a

Capangombe par M. d’Anchieta,

Caractéres :—Brun-ceudré ; les flanes, l’avant-bras et les cuisses

d’une teinte plus pale et plus cendrée; dessus de la téte d’un cendré

noiratre, avec une touffe de poils noirs entre les cornes ; cdtés de la

téte et du cou de la couleur des flanes; raie Joureilived roussatre ;

menton, gorge, poitrine, veutre et face interne des avant-bras et des

cuisses d’un blanc pur ; face antérieure et externe des inembres d’un

cendré lavé de fauve ; queue trés-courte, d’un noir profond en dessus ;

la région anale de cette méme couleur. Cornes etfilées.

Dimensions. metre.

De lextrémité du museau a la base de la queue.... 0°58

eomemenr della tGte® is. 005. tt Syd tahoe be de 2 4 Orl4

Pinsitenr auearrotycils its ase sian cedatliow- doavsts . 0°33

iomsenn de, Ppreilles sc. alice, ists stews aes. tyes Sheers 0:07

5 BGM HACE YriGt nis ebhima tid sehen saw sls elOOZ

La teinte générale est plus rembrunie chez la jeune femelle, les

membres sont plus lavés de fauve 4 leur partie inférieure, le dessus

de la queue et la région anale d’un brun foncé.

Nos individus doivent ressembler sans doute a C’. melanorrhous,

49*

744 M. DU BOCAGE ON ANGOLAN ANTELOPES. [June 18,

Gray, de Fernéo do Pé, que nous connaissons 4 peine d’aprés la

planche publiée dans Knowsley Menagerie (Gray, Knowsl. Ménag.

p. 11, pl. 10); ils en différent cependant par le moins d’étendue

du noir, qui couvre a peine le dessus de la queue et la région

anale, tandis que , chez le C. melanorrhous la croupe est aussi de

cette couleur. A juger d’aprés les figures du Dr. Gray, cette

espéce aurait une queue plus longue que la nétre et des cornes

moins effilées. Malheureusement le Dr. Gray dans ses diverses pub-

lications sur les Antilopes a presque toujours oublié de nous donner

les dimensions des individus qu'il décrit.

8. CEPHALOPHUS RUFICRISTA, Sp. Nov.

C. longiceps, Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, ii. p. 220.

Cette espéce se trouve a peine representée au Muséum de Lisbonne

par une téte, recouverte de sa peau, envoyée en 1869 de Loanda par

M. Toulson, sans s’accompagner d’aucune indication au sujet de sa

provenance.

Nous avions d’abord pensé qu’elle pourrait bien étre identique a

O. longiceps, Gray, espéce établie exclusivement d’aprés les caractéres

ostuologiques d’une téte recueillie au Gabon par Du Chaillu (Proc.

Zool. Soe. 1865, p. 204); aujourd’hui nous revenons sur nos pas, car

notre premicre affirmative nous semble trop hasardeuse.

Le spécimen du Muséum de Lisbonne ressemble aussi par ses

couleurs a la figure du C. niger, publiée par le Dr. Gray dans

Knowsley Menagerie, pl. 7. Cependant, méme sous ce rapport, leur

identité specifique ne nous parait pas évidente, et a cela vient encore

s’ajouter une différence sensible dans les dimensions d’apres les

chiffres publiés par Temminck. Nous trouvons dans les Esquisses de

Mammalogie de cet auteur que la distance du bord antérieur de

Yoeil A la pointe du nez chez C. pluto (=C. niger, Gray) est de 4

pouces et 4 lignes, et en mesurant cette distance sur la téte d’Angola

nous constatons qu’elle dépasse 5 pouces; elle est de 14 centi-

métres.

La face supérieure le la téte est d’un brun clair sur le chanfrein

et d’un brun foncé, couleur chocolat, sur le front ; les faces latérales,

en haut d’un gris brunatre, deviennent blanchatres en se rapprochant

du menton, ot le blanc domine ; une raie sourciliére brun-jaunatre ;

une tache allongée de la méme couleur au-dessous de l’ceil se pro-

longeant vers le chanfrein ; tour des yeux brun-foncé ; ligne muqueuse

Jégérement courbe et horizontale. Sur le front un toupet abondant

de poils bruns et d’un roux ardent, en partie couchés sur les cornes,

en partie sélevant verticalement au milieu de ces appendices; la

touffe verticale est composée de poils longs de 7 centimétres d’un

roux vif, les deux touffes latérales sont formées de deux ordres de poils,

les uns courts et bruns, les autres longs et roux. Les oreilles sont

petites, mesurant moins de la moitié de la longueur totale de la téte ;

elles sont arrondies au bout, couvertes en dehors de poils trés-courts

et clair-semés, nues en dedans avec une large bande marginale de

poils blanchatres. Les cornes arrondies, a peine rugueuses a la

PZS 1878.F

re}

real

NGALENSI

MEY N CHASA-BE

PRACIISA “O

HH Godwin Ansten. del et Lith

ita

1878. | ON THE- TRACHEA OF RHYNCIIHA CAPENSIS. 745

base, sont couchées en arriére et placées sur le plan du front; elles

ont 10 centimetres de longueur. Le mufle est régulier.

Dimensions. :

metre,

Longueur de l’occiput 4 l’extrémité du museau.... 0°26

Du bord de l’ceil 4 Vextrémité du museau ........ 0°14

Longueur de l’oreille..................00.0..-. 0°95

am Gesvearhes) .,..Jgeuatics Amctiodt dawn. Or0

uy de la touffe frontale.................. 0:07

9. HELEorrRaAGus REDUNCUS (Pall.).

Un male adulte de Huilla par M. d’Anchieta.

10. HirpporraGus nicer (Harris).

La téte d’un individu male envoyée de l’intérieur de Mossamedes

par Welwitsch. Les cornes de cet spécimen ont 130 centimetres

de longueur.

11. SrRepsicERos kuDU, Gray.

Deux individus adultes, mile et femelle, envoyés vivants d’ Angola

et ayant vécu longtemps dans la ménagerie du Jardin de Neces-

sidades.

Un jeune, de quelques jours 4 peine, né des précedents, tué par

le male, qui était d’une grande férocité.

Une jeune femelle de Capangombe, par M. d’Anchieta,

12. Orgs CANNA, Gray.

Un male jeune d’ Angola.

19. On the Structure and Development of the Trachea in

the Indian Painted Snipe (Rhynchea capensis). By

J. Woop-Mason.

[Received June 18, 1878.]

(Plate XLVIL.)

During the cold season of 1876-77, Lieut.-Colonel Godwin-

Austen and I paid almost daily visits to the Calcutta bazaar for the

purpose of making collections of the skins and skeletons of the

numerous migratory and other birds which are at that season of the

year caught and carried to market in such enormous numbers. On

one of these visits my attention was attracted to a bird that lay con-

spicuous amongst its fellows of the same species by its greater size

and more richly coloured plumage, by the low and regular, hoarse

746 MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON THE [June 18,

but rich, purring call which, with breast puffed out, it was uttering—

a call perceptible to the hand no !ess than to the ear. I at once re-

cognized the smaller and less conspicuously coloured birds as speci-

mens of one sex; and there seemed very little doubt, from its perfect

correspondence in structure and general similarity in plumage, that

the larger and handsomer one was an individual of the other sex of

the Indian Painted Snipe (Rhynchea capensis, sive bengalensis);

but which of the two was the female and which the male, it must be

confessed, I was at the time ignorant. In order that I might be

enabled to determine the precise relation of the two forms to one

another, and to ascertain whether any structural differences in their

vocal organs accompanied the observed differences in their vocal

powers—merely that I might know these facts of my own knowledge,

certainly without the slightest hope or thought that I should be able,

from such a cursory examination as alone I could give to it, to glean

any thing new about so common an animal, I purchased a pair of

the species.

Before killing the birds for examination, I referred to Darwin’s

‘Descent of Man’'; and what I read therein served but to increase

my interest in the matter; for I soon saw that I hadit in my power

to corroborate or to contradict a statement which had been made

about the trachea of this very species—the very part, curiously

enough, the sounds issuing from which had drawn my attention to

the bird.

It is well known that in many birds the windpipe, instead of

taking a straight course from the rima glottidis through the inter-

clavicular membrane to the point where it bifurcates to form the

bronchi, is bent upon itself or convoluted, and that often to an ex-

traordinary extent. The position of such flexures is very variable:

‘they may lie outside the thorax under the integument (as in Te¢rao

urogallus, some species of Craxzx and Penelope, aud, I may add, the

Manucodias’ and the Rhyncheeas), in the cavity of the thorax (as in

some Spoonbills), on the exterior of the sternum (as in some Swans

and Cranes), or even in a sort of cup formed by the median process of

the furcula (as ina species of Guinea-fowl)’’*. ‘The increase in the

length of the tracheal column implied by these convulutions, and

other modifications of the windpipe, such as the swollen tympanum of

Ducks and Geese, the air-sac of the Emu, may be dependent wholly

upon sex; aud the males may have the trac! amore or less looped or

more complex, whilst the female: jsaye +: s.:g*ht or simple, or only

partially so, in which case the pee a eae modification may be

more marked in males than in femzi##:* Gut however this may be,

it is a general rule that whenever ‘ the trachea differs in structure

in the two sexes it is more developed and complex in the male than

in the female’’*; and it is a fact familiar to all that in the vast

majority of instances it is the male which, in point of richness of

plumage, vocal powers, and ornamental appendages, is the more highly

1 Op. cit. p. 476. ? ‘Nature,’ yol. xv. p. 127.

“ Huxley, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,’ ». 315,

* «Descent of Man,’ l. supra cit.

1878. ] TRACHEA OF RHYNCH#A CAPENSIS. 747

endowed of the two sexes; but to this there are a few interesting

and remarkable exceptions (Phalaropus, Casuarius, Dromeus, Mil-

vago, Climacteris, Eurostopodus, and the Rhynchzas), of which

the last, the ones we are here concerned with, are not the least

conspicuous. In these birds in general, and in the Painted Snipes

in particular, it may be taken as established that we have, to use

the words of Mr. Darwin, a complete reversal not only of the

secondary sexual characters, but also of the parental and incubating

instinects—the females being not only larger and much more richly

coloured than the males’, but having the trachea more or less

tortuous instead of straight and simple, deputing the duty of incuba-

tion to the other sex, and reserving the business of courting to them-

selves.

In Rhynchea australis, according to Gould?, the trachea, which is

simple in the males, in the females passes down between the skin

and the muscles of the breast for the whole length of the body,

making four distinct convolutions before entering the lungs; but

Mr. Darwin states, on the authority of Blyth, who had examined

many specimens, that “it is not convoluted in either sex in Rh.

bengalensis, which species resembles R. australis so closely that it

can hardly be distinguished except by its shorter toes.” This is the

statement which seemed to me to stand in need of corroboration,

especially when I called to mind the peculiar call of the female* and

the sharp squeak jerked out only at long and irregular intervals by

the male, and then apparently only in answer to the female.

On opening the necks of the two birds by a longitudinal incision

extending to the middle of the breast or thereabouts, and carefully

turning aside the skin on either hand so as not to disturb the natural

rélations of the underlying parts, I found that the trachea of the

adult male (ascertained to be such by subsequent examination of the

genital organs) was straight and simple throughout, whilst that of

the female had a distinct loop lying between the integument and the

interclavicular membrane on the left side, and was not only an abso-

lutely but apparently also a relatively stouter tube than that of the

male.

As the contrary of what I have found has been stated by so good

and usually trustworthy an observer as Mr. Blyth, I put in evidence

two sketches (figs. 1 and 2, p. 748) showing the course of the trachea

in the two sexes. For these sketches I am indebted to Col. God-

win-Austen, who was with me at the time.

The numerous birds belonging to this species examined by me may

be divided according to sex and age into the following groups :—

1. Adult and probably old females, remarkable for the extreme

richness of their plumage. In all the birds of this group which

* Jerdon, ‘ Birds of India,’ vol. iii. p. 677.

2 «Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 275.

* Of R. australis J. Gould says (op. cit. p. 276), “The use of this convoluted

trachea, so exclusively confined to the female, I could not in any way discover

or surmise; no note whatever was heard to proceed from either sex while on

the wing or when flushed ”—times at which a call such as that of the female of

R. capensis, like the coo of a doye, would be least likely to be heard.

748 MR. J. WOQD-MASON ON THE {June 18,

were purchased alive and killed and examined before muscular con-

traction had set in, the trachea was found to be looped as in fig. 1 ;

a specimen living when obtained, but which died unexpectedly and in

which decomposition had set in before I had had an opportuuity of

Rhynchea capensis 3, dissected, so as to show its straight and simple trachea

in situ.

opening it, also had its windpipe looped ; several, however, that were

purchased dead had it retracted, almost straight, with the sterno-

tracheal muscles strongly contracted.

2. Females not nearly so richly and deeply ccloured as the pre-

ceding. In these there was only a slight superficial sinuosity in

1878.] TRACHEA OF RHYNCH4A CAPENSIS. 749

the trachea, and the remarkable modification of the intrathoracic

rings, to be presently described, had not proceeded so far.

3. Immature females, indistinguishable in point of plumage, though

already larger than males. In all of these, without exception, the

windpipe was found quite straight and simple throughout, though

even at this stage females are infallibly to be distinguished from males

by their stouter trachea, by the more powerful musculature of this,

and by the more inflated condition of the delicate membranes

connecting the bronchial half-rings with one another and with the

three-way piece.

4. Young, adult, and apparently old males, all agreeing together

in plumage and in the straight and simple condition of the trachea.

We shall see that the superficial loop which is invariably to be found

in birds belonging to group 1 (old females) is the outward expres-

sion, so to speak, of a modification of the intrathoracic tracheal rings

that takes place pari passu with those external changes which, when

they are completed, mark the adult. . But in order to make my

description of this curious modification more intelligible, a few

words, by way of preface, about the unmodified trachea of the male,

or, better, of an immature female. If such a trachea be drawn

through the fingers from end to end, a broad and shallow constric-

tion will be felt near its posterior end, twenty rings or so from the

compound three-way piece; the rings composing it are cylindrical

instead of flattened, more than thrice as numerous as they are in an

equal length of any other part of the tube, and so closely packed

and firmly bound together as to possess little or none of that power

of expansion and contraction which, by reason of their peculiarly

bevelled ends, so eminently distinguishes the rest; it occupies a

position as much within as without the thorax ; and the great extrinsic

muscles which pass between the sternum and the trachea, serving

amongst other purposes as ‘‘guys’’ to keep the latter in place,

expand and unite sheath-like over it, being inserted into it at nume-

rous points, but especially at its anterior extremity ; it is, in fact, the

part of the trachea upon which the sterno-tracheal muscles directly

pull when they contract, and thereby approximate the rings of the

extensible intrathoracic portion of the windpipe in the adult female,

to which we may now return.

On more closely examining the extrathoracic portion of the trachea

in a bird in which that part is in the condition represented in fig. 1,

p- 748, it can be seen that the loop is almost wholly composed of the

constricted portion above described, and that the 2 or 3 rings that

immediately succeed in order from before backwards (those situated

at the point where the tube disappears within the cavity of the chest)

suddenly get coarser and more prominent, and at the same time

separated from one another by perceptible membranous intervals.

On cutting away the sternum so as not to sever the sterno-tracheal

muscles from their attachments, and so as to leave the furcula together

with the membrane: included between its two arms in place, the rest

of the tube is displayed in a completely extended condition ; it is

then seen that the 12 or 13 rings immediately succeeding the coarser

750 MR. J. WOOD-MASON ON THE | June 18,

ones which follow upon the fine-ringed constricted portion become

suddenly still coarser and more prominent and convex, have lost

their typical bevelled form, and are separated from one another by

far longer and subequal membranous intervals. These are thin and

transparent, and each is so constricted in the middle that any two

consecutive rings form, with the membrane that connects them, a

short hourglass-shaped figure. Six or seven coarsish rings, sepa-

rated by much narrower membranous intervals, but otherwise un-

modified, complete this portion of the tube, which is twisted spirally

to the left, carrying spirally entwined with it the elongated sterno-

tracheal muscles. The rings have come to be bent, and, instead

of appearing as regular parallel bands as in other parts of the column,

to be arranged obliquely, by adaptation, no doubt, to the spiral form

taken by the tube whenever it is extended, so’as, in fact, to present

somewhat the appearance of having resulted from the breaking up

into rings of what was primitively a hard spiral thickening of the

walls of a membranous tube. Inside the thorax the spiral is neces-

sarily very open, from the tube being restricted to a middle position

by the membranous bands which sling it, together with the anterior

moieties of its great contractor muscles, from the dorsal wall of the

body, so as to form a sheath for it; whilst outside, in the neck,

where is more room and more lateral freedom, it becomes closer,

there constituting the well-marked superficial loop, the concave cur-

vature of which is the true ventral surface of that fine-ringed portion

of the tube over which the muscles spread, twisted out of its natural

pesition.

If an adult female be killed with ehloroform and rapidly opened,

the sterno-tracheal muscles may be seen slowly to contract, and

thereby gradually to take out the superficial spiral ‘‘turn”’ from the

trachea, and the intrathoracic rings of this to close up, until at last

all that remains of the loop is a slight sinuosity visible near the

point where the tube passes into the thorax, the constricted and

close-ringed portion, which occupied that position in the unmodified

trachea, also having acquired an ineffaceable crook.

Unfortunately, we possess no more complete description of the

highly convoluted trachea of the Australian species than that quoted

above ; but the two species R. capensis and R. australis are so very

closely allied that we may feel tolerably confident that the tracheal

modification is of the same kind in the two, only carried to a much

greater extent in the latter, the constricted many-ringed part of the

trachea of the former containing two or three potential convolutions.

In conclusion, I have to thank Col. Godwin-Austen for aid

rendered to me in the matter of the illustrations.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLYVII.

Fig. 1. The complete trachea of an adult female of Rhynchea capensis, nat.

size, showing the modified intrathoracic portion of the tube in an

expanded condition. The compound three-way piece is seen to be

formed by the partial fusion of the last tracheal ring with the modi-

fied first pairs of bronchial half-rings; these have their ventral ends

1878. | TRACHEA OF RHYNCH&A CAPENSIS. 751

greatly expanded and produced backwards, so as to form by their

fusion in the middle line a broad, flat, and squarish plate of bone

strongly bilobed and tipped with cartilage at the hinder extremity,

into which ossification extends with advancing age, rendering the

posterior angles of the plate prominent, and bringing them into very

loose relation of apposition with the much less expanded ventral

ends of the second pair of bronchial half-rings; the ovoid saccular

dilatations seen in figs. 5 and 4 result partly from the inflation of the

membrane interposed between the ends of these half-rings and the

posterior angles of the three-way piece, but principally from that of

the ventral halves of the membranous inner walls of the second and

third pairs of bronchial half-rings. The spatulate dorsal ends of the

first pair of bronchial half-rings do not meet in the middle line, but

curve inwards and backwards so as to leave between them a membra-

nous interval, into which a narrow tongue of bone projects from the

middle of the posterior margin of the last tracheal ring. In so small

a figure no distinction between bone and cartilage in the three-way

piece was possible. Drawn from a fresh specimen by Behari Lal Dés.

Fig. 2. A much enlarged view of a portion of the same, to show the form the

modified part of the tube assumes when it is naturally expanded ;

the constricted portion (a) presents a singularly finely and regularly

ribbed appearance, being composed of about forty very fine and closely

packed cylindrical rings, all firmly bound together so as to form a

stiff but still somewhat elastic mass.

Fig. 3. A much magnified ventral view of the posterior: end of the same, to

show the inflated condition of the membrane connecting the compound

three-way piece with the second (apparent first) bronchial half-ring on

each side, and also the two egg-shaped saccular dilatations (¢, e) of the

membranous inner walls of the bronchi.

Fig. 4. The same, from the left side, to show the egg-shaped dilatations (e, e) in

profile, and the thin and narrow lateral slip of muscle (7) which is

attached to the three-way piece at m, whence some of its fibres pass on

to the second bronchial half-ring (7).

(All the three preceding figures were drawn under the microscope

by the aid of a camera lucida, immediately after the death of the

animal.)

Fig. 5. The complete trachea of an immature female, nat. size. The two

sterno-tracheal muscles (s¢.t, st.¢) are seen to be blended on the

ventral surface of the constricted portion of the tube at a; J, 1, are the

lateral muscles, somewhat exaggerated in the drawing. Drawn by

B. L. D.

Fig. 6. The posterior portion of the unmodified windpipe of an adult male,

nat. size. The lateral muscles (/, /) are here so pale and transparent

as to be all but undistinguishable in the fresh state.

Fig. 7. The same, much enlarged.

(With the two exceptions above mentioned, the figures of this

plate have been obligingly drawn for me by Lieut.-Col. H. H. God-

win-Austen, by whom also the plate has been lithographed.

The following paper was read on June 4th, but was necessarily

omitted from its proper place in consequence of the illustrations not

having beeu finished in time :—

752 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

On the Classification and the Distribution of the Cray-

fishes. By T. H. Huxzey, Sec. R.S., V.P.Z.S.

[Received May 23, 1878. ]

I. Introduction, p. 752.

Il. The Modifications of the Branchis in the Crayfishes, p. 756.

. The branchiz of Astacus, p. 756.

The branchiz of Cambarus, p 763.

. The branchiz of Astacopsis, p. 764.

The branchiz of Cheraps, p. 768.

The branchie of Engeus, p. 769.

. The branchix of Paranephrops, p. 770.

. The branchix af Parastacus, p. 771.

. The branchi of Astacoides, p. 773.

III. The Classification of the Crayfishes, p. 775.

IV. The Distribution of the Crayfishes considered in relation

to their morphological ditferences, p. 786.

OID oP cote

I. INTRODUCTION.

The dismemberment of the genus Astacus of the older naturalists,

down to the time of Fabricius, was commenced by Leach, who sepa-

rated the Norway Lobster as the type of a new genus, Nephrops’.

Milne~Edwards advanced a step further by establishing the genus

Homarus for the Lobsters, and leaving only the freshwater Astacz,

or the proper Crayfishes, in Astacus”.

The later proposal of Leach, to use Astacus for the Lobsters, and

to give a new generic name (Potamobius) to the freshwater Cray-

fishes, would have had the advantage of retaining the primitive

signification of doraxés. But Potamobius had already been used in

another sense; and the change introduced by Milne-Edwards is so

generally adopted that it would be confusing to attempt any further

alteration.

Guérin * next proposed to distinguish the Astacus madagascari-

ensis of Audouin and Milne-Edwards, as Astacoides, from the other

Crayfishes ; and Erichson, in his valuable Monograph of the

group‘, adopts Astacoides for the Madagascar and some of the Aus-

tralian forms, and establishes the new genera Cambarus, Cheraps,

and Engeus. In Cambarus and Cheraps the number of the branchiz

is taken into account as an important generic character.

In 1842° Mr. Adam White described some Crayfish from New

Zealand, for which he constituted a new genus, Paranephrops,

under the impression that the New-Zealand form approximated

to the genus Nephrops. Mz. Wood-Mason® has since “ denied

the existence of any special relationship between the New-Zealand

1 Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 344.

2 «Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés,’ 1837.

3 Revue Zoologique, 1839.

4 “ Uebersicht d. Gattung Astacus,” Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, Bd. 6.

5 Gray’s ‘Zoological Miscellany.’ See also Dieffenbach’s ‘ New Zealand,’ 1843,

yol. ii. p. 267.

§ Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1876, p. 4.

1878. ] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 753

species of freshwater Astacide and the marine genus Nephrops ;”

and “as the species referred to Paranephrops differed less from [some

of] those of Astacoides than these latter did from one another, and

as, moreover, the latter name had the priority, he proposed provi-

sionally to refer the New-Zealand species of Astacide to it.’

Mr. Wood-Mason is unquestionably right both in denying any

special relationship between Paranephrops and Nephrops, and in

asserting that the New-Zealand Crayfish differ less from some of the

species of the genus Astacoides, as its limits are at present under-

stood, than these do from one another. But I shall have occasion

to show that the type of the genus Astacoides, the Madagascar

Crayfish, differs so widely from the other Crayfishes of the southern

hemisphere, that the latter cannot be included in the same genus ;

while Paranephrops is sufficiently different from the Australian and

Tasmanian Crayfishes to render its recognition as a distinct generic

type desirable’.

The distribution of the Cra fishes, so far as it is hitherto ascer-

tained, is not a little remarkable. Astacus fluviatilis occurs in various

parts of England and in Ireland ; but I cannot find any record of it

in Scotland. Dr. M‘Intosh, who has been kind enough to look into

this point in aid of my inquiries, assures me that Crayfishes are not

indigenous to that part of Britain, that they do not exist in the

Tweed and the Teviot, and that an attempt to introduce them into

the island of Mull failed ; they were placed in various streams,

_ but none were ever seen again. Even in England, Crayfishes appear

to be restrieted to certain rivers, They abound, for example, in the

Thames ; but I cannot hear of any in the Cam or the Ouse, though

their absence in the latter rivers cannot be ascribed to any want

of calcareous matter in the districts through which those rivers

flow.

Astacus fluviatilis, however, extends all over the western half of

Europe, as far south as the Pyrenees and the northern shores of the

Mediterranean ; while, eastward, it reaches Sicily, Northern Greece,

and the western shores of the Black Sea. In Spain there appears

tu be no doubt that it occurs about Barcelona; but whether it is

found in the rest of the Spanish peninsula is uncertain 2.

Northwards and eastwards, Astacus Jluviatilis extends to Sweden

and the Baltic provinces of Russia, and through Western Russia, by

the basins of the Dniester and the Bug, to the Black Sea.

Over this vast area, marked local varieties appear to be not un-

common ; and most authors agree to regard a Crayfish which occurs

in Southern Europe, France, Switzerland, and Germany, and which

? See on this subject the remarks of Mr. Miers, “Note on the genera Asfa-

coides and Paranephrops” (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, 1876).

* See Gerstfeldt, “ Ueber die F lusskrebse Europa’s” (Mém. presentés al’ Acad.

Twp. des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 1859, p. 587). As far back as 1675,

Sachs 4 Lewenbeimb wrote :—*Sic in Hispania licet flumina, negant inveniri

ibi Cancros fluviatiles, contra in Gallia frequentissimi, item in Pannonia, in

Helvetia, in Germania; etiam in fluviis Americanis inveniri referunt navigatores,

In fluvio Lydiz Haly cancros invenit Busbequius, Ep. Ture. i. p. 89.” But

were these Lydian “ cancri” crayfishes or fluyiatile crabs ?

794 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

is known in the latter country as the ‘Steinkrebs,’”’ as a distinct

species, Astacus torrentium or A. saxatilis *.

Eastward of the region inhabited by Astacus fluviatilis, from the

Arctic to the Black and Caspian Seas, another species, A. leptodac-

tylus, ranges, associated with the allied but possibly distinct forms

A. pachypus and A. angulosus, in the southern part of the area ;

and it is remarkable that these Crayfishes not only frequent the

rivers which debouch into the Black Sea and the Caspian, but are said

to thrive in the salt waters of those seas.

No Crayfishes are known in the Ob, Jenisei, Lena, or other rivers

which flow into the Arctic Ocean?; but the Amur has one or two

species (A. dauricus). There is a species in Japan (A. japonicus) ;

and Dr. Hagen* enumerates no fewer than six species from British

Columbia, Oregon, and California.

East of the Sierra Nevada, all the Crayfishes at present known

belong to the genus Cambarus, of which Dr. Hagen distinguishes as

many as thirty-two species. They extend from the Great Lakes to

Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, and probably other of the West-India

Islands. Sloane, in his ‘Natural History of Jamaica’ (vol. i.

p. 271) describes two species in that island. According to the figure,

one of these attains a length of 12 inches.

No Crayfishes are known to occur in the whole continent of

Africa, in Syria, the Euphrates valley, Persia, Hindostan, and India

beyond the Ganges, nor in China as far as the Corea, nor in the

Philippines, nor in any island of the Malay or Papuan archipelagos *.

The late Prof. Agassiz, though he sought for Crayfishes in the

1 Jn 1560, Gesner was acquainted with this distinction :—‘ Astacus fluviatilis

talis apud Helvetios et Germanos est, major silicet et simpliciter dictus Krebs

vel Edelkrebs; eo enim minor est, et colore diversus qui saxatilis cognominatur

Steinkrebs.” (‘Nomenclator Aquatilium,’ p. 374). Heller (Die Crustaceen des

siidlichen Europa, p. 217) refers our English Crayfish to this species ; but no

specimens I have seen agree with his diagnosis. Whether there is any differ-

ence between 4. sawatilis and the Crayfishes which have been named A. pallipes

and A. fontinalis by Lereboullet and Carbonnier; and whether our English

Crayfish is more similar to these than to the form which is commonly known

as A. fluviatilis on the Continent, is more than I am able to say at present. A

critical comparison of large series of specimens from different localities would

probably yield results of great interest to the theory of the origin of species.

2 Kessler, “Die russischen Flusskrebse ” (Bull. de la Soc. Imp. des Nat. de

Moscou, 1874).

3 ‘Monograph of the North-American Astacidx,’ Illustrated Catalogue of

the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1870.

4 T have been favoured by Sir Henry Barkly with the opportunity of ex-

amining specimens of two kinds of “ Cammarons,” or so-called Crayfishes, from

the rivers of Mauritius. They are large Prawns.

I must confess myself to be in a state of hopeless perplexity respecting the

Crayfish or Lobster which is said to occur at the Cape of Good Hope, Cancer

(Astacus) capensis of Herbst. At the beginning of his description (Naturge-

schichte der Krabben und Krebse,’ Band ii. p. 49) Herbst says :—‘‘ Dieser schone

Krebs halt sich auf den Kap in solchen Flissen auf, die sich auf den Bergen

befinden;” and at the end he states, ‘‘die Fiisse haben insgesammt scheeren-

formige Spitzen, da bey dem gemeinen Flusskrebs nur die ersten zwey Paare

dergleichen haben.” Moreover, the diagnosis runs, ‘ pedibus omnibus cheli-

feris.” It is impossible to suppose that Herbst should have made a mistake on

such a point as this; aud therefore it must be concluded that his Cancer ca-

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 759

Amazons, could find none. Two species from Southern Brazil have

been described by Dr. von Martens’ as Astacus brasiliensis and A.

pilimanus ; but Von Martens recognizes the affinity of these forms

with the Astacoides of Erichson.

Several species of Paranephrops have been described from New

Zealand ; and the Fijian Crayfish belongs to the same genus.

Crayfishes occur all over Australia ; and the species have been re-

ferred to the genera Astacoides and Cheraps. The only Tasmanian

species which have been described constitute the genus Engeus of

Erichson.

Thus it appears, from what is already published on this subject :—

1. That the Crayfishes of the northern hemisphere are generically

distinct from those of the southern hemisphere.

2. That the American Crayfishes, east of the Sierra Nevada, are

generically distinct from those west of that range, as well as from the

South-American species ; and that,while the western North-American

Crayfishes belong to the same genus as those of the Old World, the

South-American forms are more closely allied with those of Mada-

gascar and Australia.

3. That the New-Zealand species are distinct from the Australian

forms ; and that the latter are to be placed in the same genus as the

Madagascar and South-American species.

4. That there is a negative fact of distribution, not to be accounted

for by any apparent difference of climate or other physical conditions—

namely, the entire absence of Crayfishes in Equatorial South America,

Africa, and the rest of the Old World south of the northern escarp-

ment of the great Asiatic highlands.

The problem thus offered is one of the most remarkable among

the many presented by the facts of Geographical Distribution ; and

it appeared to me that one of the first steps towards attempting its

solution was to obtain some more definite conception, than is fur-

nished by extant descriptions, of the actual amount of resemblance

and difference between the Crayfishes which are found in the dif-.

ferent areas of distribution.

For the most part the Crayfishes are so similar in their general

structure, that the characters by which the genera have been distin-

guished are almost trivial. LErichson, however, has drawn attention

pensis is neither a Crayfish nor a Lobster, and that, unless he was wrongly in-

formed, it is an inhabitant of fresh water.

Milne-Edwards (Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, ii. p. 335) identifies his Homarus

capensis with the Cancer capensis of Herbst ; but, as it is stated in the defini-

tion of the genus Homarus a c, p. 333) that the Lobsters “ne se trouvent que

dans la mer,” and as Homarus has only three pairs of chelate limbs, the identi-

fication presents difficulties. Krauss (Siidafrikanische Crustaceen, p. 5+), under

the head of ‘‘ Homarus capensis,” refers to Herbst and Milne-Edwards, and,

apparently on the authority of the former, merely says:—‘ In den Bergflussen

des Kaplandes. Ich habe ihn in Natal nie gesehen.” Elsewhere (p. 20) he

ives “‘ Thelphusa perlata and T. depressa and Homarus capensis” as the only

outh-African freshwater Thoracostraca.

1 “ Siidbrasilische Siiss- und Brackwasser-Crustaccen,” Archiy fur Natur-

geschichte, 1869.

796 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

to the diminution of the number of the branchize in Cambarus and

Astacus, and to an important difference in the structure of those of

Engeus; and Hagen has pointed out some important peculiarities

of these organs in Cambarus; while the remarkable fact, that the

appendages of the first somite of the abdomen are absent in many of

the Crayfishes of the southern hemisphere, has been duly noted by

Erichson and several other zoologists.

Having recently had occasion to make a careful reexamination of

the structure of Astacus fluviatilis, 1 found two minute filaments

attached to the epimera of the penultimate and antepenultimate

thoracic somites. The structure and the position of those filaments

led me to suspect that they must be rudimentary branchize '; and as

the Australian Crayfishes appeared to me to be, on the whole, less

specialized forms than the European species, I thought that I should

probably find in them fully-formed functional branchiz oecupying

the place of these rudiments. Through the kindness of my friend and

former pupil, Mr. J. Wood-Mason, a specimen of “ Astacoides”’

Sranklini was placed at my disposal ; and on examination, I not only

found the functional branchiz I sought, but discovered a number of

other interesting differences between the respiratory organs of this

Crayfish and those of dstacus.

Following up the line of inquiry thus suggested, I have examined

examples of all the chief forms of Crayfishes at present known, with

the result of establishing some remarkable parallel relations between

the morphology and the distribution of these animals.

In order to make these points clear, [ must premise a fuller and

more precise description of the branchial apparatus of the common

Crayfish than has yet been given, in order that it may serve as a

standard of comparison for the branchie of the other Cray fishes.

II. Tae Moprirications oF THE BRANCHIE IN THE CRAYFISHES.

The Branchie of Astacus fluviatilis.

When the branchiostegite of a Crayfish is removed, seven

branchize are seen, running from the base towards the apex of the

branchial cavity, parallel with one another, and disposed in curved

lines, which are concave forwards and convex backwards. The length

of the branchiz gradually increases from the first to the sixth; the

seventh ascends as high as the sixth, but is rather shorter, in conse-

quence of the attachment of its base lying at a higher level.

In each of the six anterior branchiz, a basal portion, a stem, an

expanded damina, and an apical plume may be distinguished. The

basal portion (fig. 1,1, B) is broad, with a convex posterior and

inferior free edge, beset with Jong setze ; and it is articulated by its

1 T have met with no allusion to these structures, unless the following pas-

sage in Brandt's and Ratzeburg’s description of the Crayfish (Med.-Zoologie, ii.

p: 61) refers to them :—‘ Ueber jeder der obersten Kiemen der beiden mittlern

Fusspaare steht etwa 1'” entfernt ein kleiner fadenformiger, unten breiterer,

bartelabnlicher Theil.” Ido not quite see the applicability of “ unten breiterer,”

unless “unten” applies to the attached ends of the filaments; but in other

respects the description fits the rudimentary branchie very well.

1878.] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 757

Tig. 1.

WIZ

—

or----~---

Astacus fluviatilis.

I. The outer face of the podobranchia of the antepenultimate thoracic limb of the

left side (x 4): B, the basal portion ; s¢, the stem; /, the lamina; br, the

branchial filaments ; ap, the apical plume. II. The inner face of the same

podobranchia ( x 4): the letters as before, except g, the decurrent fringe,

continued from the inner lobe of the lamina. III. A transverse section

: of the podobranchia, taken a little above the level of 4 in II. (x 4): @, the

+ inner lobe of the lamina ; 3, its outer lobe; s¢, the stem; 27, the branchial

; filaments, IV. One of the hooks of the lamina; and V The extremity

of one of the sets of the base of the podobranchia : the vertical line indi-

cates the scale to which these figures are drawn, and represents 45 of an

¢ inch. VI. The coxopoditic sets of the same limb (x 4). VII. The free

end of one of these set, magnified to the same degree as IV. and V,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. L. 50

798 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

truncated anterior end with the coxopodite of one or other of the

thoracic limbs, from the second maxillipede to the penultimate am-

bulatory limb inclusively. I shall therefore term these gills podo-

branchie. A fold of the integument rises over the outer face of the

basal portion of the branchia, which is freely movable, inwards and

outwards, upon its articulation.

The basal portion of the branchia curves slightly upwards, and is

continued into the comparatively narrow stem (fig. 1, sé), which

bends up at right angles to the base, and lies nearly parallel with

the inner wall of the branchial chamber. Rather beyond the middle

of its length, the stem expands into the broad lamina (fig. 1, 1), the

two lobes of which are folded together like the leaves of a partly

open book, their free rounded edges being turned backwards and

the uniting fold forwards. The lamina of each branchia, from the

second to the sixth, is received between the lobes of the lamina of

that which precedes it, and, from the first to the fifth, receives the

lamina of the branchia which follows it.

The edges of the laminz are beset with minute hooked spines,

seated upon low tubercles (fig. 1, 1v.), and are flat; but, a short

distance within the edge, each lamina is folded longitudinally in such

a manner as to give rise to ten or twelve plaits. From the mode of

their formation, these plaits or folds are, of course, as distinctly

marked on the outer as on the inner faces of the lamine (fig. 1, 111.).

Small elevations, terminated by minute hooked setze, like those on

the edges of the laminze, are observable on both faces, particularly

on the ridges.

The inner lobe of the lamina is continued down the stem asa

decurrent gradually narrowing fringe, which terminates on the inner

face of the basal portion (fig. 1, 1. g). The outer lobe ends more

abruptly, in a thin ridge which lies external and posterior to the last.

Between this ridge and the fringe there is a longitudinal groove,

which occupies the inner and posterior face of the stem.

A short distance from the upper edge of the lamina, and pro-

ceeding, as it were, from the anterior face of the median fold of the

latter, the apical plume (fig. 1, 1. ap) is given off. At its base this

is beset with cylindrical branchial filaments; but at its free extre-

mity it becomes simple and filiform; at its attached extremity, it

passes into the stem of the gill, of which it is seen to be the direct

continuation. The whole of the outer and anterior face of the stem,

as far as the basal fold, is beset with branchial filaments, of which

those in the region of the lamina are the longest, while towards the

base they are shorter and more closely set.

Close to the attachment of the podobranchia, the upper surface of

the coxopodite presents a rounded elevation, from which a great

number of long, flexible and tortuous sete proceed (fig. 1, VI.).

When undisturbed, they ascend vertically between the gills on the

sides of the branchial chamber. The apex of each of these cowopo-

ditic sete is acute; and at a short distance from its extremity it is

beset with numerous short foliaceous scales, which gives it the aspect

of a minute catkin (fig.1,vm.). Further down these scales become

1878. ] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 759

more widely separated, and at length disappear, the base of the seta

being smooth. A canal traverses the whole length of the seta.

These bundles of setee were regarded as branchise by Brandt and

Ratzeburg ; but they certainly have no direct relation to the respi-

ratory function. They may aid in keeping parasites out of the

branchial chamber.

The sete which fringe the base of the podobranchia are straight,

stiff, hollow, and composed of a cylindrical basal portion, and an

acuminated acicular terminal part, which often appears articulated

with the foregoing; the junction of the two is marked by an in-

flexion of the wall of the seta. The acicular part (fig. 1, v.) is fringed

with minute pointed scales, which, in the sete: of the anterior part of

the base, pass into long lateral processes, and give the seta a penni-

form appearance. None of these setz are hooked at the apex.

The only differences, except those of size, which are observable in

the six podobranchiz, are, that the external lobe of the lamina,

which is not nearly so large as the internal, in the hindermost

Fig. 2,

K4 X2 K4

A, The podobranchia (epipodite) of the first maxillipede of Astacus fluviatilis,

viewed from the outer side (xX 4). B. The podobranchia of the first

maxillipede of Astacoides madagascariensis, outer side (X 2): &, branchial

filaments. C. The podobranchia (epipodite) of the first maxillipede of

Astacus fluviatilis, viewed from behind (x4). D. The podobranchia of

the first maxillipede of Parastacus brasiliensis, from behind (X 4); br,

branchial filaments. In each figure a marks the pedicle by which the more

or less modified podobranchia is attached to the coxopodite.

branchia increases in relative size, until, in the most anterior

branchia it becomes larger than the internal lobe. The penniform

Setge are more numerous on the bases of the anterior podobranchiee.

The first maxillipede is said, and, in a physiological sense, rightly,

to possess no branchia ; but it is provided with an appendage (fig.

2, 4, C) which is undoubtedly the homologue of the podobran-

chia of the other thoracic limbs. This is a soft membranous

760 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

Fig. 3.

sarod}

iopdb ° pdb

Astacus fluviatilis.

The branchiostegite, all the podobranchix, except the epipodite of the first

maxillipede, and all the arthrobranchiz of the right side are removed (X 4).

en | Za

3. arb. x

spd

K \ )

1 r 1 mee Tt \ \

garb; uarbi warl\~,, 7.

pdb updb iopdb opdb

Astacopsis franklinii.

The branchiostegite, all the podobranchiz, except that of the first maxillipede,

and all the anterior arthrobranchis, except the first, of the right side are

removed (X 2).

scg, scaphognathite (not shown in fig. 4); 7 ep, the podobranchia of the first

maxillipede; 8 pdb to 13pdb, the other podobranchix; Sard to 13aréb, the

arthrobranchiz or their attachments to the arthrodial membranes of the second

and following thoracic appendages; 11 plb to 14 plb, the pleurobranchiz ; 14,

the coxopodite of the hindermost ambulatory limb; exp, the coxopoditie sets

of that limb in Astacus,

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 761

plate, which broadens at its upper extremity, and sends a short

process downwards beyond its articujation with the coxopodite of

the maxillipede. The plate is slightly folded upon itself longitu-

dinally, but in such a manner that it is concave forwards instead of

backwards. It bears no branchial papille, and has no longitudinal

plaits ; but, on its posterior face and along its inner edge, it presents

hooked tubercles, like those of the lamine of the podobranchiz.

It is obvious that this structure, which lies immediately behind and

parallel with the scaphognathite of the second maxilla (but, as I have

ascertained, does uot share its function of scooping the water out of

the branchial cavity’), is a modified podobranchia, reduced, as it

were, to the part which, in the other podobranchiz, is represented

by the base, stem, and lamina.

Thus every thoracic limb, except the last, is provided with the

representative of a podobranchia—though, in the case of the first

maxillipede, this structure, if it plays any part in the respiratory

process, does so simply in virtue of its thin and soft texture, and not

by means of any special branchial filaments. The podobranchia of

the first thoracic appendage is, in fact, reduced to a mere epipodite.

When the podobranchiz are removed, six other gills come into

view. They are attached (fig. 3, ard) to the flexible membrane which

unites the coxopodites of all the thoracic limbs to the thorax, save

the first and last, and may be termed anterior arthrobranchie.

Like the foregoing, they are disposed vertically, and increase in

size from the first, which belongs to the second maxillipede and is

hidden behind the epipodite of the first maxillipede, to the last.

The apex of each of these gills is exactly like the apical plume of

one of the podobranchize ; and the branchial filaments are set upon

the outer and anterior face of the stem in the same way. The

inner face is flat and free from filaments ; and there is no trace of a

lamina or of a basal dilatation.

Above and behind these, more directly above in the posterior,

more behind in the anterior limbs (fig. 3, a7), are five other branchiz

of similar character, attached to the arthrodial membranes of the

third maxillipede and the anterior four ambulatory limbs. These

may be termed the posterior arthrobranchie.

After the removal of all these functional branchize, there will be

found, immediately above the bases of the penultimate and antepenul-

timate thoracic limbs (fig. 3, 12 plb, 13 plb), two minute filamentous

processes, the longer of which was not more than one sixth of an inch

in length in any specimen I have examined, while both are so deli-

cate as to be invisible except under a simple lens. The posterior

of these is the larger: it has the structure of an ordinary branchial

filament, with a somewhat swollen base, which is attached to the

margins of a foramen in the lower part of the epimeron of the pe-

nultimate thoracie somite, just below a transverse depression which

separates this from the upper part of the epimeron. The position

1 Tf the branchiostegite of a living Crayfish is carefully removed, the rapid

rhythmical motion of the scaphognathite is readily seen; but the modified

podobranchia of the first maxillipede remains quiescent.

762 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

of this filament is sometimes vertical, but more frequently horizontal.

The anterior filament is sometimes a mere papilla; it is attached to

the margins of a small foramen which occupies a similar position in

the antepenultimate epimeron—namely, close to the anterior edge and

just below the transverse depression. These are two rudimentary

gills, of the same order as that next to be described.

The seventh, and most posterior branchia of those which become

visible when the brachiostegite is removed (fig. 3, 14 plb), has yet to

be considered. It resembles one of the arthrobranchiz in all essen-

tial characters, but it is not attached to the arthrodial membrane ;

on the contrary, the base of its stem is fixed to the margins of a

circular aperture situated close to the edge of a peculiar shield-

shaped plate, the posterior and outer surface of which is covered

with strong setee. Immediately behind and below the attachment

of the gill there is an oval space, occupied by a soft and flexible

portion of the cuticle, like a tympanic membrane. By its lower

margin this plate furnishes an articular surface to the outer condyle

of the coxopodite of the last thoracic limb, while its anterior and upper

angle, bending sharply upwards, passes into a curved prolongation,

which extends upwards and backwards in the soft integument of the

flank, and articulates with a slender process of somewhat similar

form sent forward from the first abdominal somite. Internally this

shield-shaped branchiferous plate is continuous with the sternum

of the last thoracie somite. It is obvious that this plate, with its

anterior process, represents the epimeron of the last thoracic somite,

which is thus adherent to the penultimate somite only by the slender

anterior and superior process and the soft integument. Hence, the last

thoracic somite moves easily upon its predecessor, though, in strict-

ness, the usual statement that the last thoracic somite in Astacus

is ‘‘ free’’ is not altogether exact.

It follows from this determination of the nature of the shield-

shaped plate, that the gill which it bears is attached to the epimeron,

or side-wall, of the last thoracic somite; and it may be termed a

pleurobranchia. The similarly attached filaments (12 plé and 13 plb)

represent reduced or rudimentary pleurobranchiz.

We may suppose that the total number of branchize which a

thoracic somite can possess is eight, four on each side, namely :—one

podobranchia, connected with the coxopodite of the appendage; two

arthrobranchie, fixed to the articular membrane; and one pleuro-

branchia, attached to the epimeron. And if four places for branchize

are assigned to each somite, the extent to which the hypothetically

complete scheme or formula is actually filled up will be readily seen,

and the branchial arrangements of different Crayfishes will be easily

compared.

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 763

The Branchial formula of Astacus fluviatilis’.

Somites Arthrobranchize.

and their ra oa ——_~ cepa

appendages. “* Anterior. Posterior. anchiz.

WITS: oO (ep) 0 0 0 0g (ep)

VIET oL, 1 ] 0 0 = 5

EXG2A 1 l | 0 a

X... I | 1 0 = 3

Ry,. 53% 1 l 1 OY = 3

MB t6:. DIAN SED) snails

XIII..... 1 1 l , = 34

XIV. 0 0 0 eh 3

6+tep+6 + 5 + 1+2r=18+ep+2r

“ep” here signifies a podobranchia which has lost its branchial

filaments and become completely metamorphosed into an epipodite,

while r indicates that a rudiment of a branchia exists.

It will be observed that, in this species of Crayfish, no somite

possesses its hypothetically full complement of branchiz except XII.

and XIII. ; and even in them the pleurobranchiz are rudimentary.

The representatives of eleven possible branchie are altogether

wanting.

2. The Branchie of Cambarus.

The principal distinction between this genus and Astacus, as it

was established by Erichson, lies in the absence of the single pleuro-

branchia of the latter, and the consequent reduction of the number

of the branchize to seventeen on each side.

In his elaborate monograph of the genus, Dr.-Hagen observes,

«But there is also another difference, not before noticed?. In

Astacus each pair of gills, except the single one on the fifth set of

legs, has a broad deeply-folded membrane, closely fixed behind the

most external gill-lobe. In Caméarus, this membrane is always

wanting in the gills of the fourth pair of legs, but exists, as in

Astacus, in all the others. ;

“In the true Astacus, all the gills with a folded membrane behin

have a basal external bundle of shorter but broader and irregularly

placed gill-tubes ; these are never to be found in Cambarus.”

In a species of Cambarus from Guatemala, of which a number of

specimens have been presented to the British Museum by Mr.

Salvin’, I find Dr. Hagen’s first remark fully borne out. The last

1 In this, as in all other cases, it is to be understood that the branchial

formula gives the branchiz of only one side of the body, and that the total

number of branchiz is therefore double that given in the formula.

2 Dr. Hagen appears to have overlooked De Haan’s definition of the distine-

tive characters of the American Orayfishes known to him :—

“ Branchiz 17 ; nulla supra pedes quintos; externe supra quartos tantum e

tubulis liberis, externse supra sequentes infra e tubulis, supra e laminis tuber-

culatis composite” (Fauna Japonica, Crustacea, p. 164).

* Mr. Salvin informs me that they were obtained in a river near Coban,

in Vera Paz, at an elevation of about 4300 feet above the sea.

764 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION — [June 4,

podobranchia is devoid of even a trace of a lamina ; in the five which

precede it, on the other hand, the lamina is very large, and folded

into two longitudinally plaited lobes, as in Astacus. The edges and

the surfaces of the laminz present tubercles, which are more pro-

minent than in Astacus, and bear similar hooked spines.

The inner decurrent prolongation of the lamina is wider than in

Astacus, particularly in the anterior podobranchiz. It is also beset

with hooked setee mounted on low tubercles.

The sete of the upper part of the base are relatively shorter.

As in Astacus, their apices are straight and not hooked.

The coxopodites bear bundles of twisted setae, which are similar

to those of Astacus, but are more obtusely pointed.

The arthrobranchiz are similar in number and in form to those of

Astacus. Those of the posterior series are proportionately larger.

I cannot discover a trace of the hindermost pleurobranchia, nor of

the rudiments of the anterior ones, in this species; but it is not im-

probable that they may be discovered in larger forms.

The modified podobranchia (epipodite) of the first maxillipede is

soft, and folded longitudinally in such a manner as to present a broad

and shallow anterior groove. It bears no branchial papillee, nor any

setee ; but there are a few short hooks here and there.

The Branchial formula of Cambarus.

Somites Arthrobranchie.

Sn Saeantiieaie AGE eae. and Miche

appendages. ~“" Anterior, Posterior i

WEES 0 (ep) 0 0 Ch = Oe

VII... ] 1 0 0 = 2

| ib. ae ] l 1 0) a

met 1 1 1 0 S45}

pF 1 ] ] 0 = 3

XII. 1 ] l Ce =o

XIIl. l I ] 0 —

XIV. 0 0 0 0 = 0

6+ep+6 + .5 + O = 17 + ep.

In comparison with Astacus, there is obviously a reduction of the

branchial system, arising from the complete disappearance of all the

pleurobranchize in Caméarus.

3. The Branchie of Astacopsis! franklinii.

When the branchiostegite is removed, seven branchiz are seen,

having the general appearance and disposition of those of Astacus ;

and, as in Astacus, the six anterior are podobranchiz, attached to the

coxopodite of the second maxillipede and the five following append-

ages, while the seventh is a pleurobranchia, fixed to the epimeron of

? Since, as will be shown below, those Australian Crayfishes which neither

belong to Cheraps nor to Engeus are distinct from Astacoides, as represented

by the Madagascar speeies, I propose to apply the generie name of Astacopsis

to them.

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 76

Fig. 5.

Astacopsis franklinit.

I, The outer face of the podobranchia of the antepenultimate thoracic limb of

the left side (x34). II. The inner face of the same podobranchia: 37,

branchial filaments; /, rudimentary lamina. IIa. The apex of the same,

more highly magnified. III. A transverse section of the podobranchia at

about the junction of its middle and upper thirds. IV. The extremity of

one of the hooked filaments; and V, that of one of the hooked sete. In

these two figures the vertical line represents =}, of an inch magnified to

the same extent. VI. The coxopoditic sete (x33).

766 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

the last thoracic somite. There is also an anterior series of six

arthrobranchie, and a posterior series of five (p. 760, fig. 4, ard),

disposed as in Astacus. But instead of the two rudimentary pleuro-

branchiz borne by the twelfth and thirteenth somites, in Astacus,

there are three perfect branchiz attached to the eleventh, twelfth,

and thirteenth somites (fig. 4, 1-13 p/b), in positions which, in the

case of the two latter, exactly correspond with those of the rudi-

mentary pleurobranchiz of Astacus.

The pleurobranchiz and the arthrobranchiz are very similar to

those of Astacus ; but the inner surface of the stem is channelled by

a sort of groove, the edges of which are pretty sharp. I could find

no hooks, nor spines, nor hooked papillz on any part of these

branchiz.

The podobranchie (fig. 5, 1, 11, 11) resemble those of Astacus

in their general form; but the basal portion is relatively larger and

the stem stouter, while, at first sight, the lamina appears to be

altogether wanting. Close examination, however, shows that the

apex of the branchia is distinguishable into an apical plume and a

lamellar appendage, but that the latter is relatively very small; in

fact, it is a mere outgrowth of the inner wall of the stem, and is

neither bilobed nor plaited. Moreover its surface is beset with

numerous filamentous prolongations, which are altogether similar to

ordinary branchial filaments, except that the extremity of each,

instead of being smooth and rounded, is provided with a short

recurved hook-like seta (fig. 5, 11a, 1v). The groove on the inner

or posterior face of the stem is broader than in Astacus. It is

bounded on the inner side by a decurrent fringe, which runs down

onto the base and stops there, as in the foregoing genera (fig. 5, 11).

This fringe is provided with long slender curved sete, each beset

with imbricated scales and terminated by a recurved hook (fig. 5, v).

The external ridge is wider than in dAstacus, and is provided with

similar hooked sete. It may be said, in fact, that the whole lower

half of the posterior margin of the stem in Astacopsis has the character

of the posterior margin of the base, while in Astacus there is a

sharp demarcation between the base and the stem.

In principle, therefore, the podobranchiz of Astacopsis are similar

to those of Astacus ; and the main difference between the two is that

the lamina in the former is represented by a slight expansion of the

stem, which is neither bilobed nor plaited, while its surface is covered

with cylindrical filaments terminated by hooked spines. In Astacus,

as in Cambarus, on the other hand, the lamina is large, bilobed,

plaited, and the place of the filaments is taken by mere papille

terminated by similar hooks. Moreover, in Astacus and Cambarus

the sete of the base are not hooked.

The appendage of the first maxillipede is similar to that of

Astacus in form; but on the outer surface of the outer lobe there

are sixteen or eighteen short branchial papille, some of which, but

apparently not all, are terminated by hooks; in fact, except in size,

they quite resemble the filaments of the other branchiz.

In this Crayfish, therefore, the first podobranchia is not reduced

1878. ] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES, 767

Fig. 6.

Cheraps (?).

I. The outer face of the podobranchia of the antepenultimate thoracic limb of

the left side(x3). II. The inner face of the same podobranchia : B, basal

portion ; sz, stem ; al, ala; br, branchial filaments. IIT. A transverse sec-

tion of the middle of the podobranchia (x3). IV. A sickle-shaped hook of

a branchial filament xiz Of an inch in Iehgth. V. One of the coxopoditie

setze more highly magnified : a, the circumferential inflexion of the wall of

the seta. The central canal does not stop at this point, but is continued

to the end of the seta. VI. A bundle of coxopoditic sete (x 3). WIT,

The extremity of one of the long sete of the posterior edge of the stem.

The vertical line represents x30 Of an inch magnified to the same extent.

768 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

to a mere epipodite, but retains true branchial characters in the

scanty respiratory filaments of its outer lobe.

There are only small tufts of short, straight or slightly curved sete

in the position of the bundles of long coiled coxopoditie setz of

Astacus and Cambarus (fig. 5, v1).

The Branchial formula of Astacopsis.

Somites Pade: Arthrobranchiz. Pinus

and their ~ branchize ag at aS branchiz.

appendages. * Anterior. Posterior.

‘ O(epr) 0 0 0 .= OCepr)

VE 1 l 0 0 = 2

|. 1 ] ] 0 =e

ae ] ] 1 0 = 3

bc eee 1 ] 1 1 = 4

ATG 2.29 1 1 1 1 = 4

D2 Ne 1 1 1 1 = 4

RAV. i *. 0 0 0 1 = |

6+epr+6 + 5 Be = 21-Fep7

Thus Astacopsis presents a much nearer approximation to the

hypothetically complete branchial formula than Astacus, inasmuch

as the epipodite of the first maxillipede is an imperfect branchia,

and there are four complete pleurobranchiz: only the hindermost

podobranchia, the first and last anterior arthrobranchiee, the first

two and the last posterior arthrobranchiz, and the first four pleuro-

branchiz are wanting. In fact, this is the most complete branchial

formula with which I am at present acquainted, among the podo-

phthalmous Crustacea.

4, The Branchie of Cheraps (?).

_I have examined a single specimen of a species attributed to this

genus, from the Yarra- Yarra river, in the collection of the British

Museum’.

The second maxillipede and the five following thoracic limbs bear

podobranchize, which increase in length from the first to the last,

and have a close general resemblance to those of Astacopsis; but

they differ in the production of the upper part of the anterior lip of

the groove of the stem into a broad limb or ala, wider at the upper

end than below, which must not be confounded with the lamina of

Astacis, as it corresponds only with part of the inner lobe and the

decurrent fringe in that genus (fig. 6,1, 1, 111 @/). Both faces,

as well as the free posterior margin of this fringe, are beset with

cylindrical branchial filaments, the apex of each of which is termi-

nated by a strong sickle-shaped hook (fig. 6, rv). The majority of

the branchial filaments of the stem are also terminated either by

smaller hooks or by short straight spines. Long sete, hooked at

1 My best thanks are due to Dr. Gimther, F.R.S., for the readiness with

which he has aided my investigations by giving me free access to the Crusta-

cean collection under his charge.

1878. ] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 769

the ends, and otherwise similar in structure to those of Astacopsis,

are attached to the posterior edge of the stem of the podobranchia

(fig. 6, vit).

The ala is widest, and extends furthest towards the summit of the

branchia, in the most anterior podobranchia, while in the hinder-

most it is reduced to little more than a longitudinal ridge. This

branchia, in fact, is very similar to one of those of Astacopsis.

There are six anterior arthrobranchiz, which are not more than

half as long as the podobranchiz, and five still smaller posterior ar-

throbranchiz, the hindermost of which is almost rudimentary.

As in Astacopsis, there are four large pleurobranchiz, the hinder-

most of which is only slightly larger than the other three, which are

nearly equal in size.

Small branchial filaments are scattered over the whole posterior

face of the epipodite of the first maxillipede; and the apex of each

is provided with a strong sickle-shaped hook.

The coxopoditic setz are relatively short, as in Astacopsis, but

slender and curved, and even slightly undulating (fig. 6, v1). Each

is hooked at its free extremity (fig. 6, v).

If the distinctive character of Cheraps, as given by Erichson, is

correct, this is not a true Cheraps; but the branchiz of these

animals are so readily detached, that I can give no opinion on this

point without comparison with the original specimens. In any case,

the structure of the podobranchiz shows the distinctness of this form

from Astacopsis.

The Branchial formula of Cheraps (?).

A Bee Podo- eee sheen Pletro-

appendages. branche. "Anterior, Posterior. branchive.

0 (ep r) 0 0 = 0 (ep r)

VERA... . 1 iu 0 0 eantih,

{DCR an 1 uf il 0 heck

ONE © a. ] ] 1 0 a

5.10 a ee ] l 1 1 |

XIII.,... ] 1 1 1 ded)

XIV.. ae 0 0 0 ] — ]

Gtepr+6 + 5 + 4 =2 tepr.

5. The Branchie of Engeus.

The number, the general disposition, and the structure of the

branchize are the same as in Astacopsis and Cheraps.

The podobranchiz have no vestige of a lamina. The first podo-

branchia has a small ala, much as in Cheraps; but only a few of the

branchial filaments have terminal hooks.

The arthrobranchie are very small, those of the posterior series

being the smaller; and the three anterior pleurobranchix are much

smaller than the hindermost.

Inall the branchiz, and especially in the arthrobranchiz and pleuro-

-branchiz, the terminal filament is exceptionally long and thick.

770 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

There are only a few very small hooked papillary elevations on

the epipodite of the first maxillipede; in fact the podobranchia is

reduced to nearly the same condition as in Astacus. The hooks of

the setz are very slender.

_The branchial formula is the same as in Astacopsis and Cheraps,

Viz. :—

sr ae Arthrobranchie. ahh tn:

and their j pe a c

appendages. branehise. Anterior. Posterior. branchiz.

VIl..... 0 (ep r) 0 0 0 = 0 (ep r)

Mie | 0 gag

X.. eae 1 l ] 0 aa

DO age 1 1 ] 1 —) 4

C0 ie lin 1 1 jsut og

>: I aroma 0 0 1 5 4)

6+ epr +6 es Cae! Seeiany. Gaia Ye

6. The Branchie of Paranephrops.

In Paranephrops planifrons I find the branchie to have the same

general character and disposition as in Astacopsis and Engaeus.

The podobranchize are devoid of any trace of a lamina. The

branchial filaments on the posterior faces of these branchiz are, for the

most part, provided with terminal hooks, while the rest have smooth

and rounded apices.

The anterior arthrobranchie have not half the size of the podo-

branchie, while the posterior arthrobranchiz are very minute, and the

hindermost is rudimentary, being a mere simple filament, like one of

the rudimentary pleurobranchie of As/acus. The pleurobranchiz

are larger, but the three anterior ones are small. None of these

branchiz have hooked papille.

The external and posterior face of the epipodite of the first maxilli-

pede is beset with short hooked branchial filaments.

The coxopoditic sete are few, slender, short, and hooked at the

extremity.

The Branchial formula of Paranephrops.

Somites ea Arthrobranchiz. Plauen:

and their jranchie PED DE a: branchiz

appendages. “Anterior. Posterior. rs

Rib cosy OO hep) yO 0 0 = O(epr)

VF e027 1 1 0 0 = 2

IXSe as ol l sag 0 = 43

XO. # 1 1 1 0 jo

pC bares 1 1 1 1 = 4

SLD eee 1 1 ] = 4

XI at 1 r 1 = 34r

XIV.. 0 0 0 1 = |

6+epr+6 + 4 +7r 44 = 20+epr+r

1378. ] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 771

The branchiz of two specimens of a Paranephrops, from the Fiji

Islands, like the foregoing in the British Museum, are in such bad

condition, the specimens having apparently got dry before they were

placed in spirits, that I cannot make out all the details of their

structure ; but, so far as it can be ascertained, they agree with those

of the preceding species.

7. The Branchie of Parastacus.

By the kindness of Prof. Peters, I have been able to examine two

well preserved males of the Astacus brasiliensis and A. pilimanus of

Von Martens; and the results are very interesting.

The branchiz of the two species are so much alike that they may

be described together. In many points they resemble those of

~ Cheraps ; but the structure is by no means identical ; and as these

Crayfishes are peculiar in other respects, I think it will be most

convenient to consider them as members of a distinct genus, Par-

astacus.

There are six ordinary podobranchiz, of which, as usual, the first

is the smallest, the next two are longer, and the last three are

longest of all and nearly equal. In the podobranchia of the second

maxillipede, the inner lip of the groove of the stem of the branchia

is produced into a broad ala, as in Cheraps ; but the ala becomes

broader towards the apex, and is there abruptly truncated. The

truncated edge is fringed by a single series of branchial papille. The

posterior lip of the groove is beset with long hooked setz. In the

four following podobranchiz the ala is a little narrower, especially

at its apex, but it has essentially the same characters. In the last

the ala is present in the basal half of the stem, but narrows to a mere

ridge in the apical half.

The modified podobranchia of the first maxillipede bears from

ten to sixteen longer or shorter branchial filaments on the outer half

of the posterior surface of its apical end (fig. 2, p, p. 759).

The six anterior arthrobranchize are full-sized, and increase in

length from before backwards. The five posterior arthrobranchiz

are much smaller ; and the last is rudimentary, consisting of a very

short slender stem, with from one to three lateral filaments.

There are four pleurobranchiz, all well developed, but the hinder-

most the longest.

In the podobranchiz, many of the posterior branchial filaments

are terminated by hooks. As usual, these are absent in the other

branchiz.

The coxopoditic tubercles give origin to bundles of long and

tortuous sete, with hooked apices. These are neither so long, nor

so numerous, as in Astacus and Cambarus, but are more like them

than are those of any other Parastacide.

772 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

Fig. 7.

Astacoides madagascariensis.

I. The outer face of the podobranchia of the antepenultimate thoracic limb of

the left side (x23). II. The inner face of the same: 07, branchial fila-

ments. III. A transverse section of the middle of the podobranchia: s¢,

the grooved inner face of the stem, IV. The terminal hook of a branchial

filament; and V. The apex of a coxopoditic seta. The straight line repre-

sents ;}4? of an inch magnified to the same extent as these,

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 773

The Branchial formula of Pacastacus.

Somites Bites Arthrobranchiz. Pia.

et nchie. 7. ce, branchiz.

appendages. Anterior. Posterior.

Milos 0eps)e. O 0 0 = O(epr)

ft} Serene | 1 0 Osnneeiin 2

| > ae ] 1 | Os = «3

Rett cberfiy 1 ] I 0 =

oe | 1 l 1 =e Pe!

Meliss airs, (2 ] 1 l ee

pO |) ee | 1 r 1 = 3+4+r

UE darcia! 90 0 0 1 —

6 +ep7+ 6 + 44744 20 +epr-+r.

8. The Branchie of Astacoides.

I am indebted to the courtesy of Prof. Alphonse Milne-Edwards

for the opportunity of examining the branchiz of a male specimen

of the Crayfish of Madagascar, Astacoides madagascariensis. On

account of the rarity of this species, it is desirable to describe its

branchial apparatus in some detail. The length of the specimen

was 5°7 inches.

The branchiostegite of the left side being carefully removed, the

six large podobranchiz were seen. ‘The first, 0°9 inch long (mea-

sured from its attachment to its apex), was directed upwards and

backwards in the cervical depression. The second, | inch long,

took a similar direction, but was concave forwards. The third,

slightly shorter, lay parallel with the second. The fourth (fig. 7, 1,

11) was much longer ; bent round the third, its summit touched the

apex of the second ; the total length of the branchia when straight-

ened out was about 1°3 inch. The fifth branchia was still longer,

curving round the posterior edge of the last, so that its apex touched

the front boundary of the branchial cavity. The sixth branchia

started from a higher level than any of the others, in consequence of

the great size of the coxopodite of the penultimate thoracic limb ; its

length was 1:05 inch; and it was nearly straight, its apex fitting

into the summit of the branchial cavity. The base of each podo-

branchia is elongated upwards, as in Astacopsis ; and there is a soft

fold of integument over its attachment. There is no trace of any

lamina.

On the removal of the podobranchie the arthrobranchiz came

into view. But, in contradistinction to all other known Crayfishes,

there are only five of them fully developed, and even these are re-

markably small in comparison with the podobranchie. The first

is the shortest (0°5 in.); and they increase in length to the hinder-

most, which is 0°35 in. long. Each is concave forwards and con-

vex backwards; and the apex of the hindermost comes within 0°15

inch of the’ nearest part of the anterior superior boundary of the

branchial cavity. In all these branchie the branchial filaments

are very numerous, stiff, relatively short and close-set ; so that they

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LI. 51

774 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION —__[ June 4,

approach the characters of the branchie of the Lobster. The groove

on the inner face of the stem seems, at first, to be reduced to nothing

in the upper part of the podobranchie. However, a transverse

section (fig. 7, 111) shows that it exists and is bounded by two lips,

the anterior of which is produced into a narrow ala. But the

numerous hooked branchial filaments, which arise from the posterior

face of the stem, fill the groove and appear to obliterate it.

The hindermost of the arthrobranchie is attached close to the

articulation of the coxopodite with the epimeron, and is therefore

in the same position as one of the anterior series of arthrobranchie

in other Crayfishes. here is not the slightest trace of the attach-

ment of another branchia on the arthrodial membrane behind this.

But on the epimeron, just above the margin of the articular cavity,

and 0:1 inch behind the root of the anterior branchia, a minute

filament, 0-05 in. long, which I take to be a rudiment of the posterior

branchia, enclosed by the downward extension of the epimeron,

projects.

The attachment of the next arthrobranchia is like that of its pre-

decessor, but not quite so far forward. At a distance of 0°5 in.

behind and above its root, an exceedingly minute papilla, not more

than a fifth of the length of the foregoing, is enclosed in the arti-

cular edge of the epimeron. This is doubtless the rudiment of the

posterior arthrobranchia. The three remaining arthrobranchiz are

fixed into the arthrodial membranes of the other ambulatory and

prehensile limbs, in a position corresponding with that occupied by

the fourth. In the case of the hindermost of these, or that of the

eleventh pair of appendages, there is, above and behind the root of

the gill, and 0°U8 inch distant from it, a filamentous rudimentary

branchia, rather less than 0:1 inch long, attached within the articular

margin of the epimeron. Three or four minute unequal processes

are given off from the posterior edge of this filament. There is

another very small papillary rudiment immediately above and behind

the root of the next arthrobranchia; but none could be discovered

above that of the most anterior arthrobranchia.

In addition to the five conspicuous and functional outer arthro-

branchize, there was another very small one, only 0°18 inch long, and

almost rudimentary, attached to the second maxillipede.

The pleurobranchia of the last thoracic somite was only 0°3 inch

long, and was hardly visible at first, from being overlapped by the

hindermost podobranchia. I could not discover the slightest trace

of any other pleurobranchize.

The upper part of the modified podobranchia of the first maxillipede

is sharply folded upon itself longitudinally ; and its outer lobe is beset

with numerous short branchial filaments, most of which have ter-

minal hooks. Similar hooked filaments are to be found about the

base and the posterior region of the other podobranchiz ; but a large

proportion of the filaments of these branchie, and all of those of the

arthrobranchiz, appear to be hookless.

The tubercles of the coxopodites give rise to small tufts of short

and straight setee, which are hooked at the end, like those of Asta-

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 775

copsis (fig. 7, v). The hinder and upper sete of the bases of the

podobranchiz are similarly hooked; but, as in the other species,

the anterior sete are straight, or only slightly curved at the ex-

tremities.

The Branchial formula of Astacoides madagascariensis,

Somites Arthrobranchiz.

ori iegy Lo ag caeegeean a ares

appendages. ’ Anterior. Posterior. "

VI O(epr) 0 0 0 = (epr)

VIII... 1 r 0 0 a= | + r

EX... l 1 0 0 Sey;

ao lets 1 r 0. = 2+ 7

XI... ] 1 r 0 = 2+ ?

XII 1 1 r 0 = Best ?

XIII l 1 r 0 = 2+ r

XIV. 0 0 0 ] = i

6+epr4+i5+r+4r 4+ 1 12+ep r+ ir

In Astacoides, therefore, the branchize have suffered more reduc-

tion than in any other known Crayfish ; and this reduction is, as it

were, a continuation of the process already commenced in Engeus

and Paranephrops, in which the anterior pleurobranchiee and the

posterior arthrobranchize are small, or even rudimentary.

IIT. Tue Crasstrication or THE CRAYFISHES.

Whatever may be the variation in the structure of the branchize of

the different species of Crayfish, it will be observed that they all agree

in possessing podobranchiew, or branchie attached to the coxo-

podites, of the six middle thoracic appendages, and that these are

either not at all, or incompletely, differentiated into a branchial and

an epipoditic division. Moreover Astacopsis, Cheraps, Engeus,

Paranephrops, Parastacus and Astacoides, in which the apices of

the podobranchie are not separated into a branchial plume and a

well developed lamina, present a less-differentiated type of branchial

structure than that which obtains in Aséacus and Cambarus.

Thus the structure of the branchie in the Crayfishes separates

them into two groups, of which I propose to term the latter the

PoramMosirp&, and the former the PARASTACID2.

In the Parasracip the podobranchie are devoid of more than

a rudiment of a lamina, though the stem may be alate. The podo-

branchia of the first maxillipede has the form of an epipodite; but,

in almost all cases, it bears a certain number of well-developed

branchial filaments.

The first abdominal somite possesses no appendage in either sex;

and the appendages of the four following somites are large.

The telson is never completely divided by a transverse suture.

More or fewer of the branchial filaments of the podobranchiz are

terminated by short hooked spines ; and the coxopoditic ae as well

776 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION = [June 4,

as those which beset the stems of the podobranchie, have hooked

apices.

In the Poramontip the podobranchie of the second, third,

fourth, fifth, and sixth thoracic appendages are always provided with

a large plaited lamina. The pcdobranchia of the first maxillipede is

converted into an epipodite, entirely devoid of branchial filaments.

The first abdominal somite invariably bears appendages in the male,

and usually in both sexes. In the male these appendages are styli-

form, and those of the second somite are always peculiarly modified.

The appendages of the four following somites are relatively small.

The telson is usually completely divided by a transverse suture.

None of the branchial filaments are terminated by hooks; nor are

any of the coxopoditic sete or the longer sete of the podobranchie

hooked, though hooked tubercles occur on the stem and on the lamina

of the latter.

The coxopoditie setee are always long and tortuous.

It is worthy of notice that the Parastacidee agree with the

Palinuridze and Scyllaride in the abortion of the appendages

of the first abdominal somite, and in possessing hooked sete, while

in the Potamobiidee, as in the Lobsters, the sete are not hooked,

and, as in almost all the Podophthalmia, except the Palinuride and

Scyllaridsc’, the appendages of the first abdominal somite are present,

and are specially modified in the males.

Of the six genera of the Parastacide, Astucoides is widely sepa-

rated from all the rest by the reduction of the number of its func-

tional branchiz to twelve, while all the other genera at present known

have, at fewest, twenty, and usually twenty-one, branchie.

Astacopsis, Cheraps, Engeus, and Parastacus have, in common,

a long epistoma, the surface of which is flattened, the basal joint

of the antenne fixed by the overlapping edge of the cephaloste-

gite, the posterior thoracic sterna narrow, the coxopodites of the

hinder thoracic limbs large and approximated in the middle line.

The rostrum and the antennary squame are short. Engeus is dis-

tinguished among these, not only by the narrowness of the first ab-

dominal somite, but by the form of the anterior part of the head,

with its short and deflexed rostrum, and very small antennary squame.

In Cheraps the podobranchiz are alate, in Astacopsis they are

not. Parastacus somewhat resembles Cheraps in its alate podo-

branchiz, but differs from all the rest by possessing long and tortu-

ous coxopoditic sete.

I have nothing to add to the distinctive characters of the two genera

of the Potamobiide, Astacus and Cambarus, already given by

Erichson, Hagen, and others.

All the branchize of the Crayfishes consist of a stem beset with nu-

merous cylindrical filaments. In fact, they are typical examples of

what are termed by Milne-Edwards “ branchies en brosse,” and may

be called “ trichobranchiz,’’ in contradistinction to the lamellar

1 In Gebia, Calliavis, and Porcellana, the first abdominal appendages are

yudimentary or abortive in the male sex.

1878.] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 777

gills or “ phyllobranchiz,’” which are met with in a large number of

other Crustacea. The whole of the Macrurous Podophthalmia,

excepting the genera Gebia and Callianassa, the Prawns, the

Shrimps, and the Myside, have trichobranchie.

In the Mysidz the branchize are rudimentary or absent, and in

the Euphausidee and Penzeidze they are peculiarly modified. In the

Prawns and Shrimps, in Geéia and Callianassa, in all the Auomura

and Brachyura, the gills are phyllobranchiz.

Thus the Podophthalmia or Thoracostraca (to use the convenient

name proposed by Prof. Claus) are divisible in respect of the structure

of their respiratory organs into three groups, which may be termed

Abranchiata, Trichobranchiata, aud Phyllobranchiata.

Among the trichobranchiate Podophthalmia, the Euphauside

possess no other than podobranchiz ‘. These are mere respiratory

plumes presenting no differentiation even into base and stem. Ail

the rest of the Trichobranchiata have arthrobranchiz, either with or

without functional podobranchiz and pleurobranchie. Among

those which possess all three kinds of branehiz, the Parastacide and

the Palinuride are highly exceptional among the Thoracostraca in the

absence of the appendages of the first abdominal somite in both sexes.

They further, as a rule, possess 21 branchize ( pdd. 6, arb. 11, pld. 4),

though the number is, in some cases, reduced by the suppression of

more or fewer of the arthrobranchiz and pleurobranchie.

In most, if not all the other Trichobranchiata, the first abdominal

appendages of the males are present and specially modified. Among

these, the Potamobiidze are characterized by the imperfect division

of their podobranchiz into a proper branchial and an epipoditic

portion.

In Homarus and Nephrops, Awius and Thalassina, the podo-

branchiz are completely differentiated, from their bases onward, into

a proper branchial and an epipoditic portion. Jn this condition the

podobranchia is usually described as an epipodite, to the base of

which a branchia is attached.

In Homarus the branchial filaments are numerous and multiser nt

and the branchial formula is :—

Somites Peay: Arthrobranchiz. ee

and their branchize eis ee . ~~ branchize

appendages. * Anterior. Posterior, a:

\'0 0 ee (Gi (ep) 0 0 On ee 0s(en)

VIII..... 1 0 0 9 = 1

ae 1 l ] 0 = $8

>. ae ] ] ] 0 = 3

> Cs ie ] ] l 1 = 4

0) ESP ee ] l l 1 = 4

XIII..... 1 1 1 | a — are:

MOEV ee 0 0 0 a |

6-Hey si ey on. +i, 4-, = 20 hep.

1 Possibly some of the branchial plumes in Sergestes may be attached to the

arthrodial membranes. A critical examination of the species of Sergestes in

reference to this point would probably yield interesting results,

778 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

In Nephrops the branchie have the same structure, but the

branchial plume of the podobranchia of the second maxillipede is

absent or rudimentary; hence the number of the branchiz is re-

duced to 19.

In Azius the podobranchia of the penultimate thoracic limb is

reduced to an epipodite by the disappearance of the branchial plume,

and the hindermost pleurobranchia is also wanting. The arthro-

branchia of the second maxillipede is represented by a mere ru-

diment.

The Branchial formula of Axius stirhynchus.

da the Poilo- Weg seats Pleuro-

appendages, branchie. Antarior. Posterior, renchi=.

Villiiox l = 0 Oe

16.6 . ] ] ] 0 =,3

Xda i ] 1 jy RsSes

Xl 2 ] 1 1 ene,

XII... 1 l l ec

XI... 0 (ep) 1 1 rapes die

XIV. 0) 0 0 Oni =a0

5+2 ep ot, =) 15 aie a. 1842 ep +r.

The branchial filaments in this genus, again, are arranged only in

two series on the stem, though, as they remain filiform, the ap-

proximation to the phyllobranchiate type is but slight.

In Homarus, Nephrops, and Avius the epipoditie divisions of the

podobranchiz are very large; but in Thalassina, Stenopus, and

Peneus they are much reduced in size, and the branchial element

disappears in more than the hindermost.

In Thalassina scorpioides the last thoracie somite is provided with

no branchizw of any kind, nor have its limbs any epipodite, and

there are no pleurobranchie. The podobranchize of the twelfth and

thirteenth somites are reduced to stout curved setose epipodites. In

the eleventh there is a similar epipodite, but a branchial plume

springs from its base. The tenth had a small epipodite, without a

branchia in the specimen examined ; but I am inclined to think that

the branchia may have become detached ; for the similar epipodite of

the external maxillipede bore a mutilated, or rudimentary, small

branchia. The small epipodites of the second maxillipedes figured

by Milne-Edwards were broken off; but the places to which they

were attached were discernible. The first maxillipede had no

epipodite, in which respect Thalassina approaches Callianassa.

There are twelve arthrobranchiz attached in pairs, from the second

maxillipede to the penultimate thoracic limb inclusively. All these

branchize are remarkable from the fact that, for a greater or less

distance from the base of the gill, the stem is provided with broad

imbricated foliaceous expansions, which are traversed by ramified

1878. ] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 779

vessels, and take the place of the branchial filaments, which are

sometimes very few, and confined altogether to the basal region of

the branchia. These branchial plates differ from those of the true

phyllobranchize in their small number and in their disposition, in-

asmuch as they are directed obliquely to the stem and not at right

angles to it. Nevertheless it is interesting to find, in both Awius

and Thalassina, a certain approach to the phyllobranchiate type,

which is completely reached in Gedia and Callianassa.

The Branchial formula of Thalassina.

Somites Arthrobranchie.

Be ectiel) aces se bee

appendages. ‘Anterior. Posterior. te

Red 0 0 0 0 = 0

VIII... 0 (ep) 1 ] 0 = 2+ep

ax? 1 l 1 r= 3

er: 1 1 1 0 = 3

pC 1 ] 1 Oe = 98)

XII. 0 (ep) iI ] 0 = 2-+¢ep

XIII. 0 (ep) l l 0 = 2-+ep

XIV. 0 0 0 ae

B-Pe ep a) AE 6 ese Oe 15-25 ep:

In Stenopus hispidus the branchiz resemble those of Astacopsis

in structure, the filaments being loose, slender, and multiserial. But

the disappearance of the branchial plumes from the podobranchize

has gone still further than in Thalassina; and all these organs are

reduced to delicate, almost vesicular epipodites entirely devoid of

any proper branchial filaments, except in the case of the second

maxillipede, in which a few such filaments are attached to the base

of the epipodite. Moreover the number of the pleurobranchiz is

increased to seven.

The Branchial formula of Stenopus.

Somites Pein Arthrobranchiz. ner ae

% ———-_-—_—~ =

ere aes Anterior. Posterior. oa

WV inns, -'.0,(ep) ? 0 De ty Gen)

WEA 54 3.3.) 0,(ep:1) 1 1 1 = 3+epr

eg... O(ep) Los 1 I= 3-tep

Baas.c, OED) 1 1 1 = 3+ep

XI,...... ,0(ep) l 1 1 = 3+ep

mit... 0 (ep) 1 1 fr = 3+ep

Si; ... . O (ep) 1 ] P= Sep

a 0 0 io

0+7ep+r4+6 4+ 6 + 7 = 19+7/ep+r

780 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION — [June 4,

I am inclined to suspect the existence of a rudimentary anterior

arthrobranchia in VII.; but I could not make sure of it.

By the structure of its branchize Stenopus is sharply separated

from Peneus, with which it has hitherto been associated, although

it approaches Peneus in the almost complete abortion of the bran-

chial element of the podobranchize. In the Penzida, in fact, each

branchia consists of a stem which is pointed at both ends and gives

off two series of opposite lateral branches. This stem is attached

by a pedicle near its lower end. Near each end of the stem the

lateral branches are very short, and stand straight out; but they

rapidly become longer; and as they do so they curve outwards to-

wards one another, and eventually meet in the middle line. The

middle of the branchia consequently assumes the form of a hollow

cylinder.

The outer face of each lateral branch gives off a close-set series

of secondary branches, which diminish in size towards the free end

of the lateral branch, and at the free end are simple undivided.

filaments. But towards the attached end of the branch the secon-

dary branches are themselves dichotomously subdivided in the direc-

tion of their length; so that the most complicated of these secondary

branches presents a short stem whence two branches proceed, each

of these again gives off two, and these may terminate in yet other

two. Hence each secondary branch is like a flat triangular plate

slit by fissures of varying depths, and attached by its apex to a

lateral branch. All these secondary branches are directed upwards

and outwards.

A detached lateral branch closely resembles one of the branchiz

of Thysanopoda ; while, so far as I can judge from the figures given

by Kréyer! and Sars®, the branchiz of Sergestes and Lophogaster

still more closely approach those of Peneus.

A similar structure was described by Duvernoy in Aristeus, and

was supposed by him to be characteristic of that genus; but Dana

has already justly expressed a doubt whether, in this respect, Aris-

teus differs from the other Penzeidz.

In Penaeus, the last and the penultimate thoracic limbs present no

trace of podobranchiz; and inall the rest the podobranchia is reduced

to a small epipodite, which, in the middle of the series, is bifurcated

atitsfreeend. The latter lies between the arthrobranchiee of its own

somite and the next’following. There are seven pleurobranchiz, of

aoe the hindermost is the largest, while the most anterior is very

small.

ae ee til en monographisk Fremstilling af Kraebsdyrslagten Sergestes :

2 Beskrivelee over Lophogaster typicus: 1862.

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 781

The Branchial formula of Penzeus brasiliensis.

abn Pada Arthrobranchiz. Pivare.

an eir : —_—_—~—_~ z

appendages. branchise. Anterior. Posterior. branchiee.

‘34 ae 0 (ep) ] (small) 0 0 = I+ep

SAAT... 0 (ep) 1 1 1 = 38+ep

EXs sls 0 (ep) 1 l 1 = 3+ep

: a 0 (ep) ] ] 1 = 3-+ep

Le 0 (ep) 1 1 1 = 3+ep

Bt Ree 0 (ep) l 1 1 = 3-+ep

MTS 0 1 1 legs ao

>. 0 0 0 1S

0+6ep +7 + 6 + 7. == .20=56 ep.

The arthrobranchia of VII. is very small; in fact, it is a mere

tuft of dichotomously divided branchial filaments.

The results of this examination of the principal forms of those

Trichobranchiata which possess more than one kind of branchiee may

be thrown into a tabular form, as follows :—

I. No appendages to the first abdominal somite in either

sex. Astyla.

f. Podobranchize undivided: .....0..2:+0+.c0ssd0-sesesecaess PARASTACIDE.

2. Podobranchiz divided into branchial and epipoditic

OEUIONSmNes. jeacucseece tic toteas eee sateen inane names PALINURID,

I. Appendages of the first abdominal somite almost always

present, and specially modified in the males. Stylophora,

1. Podobranchix partially divided.............0..00ccceecaee PoramoBuDs.

2. Podobranchiz completely divided or reduced to epi-

podites.

a. Pleurobranchiz not more than four.

a. Posterior pleurobranchia present, and the

most posterior of the podobranchix com-

[SGLGHPAALE RRR pose anes eter te scare eae Homaripz,

Homarus, Nephrops.

B. Posterior pleurobranchia wanting, and more

or fewer of the posterior podobranchiz

reduced to epipodites.

a. Branchize with only filamentous pro-

COBRGB A. sade siedenmacya-cahiussinekWon Saactaes Axius,

6. Branchiz with foliaceous as well as

filamentous processes ...............+4- Thalassina.

b, Pleurobranchiz more than four.

a. Branchiz filamentous ...............seccceccouee Stenopus.

Bo cBranchies ramose sins esswanereanaanceees spain Peneus.

All the Trichobranchiata are Macrura, in the sense of having the

abdomen and its appendages well developed; but, in Iéacus and

Thenus, the abdomen becomes shortened and the cephalothorax wide,

while the antennary and the ocular regions are modified in a manner

very similar to that which gives rise to the peculiar “face” or

““metope”’ of the typical Brachyura. A very little further modifi-

cation would convert Thenus, for example, into a trichobranchiate

Crab. Such forms as these, which simulate the Brachyura, and yet

differ profoundly from them, may be termed ‘“ pseudo-carcinoids.””

782 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

If the branchial filaments of Avius were shortened and widened,

the structure of the branchize would approach that which obtains in

Gebia and Callianassa, which are truly phyllobranchiate. But in

other respects there is a wide interval between these genera, on the

one hand, and Awius and Thalassina, which are ordinarily associated

with them among the Thalassinide, on the other hand; for the

podobranchize have entirely disappeared on the six hinder thoracic

limbs, and even on the first or second maxillipede they are repre-

sented only by rudimentary epipodites.

There are no pleurobranchie ; and the total number of gills is re-

duced to five pairs of arthrobranchiz on each side.

The Branchial formula of Gebia and Callianassa.

Rene | odlo- Arthrobranchie. Pleuro-

appendages. branchue. Anterior. Posterior. Braviehice.

Vile 20 0 0 On — ao

WDE se. 40 0 0 0; 5=.50

XC eA) ] 1 OF pate

Geen eesti!) 1 1 5 ieee

xe. 0 ] 1 0 = 2

ME 80 1 1 Ng ehh

See AO 1 1 Sn

XIV... 0 0 0 a

0 + 5 ae 5 + 0 10

In the almost complete abortion of the podobranchiz, and in the

presence of ten arthrobranchiz attached in pairs to the middle tho-

racic somites, Gebia and Callianassa agree with Porcellana, Gala-

thea, Lithodes, Pagurus, and Remipes. But in Galathea and

Porcellana the four hindermost pleurobranchize are present, making

fourteen gills on each side; in Lithodes and Pagurus the penul-

timate pleurobranchia exists, making eleven ; in Remipes there is no

pleurobranchia, and only nine arthrobranchiz, viz. one on the ninth

and two for each of the four following somites, are present.

In this group, which nearly corresponds with the Anomala of De

Haan, and which I propose to term the ‘‘ Anomomorpha,” there is

every degree of modification—from such typically Macrurous forms

as Gebia and Galathea to such pseudo-carcinoids as Lithodes and

Porcellana. It is interesting to remark, however, that, while in

Thenus and Ibacus the process of modification has chiefly affected

the head, in the Anomomorpha the characteristic changes are more

marked in the abdomen. In none of the latter are the basal joints

of the antennee fixed, nor are distinct orbits formed.

It is easy to understand the possibility of the derivation of the

Anomomorpha from some form allied to Axius and Thalassina (but

with four pleurobranchiz) by the further reduction, and final almost

complete disappearance, of the podobranchiz, while the biserial

filaments of the other gills flattened out and became lamellar.

The Prawns and Shrimps (‘‘Salicoques”’ of Milne-Edwards, Carides

1878.] AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 783

of De Haan), if we exclude the Penzeidee, constitute a natural assem-

blage, to which I will apply the name of “ Caridomorpha.” They are

all eminently Macrurous; and the characteristic feature of their

branchial system is the predominence of the pleurobranchiz, and the

concomitant diminution in the number and the importance of the

arthrobranchize and of the podobranchiz. In fact, so far as I am

aware, there are never any traces of the latter except upon the

maxillipedes.

In both Palemon and Crangon I find five pleurobranchiz attached

to the posterior thoracic somites, from the tenth to the fourteenth

inclusively. In Palemon, two arthrobranchize, one of which is very

small, are attached to the arthrodial membrane of the external maxil-

lipede, which has a very short and rudimentary epipodite. The second

maxillipede bears a podobranchia divided into a small branchia and

an oval epipoditic plate. In the first maxillipede the place of the

podobranchia is occupied by a rounded bilobed lamella.

In Crangon none of the maxillipedes bear gills. The epipodite

of the first maxillipede is relatively much larger and triangular ;

that of the second is tongue-shaped and almost vesicular; that of

the third is a mere rounded process.

I can find only one arthrobranchia on the ninth somite.

The Branchial formula of Palemon.

Somites Pod Arthrobranchiz. Piece

E odo- euro-

and their branchiz. nd Suara: branchiz.

appendages. Anterior, Posterior.

MIE onc O(ep) 0 0 0 = O-ep)

WEEE... I 0 0 He

TX.sa.s 70. (ep) 1 1 0 = 2-+ep

KM =O 0 0 Is 22.21

Pligeices oa 0 0 Lem Des ey

MN... “0 0 0 Leo el

2.11) Cee 0) 0 0 eee |

XEVE ace O 0 0) | pn — len |

14+2ep +l + 1 + 5 = 842 ep.

From the number of their pleurobranchize the Caridomorpha can-

not be regarded as a reduced modification of any of the Tricho-

branchiata, except the Penzide and Stenopus. But it is easy to

derive them from a Stenopus-like primitive form by the reduction

of the podobranchiz and the arthrobranchiz, and the conversion of

the five posterior pleurobranchiz into gills of the lamellar type.

In the Brachyura of Milne-Edwards the disposition of the bran-

chial apparatus is well known to be definite and characteristic. In

Cancer pagurus, for example, there are nine branchie ; seven of these

are pyramidal in form, and take a general direction from the base

towards the apex of the branchial chamber, to the inner walls of

which they are applied. The two posterior of these gills are pleuro-

branchize, being attached respectively to the epimera of the eleventh

and the twelfth somites. The fifth and fourth, the third and second,

784 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION [June 4,

are fixed in pairs by a common pedicle to the arthrodial membrane

of the appendages of the tenth and ninth somites—that is, the great

forceps and the third maxillipede. The most anterior gill, slenderer

than the others, is attached to the arthrodial membrane of the

second maxillipede. ‘There are therefore five arthrobranchiz.

The podobranchia of the first maxillipede is represented only by

the large curved epipodite, which sweeps over the surface of the

arthrobranchiz and the pleurobranchize. The podobranchia of the

second maxillipede is divided into a branchial plume, which lies

horizontally under the bases of the four anterior arthrobranchiz, and

an epipodite, which ascends between the arthrobranchia of its somite

and those of the next, and lies internal to the latter, close to the inner

wall of the branchial cavity.

In the third maxillipede the epipodite is very long, and forms the

valve to the afferent aperture of the branchial cavity. Attached to

its base is a short truncated branchia, which fits in between the bases

of the second and the third arthrobranchie.

7 * > . ‘ . _

The Branchial formula of Cancer pagurus.

Somites Polo: Arthrobranchie. eine:

and their jranchive. Aap PRG Tr, branchiz.

appendages. Anterior. Posterior.

Wane ks 0 (ep) 0 0 0... 0 (ep)

Wise 1 1 0 Oly t= sae

1 ree l ] 1 0.5= ° 3

Dicer 0 1 1 Oe

pa fen se 0 0 0 een

m4 Ieper 0 0 0 baie Sat yl)

b.¢ fi Fs 0 0 0 0. = 0

bh eae 0 0 0 0 = 0

2+ep+3 4+ 2 + #2 = YQ+ ep.

A considerable reduction of the branchial apparatus occurs in some

Brachyura, especially the Catometopa. Thus, in Gelasimus the

hinder pleurobranchia and the most anterior arthrobranchia have

disappeared, and the two podobranchiz are so small as to be almost

rudimentary.

In the Raninide and in Laéreillia, the Brachyurous metope is

incompletely formed; but the branchial system is essentially that

of the true Crabs. The same may be said of Dromia, although the

branchial apparatus of this crustacean presents some very interesting

approximations to the less-modified type from which it cannot be

reasonably doubted that the Brachyura have proceeded.

The epipodites of. the three maxillipedes are very similar in form

and disposition to those of the ordinary Crabs ; and that of the second

bears a small horizontal branchial plume. That of the third some-

times bears a small branchia. The coxopodite of the fourth thoracic

limb has a small epipodite ; but I find no trace of such an appendage

on the rest of the thoracic limbs. Moreover there are five pairs of

arthrobranchiz attached to consecutive somites from the ninth to

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 785

the thirteenth—and four pleurobranchize, one for each of the four

posterior thoracic somites.

The Branchial formula of Dromia.

ea ih. Podo- Pola cata Pleuro-

appendages. oar Anterior. Posterior, branchie.

VIT. oewe 0 (ep) 0 0 0 me 0 (ep)

sy 9 ] 0 0 ‘ee a |

Meme): 8 1 1 ] Ge 2s

2. - 0 1 ] 0 2% 2

XII 0 1 1 1 Ne

Vee: 0 0 0 ] ba l

witty te cdl spe 5 vas a aC

On comparing this branchial formula with that of Homarus, the

relation between the two is obvious. In fact, if the three posterior

podobranchize of the Lobster are suppressed, and the next is reduced

to an epipodite, the branchial formula becomes the same as that of

Dromia, and the remaining differences between the respiratory organs

of the two result from the modification in form and structure of the

branchial elements which remain. Thus it is a permissible, if not a

probable, suggestion that, just as the Anomomorpha may have been

derived from the modification of some form allied to Avius, and the

Caridomorpha from some form allied to Stenopus and Peneus, so

the Carcinomorpha (= the Brachyura and the Raninide, with

Homola and Dromia) may have proceeded from some Homarine

stock.

However this may be, the actual morphological relations of the

Thoracostraca appear to me to be represented with tolerable accuracy

by the following scheme :——

CRUSTACEA.

THORACOSTRACA OR PODOPHTHALMIA.,

Ill. PHYLLOBRANCHIATA.

CARIDOMORPHA. ANOMOMORPHA. CARCINOMORPHA,

II. TRICHOBRANCHIATA,

Palinuride,

Peneide. Stenopide, Thalassinide. Axiide. Homaride, Potamobiide. Parastacida,

— ~~

=> — -—y- 7 — a=

Euphauside,

I. ABRANCHIATA,

Myside.

———— a a

seas

STYLOPHORA. ASTYLA,

—— -—,~-—_—

786 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON THE CLASSIFICATION | June 4,

IV. Tur DistriBuTion OF THE CRAYFISHES CONSIDERED IN

RELATION TO THEIR MorPHOLOoGICAL DIFFERENCES.

From what has been said above, it will be obvious that there is a

remarkable correspondence between the morphological and the geo-

graphical divisions of the Crayfishes. Thus, all the Crayfishes of the

northern hemisphere are Potamobiide, and all those of the southern

hemisphere are Parastacide. In the northern hemisphere, again,

the Astaci are Eurasiatic and West-American, while the Cambari

are characteristic of the North-American region east of the Sierra

Nevada—in other words, of the river-basins which flow into the Gulf

of Mexico and the West Atlantic.

The Astacine region nearly answers to the Palearctic province of

Mr. Sclater, minus the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and

plus Western North America; while the Cambarine region takes

in most of the Palearctic region, with the Neotropical region as far

as Guatemala and the West Indies.

In the southern hemisphere, Astacopsis, Cheraps, and Hngeus

are confined to the Australian region, Paranephrops to New Zea-

land and the Fijis ; while the South-American Parastacus is distinct

from either of these, though closely allied with the Australian

forms ; and the peculiarity of the Madagascar fauna is vindicated

by Astacoides.

Thus, if we were to establish provinces of distribution on the

Crayfishes alone, they would bear only a partial resemblance to those

based on the association of terrestrial animals. On the other hand,

if we compare the distribution of the Crayfishes with that of the

freshwater fishes, there are, as might be expected, some curious

points of resemblance. The distribution of the Salmonide, for ex-

ample, corresponds pretty closely with that of the Potamobiide,

though the range of the Salmonidee extends less far to the south

in North America, and a little further, namely, as far as Algeria in

the Old World. Again, the Salmonide to the east of the Rocky

Mountains are, for the most part, distinct from those to the west,

while the genus Onchorhynchus is, like Astacus, common to both

the Asiatic and the American shores of the North Pacific.

With the singular exception of Retropinna, there is no true Sal-

monoid in the southern hemisphere; but, as Dr. Giinther has

pointed out, the Haplocbitonidee and the Galaxiadee, which stand in

somewhat the same relation to the Salmonide as the Parastacide do

to the Potamobiidee, represent the Salmonide in the fresh waters of

New Zealand, Australia, and South America.

It is-worthy of remark that the Salmonide, the Haplochitonide,

and the Galaxiadz are singular among Teleostean fishes for the em-

bryonic character of their female reproductive organs, which have

no oviducts—just as, among the Podophthalmous Crustacea, the

Crayfishes are distinguished by the undifferentiated character of

their podobranchiz.

With the exception of one or two species in Algeria and Asia

Minor, the Salmonoids and their allies are wanting in the whole of

1878. | AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRAYFISHES. 787

Africa and Asia south of the great Asiatic highlands, just as the

Crayfishes are. It will be very interesting to learn, from the thorough

investigation of the fauna of Madagascar, which is now being carried

out, whether the Salmonoids or their allies are in any way repre-

sented there.

The broad similarity in distribution between the Salmoniform

fishes and the Crayfishes is doubtless due to the likeness of the

conditions under which the two groups have reached their present

development. I do not think that there can be any reasonable

ground for questioning the assumption, that both the freshwater

fishes and the freshwater Crustacea are modifications of a marine

prototype, which has more or less completely adapted itself to fresh-

water conditions. In the case of the Crayfishes, at any rate, there

is abundant analogical evidence in support of this hypothesis. It is

well known that, in many parts of the world, the Prawns ascend

rivers, and become fluviatile. The Palemon lacustris (Anchistia

migratoria, Heller) of the Lago di Garda is identical with a Prawn

now living in the Mediterranean. Again, the 1, ysis relicta of the lakes

of Norway, Sweden, Western Russia, and North America (Michigan

‘and Superior) is only a variety of the Mysis oculata of the Arctic

seas’. Nor do I think it can be seriously questioned that the

fluviatile and the land Crabs are modified descendants of marine

Brachyura.

Let it be supposed that, at some former period of the earth’s

history, a Crustacean, similar to Paranephrops or Astacopsis in its

general characters, but with the first pair of abdominal appendages

fully formed, which we may call provisionally Protastacus, in-

habited the ocean, and that it had as wide a distribution as Palemon

or Peneus have at the present day. Let us suppose, further, that

the northern form of the genus tended towards the assumption of

the Potamobiine, and the southern towards that of the Parastacine

type. Under these circumstances, it is easy to understand how such

rivers as were, or became, accessible in both hemispheres, and were

not already too strongly tenanted by formidable competitors, might

be peopled respectively by Potamobiine or Parastacine forms, which,

acquiring their special characters in each great river-basin, would

bring about the distribution we now witness. As time went on, the

Protastacus stock might become extinct, or might be represented

only by rare deep-water forms, as the Homaridee are represented in

the Indian Ocean only by Nephropsis.

Some such hypothesis as this appears to me to be fully justified by

the present state of knowledge; and though it cannot as yet be said

to be directly supported by palzeontological facts, these facts agree with

the hypothesis very well as faras they go. For the Mesozoic marine

1G. O. Sars, ‘Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés d’eau douce de Norvége.’

In the British Museum there is a species of that especially marine genus

Peneus, which is affirmed by the Messrs. Schlagintweit to have been obtained

from an affluent of the Sutlej, at the foot of the Himalayas. Peneus brasiliensis

ascends the North-American rivers for long distances (Smith, in Prof. Baird’s

Report, 1872-72).

788 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 5,

strata abound in Crustacea, such as Glyphea and Hoploparia, which

are evidently closely allied to the Crayfishes.

The great difficulty is, not to account for the Crayfishes where we

find them, but to understand their absence over so large a part of the

Old World and of intertropical America. Whether this is to be

explained by extensive alterations in geographical conditions since the

extinction of the Protastacus stock, or by the competition of Prawns

and freshwater Crabs, or by some other circumstance at present

unknown, is a very interesting subject for further inquiry.

Postscript, Oct. 24, 1878.

Since this paper was read, my friend Mr. Moseley, F.R.S., has

written for and obtained specimens of the ‘‘ Crayfish”’ said to exist

in the fresh waters of the Cape-Verd Islands. They belong to the

genera Atya and Palemon. Moreover, by the intervention of Sir

Joseph Hooker, I have procured a considerable number of fresh-

water Crustacea from Jamaica. But these also all belong to Atya

and Palemon. I suspect that all Sloane’s ‘‘Crayfishes” are

simply Prawns. The largest example of one of the species sent to

me measures sixteen inches in length when the great chelate limbs

are fully extended.—T. H. H.

November 5, 1878.

Arthur Grote, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following reports on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August,

September, and October 1878 :—

The total numiber of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of June was 159, of which 35 were by birth,

75 by presentation, 29 by purchase, 14 were received on deposit,

and 6 by exchange. The total number of departures during the

same period, by death and removals, was 73.

The most noticeable additions during the month of June was as

follows :— }

A Japanese Wolf (Canis hodophylax, of the ‘Fauna Japonica,’

Mamm. t. 9, p. 38), presented by H. Heywood Jones, Esq., F.Z.S.,

June 26th, being the first example of this little-known animal we

have ever received alive.

Judging from the present specimen the Japanese Wolf, although

nearly allied to Canis lupus, would seem to be a distinct species, to

be recognized by its smaller size and shorter legs.

The Japanese Dog sent to us by Mr. Pryer (see-P. Z.S. 1878,

p- 115) is quite a different animal, and is, I have no doubt, only a

variety of the domestic dog or a hybrid,

1878.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 789

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of July were 154 in number ; of these 68 were acquired by

presentation, 45 by purchase, 7 by exchange, 18 were bred in the

Gardens, and 16 were received on deposit. The total number of

departures during the same period by death and removals was 108.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. A male Beatrix Antelope (Oryza beatrix), presented 10th July,

1878, by Commander F, M. Burke, of B. I. S. N. SS. ‘Arcot.’

Capt. Burke writes me that he obtained this animal at Jeddah

from a friend of his, who received it as a present from the Shereff

of Mecca. It had been originally captured in the neighbourhood of

Tyeff or Tayf, some 150 miles E.S.E. from the Red Sea, in the

Hedjaz passes.

I am sorry to bave to add that this interesting animal (so far as

I know, the third’ specimen of its species known) reached the Gar-

dens in a very poor state of health, and died shortly afterwards.

2. A fine young female Orang (Simia satyrus) received in ex-

change from the Zoological Gardens of Calcutta, July 27th.

The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the

month of August were 117 in number. Of these 40 were acquired

by presentation, 12 by purchase, 13 were bred in the gardens, 1

were obtained by exchange, and 38 were received on deposit. The

total number of departures during the same period, by death and

removals, was 116.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. One Spanish Blue Magpie (Cyanopolius cooki), presented

August 2nd, by Lord Lilford, F.Z.S.

z. A young example of the Prairie-Wolf of North America

(Canis latrans), presented by Prof. C. M. Vincent, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.,

August 21st.

Both these species are new to the Society’s collection.

3. Three hybrid Boas, bred between a male of Chilobothrus inor-

natus and a female Epicrates angulifer, and born on the 30th of

August,

There can be no question about the paternity of these curious

hybrids, as there is no male Hpicrates in the collection, and the

Chilobothrus was observed in copulé with her in March or April last.

The three young ones were brought forth alive on the 30th of

August ; and six eggs, more or less decomposed, came away subse-

quently.

So far as I know, hybridism among the Ophidians in captivity has

not yet been recorded, and in this instance is the more singular as

occurring between species of different genera.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of September were 85 in number; of these,

43 were acquired by presentation, 4 by purchase, 13 by birth, and

1 For a notice of two previous specimens, see P. Z.8. 1857, p. 158, Mamm.,

pl. ly., and P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 608.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LIL. 52

790 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Nov. 5,

25 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during

the same period, by death and removals, was 78.

The most noticeable additions during the month were as follows :—

1. An Oriental Eagle-Owl (Budo orientalis), from Karennee, in

the interior of Siam, presented September 16th by Charles Fowler,

Esq., being the first specimen of this remarkable Owl that has been

received by the Society.

2. Two fine Ostriches (Struthio camelus), presented by the Hon.

H. C. Vivian, H.B.M. Consul-General for Egypt; and two Seere-

tary Birds (Serpentarius reptilivorus), presented by C. Rivers

Wilson, Esq., C.B.; received September 19th. These birds are

from the collection of the Khedive of Egypt, at Cairo.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of October 1875 was 93, of which 4 were

by birth, 43 by presentation, 21 by purchase, 20 were received on

deposit, and 5 by exchange. ‘The total number of departures

during the same period, by death and removals, was 123.

The most noticeable additions during the month of October were

as follows :—

1. A female Sumatran Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis),

deposited by Mr. C. Jamrach, October 4th. This Rhinoceros,

which is full-grown, seems to agree in every respect with the two

females of the same species previously purchased (in 1872 and 1875’).

2. Two Leopard Tortoises (Testudo pardalis), presented by the

Rev. G. H.R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S., of Capetown, October 9th. Mr. Fisk

writes to me as follows respecting these Tortoises :—

*<T am informed by Mr. Foster, of Clanwilliam, that in the year

1846 two full-grown Leopard Tortoises were transferred from Kaffir-

land to Clanwilliam, where they remained for many years without

progeny, but that in the year 1857 these two young ones were

hatched from the eggs of the female. We arrive, then, at the inter-

esting fact, speaking of a Tortoise after the manner of men, which,

perhaps, we may do of a Vertebrate, that these Tortoises are now of

age, having lived just twenty-one years, and yet, according to the

nature of Tortoises, are only children; for I am assured that they

are in size scarcely two thirds of that of their parents, which died

early in the year 1877, and within three months of each other.

**T wish to bestow on this Tortoise and its fellow the popular

names of Kreli and Sandilli, in remembrance of the land inhabited by

their ancestors, aud of the war just ended between the Colony and

those chiefs who will ever find a place in the history of the Cape.”

3. A young male Tufted Deer (Zlaphodus cephalophus*), pur-

chased October 15th, being the second example of this rare and

little-known animal received alive. Having been caught in a trap, it

is unfortunately deficient in one of its fore feet.

4. A female of the new Fallow-deer lately described by Sir

Victor Brooke in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ (P. Z.S. 1875, p. 261)

1 See Trans. Zool. Soe. ix. p. 659, et P.Z.S, 1876, p. 694.

2 See P. ZS. L876, p. 275 et pp. 757, 758.

1878.] MR. J. H. GURNEY ON ASTURINULA MONOGRAMMICA. 791

as Cervus mesopotamicus, purchased October 31st. This makes a

pair of this fine Deer now in the Society’s Gardens. Like the male

obtained in 1877, the present specimen was obtained at Bussorah

and brought to England by our energetic correspondent Capt.

Phillips, of the 8.8. ‘ Mesopotamia.’

I take this opportunity of recording the following facts relating to

some hybrid Monkeys lately born in the Society’s Menagerie, which

Prof. Garrod has kindly put together for me :—

During the earlier months of the present year (1878) there were,

together in one cage, three Monkeys along with others of smaller size

and less developed. The three were :—(1) a male of Macacus cyno-

molgus, or of one of the allied local forms, from Upper Burmah

(presented on May 19th, 1875), a particularly fine specimen; (2) a

female adult Cercocebus fuliginosus (presented on the 3rd of April,

1876); and (3) a female Mandrill, Cynocephalus mormon (presented

on the 5th of September, 1877), not adult.

The keepers of the House assert that they repeatedly observed the

male Macaque in copulation with both females.

On October 2nd the Mangabey fell down from a high perch in

her cage dead. All organs, including the brain, appeared quite

healthy on postmortem examination. The uterus contained a foetus

far advanced in growth, apparently lacking about three weeks or a

fortnight of full development.

On October 14th the Mandrill gave birth to a live young one,

which still survives.

There seems no reason to doubt that the Macaque was the father

of both the young ones, there being no male Mandrill nor Mangabey

which could have had access to them, and the Mandrill’s young

one having a short tail’.

The following note was read from Mr. J. H. Gurney, F.Z.S. :—

“Northrepps Hall, Norwich,

July 30, 1878.

‘In the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for the present year, mention

is made at page 354 of two specimens of Asturinula monogrammica,

procured by Mr, E. C, Buxton at Darra-Salam, on the eastern

coast of Africa.

“One of these skins was presented by Mr. Buxton to the Norwich

Museum, accompanied by the following memorandum :—‘ Sings like

any thing of an evening and, I believe, morning.’

“IT am not aware that this habit of 4. monogrammica has been

previously noticed; and as it appears to indicate an affinity between

this species and the genus Melieraz (which Asturinula also resembles

when adult, in the remarkable red coloration of the cere, tarsi, and

feet), I think Mr. Buxton’s short note on the subject ought to be

recorded. “J. A. Gurney.”

1Cf. Blyth’s notice of a hybrid Monkey between Macacus nemestrinus and

Cynocephalus porcarius in J. A. 8. B. xxxii. p. 455 (1863).

92*

792 MR. A. H. EVERETT ON ANOA DEPRESSICORNIS. [ Nov. 5,

The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed

to him by Dr. A. B. Meyer, C.M.Z.S., of the Royal Zoological

Museum, Dresden :—

‘*Mr. Van Musschenbroek, the well-known discoverer of Diphyl-

lodes gulielmi I11., tells me that one of his colleagues in the

Moluccas received about ten years ago from the west coast of New

Guinea (vid Aru Islands) a Bird-of-Paradise as large as P. apoda,

but in general like P. minor, with this difference, that the whole

body was covered with orange-coloured feathers. This bird was

presented to the king of Holland ; but never was any thing heard of

it again. In the year 1875 Mr. Van Musschenbroek saw in the

hands of Prof. Steere, at Menado, among a collection of bird-skins

which the latter had bought at Amboina, a specimen of P. minor

which reminded him of the orange Bird-of-Paradise mentioned

above. This specimen was spotted with yellow all over; but it was

a bad skin, and gave Mr. Van Musschenbroek the impression that it

had belonged to a sick bird.

“Are these individual varieties of P. minor? or have we to deal

with a new and unknown Bird-of- Paradise?”

A communication was read from the Marquis of 'Tweeddale, Pre-

sident, pointing out that a correction made im the proof of his last

paper on Philippine Birds, anted, p. 611, had been through some

mistake overlooked. ‘The correct specific name of the Polyplectron

there mentioned, page 623, was xapoleonis, Lesson, not emphanes,

Temminck, Lesson having given a description of his bird in the

additions and corrections to his ‘Traité d’Ornithologie,’ page 650.

The followmg extract was read from a letter addressed to Lord

Tweeddale by Mr. A. H. Everett, dated Singapore, July 21, 1878 :—

“ Just before leaving Manilla I paid a visit to the small museum

attached to the College of St. Thomas. There were a few bird-skins ;

but the room was very dark, and, being with a party of friends, I

could not make any satisfactory notes. My visit was, however,

repaid by finding a specimen of the Wild Ox of Celebes (dAnoa

depressicornis), which had been brought from Mindoro. I had

been led to suspect its existence in that island, but had hitherto

failed to get any tangible evidence. I cannot say whether the

Philippine animal is identical with that found in Celebes or not.

The Professor of Natural History, who had no idea of the interest

attaching to his specimen, although he had labelled it correctly, said

that he had never heard of the 4noa being found at that part of the

world, except in the rugged interior of Mindoro, where, however, it

abounded. It is not easy to weigh the full import of the occurrence

of this singular animal in the Philippines until something more is

kuown about the faunaof Mindoro. 1 had previously been disposed

to doubt the existence of another Celebesian animal, the black

Cynopithecus, in the islands; but I now feel less confidence on this

point, and it is quite possible that it may turn up in Mindoro.”

1878. ] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON A NEW INDICATOR. 793

Professor Newton, M.A., F.R.S., V.P., exhibited the skin of a

bird supposed to be a hybrid between the Red Grouse (Lagopus

scoticus) and the Ptarmigan (LZ. mutus), observing :—

“This remarkable specimen was lately given to me for the museum

of the University of Cambridge by Capt. Houston, of Kintradwell,

in Sutherland, having been shot there out of a covey of Grouse on

the Ist of September, 1878. As will be seen, it bears some con-

siderable resemblance, above, to a hen Ptarmigan in summer

plumage; but its general appearance is much darker. Beneath,

there is a greater resemblance to the young of the Red Grouse ; and

the primaries are much as in that bird, being, however, partially

edged with white to a much greater extent than is commonly found

in the latter. I have shown the skin to several ornithological

friends, none of whom have been able to offer any other suggestion

concerning it than that originally made by the donor, namely that

it is a hybrid between the two species named; and in confirmation

thereof, Capt. Houston told me that the part of his ground on

which it was shot is close to a locality frequented by the Ptarmigan.

Without having made an exhaustive search, I may say that I am

not aware of any record of such a hybrid as this is supposed to be,

though infcrmation received from several quarters induces me to

believe that other examples have before now occurred; and my

chief object in exhibiting the present specimen is to call attention to

the subject.”

The following papers were read :—

1. On a new Species of Indicator, with Remarks on other

Species of the Genus. By R. Bowpter SuHarpes,

F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

[Received July 18, 1878.]

In an article which I sent to Mr. Dawson Rowley’s ‘ Ornitholo-

logical Miscellany’ (vol. i. part iii.) I gave a revision of the Indica-

toridee, or family of Honey-Guides ; and I am now able to add some-

what to the information there recorded.

INDICATOR conrRosTRIS (Cass.) : Sharpe in Rowley’s Orn. Mise.

vol. i. p. 196.

A few specimens of Honey-Guide having in the hasty packing

away of my African collection become mislaid in another box, were

not available when I wrote my paper on Indicatoride. Now that

my collection has been added to the British Museum they have

been discovered ; and I was pleased to find among the missing birds

a fine adult specimen of the present species from the interior of Fan-

tee. It was sent to me by Governor Ussher in one of his last collec-

tions, and is the first example known from the Gold Coast. I find,

794 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON A NEW INDICATOR. [Nov. 5,

on comparing the two birds, that I. conirostris is a very distinct

species from JI. minor, having the head and back strongly washed

with deep golden yellow, the centres of the feathers being blackish

instead of pale brown as in J. minor. This contrast is especially

seen in the wings, where the golden edgings to the black feathers stand

out in bold relief, and make them very different from the appearance

of the South-African species. The Fantee bird measures—total

length 6 inches, culmen 0°45, wing 3°6, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°6.

INDICATOR ARCHIPELAGICUS (Temm.): Sharpe, ¢. c. p. 197; id.

Ibis, 1877, p.8.

As already recorded by me (/.c.) Mr. Alfred Everett procured a

female specimen of this rare species at Bintulu, in North-western

Borneo. ‘Temminck’s description is not very good ; but the species

is unmistakable from its yellow shoulder-spot.

InpicaTor Exits (Cass.): Sharpe, ¢.c. p. 198.

A specimen of this little Honey-Guide was sent recently from

Landana, on the Congo, by M. Petit.

INDICATOR MALAYANUS, sp. n.

General colour above ashy, washed with olive-yellow, dimly on

the head and mantle, the feathers of the back and wings more dis-

tinctly edged with olive-yellow, the primaries scarcely perceptibly

margined ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged indistinctly with olive-

yellow, all but the two centre tail-feathers internally whity brown,

increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is almost entirely

whity brown, obliquely dark brown towards the tip; sides of face

and ear-coverts dingy ash-colour with a very faint olive tinge;

under surface of the body pale yellowish, creamy white on the chin

and upper throat, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts; the

feathers of the breast and fore neck with mostly concealed greyish

bases, imparting asomewhat mottled appearance ; lower flanks mesially

streaked with dark brown; under wing-coverts yellowish white, as

also the edge of the wing; quills dark brown below, whitish along

the edge of the inner web.

Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 3°9, tail 2°45, tar-

sus 0°55.

The specimen from which the above description is taken was

received by Mr. Henry Whitely, of Woolwich, in a large collection

sent direct from Malacca along with the usual Malaccan birds.

It cannot be the Himalayan species, I. wanthonotus, because the

latter has the back and rump yellow; and it differs from the Bornean

Honey-Guide (I. archipelagicus) in wanting the yellow shoulder-spot,

grey breast, and flanks of the last-named bird, and in being alto-

gether larger. This latter fact seems to prevent the possibility of its

being considered a young bird of I. archipelagicus,

I propose the following amended key for the genus Indicator :—

P78 1878s

GBSowerby hth

NEW MARINE SHELLS.

1878. ] MR. G. B. SOWERBY, JUN., ON NEW SHELLS.

a. Uropygio et supracaudalibus dorso concoloribus, flayo nee albo

marginatis,

a’, Tectricibus alarum minimis interioribus reliquis concolori-

bus; plaga cubitali nulla.

a, Subtus fere concolores, haud squamati.

a", Pectore cineraceo, fascia mystacali nigricante ; rectri-

cibus extimis pure albis brunneo terminatis.

a‘, Majores; ala 3:5-3°7 une.

a’, Pallidus: mento summo albicante ; tergi alarum-

que plumis brunneis flayo-olivascenti marginatis minor.

%. Saturatior: mento summo nigricante; tergi ala-

rumque plumis nigris aurato-flayo marginatis... conirostris.

deeManor: sala: A Diier . scenes desa-s tases tit,- sah datos exilis.

6". Pectore olivascenti-flavido ; fascia mystacali nulla ;

genis et regione parotica saturate cineraceis olivaceo

yix layatis ; rectrice extima albicanti-brunnea, versus

apicem oblique brunnea, reliquis saturate brunneis

intus albicanti-brunneis ............... BY ako er eaeenan se malayanus.

6". Subtus squamati, haud concolores; gule plumis fuscis

albo marginatis quasi squamatis.

e'”, Pectore tantum squamato; abdomine fere concolori

albo ; hypochondriis albis brunneo striatis ............ variegatus.

d'". Pectore et abdomine squamatis ; hypochondriis brun-

MAISMOLE CON COLOTIDUS Fic seaeias daue's «pe. sinaic'ap crea dunes ad aeons maculatus,

b'. Tectricibus alarum minimis interioribus leete flavis, plagam

Conspicuam exhibentibus.............cc0c2 ceescsceeceesssecsesees archipelagicus.

yperag

6. Uropygio et supracaudalibus albicantibus, his albo marginatis.

e'. Tectricibus alarum minimis interioribus lete flavis, plagam

formantibus ; hypochondriis brunneo striatis .............. sparrmant.

d'. Plaga cubitali nulla; uropygio pure albo, haud brunneo

striato ; hypochondriis concoloribus ; pileo flayo lavato.

ce". Regione parotica pallide brunnea; rostro pallide brunneo

d'’. Regione parotica nigricante ; rostro nigrO ...........468

major.

barianus.

c. Uropygio et dorso postico flavis ............ceeceeceeee att atetere xanthonotus,

By G. B. Sowzrsy, Jun.

[Received July 18, 1878. ]

(Plate XLVIII.)

Conus MELVILLI, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 1.)

2. Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells,

C. testa abbreviato-subcylindracea, solida, obtuse angulata, levi,

antice crenulato-sulcata, griseo-albida, cinnamomeo-fusco longi-

tudinaliter strigata, lineis fuscis undulatis transverse cincta ;

interstittis lineis curvatis longitudinalibus hic illic irregulariter

divisis ; spira obtusa, fusco-strigata ; anfractibus 7, convezis,

levibus ; apertura modica, fauce castanea.

Long. 20, maj. lat. 11 mill.

Hab. Key West (J. Cosmo Melvill).

A small obtuse Cone, with characteristic markings, somewhat re-

sembling those of C. /wcidus (Mawe), on a smaller scale; the trans-

-verse brown lines are more numerous, and the short longitudinal

ones crossing the interstices lessso. The light-brown streaks almost

796 MR. G. B. SOWERBY, JUN., ON NEW SHELLS. __[Nov. 5,

cover the shell, leaving small white patches between the transverse

lines.

The shell described was picked up on the beach by Mr. Melvill

at Key West (south of Florida) in 1872, and is at present the only

specimen known of the species.

LaTirus CAYOHUESONICUS, n. sp. (Pl. XLVIII. fig. 4.)

L. testa elongaio-turrita, solidula, atro-fusca, antice contracta, sub-

elongata; spira elongata; anfractibus 9, convexiusculis, spira-

liter liratis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis latis rotundatis, liris

alternis minoribus, interstitiis striatim cancellatis ; apertura

ovata, parva, fauce levi, purpureo-fusca; columella bicostata ;

canali subelongato, recto.

Long. 16, maj. lat. 53 mill.

Hab. Key West (J. Cosmo Melvill).

A very dark little Zaéirus, almost black within and without, with

general characters common to the genus, and of the ordinary form

of the larger species, such as L. infundibulum.

Among the shells found by Mr. Melvill at Key West, and sub-

mitted to me, the two above described are all that I can consider

new species ; but the following are worth mentioning :—

Conus japonicus (Hwass), which is identical with C. largillierti

(Kiener) of Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Suppl. pl. 2, species 275. It is

a question whether this species, which in all probability never in-

habited Japan, should retain the name given by Hwass, or whether

that of Kiener should be adopted.

Conus nebulosus: a young specimen with a very sharp elevated

spire.

Hemifusus corona (Gmel.). A number of specimens of a very

small variety of this species, adult and well developed, but ranging

from an inch to an inch anda half in length (Plate XLVIII. fig. 13).

From the collection of the late Sir E. Belcher :-—

Conus CARNALIS, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 2.)

C. testa oblonga, subpyriformi, solida, obtuse angulata, obsolete

striata, antice leviter costata; pallide carnea, late pallide fus-

cescenti bifasciata ; spira obtuse-exserta ; anfractibus 9, levi-

bus, in medio depressis ; apertura modica, carneo tincta.

Long. 50, maj. lat. 25 mill.

Hab.?

A yery pale pink, smooth shell, very faintly banded with buff,

of the form of C. scadriusculus.

A single specimen from the collection of the late Sir E. Belcher,

without any note of locality.

CONUS CATENATUS, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 3.)

C. testa subfusiformi, subtiliter granoso-lirata, postice acute angu-

lata, antice attenuata, medio leviter contracta ; albida, fusco ir-

regulariter grandimaculata, liris transversis fusco eaximie arti-

1878. ] MR. G. B. SOWERBY, JUN., ON NEW SHELLS, 797

culatis; spira elata, conica, gradata; anfractibus 11, levibus,

leviter coronatis ; apice acuto, fusco; apertura angusta, fusco

tincta.

Long. 31, maj. lat. 14 mill. ; spira alt. 10 mill.

A very neatly marked Cone, allied to C. mahogani, C. ximines,

and C. tornatus, but perfectly distinct, both in form and markings.

Hab. Panama? (ea coll. Sir HE. Belcher).

Mirra BERTHS, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 11.)

M. testa angulato-fusiformi, solidiuscula, cinerea, longitudinaliter

striata et valide plicata, transversim leviter sulcata, antice at-

tenuata, recurva, transversim valide costata; spira acuminato-

turrita; anfractibus 10, superne angulatis, ad angulum bicarina-

tis, supra angulum concavis, in medio balteolis nigris duobus cin-

gulatis, linea unica fusca superne circumeinctis ; apice nigro-

Susco ; apertura elongata, intus fusco cincta ; columella quadri-

plicata, plicis duplicatis; labio externo leviter sinuato, levi,

crassiusculo,

Long. 32, maj. lat. 13 mill., spira alt. 13 mill.

Hab. China Sea (Sir E. Belcher).

Several specimens of this pretty shell were found in the above

collection, and seem to have been hitherto unnoticed, although the

species is very distinct and easily distinguishable from its con-

geners.

MITRA FULVOLIRATA, D. sp. (Plate XLVIII. figs. 9, 10.)

M. testa fusiformi, solidiuscula, cinerea, fusco-purpureo late fas-

ciata, fulvo tincta, utrinque fuscata, antice contracta, leviter

recurva; spira acuminato-turrita ; anfractibus 10, convexiuscu-

lis, superne obtuse angulatis, transversim leviter sulcatis, longi-

tudinaliter costatis, costis subangulatis, obtusis, fulvescentibus ;

apertura elongata, fauce levi, fusco-purpurea ; columella quadri-

plicata, plicis obtusis, quadratis ; labio externo simplici.

Long. 27, maj. lat. 9 mill., spira alt. 12 mill.

Hab. China Sea (Sir E. Belcher):

Several specimens presenting scarcely any variation were found

in the above collection. Although a species of no very striking cha-

racter, I cannot identify it with any hitherto described.

Mirra acouTa, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. figs. 7, 8.)

M. testa angulato-fusiformi, albida, interdum purpureo tincta, fusco

punctata, castaneo unifasciata, vel flammulata; spira acutissima ;

anfractibus 10, transversim carinatis ; carinis numerosis, eleva-

tis, acutissimis ; interstitiis concavis, interdum levibus, plerum-

que cancellatis ; apertura subangusta, intus alba, levi ; columella

quingueplicata, plicis acutis ; labio externo via arcuato, crenulato.

Long. 20-23, maj. lat. 8-9 mill.

Hab. China Sea (Sir E. Belcher).

A number of specimens of this species were found in the above

collection. They vary considerably in sculpture, some being smooth

798 MR. G. B. SOWERBY, JUN., ON NEW SHELLS. __[ Nov. 5,

between the keels, and others cancellated ; but they all agree in

being much more sharply angular than the specimens of M. annu-

lata from Ceylon and Mauritius, the keels being more acute and

prominent, and the body-whorl being shorter in proportion to the

spire.

From other sources :—

MITRA DEBURGHI4, nl. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 12.)

M. testa cylindraceo-conica, solidula, cinerea, hic illic sparsim

fusco punctata, maculis albidis distantibus triseriatim dispositis

cingulata, postice albida, ubique transversim sulcata, sulcis pro-

fundis, valide cancellatis ; spira brevissima, conica, albida; an-

fractibus 9, obtuse angulatis ; apice fusco; apertura oblonga,

antice subexpansa, fauce cinereo-fusca ; columella quinqueplicata,

plicis acutis, labio externo serrato.

Long. 16, maj. lat. 8 mill.

Hab. Tahiti.

A very pretty and distinct species of the Imbricaria section.

Mirra PuNCTURATA, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 5.)

M. testa angusta, solida, antice leviter contracta, carneola, rufo-

fusco maculata et flammulata, ubique longitudinaliter costata ;

costis numerosis, subconferlis, planulutis, interstitiis profunde

punetatis ; spira elongata ; anfractibus 9, planato-convezis ;

sutura impressa; apertura oblonga, intus costata, carneola; colu-

mella 5-plicata.

Long. 20, maj. lat. 5, spira alt. 10 mill.

A single specimen without locality, but very strikingly different

from every known species.

ZIZIPHINUS JUCUNDUS, nl. sp. (Plate XLVIII. fig. 6.)

Z. testa acute sublate conica, tenui, fulvo-carneola, lineis fuscis

minutis confertis interruptis spiraliter cingulata, versus apicem

cinereo-fasciata ; anfractibus 10, vix convexis, primis grano-lira-

tis, sequentibus levibus, ultimo juxta suturam iterum subconspicue

grano-lirato, liris deinde fere obsoletis ; sutura impressa ; mar-

ginibus obtuse carinatis, maculis rubidis subdistantibus ornatis ;

basi planato-convexa ; apertura oblique quadrata, fauce margari-

tacea ; columella callosa, obliqua, vie intorta.

Alt. 30, maj. diam. 33 mill.

Hab. Japan.

A very neatly formed and delicately marked shell, of which only

one specimen is at present known.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII.

Fig. 1. Conus melviili, p. 795. Figs. 7, 8. Mitra acuta, p. 797.

2. carnalis, p. 796. 9, 10. fulvolirata, p. 797.

3. catenatus, p. 796. ll. berthe, p. 797.

4. Latirus cayohuesonicus, p. 796. 12. deburghie, p. 798.

5. Mitra puncturata, p. 798. 13. Hemifusus corona, var.

6. Ziziphinus jucundus, p. 798. | minor, p. 796.

1878.] MR. BUTLER ON A NEW SPIDER FROM MADAGASCAR. 799

3. Description of a Remarkable new Spider from Mada-

gascar. By Artuur G. Burier, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.

[Received July 24, 1878.]

Amongst a series of insects of various orders recently collected

in Madagascar by the Rev. William Deans Cowan, I found two

Epeirids which especially interested me. The first of these I at

once recognized as a fine example of the Epeira tuberculosa of Vin-

son (Aran. de Réunion, Maurice, et Madagascar, pl. xiv. He 2)

specimens of which were previously in the collection of the British

Museum.

The second spider struck me as so extraordinary that I wrote to

the Rev. O. P. Cambridge respecting it. He tells me that it isa

Cerostris, allied to C. mitralis, Vinson (loc. cit. pl. ix. figs. 2-4),

but it appears to be perfectly distinct. “Epeira tuberculosa”? be-

longs also to Cerostris.

Fig. 1. Cwrostris avernalis (enlarged). Fig. 2. Profile of abdomen.

Fig. 3. View of abdomen from behind.

Ca@RoOsTRIS AVERNALIS, 0. sp.

Cephalothorax and falces dark castaneous, clothed at the sides

and behind with whity-brown pile; palpi and legs above bright

reddish castaneous, hairy at the sides, the femora cylindrical, with

blackish lateral hairs, the tibiee and tarsi flattened and longitudinally

bisuleate, with whitish lateral hairs; tibie and tarsi below with

their basal or distal extremities broadly belted with whitish, and their

proximal extremities blackish ; abdomen dark clay-coloured, covered

(excepting the tubercles and odontoid processes) with whitish pile ;

centre of ventral surface blackish.

Falces large, rugulose, subcylindrical ; palpi broad, flattened, bi-

800 - LIEUT.-COL. R. H. BEDDOME ON [Nov. 5,

sulcated, hairy at the sides; cephalothorax broader than long, with

a small central projection in front, so that its anterior margin is

——-shaped; a broad gradually formed transverse ridge almost

uniting the three oculiferous tubercles; the central oculiferous

tubercle forming a transverse oval, with a central longitudinal de-

pression, its highest point just within the eyes, and the uppermost

surface of the eyes themselves flattened (as if filed smooth), the an-

terior pair of eyes much nearer to each other than the posterior

pair ; lateral oculiferous tubercles standing out obliquely from the

antero-lateral angles of the cephalothorax, the eyes much smaller

than those of the central group ; a long cylindrical process emitted

from each side of the cephalothorax at its postero-lateral angles and

parallel to the lateral oculiferous tubercles; two widely separated

conical tubercles standing perpendicularly upon the posterior berder

of the cephalothorax: abdomen irregularly subscutiform, with two

terminal tubercles, between which it is sinuated; anterior margin

with six conical tubercles, followed by a large unequally bidentate

process on each side, these processes being widely divergent and

oblique; a very minute tubercle on a bare spot between them ;

second superior abdominal fold with an acute conical tubercle on

each side; pectoral shield heptagonal, its margins swollen.

Length 16 millims., including cephalothorax, of abdomen alone

12, width at widest part 15; length of lateral odontoid processes 6,

width from tip to tip of processes 15; relative length of legs 1, 2,4, 3.

Fianarantsoa, Madagascar. Type in Coll. B. M.

Readily distingnished from C. mitralis by the much more promi-

nent, more unequally bidentate, and far more divergent odontoid

processes on the abdomen, the almost entire absence of the large

central conical tubercle, the different arrangement of the tubercles

on the margins of the abdomen, and the absence of bands on the

upper surface of the legs.

4, Description of six new Species of Snakes of the Genus

Silybura, Family Uropeltide, from the Peninsula of India.

By Lieut.-Colonel R. H. Beppome, C.M.Z.S.

[Received August 2, 1878. ]

SILYBURA.

Sect. 1. Scales in nineteen rows.

* Caudal disk flat.

SILYBURA BROUGHAMI, 0. Sp.

Scales in 19 rows round middle of body, and neck; ventrals 224.

Rostral large, high and sharp, nearly but not quite separating the

nasals. Caudal disk flat, the scales prominently 3-5-keeled;

terminal scute slightly bicuspid, the points side by side. Subcaudals

6. Colour brown, with a series of transverse wavy black blotches

1878.] NEW INDIAN SNAKES. 801

in which are often ocellated white spots; sides with yellow blotches :

abdominals dark brown.

Hab. Sirumullay hills (Madura district), 5500 feet elevation.

SILYBURA LEVINGII, 0. sp.

Scales in 19 rowsround body, ventrals196. Rostralsharply pointed;

nasals not quite separated by the rostral. Caudal disk very flat, the

scales prominently 3-10-keeled; subcaudals 8-9. Upper parts

purplish-brown, with narrow transverse black bands, in which are

arranged yellowish white spots; sides with large yellow blotches ;

belly purplish brown, the blotches of the sides sometimes extending

more or less across, particularly in the posterior portion. Tail with

several yellow blotches on each side.

This species has much the coloration of S. melanogaster.

Hab. Lower Puluey hills (Madura district), 4000 feet elevation.

Sect. 2. Scales in seventeen rows.

A. Number of scutes exceeding 160.

b. Caudal disk convex.

SILYBURA OCHRACEA, 0, sp.

Seales in 17 rows (neck and body), ventrals 225-231, rarely only

214. Rostral obtusely conical, moderate; nasals forming a suture

behind the rostral; caudal distinct, more or less convex, the scales

3-8-keeled. Terminal scute much broader than long, ending in two

points side by side; anal bifid ; subcaudals 6—8-10. Back yellowish

green in life (yellowish-brown in spirits), in the young and half-grown

purplish brown, with irregular cross bands of ocellated spots, which

are yellow with a black ring; sides and belly yellow, but the latter

much marbled and blotched irregularly with the ground-colour ; tail

black beneath, surrounded with a bright yellow band; tail and head

blackish olive. Length of a full-grown specimen 20 inches.

Hab. Anamullays, at Nelliamputty, 3000 feet, aud at Ponachi,

4500 feet, and on the Bolumputty hills, 2000 feet.

SILYBURA DUPENI, 0. sp.

Scales in 17 rows (19 round neck) ; ventrals 233. Snout obtuse ;

nasals not separated by the rostral; caudal disk more or less convex,

the scales rough, with 3-7 keels; terminal scute very sharply

bicuspid and very rugose, the points side by side; subcaudals 10.

Back uniform brown; belly and sides (2-3 outer rows of scales)

yellow.

Hab. Anamullays at Nelliamputty, 3000 feet.

This may be only a variety of the last ; but it has quite a different

coloration.

SILYBURA GUENTHERI, 0. sp.

Scales in 17 rows, ventrals 168. Rostral obtuse; nasals entirely

separated by the rostral; no supraorbital ; caudal disk convex ; tail

laterally compressed (as in Plectrurus); the scales perfectly smooth ;

802 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON P@OPTERA LUGUBRIS. [Nov. 5,

the terminal scute hard, yellow, and almost square at the end, the

inconspicuous points being side by side, not superposed ; subcaudals

13. Back uniform black nacreous, belly with two rows of the scales

on each side of the ventrals yellow; chin and the anterior first inch

or so of the belly black; tail black beneath, but with a yellow band

on each side; upper labials yellow.

Hab. “High Wavy” mountain, Madura district, 5000 feet eleva-

tion.

B. Number of scutes less than 160.

a. Caudal disk flat; snout obtuse.

SILYBURA MADURENSIS, 0. Sp.

Scales in 17 rows, abdominals 142-149. Rostral very small,

obtusely conical; nasals large, forming a suture behind the rostral ;

vertical distinctly six-sided ; caudal disk flat, each scale with 1—2 very

prominent keels ; terminal seute sharply bicuspid, the points side by

side ; subcaudals 7-8. Back black, very iridescent, each scale girt

with a narrow white rim; belly orange-yellow, with very irregular

broad black markings, which sometimes meet and form cross bars.

Hab. “ High Wavy”? mountain, Madura district, elevation 5500

feet.

5. A Note on Peoptera lugubris, Bp.

By R. Bowpier Suarpre, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

[Received August 15, 1878.]

(Plate XLIX.)

This species was first described by Prince Bonaparte, in the

‘Comptes Rendus’ for 1854, as Paoptera lugubris, as he thought it

was the Abyssinian Muscicapa lugubris of Miiller (Beitr. Orn. Afr.

Taf. ii.) ; and it was on account of this confusion of names that Dr.

Briiggemann wrote his note in the ‘ Annals of Natural History’ for

1877 (xx. p. 244), and suggested that the species should be called

Peoptera eryptopyrrha (Cabanis). When he states, however, that the

species had no name of its own until 1876, he is mistaken ; for the

title ‘ /ugubris, Bonap.’’ was adopted for the species by Dr. Hart-

laub (Orn. Westafr. p. 69), which was sufficient to fix the specific

name. But on reading Bonaparte’s description again, I find that I

missed the point of it, and Dr. Briiggemann does not appear to have

consulted the original description, having been incited to write his

notice probably by the footnote to the genus Peoptera in my

‘Catalogue,’ wherein I hinted that Bonaparte had so confused his

species with Miiller’s Muscicapa lugubris that the title ought per-

haps to be rejected. I am sorry to have led Dr. Briggemann wrong,

for I had overlooked the fact that when Bonaparte described the

Peoptera he added :—“ Nous appellerons l’espece lugudris, qu elle

JGKeulemans lith

Hamhart 1 mp

PQ@OPTERA LUGUBRIS.

)

Tee rita

ths

'eee,

1878. ] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON P@OPTERA LUGUBRIS. 803

soit ou non la dugubris, Miiller;” and I am glad that I followed

Hartlaub, and did not alter the name, as I had felt inclined to do.

Dr. Briiggemann was also mistaken in supposing that he was the

first to inform me of the probable identity of the species described

by Cabanis with Bonaparte’s Peoptera lugubris; for I had finished

my synonymy of this bird for my ‘Catalogue’ long before the

casual conversation to which he alludes.

After all, however, it appears that both Dr. Briiggemann and

myself were wrong in our facts, and Myiopsar eryptopyrrhus of

Cabanis is no¢ synonymous with Peoptera lugubris of Bonaparte.

Dr. Peters having very kindly sent me from Berlin some of the new

species of birds lately described by Drs, Cabanis and Reichenow for

examination, has added the type of Myiopsar, and asked me to com-

pare it with our examples of Pawoptera lugubris. I am surprised to

find it specifically distinct; and so the subjoined modification must

take place in the synonymy of the genus as given by me in the

‘Catalogue.’

Genus Paorrerra.

Paoptera, Bp. Comptes Rendus, xxxviii. p. 381 Type.

eS (nn oi ee Se P, lugubris.

Myiopsar, Cabanis, J. f. O. 1876, p. 93 ...... P. eryptopyrrha.

Range. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo.

Key to the Species.

a, Purple; edges of secondaries whity brown, form-

ing a light band down the wing ; inner webs of

quills dark brown, scarcely lighter than the

G iTV SYS.) Uo ere anc oh 55- cendeoe De SO ABRs EME aces EEC Ae P. lugubris.

6. Violet-blue with somewhat of a greenish gloss ;

no whity-brown edges to the wing; quills

rufous on the inner web, forming a red lining

RGRLMO WAL. sccaatentanie ess + va.ncusmuasbébce ce aptcekes P. eryptopyrrha.

1. PaworreraA tucusRis. (Plate XLIX.)

Peoptera lugubris, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 381 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p- 69 (1857) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. ii. p. 281 (1877).

Thamnobia lugubris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 212 (1869).

Peoptera erptopyrrha, Briggs. Ann. N. H. (4) xx. p. 244 (1877,

nec Cabanis).

Hab. From the Gold Coast to Gaboon.

Since the publication of the Catalogue, I have discovered in the

British Museum a third specimen, a male, put away by mistake

along with the species of Thamnobia, according to Gray’s classifi-

eation. It was only discovered this month (August 1878), during a

re-arrangement of the specimens of Chats.

2. P&oprera CRYPTOPYRRHA.

Myjiopsar eryptopyrrhus, Cab. J. f. O. 1876, p. 93.

Adult male (type of species).—General colour above glossy

violet blue, with here and there a slight shade of steel-green; least

804 MR. E, A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS [Nov. 5,

and median wing-coverts like the back, the remainder, as well as the

quills, dark brown, with slightly paler edges ; the primaries rufous for

the greater portion of their length, this red colour concealed when

the wing is shut; tail-feathers black, edged with dull violet-blue ;

sides of face and entire under surface ot body glossy violet-blue, a

little duller than the upper surface; under wing-coverts like the

breast ; quills dusky brown below, the inner webs broadly rufous for

a great portion of their extent. Total length 7°5 inches, culmen

0-6, wing 3°5, tail 3°3, tarsus 0°75. (Mus. Berol.)

Hab. Congo district.

6. Ou a Collection of Marine Shells from the Andaman

Islands. By Encar A. Suitu, F.Z.8., Zoological De-

-partment, British Museum.

[Received August 16, 1878.]

(Plate L.)

The shells treated upon in this paper form part of a series

recently presented to the British Museum by Capt. L. Worthington

Wilimer, by whom they were dredged whilst stationed at the Andaman

Islands. All, with one or two exceptions, were obtained at the depth

of a few fathoms off Port Blair. The collection contains about half

a dozen new forms, the most interesting of which is a remarkable

shell which I have provisionally located in the genus Fusus.

After each species I have quoted the locality first assigned to it, and

others have been added on the authority of specimens in the Museum,

in order to give at a glance the known geographical distribution,

which is always interesting, and calculated to assist materially in the

identification of the various forms.

1, Conus ANDAMANENSIS. (Plate L. figs. 1, 1 a.)

Shell subcylindrical, with somewhat convex lateral outlines, pale

pinkish white, marked irregularly with small brown spots and lines,

and covered with a very thin, smooth, greyish epidermis: spire

elevated concave, composed of ten whorls; the two nuclear ones

subglobose, semidiaphanous, smooth, the four following slightly

turreted, and the rest obliquely planulated, spirally sculptured with

two to three fine revolving striae; the markings on the spire are in

the form of short brown lines following a radiating direction (that is,

across the whorls): the last whorl has the upper angle rather

obtuse, and is sulcated at the base with about twelve transverse

grooves. Aperture rather narrowed above, and a little widened to-

wards the base, white within. Lip thin, with a small sinuation at

the upper extremity. Length 22 mill., diam. 11.

This pretty little species, which I am unable to place as the young

state of any larger form, is remarkable on account of the fine brown

dots or lines, which are irregularly scattered over its surface of a

PZ.54878: Pris

22%

Mintern Bros. imp.

SHELLS OF THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS.

1878. ] FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 805

delicate pale pink. The spire too is peculiar, on account of the few

first whorls being suddenly elevated into a little prominent cone.

Since writing the above description I have seen a larger specimen

from the collection of Dr. Hungerford. It measures 31 millims. in

length and 15 in diameter; and the markings are rather larger,

certain spots a little above the middle of the last whorl taking the

form of a transverse interrupted band (fig. 1 a).

2. Conus ceyLanensis, Hwass.

Hab. Red Sea, Ceylon, Rodriguez Island ; varieties at Sandwich

Islands, Lord Hood’s Island, &e.

3. PievrRotoma (Driti1a) vartasiuis, Smith, Annals & Ma

Nat. Hist. 1877, vol. xix. p. 495. (Plate L. figs. 2 & 3.)

There is a non-adult variety of this species, which does not ex-

hibit at this stage of growth any indication of the slight umbilical

rimation which is characteristic of the mature shell. It is whitish

dotted with brown beneath the suture, and stained with a darker tint

above it in the spaces between the short coste ; and the spiral lire

are also dotted with brown. The body-whorl is encircled around

the middle by a broad brownish band, which is darker at the edges,

and below this it is entirely white.

4. Prevroroma (Driniia) wiemert. (Plate L, fig. 4.)

Shell subfusiform, not rimate, white, dotted with brown beneath

the sutural line, and with a series of brown dots or (in other words)

an interrupted line around the middle, the dots being situated just

above the interspaces between the nodules, which form a series a

little below the middle of the whorls. The lower half of the body-

whorl dark brown; and a spot of the same colour stains the shell at

the superior sinus; the apex is also brown. Whorls ten, broadly

concave above, and somewhat acutely noduled below; nodules eleven

in number on the penultimate whorl, the last volution transversely

striated, the basal strize being stronger than elsewhere ; aperture

rather small, white, stained with dark brown at the short basal canal ;

labrum thin, arcuate when viewed laterally, deeply and broadly

sinuated at the suture, with a second small sinus or indentation near

the base; columella but little curved or sinuous, covered with a thin

brown callosity, terminating above in a large white tubercle. Length

16 mill., diam. 6.

This shell is very distinguishable from its congeners, on account of

the peculiarity of its painting, and the series of sharpish tubercles

encircling the whorls. I have much pleasure in naming: it after

Capt. Wilmer, its discoverer,

5. TEREBRA AFFINIS, Gray.

Hab. Philippines, Fiji, Tahiti.

6. TEREBRA Ex1GuA, Deshayes.

Hab. East Australia.

It is interesting to obtain authentic examples of this species from

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1878, No. LILI. 5S

806 MR. E, A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS [Nov. 5,

the Andaman Islands, as the type shells were described as Kast-

Australian. The specimen before me, which is apparently adult, has

a length of 21 millims., and the last whorl is 4 in diameter. The

coste (about 18 on a whorl) are thickest at the upper extremity,

above the sulcus which parts off the infrasutural belt, gradually

attenuating downwards, and at length become quite obsolete at the

extreme base of the body-whorl.

7. Murex (MuricipgA) crrrosvus, Hinds.

Hab. Straits of Macassar (Hinds).

Some small specimens of this charming shell were dredged by

Capt. Wilmer, one of which possesses an unusually long canal.

8. Murex (Muricipea) Rusticus, Reeve. (Plate L. fig. 5.)

Hab. ?

I feel uncertain whether the Andamanese shell is without doubt the

same species as that figured by Reeve. It agrees very well with the

description, but exhibits some difference from the figure, which is

very coarsely executed. The number of transverse ridges is greater,

the mouth a little smaller ; and the fronds, although a little broken

and worn, would not I think, if perfect, be as long as those repre-

sented in the figure.

9. Murex (MuricrpEa) BARCLAYANA, H. Adams.

Coralliophila barclayana, H. Ad. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 205, pl. 23.

fig. 1.

Hab. Mauritius (H. dd.).

The Andamanese specimen of this species, the type of which is

now in the British Museum, is only 21 millims. in length, yet appa-

rently full-grown. Its coloration is much less brilliant than the

representation of the described shell, being pale pinkish white, with

the lateral varix and the termination of the canal tinged with brown,

the aperture being light purple.

10. Murex (OcINEBRA) BREVICULUS, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1840, p. 146; Conchol. Illustr. fig. 37.

M. tetragonus, Reeve (non Broderip), Conch. Icon. iu. fig. 118.

Hab. - ?

A single, much worn, yet undoubted example of this species is

valuable as indicating the habitat of so interesting a form. Reeve

considers it a short variety of Broderip’s M. tetragonus, the

figure he gives of the latter representing a typical breviculus. M.

tetragonus proper is well figured by Sowerby in his ‘ Conchological

Illustrations,’ fig. 25. Judging from the specimens of the two species

which I have examined, all of them unfortunately in a more or less

worn and faded condition, I am of opinion that they are specifically

distinct. Besides the much stouter and less-produced form of MZ.

breviculus, its aperture is larger and more circular, white or slightly

blotched with brown far within; the transverse coste, especially

-on the obtuse varices, are also brown. M. tetragonus, on the other

1878. ] FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 807

hand, is white, or very pale purple, and the aperture, the interior of the

basal channel, and the columella, are of a uniform light purple. It

is true, however, that the sculpture in both is remarkably similar.

11. CotumBetta (Anacuis) niGRIcostara. (Plate L. fig. 6.)

Shell acuminately ovate, subturreted ; beneath a thin dirty yellowish

epidermis, white, with black ribs, with a series of white spots on the

cost a little above the middle of the last whorl, and with a black

elongate spot or line in each of the interstices between the ribs, those

towards the labrum being produced downwards to the base in a

rather zigzag manner. Whorls 8, a little convex, with about 12

thinnish ribs on each. Body-whorl a little flattened or even concave

at its broadest part; the ribs in front are produced somewhat below

the middle ; and on the back four or five nearest the lip are developed

only a short distance from the suture, leaving the whorl below them

smooth. At the base it is transversely grooved, the eight or nine

ridges or lire between the sulci being spotted with black. These

spots are the continuation of the colouring of the longitudinal costz.

Aperture small, narrow, bluish white within; labrum exteriorly

thickened, thin at the edge and bearing about 8 tubercles within, of

which the three or four upper ones are the largest ; columella sub-

erect, slightly convex at the middle, covered with a thin callosity,

with a free margin, through which the transverse ridges which wind

round the end or cauda of the whorl appear somewhat in the form

of nodules. Length 124 mill., diam. 6.

This species is well characterized by its coloration, the black cost

contrasting conspicuously with the pale interstices. It is consider-

ably like C. terpsichore, Sowerby, in form and sculpture, but different

in colour.

12. ConumBEeLLA (ATILIA) PuELLA, Sowerby ; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. xi. sp. 65.

Hab. Philippines.

The plicz on the back of the body-whorl are almost obsolete ; but

immediately behind the labrum three are well developed and situated

very close together, thus forming a very strong postlabral varix.

The denticulation within the aperture consists of about eight short

fine lire. The columella is coated with a thickish enamel, and is

armed with about seven fine, short, transverse lirations.

13. ENGINA AsTRICTA, Reeve-

Ricinula astricta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. iii. fig. 31.

Hab. ? (Ree).

14. Nassa ELEGANS, Kiener; Reeve, Conch. Icon. viii. pl. 2.

fig. 10 (not good) ; Kiener, Coq. Viv. pl. 24. fig. 97.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

15. NassA CRENULATA, Bruguiére; Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 2;

Kiener, Coq. Viv. pl. 23. fig. 90.

Hab. Philippines.

53*

808 MR. E. A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS [Nov. 5,

16. Nassa Tanta, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p.3493; Knorr, Vergnig.

vy. pl. 10. fig. 3.

N. olivacea, Bruguiére, Reeve, fig. 19; Kiener, pl. 15. fig. 53.

Hab. “West Indies’? (Lamarck and Reeve) ; Ceylon and Chili

(Kiener).

“West Indies,” which is cited by some authors as the home of this

species, is doubtless erroneous; for it is scarcely possible that any species

of Mollusca living on the shore between tide-marks could be found

inhabiting such remote localities as the Andaman Islands and the

West Indies. It was collected by Cuming on mud banks in the

Bay of Manilla; and the specimens obtained by Capt. Wilmer were

found on the mud in mangrove-swamps.

17. Nassa LuripDA, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849,

vol. iii. p. 153; Atlas, Wilkes’s Explor. Exped. pl. 19. fig. 325 a, ¢ ;

Otia, p. 68.

N. dispar, A, Adams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 96; Reeve, Conch. Ic, fig.45.

Hab. Samoa Islands (Gould) ; Philippines (Reeve).

18. Nassa BrrartA, Baird, Cruise of the Curagoa, p. 436, pl. 38.

figs. 1, 2. (Plate L. fig. 7.)

Hab. New Caledonia

The type of this species was brought from New Caledonia. The

Andaman specimens differ from that form in a few respects: the

plicze on the body-whorl are more numerous and more developed

towards the base; and the transverse sulci on the central portion are

generally more pronounced.

19, NassA MONILE, Kiener, Coq. Viv. pl. 11. fig. 40; Reeve,

Conch. Ie. fig. 38.

Hab. Philippines.

20. NASSA MARGARITIFERA, Dunker.

Buceinum margaritiferum, Dkr., Philippi’s Abbild. vol. iii. pl. 1.

fig. 12. (Non Nassa margaritifera, Dkr., Reeve, figs. 59 a, 6.)

N. costellifera, A. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p.113; Reeve, figs.58 a, 6.

Hab. Rocks below Ross Island ; Port Blair (Wilmer).

The shell figured by Reeve as margaritifera of Dunker certainly

is distinct from that species, and may possibly be a closely ribbed

variety of Nassa morginulata, Lamarck.

21. Nassa stiemartA, A. Adams, P. Z.8. 1851, p. 96; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. sp. 42.

Hab. “Dredged in deep water, Port Blair’ (Wilmer). Other

localities are Japan, Philippines, and New Caledonia.

The specimens from the Andaman Islands are very much smaller

than that figured by Reeve, having only a length of 10 to 13 millims.

In all other respects they agree very well, varying one from another

1878. j FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 809

in the length of the spire, the proximity of the series of granules, and

the size of them.

A peculiarity of this species consists in the manner in which some

of the yellowish tubercules are as it were set in an irregular darker-

coloured ring, or, in other words, are surrounded by a dark line at

their base.

22. Nassa GEMMULIFERA, A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 99 ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. viii. figs. 132 a, b.

Hab. Philippines (Cuming).

23. Nassa atsescens, Dunker.

Buccinum albescens, Philippi’s Abbild. neuer Conch. iii. pl. 2. fig.

15.

Nassa albescens, Reeve, Conch. Icon. viii. fig. 100.

Hab. West Indies (Dunker and Reeve) ; Sandwich Islands.

This species is undoubtedly an East- and not West-Indian species.

It has been found at the Sandwich Islands by Pease, and also at other

localities in the Pacific.

24. Nassa (ARcULARIA) GLOBosA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Buccinum globosum, Q. and G. Voy. Astrolabe, pl. 32. figs. 25-27.

Nassa globosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. viii. figs. 62 a, 6.

Hab. Vanikoro Island and New Ireland (Quoy).

25. Nassa MARRATHU, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 543, pl. 30.

fig. 4, (Plate L. fig. 8.)

Hab. Solomon Islands.

This species I described from specimens collected at the Solomon

Islands. The shells from the Andaman Islands are a trifle larger,

having a length of 19 millims; with the exception of this difference,

they agree perfectly with the typical shells. In the above-quoted

figure of this species the form of the aperture is not at all correctly

drawn. The columella has not such a long curve; and the labrum

should be more expanded at basal end.

26. Nassa (Hira) sisrroipea, G. and H. Nevill, Journ. Asiatic

Soc. Bengal, 1874, xliii. part 2, pl. 1. fig. 6.

Hab. “Found in one spot below the rocks near the barracks, Ross

Island, very local” (Wilmer). ‘

In their description of this interesting species, Messrs. Nevill do

not remark upon the curious way in which the coste on the body-

whorl are trinodose through the prominence of some of the transverse

lire at intervals. The uppermost row of nodulous projections borders

the depression or elevation at the top of the whorl ; the median series

is situated about the middle, and the lowermost alittle below that.

This I take to be a specific character, as it is present in all the adult

specimens which I have seen, and the above-named figure of their type

also exhibits this peculiarity. The whitish band which is seen within

the aperture runs between the uppermost and median series of nodules.

810 MR. E. A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS [Nov. 9,

Besides the two or three “‘plaits,’”” which perhaps should rather be

termed elongate tubercles, at the base of the columella, there is a

small one at the upper part, usually present in most species of Nassa.

N. trinodosa of Smith has the same nodulation on the last whorl,

but, however, is quite distinct from this species. It differs in colour,

has fewer longitudinal cost, which are less granulous ; and the spiral

thread-like liree which cross them are fewer and less prominent.

N. subspinosa of Lamarck is another allied species of much the

same form, and having the same character of sculpture; only the

nodules are much more prominent and the ribs less numerous.

27. Nassa (ARCULARIA) GRANIFERA, Kiener, Coq. Viv. pl. 27.

fig. 111; Reeve, Conch. Ie. viii. fig. 72.

Hab. Philippines (Reeve).

28. Nassa (Arcutaria) Brmacutosa, A. Ad. P.Z.S. 1851,

p- 102; Reeve, Conch. Icon. viii. sp. 61.

Hab. Philippines (Cuming) ; ‘Andaman Islands, on sand banks

at low tide ; very active animal” (Wilmer).

29. Nassa (ArcuLARIA) caLuospirA, A. Ad. P.Z.S. 1851, p.

102; Reeve, Conch. Icon. viii. figs. 66 a, 6; G. and H. Nevill, Journ.

Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1874, vol. xliii. pt. 2, pl. figs. 5, 5 a.

Hab. Andaman Islands (Nevill and Wilmzr); Philippines (Cu-

ming).

On comparing an Andaman specimen with the type of the species,

I do not hesitate for a moment with regard to its identity.

30. Nassa HoRRIDA Dunker.

Buceinum horridum, Dkr., Philippi’s Abbild. ueuer Conch. iii. pl.

2. fig. 8.

Nassa horrida, Dkr., Reeve, Conch. Icon, viii. figs. 69 a, 6.

N. curta, Gould, Otia, p. 69; Atlas, Wilkes’s Explor. Exped. pl.

19. figs. 326 a, 0.

Hab. Samoa Islands (Gould).

31. Nassa ecuinaTA, A. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 101; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. viii. fig. 131. (Plate L. fig. 9.)

Hab. Philippines.

The Andaman specimens are all shorter than the type, which is

figured by Reeve ; and not one of them has the fifth or lowermost series

of nodules on the body-whorl, which is very closely approximated to

the fourth row. In other respects they agree perfectly with the typical

shells said to have been found at the Philippine Islands. This species

is allied to N. muricata of Quoy and Gaimard, yet is perfectly distinct.

It differs from that species in being almost quite smooth in the inter-

stices between the nodules, there being only the faintest indication of

spiral strize in some specimens. ‘The aperture, too, is less elongate,

and the margin of the basal canal is stained with dark brown. This

1878. | FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 811

is very characteristic, and, although not referred to by Reeve or Adams,

is constant in all the specimens which I have seen.

The colour is whitish, with the oblique longitudinal cost usually

pale brown; and the tips of the rather acute nodules are white.

Nassa gruneri, Dunker, is another closely allied form, yet readily dis-

tinguished by its colour and sculpture.

32. Pos senticosuM, Linn.

Hab. Philippines.

This beautiful and well-known species varies very considerably in

colour, from white with dark transverse bands to uniform rich purple-

brown, with some of the spiral thread-like lirze yellow.

33. PHos rosEATUM, Hinds.

Hab. Philippines, Moluccas, &e.

34. Puos Textum, Gmel.

Buceinum blainvillei, Deshayes.

B. cancellatum, Quoy & Gaimard.

Phos cyanostoma, Sowb. (not of A. Ad.), Thes. fig. 46.

Hab. Philippines.

The shell figured by Sowerby as P. cyanostoma of A. Adams is

a slight variety of P. ¢ewtum, differing in having a somewhat elongated

spire and the body-whorl a trifle shorter than usual, and constricted

just above the raised ridge which encircles the extreme base or cauda

of the whorl. The painting is precisely the same in both forms. The

true cyanostoma (described in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 155) is

very like this variety in form and sculpture, but is distinguished by

the margins of the columella and labrum and the tip of the body-

whorl being stained with violet.

35. Fusus? apnormis. (Plate L. fig, 10.)

Shell imperforate, oblong, turreted, pale yellowish-brown ; whorls

9, very convex, divided by a deep channelled suture, obliquely plicated ;

plicze or costz rounded, swollen, gradually increasing in size from the

apex downwards and becoming less prominent, crossed by numerous

slender finely-scaled liree, which are alternately coarser and finer,

numbering about 15 on the penultimate and about 40 on the last

whorl; aperture small, irregularly pyriform, about one third as long as

the entire shell, dirty white within, with the outer lip simple, with 10

fine thread-like lirze, which extend within as far as can be observed,

but do not attain quite to the edge of the lip: basal canal short,

narrow, oblique, and a little recurved. Length 23 mill., diam. 113.

This species is totally unique in form and sculpture ; and it is with

considerable doubt that I have placed it among the species of usus.

It also exhibits some affinity with Coralliophila, which genus, as

generally accepted, contains a group of species which are usually

inhabitants of Madrepores, and are characterized by the white or

purplish colour, and the scaly nature of the transverse ridges, and

the shortish open channel at the base of the aperture, which is

812 MR. E. A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS [Nov. 5,

lirate within. The present species is remarkable for the great

convexity of the whorls, and the fineness of the spiral scaly liree.

The aperture also is unusually short in proportion to the whole length ;

and the liree within are very fine, and produced as far as the eye can

trace inwards.

36. SisTRUM MARGARITICOLA, Bruguiére.

Hab. Singapore ; Lord Hood’s Island ; Natal.

37. Latirus pecoratus, A. Adams, P.Z.S. 1854, p. 316;

Kuster, Con. Cab. Ad. 2, pl. 25. figs. 12, 13 (as Turbinella).

(Plate L. fig. 11.)

Hab. New Zealand (Adams).

The Andaman variety of this species has the Jongitudinal coste

much thicker, and consequently fewer in a whorl, than the New-

Zealand form ; and the colour isa little different. The general tint is

whitish with a blush of rose, the two granulous lirze beneath the

suture light brown, interstices between the coste dark brown, the

body-whorl with a rose-coloured band bordered on each side by a

white liration around the middle, the tip of the canal blackish, the

columella and outer lip pinkish, and the apex of the spire pink. The

colour of this species (“alba castaneo varie picta’’) given by Adams

does not at all describe the variety of painting. There are two speci-

mens in the Cumingian collection, both pinkish white with a rosy

apex and a pinkish aperture; and one, probably the type, has the dark

brown tip to thecanal. The shell figured in the Conchylien-Cabinet

is larger than the type or the Andaman specimens. The former is

18 mill. long, 17 in diameter, and the largest of the latter 20 in length

and 8 in width.

38. Larirus rasticiuM (Reeve). (Plate L. fig. 12.)

Turbinella fastigium, Reeve, Conch. Ic. iv. figs. 72 a, 6.

Hab. Ceylon.

Of this species the British Museum possesses three specimens—

one from Ceylon, the type (the habitat of which is unknown), and the

third presented by Capt. Wilmer, from the Andaman Islands. Two of

them have six longitudinal cost, whilst the type has only five. The

latter is an immature shell; and consequently the figure of it in the

‘Conchologia Iconica’ does not convey a true idea of the aperture in

the adult. When perfect the canal is a little longer and the columella

is covered with a callosity, the edge of which is produced, and at the

base of the shell forms an umbilical fissure.

Reeve does not mention that one or two of the spiral liree just be-

neath the suture are conspicuously scabrous; nor does he ‘point out

that 4 or 5 of them around the cauda of the body-whorl are also

scabrous and thicker than the rest, which are frequently alternately

coarser and finer. The plaits on the columella are somewhat in-

distinct and about five in number ; and the aperture is finely lirated

risen the liree terminating at some distance from the margin of the

abrum.

1878.] FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 813

39. Latrrus INCARNATUS (Deshayes), var.

Turbinella incarnatus, Desh., Kiener, Coq. Viv. pl. 18. fig. 3;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. iv. fig. 55.

Hab. Philippines; Australia.

The shell from the Andaman Islands, which I consider a variety of

this species, is light brown and darker between the ribs; the apex of

the spire is pinkish; and the body-whorl has two spiral whitish or

yellowish lirze, one above and the other below the middle of it, the

former being visible on the penultimate and antepenultimate whorls.

The aperture and columella are pinkish, the outer lip finely lirate

within ; and the columella has one or two rather indistinct plice at

the base.

40. Mirra masta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii. sp. 323. (Plate L.

fig. 13.)

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Shell fusiform, turreted, olive-brown, subrimate. Whorls 10 or 11,

shortly tabulated above, but very slightly convex at the sides, spirally

grooved with three narrow subequidistant sulci, the uppermost one

at the top of the whorls, dividing off a thickened edge to the tabula-

tion, which is channelled ; this thickened belt is of a brighter brown

colour than the rest of the shell. Last whorl transversely sulcated

throughout; sulci about 11 in number; a few of the superior ones,

with the exception of the, uppermost, more or less obsolete; those

below the middle broader and deeper, leaving raised ridges or lire

between them. Aperture narrow, brownish within, a little less in

length than half the entire shell ; columella furnished with a thickish

callosity, with a raised free edge forming in the umbilical region a

slight fissure; plaits 4, the uppermost thickest, the others in turn

by degrees finer; basal channel and tip of the whorl dark brown.

Length 19 mill., diam. 63.

This species is remarkable on account of the turreted character of

the spire. The tabulation of the whorls, however, is narrow and

shallowly channelled. The Andaman specimen differs from the

type in having the whorls more distinctly turreted ; the spiral sulci

are not so pronounced ; and the colour is somewhat different. In the

type (which is a worn shell), the upper part of the whorls is white,

whilst in the specimen above described it is light brown.

41. Mirra maria, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 140.

(Plate L. fig. 14.)

Hab. Eastern Seas.

In describing this species Adams writes, “ labro intus sulcato.”’

I have carefully examined the type specimens in Cuming’s collection

and also the Andamese shell, and do not find a trace of sulcation

within the labrum of any of them, and therefore conclude that the

observation of Mr. Adams was incorrect.

The body-whorl has two broad purplish-brown bands indistinctly

separated by a faint light zone occupying the greater part of the whorl.

Beneath the suture there is a greyish-white band. The entire surface

814 MR. E. A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS _ [Nov. 5,

is variegated with fine white zigzag lines and small brownish spots,

principally on the upper edges of the transverse liree. The superior

margin of the upper purplish-brown band is interrupted by opaque

white blotches edged on one side by dark brown. In the Monograph

of this genus (Thesaurus Conchy]l. iv.) Sowerby cosiders this species

a variety of M. incisa, Ad. & Reeve. However, I think there are

sufficient differences to separate them. The form of the latter is

narrower, the whorls proportionally higher, the transverse ridges on

the spire flatter, and the spire itself is less acutely conical.

42. Mirra (Canciuia) ANNULATA, Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii. sp.

103.

M. nitens, Kiener, Coq. Viv. pl. 29. fig. 96.

Hab. Zanzibar (Reeve).

The plaits on the columella are not invariably five in number, some

specimens being furnished with a sixth. The shells from the Anda-

man Islands have less of the brown markings than appear in Reeve’s

figure, and in this respect resemble more the specimen delineated by

Kiener.

43. Mirra (CanciLia) PHILIPPINARUM, A. Adams, P.Z.S.

1851, p. 141.

M. flammea, Reeve (not of Quoy & Gaimard), Conch. Icon. ii.

fic. 120.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

This species, when in fine condition, has the transverse costze prettily

marked with small, close-set, olive-brownish dots. ‘These are not

mentioned by Reeve or Adams, owing to the fact that the specimens in

Cuming’s collection which they described are somewhat worn or over-

cleaned ; however, they are traceable when closely searched for.

44. Mirra (CuHrYsAME) TABANULA, Lamk., Kiener, Coq. Viv.

pl. 9. fig. 27; Voy. Astrolabe, pl. 45 bis, figs. 10-13 ; Reeve, Conch.

Tcon. ii. fig. 332.

Hab. Philippines (Reeve) ; Vanikoro (Quoy).

The specimen of this species from the Andamans is rather small,

and of a uniform deep brown colour. The three plaits on the colu-

mella are whitish, the aperture olivaceous ; and the outer lip has

three or four conspicuous tubercular teeth at a short distance from

the upper extremity.

45. Mirra (Cytinpra) unputosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon. species

193, fig. 192.

Hab. Philippines (Cuming).

A very short stunted variety was obtained by Capt. Wilmer. It

has eight plaits on the columella, whereof the uppermost is much

thicker than the rest.

46, Mirra (CauurTHEA) acupicta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 76.

The Andaman shell agrees precisely in form with the type from

Zanzibar ; but the longitudinal coste are less numerous.

1878.] FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 815

47. Mirra (CaLuirHEa) oBexiscus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii.

fig. 107.

A small specimen, not quite adult, from the Andaman Islands,

agrees with those from the Philippines in all respects, but has the

second white band below the middle of the body-whorl more con-

spicuous than usual.

48. Mirra (CosreLiaria) EXASPERATA, Chemnitz; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. fig. 162.

M. torulosa, Lamk., Kiener, Coq. Viv. pl. 25. fig. 77.

Hab. Java; Philippines.

49. Mirra (CosTeELLARIA) pEsHayest1, Reeve, Conch. Icon.

fig. 170.

Hab. New Caledonia (Mus. Cuming).

Capt. Wilmer tells me that the orange-scarlet markings on this

pretty species fade considerably after death. One of the specimens

he collected is 25 millims. long. The mouth is purplish black

within, with a single white zone ; and the lip is white within at the

margin.

50. RANELLA PusILLA, Broderip, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 194; Sowerby,

Conchol. Illustr. fig. 1*, fig. 1a, var.; Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii. figs. 44

a, 6 (both varieties). (Plate L. fig. 15).

Triton laciniatum, Mighels, fide Pease, Amer. Journ. Conch. iv.

. 107.

: Var. =R. rosea, Reeve, /. c. fig. 46.

Var. = Bursa concinna, Dkr. P. Z.S. 1862, p. 239.

Hab. Lord Heod’s Island and Philippine Islands ; Red Sea.

R. rosea, Reeve, and concinna, Dkr., which I consider varieties

of this species, are distinguished from the normal form almost solely

on account of a difference in colour. If this were tenable, the Anda-

man shell would constitute a third species ; for it certainly varies in

this respect either from R. pusilla, concinna, or rosea. The

principal colour is reddish brown; the lowermost series of granules on

the upper whorls, the fourth and fifth series from the top of the

body-whorl, and the second rib from the suture on each varix, on all

the whorls, are yellow. The columella is purple, with three or four

transverse whitish nodules, and within the outer lip near its edge there

are about eight white bead-like granules on a dark-purple ground.

The interior of the aperture is purple-brown, with the exterior yellow

zone visible.

The normal form of the species described by Broderip is white in

every part. In the Museum series of nearly 40 specimens there are

various intermediate and connecting gradations between this and the

pink form (rosea) or the brown variety (concinna). In fact,

the differences are so subtle, that I feel it impossible to draw a line

of distinction any where between these varieties. The difference in

specimens apparently adult is very striking. The largest example of

816_ MR. E. A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS [Nov. 5,

the variety (rosea) measures 22 millims. in length, whilst a very

small one is only 9 millims. long.

The tuberculation is also subject to considerable variation. The

number of the transverse series of granules appears to be very con-

stant, there being invariably three principal rows in the upper whorls,

and seven in the body-whorl, but the size and number of the gra-

nules differ in various examples; and this difference is not peculiar

to each form, but exists in shells belonging to the same variety.

Reeve describes the tubercle-like nodules on the angle of rosea as

bipartite. This is scarcely correct ; for there certainly are two series

at this point; and being situated rather closely together, they might

be considered single nodules subdivided.

51. Trrron (StmpuLUM) sTRANGEI, A. Adams & Angas, P. Z.S8.

1864, p. 35. (Plate L. fig. 16.)

Hab. Moreton Bay, East Australia.

The whorls in this species are seven in number, and not four as

described by the authors of it. The four apical or nuclear volutions

are smooth, convex, and horn-colour ; the remaining three are some-

what concave beneath the suture, of a pale brown colour; and the

varix on the labrum between the spiral ridge is stained with bright

red, and the canal with brown.

The transverse costz are described by Adams and Angas as being

trisulcate. This, however, is not the case; for there are only two

sulci, making each of the ridges trilirate, the central liration being

most prominent. The coste are prettily undulated, owing to their

being prominent at intervals where they-cross the longitudinal sub-

plications ; there are two of them round the middle of ‘the penulti-

mate whorl, and the one preceding it, and five on the last. The aper-

ture is white, and the columella furnished with a tubercle at both ex-

tremities ; the Andaman specimen, besides these, has a few interme-

diate ones. The labrum is strongly varicose, and has six coarse

lirations within.

52. ToRINIA PERSPECTIVIUNCULUS, var. (Plate L. figs. 17—

17 b.)

Hab. Red Sea, Seychelles Islands, Philippines, Pacific Islands, &e.

The Andaman and Seychelles specimens of this widely distributed

and very diversely shaped species are very depressed in form, similar

to the variety (planulata) figured by Hanley in Sowerby’s ‘The-

saurus Conchyliorum,’ vol. ii. pl. 254. fig. 63.

The operculum is very elongate-conical, having a marked resem-

blance in form to a small Triphoris.

53. CypR#%A GANGR2ZNOSA, Solander.

Hab. Zanzibar, Mozambique.

54. Lirorina unpuLata, Gray, Philippi’s Abbild. i. pl. 5.

figs. 17, 18; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 67 b-d (? fig. 67a).

Hab. North Australia, Philippines, and Society Islands.

1878.] FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 817

55. Lirorina ventricosa, Philippi, Abbild. iii. pl. 6. fig. 19 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 93.

Hab. Pulo Penang.

L. nove:-zealandie, Reeve, and L. melanacme, Smith, have a some-

what similar ventricose form, but differ in colour and the absence

of the granulation on the transverse ridges between the sulci.

56. Ceriraium (Vertacus) Kocut, Philippi, Abbild. iii. pi. Ts

fig. 3; Conch. Icon. figs. 26 a, 6. (Plate L. fig. 18.)

Hab. East Africa, Philippines, Japan.

The Andaman specimens are small, but agree very closely in de-

tail of sculpture with more typical ones, yet differ rather in colour.

They are pale horn-colour, with the eranules, varices, and a band at

the top of the whorls whitish. Behind the varices they are blotched

with dark brown; and their entire surface is irregularly dotted and

spotted with brown, and the transverse thread-like striz are also of

the same colour ; the liration below the middle of the body-whorl,

which is more prominent than the rest, is white, ornamented with

brown dots.

57. CerirH1um (VERTAGUS) TURRITUM, Sowerby, Thesaurus,

ii. pl. 180. fig. 101; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xv. fig. 58 ; Smith, Annals

& Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 106. (Plate L. fig. 19.)

Hab. Philippines, Japan.

The shells in the present collection are in colour and sculpture

exactly like those which I described in the Annals and Mag. Nat.

Hist., from Japan, but a trifle smaller.

58. TripHoris scutptus, Hinds, Voy. Sulphur, pl. 8. fig. 3.

Hab. Straits of Malacca (Hinds).

59. TURRITELLA INFRACONSTRICTA. (Plate L. fig. 20.)

Shell subulate, subturreted, brownish white, ornamented with

countless minute reddish-brown dots. Whorls about 20, somewhat

convex at the top and sides, and slopingly narrowed at the base, thus

making the width at the suture considerably less then a little distance

above it, transversely finely lirated ; lire varying in thickness, a few

being a trifle coarser than the rest, two especially—the upper, situated

very near the middle of the whorl, and the lower one at the broadest

part of it, being conspicuous and forming indistinct angles; they are

all minutely dotted with brown. Last whorl excavated beneath,

finely lirated, and of a uniform brownish white or pale pink tint,

with a rather acute ridge circumscribing the base. Aperture irregu-

larly obliquely quadrate, of the same colour as the exterior ; but the

flattened base is coated with a thin pale rose-coloured enamel. Colu-

mella slightly oblique and a little arcuate. Length 50 millims.,

diam. 12.

This species, like most others in the genus, is chiefly distinguished

by the form of the whorl, the character of the markings, and the

spiral liration. The dottings on the ridges are very small, and are

818 MR. E. A. SMITH ON MARINE SHELLS [Nov. 5,

arranged under one another in oblique and more or less flexuous lines.

In other words, the whorls are ornamented with fine oblique or

flexuous lines, which are interrupted by numerous spiral sulci, thus

producing series of dots. Through the prominence, although slight,

of the two principal lire, the whorls between them appear somewhat

concave, and the ridge around the base of the last whorl passes

just above the labrum and winds up the spire at the sutural line.

60. AMALTHEA AUSTRALIS, Lamarck.

Hab. Kangaroo Island, Australia, Philippines.

61. Guaprus (RimELLA) CANCELLATUs, Lamarck ; Kiener, Coq.

Viv. (Rostellaria), pl. 3. f. 3.

Hab. “ Chili and Moluccas ”’ (Kiener).

62. XENOPHORA SOLARIOIDES, Reeve.

Phorus solarioides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. i. fig. 8.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

ess 63. Trocaus (CLANcuLUS) MiIcRopon, A. Adams, P. Z.S.

1851, p. 162. (Plate L. figs. 21-210.)

Hab. ig

This species, the habitat of which was not hitherto known, is not

very fully described by Adams. The colour is subject to consider-

able variation. The series of granules are usually lightish brown,

and the interstices almost black. This simplicity of colour is de-

stroyed by broad, irregular, white patches radiating from the suture ;

and many of the granules, especially on the base, are white. Two

or three of the series of the interstices between them around the

umbilicus are white, only a few of the granules being brown. The

whorls are six in number and rather convex.

64. Trocuus (MoniLea) CaLycuLvus, Wood, Index Test. Suppl.

pl. 6. f. 44; Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. iii. pl. 49. figs. 3-38.

Trochus (Monilea) masoni, G. & H. Nevill, Journal Asiat. Soc.

Bengal, 1874, vol. xliii. part 2, pl. 1. figs. 1, la.

Hab. Eastern Seas (A. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1851).

On comparing Andaman specimens of this species with the type

presented to the British Museum by the late Dr. Gray, I have not

the slightest doubt of their specific identity.

65. Trocuus (ForsKAaLIA) PULCHERRIMUS, A. Adams, Gen.

Rec. Moll. i. p. 432. (Plate L. figs. 22, 22a.)

Gibbula pulcherrima, A. Ad. P. Z.8. 1854, p. 39.

Hab, China Sea.

The colour of this beautiful species varies in some examples, but

appears to be constant in its distribution. The oblique arcuate

pink or scarlet stripes on the upper part of the body-whorl, which

in some specimens are black, generally terminate a little above the

middle. At this part the whorl is encircled by two close-set gra-

1878. ] FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. 819

nulous liree, with a furrow on each side, whereof the lower is the

more conspicuous. Immediately below this the colour of the inter-

rupted scarlet stripes changes to black, and they assume the form of

somewhat quadrate spots, but towards the aperture become more

flame-like and merge into scarlet.

66. Hatrotis varia, Linné.

H. varia, Linn., teste Reeve, Conch. Icon. ili. sp. 4.

Hab. Philippines.

67. Atyscytinprica, Helbling; Sowerby, Thesaurus, ii. pl. 125.

f. 114.

Var. = Bulla solida, Brug. Ency. Méth. pl. 360. f. 2; Thesaurus,

pl. 124. figs. 112, 113.

Var.=Atys elongata, A. Ad.; Sowerby, Thesaurus, ii. pl. 125.

fig. 121.

Hab. Philippines, Ceylon.

68. Carprum uysTrix, Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii. figs. 40 a, 6.

Hab. Philippines (Cuming).

The Andaman specimen of this lovely shell belongs to Reeve’s var.

B, being pure white, with the exception of a pale tint of pink on the

posterior side near the ligament.

69. Carpium (L&vicARDIUM) AUSTRALE, Sowerby, Proc. Zool.

Soe. 1840, p. 105 ; Conch. Illust. figs. 12, 12* (overcoloured) ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. ii. fig. 97.

C. pulchrum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 98.

Hab. Philippines, China, Ceylon.

The differences of form, sculpture, and colouring which Reeve con-

sidered sufficient to distinguish his C. pulehrum from C. australe are, in

my opinion, hardly sufficient to constitute a variety. The form in

almost every species of Cardium is subject to considerable variation,

and likewise the colour. Reeve does not mention that the anterior

dorsal area in his type is blotched with purple at the extremity, as

is the case in C. australe. The sculpture of both forms is identical :

both have the groove on the posterior side, which, within the valves,

forms a raised oblique ridge ; but in some specimens it is more con-

spicuous than in others. The Andaman examples are rather young

and bear the remains of their epidermis, which takes the form of very

thin, short, irregular yellowish lamellz arising from the radiating

strie. Their colour is whitish or yellow, marked with subcencentric

irregular yellowish brown bands, which are more purple-brown within

the valves and towards the umbones. The latter at the tips and the

hinge-margin are purple ; and within, a line of the same colour extends

from the umbo to about the middle of the valves.

70. CorBULA FORTISULCATA. (Plate L. figs. 23-236.)

Shell very inequivalve, inequilateral, somewhat triangular, dirty

white, solid, rounded at the posterior extremity and beaked anteriorly :

820 ON MARINE SHELLS FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDs. [Nov. 5,

upper valve slightly carinate from the umbo to the posterior margin,

the keel terminating a little above the middle, rather smooth, finely

concentrically striated by the lines of growth and suleated at the umbo;

covered with a thin greyish epidermis, a trifle laminated towards the

margin ; and from the umbo about four rather indistinct ridges radiate

down the posterior half of the valve, becoming obsolete about the

middle of it, and again conspicuous in some specimens at the margin :

lower valve vastly larger than the other, very deeply and widely con-

centrically sulcated; sulci fine and close together at the umbo;

ridges between the’sulci very thick and prominent, thicker anteriorly

than at the opposite extremity, and terminated in front by a sulcus or

depression extending from the umbo downwards at a little distance

from the margin, which is raised, taking the form of a stout marginal

ridge which terminates the beaked end of the valve; transverse

grooves finely striated in the same direction : one tooth in each valve,

that of the upper bifurcate; pallial sinus small; anterior scar sub-

rotund, posterior more elongate. Diam. 14 mill., length 10, thick-

ness 84; the lower valve of another larger specimen is 233 mill. in

diameter and 16 long.

For many years several lower valves of this species have been in

the British Museum with the locality ‘‘ Jack’s Island, South Sea,”

attached to them. Others were presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq., in

1845, who dredged them at Port Essington in 7 fathoms, from a

muddy bottom ; and two specimens in the Cumingian Collection are

from the same place. The form, the coarse costze (which, however,

are sometimes rather close together), and the anterior raised and

beaked margin of the lower valve well distinguish the species.

71. CRASSATELLA RADIATA, Sowerby; Reeve, Conch. Icon.i. fig. 12.

Hab. Singapore.

72. Arca (ScapHarca) Myrist1ca, Reeve, Conch. Icon. ii. sp. 42.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Cuming).

73. PECTEN ALBOLINEATUS, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch. pl. 14.

figs. 69, 70.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

74. IsoGNOMON SAMOENSIS, Baird.

Perna (Isognomon) samoensis, Baird, ‘Cruise of the Curagoa,’

p- 454, pl. 42. fig. 8.

Hab. Tutuila, Samoa Islands.

BRACAIOPODA.

75. LinGuLa HIANS, Swainson ; Sowerby, Thesaurus, i. pl. 67.

fig. 4.

Hab. China.

Capt. Wilmer’s notes on this species are as follows :—

“It lives in mud or sandy clay at low-water mark, the shell being

buried about a foot from the surface. It is very easily alarmed, and

P Z.S.1878.PP1

Mintern Broj?

Yantern del.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM UPPER TENASSERIM.

{

-_,

P Z. 3.1878. Pl t

R.Mintern del.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM UPPER TENASSERIM.

BR Mantern del

LEPIDOPTERA FROM UPPER TENASSERIM.

1878. } MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 821

retreats rapidly downwards. In order to collect specimens, I

searched for oval orifices in the mud ; and having found one, a spade

was plunged very deeply in and the mud turned up, the hands then

being used to go deeper; yet, still, in many cases, the creature was

too quick for the diggers.’’

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.

Fig. 1, la. Conus andamanensis, p- 804.

2. Pleurotoma (Drillia) variabilis, p. 805.

3. (——) variabilis, var. p. 805.

4. (——) wilmeri, p. 805.

5. Murex (Muricidea) rusticus, p. 806.

6. Columbella ( Anachis) nigricestata, p. 807.

7. Nassa bifaria, p. 808.

8. marratii, p. 809.

a: echinata, p. 810.

10. Fusus abnormis, p. 811.

11. Latirus decoratus, p. 812.

Fastigium, p. 812.

13. Mitra mesta, p. 813.

: marié, p. 813.

15. Ranella pusilla, var., p. 815.

16. Triton (Simpulwm) strangei, p. 816.

17. Torinia perspectiviunculus, front view, p. 816.

17a. Ditto, basal view.

176. Ditto, operculum.

18. Cerithium (Vertagus) kochi, p. 817.

19. —— (——) turritum, p. 817.

20. Turritella infraconstricta, p. 817.

21. Trochus (Clanculus) microdon, p. 818.

21a. Ditto, variety.

21 4. Ditto, base.

22. Trochus (Forskihlia) pulcherrimus, p. 818,

22a. Ditto, base.

23. Corbula fortisulcata, upper view, p, 819.

23a. Ditto, lower valve.

23 6. Ditto, top view.

7. A List of the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr.

Ossian Limborg in Upper Tenasserim, with Descriptions

of new Species. By F. Moors, F.Z.S., Assistant Cura-

tor, India Museum, London.

[Received September 17, 1878.]

(Plates LI—LIII.)

This list comprises the Lepidopterous portion of the collection

made on and around the Moulayet range in Upper Tenasserim by

Mr. Limborg, who was accompanied by Mr. Wood-Mason’s native

collector, Motiram. The party proceeded, about the middle of

December 1876, from Moulmein up the Houngduran, collecting as

they went along to the Hills, on and around which, and along the

banks of the river leading to them, the whole collection was made.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LIV. 54

822 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

The expedition was organized and the funds provided by the

Marquis of Tweeddale, President of the Zoological Society, Mr. W.

T. Blanford, Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, Sir E. Clive Bayley, Presi-

dent, and Mr. J. Wood-Mason, Natural-History Secretary of the

Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Mr. R. Lydekker, Dr. J. Anderson, Di-

rector of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and others.

PAPILIONES.

Fam. NYMPHALID.

Subfam. DANAINz.

DANAIS SEPTENTRIONIS.

Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 163 (1874).

Ahsown ; Meetan, 3000 feet; Hatsiega ; Houngduran source.

DaNais AGLEA.

Danais aglea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. tab. 377. f. E (1782).

Ahsown; Hatsiega; Naththoung to Paboga; Moolai, 3000-

6000 feet.

DaANAts VULGARIS.

Danais vulgaris, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 164 (1874).

Ahsown; Moulmein to Meetan ; Houngduran source.

DANAIS MELANEUS.

Papilio melaneus, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. tab. 30. f. D (1775).

Ahsown; Moulmein to Meetan.

DANAIS TYTIA.

Danais tytia, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 9, pl. 9. f. 2 (1846).

Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet.

DANAIS PLEXIPPUS.

Papilio plexippus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 767 (1767).

Ahsown; above Ahsown ; Moulmein to Meetan; Meetan, 3000

feet ; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS.

Papilio chrysippus, Linn, Syst. Nat, i. 2, p. 767 (1767).

Ahsown.

SALPINX RHADAMANTHUS.

Papilio rhadamanthus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 42 (1793).

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Meetan, 3000 feet; Hatsiega; Houngduran

source; Naththoung to Paboga.

SALPINX CRASSA.

Euplea crassa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 278.

Ahsown; Moulmein to Meetan; Hatsiega; Naththoung to Paboga;

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 823

SALPINX MASONI, 0. sp.

Male. Allied to S. crassa, Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 278),

but differing in its darker colour, in the basal area of the fore wing

being bright glossy blue, and the marginal spots on this wing con-

fined more to the apex; hind wing less convex along the exterior

margin ; otherwise similarly marked.

Expanse 3 inches.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet ; above Ahsown. In coll. Wood-Mason.

From S. klugii, Moore, this species may be distinguished by the

blue gloss being confined to the basal area, whereas in S. Alugii it is

more brilliant and suffuses the entire wing.

SALPINX MARGARITA.

Euploea margarita, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 279.

Hatsiega; Houngduran source.

TREPSICHROIS MIDAMUS.

Papilio midamus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 765 (1767).

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Moulmein to Meetan; Hatsiega; Houng-

duran; Naththoung to Paboga.

CrastTia CUPREIPENNIS, Nl. Sp.

Allied to C. modesta, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 273, from Siam.

Upperside cupreous brown, the outer borders broadly paler, basal

area of fore wing blue-glossed; cell and contiguous area of hind

wing also blue-glossed ; the two marginal series of spots larger.

Expanse 33 inches.

Hatsiega; Houngduran source. In coll. Wood-Mason.

EvurLa@a LimporGil, n. sp. (Plate LI. fig. 2.)

Male. Differs from EF. deione, Westw., in the fore wing having

some very indistinct submarginal white spots, and the hind wing

having two marginal rows of prominent white spots similar to but

smaller than those in #. margarita, Butler.

Expanse 3? inches.

Ahsown, 2000 feet; above Ahsown; Hatsiega; Houngduran,

In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

EupPLa@a ALCATHOE.

Luplea aleathoé, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 178 (1819).

Ahsown, 2000 feet.

EUPLG@A SUBDITA, N. sp.

Allied to #. core, Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. 266. figs. E, F.

Male. Fore wings shorter, broader, and the posterior margin more

convex : upperside paler, basal area slightly blue, glossed in the fore

wing ; markings similar, smaller and paler, those on the fore wing

indistinct.

Expanse 3} inches.

Hatsiega. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

54*

824 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

EuPL@a GODARTII.

Euplea godartii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 319.

Ahsown; Moulmein to Meetan; Hatsiega; Houngduran ; Nath-

thoung to Paboga.

STICTOPL@A GROTEI.

Euplea grotei, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep. ii. p. 339, tab. 49.

‘An

Ahsown ; above Ahsown; Hatsiega to Houngduran.

Subfam. SaTyRInz&.

LETHE ARCADIA.

Papilio arcadia, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. tab. 116. f. E, F (1779).

Ahsown.

LETHE MEKARA.

Debis mekara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 219 (1857 )

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

LETHE ROHRIA.

Papilio rohria, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 45 (1787).

Hatsiega; Naththoung to Paboga; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

LETHE VERMA.

Satyrus verma, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 447, tab. 16. f. 1,

(1844).

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

MELANITIS ISMENE.

Papilio ismene, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. tab. 26. f. A, B (1775).

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Moulmein to Meetan; Meetan, 3000 feet ;

Naththoung to Paboga; Moolai, 3000-5000 feet.

MELANITIS BELA.

Melanitis bela, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 223 (1857).

Ahsown; Meetan, 3000 feet, April; Naththoung to Paboga ;

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet ; Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet.

ZETHERA DIADEMOIDES, n. sp. (Plate LI. fig. 3.)

Male and female. Upperside dark brown: fore wing with a sub-

marginal series of seven small bluish-white spots, which decrease in

size to the costa; a marginal series of smaller less distinct spots, two

between each vein : hind wing with a series of six large broad oval

spots; a submarginal series of small reversely triangular spots, and

a marginal series of smaller narrow spots, the two latter series with

two of these spots disposed between the veins. Underside as above.

Expanse, ¢ 3, Q 3% inches.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet, March ; Moulai, 3000-6000. In coll. J.

Wood-Mason.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 825

MYCALESIS MINEUS.

Papilio mineus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 768 (1767).

Moulmein to Meetan; Meetan, 3000 feet; Taoo, 3000-5000

feet, March.

MYycALESIS PERSEUS.

Papilio perseus, Fabr. Syst. Eut. p. 488 (1775); Butler, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 719, fig. 2.

Moulmein to Meetan.

MYCALESIS BLASIUS.

Papilio blasius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 426 (1798) ; Butler,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 718, fig. 4.

Moulmein to Meetan.

MYCALESIS ANAXIAS.

Mycalesis anaxias, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Myc. pl. 4. f. 25,

26 (1862).

Ahsown; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

MycALEsIS RUNEKA.

Mycalesis runeka, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 234 (1857).

Ahsown; Moulmein to Meetan; Hatsiega; Naththoung to

Paboga.

CuLaPa, 0. g.

Differs in form from Mycalesis, having a greater length of fore

wing, less convexity of the costa, the apex being more produced and

the exterior margin more oblique ; the hind wing is somewhat acutely

angled at the apex, and the exterior margin produced before the anal

end, thus giving this wing a quadrate appearance. In form it more

resembles the American genus Anchiphlebia.

CULAPA MNASICLES.

Mycalesis mnasicles, Hewits. Exot. Butt. iti. Myc. pl. 5. f. 32,

33 (1864).

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Meetan, 3000 feet, April.

YPHTHIMA BALDUS.

Papilio baldus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. App. p. 809 (1775); Donov.

Ins. Ind. t. 36. f. 2.

Moulmein to Meetan.

YPHTHIMA METHORA.

Yphthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 291,

pl. 18. f. 20, 21.

Naththoung to Paboga.

ERITES ANGULARIS, N. Sp.

Male. Wings longer than in 2. madura, Horsf. (from Java) ;

826 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

the fore wing being more produced at the apex and the hind wing

posteriorly. Underside similarly marked, excepting that the yellow-

bordered black spot on the fore wing is more oval, and the spots on

the hind wing smaller, this wing also having the inner yellow band

acutely angled in the middle.

Expanse 23 inches.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

ELYMNIAS TINCTORIA, 0. sp.

Allied to £. undularis, of India.

Male. Upperside dark blue-black, the marginal blue spots on

fore wing larger; border of hind wing dusky purple, with a series of

small white spots. Female with prominent blue-black borders and

white markings.

Expanse 3 inches.

Meetan, 3000 feet, April; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J.

Wood-Mason.

ELYMNIAS VASUDEVA.

Elymnias vasudeva, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 238 (1857).

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

Dycris LEUCOCYMA.

Biblis leucocyma, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 326 (1819).

Ahsown.

Subfam. NyMPHALIN2E.

AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS.

Papilio phidippus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 752 (1767); Cramer,

Pap. Exot. i. tab. 69. f. A, B.

Meetan, 3000 feet, April.

ZEUXIDIA MASONI, 0. sp.

Allied to Z. amethystus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 485, from

Sumatra.

Female. Differs in the paler colour of the wings, and in the

greater breadth of the yellow oblique band, the band entire and ter-

minating at the middle median branch, below which are two similar-

coloured spots; a small pale patch before apex of the wing; hind

wing pale cinnamon-brown broadly along outer border.

Expanse 43 inches.

Meetan, 3000 feet, April. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

DIsCOPHORA TULLIA.

Papilio tullia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. tab. 81. f. A, B (1779).

Above Ahsown.

DiIscoPHORA ZAL.

_ Discophora zal, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 331 (1851); Trans.

Ent. Soc. 1858, p. 188, pl. 21. f. 5, 6.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet ; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 827

DiscOPHORA NECHO.

Discophora necho, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep. iii. p. 462 (1867).

D. celinde, Horsf. Catal. Lep. E.1. C. pl. 6. f. 6.

Houngduran source.

CLEROME ARCESILAUs.

Papilio arcesilaus, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 28 (1787); Donov.

Ins. Ind. pl. 30. f. 2.

Above Ahsown.

JEMONA LENA.

Aimona lena, Atkinson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 215, pl. 12.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

XANTHOTANIA BUSIRIS.

Xanthotenia busiris, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1858, p. 187.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

THAUMANTIS LOUISA.

Thaumantis louisa, Wood-Mason, Proc. As. Soe. Beng. 1877,

p- 163; id. Journ, As. Soc. Beng. 1878, pl. xii.

Taoo, 3000-6000 feet.

Allied to 7. howqua, but differs in having the upper surface white

instead of fulvous, and in having five red spots instead of ocelli on

the underside of the fore wings, and only two well-developed ocelli

(the anterior and posterior) on the hind wings, instead of three and

five ocelli respectively.

CIRROCHROA SURYA, D. Sp.

Allied to C. lanka (Moore, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 557) of Ceylon.

Male differs above on the fore wing in the narrower marginal band,

a single sinuous line extending with fulvous interspaces to near the

apex ; hind wing with the submarginal line more sharply sinuous ;

other markings similar. Underside purplish fulvous grey; the

discal transverse band broader, and pale bluish purple on the fore

wing, bluish purple-white on hind wing, its outer border being dark

blue, and its inner border red and waved; other markings red.

Female darker above, the discal black line sinuous at the costal end;

a double sinuous marginal line; other markings and underside as in

male.

Expanse, ¢ 14 to 22, 2 24 inches.

Moulmein to Meetan; Taoo, March, 3000-5000 feet; Moolai,

3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

MESSARAS ERYMANTHIS.

Papilio erymanthis, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 15. f. 3, 4

(1778).

Moolai to Moolat; Hatsiega.

828 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [ Nov. 5,

ATELLA SINHA.

Terinos sinha, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 438 (1844).

A melanoid variety. Moulmein.

JUNONIA LAOMEDIA.

Papilio laomedia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 772 (1767); Drury,

Il. Exot. Ent. pl. 5. f. 3.

Ahsown, 2000 feet ; Moulmein to Meetan; Naththoung to Paboga.

JUNONIA LEMONIAS.

Papilio lemonias, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767).

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Moulmein to Meetan; Meetan, 3000 feet ;

Taoo, 3000-6000 feet (March) ; Naththoung to Paboga.

JUNONIA ORITHYIA.

Papilio orithyia, Lion. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 770 (1767); Cram.

Pap. Exot. i. tab. 19. f. C, D, tab. 32. f. BE, F.

Moulmein to Meetan.

JUNONIA ALMANA.

Papilio almana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 769 (1767); Cram.

Pap. Exot. i. tab. 58. f. F, G.

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Moulmein to Meetan; Taoo, 3000-5000

feet.

PRECIs IPHITA.

Papilio iphita, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. tab. 209. f. C, D.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

DOLESCHALLIA PRATIPA.

Doleschallia pratipa, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 399 (1860) ;

Reise Nov., Lep. ii. p. 206.

Hatsiega.

KALLIMA LIMBORGII, 0. sp.

Differs from K. inachis, from Sikkim. Male and female of a

deeper and more uniform steel-blue colour above; the fore wing is

not angled on the hindward part of the exterior margin; the apex

more produced in the male and less so in the female, the discal

hyaline spot small, and almost circular; the hind wing also is less

convex on the exterior margin, and has a much shorter tail.

Expanse, ¢ 32, 2 4 inches.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

CyYRESTIS THYODAMAS.

Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisd. Cuv. Reg. Anim. Ins. ii. t. 138. f. 4

(1836).

Amathusia ganescha, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 430, tab, 7.

foBAe

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 829

CYRESTIS COCLEs.

Papilio cocles, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 7 (1787) ; Donov. Ins. Ind.

pl. 23. f. 2.

Hatsiega.

CYRESTIS RISA.

Papilio risa, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 32. f. 4 (1850).

Moulmein to Meetan; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

HERONA ANGUSTATA, 0. Sp.

Female. Similar to H. marathus from the Khasia hills. Differs

from same sex of that species in having all the maculated bands

narrower, these being but half the width of those in the former

species.

Expanse 3 inches.

Moolai, 3000-5000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

PENTHEMA DARLISA, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Differs from P. lisarda, Doubleday (Gen. D.

L. pl. 39. f. 3), on the fore wing in all the markings, except the

streak along posterior margin, bemg bluish white aud smaller, these

within the cell oval, two at the base and two near the end; the discal

series also are short and conical (not continuing outward to the inner

transverse series), the streak between the lower median and submedian

vein only being elongated. On the hind wing the pale luteous inter-

spaces between the veins are deeply excavated at their end and partly

coalesce with the inner transverse series of spots (the spots being

larger), the outer row are also larger, conical, and deeply excavated

externally ; a black streak traverses the cell.

Expanse 5 inches.

Meetan, 3000 feet (April). Iu coll. J. Wood-Mason.

PARTHENOS APICALIS, Nl. Sp.

Distinguished from P. gambrisius by the fore wing having the

white band quite diaphauous, without any borders to the veins, and

extending broadly and uninterruptedly to the costal margin, thence

continuing along it to the extreme apex.

Expanse 33 inches.

Above Ahsown ; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

LEBADEA ATTENUATA, 0. Sp.

Male and Female. Differ from L. ismene, Doubleday (Gen. D. Lep.

pl. 34. f. 2), in being smaller and of a brighter colour, the white

medial transverse band narrower, the apical portion on fore wing

more angular in position and extending to the costa, the outer

series of narrow lunules being present on the hind wing in both

Sexes.

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 23 inches.

Hatsiega; Naththoung to Paboga. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

830 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [ Nov. 5,

NEPTIS ADARA, 0. sp. “

Allied to N. varmona, from S. India. Differs above in the macu-

lated bands being narrower, the discoidal terminal spot broader and

less pointed, the discal series of spots more oval in shape, and the

submarginal series not. so prominent. On the underside the ground-

colour is much brighter, and the markings are less black-bordered,

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 2,%; inches.

Moulmein to Meetan; Ahsown; Naththoung to Paboga ; Moolai,

3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

NEPTIS MEETANA, 0). Sp.

Allied to the preceding (NV. adara), but with the markings above

more like thosein NV. andamana. It is asomewhat narrower-winged

insect, the spots of the discal band relatively narrower in both sexes,

the underside of a brighter red, and the markings less black-bordered.

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 23 inches.

Meetan 3000 feet, March; Taoo, 3500 feet. In coll. J. Wood-

Mason.

NEPTIS JUMBA.

Neptisjumba, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 167 (1857).

Moulmein to Meetan.

NEPTIS ADIPALA.

Neptis adipala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 563, pl. 22.

Moulmein to Meetan ; Hatsiega.

NEPTIS PLAGIOSA, N. Sp.

Allied to N. hordonia, Stoll, Cram. Pap. v. pl. 33. f. 4.

Differs on the upperside in all the ferruginous bands being broader,

the fore wing having the lengthened discoidal band spreading over

the median vein, the marginal line also broader and very distinct ;

hind wing with the submarginal band nearly as broad as the discal.

On the underside the strigz are more numerous and darker, covering

both bands on the hind wing.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 14 inch.

Naththoung to Paboga. In coll. J. Wood-Mason and F. Moore.

ADOLIAS LEPIDEA.

Adolias lepidea, Butler, Aun. Nat. Hist. 1868,1. p. 71.

Meetan, 3000 feet, April.

ADOLIAS SATROPACES.

Adolias satropaces, Hewitson, Entom. Monthly Mag. 1876, p.

150; id. Dese. Lep. Coll. Atk. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 1, pl. 1. f. 6,

7, 8 (1878).

Meetan, 3000 feet, April.

1878. ] INSECTS. FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 831

ADOLIAS PARVATA, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 3.)

Female allied to 4. sedeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 68,

pl. 4. f. 3. Differs above on the fore wing in the discal band being

narrower, the costal portion only partially whitish, and the lower

portion without the whitish inner border. Underside with the band

on fore wing only partially white anteriorly, the lower portion with

a slight white lunule to the inner border, and white point with black

tip to outer border.

Expanse 2? inches.

Hab. Meetan, 3000 feet, April. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

ADOLIAs DISCIsPILOTA, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 2.)

Allied to 4. kesava, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 67, pl. 3. f#5.

Female. Smaller in size: upperside with the borders uniformly

greyish brown ; the transverse discal band with less sinuous dusky

outer border; the whitish spot between the lower subcostal branches

and the spot between the upper median branches prominent.

Underside paler ; markings similar, with less blue along abdominal

border.

Expanse 2,2, inches.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

ADOLIAS JAHNU.

Adolias jahnu, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C.i. p. 192 (1857) ;

Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, p. 74, pl. 7. f. 1.

Hatsiega ; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

ADOLIAS TAOOANA, 0. sp.

Allied to A. iva (Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1857, pl. 8 f. 2). Fore

wing with the oblique discal maculated band with shorter lower por-

tions, the penultimate spot quite oval, the last being short and

conical ; the two contiguous spots beneath are also smaller, and the

two before the apex closer together; on the hind wing the three sub-

apical spots are contiguous, the two upper being large, quadrate, and

excavated externally.

Expanse 4 inches.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

CHARAXES SAMATHA, N. Sp.

Smaller than Indian examples of C. athamas, the yellow band on

both wings one third less in width, the subapical spot smaller, and the

apical either minute or obsolete.

Expanse 22 inches.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

CHARAXES MARMAX.

Charaxes marmax, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 43, pl. 21.

f. 3-5 (1848).

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

832 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

CHARAXES DESA, 0. sp.

Male. Allied to C. marmax, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 21. f.

3. Differs on fore wing above in the marginal black band being

broader and extending at the apex further along the costa, the inner

submarginal lunular line is closer to the band; the black maculated

band on the hind wing is formed of larger angled spots. Underside

purplish ochreous ; hind wing with a transverse black lunular fascia,

which is also further from the outer margin.

Expanse 33 inches.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

Also distinct from C. lunawara, Butler.

CHARAXES AGNA, 0. sp.

Male. Allied to C. harpav, Feld. Nov. Voy., Lep. iii. p. 444. Dif-

fers in its larger size, broader marginal black band on the fore wing,

and in the hind wing having a less black apical patch, the marginal

series of spots also being much smaller.

Expanse 337 inches.

Moolai, 30U0—6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

CHARAXES HARPAX.

Charaxes harpaz, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep. ui. p. 444 (1867).

Moulmein to Meetan; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

PROTHOE FRANCKII.

Nymphalis franckii, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 825; Horsf.

Catal. Lep. E.I. C. (1829), pl. 5 f. 4, 4 a.

Meetan, 3000 feet, April.

Subfam. LipyTH4xINz.

LiBYTHEA MYRRHA.

Libythea myrrha, Godt, Enc. Méth. ix. p 171; Boisd. Sp. Gén.

Lép. i. t. 10. f. 8.

Moulmein to Meetan ; Hatsiega.

Fam. Erycrnip&.

ZEMEROS FLEGYAS.

Papilio flegyas, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 280. f. E, F (1782).

Ahsown, 2000 feet.

TAXILA FASCIATA, n. Sp. (Plate LII. fig. 1.)

Allied to 7. drupadi, Horsf. Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. 1828, pl. 2.

f. 3, from Java.

Male. Differs above in the apex of the fore wing being less suffused

with red, and having an oblique subapical indistinct whitish fascia.

Underside similarly marked, with the subapical fascia distinct, well-

defined, and pure white.

Expanse 13 inch.

Above Ahsown. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 833

ABISARA NEOPHRON.

Sospita neophron, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Sosp. pl. i. f. 3

(1861).

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

ABISARA ANGULATA, 0. Sp.

From 4. kausambi, Felder, of the Malay peninsula, this species

differs in the male above being paler plum-colour, the fore wing show-

ing the transverse discal fascize, and the hind wing the apical and

anal black spots ; the female above is also paler purple-brown, the

inner discal-band is angled at the middle of its inner border on both

wings, and is only slightly paler at its costalend. On the underside,

the discal bands are angled in the middle, the inner band being

narrowly bordered with brownish white at its costal end only in the

male, its entire length in the female.

Expanse 143 inch

Above Ahsown; Hatsiega; Naththoung to Paboga. In coll. J.

Wood-Mason.

An entirely different insect from the Andaman A. bifusciata,

Moore, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 587, pl. 58. f. 1.

Fam. Lyca&nip&.

CASTALIUS ROXUS.

Lycena roxus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 659 (1823); Horsf.

Catal. Lep. E.I. C. 1828, p. 70, pl. 2. f. 4.

Moulmein to Meetan.

LAMPIDES ALEXIS.

Papilio alexis, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer’s Pap. Exot. pl. 38. f. 3

(1790).

Moulmein to Meetan; Naththoung to Paboga.

LAMPIDES ZLIANUS.

Papileo zlianus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 280 (1793).

Moulmein to Meetan.

« LAMPIDES ELPIS.

Lycena elpis, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 654 (1823); Horsf, Catal.

Lep. E.I. C. 1828, p. 96, pl. 1. f. 4.

Ahsown ; Moulmein to Meetan.

LAMPIDES KANDARPA.

Lycena kandarpa, Horsf. Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. 1828, p. 82.

Moulmein to Meetan

HyYpoLyCNa LISIAS.

Papilio lisias, Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 65 (1787); Donov. Ins. Ind,

pl. 40. f. 1°; Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. i. t. 22. f. 2.

Ahsown; Meetan, April; Moolai 3000-6000 feet.

834 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

Myrina FREJA.

Papilio freja, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 263 (1793); Butler,

P. Z.8. 1867, pp. 34, 36, f. 1.

Ahsown ; Moulmein to Meetan; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

THAMALA, N. g.

Male and Female. Fore wing short, broad, trigonate ; costa convex

at base, apex moderately acute, exterior margin slightly oblique and

recurved, posterior margin nearly straight, angle acute ; cell broad,

short ; subcostal vein four-branched, first, second, and third arising

before end of the cell, fourth at its end ; discocellulars slightly curved

outward ; radial from their middle; median vein three-branched, two

upper contiguous at base from end of the cell: hind wing elongated

posteriorly, narrow and quadrate below anal margin ; with two narrow

lengthened tails, one at each angle; exterior margin slightly waved.

Body moderate; antennz stout, uniformly thickened to apex ; palpi

long, squamous, second joint projecting half its length beyond the

head, apical joint slender; legs squamous, femora slightly pilose

beneath.

Differs from Deudorix (D. melampus (jarbas, Fabr.) and D. epi-

jarbas) in its shorter and broader fore wings and longer hind wings,

the fore wings having only four subcostal branches (there being five

in both the above species), and in the antennze being more robust.

THAMALA MINIATA, n. sp. (Plate LIT. fig. 6.)

Male and Female. Upperside deep scarlet-vermilion: fore wing

with the base, costal and the outer border broadly black, confining

the red colour to a circular area ; veins also black-lined, the median

prominently so and forming a slight streak at the base of its branches :

hind wing black at the extreme base, along abdominal border and

slightly along median veins ; exterior border narrowly black, some

black speckles ascending between lower median branch and submedian

vein; tails red, black-margined and white-tipped in female. Underside

luteous-yellow in male, ochreous-yellow in female: both wings with

indistinct dusky discal zigzag-lunular line terminating above anal angle

in a white-speckled patch: fringe of hind wing black, the margin

also black-lined from the angle; space above the tails black- and

white-speckled. Body beneath, legs, and palpi white, speckled with

black, tip of palpi black.

Expanse, $13, 2 154, inch.

Taoo, 3500 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

Devuporix surrusa, n. sp. (Plate LIL. fig. 8.)

Allied to D. xenophon, male. Wings slightly broader: upperside

of fore wing with broader outer band, the red colour suffused with

dusky-brown ; hind wing also duller red. Underside dull sulphur-

yellow ; transverse lunular line more curved, the zigzag end at anal

angle black and with an additional similar line above its end.

Expanse 1,4; inch.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 835

LoxuURA ATYMNUS.

Papilio atymnus, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t. 331. f. D, E (1782).

Ahsown ; Meetan, 3000 feet, April; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

AMBLYPODIA TAOOANA, 0. sp.

Differs from A. narada and A. anita in its larger size, the upper-

side being of a very brilliant blue colour as in A. si/hetensis, and the

outer black marginal band twice the width of that of those species.

Underside purplish-ochreous, the transverse black-speckled band

and basal speckled markings prominent, the band on fore wing being

much curved, the outer markings also prominent.

Expanse 2 inches.

Taoo, 3500 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

NARATHURA, 0. g.

Wings broad: fore wing very convex at base of costa, exterior

margin rounded, even: hind wing very convex externally, with even

margin; a very slender tail at end of lower median vein (so delicate

that in most cabinet specimens it is broken off); anal angle not

lobed.

Type N. hypomuta (Amblypodia hypomuta, Hewits. Catal. Lyc.

B. M. p. 11, pl. 6. figs. 63, 64, 1862).

NARATHURA MOOLAIANA, 0. Sp.

Amblypodia epimuta, Hewitson, Catal. Lyc. B.M. p. 11, pl. 6. f.

59, 60 (1862).

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet. Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J.

Wood-Mason.

This is a distinct species from N. epimuta, Moore, Catal. Lep.

Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 42, the type of which is from Borneo.

ARHOPALA NAKULA, Feld. Wien. ent. Monats. iv. p. 395 (1860).

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

ARHOPALA viHARA, Feld. Wien. ent. Monats. iv. p. 395 (1860).

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

SURENDRA, 0. g.

Allied to Thaduka. Sexes dissimilar in colour above: fore wing

short, broad, costa slightly arched, apex acute, exterior margin in

female very convex in the middle, less so in male; hind margin

nearly straight: hind wing short, somewhat quadrate; anterior

margin nearly straight, apex angled; exterior margin nearly straight

anteriorly, truncate posteriorly, and in male with one tail situated

at end of lower median vein, in female with two tails, one at the

lower, the other at the middle median vein, anal lobe large. Vena-

tion similar to Thaduka. Palpi long, slender; legs short; antennse

uniformly thickened.

836 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

SURENDRA QUERCETORUM.

Amblypodia quercetorum, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p.

42, pl. la. f. 7 (1857).

THADUKA, 0. g.

Allied to Mahathala. Fore wing short, broad, costa very convex

at base, apex acutely angled; exterior margin erect, scalloped ;

posterior angle lobular ; hind margin same length as costal, concave

in the middle: hind wing short, broad, anterior margin convex, apex

and exterior margin very convex, sinuous, with three prominent tails,

the middle one longest, and large anal lobe ; abdominal margin very

concave above anal lobe. Venation similar to Mahathala(Amblypodia

ameria, Hewitson). Body short, stout; antenne uniformly

thickened to end; palpi slender ; legs short.

THADUKA MULTICAUDATA, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 7.)

Female. Upperside purple-black, basal area bright smalt-blue.

Body and abdominal border greyish, thorax blue. Underside dark

vinous-brown ; fore wing with short subbasal, medial, and an entire

discal, purple-black maculate bands, and an outer marginal series

of lunules: hind wing with three irregular curved transverse

purplish-black maculate bands, and indistinct marginal lunules ;

a narrow metallic-green lunule above the tails.

Expanse 12 inch.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

Fam. PAPILionIp&,

Subfam. Prerinz&.

TERIAS HECABE.

Papilio hecabe, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 763 (1767).

Moulmein to Meetan ; Hatsiega; Naththoung to Paboga.

TERIAS SUAVA.

Terias suava, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. p. 670 (1836).

Moulmein to Meetan.

TERIAS SILHETANA.

Terias silhetana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 324.

Moulmein to Meetan ; Hatsiega to Houngduran; Naththoung

to Paboga.

TERIAS FORMOSA.

Eurema formosa, Hiibn. Zutr. exot. Schmett. f. 979 (1837).

Hatsiega.

TERIAS LATA.

Terias leta, Boisd. Spec. Gén, Lép. i. p. 674 (1836).

Moulmein to Meetan.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 837

NYCHITONIA XIPHIA.

Papilio xiphia, Fabr. Spec. Gén. Lép. ii. p. 43.

P. nina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iti. 1, p. 194.

Ahsown; above Ahsown.

CALLIDRYAS CATILLA.

Papilio catilla, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. t. 229. f. D, E (1782);

Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 24, pl. 9. f. 7-10.

Hatsiega to Houngduran ; Naththoung to Paboga; Moolai, 3000-

6000 feet.

CALLIDRYAS CROCALE.

Papilio crocale, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 52. f. C, D (1779);

Butler, Lep. Exot. i. p. 22, pl. 9. f. 1, 2.

Moolai to Meetan.

HEBOMOIA GLAUCIPPE.

Papilio glaucippe, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 762 (1767).

Houngduran source.

Ix1As PALLIDA, Nl. Sp.

Nearest to I. andamana, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 590. Upper-

side of the same pale colour, the orange band on fore wing slightly

wider, and having a more convex outer margin, the inner black border

also broader, and the marginal band on hind wing wide and of equal

width throughout. Underside differs in having a uniform series of

delicate black strigze and a cell-spot on both wings.

Expanse 22 inches.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

From J. latifasciata, Butler, this species differs in its much paler

colour above and beneath, and in the absence of the dark blotches

on the underside.

IXIAS CITRINA, N. Sp.

Male. Allied to the preceding; the orange band comparatively

narrower and shorter hindward, its black inner border also narrower,

and the marginal band on hind wing only half its width. Underside

darker, with more prominent black strigee and cell-spot, and with a

submarginal series of brown-speckled spots with whitish centre.

Expanse 2 inches.

Houndurang source. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

This also may be distinguished from J. latifasciata, by the colour

above and by the narrow band on the hind wing.

Ix1AS MOULMEINENSIS, N. sp.

Male and Female. Near to I. pirenassa, Wallace, from Madras.

Upperside of the same bright yellow, the orange band in male much

broader anteriorly ; pale blackish band on hind wing narrow and not

extending to posterior angle. Underside dull ochreous-yellow, with

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1878, No. LY. 55

838 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [ Nov. 5,

delicate dark strigze, and submarginal brown spots centred with white.

Female with moderately broad orange band.

Expanse, ¢ 2, 9 12 inch.

Moulmein to Meetan. In coll. J. Wood-Mason,

Eronia Ltutescens, Butler.

Moulmein to Meetan.

CaTorHAGA NEOMBO.

Pieris neombo, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. i. p. 539 (1836); Moore,

Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. pl. 2a. f. 3.

Moulmein to Meetan (a single female).

CATOPHAGA PAULINA.

Pieris paulina, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. t. 110. f. E, F (1779).

Moulmein to Meetan; Hatsiega to Houngduran; Naththoung

to Paboga.

(All males.)

CATOPHAGA LAGELA, 0. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 4.)

Allied to C. /alage, Doubleday, D. Lep. pl. 6. f. 3.

Male and Female. Smaller. Upperside differing on the fore wing

in the black apical border terminating in both sexes before reaching

the posterior angle, and the medial portion partly excavated outside the

lower end of the cell and thence extending across the end to its base ;

hind wing with a broad marginal continuous band (as in C. pandione,

Hiibn.). Underside—fore wing with the black band terminating

as above; the apex and hind wing greyish-yellow, speckled with

purple in male, and brownish-grey with darker speckles in

female, the speckles numerous across the disk, and forming zigzag

fasciz.

Expanse 23 inches.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

APPIAS LEA.

Pieris lea, Doubleday, Aun. Nat. Hist. 1846, p. 23.

P. clemanthe, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 6. f. 3.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

APPIAS NAMA.

Pieris nama, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i. p. 76 (1857) ;

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 102, pl. 44. f. 1, 2.

Houngduran source; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet (March); Moolai,

8000-6000 feet; Moolai to Moolat, 4000-5000 feet.

APPIAS DAPHA, Nl. Sp.

Allied to dA. zeuzippe, Cram.

Male differs on the upperside in being white ; the apical band on

the fore wing more like that of 4. nama, narrower, deeply scalloped

within; anterior spots obsolete; and the contiguous discal spots

1878.] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 839

between the two upper median branches scarcely perceptible;

marginal spots on hind wing indistinct, speckles disconnected.

Underside white; apex of fore wing slightly dusky grey; subcostal

and median vein within the cell, and all the veins of hind wing with

dusky borders.

Female also white ; apical band on fore wing without anterior spots ;

other markings similar but less prominent.

Expanse 17 inch.

Moulmein to Meetan. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

APPIAS ZELMIRA.

Papilio zelmira, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t. 320. f. C, D (1782).

Moulmein to Meetan.

APPIAS AMBA.

Pieris amba, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1867, p. 340.

Moulmein to Meetan ; Houngduran source.

APPIAS VACANS.

Appias vacans, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 490, 9°.

Moulmein to Meetan; Hatsiega to Houngduran.

DELIAS PASITHOE,

Papilio pasithoé, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 755 (1767).

Ahsown, 2000 feet ; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet (March).

DELIAS INDICA.

Thyca indica, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 351.

Above Ahsown ; Moulmein to Meetan. Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

DELIAS DESCOMBESI.

Pieris descombesi, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. i. p. 465.

Ahsown ; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

PRIONERIS WATSONI.

Prioneris watsoni, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 100.

Moulmein to Meetan ; Houngduran source.

PRIONERIS CLEMANTHE.

Pieris clemanthe, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, p. 23.

P. helferi, Felder, Reise Nov., Lep. ii. p. 161, t. 25. f. 10.

Houngduran source; Naththoung to Paboga.

Subfam. PAariLioninz.

PAPILIO TELEARCHUS.

apilio telearchus, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1852, p. 22, pl.

6. f. 3.

Hatsiega.

55*

840 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS { Nov. 5,

PAPILIO XENOCLES.

Papilio xenocles, Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Mise. p. 74; Gen. D.

Lep. pl. 1*. fig. 2; Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. pl. 79. f. 2.

Hatsiega.

PAPILIO MEGARUS.

Papilio megarus, Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii. pl. 72. f. 2 (1845).

Houngduran source.

PAPILIO ONPAPE, 0. Sp.

Differs from specimens of Himalayan P., panope Linn. (Cram.

Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 295. f. E, F) in having comparatively shorter

wings, smaller and less-prominent spots on the fore wing, smaller

marginal lunules, and much shorter dentate submarginal streaks

on the hind wing.

Expanse 34 inches.

Hatsiega ; Houngduran source; Naththoung. In coll. J. Wood-

Mason and F. Moore.

PAPILIO PAMMON.

Papilio pammon, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 746 (1767).

P. polytes, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 746.

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Meetan, 3000 feet (March) ; Taoo, 3000-

5000 feet (March).

PAPILIO ARISTOLOCHIZ.

Papilio aristolochiea, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 443 (1775).

P. diphilus, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pl. 40 3. f. 1.

Moulmein to Meetan ; Hatsiega ; Naththoung to Paboga.

PapILio PHILOXENUS.

Papilio philowenus, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 32 (1831); Lep. Ins.

Nepal, p. 5, pl. 2.

Moulmein to Meetan; Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet.

PAPILIO DOUBLEDAYI.

Papilio doubledayi, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 42.

Moulmein to Meetan.

PAPILIO HELENUS.

Papilio helenus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 745; Cram. Pap. Exot.

Met. tod. 1, A,B.

Hatsiega ; Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet.

PAPILIO MAHADEVA,n. sp. (Plate LI. fig. 1.)

Male. Allied to P. castor, but with shorter hind wings, which are

of the same form as in P. panope. Upperside dark brown,

nemerously covered with minute ferruginous scales; fore wing

with a marginal series of very small white lunular spots, one between

1878.] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 841

each vein; hind wing with a discal series of seven short conical

yellowish-white spots, a submarginal series of narrow dentate lunules,

and a marginal very narrow lunular line, one between each vein.

Underside paler, more numerously covered with ferruginous scales ;

the markings as above; the fore wing also having a second marginal

series of very small white spots, and a spot at the end of the cell.

Expanse 4 inches.

Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

A specimen, labelled ‘‘ Eastern Bengal,” from Mr. A. Grote’s col-

lection, of what I believe to be the female of P. mahadeva, differs from

that sex of P. castor in the fore wings having very small and less-

distinct submarginal white spots, no spot at the end of the cell, and

no white speckles between the discal interspaces ; the hind wings on

both sides also have the discal streaks shorter and confined to the

middle of the wing, there being none either at the base or in the

cell, thus forming a transverse medial band similar in position to

that of the male above described ; the submarginal dentate marks are

less defined.

PAapIL{0 ANDROGEOS.

Papilio androgeos, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 91.

Ahsown, 2000 feet ; above Ahsown.

PAPILIO ZELEUCUS,

Papilio zeleucus, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Pap. pl. 8. f. 24, 25

(1865).

Moulmein to Meetan.

PAPILIO SARPEDON.

Papilio sarpedon, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 747 (1767).

Hatsiega ; Houngduran source.

PaPILIO AGAMEMNON.

Papilio agamemnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 748 (1767).

Moulmein to Meetan ; Hatsiega ; Houngduran source.

PAPILIO ANTIPHATES.

Papilio antiphates, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 72. f. A, B (1779).

Houngduran source.

LEPTOCIRCUS VIRESCENS.

( 2 eaabae virescens, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 259

1870).

Ahsown ; Moulmein to Meetan; Houngduran source; Moolai,

3000-6000 feet.

Fam. HEsPERID&.

IsMENE BENJAMINI.

Hesperia benjamini, Guér. Deless. Voy. Inde,‘ii. p. 79, pl. 22. f. 2

(1843).

Above Ahsown.

842 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

IsMENE DRUNA.

Ismene druna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 784; Hewitson,

Exot. Butt. iv. Hesp. pl. 2. f. 26.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

TAGIADES PRALAYA.

Tagiades pralaya, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 779.

Ahsown.

TAGIADES MEETANA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 1.)

Male. Allied to T. obscurus, Mabille, from Java: fore wing above

similar: hind wing differs in the marginal area of the anal angle

being only slightly white-speckled between the veins; the cilia below

it dark brown with a very narrow whitish inner line; on the under-

side there is less white, and the black border more lengthened and

prominent, the cilia also being brown.

Expanse 1% inch.

Meetan, 3000 feet (April). In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

ASTICTOPTERUS DIOCLES.

Nisoniades diocles, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 787.

Meetan, 3000 feet.

ASTICTOPTERUS SUBFASCIATUS, 0. Sp.

Male and Female. Upperside uniform vinous-brown. Underside—

fore wing with a short vinous-grey streak and two small ochreous-grey

spots from the apex, three small ochreous-grey spots obliquely from

the costa before the apex ; hind margin pale ochreous-brown: hind

wing with a short, broad, medial and a subbasal vinous-grey band ;

abdominal margin broadly pale ochreous-brown; some indistinct

spots between the bands and at the base also pale ochreous-brown.

Palpi, body, and legs beneath pale ochreous-brown.

Expanse 14 inch.

Ahsown. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

A specimen of this species from S. India is also in the collection

of the British Museum,

PAMPHILA BAMBUS&.

Pamphila bambuse, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 691, pl. 45.

fe dl, 12s

Hatsiega.

PAMPHILA MASONI, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 5.)

Male. Upperside dark oliye-brown; cilia brownish ochreous,

palest on hind wing ; fore wing with a yellow semidiaphanous sinuous

spot at end of the cell, two spots before the apex, and a band of three

oblique discal spots, the lower one elongated; hind wing with an

opaque yellow discal patch, the basal hairs green. Underside dark

ochreous-yellow ; fore wing with the basal area black ; spots as above,

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 843

the lower discal portion broad: hind wing with an indistinct series of

marginal and submarginal brown spots. Front of head, palpi, legs,

and body beneath yellow.

Expanse 1,4 inch.

Hatsiega. ‘In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

PAMPHILA MATHIAS.

Hesperia mathias, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 433 (1798) ;

Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. pl. 3. f. 6.

Moulmein to Meetan.

HEsPERIA MOOLATA, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Upperside dark vinous-brown, slightly ative

brown at the base; cilia cinereous-yellow : fore wing with a single

small semidiaphanous white spot at lower end of the cell, two smaller

spots obliquely before the apex, and three below on the disk, the

lowest being the largest and angular; the female with two spots at

end of the cell, and a small opaque yellowish spot between lower

median branch and submedian vein. Underside brighter-coloured,

marked as above, the yellow discal lower spot in female larger.

Expanse 14 inch.

Ahsown (2000 feet), March. Moolai to Moolat.

This species is allied to H. kumara, Moore, from South India, and

to H. cahira from the Andamans.

PLESIONEURA AURIVITTATA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 2.)

Male and Female. Upperside dark golden olive-brown : fore wing

with a broad oblique golden-yellow discal band curving from middle

of the costa to posterior angle, the band semiopaque from the costal

vein to lower median branch ; a small curved yellow streak composed

of three vein-crossed spots before the apex. Cilia of both wings

brown. Underside duller brown: fore wing as above: hind wing

slightly yellow-speckled, and with a very indistinct yellowish streak

at the end of the cell.

Expanse 1,/, inch.

Hab. Above Ahsown. In coll. J. Wood-Mason and F. Moore.

Allied to P. dhanada, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 789. Distinguished

by the oblique transverse band being very broad throughout and ex-

tending to the posterior angle, also in the cilia of hind wing being

entirely brown.

PLESIONEURA ALBIFASCIA, 0. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 3.)

Male. Differs from P. alysos, Moore, in its narrower fore wing

and smaller hind wing; the oblique semidiaphanous white band is

shorter and straight, the portion beneath the lower median branch

being very small, this part on the underside showing only as a suf-

fused white patch ; and there are no subapical spots.

Expanse |4 inch.

Hatsiega. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

A specimen of this species, collected by Mr. Buxton, probably in

Sumatra, is in my own collection.

844 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [ Noy. 5,

TIsoTEINON SUBTESTACEUS, Nl. Sp.

Male and Female. Upperside dark olive-brown ; cilia cinereous-

brown, with a brown inner line and indistinct bars: fore wing with

a semidiaphanous spot at end of the cell, a curved series of three

subapical contiguous spots, and two larger contiguous spots on the

disk. Underside brownish ochreous, grey-speckled : fore wing with

the basal area below the cell and the disk fuliginous black ; spots

as above; male with a black tuft on hind margin: hind wing with

a curved discal series of six sinall white spots, and four subbasal

spots, the two lower of the latter being contiguous, the third at the

end of the cell, and the fourth above the cell. Palpi and body

beneath ochreous-white ; legs brownish ochreous. Allied to I. a¢-

kinsoni, from Darjiling.

Expanse 12 inch.

Ahsown. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

SPHINGES.

Fam. SpHINGID.

Subfam. MacroGLossin&.

MACROGLOSSA ORIENTALIS.

Macroglossa orientalis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. x. p. 528

(1876).

Ahsown.

MacroGuLossa LUTEATA.

Macroglossa luteata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 241, pl.

hs: de Dp

Ahsown.

Subfam. AMBULYCINE.

AMBULYX SUBSTRIGILIS.

Ambulyx substrigilis, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 30. f. 2.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

BoMBYCEs.

Fam. ZYG&NID&z.

Subfam. SynroMINz.

SYNTOMIS GROTEI.

Syntomis grote, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 245, pl. 18.

f.4.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet, March.

SYNTOMIS SLADENI.

Syntomis sladeni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 245, pl. 18.

f. 5.

Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet. —

1878. | INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 845

SYNTOMIS ATKINSONI.

sepsis atkinsoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 245, pl. 18.

Baas Ahsown; Naththoung to Paboga.

SYNTOMIS LIBERA.

Syntomis libera, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 78.

Above Ahsown; Meetan, 3000 feet, April.

SYNTOMIS MASONI, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 4.)

Allied to S. vitreata, H.-Sch. Lep. Spec. Nov. f. 247. Distin-

guished by having the hyaline spaces broader, by the space between

the lower subcostal and upper median branch being black, and the

front of the head white.

Expanse, 5 1,5, 2 1,%; inch.

Moolai, 3000- 6000 Ba Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet. In coll.

J. Wood-Mason.

SYNTOMIs DISRUPTA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 5.)

Similar to S. divisa, Walker. Differs in its more pointed fore

wing, the hyaline spaces extending throughout to the exterior mar-

gins, the black borders being narrower.

Expanse 14 inch.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet ; Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet. In coll.

J. Wood-Mason.

SYNTOMIS BERINDA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 8.)

Allied to S. fenestrata (H.-Sch. Lep. Spec. Noy. f. 270). Smaller,

the hyaline spots on fore wing shorter, those on the hind wing nar-

rower and pale orange-colour. Front of head, collar, a spot on

tegulze, and a spot on hind part of thorax orange-red; the orange

bands on abdomen narrow ; anal segment black ; tarsi with a white

band.

Expanse, gd 1,4, 2 1,3; inch.

Ahsown, 2000 feet ; above Ahsown.

SYNTOMIS ALBIFRONS, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 6.)

Allied to S. diaphana, Kollar, and S. melas, Walker. Dark

purple-black : fore wing with the basal area of the cell, five large

elongated discal spots, a small spot between the two lower median

veins (obsolete in some specimens), and a narrow indented space from

the base above the submedian vein hyaline: hind wing with three

short hyaline spots, the outer small, and in some specimens obsolete :

front of head, collar above, and four streaks down the thorax white;

an orange band on hind part of thorax ; abdomen glossy greyish

blue, with an orange band on the first and fifth segments, and a

lateral band on third and fourth segments ; legs slaty blue.

Expanse 2,2; inches.

Above neon Moolai, 3u00-—6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

846 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

Fam. CHALCOSIIDZ.

RETINA RUBRIVITTIA.

Retina rubrivitta, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 439

(1854).

Moolai te Moolat, 4000-5000 feet.

HIsTIA PAPILIONARIA.

Gynautocera papilionaria, Guérin, Mag. Zool. 1836, p. 12.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

Fam. EuscHEMID#.

EvusCHEMA MILITARIS.

Phalena militaris, Linn. [Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 29. f. B}.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet ; Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet.

EvusCHEMA EXCUBITOR, 0. sp.

Male and Female. Differs from £. militaris in its much smaller

size and more angular outer margin of hind wing; the basal markings

are linear and very narrow, those on the hind wing smaller, the

discal zigzag band and marginal marks also very narrow, the sub-

marginal spots much smaller, and continuing in a separated series to

the subcostal branch.

Expanse 22 to 22 inches.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet, March ; Houngduran source. In coll. J.

Wood-Mason.

This species is also an inhabitant of the Khasia hills.

EvuscHEMA AURILIMBATA, 0. Sp.

Allied to E. malayana, Guér. Deless. Voy. l’Inde,’ pl. 23. f. 2,

from the Malay coast.

Male pale blue: fore wing with the bands broad and partly con-

fluent : hind wing with the marginal area beyond the zigzag band,

and the abdominal border, bright chrome-yellow. Abdomen at base

above, tufted sides, body beneath, and legs chrome-yellow.

Expanse 3} inches.

Ahsown. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

EusCHEMA HORSFIELDI.

Euschema horsfieldi, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. ii. p. 334,

pl. 8a. f. 7.

Ahsown, 2000 feet; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

Fam. NycTeMERIDA.

NyYcTEMERA LATISTRIGA.

Nyctemera latistriga, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 397

(1854).

Ahsown.

1878.] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 847

PirastLa MOOLAICA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 10.)

Male and Female. Smaller than P. varians (Nyctemera varians,

Walker); markings similar, those on fore wing narrower and dis.

connected, the transverse bands broken ; and there is also a small

white spot at the extreme apex of the wing; those on the hind wing

are also smaller.

Expanse 2 inches.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J . Wood-Mason.

Fam. Liruosiip.

ANAGNIA SUBFASCIATA.

Anagnia subfasciata, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 446

(1854).

Ahsown, 2000 feet ; Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet.

PERIDROME ORBICULARIS.

Peridrome orbicularis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M, ii. p- 445

(1854).

Aganopis subquadrata, H.-Sch. Lep. Spec. Noy. p- 70, f. 501

(1856).

Above Ahsown ; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

DaMALIs PLAGINOTA.

Damalis plaginota, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1875, p. 320.

Above Ahsown.

DaMatis ALcipHRon,

Phalena alciphron, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 133. f. E,

Moulmein to Meetan ; Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet.

Hypsa suBsiMILIs.

Hypsa subsimilis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 212

(1864).

Ahsown.

NEOCHERA MARMOREA.

Neochera marmorea, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. vii. p- 1674

(1856).

Above Ahsown; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

CEonIsTIs ENTELLA.

Phalena entelia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 208. f. D,

Moulmein to Meetan.

Fam. Arctiip 2».

ATTATHA, n. g,

Allied to Euplagia (2. hera of Europe). Fore wing elongated,

narrow ; costa straight ; apex bluntly angular ; exterior margin ob-

848 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

lique, angle conxex ; posterior margin convex at base. Hind wing

oval, exterior margin very convex. Venation similar to that of Z.

hera. Body elongated ; abdomen extending beyond hind wing: an-

tennee slender, minutely setose. Legs long, femora and tibia slightly

pilose. Palpi long, slender, porrect.

ATTATHA REGALIS.

Hypercompa regalis, Moore, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 575, pl. 33. f. 7.

Meetan, 3000 feet, March.

Fam. Liparipz.

ARTAXA VARIANS.

Artaxa varians, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 796

(1855).

Ahsown.

PERINA BASALIS.

Perina basalis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 966 (1855).

Above Absown.

Fam. LastocaMPIp&.

DREATA TAOOENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 7.)

Allied to D. petola, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E.I. C. ii. pl. 10a.

f. 2, from Java.

Male. Upperside ochreous-grey ; three medial transverse very in-

distinct dusky lunular lines, a slightly darker discal line and a narrow

outer sinuous line, with brighter interspace between the two lines, the

point between the two lower median branches only with dusky centre.

Underside as above.

Expanse 37 inches.

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

TRABALA VISHNU.

Gastropacha vishnu, Lefebvre, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 207 (1827).

Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

NocrTueEs.

Fam. OPpHIDERID.

PoOTAMOPHORA MANLIA.

Phalena manlia, Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. 92. f. A.

Above Ahsown.

Fam. ErResip2.

ARGIVA HIEROGLYPHICA.

Phalena hieroglyphica, Drury, Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 2. f. 1.

Moulmein to Meetan.

ARGIVA CAPRIMULGUS, Fab.

Phalena caprimulgus, Fab. (Guén. Noct. iii. p. 180).

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 849

NycTIPAO CREPUSCULARIS.

Phalena crepuscularis, Linn. (Clerck, Icones, pl. 53. f. 1).

Meetan, 3000 feet, April.

Fam. Hypopyripz&.

SprrRAMA HELICINA.

Speiredonia helicina, Hiibn. Zutr. f. 437.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

ENTOMOGRAMMA FAUTRIX.

Entomogramma fautriz, Guén. Noct. iil. p. 204.

Naththoung to Paboga.

Fam. Opuiusip£.

ARTENA SUBMIRA.

Artena submira, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xiv. p. 1389.

Above Ahsown.

FopiNa SToLa.

Fodina stola, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 275.

Ahsown ; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet.

CaLEsIA FLABELLIFERA, N. Sp.

Smaller than C. comesa, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 258 ; wings somewhat

brighter-coloured, the lappet of hairs on fore wing also smaller and

composed of shorter hair; fore tarsi densely clothed with black hair.

Expanse 12 inch.

Ahsown. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

CALESIA GASTROPACHOIDES.

Calesia gastropachoides, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 258.

Above Ahsown.

PYRALES.

Fam. SprLoMELID.

ZEBRONIA PLUTUSALIS.

Zebronia plutusalis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xvii. p. 478.

Ahsowa.

Fam. MarRGARONID.

GLYPHODES BIVITRALIS.

Glyphodes bivitralis, Guén. Delt. et Pyral. p. 293.

Houngduran source.

GLYPHODES STOLALIS.

Glyphodes stolalis, Guén. Delt. et Pyral. p. 293, pl. 3. f. 11.

Moulmein to Meetan; Houngduran source; Naththoung to

Paboga.

850 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [Nov. 5,

CypDALIMA CONCHYLALIS.

Margarodes conchylalis, Guén. Delt. et Pyral. p. 303, pl. 8. f. 9.

Hatsiega.

PacHYARCHES VERTUMNALIS.

Margarodes vertumnalis, Guén. Delt. et Pyral. p. 309.

Houngduran source ; Naththoung to Paboga.

PaCHYARCHES MARTHESIUSALIs.

Margaronia marthesiusalis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M.

Xvill. p. 531.

Houngduran source.

SisyYROPHORA PFEIFFER.

Sisyrophora pfeiffere, Lederer, Wien. ent. Monat. vii. p. 399,

pl. 13. f. 13.

Moulmein to Meetan; Houngduran source; Naththoung to

Paboga.

EuUGLYPHIS PROCOPIALIS.

Phalena procopialis, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 368. f. E.

Ahsown, 2000 feet.

Fam. Botyp.

Borys JOPASALIS.

Botys jopasalis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xviii. p. 652.

Houngduran source.

Borys CALDUSALIS.

Botys caldusalis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xviii. p. 650.

Naththoung to Paboga.

Borys VINACEALIs.

Botys vinacealis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 619.

Moulmein to Meetan; Houngduran source.

Borys UNITALIS.

Botys unitalis, Guén. Delt. et Pyral. p. 349.

Moulmein.

GEOMETRES.

Fam. URAPTERIDZ.

URAPTERYX PODALIRIATA.

Urapteryx podaliriata, Guén. Phal. i. p. 32 (1857).

Above Ahsown.

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 851

Fam. ENNomID&.

HyprryYTHRA LIMBOLARIA.

Hyperythra limbolaria, Guén. Phal.i. p. 101, pl. 3. f. 3, 4.

Ahsown.

HyYPeRYTHRA ANGULIFASCIA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 11.)

Male. Upperside purple-grey, traversed by short black strige; a

broad greenish-grey band crossing both wings, its outer border brown,

and angled before the costa and at the middle of hind wing ; inner

border curved; apex of fore wing with a brown and black patch,

and a blackish discal patch on hind wing below angle of the band.

Underside pale yellow traversed by several short brown strigz, crossed

by a narrow discal brown line, bordered outwardly with purple-

brown ; posterior angles of both wings greyish-white ; body beneath

and legs yellow.

Expanse 12 inch.

Moolai to Moolat, 4500 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

Omiza SCHISTACEA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 12.)

Male. Upperside vinous-grey: fore wing with two zigzag black

lines from the costa, terminating across end of the cell; a black

speckled spot below the cell: hind wing with a black wavy discal

line. Underside bright ochreous-yellow ; apex of fore wing purple;

antennee and palpi grey ; legs grey above, yellow beneath.

Expanse 13 inch.

Above Ahsown. In coll. J. Wood-Mason.

Fam. Fiponip.

CoryYMICA ARNEARIA.

Corymica arnearia, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xx. p. 231

(1860).

Ahsown.

TINOLEUS EBURNEIGUTTA.

Tinoleus eburneigutta, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. iii. p. 621.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

Fam. Patyap2.

EUMELEA ROSALIA.

Phalena rosalia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 368. f. F.

Above Ahsown.

Fam. Macarip&.

MACARIA NORA.

Macaria nora, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiii. p. 934.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

852 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [ Nov. 5,

Fam. ACIDALID&.

BITHIA EXCLUSA.

Bithia exclusa, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxii. p. 320.

Ahsown.

ACIDALIA ATTENTATA.

Acidalia attentata, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxii. p. 734

(1861).

Ahsown.

Fam. Micronip2.

Micronia GRAMMEARIA.

Micronia grammearia, Geyer, Hiibn. Zutr. p. 36, f. 761.

Hatsiega ; Taoo, 3000-5000 feet ; Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

MICRONIA ACULEATA.

Micronia aculeata, Guén. Phal. ii. p. 26, pl. 13. f. 8 (1857).

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet.

MicRONIA VAGATA.

Micronia vagata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 622, pl. 60.

f. 18.

Ahsown; above Ahsown ; Moolai, 3000-6090 feet.

Fam. ZERENID2.

Porera, n. gen.

Male. Fore wing somewhat trigonal; costa arched at base; apex

convex ; exterior margin oblique ; costal vein extending to near apex ;

subcostal vein four-branched, first and second branches before the end

of the cell, second bitid, fourth from the end of the cell; discocellulars

bent inward, radial from their middle; median vein three-branched ;

submedian extending to above posterior angle. Hind wing oval ;

costal vein extending to apex; subcostal vein two-branched from

the end of the cell; other veins as in fore wing. Body slender ;

antennz minutely pectinated ; palpi very small, slender; legs slender,

squamose.

PoTeRA MARGINATA, n. sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 9.)

Male. White; cilia black: fore wing with the costal and exterior

borders narrowly and irregularly black-bordered ; a very large black

spot also at the end of the cell, a smaller spot. on the disk beyond,

another near base of posterior margin, and a curved streak at the

posterior angle: hind wing with black marginal line and spots.

Body and legs yellow, spotted with black; antennee brown.

Expanse 12 inch.

Moolai, 3000-6000 feet. In coll. J. Wood-Magon.

— =

1878. } INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 853

Tabular List showing the Geographical Distribution of the Lepidoptera

of Tenasserim.

(Silhet, Khasias).

| Sikkim, Himalayas.

| Western Yunan.

| Siam.

alay Peninsula

or Penang.

cutta district).

| M

| Java.

| astern Bengal

S. India (W. Ghats).

Sumatra.

| Andamans.

| Lower Bengal (Cal-

| Ceylon.

| Upper Tenasserim.

| Pegu.

PAPILIONES.

Nymphalide.

DANAIN#.

Danais plexippus ...............:02+000+-

chrysippus ......... peeecneseneneue

—— melaneus .............000e000s piace

Ok OK OK

—— aglea............ ekvecsopessariobsesir

MUU HIIS ewee act cany gun oMpe wena

Septentrionis .......seceessesseeee

Salpinx rhadamanthus......... peonesas

PPASGHE NERS e 1 ecs'edccvaed- iis esleenges

—— MASONI, N. HP. «00... eee eeeeseeeees

—— Margarita ...........ceeceseeseeee

Trepsichrois midamus_ ...............

Crastia cupreipennis, n.sp. ......-..

Stictopleea grotei ...... ae ee ee

Euplea godartii

— aicathoé ..............

—— limborgii, n. sp. ......-.........6.

—— subdita, n. sp. ............seeeeee ee

*K KKK EHH HK KKK KK KK K

; . ar SED er neta

SaTyRINZ.

Lethe arcadia ...... Lecce Sere Reread alee

—— mekara ...... Bates een eee (bg ee

Sa FIAL tc ccivnpjes'vs ce coo ecdaeovnccsae eats ae

WBEHIEY 2. ccceseacdssnqoxsevs

eK OG

x KK HOKE

rm z

——— perseus ........00.. wef fee]

— blasius ......

—— anaxias ...

runeka ......

Oulapa mnasicles :

Yphthima methora ...................5. cal ee (eee a

— baldus .................. eeeinseden =A {PRE 9 allenic nsdless|<oa]eatle v6

Erites angularis, n. sp. ............... *

Elymnias tinctoria, n. sp. .......... .|*

—— VASUCOVA oe. eeeeeeseeeecseeeee eomeaeiecafe soul) 3 4

Dyctis leucocyma............-.. sees 5 Heel aera ial

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LVI. ‘ee 56

854 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS [ Nov. 5,

Tabular List (continued).

d| fe | @g 2

€| Pe elele] fs E

S| ja 8/eSlals| |a. co)

2|-\Gsl/eels15| |e :

s| |e elo lalp ad al =

a aa = gd 3 n I Ay o s oo ae rc)

| (SESS (E(Slcle™| ls llsie

BSE Sle2e|BlEla Seles leis

E\Sio Pla “IH ho sig “lals|sloym

DidiS © BES Blal|dla

NyMPHALINE.

Amathusia phidippus ...... “chedadsocns | * Bare ve % |e]...

Zeuxidia Masoni, N. SP. ...eeereeeeeeee| *

Discophora tullia...... 303 .000B80 relat * | %

DOM weseubais icsseeeneespieess Seb ee|t wee) |! ami o®

—— necho ......-e-seee enc: I... woe | elacelee * *

PARTON Ay LOA eee ss ieseescceneasae se pee line) | Ree eco |isstena tee lO

Clerome arcesilatis .........:..eseeenres 6, ball acs. ee Ae le as eae

Xanthotenia busiris ......... | HJeee] cee * *

Thaumantis louisa .......... eas .|*

Cirrochroa surya, ni. Sp. «++... | *

Messaras erymanthis ........c.ssceeese| ¥ || eee | % [oselee % *

Atella simb@ .....cecsrecscesceseeceesessns nal Relocate ia ick] oer hia?

Junonia laomedia........sscoccsscvsceess|* | %*| * | * [¥/H)...| # 1 | % |

—— lemonias ...........seeeeee ees ecGeee| Ki [oen| HR A eee | #| *

orithyia ...... Deceasiceketsestairsinas Pe -|% | *

ALIA ech iaesece sco oseesneas laa SF [ee caer | sees eal pet eae .| > |

Precis iphita ......... nccideticnibi ic Sec oe H [one] woes 13°21 Fe bse 1 LYS |e oeatesel Fe ae

Doleschallia pratipa......cscseseeseeeeee| [eee] eee | vee fovfee[eee] He Jeee[eee]

Kallima limborgii, n. sp....---.-..s0005| ¥

Oyrestis thyodamas ......0.-...sessee eee ¥|e..| x [*)#]... *

cocles . > Ae aie ie ae *

WISE Jeeves wedavasstseecues .| * |. * | %

Herona angustata,n.sp. . *

Penthema darlisa, n. sp... .|%*

Parthenos apicalis, n. sp. Al

Lebadea attenuata, n. sp. . | *

Neptis adara, n. Sp. ... sss. |

—— meetana, . 8p. +--+. .| *

—— jumba ......eseeeeee By) fe bance eee (eed Bed ere peat %| x

adipala . | * *

—— plagiosa, n. sp. | accel Wi

Adolias lepidea............ Pet aaa posres |. % |*|%].. = *

satropaces ....... Bei cose saceee|

Parvata, ND. SP.........-eeeseeneeeee *

— discispilota, n. sp. ......... ere *

{PRISER cae oocoehoddudnceeneeraae..ce * |. x |*

taoocana, 0. Sp....... eaeceesecsoenes *

Charaxes marmaX ...........-44+ Bete e bec}} coor |! ce

Warpak ..ce.,eeccosessceseecesee ven] H [awe Cale

——— APN, D. BPs coerseseseceseraccereess *

dlesa, N. BP. .....-+-.- _Aeb0 SOB * ;

samatha, 1. BP. sscereseeseecerees * :

Prothoo tranChitteecrscnccr<cconee+..: * |. * |%

LipytuZina. :

Taibythea miyrrhe, .!...s00ese-ceceossees| W'loe.| coe PSH [H [ecefese] 6 beeefoeefene *

1878. ] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM. 855

Tabular List (continued).

zie Ata a

#) 6 .| 3/8 | [2 g

oS Sere 81a 3 B=

@| |a-=| G4 /3) 5 ms oS

a| |e@S5/ay|8|5)] |. ee : :

8| |B3la sme! |8s g| |B

S| facies jel msl lslsl le

Se a 2 a :|.8

B| [85/55 /8/3| [eo] JS] 8l sis

SISIE Sie mlalalgiS als alse q

Be 5|2Cta| 8) sia SEE res

Plaid ff wea hlald|ols

Erycinide.

Zemeros flegyas ...........00c008 a eee |p * [el x *

Taxila fasciata, n. sp. Ree ood his

Abisara neophron .............seseeeee *|. H 1% | #

angulata, 1. BP. ......ceeeeeeeeees *

Lycenide.

Oastalius TOXUS.c:....2.0c00cevecseerenses DEER ar: | Gente tae’ */% x

Lampides alexis .......... etal [Maecae al vessel if ol Ged ica RCM [ace esd ocd A Ng

kandarpa .......... Hie] H | He foe * |e | *

—— M]LANUS.....ccscrcceceeersseceresenee| * [eee] % | * | *]. -| | |

Hypolyczena lisias .......0.........006- *

WV MAE OFAS tic ae- Joe. soncerce ne tases * |. % | %

Deudorix suffusa, n. sp. ..........0.08- *

Thamala miniata, n. sp. ........-....0- *

Woxura, abyYMNUS ..........ceeeerescecee- ¥|%| %

Amblypodia taooana, n. sp. ......... *

Narathura moolaiana, n. sp. ......... *

Arhopala nakula, ..............0s-s00¢-: *}. % |e

vihara ...... Scnbe hoaoce Bacane see * meh Neate cletahlt oh

Surendra quercetorum ............064| * [++ | * || % * | %

Thaduka multicaudata, n. sp.......... “211 taal |

Papilionide. |

PIERINA. |

Nychitonia xiphia ... eal eb sae pte ceed | ag be eT ED [9

Terias hecabe #) oe | * Le] e- % |e fee] %

Bh etaNA <.05s.000060. 0.000000 CRoSEE 1.2] Bel hae neat fod fe

—— formosa ....... op se acectivctnaaeses' * |. taal ies | Bec] od piece Hea foe *

sebaiiyesceaesseasess : * |. *

Hronia lutescens ................0000000 Derlsh| hscewlb aso eee [eae we] #

Callidryas catilla ................c.eeeees a ee eo ee a ee a

BEDCALO ere itech cle slerdacaucicsesys-oss Hl *| | we [HLH] He [HL HL]

Hebomoia glaucippe «| % * | %*|%|). SA nee eee i

Ixias citrina, n. sp. .........., | *

pallida, ns Sp. ...0.c...00.sseceeeee] #

— moulmeinensis, n. sp. ......... *

Catophaga neombo ..................44. FB. bees: | Seal * |. *

HULIW Biancsseeseessnesnsscesd-ca%s Belge | e0F * |. coe |

agela, n. sp.

Appias lea .............

TAMAR. “ho «cacscoeros * | *| *]. bot

— dapha, n. sp.

amba ..... nigdpangcooe ae

RICE NINE Dc cceccaun ace ce secretes. ellie |r ey

MBGRHE incosscsawascopeae |

56*

856 MR, F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS

Tabular List (continued).

Delias pasithoé ............4s-seeeeeee

indica. ...... eee don weicosistes Scetune

descombesi

Prioneris watsoni

——clemanthe ...... Pere cle shade wee.nets

PapmLioniIné.

Papilio telearchus ...........--..060++

Se HTH LN nga dhaodoeaneecadanaucene

—— MEGarus ......seceveees %.

ONPape, N. SP. ..2..--0e-

pammon .......0...

——aristolochie .....

— philoxenus .........,

doubledayi -........

helenus...

— alcmenor

— mahadeva, 0. 8p........-2..2.0000

—— androgeos...............

ZOICUCHIN Pectredtetact cece

SarPedOn 22... ce se0- ;

APAINEMINOM crscetcchas a teas+s6 446

— antiphates ........s.ccecesesseeeee

Leptocircus virescens ...... eeertateeree

Hesperide.

Ismene benjamini............6......s000

druna

Tagiades pralaya .......e0sses00.

—— meetana, 1. SP. ....seveeeee

Astictopterus diocles ................+-

subfasciatus, n. sp. .......

Pamphila bambuse ...............

masoni, 0. sp. .

mathias

Hesperia moolata, n. sp..............4.

Plesioneura aurivittata, n. sp. ......

albifascia, NW. SPs coecesscercecces--

Isoteinon subtestaceus, n. sp. .........

SPHINGES.

Macroglossa orientalis................45

= Tuiteatia: oes tevav dp acdesentcsosoose

x x x x x | Upper Tenasserim.

| Pegu.

mo] ee

Pes S

Leas

So | Wag

O05 BMY

Bela

Behe

a\e 4

Hela

o+v\jon

Beinn

6°? a

* *

eee *

* *

x * * | Sikkim, Himalayas.

* | Western Yunan.

| Siam.

alay Peninsula

or Penang.

| M

[Nov. 5,

[oo

a| |F

- —

€/8| ./3

2/8] |

a/Sis\els

oil ae A

EIEVEIBIR

=} 3

Inq jO ln

aH * | %

* %/¥|*

ey Le (a La *

* i.) ele]

% |...| *

* |. Nie

et ed oe ¥

set ler *

ios |

Kile .| *

1878.] INSECTS FROM UPPER TENASSERIM.

Tabular List (continued).

pis

BOMBYCES.

Syntomis grotei ...........ccesseeseeeee %, [ses

sladeni .......... muna emaeddas ssenm Ec a

HURUMBODT i) -ccancidstecneccun'sd -=ene] 36s om

Beee I IDEEA) sancise aVinsidnvite dese swoon dancin % |...

——— MASONI, 1. BP. ....cecsessseoeseeeee| ¥

—— disrupta, n. sp. ............c000 *

erINd as Ns. SP. s<c.csc-veccvessucess *

albifrons, D. Sp. ........-ss0ee+0.| ¥

Retina rubrivitta .......... Paeeqcnddenges % Joes

Histia papilionaria .............c00c00 Calis

Euschema militaris ................2006- %/...

CXCUMON; Ty BPs ..tccaveuconseddes *

aurilimbata, 1. Sp. .......eeeeeees *

—— horsfieldi ........5........:seceeeees * | %*

Nyctemera latistriga ...............66. *|%

Pitasila moolaica, n. sp. ...........066 ¥

Anagnia subfasciata.................0068 *|%

Peridrome orbicularis............... * |

Damalis plaginota .................506 ral ne

——— aleiphron .............00.ceseeneesee # |...

Hypsa subsimilis ...............:000se00s Cane

Neochera marmorea ...........6...5+. * | *

CHonistis entella ..............ceeeseeees *}...

Attatha regalis ...........0...cesssssceree *

Werina pasalis: ...3./3.2..-525.-Saaagty a * I...

PATON VALIBDS 5 cscecccccoesssosceet secve Co Bee

Dreata taooensis, 0. Sp. .........-0005 *

Trabala vishnu............. iste # Jee.

NOCTUES.

Potamophora manlia .................. eal

Nyetipao hieroglyphica ............... * |e.

CapTIMUlgus.......0.000secsereseees % [eo

Grepuscularis: .6.......c.c0e0..: 50 * |

Spiraea HElMCiHA,<z...ccasnc0sssseedeeees # |...

PALOMA AUPIITA ...0...2..saceccecaress # fee.

Entomogramma fautrix ............... ¥ |...

Fodina stola.............+ pedeante gt testes * |...

Calesia flabellifera, n. sp..............-5 *

gastropachoides .................- % [owe

PYRALES.

Zebronia plutusalis .................066 26

Glyphodes bivitralis .................. % |...

BEOUMIIS sau scncn athe <pg'eansn cee o0% #0.

Lower Bengal (Cal-

cutta district).

Kastern Bengal

eK KK

(Silhet, Khasias).

Sikkim, Himalayas.

| Western Yunan.

| Siam.

* *

* KK OK

aslewelone

alay Peninsula

or Penang.

lé|

Blglg}.8

é/SiSiSle

Pao ele

Qaisi/e;a;.,.

|n\4/O ja

.| *

*|...] %

#{...]...| # |

| ¥*

Nag * | *

Beales * | *

Seles va *

* |...) * || *

% |...] 4 | 9¢ |

5 eel Bee *

% |...) |

enfece] oe |

| *

oo |

sl |

crores

. | le

858 MR. F. MOORE ON LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. [Noy. 5,

Tabular List (continued.)

' a |S =

e) 6 Zle.| (3 g

= Waa S| 81a = 4g

oOo 3s a) =!

a ra.-2| 8/5 e a, o

3 ws Bt 8/5 A 80 4

= Bm | Ot TS Ib ag a =

oO Qs > as} os -|q mot

A] Mele sicle| as a\s3! Ja

x] |e Sl\eS/gi8 pA] (8/8) sig

oO x O/C LAS S13 :|/Sia}o

Be|ems\a|/8/S x\s =)

&/S8 S|e cm )siale S|ESIS BH

PIAA Ff Beas Sas|oa

[ach dE ie Se a a ee

Pachyarches vertummalis ............ =a Fer | ecm | Ronee Geel eee 6 | *

marthesiusalis................-.++- H Jace] | coe leeefove 26 *

Sisyrophora pfeifferze ...........-...6+- Hl...| eos | ene | ¥

Euglyphis procopialis ..............66++ ok | fil Mere ea wl Ae es [ema ere *

Botys jopasalis ............ceesereeeees [ace H | enweilvee|emol oes] oeelm|atelelateat ane ME

PALGUBANISM Wpceantetterne ts nesarle H fe ee] cow | osandlit

ViNaCeAlIS © oo 2c. esseseesenses 5000] face|| teen! |nasac| sec fewelan oftldeatl| se) esha

————= UNIAN, veceescececscerscceseecsess |e] *

GEOMETRES.

Urapteryx podaliriata ............... |...) * | ¥

Hyperythra limbolaria ............... ME [bse | es en | cease [e's b soveeayl pina Mere Paea| cet ie

— angulifascia, n. Sp. ...........666 *

Corymica arnearia ...............0008+- lecall cos J | [aetless| weal rset hace tie

Omiza schistacea, n. 8p. ......0e00e-+0 *

Tinoleus eburneigutta .............6605- HE |ecalh cco.) wwet{e |nsslwaal igen estate ie

Humelea rosalia .......00.s.cssesssereee SEVEN cee 9/598 [owa|aGaleec) lanes leas eneleeebsce *

Miacaria Ot yreen.cas: oc) cede -ianenn acme Kilenal| cos |’ He ailves|ooel's oe} temmaleel Uae ise Ne

BEST OXC MINA iar ela ens ches cevae ses sane Mesa |) 'ecay [owes [wee|eeelcoslp eeetalens eels

Acidalia attentata <.............2s0.006 ME [Esclb reser || oe> ||seeleos|ens |aemeadl reat per nel |e

Micronia grammearia ................+- [baci cae, |) Seo aE scetess|| omeel oe

——— ACERT .....00eereevecvonceveosees Hleee|) H [ees [ees [occ|sce|l aden | el een ie lite

VELADA wen ceddeeseasehaevenspessecss- 2 Oe | ac (ie cead ee Bod Fase [ime esth Gos) sit 22

Potera marginata, n. sp. .........++ *

EXPLANATION OF PLATES LI.-LIII.

Puate LI.

Fig. 1. Papilio mahadeva, n. sp., p. 840.

2. Euplea limborgii, n. sp., p. 823.

3. Zethera diademoides, n. sp., p. 824.

Puare LI.

Fig. 1. Tavila fasciata, n. sp., p. 832.

2. Adolias discispilota, n. sp., p. 831.

8, Adolias parvata, nu. sp., p. 831.

4. Catophaga lagela, n, sp., p. 888.

5. Pamphila masoni, n. sp., p. 842.

6. Thamala miniata, un. sp., p. 834.

7. Thaduka multicaudata, n. sp., p. 836.

8. Deudorix suffusa, n. sp., p. 834.

Prats LITT.

Tagiades meetana, n. sp., p. 842.

. Plesioneura aurivittata, n. sp., p. 843.

albifascia, n. sp., p. 843.

. Syntomis masoni Jd, u. sp., p. 845,

disrupta, n. sp., p. 845.

Fig.

Sup co bor

4 Ft eine GT

P 2Z.5.1878-PLLIV.

GBSowerby hth Hanhart imp.

NEW SHELLS.

1878.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW BIVALYE SHELLS. 859

Fig. 6. Syntomis albifrons, n. sp., p. 845.

7. Dreata taooensis, n. sp., p. 848.

8. Syntomis berinda, n. sp., p. 845.

9. Potera marginata, n. sp., p. 852.

10. Pitasila moolaica ¢,n. sp., p. 847.

11. Hyperythra angulifascia, n. sp., p. 851.

12. Omiza schistacea 3, n.sp., p. 891.

8. Descriptions of six Species of Bivalve Shells in the Collec-

tion of Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, F.L.S., and of a Helix

from the Solomon Islands. By Grorer Frencu Ane@as,

C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &c.

[Received September 19, 1878.]

(Plate LIV.)

SEMELE HANLEYI, un. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 1.)

Shell transversely ovate, subequilateral, solid, cream-coloured,

tinged with violet below the umbones, with narrow irregular de-

scending white rays towards the base, with several zigzag purplish

markings near the centre of the valves; sculptured all over with

narrow prominent close-set, somewhat flattened, transverse ridges,

which become rather sharp and irregular posteriorly and erectly

scabrous at the margin, whilst radiating from the umbones close to

the anterior dorsal margin are six close-set ribs, upon which the

transverse ridges become nodulous at the points of intersection ; um-

bones prominent, sharp, approximate ; posterior dorsal margin nearly

straight, anterior one very slightly incarved, ventral margin acute ;

dorsal area stained with deep purple; valves slightly gaping and

flexuous posteriorly ; interior of the valves yellow in the middle,

stained with rays of violet and rose-colour.

Long. 11, alt. 8, lat. 4 lines.

Hab. Japanese seas (Belcher). Collection of Hanley.

A very charming shell; the sculpture of the anterior portion re-

minding one of certain species of Psammobia.

SEMELE APHRODITE,n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 2.)

Shell orbicular, nearly equilateral, rather thin, white, with the

posterior half of the umbones tipped with rose-colour, from which

descend four or five irregular bundles of more or less narrow, faint

pink rays, which become a little deeper in colour at the lines of

growth and near the base; concentrically sculptured with narrow,

thread-like, somewhat distant lamella, the spaces between which are

crossed with exceedingly fine, close-set, regular hair-like*descending

strize ; umbones rather tumid, sharp, approximate ; dorsal margin

posteriorly very slightly arched, anteriorly a little incurved ; dorsal

area freckled with a few reddish spots; ventral margin strongly

arcuate.

Long. 7, alt. 6, lat. 3 lines.

860 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW BIVALVE SHELLS. [Nov. 5,

Hab. China seas? (Belcher). Coll. Hanley. :

An exquisitely sculptured species of great beauty, unique in the

collection of Mr. Hanley.

SEMELE ASPASIA, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 3.)

Shell orbicularly ovate, nearly equilateral, subequivalve, mode-

rately thin, yellowish white, concentrically very finely and regularly

sculptured with close-set erect frilled laminz, the interstices being

crossed by fine thread-like descending strize that correspond to the

undulations of the transverse frills; concentric ridges smooth and

more distant at the umbones; interior of the valves very faintly

tinged with flesh-colour.

Long. 123, alt. 10, lat. 6 lines.

Hab. ? In coll. Hanley.

This species differs from S. phryne in being thinner, more ovate,

and less tumid in form, and in the transverse sculpture consisting of

elegantly undulating frilled erect laminz, whilst the interstices

between the descending strie are not squares but narrow paral-

lelograms.

V SEMELE PHRYNE, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 4.)

Shell suborbicular, subequilateral, equivalve, somewhat tumid,

solid, white, very finely regularly concentrically sculptured with

close-set thread-like strize, the interstices of which are crossed

throughout by similar thread-like descending striz, giving the surface

of the valves a beautifully neat and regular reticulated appearance,

excepting at the umbones, where the concentric ridges are more

distant and the descending striz finer and nearly obsolete ; posterior

side very slightly truncate and sinuate below, with a nearly obsolete

flattened ridge extending upwards towards the umbo on the right

valve ; interior slightly tinged with flesh-colour towards the base.

Long. 15, alt. 14, lat. 8 lines.

Hab. ? In coll. Hanley.

A solid, white, somewhat tumid species, very regularly and finely

latticed throughout, the interstices taking the exact form of minute

squares.

LucINA CiTRINA, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 5.)

Shell quadrately orbicular, very inequilateral, equivalve, rather

thin, primrose-yellow, paler towards the base, concentrically sculp-

tured with very fine thread-like striee, that become more distant as

they approach the base; lunule very small, depressed; umbones

tumid ; beaks small, incurved ; anterior side produced and somewhat

flexuous above ; interior of valves crenate at the edge, pale yellow.

Long. 4, alt. 33, lat. 24 lines.

Hab. ? Coll. Hanley.

A small species, of a peculiar primrose-yellow colour.

Lucina ROSEA, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 6.)

Shell elongately orbicular, equivalve, inequilateral, a little tumid,

1878.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW MARINE SHELLS. 861

moderately solid, whitish tinged with pale rose-colour towards the

umbones ; encircled by close-set, subgranular, spreading, flattened

ridges, that become broader and closer towards the base; lunule

large, triangular, convex ; umbones tumid ; beaks small, pointed, in-

curved ; interior of valves pink, the edges crenate within.

Long. 8, alt. 8, lat. 5 lines.

Hab. Natal. In coll. Hanley.

In this pretty shell the sculpture of the valves approaches that of

L. pennsylvanica; and, as in that species, small fragments of grit

and shell are to be found lodging between the overlapping ridges.

HELIX BRENCHLEYI, un. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 7.)

Shell imperforate, depressedly trochiform, rather thin, obliquely,

irregularly, and obscurely striated, yellowish white, with two dark

chocolate bands, thickly crossed with white diaphanous zigzag

markings encircling the last whorl, the uppermost band the broadest ;

spire obtusely conical, apex white ; whorls 5, flatly convex, sutures

impressed, last whorl descending in front, base a little tumid ante-

riorly ; aperture oblique, subrhomboidal; peristome very slightly

thickened and expanded, and but little reflexed, the right margin

moderately sinuated; columellar margin somewhat flattened and

dilated, with a straight abrupt callus; the umbilical region and the

inner edge of the lip with the reflected portion brown, immediately

behind which is a band of pigment-like deposit of a brilliant orange-

colour.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 63 lines.

Hab. Ysabel Island; Solomon Group. Collected by the late Mr.

Brenchley.

A singular shell, having the orange colouring of H. doivini behind

the outer lip, but differing from that species in its other characters.

9. Descriptions of ten Species of Marine Shells from the

Province of South Australia. By Grzorcr FRrencu

Aneas, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &c.

[Received September 19, 1878.]

(Plate LIV.)

Mirra TATE!, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 8.)

Shell ovately fusiform, solid, shining, ochraceous, with a broad

deep-chocolate-coloured band next below the sutures, and a second

similar band towards the lower part of the last whorl; whorls 53,

stoutly and distantly longitudinally ribbed, the ribs becoming

obsolete towards the base of the last whorl, which is encircled by three

or four transverse ridges ; aperture narrowly ovate ; outer Jip simple ;

columella 4-plaited.

Long. 33, lat. 14 lines.

862 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW MARINE SHELLS. __[ Nov. 5,

Hab. Living, in two fathoms water, Surveyor’s Point ; among

shell-sand, Holdfast and Aldinga Bays and Salt Creek.

PARTHENIA GRACILIS, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 9.)

Shell elongately turreted, moderately thin, white, regularly longi-

tudinally ribbed, the interstices crossed with very fine hair-like striz ;

whorls 73, slightly convex, contracted above and below the sutures ;

sutures strongly impressed; aperture quadrately ovate; outer lip

subarcuate, slightly angled above ; inner lip with a single sharp tooth

about the middle of the columella.

Alt. 24, diam. 3 line.

Hab. Shell-sand, Glenelg, St. Vincent’s Gulf.

CycLosTREeMA TATEI, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 10.)

Shell widely and deeply umbilicated, orbicular, depressedly turbinate,

moderately thin, under the lens very finely transversely striated,

shining pearly white; whorls 4, rounded, flattened and slightly

excavated next below the suture, with one, or sometimes two, narrow

thread-like keels at the upper part, and strongly keeled round the

umbilical region ; sutures distinct ; apex rounded, obtuse ; aperture

subcircular ; lip simple.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 1, alt. 2 line.

Hab. Shell-sand, Holdfast Bay ; found alive in the estuary of

the Sturt.

The above is the normal condition of the species ; but examples

occur which are thinner and have a greater number of keels, some-

times as many as seven or eight. At first I was inclined to regard

the many-keeled variety as specifically distinct ; but on the exami-

nation of a large series by Professor Tate, he assures me that the

number of keels varies so greatly that it would be impossible to

separate them. The thin hyaline examples with many keels are

probably younger shells.

BuccINULUS INTERMEDIUs, n.sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 11.)

Shell elongately ovate, solid, shining, white, painted with two bands

of irregular descending brown flames and spots; spire acuminate,

pointed at the apex, the same length as the aperture; whorls 6,

encircled by numerous grooved and finely punctured strie, that

become obsolete on the centre of the last whorl; sutures strongly

impressed ; outer lip simple, thin, non-arcuate ; columella with a

strong bilobed fold near the base, and a smaller projecting plate

above it; inner lip with a broad spreading callus.

Long. 43, lat. 13 line.

Hab. Aldinga Bay.

This, the only species of Buccinulus as yet discovered in South

Australia, is allied to B. afinis, A. Ad., from New South Wales,

from which it differs somewhat in form, and also in the style of

coloration.

NACELLA PARVA, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 12.)

Shell depressedly conical, cap-shaped, semipellucid, nearly smooth,

1878.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW MARINE SHELLS. 863

or with very fine concentric lines of growth, pale horn-colour, with

a single row of pale blue spots and crescent-shaped opaque markings

extending from the apex centrally, more or less along the outer are

of the shell; apex anterior, recurved, submarginal ; aperture nar-

rowly ovate, margin simple, entire ; interior pearly white, shining.

Diam. maj. 3, min. 13, alt. 1 line.

Hab. Holdfast Bay and Aldinga Bays; parasitic on seaweed.

MYSELLA DONACIFORMIS, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 13.)

Shell quadrately cuneate, moderately solid, equivalve, very inequi-

lateral, subventricose, compressed towards the base, white, shining,

finely concentrically ridged ; dorsal margin slightly arcuate posteriorly,

short and abruptly descending anteriorly ; ventral margin a little

convex ; umbones somewhat tumid; beaks distinct, incurved,

approximate.

Long. 3, alt. 2, lat. 1 line.

Hab. Holdfast and Aldinga Bays, St. Vincent’s Gulf.

In the ‘Proceedings’ of this Society for 1877, page 176, I

gave the diagnosis of the genus Mysel/a, for the reception of a

small bivalve from Port Jackson, which I described as Mysella

anomala. I have subsequently received from Professor Tate one or

two examples of the same species from South Australia, together

with a second form of the genus, of a more cuneate shape than the

type, now described above as M donaciformis.

LEPTON AUSTRALIS, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 14.)

Shell quadrately orbicular, compressed, equivalve, nearly equi-

lateral, thin, very slightly gaping at the sides, white, very finely

concentrically striated ; dorsal margin arched, ventral margin nearly

straight ; beaks small, produced and acute.

Long. 4, alt. 3, lat. 3 line.

Hab. Glenelg, and Port Creek.

Belonging to the typical form of the genus, with the surface of

the valves finely striated but not shagreened.

Lucina (CopaxktA) TATEI, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 15.)

Shell quadrately ovate, subventricose, moderately solid, subequi-

lateral, white, concentrically ridged, the ridges closer near the

umbones, and more distant towards the base, and crossed on both

sides with radiating ribs, that become slightly nodulous at the inter-

sections ; dorsal margin deeply excavated in front, nearly straight

and rapidly descending behind; ventral margin arcuate, rounded in

front, forming an obtuse angle where it joins the dorsal excavation ;

umbones very acute, incurved and approximate.

Long. 4, alt. 3, lat. 1? lines.

Hab. East side of St. Vincent’s Gulf, and Cape Northumberland.

This little species is quite distinct from Z. guadrata, Angas

(P. Z.S. 1877, p. 176), from Port Jackson, although of a somewhat

similar form.

864 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [Nov. 5,

Nucuta micans, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 16.)

Shell minute, obliquely and triangularly ovate, subventricose,

very inequilateral, moderately solid, white, shining, very finely con-

centrically striated, the strize occasionally running into each other ;

dorsal margin somewhat arched posteriorly, short and descending in

front ; ventral margin moderately arcuate ; umbones tumid, smooth,

pearly, and approximate.

Long. 1, alt. 2, lat. $ line.

Hab. Shell-sand, Salt Creek; Glenelg, St. Vincent’s Gulf.

Somewhat ailied to Nucula pusilla, Ang. (P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 177),

from Port Jackson, but possessing a different style of sculpture.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Fig. 1. Semele hanleyi, p. 859. Fig. 9. Parthenia gracilis, p. 862.

2. aphrodite, p. 859. 10. Cyelostrema tatet, p. 862.

3 aspasia, p. 860. 11. Buccinulus intermedius, p. 862.

4, phryne, p. 860. 12. Nacella parva, p. 862.

6. Lucina citrina, p. 860. 13. Mysella donaciformis, p. 863.

6. rosea, p. 860. 14. Lepton australis, p. 863.

7. Helix brenchleyi, p. 861. 15. Lucina (Codakia) tatet, p. 863.

8. Mitra tatei, p. 861. 16. Nucula micans, p. 864.

10. A List of additional Species of Marine Mollusca to be in-

cluded in the Fauna of the Province of South Australia ;

with Notes on their Habitats and Local Distribution.

By Grorcr Frencu Aneas, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &c.

[Received September 19, 1878.]

In the year 1865 I published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society

a list of all the species of marine Mollusks that had been met with on

the shores of the Province of South Australia up to that date, num-

bering about 231 Gasteropods and 97 Conchifera. Since that period

other species have come to light, several of them hitherto only known

as inhabiting the New-South-Wales and Tasmanian seaboards ; whilst

others have proved to be new to science, and have been described by

me recently. I am indebted to Professor Ralph Tate and Mr. W.

T. Bednall, of Adelaide, for several interesting additions to my list—

which includes 54 Gasteropoda, and 21 Conchifera, &c., hitherto

unrecorded as occurring in South Australia, thus making a grand

total of 403 species.

GASTEROPODA.

1, Murex ANGASI.

Typhis angasi, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 86, pl. 1. fig. 2,

Port Lincoln (Bednall/).

2. Triton (EPIpROMUS) BEDNALLI.

Triton bednalli, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1875, p. 6.

Guichen Bay (Bednal?).

1878. } MARINE MOLLUSCA OF AUSTRALIA. 865

3. CoMINELLA LACTEUM.

Buccinum lacteum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 14. fig. 117.

Port Elliot and Port Wallaroo (Stansbury).

4, NASSA JACKSONIANA.

Buccinum jacksonianum, Kiener, Mon. Buce. pl. 19. fig. 73.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (Bednall) ; also Port Jackson.

5. NASSA INTERMEDIA.

Nassa intermedia, Dunker, ‘ Novara’ Exp. Moll. tab. 1. fig. 2.

Port Lincoln (Bedna/l) ; also Port Jackson.

6. AMALDA MARGINATA.

Ancillaria marginata, Lam., Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 3. fig. 8.

Port Lincoln; South Coast (Bednall). Also Tasmania and New

South Wales.

7. MELO MILTONIs.

Melo piltonis, Gray, Grif. An. King. (1833).

Fowler’s Bay, to the westward of Port Lincoln.

8. Mirra PICA.

Mitra pica, Reeve, P. Z.S. 1845 ; Conch. Icon. pl. 31. fig. 247.

Port Elliot ; Kangaroo Island (Bednall).

9. MiTRA LINCOLNENSIS.

Mitra lincolnensis, Angas, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 313, pl. 18. figs.

10, 11.

Port Lincoln, Semaphore Beach ; and Salt Creek.

10. Mirra SCHOMBURGKI.

Mitra schomburgki, Angas, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 313, pl. 18. figs.

12, 13.

St. Vincent’s Gulf.

11. Mrrra TATEI.

Mitra tatei, Angas, P. Z.S. 1878, pl. 54. fig. 8.

Found alive in two fathoms of water, Surveyor’s Point; among

shell-sand, Holdfast and Aldinga Bays, and Salt Creek (Tate).

For Columella dermestoides, Kien. (No. 65 in my first list), read

C. lineolata, Pease. Port Lincoln and Port Elliot.

For Columella interrupta, Angas (specific name preoccupied),

read C. angasi, Brazier. York’s Peninsula.

12. MARGINELLA VOLUTIFORMIS.

Marginella volutiformis, Sow. Thes. Conch.

Macdonnell Bay (Tate).

866 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [ Nov. 5,

13. MARGINELLA TURBINATA.

Marginella turbinata, Sow. Thes. Conch.

Macdonnell Bay ; also New S. Wales.

14. CryprosPIRA CYMBALUM.

Cryptospira cymbalum, Tate, Proc. Adelaide Phil. Soc. 1878.

Aldinga. Like C. ovulum, with eight plaits on the pillar.

15. HyaLiIna ALBIDA.

Hyalina albida, Tate, Proc. Adelaide Phil. Soc. 1878.

Marino. Very narrow and white.

16. Erato BIMACULATA.

Erato bimaculata, Tate, Proc. Adelaide Phil. Soc. 1878.

Minute, yellowish white, with a red spot at each end of aperture.

17. NATICA MAROCHIENSIS.

Natica marochiensis, Lam., Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 13. fig. 52.

Very small specimens, living in St. Vincent’s Gulf. Subfossil in

the Port-Adelaide-Creek limestone (Tate). -

18. SCALA FRIABILIS.

Scalaria friabilis, Sow., Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 7. fig. 52.

Port Lincoln ; also Swan River.

19. Scata (OPALIA) AUSTRALIS.

Scalaria australis, Lam., Sow. Thesaurus, pl. 35. fig. 135.

Aldinga Bay (Bednall); also New S. Wales.

20. TEREBRA BRAZIERI.

Terebra brazieri, Angas, P. Z. S. 1871, pl. 1. fig. 15.

Port Elliot (Bednall); Brisbane Water, New S. Wales.

21. TeEREBRA USTULATA.

Terebra ustulata, Desh. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 294.

Fowler’s Bay ; Port Elliot (Stansbury). Also Tasmania.

22. OBELISCUS BRUNNEA.

Obeliscus brunnea, A. Ad., Sow. Thesaurus, pl. 171. fig. 35.

Syrnola brunnea, A. Ad. P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 233.

Port Lincoln.

23. SYRNOLA TINCTA.

Syrnola tincta, Angas, P. Z. 8. 187], pl. 1. fig. 11. °

St. Vincent’s Gulf; also Port Jackson.

24. ODOSTOMIA EBURNEA.

Odostomia eburnea, Metcalfe, M.S. in Brit. Mus.

Holdfast Bay (Tate).

A very small, ovate, ivory-white species.

1878. ] MARINE MOLLUSCA OF AUSTRALIA. 867

25. PARTHENIA GRACILIS.

Parthenia gracilis, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1878, pl. 54. fig. 9.

Shell-sand, Holdfast Bay (Tate).

26. TURBONILLA ACICULARIS.

Turbonilla acicularis, A. Adams.

St. Vincent’s Gulf (Tate).

27. TuRBONILLA FUSCA.

Turbonilla fusca, A. Adams.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays; Port Lincoln (Tate).

28. TuRBONILLA HOFMANI.

Turbonilla hofmani, Angas, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 183.

-T. nitida, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 112 (name preoccupied by A.

Adams: T.. nitida, from Japan, Ann. Nat. Hist., vi. p. 419 (1860).

T. angasi, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, Mar. 13,

1877.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (Tate) ; also Port Jackson.

29. TRIVIA AUSTRALIS.

Cyprea australis, Lam.; Sow. Conch. Illus. fig. 29.

Fowler’s Bay ; Cape Northumberland (Tate and Bednall). Also

New-South-Wales coast.

30. DiaALA IMBRICATA.

Diala imbricata, A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1862.

Shell-saud, Glenelg and Aldinga Bay (Tate).

31. Dia VARIA.

Diala varia, A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1861.

Between tide-marks, under stones, Aldinga Bay (Tate).

32. D1aua PICTA.

Diala picta, A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 1861.

St. Vincent’s Gulf; and Wallaroo, Spencer’s Gulf (Tate).

33. RIsSOINA NIVEA.

Rissoina nivea, A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 265.

Port Lincoln.

34. TROCHITA CALYPTREFORMIS.

Trochus calyptreformis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vii. p. 627.

Crepidula tomentosa, Quoy et Gaim.

On Pinne, Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (Bednall). Also NewS.

Wales.

35. TRIPHORIS SCITULUS.

T. scitulus, A. Adams.

St. Vincent’s Gulf ( Bednall).

868 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON THE [Nov. 5,

36. AMATHINA TRICARINATA.

Amathina tricarinata, Gray, Woodward’s Manual, pl. 11. fig. 19.

Found dead on the beach at Port Lincoln.

37. CyCLOSTREMA TATEI.

Cyclostrema tatei, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, pl. 54. fig. 10.

Shell-sand, Holdfast Bay ; alive in the estuary of the Sturt ee

38. ScHISMOPE ATKINSONI.

Scissurella atkinsoni, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,

1876.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (Tate).

39. FisSURELLIDHA SCUTELLA.

Fissurella scutella, Gray, Brit.-Mus. Cat. (Fissurella), No. 42;

Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 9. fig. 207 (Trapezina).

Guichen and Holdfast Bays (Bednall). Also Tasmania, New South

Wales, and Cape of Good Hope.

40. MAcROSCHISMA TASMANLE.

M. tasmania, Gray.

South-east coast (Bednall); Tasmania (JT. Woods).

Emarginula tasmaniez, Sow., and E. tenuicostata, Sow., are re-

garded, and, I believe, rightly, by Rev. Tenison-Woods as varieties

of EZ. rugosa of Quoy and Gaimard.

41. EMARGINULA DILECTA.

E. dilecta, A. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1851.

St. Vincent and Spencer’s Gulfs.

42. NacELLA PARVA.

Nacella parva, Angas, P. Z.S. 1878, pl. 54. fig. 12.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays, parasitic on seaweed (Tate).

43. DENTALIUM OCTAGONUM?

D. octagonum, Lam.

Henley Beach.

44. CaDULUS ACUMINATUS?

C. acuminatus, Desh., M.S. in coll. Cuming.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (Tate); also Port Jackson.

45. LEPIDOPLEURUS ANTIQUUS,.

L. antiquus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 25. fig. 169.

Aldinga Bay, and Marina (Bednall); also Port Jackson.

46. CHITON SICULOIDES.

Chiton siculoides, Carpenter.

Port Lincoln (Bednall).

1878. ] MARINE MOLLUSCA OF AUSTRALIA. 869

47. BucctNuLUs INTERMEDIUS.

B. intermedius, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 869, pl. 54. fig. 11.

Aldinga Bay (Tate).

48. TorNATINA FUSIFORMIS.

T. fusiformis, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 121. fig. 37.

Glenelg Beach (Bednall); also Port Jackson and Port Stephen,

New S. Wales.

49. VoLVULA ROSTRATA.

V. rostrata, A. Adams, Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 125. fig. 154.

Holdfast Bay (Tate).

50. CyLICHNA PYGMZA.

C. pygmea, A, Adams, Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 125. fig. 150.

Holdfast Bay (Tate).

51. ATYS EXIGUA.

Atys exigua, A. Adams, Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 125. fig. 129.

Holdfast Bay (Taée).

52. ALEXIA MERIDIONALIS.

A. meridionalis, Brazier, M.S.

Port-Adelaide Creek (Bednal/).

53. MARINULA XANTHOSTOMA.

M. xanthostoma, H. & A. Adams, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 35.

York’s Peninsula, Aldinga, &c. (Bednall),

54. SIPHONARIA ALBIDA, >)

if.

Stphonaria albida, Angas, P. Z. 8S. 1878, p.869, pl. 18. figs. 14, 15.

Port Lincoln.

CONCHIFERA.

55. HuMPHREYIA STRANGEI.

Aspergillum strangei, A. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 91, pl. 15. fig. 5.

St. Vincent’s Gulf (Bednall). Also Port Jackson, New S. Wales

(Angas); Tasmania (7. Woods).

56. GASTROCHANA TASMANICA.

G. tasmanica, Tenison- Woods.

Burrowing in limestone forming the bed of Port-Adelaide Creek ;

also on Chame; and in the incrusted growth of Pinna, St. Vincent’s

Gulf (Tate).

57. CORBULA NASUTA.

Corbula nasuta, Sow. P. Z.S. 1833, p. 35.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (Tate); also New S. Wales.

‘Proc. Zoo. Soc.— 1878, No. LVII. 57

870 ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF AUSTRALIA. [Nov.5,

58. Donax soRDIDUS.

D. sordida, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 4. fig. 32.

Port Lincoln.

59. MySELLA ANOMALA.

Mysella anomala, Angas, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 176, pl. 26. fig. 22.

Holdfast and Aldinga Bays (Tate); also Port Jackson, New S.

Wales.

60. MysELLA DONACIFORMIS.

Mysella donaciformis, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 863, pl. 54. fig. 13.

St. Vincent’s Gulf (Tate).

61. Tapes FLABAGELLA.

Tapes flabagella, Desh., Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 13. fig. 66,

Aldinga and Holdfast Bays (Tate); also New South Wales.

62. Carone (Marcia) L&VIGATA.

Venus levigata, Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 159. figs. 156-8.

Port-Adelaide Creek (Bednall). New S. Wales, Victoria, and

Tasmania. :

63. TIvELA UNDULOSA.

Venus undulosa, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 370.

Venus variabilis, Sow. Thes. Conch. Venus, pl. 158. figs. 142-6.

Semaphore Beach, Guichen Bay, and Port Lincoln (Bednald).

64. CARDIUM PULCHELLUM.

C. pulchellum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 8. fig. 42.

Dredged in St. Vincent’s Gulf (Tate); also Port J ackson and Tas-

mania. (Very small specimens.)

65. Lucina TATE.

Lucina (Codakia) tatei, Angas, P, Z. 8. 1878, p. 863, pl. 54. fig. 15.

East side of St. Vincent’s Gulf, and Cape Northumberland (Ta¢e).

66. LorIPEs OvUM.

Lucina ovum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 5. fig. 21.

Holdfast Bay and Salt Creek (Zate); also Botany Bay, New 8.

Wales.

67. LASEA AUSTRALIS.

Poronia australis, Souv. Journ. de Conch, 1863, pl. 12. fig. 8.

Under stones, Aldinga and Holdfast Bays, Cape Northumberland,

and Wallaroo. Common in Tasmania, and also in New S. Wales.

68. LEPTON AUSTRALIS.

Lepton australis, Angas, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 863, pl. 54. fig. 14,

Glenelg and Port Creek (Tate).

1878. ] MR. G. E. DOBSON ON MYXOPODA AURITA. 871

69. CRENELLA BARBATA.

Modiolaria barbata, Angas, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 911, pl. 44. fig. 12.

St. Vincent’s Gulf &c.; also Botany Bay, New S. Wales.

70. TRIGONIA MARGARITACEA.

Trigonia margaritacea, Lam., Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 1. fig. 3.

Port Lincoln; dead valves washed upon Semaphore Beach (Bednal/).

Also Tasmania.

71. PecrUNCULUS LATICOSTATUS.

P. laticostatus, Quoy et Gain. Voy. de l’Astrol.; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. pl. 2. fig. 8 a, 8.

Cape Jervis; and Hallet’s Cove, St. Vincent’s Gulf (Tate); Badger

Island, Bass’s Straits (Tate). New Zealand.

72. Limopsis MACGILLIVRAYI.

Limopsis macgillivrayi, A. Ad. in Coll. Cuming.

Guichen Bay (Bednall). Semifossil at McDonnell Bay (Tate).

73. NUCULA MICANS.

Nucula micans, Angas, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 864, pl. 54. fig. 16.

Shell-sand, St. Vincent’s Gulf (Tate).

74. Puacunanomia (Monta) Ione.

Placunanomia ione, Gray, P. Z.S. 1849, p. 123.

Henley Beach ; Marino (Bednall). Common in New South Wales.

75. KRAUSSIA LAMARCKIANA.

Kraussia lamarckiana, Davidson, P.Z.S. 1852, p. 80, pl. 14.

figs. 22, 23.

St. Vincent’s Gulf (Tate). Common in N. S. Wales and Tasmania,

also New Zealand.

11. Notes on Myxopoda aurita, Miln.-Edw.

By G. E. Doxsson, M.A., M.B., &c.

[Received October 21, 1878.]

Among the many valuable specimens lately added to the collection

of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris, perhaps the most

remarkable is that of a very peculiar species of Bat from Madagascar,

described by M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards’ under the appropriate

name of Myzopoda’* aurita.

During a short visit to Paris last month I was enabled, through

the kindness of M. Milne-Edwards, to examine the type of this most

interesting species, of which the following is a description.

1 In Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris, June 22, 1878.

2 uwvEa, mucus; zrods, pes.

57*

872 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON Myxopopa auriTA. __[Noy. 5,

Crown of the head but slightly raised above the face-line ; muzzle

obliquely truncated, in general form closely resembling that of the

species of the genus Chilonycteris; for the nostrils open widely

apart by similar circular sharply defined margins, and the lower lip

is also papillate and reflected outwards, though not so broadly, and

it has not a thin free margin; the obtuse extremity of the rather

long muzzle projects in front considerably beyond the lower lip.

Ears very large, much longer than the head, in general outline like

those of Vespertilio murinus; but the inner margin commences in a

small lobe projecting downwards ; in the usual position of the tragus,

or slightly in front of it, there is an irregularly square lobe con-

tinuous above with the keel of the ear-conch; opposite this, on the

outer side of the concave surface of the conch, is a mushroom-shaped

process consisting of a short stalk supporting a broad flat reniform

expansion; the outer margin of the conch terminates near the angle

of the mouth.

Thumb with an ill-developed claw; but the whole of the inferior

surface of its metacarpal and phalangeal bones supports a large flat

horseshoe-shaped pad, more than 0':2 inch in diameter, of which

the circular margin is directed forwards and slightly notched in

front; this pad, though considerably larger*than that occupying

the same position in Thyroptera tricolor, does not form nearly so

perfect a clinging-organ as in that species; for it is quite sessile,

without a trace of a peduncle, and its surface is flat, like the thumb-

pad of Vesperugo pachypus, with which it is evidently homologous.

The feet have also adhesive pads; but, while resembling closely

those of the thumbs in structure and external form, they differ in

being much smaller, and so agree rather with those of Thyroptera

tricolor than with Vesperugo pachypus.

The metacarpal bone of the index finger is well developed, being

nearly as long as that of the third finger, but there are no distinct

phalanges; the third finger has ¢iree phalanges, of which the first

and second are nearly equal in length.

The tail projects beyond the posterior margin of the interfemoral

membrane as in Thyroptera tricolor, but to a much greater extent,

the free portion being nearly equal to the tibia in length; the

calcanea are almost as long as the tibiee; the very narrow post-

calcaneal lobe is notched or toothed near the foot.

As in Thyroptera tricolor, the toes are united as far as the base of

the claws, and have each two phalanges, and the wing-membrane

extends almost to the base of the claws.

aA 2-2)) Jal 33 3—3

Dentition.—Inc. —}, c. > pm. x= M. 5.

Upper incisors short, in pairs, placed close to the canines; the

outer incisor, on each side, small, conical, and acutely pointed, but

much larger than the inner one, which lies close to it and is hardly

visible without the aid of a lens; lower incisors short and blunt, in

the direction of the jaws; first and second upper premolars very

short, the third exceeding the molars in vertical extent; second

lower premolar minute, in the tooth-row, the first premolar slightly

1878. ] ON A COLLECTION OF CHIROPTERA. 873

smaller than the third; molars acutely tubercular, with W-shaped

cusps.

Length (of the type specimen, an adult male), head and body

2-3; tail 1-9, tail free from membrane 0’"6; head 0'°85; ear

1"°3, tragus 0°25; forearm 1°85; thumb 0:3; third finger—

metacarp. 1'°5, lst ph. 0'*7, 2nd ph. 0'°75, 3rd ph. 0°55; fifth

finger—metacarp. 1"°5, Ist ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph. 0'°5; tibia 0'*7;

calcaneum 06; foot 0'°3.

Certain peculiarities in the structure of this very remarkable

species recall similar peculiarities in Thyroptera tricolor, and have

evidently resulted from adaptation to the same purpose. Thus in

these two species alone are the toes united to the base of the claws, and

in them alone, among all known species of Bats (except the Phyllo-

rhinine), have the toes an equal number of phalanges ; they also, in

the possession of a third phalanx in the middle finger, differ from

all the species of Vespertilionide, and from those of the allied

families. This species, however, differs remarkably from Thyroptera

tricolor in the structure of the adhesive disks, in the presence of a

well developed metacarpal bone of the second finger, in the form of

the head and ears, and in dentition, and must undoubtedly be con-

sidered the type of a distinct genus of Vespertilionide.

As remarked above, the adhesive pads are evidently less perfect as

clinging-organs than the corresponding parts in Thyroptera tricolor,

and occupy, in this respect, an intermediate position between those

of that species and of Vesperugo pachypus.

It is probable that this species (in common with the few other

species of Bats provided with such accessory clinging-organs) uses

the adhesive pads in sustaining its hold on the smooth hard stems

and leaves of palms and of other hard-wooded trees'.

12. Notes on recent Additions to the Collection of Chiroptera

in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris, with

Descriptions of New and Rare Species. By G. E.

Dosson, M.A., M.B., &e.

[Received October 28, 1878. ]

Through the kindness of M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards I have

lately been permitted to examine and describe the valuable additions

to the collection of Chiroptera in the Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,

made by various collectors since my last visit to Paris in 1876.

The collections, from which the specimens which form the sub-

ject matter of this paper were derived, were made chiefly in the

islands of New Guinea and New Caledonia, in Siam, in Africa and

Madagascar, and in Central America. The species may therefore

1 See my ‘Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the Collection of the British

Museum,’ p. 444; also ‘ Nature,’ yol. xviii. p. 589.

874 MR.G.E. DOBSON ON RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE (Nov. 5;

be conveniently arranged for description and remarks under the heads

of the four zoological regions thus represented.

1. Australian Region.

PTEROPUS GERMAINI, N. Sp.

Ears shorter than the muzzle, concealed by the long fur of the

head, triangular, obtusely pointed, thinly clothed throughout with

soft hairs. Fur long and woolly, like that of Pt. aneiteanus ; on the

back long like that of the head, directed backwards. Humerus

and forearm rather thinly covered with straight fur, like that of the

back. The legs are clothed with long fur which extends to the backs

of the feet; the margin of the wing membrane above, almost as far

outwards as the extremity of the fifth finger, is clothed with straight

appressed hairs; the posterior margin of the narrow interfemoral

membrane is quite concealed.

Face in front of and immediately above the eyes light greyish

brown; head and the whole inferior surface of the body dark

blackish brown, interspersed with several shining greyish hairs, the

shoulders and back darker, the rump and legs greyer; upper surface

of the neck and shoulders pale yellow, with reddish extremities.

Teeth simple, like those of Pt. medius ; the first upper premolar

small, scarcely raised above the level of the gum, and occupying the

centre of the small space between the canine and second premolar ;

last upper molar slightly larger than the first lower premolar, and

about the size of the last lower molar.

Length (of a not quite adult 9), head and body about 6";

head 2"-3; ear 0-8; forearm 4-7; thumb 2/3; third finger—

metacarp. 3", Ist ph. 2'"5, 2nd ph. 3! 5; fifth finger—metacarp.

3", Ist ph. 1/5, 2nd ph. 1-35; tibia 2/2; foot 1!'*7.

Hab. New Caledonia.

This species resembles externally, to some extent, Pé. aneiteanus ;

but the very different form of the teeth at once distinguishes it. From

Pt. vetulus, inhabiting the same islands, it is distinguished by the

completely different colour of the fur, as well as by the absence of

transverse basal ridges in the molars and premolars.

The food of this species appears to consist, in part at least, of

figs, as I found portions of these fruits in the mouth of the typical

specimen. ‘

At the request of M. Milne-Edwards, who pointed out to me this

new species, I have much pleasure in connecting with it the name of

its discoverer, M. Germain.

PTEROPUS VETULUS, Jouan.

Besides the type, the Museum possesses several specimens of this

species, both male and female, from New Caledonia. These all more

or less resemble the type specimen in the colour and distribution of

the fur; and the few differences observable are unimportant.

Hab. New Caledonia ; Loyalty Isles,

1878.] CHIROPTERA IN THE MUS. D’HIST. NAT. PARIS. 875

Preropus KERAUDRENI, Quoy & Gaimard.

The specimens in the collection from New Caledonia have the

face, back, and inferior surface of the body of a much darker colour

than is usually observed in specimens of this species from other loca-

lities, and they agree in this respect closely with the types of Ptero-

pus vanicorensis, Q. & G., which, as I have indicated in my ‘ Cata-

logue of the Chiroptera,’ is evidently a variety only of Pt. kerau-

dreni.

Hab. New Caledonia, and most other islands of the Polynesian

subregion. (See my ‘ Catalogue of Chiroptera,’ p. 64.)

Preropus HYPOMELANUS, Temminck.

Several specimens of this species were obtained by M. Laglaize

at Amberbaki, New Guinea.

CYNOPTERUS SCHERZERI (Fitzinger).

Several specimens of this species, labelled “ N. Guinée, M. La-

glaize.” With the exception of that very aberrant form Cynopterus

latidens, described by me from a specimen from Morty Island, this

is the first instance of any species of this genus extending beyond

the Oriental region. It is strange that this species should extend

from the Nicobar Islands to New Guinea ; and it is just possible

that some mistake may have been made by the collector when label-

ling the specimens.

Harpyia CEPHALOTEs, Pallas.

An adult specimen from New Guinea, collected by M. Raffray.

This is the first example of this species obtained in the above-named

locality. ;

CEPHALOTES MINOR, n. sp.

Not half the size of adult specimens of C. peroni, but closely re-

sembling that species in general structure. The wing-membrane is

similarly attached only to the central line of the back along the spine,

and is also naked from the shoulders backwards; the head and

muzzle are of the same shape as in the larger species; but the ears

are less pointed.

e feet are much smaller than in very young specimens of CO. pe-

vroni; and the wing-membrane is attached to the outer toe, not to the

space between the toes as in that species ; it also extends further out-

wards, terminating opposite the second joint of the next toe.

The teeth are also slightly different : the upper incisors are wider

apart; the second upper premolar has not the prominent antero-in-

ternal basal cusp observed in C. peront; and the first lower premolar

scarcely rises above the gum.

The following Table exhibits the comparative measurements of

this species and of C. peroni :-—

876 MR.G.E. DOBSON ON RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE [Nov. 5,

C. minor. C. peronii.

cli head and body 0.06 ss eeyeen fs ANB 6:0

a (INL ake Ca eer ete 0°6 iss}

5 CACM kites Catt a3. 3a 6.2. aaseagerea nace ries 1°6 2°0

za CAT ee raya ceetk, 3, spect ape eeepc a ama eiieed 0°7 1°0

53 RONCHI Mcgee here dot nc. gis. cteaaale hee Ba) 53

as PUBS UOC on a oid Feed Beco ats 1°3 15

- third finger, metacarp. .......... 2°0 Shull

AS es Wer GBC. Diller cum epee 2 cule 1°5 2°35

33 eae aie ETE] Ril ge is Shea 1°9 3°4

me fifth HBBCT, AEtACAL ps nef ec. ane 2°8

os Se COUSE eee ccna near ae 1'] Mery

a “A My, CCM teed cal von eae 113 | 1:8

Ph tibia .. 2. Soke tees 1] 2°3

ae caleaneum Le ees Soi om AOR2G 0°5

53 HOOT ee Meee oe Ae Rs erence 0°8 12

Hab. Amberbaki, New Guinea.

PHYLLORHINA TRICUSPIDATA, Temminck.

Several specimens obtained by M. Raffray in New Guinea. This

is the first recorded instance of this species having been found in

that country, which, however, it might be expected to inhabit, as it

has been noted from Batchian, Amboyna, Morty, and Duke-of-

York Island.

PHYLLORHINA CERVINA, Gould.

Examples of this species from New Guinea, collected by M. La-

glaize.

NYCTOPHILUS TIMORIENSIS.

_ Nyctophilus timoriensis (Geoffroy), Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. p. 172

(1878).

Specimens from New South Wales collected by M. de Castelnau.

ScoTOPHILUS TEMMINCKII.

Vespertilio temminckii, Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java

(1824).

Scotophilus temminckii, Gray ; Peters 5 Dabsan; Monograph Asiat.

Chiropt. p. 258 (1876).

Specimens of this very abundant and widely distributed species

from Celebes, collected by M. de la Saviniere.

VESPERTILIO ADVERSUS, Horsfield.

Specimens of this species, which extends from Siam to South

Australia, have been sent from New Guinea by M. Laglaize.

EMBALLONURA. RAFFRAYANA, 0. Sp.

Slightly larger than #. nigrescens from the same region, and

1878.] | CHIROPTERA IN THE MUS. D’HIST. NAT. PARIS. 877

agreeing with that species in the comparatively widely separated

nostrils, but resembling the species of the other section of the genus

in the projecting extremity of the muzzle, which extends consider-

ably beyond the lower lip; the ears also are much broader, and the

upper third of the outer margin of the conch is convex, not concave ;

the tragus is comparatively shorter and much broader, attaining its

Emballonura raffrayana.

greatest breadth above, where it is so broadly rounded off so as to

appear abruptly truncated ; the outer and inner margins are straight

or faintly concave.

Wings from the ankles or from the tarsi; feet much larger than

in Z. nigrescens ; calcanea about two thirds the length of the tibiz.

Fur above dark-brown, paler at the base; beneath paler through-

out. Wings nearly naked ; upper surface of the interfemoral mem-

brane thinly clothed as far as the extremity of the tail.

Teeth as in LZ. nigrescens, except that the first upper premolar is

smaller, and scarcely raised above the level of the gum.

Length (of an adult 3), head and body 1''-65; tail 0-5; head

0"-65; ear O58, tragus 0-2; forearm 1-55; thumb 0/25 ;

third finger—metacarp. 1-3, Ist ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0-65; fourth

finger—metacarp. 1'-1, Ist ph, 0-3, 2nd ph. 0-2; fifth finger—

metacarp. 1", Ist ph. 0'-38, 2nd ph. 0-15; tibia 0'-6; caleaneum

0-45; foot 0-3.

Hab. Gilolo Island.

At the request of M. Milne-Edwards, I have much pleasure in

connecting with this species the name of its discoverer, M. Raffray.

2. Oriental Region.

CYNONYCTERIS AMPLEXICAUDATA, Geoffr.

Cambodja (M. Harmand).

CYNOPTERUS MARGINATUS, Geoffr.

Singapore (M. de Castelnau).

EonycTEeRIs SPELZA, Dobson.

Java (M. de la Saviniére).

878 MR.G.E. DOBSON ON RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE [Nov. 5,

RHINOLOPHUS ACUMINATUS, Peters.

Siam, Laos (M. Harmand).

This species has been previously recorded from Java only.

Ruino.torus ArFFinis, Horsfield.

Cochin China (M. Harmand).

PHYLLORHINA DIADEMA, Geoffr.

Cochin China (M. Harmand); Sanghir Island (J. Laglaize).

The specimens from the latter locality differ from all others exa-

mined by me in the great development of the central projecting ridge

of the sella, which, in one instance, projects almost as far forwards

as the corresponding process of the same part of the nose-leaf in Ph.

cyclops (see my ‘Catalogue of Chiroptera,’ pl. ix. fig. 16); the

blunt projection in the centre of the margin of the upper transverse

nose-leaf is also much more defined than in other specimens of this

species, and in one of the specimens from Sanghir Island corresponds

to a large cell in the back of the leaf.

PHYLLORHINA ARMIGERA, Hodgson.

Cochin China (M. Harmand).

One of the specimens, an adult male, has the glandular elevations

between the nose-leaf and the frontal sac as much developed as in

the type of this species in the Calcutta Museum, described and

figured by me in the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1873 (p. 241).

PHYLLORHINA BICOLOR, Temminck.

Cochin China (M. Pierre).

PHYLLORHINA FULVA, Gray.

Cochin China (M. Harmand).

PHYLLORHINA LARVATA, Horsfield.

Cochin China (M. Harmand).

These specimens have the same brilliant golden-yellow fur as

those collected by Dr. Anderson at Prome, Upper Burma, and de-

scribed by me in my ‘ Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera.’

Cators rritui, Blyth.

Laos, in the roof of the Great Pagoda at Lakhon, collected by M.

Harmand.

The well-preserved specimens of this most remarkable Bat form

a valuable addition to the collection of the Muséum d’ Histoire Natu-

relle. Hitherto this species was known only from the type in the

Indian Museum, Calcutta (a dilapidated skin from the Bengal Sun-

derbuns), and a single specimen, in alcohol, from Java, in the collec-

tion of the Leyden Museum. Examination of these specimens per-

mits me to add a few additional notes on the structure of the species.

The caleaneum is weak, but distinct, nearly one fifth of an inch

_ in length, and projects at its extremity slightly beyond the membrane;

1878.] | CHIROPTERA IN THE MUS. D’HIST. NAT. PARIS. 879

there is no trace of a tail externally ; the wing-membrane extends to

the proximal extremity of the metatarsus; the female has pubic

teat-like processes, as in other species of Rhinolophide ; the ter-

minal phalanx of the fourth finger ends in a large T-shaped process.

The measurements agree closely with those of the specimen in the

Leyden Museum.

MEGADERMA SPASMA, L.

Laos (M. Harmand).

ScoOTOPHILUS TEMMINCKI, Horsf.

Cochin China, and Laos (M. Harmand).

VrESPERUGO ABRAMUS, Temminck.

Cochin China and Laos (M. Harmand).

VESPERUGO PACHYPUs, Temminck.

Laos (M. Harmand).

VESPERTILIO MURICOLA, Hodgson.

Laos (M. Harmand) ; Sanghir Island (M, Laglaize)

TAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temminck.

Cochin China (M. Harmand).

NyctTinomvs PLicatus, Buch.-Ham.

Laos (M. Harmand).

3. Ethiopian Region.

EroMOPHORUS CompPTUs, Allen.

Ogoné (M. Marche).

EromMoruHorvus monstrosus, Allen,

Ogoné (M. Marche).

PHYLLORHINA COMMERSONI, Geoffr.

Bugamojo, Zanzibar (Mission du St.-Esprit).

VESPERUGO NANUS, Peters.

Ogoné (M. Marche).

Myxoropa aurita, A. Milne-Edwards.

Madagascar (vide anted, p. 871).

CoLEURA SEYCHELLENSIS, Peters.

Seychelle Islands (M. Lantz).

4. Neotropical Region.

Mo .ossus RuFus, Geoffr.

Cayenne (M. Mélinon).

Motossus aBrasus, Temm.

Cayenne (M. Mélinon).

880 MR. DOBSON ON A COLLECTION OF CHIROPTERA. [Nov. 5,

RHYNCHONYCTERIS NASO, Wied.

Cayenne (M. Mélinon).

NOcTILIO LEPORINUS-

Cayenne (M. Mélinon).

ScHIZOSTOMA BRACHYOTE, 0. Sp.

Muzzle as long, or slightly longer than the distance between the

eyes ; side of the face deeply grooved beneath the eye. Ear much

shorter than the head, but broad at the base, owing to the strong

convexity of the inner margin of the conch in its lower two thirds ;

at the upper third the inner margin becomes abruptly concave, and

the ear terminates in a short, obtusely pointed tip: tragus simple.

Nose-leaf small, the lancet very acute, but much narrower than the

horse-shoe, which is slightly notched on either side, and confluent

with the muzzle in front. Centre of the upper lip slightly grooved ;

lower lip with a shallow narrow groove between two naked promi-

nences, each of which is divided in its upper third by a small oblique

roove.

: Wings from the ankles or from the extremities of the tibice ; inter-

femoral membrane and tail as in other species of the genus; calca-

neum slightly longer than the foot. Fur brown, above and beneath.

Dentition.—luce. 3 c. = pm. a3 m. =

Upper incisors as in Sch. megalotis ; lower equal, grooved, not

crowded ; first upper premolar with a very oblique cusp, touching

the canine, second straight ; first lower premolar much exceeding the

second in antero-posterior diameter ; second premolar well developed,

in the tooth-row ; third premolar nearly equal to the first in vertical

extent, but less than it in cross section at the base.

Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2''-2; interfemoral mem-

brane 0-9; head 0-9; ear 0-65 X0'-5, tragus 0'-28 ; nose-leaf

0'-3 x 0-2; forearm 1-6; thumb 0'"35 ; third finger—metacarp.

1-4, Ist ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0:7, 3rd ph. 0-35; fifth finger—

metacarp. 1!35, 1st ph. 042, 2nd ph. 0-45; tibia 065; calca-

neum 0!'-45; foot 0!-4.

Hab. Cayenne (M. Meélinon).

This is a very aberrant form, differing from all the other species

in the development of the chin-warts, and in the shallowness of the

central groove between them, as well as in the shortness and peculiar

shape of the ears. In the second phalanx of the middle finger

being conspicuously longer than the first, it agrees with Sch. behni;

but, unlike that species, it has the calcaneum longer than the foot.

CAROLLIA BREVICAUDA, Wied.

Darien (Dr. Viguier) ; Cayenne (M. Mélinon).

ARTIBEUS QUADRIVITTATUS, Peters.

Cayenne (M. Meélinon).

1878.] DR. A. B. MEYER ON ANOA DEPRESSICORNIS. 881

November 19, 1878.

Arthur Grote, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Sclater read the following extract from an article in ‘ Science-

Gossip’ of October 1, 1878, by Mr. R. Davenport, of Bury, Lanca-

shire :—

“Tt is a pleasing duty to me to record the taking of a very

beautiful specimen of what I consider an exceedingly rare bird in our

neighbourhood (Saxicola stapazina). The specimen was shot by a

friend of mine, about the middle of May this year, on the margin of

the Bury and Radcliffe Reservoir ; and though much mangled with

number-6 shot, it has been very well mounted indeed by my friend

Johnson, of Prestwich. Considering the condition it was in from

being killed with such large shot, I really doubted at one time

whether it could be mounted ; however, it has been ; and a valuable

addition to our list of birds it is.”

Mr. Sclater exhibited the specimen in question, which had been

kindly sent up for exhibition by Mr. Davenport. It appeared to be

an adult in full plumage of Sawicola stapazina (called by Mr.

Dresser ‘‘ S. rufa” B. of Eur. pt. xxv.). The species had not been

previously recorded as occurring in the British Isles, and was an

interesting addition to the list of ‘‘ Accidental visitors.”

The following letters from Dr. A. B. Meyer, C.M.Z.S., and Mr.

Bartlett were read, in reference to the communication at the last

meeting from Mr. Everett respecting the supposed existence of the

Anoa ( dnoa depressicornis) in the Philippines.

**R. Zool. Mus., Dresden,

: November 16, 1878.

“Dear Dr. SciraterR,—

‘Having seen in the report of the Society’s meeting of the 5th

November that Mr. Everett had stated, in a letter to the Marquis of

Tweeddale, that the Anoa of Celebes (dnoa depressicornis) or an

allied species is found in the island of Mindoro, I beg leave to

send you a few notes from my diary on this subject.

“Mr. Wood of Manilla, an American gentleman, now dead, known to

many travellers as a amateur naturalist, and to many European

Museums as a collector, told me that Mr. Cuming (in whose company

he had formerly collected) had sent home an ‘Antelope’ from

Mindoro, similar to Anoa depressicornis from Celebes, which was

called ‘ Tamarao’ by the natives. Mr. Wood had not only seen

the animal in the Philippines, but also subsequently in the British

Museum, where it had received a specific name of its own.

** Wishing to know something more of the ‘ Tamarao’ in Manilla,

I succeeded in finding a stuffed animal in the Museum of the

Dominicans, which they told me was the animal in question. This

was apparently, as far as I could make out (it was in a bad state, and

882 MR. A.D. BARTLETT ON ANOA DEPRESSICORNIS. [Nov. 19,

could not be closely inspected), a Buffalo, small in size, with rather

straight horns bent backwards, with not much hair on the skin,

which was of a light greyish colour. There was no similarity to

the Anoa from Celebes, which I had seen the year before at Menado,

as regards colour, skin, size, or horns.

«The ‘Tamarao’ is said to live only on Mindoro. The wild Buffalo

of Luzon does not differ much from the tame one. The name for

Buffalo in the Tagaloe language of Luzon is Anooang, the same as

for Anoa depressicornis in South Celebes. (In the Pampanga

language of Luzon, ‘Damulag’ means buffalo. For a wild Buffalo

they say on Luzon ‘ Karabao cimarron,’ ‘ cimarron’ being a

Spanish expression for wild.)

«* When back in Europe in the same year, I looked together with

the late Dr. Gray through the galleries of the British Museum for

this ‘ Tamarao,’ but in vain; we cculd not find it.

“Tn the gallery of the Jardin des Plantes of Paris, I saw this

autumn a skeleton of a small Buffalo from Timor, brought home by

the ‘Astrolabe,’ and labelled Bubalus seligniceros, which reminded

me of the ‘T'amarao’ of Mindoro, as I mentioned to Prof. Gervais,

who kindly accompanied me, telling him also of its supposed affinity

to the dnoa.

‘“‘Of course I cannot depend on the alleged identity of the stuffed

Buffalo in the Museum of the Dominicans in Manilla with the

‘amarao’ of Mindoro; and, also, my inspection of this specimen

was scientifically not sufficient; but I hope to be able to throw

some light on this question very soon, as a skull of the real

‘Tamarao’ from Mindoro will be in my hands in a few days, as I

bought some time ago for the Dresden Museum Professor Semper’s

Mammalian collection from the Philippines, which contains such a

skull. I therefore shall soon recur to the subject.

“I take this occasion to remark that there exists on the island of

Balabac, Philippines, a species of Tragulus, specimens of which I

have seen living at the Government House in Cebti; but, having

no books with me, I could not make out whether it differs from Tra-

gulus kanchil or not. « Yours very sincerely,

E “A. B. Meyer.”

“* Zoological Society’s Gardens,

Regent's Park, London, N.W.

November 18, 1878.

“Dear Sir,—About thirty years since, a collector of natural-

history specimens, named Napper, wrote to me from the Philippines

to say that there existed on the island of Mindanao or Mindoro, a

small kind of Buffalo extremely wild and difficult to obtain. I

engaged him to obtain specimens ; and after much trouble and expense

he sent me an adult bull, a cow, and calf that he had shot and

skinned. They were offered by me to Dr. Gray for the British

Museum, who declined them, as he was of opinion they were only

small varieties of the common Manilla or Water-Buffalo; and this

was my own opinion, and that also of every one who saw them. I

P. 2.5.18 78. Pig

JSmit lth

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDA:.

1878. ] ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDZE. 883

kept them a long time; and not finding any one that would have

them, I at last sent them to Stevens’s sale-rooms where they were sold

for a few shillings. I can assure you that these animals were not like

the Anoa, but much larger, and had all the appearance of a common

Indian Buffalo of small size. Yours faithfully,

“A.D. BartLett.”

The following papers were read :—

1, On the Classification of the Cervide, with a Synopsis of

the existing Species. By Sir Vicror Brooks, Bart.,

F.Z.S,

I. Introduction, p. 883.

II. On the division of the Cervide into sections larger than genera, p. 889.

TII. On the subdivision of the sections into minor groups, p. 889.

IV. Geographical distribution, and remarks thereon, p. 893.

V. Synopsis of the existing Cervide, p. 897.

VI. Explanation of Plate LV., p. 928.

(Plate LY.)

I. Introduction.

Some years ago I brought before the notice of the Society certain

pedal characters in the Cervidee (vide P. Z. S. 1874, p. 33) which ap-

peared to me to be of some importance; but at that time, not having had

the opportunity of extending my observations to all the forms of ex-

isting Cervidee, a generalization, which I believe to be of considerable

taxonomic value, deducible from these characters, escaped my notice.

A reconsideration of the characters themselves, and an attempt to work

out the deductions which may be drawn from these and other esta-

blished facts relating to the Cervidee, is the object of the present paper.

Before entering into the subject immediately before us, it may be

well to consider briefly the peculiarities common to all Deer, the

possession of which distinguishes them from all other mammals, and

which may therefore be called their family characters.

The Cervide, together with Moschus, the Giraffide, and the

Bovide, constitute the Pecora, one of the four distinct sections into

which the Artiodactyla, or even-toed Ungulates, is divisible. In having

(1) the odontoid process crescentic, (2) the left axillary rising from

the innominate artery, (3)the placenta cotyledonous, (4) the psalterium

added to the stomach, and (5) the outer bones of the metapodium

_Tudimentary, the inner confluent, all the members of the Pecora, as

Professor Flower in his exhaustive paper on Moschus (P. Z. S. 1875, p.

159) has taught us, agree together, and differ from the three remaining

sections of the Artiodactyla, viz. the Tragulina, Suina, and Tylopoda.

So far there is little difficulty in defining the zoological position

of the Cervide. That they form part of the Pecora there can be no

doubt ; but when the subdivision of the Pecora is attempted difficuties

arise which bid fair to set at defiance all systems of classification. An

estimate of the nature and relative value of the characters which dis-

tinguish the Cervide from the Bovidz will be most clearly shown by

placing them in tabular form. With Moschus and the Giraffidee we

884

SIR V. BROOKE ON TUE

[Nov. 19,

need not at present occupy ourselves; in Professor Flower’s paper,

above referred to, the characters in which they differ from the

typical Cervidee, of which Professor Flower regards them as early

offshoots, are distinctly defined.

Cervide.

(1) Osseous deciduous out-

growths from cylindrical pro-

cesses of the frontals in the males

of all excepting Hydropotes, in

which genus they are wanting

in both sexes. These appen-

dages, the antlers, are absent in

the females excepting Rangifer.

(2) Two orifices to the lacry-

mal duct, situated on or inside the

rim of the orbit.

(3) A depression in the facial

plate of the lacrymal, called the

lacrymal pit or fossa.

(4) An anteorbital vacuity of

such dimensions as to exclude the

lacrymal from articulation with

the nasals.

(5) In all species the first

molar in both jaws is brachy-

odont, or short-crowned, so that

when the tooth is in place the

neck, which is much constricted,

is on a level with or a little above

the alveolar border, and in the dry

skull the upper ends of the roots

are visible.

(6) Upper canines present in

both sexes. Exceptions :—Ca-

preolus, Axis, Dama, Cariacus,

Blastocerus, Pudu, Alces, and

some of the smaller Rusine Deer.

(7) Distal ends of the lateral

metacarpals present in some.

(8) The first and second

Bovide.

(1) Epidermal persistent (exc.

Antilocapra) sheaths envelop

processes of the frontals in both

sexes, with the exception of the

females of the following genera,

in which these appendages, the

horns, are wanting :—Portaz,

Tragelaphus, Procapra, Anti-

lope, Aipyceros, Saiga, Kobus,

Cervicapra, Pelea, Nanotragus,

Neotragus, Tetraceros.

(2) One orifice to the lacry-

mal duct, situated inside the rim

of the orbit. Exceptions :—Tra-

gelaphus sylvaticus, Tragela-

phus decula, Tragelaphus an-

gast, Tragelaphus spekii; in

these species there are two ori-

fices, situated as in the Cervidee.

(3) Absence of this depression.

Exceptions :—Gazella, Antilope,

Nanotragus, Neotragus, Cepha-

lophus, Tetraceros, Alcelaphus.

(4) Lacrymal articulates with

the nasals, except in Gazella and

Oryx.

(5) The first molar in both

jaws is hypsodont, or long-

crowned, so that a large part of

the crown is buried in the socket

when the tooth is first in place,

and there is no constriction

between the long crown and the

very short roots. Exception, ‘

Tragelaphus.

(6) Canines absent in both

sexes. Exception, Nanotragus

pygmeus has sometimes the

upper milk-canine.

(7) Distal ends of the lateral

metacarpals wanting in all genera.

(8) The first and second pha-

1878.]

Cervide (continued).

phalanges of the lateral digits

present. Exception, Cervulus.

(9) Parieto-squamosal suture

nearer the upper than the lower

border of the temporal fossa'.

(10) Navicular, cuboid, and

ectocuneiform united in some.

(11) Placenta with few coty-

ledons (Oligocotyledontophora,

Garrod 2).

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID&%.

885

Bovide (continued).

langes of the lateral digits wanting

in all.

(9) This suture is nearer the

lower than the upper border of

the temporal fossa. Exception,

Antilocapra.

(10) These bones never all

united,

(11) Placenta with many

cotyledons (Polycotyledonto-

phora, Garrod).

(12) Gall-bladder absent. 12 Gall-bladder present. Ex-

ception, Cephalophus.

From this table it becomes apparent that, with the exception of the

eleventh, none of these characters can be considered exclusively

characteristic of the Cervidee ; and even with regard to it, more exten-

sive observation is required before it can be laid down as a fixed and

exclusive Cervine character. But although, with this exception, none

of the above characters can be taken singly as distinctive of a Cervine

from a Bovine animal, the coexistence of the second, third, fourth,

and fifth in all the Cervide and their absence in combination in

the Bovide will, I think, be found universal.

Deer may therefore for the present be characterized as Pecora

having two orifices to the lacrymal duct, situated on or inside the

orbit, lacrymal fossee, an anteorbital vacuity, cutting off the lacrymal

from articulation with the nasals, the first molar brachyodont, the

parieto-squamosal suture nearer the upper than the lower border of

the temporal fossa, and the placenta with few cotyledons,

II. On the Division of the Cervidee into Sections larger than Genera,

I will now pass on to the consideration of the pedal characters

above alluded to.

The fore limbs of all existing species of Cervide exhibit one of

the two following conditions.

(1) Two slender, short, detached, splint-like bones, the rudiments

of the second and fifth metacarpals (Plate LV. figs. 2, 2’ and 5'),

situated posterior to and one on each side of the proximal extremity

of the metacarpal cannon (or confluent third and fourth metacarpals) ;

the phalanges of the second and fifth digits separated from their

rudimentary metacarpals by a very wide interval ; the proximal

phalanx of these digits (Plate LV. fig. 2 p) inferior in size to the

central and ungual phalanges. ~ In Cervudus the phalanges of thie

second and fifth digits are undeveloped.

1 Vide Prof. Garrod, P. Z.8. 1877, p. 15,

2 Garrod, loc, cit. p. 12.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LYIII. 58

886 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

(2) Two slender pointed bones, the rudiments of the second and

fifth metacarpals (Plate LV. figs. 1, 2’ and 5’), situated posterior to

and one on each side of the distal extremity of the metacarpal cannon.

These bones articulate with their respective phalanges, but are

separated from the carpus by a wide interval. The proximal phalanx

of these digits (Plate LV. fig. 1, p) is superior in size to the central

and ungual phalanges.

For these forms Professor Flower has kindly assisted me in finding

convenient names. For the former, that in which the proximal (or

near) extremities of the lateral metacarpals remain, I would prepose

the term Plesiometacarpal (hycioy, near, and peraxaprioy, metacar-

pus); and the latter, that in which the distal (or more remote) extremity

of these bones remains, I would designate Telemetacarpal (rnXe, far,

pleraxapmiov, metacarpus).

With the view of ascertaining whether the myology of the fore

limbs of the Cervide confirms or confutes the importance which I

would assign to their osteological characters, I have been lately en-

gaged in the examination of the muscles of the fore limbs of the

Artiodactyles in general. My materials have been, however, as yet

far too meagre to justify me in attaching any great weight to the cha-

racters afforded by myology; but I am encouraged in expecting that

my observations may not be altogether unimportant, in which case

I shall hope to lay them before the Society upon some future oc-

easion.

I will only here mention that in the telemetacarpal limb of the

Common Roe, the phalanges of each lateral digit are supplied with

two tendons from the extensor muscles of the forearm—a condition

precisely similar to that which obtains in the tetradactyle Tragulus.

On the other hand, in the plesiometacarpal limb of the Red Deer and

Fallow Deer, the lateral phalanges are entirely without muscular at-

tachment. In neither the Roe, Red Deer, or Fallow Deer are the

lateral phalanges supplied with tendons from the flexors. A similar

condition is seen in Tragulus, in which form the lateral phalanges are

but slightly functional ; but in the telemetacarpal limb of Moschus

the lateral phalanges are (as in Sus) supplied with strong tendons

from the flexor profundus digitorum. In Moschus, the lateral pha-

langes are highly functional, The special office performed by the

lateral phalanges is the prevention of the animal slipping when

rushing at speed down slopes cr sinking in swampy ground ; and this

function is effected without danger of the displacement of these deli-

cate structures, by means of strong ligamentous bands developed in

the aponeurosis surrounding them, which bind them firmly in their

normal position. In the telemetacarpal limbs which I have ex-

amined, in addition to these bands, distinct round ligaments pass from

the sides of the distal articular surface of the metapodium to the

centre of the metacarpal splint on each side (Plate LV. fig. 1, r-r’),

and aid in preventing its displacement upwards, upon undue pressure

being applied from without.

In the annexed list of all the known species of existing Deer, ar-

ranged according to their geographical distribution, the names of

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDE. "Be

those with telemetacarpal limbs are printed in italics, and those with

plesiometacarpal limbs in ordinary type. From this a remarkable

parallelism becomes at once apparent between the distribution of the

Cervidee in the two main divisions of the earth’s surface, and the

condition of the rudimentary external digits of their fore limbs. Of

the 39 species confined to the Old World, 36 are Plesiometacarpi,

the exceptions being Hydropotes inermis and the two species of

Capreolus. Of the 22 species confined to the New World, 21 are

Telemetacarpi, Cervus canadensis being the sole exception. Both

species of circumpolar range are T'elemetacarpi.

Northern regions of

Old World. both Hemispheres. New World,

1. Ceryulus muntjac. 1. Alces machlis. 1. Cariacus(Cariacus)virginianus.

2. lacrymans. 2. Rangifer tarandus. 2. (——) leueurus ?

3. —— reevesil. 3. —— (——) mewxicanus,

4, Elaphodus cephalophus. 4. —— (——) similis?

5, —— michianus ? 5, —— (——) savannarum.

6. Cervus (Rusa) aristotelis. 6. —— (——) peruvianus,

7. — ( ) equinus. 7. —— (——) gymnotis.

8. ——( ) swinhoii. 8. —— (——) toltecus.

9. —— (—_) philippinus. 9. —— (——) macrotis,

10. —— (——) mariannus ? 10. —— (——) columbianus.

11, —— (——) nigricans. 11. —— (Blastocerus) paludosus.

12, —— (——) alfredi. 12. —— (——) campestris.

13, —— (——) kuhli. 13. —— (Furcifer) chilensis.

14. —— (——) porcinus. 14. —— (——) antisiensis.

15. —— (——) lepidus? 15, —— (Coassts) rufus.

16. —— ( ) hippelaphus. 16, ——( ) stmplicicornis.

17. —— (Rucervus) duyauceli. 17. —— (——) rujinus.

18. —— (——) schomburgki. 18. —— (——) nemorivagus.

19. —— (——) eldi. 19. —— (——) supereiliares.

20. —— (Elaphurus) davidianus. 20. (——) whitelyi.

21, —— (Axis) axis, 21. Pudua humilis.

22, —— (Pseudaxis) sika. 22. Cervus canadensis.

23, —— (-——) euopis?

24, —— (——) mantchuricus.

25. —— (——) dybowskii?

26. —— (——) kopschi?

27. —— (——) taévanus.

28. —— (—— ?) caspicus.

29. —— (Cervus) elaphus.

30. —— ( ) xanthopygus ?

31. —— (——) eustephanus.

32. —— (——) maral.

33 cashmeerianus.

34. —— affinis.

85. —— (Dama) dama.

36. —— (——) mesopotamicus.

37. Aydropotes inermis,

38. Capreolus caprea,

39. —— pygargus.

The fact of the plesiometacarpal and telemetacarpal limb-charac-

ters so closely corresponding with the distribution of the Cervidee

in the Old and New Worlds, would in itself have convinced me of

their fundamental importance ; but a certain osteological cranial cha-

58*

888 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Noy. 19,

racter lately discovered by Professor Garrod (see P. Z. S. 1877, p. 13,

fig. 24) has confirmed me in this opinion.

Professor Garrod has observed that in all the American Deer, with

the exception of Cervus canadensis, the vertical plate developed from

the lower surface of the vomer is prolonged sufficiently downwards

and backwards to become ankylosed to the horizontal plate of the

palatals, and to form a complete septum dividing the nasal cavity

into two distinct chambers. The posterior edge of the vertical plate

of the vomer is plainly visible upon looking into the posterior nares

in the dry skull. In none of the Deer confined to the Old World is

the vertical plate of the vomer sufficiently developed to reach the

horizontal plate of the palatals; and therefore in none is there a sep-

tum dividing the nasal cavity into two chambers separated from the

anterior to the posterior nares.

This cranial character agrees with the pedal characters in placing

the Reindeer, one of the species of cireumpolar distribution, with the

Deer of the New World. Alces, along with Hydropotes and Ca-

preolus, all of which are Telemetacarpi, Prof. Garrod’s cranial

character places with the Plesiometacarpi of the Old World.

So long ago as 1836, Dr. Gray’ pointed out characters afforded by

the tufts of hair observable on the tarsus and metatarsus of most

Deer, and expressed his opinion that they constitute ‘‘a means of sub-

dividing them in natural sections.’ In his Catalogue of the Ruminant

Mammalia in the British Museum (1872), Dr. Gray divides the

Cervide into two primary groups:—(1) that in which tuft of hair on

the outside of the metatarsus is above the middle of that bone, and

(2) that in which this tuft is below the middle of the metatarsus.

Now I cannot but think it isa highly significant fact, and one

that should make us very cautious in condemning any character as

trivial, to find that a classification based on these apparently super-

ficial characters coincides exactly, as far as it goes, with that founded

on Prof. Garroa’s cranial characters, and, with the exceptions referred

to, with that based on the osseous structure of the limb.

There are some species both in the Old and the New World which

are devoid of either metatarsal or tarsal tufts. When present, the

metatarsal tuft is always above the middle of the metatarsus; and

there is never any tuft on the inuer surface of the tarsal joint in the

Deer confined to the Old World. In the Deer confined to the New

World, the metatarsal tuft when present is always below the middle

of the metatarsus, and there is frequently a distinct tarsal tuft. Cer-

vus canadensis constitutes the solitary exception.

There is yet another character which lends some weight to the

teaching of those already mentioned ; and for the observation of it we

are again indebted to Prof. Garrod*. Prof. Garrod has observed that

the ascending rami of the preemaxillee articulate with the nasals in

all the Old-World Deer, with one or two exceptions, whilst in the

Deer of the New World, again with one or two exceptions, the rami

of the preemaxillze do not reach the nasals.

I shall not now attempt to decide the relative value of these charac-

Vide P. Z. 8S. 1886, p. 66. 2 P.Z.8. 1877, p. 18.

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID2. 8389

ters, a task which can only become possible when our knowledge of

the extinct forms of Deer shall be very much more complete than it

is at present. Accepting the facts as we find them, the existing Cer-

videe may be divided into three primary sections.

A, Proximal ends of the lateral metacarpals remaining.

(PLESIOMETACARPI.)

Posterior portion of the nasal cavity not divided by the vomer

into two distinct chambers.

Tuft of hair on the external surface of the metatarsus, when pre-

sent, above the centre of that bone. Tuft of hair on the

inside of the tarsus always absent.

Ascending rami of the preemaxillee articulating generally with the

nasals.

Genera :—Cervulus, Elaphodus, Cervus (subgen. Rusa, Rucer-

vus, Elaphurus, Axis, Pseudaxis, Dama).

B. Distal ends of the metacarpals remaining. (TELEMETACARPI.)

Posterior portion of the nasal cavity not divided by the vomer

into two distinct chambers.

Tuft of hair on the external surface of the metatarsus, when pre-

sent, above the centre of that bone.

Genera :—Alces, Hydropotes, Capreolus.

C. Distal ends of the metacarpals remaining. (TELEMETACARP!).

Posterior portion of the nasal cavity divided by the vomer into

two distinct chambers.

Tuft of hair on the external surface of the metatarsus when pre-

sent, below the centre of that bone. Tuft on the inside of

the tarsus frequently present.

Ascending rami of the preemaxille generally not reaching the

nasals.

Genera :—Cariacus (subgen. Cariacus, Blastocerus, Furetfer,

Coassus), Pudua, Rangifer.

Of the inequivalency and heterogeneous nature of section B I am

most fully aware. It can only be considered a temporary receptacle

for species whose natural relationship to sections 4 and C cannot as

yet be finally decided.

III. On the Subdivision of the Sections into minor Groups.

The definition of the minor groups into which the three primary

sections are ultimately divisible in such a manner as to render their

boundaries readily appreciable, is, I believe, almost impossible. And

yet that a solid bond of affinity unites the members of each natural

minor group, that they possess in common certain peculiarities which

distinguish them from species contained in other minor groups, no

one who has studied the Cervidee can for a moment doubt. This

being so, I think that the distinct recognition of the various clusters

of species, into which the Cervidee naturally group themselves, is a

matter of the first importance in an attempt to understand their

entire life-history.

890 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Noy. 19,

The question as to whether these minor groups should be re-

garded as genera or subgenera, or merely marked as nameless sections,

appears to me to be of wholly secondary importance.

Actuated by this belief, I have retained the names originally given

to these subgroups whenever the grouping has appeared to me to

be natural, and have spoken of them as subgenera. The characters

upon which the subgenera are based are derived principally from the

form of the antlers, the skull, the rhinarium’, external coloration,

position and degree of development of the cutaneous glands, and

general external form.

As is the case with the family characters, it is seldom that any

one subgeneric peculiarity can be taken singly as exclusively charac-

teristic of a certain subgenus; but the existence in different fixed

combinations of these characters in the several subgenera is an

empirical certainty. For example, the form of rhinarium peculiar to

Rusa (vide infra) is shared by other groups; but never in combina-

tion with the form of antler and immense lacrymal pit typical of

that subgenus; and no species of Rusa is without this combination.

Again, the form of the rhinarium in the subgenus Cervus differs

from that of Rusa, but resembles that of Dama &c.; but in

Cervus this rhinarium is always associated with the antlers typical

of that subgenus, and an anal disk of paler colour than the adjacent

parts surrounding the tail; whilst in Dama it is combined with the

palmated form of antler and tuft of long hair surrounding the

prepuce. It is needless here to give further examples of this law:

it will be found fully illustrated in the diagnoses of the subgenera

(imperfect as these doubtless are) given in the synopsis.

The objection that antlers are absent in the females of all existing

species with the exception of Rangifer, whilst in Hydropetes they

are wanting in both sexes, has been frequently urged against the

value of characters based on these appendages. The stability of

this objection strikes me as very questionable. There can be no

doubt that it would be highly convenient if such prominent and

easily observed features as those afforded by the antlers were univer-

sally attainable; and the lack of their invariable occurrence is

doubtless a source of some slight confusion to the systematist.

But surely the value of a character as a test of genetic affinity

cannot be judged upon utilitarian principles ; and if, as I think, I

can show reason for believing the form of the antlers is one of the

clearest proofs of the blood-relationship of the species contained in

the various subgenera, characters derived therefrom must be regarded

as the most trustwothy for taxonomic purposes.

In order to account for the phenomena presented by the antlers

in the males of the existing Deer, four factors are necessary :—

(1) The gradual evolution of the antlers from very simple to complex

forms; (2) Their constant tendency to vary; (3) Variation extend-

ing far enough to induce the partial atrophy of one part of the antler

1 T follow Tiger and Sundevall in the adoption of this term for the naked

moist skin between the nostrils. It is decidedly preferable to muffle, which is

French, or muzzle, which signifies something quite different in every-day speech.

i878.] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID&. 891

to compensate for the extra development of some other part ; (4)

The transmission and fixation of such variations by heredity.

(1) The gradual evolution of the antlers from very simple to more

complex forms.

The earliest Cervine animal of which we have any knowledge is

Dremotherium from the early Miocene of Europe. This species was,

so far as is at present known, without antlers. In the middle Mio-

cene of France and Germany, and in a somewhat similar horizon in

North America, the earliest antlered Deer as yet discovered have

been found. These species, belonging to the very closely allied

genera Dicrocerus and Cosoryz, possessed very short antlers with a

single tine projecting forwards ; in fact they closely resembled the

antlers of the existing species of Furcifer (fig. 17, p. 923).

From this period to recent times a gradual increase in the luxu-

riance of growth and diversity in the form of the antlers is evidenced

even by the miserably imperfect materials as yet at the command of

naturalists. Of this the following forms bear witness :—

CERVUS MATHERONI, Gerv.

Cervus matheroni, Gaudr. An. foss. Mont Léb. p. 66, pl. 13.

Horizon. Upper Miocene.

Cervus cusanvs, Croiz. & Job.

Cervus cusanus, Boyd Dawk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1878, p. 405,

fig. 2,

Horizon. Pliocene (Lower ?)

Cervus perriert, Croiz. & Job.

Cervus perrieri, Boyd Dawk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1878, p. 488,

figs. 3-5.

Horizon. Pliocene.

CreRVUs CyLINDRICORNIS, Boyd Dawk. Vide loc. cit. p. 415,

figs. 11, 12.

Horizon. Upper Pliocene.

Cervus TETRAcERUS, Boyd Dawk. loc. cit. p. 417, figs. 13-17.

Horizon. Upper Pliocene.

MEGACEROS HIBERNICUS.

Horizon. Post-tertiary Deposits.

CERVUS ELAPHUS.

Horizon. Post-tertiary deposits, and existing epoch.

I need hardly say that these species have no direct affinity to each

other ; they are simply chosen as illustrating the general fact that the

antlers of the Cervide have gradually increased in complexity from

the Upper Miocene period to recent times. :

It might at first sight appear as though the occurrence of existing

Species with very simple antlers militated against the more compre-

892 SIR VY. BROOKE ON THE [Noy. 19,

hensive fact of the gradual augmentation of complexity in these

organs through geological time; but as the converse, namely the

existence of highly complicated antlers in the Miocene and Phocene

periods, finds no support in the Geological record, the simple antlers

of some existing species may be, I think, safely regarded as the

result of arrestation, dependent ona less severe struggle for existence,

or possibly upon some hitherto undiscovered influence.

(2) A constant tendency to vary.

Of this, any one can satisfy himself by the inspection of large

collections of antlers. No two antlers are ever exactly alike; and

the variations to which the antlers are subject in some species (e. g.

Cervus elaphus, vide infr. p. 910) is so great, that in the absence of a

large series they would be held as indicative of several distinct species.

(3) Variation extending far enough to induce the partial atrophy

of one part of the antler to compensate for the extra development of

some other part.

To illustrate this subject exhaustively would occupy more space

than can be well devoted to it in the present paper. An attentive

examination of any large collection will yield abundant evidence that

such is invariably the case. It will, perhaps, be sufficient for my

present purpose to bring forward one special example. The normal

form of the upper half of the antlers of the common Fallow Deer

(fig. 9, p. 914) may be described as broadly palmated, with several

rudimentary tines produced from the posterior margin of the palm,

the tine situated lowest on the palm exceeding the others slightly in

length (fig. 9,d@). In my cousin Mr. J. Bloomfield’s place, Castle

Caldwell, on the shores of Lough Erne, there is a herd of Fallow

Deer which have lived at large in the woods, and under perfectly

natural conditions, for upwards of 50 years. The antlers of these

Deer are so remarkable in form, and present the peculiarities in

which they are remarkable so constantly, that they could be recog-

nized amongst a large collection of Fallow-Deers’ antlers without the

slightest difficulty. The tine growing from the inferior and pos-

terior border of the palm (Plate LV. fig. 3, d) is in the Castle-Cald-

well Deer immensely developed, and the palm itself is much con-

tracted and seldom bears more than 3 or 4 tines. Variation is still

actively at work on the antlers of these Deer, and reversion towards

the normal form occasionally asserts itself; but, notwithstanding, a

fixed type of antler has stamped itself indelibly upon the males in

this herd in the short space of 50 years, and the peculiarities cha-

racteristic of that type are unquestionably the result of the extra

development of one of the posterior tines and the consequent par-

tial atrophy of the palm.

(4) The transmission and fixation of such variations by heredity.

That this is the case has been in a large measure proved by what

has been already said; but the following fact places the matter be-

yond all possibility of doubt. The Castle-Caldwell Deer are the

descendants of about one or two males and twice as many females.

A single antler of one of the fathers of the herd has been fortunately

preserved in the Museum at Castle Caldwell. This antler (Plate

1878. | CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDZ. 893

LV. fig. 4) I_have the pleasure of exhibiting this evening. It will

be seen that it presents the same peculiarities that are characteristic

of the distant descendants of its original owner, and that we have

here a direct proof of heredity transmitting, and to a very great

extent fixing, a definite and prominent variation’.

Did space permit I could give many more illustrations corrobo-

rating the evidence of the above-mentioned facts. Innumerable in-

stances of the power of heredity to transmit and fix variations in the

antlers until some stronger influence interferes, are enacted annually

before my eyes, amongst about 600 Deer of several different species

preserved in my parks. Enough has, however, I think, been ad-

duced to leave the onus probandi upon those who deny to characters

derived from the antlers the right to be considered one of the surest

land-marks of affinity in the Cervide.

IV. Geographical Distribution of the Cervidee, and Remarks thereon.

ae ; i |

ewe | = = i ee

° | - = 5)

Genera Number zs Sots 2 § ‘Ep Fa

and of H ep wae &) ia] 3

Subgenera. | species.| 3 § 5 a a 2 =

=o 8s = ars iS

BE | asi 4 Z A

No. of sp.No. of sp.|No. of sp.|No. of sp.|No. of sp.

Cervulus ... 3 aa Bes 3

Elaphodus... 2 Soc sp 2

DBTBA iia ore Sb 05 11 % bait 11

Ruceryus ... 3 Ree Sen 3

Elaphurus ... 1 45 1

WAGs Pet eee S. 1 i mm 1 |

Pseudaxis ... ae NG, 4 2

Cervus ...... i 2 4 1

Hama asf... 3 2 2

Hydropotes . 1 1

Capreolus ... 2 1 1

Cariacus...... 10? $e 7 3

Blastocerus.. 2 ee 2

Furcifer ...... 2 Z 2

Coassus ...... 6 6

Pu 2. cece 1 1

Motalty ..ic. 61 6 11 22 8 14

? The production of so marked a yariation from the form of antler typical

of Dama vulgaris in the short space of fifty years as that exhibited by the

Castle-Caldwell Fallow Deer might be considered as tending to prove the

instability of the original specific characters. It may, however, be observed

that the general form of antler typical of the species has not been obliterated

by the evolution of the characters now peculiar to the variety, but that, on the

contrary, heredity has preserved a record of the earlier, or specific, alongside of

the later, or varietal, modification. Essentially analogous phenomena are pre-

sented by the antlers typical of the species and subgenera of the Cervide, the

distinctive specific characters being, in eyery instance, an evident modification

of the form of antler characteristic of the subgenus.

894 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

In this Table, showing the geographical distribution of the Cer-

videe exclusive of the Elk and Reindeer, which have a cireumpolar

range, the following are the most important facts observable. Out

of a total of 61 species 39 are confined to the Old and 22 to the

New World. Of the 39 Old-world species 33 are found in the

Eastern Palearctic and Indian regions, the latter containing 22

species, a much larger number than that contained in any one of the

remaining four regions.

Of the 22 species confined to the New World, 8 are found to the

north and 14 to the south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the

division adopted by Mr. Sclater between the Nearctic and Neotro-

pical regions. These figures cannot, however, be taken as afford-

ing a just estimate of the relative degree of specialization of the

Cervidee in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions respectively. On

the one hand, the three species of Cariacus in the latter are undoubt-

edly immigrants from the former region; and on the other hand, the

species contained in the subgenera Coassus and Furcifer are, as

far as the antlers are concerned, amongst the least-specialized

of existing species.

Out of the eleven genera into which the Old-world Deer are di-

visible, there is only one (Dama) which has not a representative in

either the Palearctic or Indian region.

Owing to the exceeding paucity of Palzeontological material, any

attempt to account for the present differentiation and distribution

of the Cervidee must be considered as purely tentative; and I venture

to put forward the following hypothesis, more to provoke investiga-

tion and criticism, which may possibly bring new and more correct

ideas to light, than from any great confidence that I feel in its

approximation to completeness.

In order to avoid unnecessary recapitulation, and to indicate as

clearly as possible the interdependence of the facts and hypothesis,

I shall place the facts and theory in two columns, numbering the

former, and merely introducing the number attached to each fact

before the deduction or deductions which are drawn from it.

Facts.

(1) So many characters are

common to the Cervide and

Bovide that it is very difficult

to lay down definitions distinc-

tive of the families.

(2) Dremotherium, the earliest

known Cervine form, was with-

out antlers and tetradactyle.

Hypothesis.

(1) A very high degree of

specialization had been attained

by the common ancestor of the

Cervide and Bovide, especially

in the structure of the skull,

dentition, and limbs; hence the

possibility of divergence of cha-

racter in its descendants was

much restricted. (2) Fora long

period the early ancestors of the

Cervide, which were tetradactyle,

1878. ]

Facts (continued).

(3) The antlers of the Euro-

pean Procervulus and of some

species of the North-American

Cosoryx appear to have been

persistent.

(4) The antlers of Dicroceros

and Cosory# possessed one, or

at most two tines.

(5) The increase in the com-

plexity of the antlers of extinct

species accompanies their chro-

nological sequence in geological

time.

(6) In a conversation which I

have lately had with Prof. Marsh,

he informed me that some of the

specimens of Cosoryx collected

by him in North America were

tetradactyle. The lateral meta-

carpals in these specimens are

excessively attenuated in the

centre third of their length. In

other specimens Prof. Marsh

tells me a natural separation had

taken place between the proxi-

mal and distal ends of the bones.

(7) The condition of the late-

ral metacarpals separates exist-

ing Deer into two great groups,

the Plesiometacarpi and Tele-

metacarpt.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID&X.

895

Hypothesis (continued).

remained unantlered; and spread-

from the centre of their geogra-

phical area (13), which was pro-

bably in the Eastern Palearctic

and Indian regions, they passed

westward into Europe, and east-

ward into North America. (3)

Processes then became developed

from the frontals, which gradu-

ally elongated and in some in-

«stances branched. At first these

outgrowths from the frontals

remained persistently attached ;

but eventually the great advan-

tage enjoyed by individuals who

through necrosis lost, and through

an inherited tendency to produce

frontal processes renewed their

antlers, over individuals who

retained antlers broken and

rendered useless by frequent

combats, caused the natural se-

lection of the former in the

struggle for existence. (4, 5)

These first deciduous antlers

were exceedingly simple; but as

time rolled on the advantage of

large and complex antlers as a

means of offence and defence

established an ever-increasing

tendency towards complexity in

their form. (6) A diminution

in the size of the lateral digits of

the early forms of Deer accom-

panied the increase in the size of

their antlers. The centre part

of these bones, after attaining an

extreme degree of atrophy, at

last ceased to ossify. (7,8) In

some species the default in ossi-

fication took place nearer the

distal than the proximal extre-

mity of the bone. In others the

converse obtained. The reduc-

tion of the rudiments steadily

continued, resulting eventually

in the disappearance of the

shorter rudiment in both forms,

Hence the origin of the plesiome-

896

Facts (continued).

(8) In some of the Telemeta-

carpt the distal extremities of

the lateral metacarpals is two

thirds the length of the meta-

carpal cannon. In some of the

Bovidee (e. g. Gazella), of which

family all the species are plesio-

metacarpal, the proximal extre-

mity of these bones is two thirds

the length of the metacarpal

cannon.

(9) With three exceptions all

the Old-world Deer are plesio-

metacarpal ; and with one excep-

tion all the New-world Deer are

telemetacarpal.

(10) In none of the Old-

world Deer is the vomer suffi-

ciently prolonged backwards to

divide the nasal cavity into two

chambers. In all the New-

world Deer the nasal cavity is

so divided.

(11) The vomer of Megaceros

hibernicus exhibits an interme-

diate condition. The limb in

this form is plesiometacarpal,

and as highly specialized as in

the existing Plestometacarpi.

(12) The Telemetacarpi of

the Old World resemble the

Plesiometacarpi in the form of

their vomer and in the position

of the metatarsal tufts.

(13) Thirty-three out of the

thirty-nine species of Old-world

Deer are inhabitants of the In-

dian or East Palearctic regions ;

and of the eleven subgenera into

which they are divisible there is

only one (Dama) that has no

representative in these regions.

SIR V. BROOKE ON THE

[Nov. 19,

Hypothesis (continued ).

tacarpal and telemetacarpal con-

dition of limbs in existing Cer-

vide. (9) It is probable that

the separation between the upper

and lower extremities of the me-

tacarpals took place long after

the first Dremotherium-like Cer-

vides had found their way into

North America. In these the

default in ossification began in

the upper third of the lateral

metacarpals; (12) whilst in the

Cervide remaining in the Old

World both modes of reduction

obtained a footing, the Plesiome-

tacarpi gaining ultimately the

preeminence. (10) The vomer

in the early forms of Deer was,

as in the existing less-specialized

Artiodactyles (e. g. Hippopota-

mus, Sus, Tragulus), prolonged

backwards, dividing the nasal

cavity into two distinct chambers.

(11) As the competition he-

tween rapidly multiplying and

allied forms became severe in the

Old World, specialization exten-

ded to this part of the cranium,

and a reduction in the backward

extension of the vertical plate

of the vomer, and consequent

modification of the surrounding

parts, set in. It is not impro-

bable that the limbs of the Plesto-

metacarpi had nearly reached

their present stage of specializa-

tion before the form of their

vomer departed from the primi-

tive type. The Deer of the

New World, being less numerous

both in individuals and species,

and not being subjected to such

severe competitions as the Old-

world Deer, retained the primi-

tive form of vomer. The greater

development of the antlers in the

larger majority of Old-world

Deer, as compared with those

of the New-world Deer, may be

1878. ]

Facets (continued).

(14) There are only twenty-

two species in America; and the

South-American species have

remarkably simple antlers,

(15) The antlers of the Cer-

videe are subject to great varia-

tion; and such variations are

transmissible by heredity.

(16) Two species have a cir-

cumpolar range, and Cervus

canadensis, a species allied to the

common Red Deer of Europe, is

found in North America.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDA.

897

Hypothesis (continued).

attributed to the same cause.

(14) The Deer of South Ame-

rica, which, according to the

theory under consideration, have

been freer from contact with al-

hed forms than species inhabit-

ing districts nearer to, and more

in direct continuity with, the

centre of the family area of dis-

tribution, are remarkable for the

great simplicity of their antlers.

(15, 16) For long periods there

was no possibility of communi-

cation between the Deer of the

Old and New World ; and during

this time the perpetuations by

heredity of the more favourable

varieties which arose from time

to time resulted in the diver-

gence of the Cervide into the

clusters of species which we now

term genera. (16) At length

the means of dispersal was for a

second time opened between

Asia and North America; an

interchange of species took place ;

the ancestors of Cervus canaden-

sis passed over into North Ame-

rica from the Old World, and the

Elk and Reindeer extended their

range till it was cireumpolar.

In the following synopsis I have admitted every species of whose

invalidity I am not absolutely certain ; and frequently, even where I

have felt grave doubts as to the soundness of the claims of a species

to specific recognition, I have left it distinct, if by so doing I have

thought it probable that future investigation of its claims may throw

light on the important problems of geographical variation and dis-

tribution. Where colour is not mentioned in the diagnoses it affords

no generic or subgeneric character. Supplementary columns are

absent in the molars, and the central incisors are much expanded,

where the contrary is not stated. Where the metatarsal and tarsal

tufts are not specially mentioned, they are present.

V. Synopsis of the existing Cervide.

A. Proximal ends of lateral metacarpals remaining.

(PLESIOMETACARPI. )

Posterior portion of the nasal cavity not divided by the vomer

into two distinct chambers.

898 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

Tuft of hair on the external surface of the metatarsus, when

present, above the centre of that bone. Tuft of hair on the

inside of the tarsus always absent.

Ascending rami of the premaxille articulating with the nasals.

(Exception, species 3, in genus 1.)

1. CeERVULUS.

1816. Cervulus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. p. 74.

1827. Stylocerus (subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. v.

p- 319.

1836. Prox, Ogilby, P. Z.S. 1836, p. 135.

Antlers haif the length of the head, and placed on pedestals

which nearly equal (and sometimes surpass) them in length. Brow-

antler (fig. 1, @') very short, inclined inwards and directly up-

wards. Terminal extremity of the beam (fig. 1, 7), which is un-

branched, curved downwards and inwards. Lacrymal pit of great

depth and extent, the facial plate of the malar taking part in its

floor. Anteorbital vacuity of moderate extent. Ascending rami of

the preemaxille equalling or exceeding the nasals in length. A

strong ridge passes from the root of each pedestal over the orbit,

lacrymal pit, and anteorbital vacuity, serving to protect frontal cuta-

neous glands which lie on its inner surface. Auditory bulle very

Fig. 1

Cervulus muntjae,

slightly inflated, the tympanohyal abutting against the paroccipital

process.

Canines strongly developed in the males, and curved downwards,

backwards, and outwards ; in the females they are small; and in

neither are the pulps persistent.

Rhinarium extensive, completely surrounding the nostrils, the

upper border of its internarial portion slightly convex. Preenarial

portion of the rhinarium broad, its lateral borders passing sub-

vertically downwards to the upper lip. No metatarsal tufts. Tarsus

with the navicular, cuboid, and ectocuneiform united. Phalanges of

lateral digits absent in both fore and hind extremities. Young

spotted (exe. species 12). Stature small.

Distribution. Indian and South-eastern Palzearctic regions.

1 Prof. Garrod, in his valuable paper to which I have so frequently alluded

(P. Z.8. 1877, p. 16), has drawn attention to a law of which the various modifica-

tions of the antlers in the Cervid are, in his opinion, the result. I have ven-

tured to extend, and in some slight degree to modify, Prof. Garrod’s suggestion.

The lettering in the woodcuts indicates the parts of the antlers which appear

to me to be homologous,

1878.] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID2. 899

1. CERVULUS MUNTIAC.

1780. Cervus muntjac, Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. Band ii. p. 131.

1785. muntjak et vaginalis, Bodd. Elench. Anim. vol. i.

p. 136.

1867. Cervulus aureus, Jerd. Mamm. p. 264.

1873. amostylis et tamulicus, Gray, Hand-list Rum. Mamm.

p. 165.

1874. muntjac, Brooke, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 38, fig. 3.

Range. British India, Burmah, Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java,

Hainan, Banka, Borneo.

This species appears to attain a larger size in Java, Sumatra, and

Borneo than it does on the mainland ; and I think it not improbable

that persistent race-characters may eventually be found, distin-

guishing the Muntjac of these islands from that of British India.

2. CERVULUS LACRYMANS.

1871. Cervulus lacrymans, Alph. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. du Mus.

t. vii., Bull. p. 93; and Rech. s. 1. Mamm. p. 348, pls. 63, 64.

1872. scelateri, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 814. ,

1874. , Brooke, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 40, pl. 8 & fig. 4.

Hab. Moupin (David); hills near Hangchow, China (Swinhoe).

Type, Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris.

3. CERVULUS REEVESII.

1838. Cervus reevesii, Ogilby, P.Z. 5S. 1838, p. 105.

1862. Cervulus reevesi, Swinh. P. Z.S8. 1862, p. 361.

1874. , Brooke, P.Z. 8S. 1874, p. 41, fig. 5.

Range. Southern China from latitude of Canton as far north as

Ningpo ; Formosa (Swinhoe).

2. ELAPHODUS.

1871. Elaphodus, Alph. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. du Mus. p. 93,

pl. 7; and Rech. Mamm. p. 353, pls. 65-67.

1874. Lophotragus, Swinh. P. Z.8. 1874, p. 452.

Antlers very small, unbranched, supported on slender, long, con-

verging pedestals. Ascending rami of the przemaxille very strong,

and articulating broadly with the nasals, to which they are inferior

in length. No supraorbital ridges or frontal cutaneous glands.

Canines in the male massive and long, curved downwards, and not

everted. A well-developed frontal tuft. In other respects resembles

Cervulus, with which genus Hlaphodus may be united to form the

subfamily Cervuline, as proposed by Professor Garrod (P. Z. S.

1876, p. 765).

Distribution. South-Eastern Palearctic region.

1. ELarpHopus CEPHALOPHUS.

' 1871. Elaphodus cephalophus, Alph. M.-Edw. (loc. cit. supra).

Hab. Moupin (David). Type, Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris.

900 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

2. ELAPHODUS MICHIANUS.

1874. Lophotragus michianus, Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 452, pl. 59.

1876. » Garr. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 757; pl. 76.

Hab. Neighbourhood of Ningpo (Swinhoe). ‘Type, Mus. Berlin.

Although I feel sure that Professor Garrod is correct in uniting the

genera Elaphodus and Lophotragus, I have been unable to satisfy

myself that the types of the two genera are referable to the same

species, as he supposes. I have therefore refrained from amalga-

mating the Moupin and Ningpo specimens in a single species, and

have left the question for the present open.

3. Cervus.

(Rusa, subgen.)

1827. Rusa (subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kined. vol. y. p. 309.

Fig. 2.

Cervus (Rusa) aristotelis.

Antlers twice or thrice the length of the head, supported on

pedestals of moderate length. Brow-antler (fig. 2, a) strong, curved

boldly upwards, its axis forming an acute angle with that of

the beam. The beam (fig. 2, x) bifureates, giving rise to two

strong tines (fig. 2,6 & c). Lacrymal pit of very great depth and

extent, its antero-posterior diameter exceeding that of the three

upper molars. Anteorbital vacuity very large. Auditory bullz but

slightly inflated and rugose externally (exe. species 8 and 9). Rudi-

mentary canines present in both sexes (exe. species 6, 7, 8, 9).

Molars with small supplementary columns.

Rhinarium resembling that of Cervulus, but less extensive, its

upper internarial margin being slightly concave, and its infranarial

portion narrower. Tail of moderate length. Neck maned (exc.

species 7 and 9). Colour uniform brown (exc. 7 and 9). Stature

diverse, the largest species being amongst the largest, and the smaller

almost amongst the smallest of the Cervide. Young unspotted

(exc. species 7 and 9).

Distribution. Indian region.

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID&. 901

(a) The upper tines (6 & e, fig. 2) of nearly equal length in adult

animals ; in young males the outer and anterior tine (b, fig. 2)

the longer.

1. CeRVUS ARISTOTELIS,

1835-7. Cervus aristotelis, Cuv. Oss. foss. (ed. 4) tom. vi. p. 84.

Range. British India, Ceylon, Burmah, Siam, Hainan (Swinh.).

(8) The outer tine (6, fig. 2) always surpassing the inner

tine (ce) in length.

2. CERVUS EQUINUS.

1825. Cervus equinus, Cuv. Oss. foss. (ed. 3) tom. iv. p. 454;

ib. (ed. 4) pl. 201. fig. 10.

1839-44. Cervus equinus, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez.

Zool. p. 213, pls. 42-45. figs. 7-11.

Range. Borneo, Sumatra (Miill.) ; Singapore (Brooke).

I have seen several living specimens of this species, all of which

in their much darker colour, more bushy tail, short slightly curved

antlers, presented a tout ensemble very unlike the common Sambur.

On the other hand, I have received skulls and antlers from Siam

which are strikingly intermediate between typical specimens of Cervus

aristotelis and C. equinus. It appears to me therefore probable

that the existence of these intermediate forms may ultimately render

it impossible to maintain the distinction of the species.

3. CERVUS SWINHOII.

1862. Rusa swinhoii, Sclat. P. Z.S. 1862, p. 152, pl. 17.

1862. , Swinh. loc. cit. p. 364.

1871. ——,, Sclat. Trans. Z. 8. 1871, p. 333, pl. 39.

Hab. Formosa. Type, Brit. Mus.

This species closely resembles Rusa equinus.

4, CERVUS PHILIPPINUS.

1827. Cervus philippinus, Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. iv.

p- 147, and vol. v. p. 319.

21877. —— , Brooke, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 51, pl. 8.

Hab. Luzon (Philippines). Type, Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris (No.

409 in Cat.).

5. CERVUS MARIANNUS.

1820. Cervus mariannus, Desm. Mamm. sp. 669, p. 436.

1877. ——— , Brooke, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 53.

Hab. Island of Guam (Marianne Islands). Type, Mus. d’ Hist.

Nat. Paris (414 a in Cat.).

As Ihave stated in my paper above referred to, I feel pretty

certain that this and the preceding species are identical. I am, how-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LIX. 59

902 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

ever, now, as then, unable to substantiate this opinion satisfactorily,

owing to insufficiency of material.

6. CERVUS NIGRICANS.

1877. Cervus nigricans, Brooke, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 57, pls. 9, 10.

Had. Philippines (exact locality’). Type, in my own collection.

7. CERVUS ALFREDI.

1870. Cervus alfredi, Sclat. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 383, pl. 28.

1877. , Brooke, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 59.

Hab. Philippines (Luzon’?). Type, Brit. Mus.

8. CERVUS KUHLI.

1839-44. Cervus kuhlii, Mull. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Zool.

p. 223, pls. 44, 45. figs. 12-14.

Hab. Bavian Islands. Type, Mus. Leyden.

This species was originally described by Miiller from specimens

collected by Diard in the Bavian Islands, to which locality the

species, as far as is at present known, is confined. The auditory

bullze in Cervus kuAli are largely inflated. By this character the

skull may be distinguished from that of any of the Rusine deer with

the exception of C. porcinus. The skull of C. kuhii differs from

that of C. porcinus in having the facial portion anterior to the orbits

much more compressed, and the orbits much more prominent.

C. kuhli has proportionally much longer limbs than C. porcinus ;

and all the hairs of the back and sides are annulated in the former

and not in the latter species. The young of C.kuhli are unspotted,

which is not the case with those of C. porcinus’. Both species are

devoid of upper canines.

9. CERVUS PORCINUS.

1777. Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Spec. Zool. Geogr. Quadr. p. 552,

sp. 6.

Range. British India, Ceylon, Burmah.

10, Cervus LEPIDUS.

1844. Cervus lepidus, Sund., Pec., Vetensk. Akad. Handl. p. 180,

sp. 14.

Hab. Java? Type, Mus. Frankfort ?

This is a very doubtful species. Some years ago I saw the type

in the museum at Frankfort; and it appeared to me to closely

resemble Cervus sika. Upon the occasion of my last visit to

Frankfort I sought in vain for the specimen, and much fear that it

has been destroyed.

1 Vide Selater, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 224.

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID. 903

(y) The tuner tine (fig. 3, c) always surpassing the outer tine

(fig. 3, b) in length.

11. Cervus HIPPELAPHUS.

1825. Cervus hippelaphus, Cuv. Oss. foss. (ed. 3) tom. iv. p. 40;

ib. (ed. 4) tom. vi. p. 77, pl. 166. figs. 31-34.

1839-44. Cervus rusa, Mil. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Zool.

p. 217, pl. 43, pl. 44. figs. 1-6.

Hab. Java, Borneo (introduced). I

Deer resembling Cervus hippelaphus in every particular excepting

size are found in many of the islands in the Indo-Malayan and

Austro-Malayan regions. How far these are the result of natural

distribution, or how far their occurrence is attributable to artificial

transportation is now most difficult to decide. The best authori-

ties on the fauna of the East Indies, Wallace, Schlegel, and Miller,

Cervus (Rusa) hippelaphus.

are inclined to lean towards the latter alternative; and it is I think

certain that the introduction of many of the larger mammals (e. g.

Monkeys, Pigs, and Deer) into the islands of the Austro-Malayan

region has been effected by the Malays, who, according to Wallace,

are much given to taming animals and conveying them from island to

island. At the same time, the existence of a species of Melis peculiar

to Timor, and of the singular Anoa depressicornis on Celebes, seems

to me to necessitate caution in accepting this solution as of universal

application.

I shall therefore, for the present, keep the references to Cervus

timortensis of Timor and C. moluccensis distinct.

12. (a) CERVUS TIMORIENSIS.

1822. Cervus timoriensis, Blainv. Journ. de Phys. vol. xciv. p. 267.

1825. peronii, Cuv. Oss. foss. (ed. 3) tom. iv. p. 46.

59*

904 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

1833. Cerf de Timor, F. Cuv. Mamm. pl. 361.

1852. Cervus peronii, Puch. Cerf, Arch. du Mus. vol. vi. p. 409.

1839-44. Cervus rusa, var. timoriensis, Schl. et Mull. Verh. Ned.

Bez. Zool. pp. 212, 220.

Hab. Timor (Peron, Dussumier), Samao, and Cambing near

Timor (Schlegel and Miiller).

Specimens examined :—

Type of F. Cuvier’s and Pucheran’s descriptions, Mus. d’ Hist. Nat.

Paris.

Miiller’s types, Mus. Leyden.

Specimen from Leyden, British Museum.

Living specimens in Zool. Gardens of Paris and Rotterdam.

The Timor Deer is a short-legged, thickset animal. The facial

profile is remarkably concave, a character which I have frequently

noticed in Red Deer and Fallow Deer living under unfavourable cir-

cumstances. C. ¢imoriensis is not more than half the size of C. hippe-

laphus.

(3) CeRvUS MOLUCCENSIS.

1830. Cervus moluccensis, Quoy et Gaim. Zool. de | Astrolabe,

tom. i. p. 133, pl. 24.

1839-44. Cervus rusa, var. moluccensis, Schl. et Mull. Verh. Ned.

Bez. Zool. pp. 212, 220.

1836. Cervus moluccensis, Eyd. et Gerv. Mag. de Zool. tom. vi.

“26.

1839. —— ——, Eyd. et Gerv. Zool. de la Favorite, tom. v.

Mamm. p. 26.

Hab. Bouru (Quoy and Gaimard), Amboina (Schlegel and

Miiller), Celebes (Beecar%).

Specimens examined :—

Schlegel and Miiller’s types, Mus. Leyden.

Specimens collected by Beccari, Museo Civico, Genoa.

Cervus moluccensis isa much more delicately built, graceful animal

than C. timoriensis.

The following are the dimensions of one of Beccari’s specimens

CS: ,

Eng. inches. Metre.

Total length of skull in a straight line .. 11 0-280

From ant. rim of orbit to free extremity of

Pramaxiles COP PS ee, MI 57 =—-0"145

Length of upper molar series 72 SER

Length of upper premolar series ........ 14 0°035

Greatest length of nasals .............. 3°5 —0°088

Lengti-of premaxillee).¥ 0020 0 2 Le ODD (OOS

Across the lower rims of orbits at the

widest place .. 475 0-114

Length of humerus .... 79 0°200

Length of radius 72 —O' 186

1878.] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID#. 905

Eng. inches. Metre.

Length of metacarpal cannon ......-... 6°71 0°155

Hhenetlt Of femurs) 66698 eo Se sa seeinah « 9-7 0°245

easth Or sibia wigs ts Gt Se coco aiid - 10°65 =: 0°265

Length of metatarsal cannon.. ... ) ee 7 0°178

(Rucervus, subgen.)

1838. Rucervus (subgen.), Hodgs. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol.i. p. 154;

J. As. Soc. Beng. vol. x. pt. ii. p. 914 (1841).

Antlers on short stout pedestals. Brow-antlers (fig. 4, a) very

powerful, projecting forwards at a right angle from the beam,

sometimes forked, and frequently developing rudimentary tines from

their upper surface. Beam curving boldly forwards along the upper

half of its length, and bifurcating into two upper tines, which in their

relative dimensions present specific differential characters.

Skull narrower in proportion to its length, in other respects re-

sembling that of Rusa: the bulle are moderately inflated, and the

upper and under molars have small supplementary columns. Tail

short. Neck maned. Stature large. Young spotted.

Distribution, Indian region.

Fig. 4.

Cervus (Rucervus) duvauceli,

13. CeRvVUS DUVAUCELI.

1835-37. Cervus duvaucelli, Cuv. Oss. foss. (ed. 4) tom, vi.

p- 89, pl. 201. figs. 6-8,

1871. —— ——, Sclat. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol, vii. p. 346, pl. 36.

Hab. Nepal; Assam; Denwa valley, Mahadeo hills, Central

India (Forsyth).

14. CeRVUS SCHOMBURGKI.

1863. Rucervus schomburgki, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 155, fig.

1867. , Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 835, figs. 6-12.

1876. Cervus schomburgki, Brooke, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 304,

figs. 1, 2: Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 682.

Hab. Siam. Types, Brit. Mus,

906 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

15. Cervus ELDI.

1842. Oervus eldi, auct. anon. Cale. Journ. vol. ii. p. 417+

1867. , Beavan, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 759.

1871. , Sclat. Trans. Z. S. vol. vii. p. 348, pls. 37, 38.

Hab. Burmah; Siam ; Hainan (Swinh.).

(ELapHuRus, subgen.)

1866. Elaphurus, Alph. M.-Edw. Compt. Rend., and Ann. Sc. Nat.

ser. 5, tom. v. p- 380, and Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1866, vol. il. p. 27-

Antlers dichotomous, about twice the length of the head, pedestals

short. The anterior branch of the antlers (fig. 5, 6) more strongly

developed than the posterior branch (fig. 5, c-), and in adult specimens

bifurcating and carrying many strong tines. Facial portion of the

skull much elongated. Ascending rami of the praemaxillee of great

length, articulating broadly with the nasals. Nasals long, and ex-

Fig. 5.

Cervus (Elaphurus) davidianus.

panded posteriorly between the large anteorbital vacuities, of which

they form the larger part of the superior border. Lacrymal pit

deep and large. Upper molars with supplementary columns. Ears

small and narrow. Eye small. Tail long. Neck maned. Stature

large. Young unspotted ?

Distribution. North-eastern Palearctic region ?

16. CERVUS DAVIDIANUS.

1866. Elaphurus davidianus, Alph. M.-Edw. Nouy. Arch. du

Mus. 1866, vol. ii. p. 27, pls. 4, 5, 6.

1871. , Sclat. Trans. Z. S. vol. vii., p. 333, pl. 28.

Hab. Mantchuria. The specimens which have reached Europe

1878.] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID. 907

were brought from the imperial park, south of Pekin. Types,

Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris.

(Axis, subgen.)

1827. Axis (subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. v. p. 312.

Antlers about three times the length of the head, supported on

slightly elongated pedestals. Brow-antler (fig. 6, a) rising at some-

thing less than a right angle from the beam (fig. 6, a), which bifur-

cates at a little above the half of its entire length. Of the tines

thus formed, the external and anterior tine (fig. 6, 6) is much the

longer. Skull and rhinarium as in Rusa. Upper canines wanting.

Molars with small supplementary columns. Both sexes at all ages

and seasons distinctly spotted with white. Stature medium.

Distribution. Western portion of the Indian region.

Fig. 6.

Cervus (Axis) axis.

17. CERVUS AXIS.

1877. Cervus axis, Erxl. Syst. Reg. An. p. 312.

1843. Axis maculata, Gray, Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 178.

Range. British India; Ceylon.

(PsEuDAXIS, subgen.)

1872. Pseudaxis, Gray, Cat. Rumin. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 70.

Antlers about twice the length of the head, supported on short

stout pedestals. Brow-antler (fig. 7, @, p. 908) rather short, directed

upwards at a rather acute angle with the beam (fig. 7,7). A

strong tine (fig. 7, 6) is developed from the anterior surface of the

antler at about half its entire length, and a short tine (fig. 7, d) from

the posterior surface of its upper third.

Lacrymal pit of moderate depth and extent, its antero-posterior

diameter being less than that of the three upper molars. Ante-

orbital vacuity moderate. Auditory bull moderately inflated, com-

pressed, and smooth externally. Rudimentary upper canines pre-

sent in both sexes. Rhinarium as in Rusa, with the exception of

the internarial portion, which is slightly less prolonged upwards.

908 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

Metatarsal tuft whitish. Tail moderate. Neck maned. In summer

spotted ; in winter uniform brown. Black bands on each side of the

pure white anal disk form a cross with the narrow black streak along

the dorsum of the tail. Stature medium. Young indistinctly spotted.

Distribution. Eastern Palearctic region.

18. CERVUS SIKA.

1847. Cervus sika, Temm, et Schl. Jap. Mamm. p. 44, pl. 17.

1860. , Sclat. P. Z.S. 1860, p. 377.

1871. ——, Sclat. Trans. Z.S. vol. vii. p. 346, pl, 35,

Hab. Japan. Type Mus. Leyden.

Cervus (Pseudaxis) sika.

19. Cervus evorts?

1874. Cervus euopis, Swinh. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 151.

Hab. North China? Type, ¢, Zool. Soc. Menag.

The type, which is still living, differs in no appreciable external

characters from ordinary specimens of Cervus sika. It was ori-

ginally received from Tientsin, China. I have not included C.

euopis among the synonyms of C@. sika,in the hope of attracting

further attention to the subject, as it would be of considerable in-

terest should C. stka be found inhabiting the mainland as well as the

islands of Japan.

20. CERVUS MANTCHURICUS.

1861. Cervus pseudazis, Gray, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 236, pl. 27 (nec

Eydoux et Souleyet ?)'.

1864. hortulorum et mantchuricus, Swinh. P. Z.8. 1864,

p- 169.

1865. mantchuricus, Swinh. in lit. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 1.

1871, -—— ——,, Sclat. Trans. Z. S. vol. vii. p. 344, pls. 31, 32.

mandarinus, Alph. M.-Edw. Rech. Mamm. p. 184, pls,

22; 22 Aas

Hab. Neighbourhood of Newchwang. Type, Mus. d’Hist. Nat.

Paris,

1 Cf. infra, p. 909.

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID &. 909

The Society has within the last few years received living speci-

mens of a Pseudaxis from Japan, which are intermediate in size &e.

between P. sika and P. mantchuricus. These have, in my opinion,

with excellent judgment, been labelled by the Secretary as Cervus

mantchuricus minor. I think it probable that, when a larger series,

of Pseudaxine Deer are brought together, it will be found impos-

sible to separate them into definite species, but that it will be found

necessary to regard them as one species of wide geographical range,

endowed with a constitution sufficiently elastic to enable it to support

very varied conditions.

24. Cervus pysowsxk11?

1876. Cervus dybowskii, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 123, fig.

axis? Radde, Reise im Siid. von Ost-Sib. Bandi. p- 286.

Hab. Upper Ussuri (Mantchuria).

It is highly probable that, when we know more of this form, it will

be found inseparable from C. mantchuricus.

22. Cervus KopscuHt ?

1873. Cervus kopschi, Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 574.

Hab. Department of Kienchang, Kiangse, China (Swinh.). Types,

Brit. Mus.

Also a very doubtful modification. had an opportunity of exa-

mining the types upon their arrival, and could perceive no particulars

in which they differ from O. mantchuricus.

23. Cervus TARVANUs.

1862. Cervus taévanus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 152, pl. 16.

, Swinh. loc cit. p. 362.

1871. , Sclat. Trans. Z. S. vol. vii. p- 345, pls. 33, 34.

Hab. Mountains of Formosa.

24. Cervus CaAspicus.

1874. Cervus caspicus, Brooke, P. Z. &. 1874, p. 42.

Hab. Mountaing §.W. of the Caspian.

Since my original notice of this supposed species, I have received

no further information respecting it. The antlers are in my private

collection ; and I am still unable to refer them to any known species.

Although I have placed the species provisionally amongst the Pseud-

axine Deer, I am very far from satisfied that this is its proper loca-

tio. I am chiefly influenced in doing so by an antler I have

lately received from Mr. Robertson (H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Busra)

from the Karun, which is of decided Pseudaxine character, and may

possibly belong to the same species. It is to be hoped that, through

the indefatigable exertions of Mr. Robertson, we may ere long have

the advantage of seeing this species living in the Society’s Mena-

erie.

4 I have hesitated in referring the Cervus pseudaxis of Eydoux and

Souleyet (‘ Voy. de la Bonite,’ vol. i. p. 64, pl. 12) to any species of

this subgenus. The specimen is still preserved in the Muséum @’ His-

910 SIR V, BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

toire Naturelle at Paris; but though I have often carefully examined

it, the absence of the skull and the great uncertainty of the locality

where it was procured render it impossible to form a decided

opinion.

(Cervus, subgen.)

1766. Cervus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) p. 92.

Antlers differ from those of Pseudaxis in having a second brow-

antler (fig. 8, a’) developed above the brow-antler (fig. 8, a), in the

brow-antler being curved forwards at a right angle with the beam

(fig. 8, x), and in the posterior coronal tine (fig. 8, @) being more

strongly developed than the anterior coronal tine (fig. 8, ce). Skull as

in Pseudaxis. Molars sometimes with small supplementary columns.

Cervus (Cervus) elaphus.

Upper border of the internarial portion of the rhinarium forming

an acute angle, with apex directed forwards. Infranarial portion of

rhinarium not developed ; the prenarial portion much constricted,

but spreading out before joining the upper lip. Tail short. Neck

maned. A patch of lighter colour than that of the body surrounds

the tail. Stature large. Young spotted.

Distribution. Paleearctic and Nearctic regions.

25. CERVUS ELAPHUS.

1766. Cervus elaphus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) p. 93.

1837. barbarus, Benn. List An. Gard, Zool. Soe. 13th pub.

p- 31 (sine descr.).

Range. Co. Kerry (Ireland) ; Cumberland; Devonshire ; high-

lands of Scotland, and following islands—Harris, Skye, Rum, Mull, ,

Jura, and Arran ; island of Hitteren (Norway); Southern Sweden ;

1878.] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDZ, 911

France; Spain; Germany; Austria; Turkey; Greece; Corsica ;

Sardinia; Province of Constantine (Algeria) ; Asia Minor; Cau-

casus.

A comparison of the gigantic antlers of the Red Deer of the 15th,

16th, and 17th centuries preserved in the old hunting Schloss at

Moritzburg (built 1540), near Dresden, with the antlers of Red Deer

from the islands of Harris or Sardinia, shows in a most striking

manner the great variations to which this species is subject. Some

of the antlers at Moritzburg measure 50 inches along the outside

curve, are 10 inches in circumference round the smallest part of the

beam, and the two antlers carry from 24 to 50 points. The spread

between the coronal tines of one specimen is 74 inches. Antlers from

Harris and Sardinia rarely exceed 30 inches in length, their cireum-

ference being about 4 inches; they very rarely carry a larger num-

ber than 12 points; and their span seldom exceeds 28 inches.

I have considered the African Deer, Cervus barbarus, specifi-

cally identical with Cervus elaphus. Specimens from Corsica and

Sardinia completely bridge over the characters which have been ad-

vanced as distinctive of the African and European races. The second

brow-antler is rarely developed in the African form ; but I have known

instances of its occurrence.

26. Cervus XANTHOPYGUS.

1831. Cervus elaphus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. vol. i. p. 217.

1853. ——, Midd. Sib. Reis. Wirb., Band ii. Th. 2, p. 120.

1859. ———- ——, Schrenck, Reis. u. Forsch. Amurlande, Band

i. p. 170.

1862. ——- ——, Radde, Reis. im Siid. v. Ost-Sib. Band i. p. 284.

1867. wanthopygus, Alph. M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 5,

vol. viii. p. 376; Rech. s.1. Mamm. p. 181, pl. 21.

1876. —— elaphus, Prejevalsky, Mongolia (Engl. trans.), vol. i.

p- 164.

Range. From the Caucasus to the Altai, and thence round

Baikal through Dauria, as far as the Lena and Witim (Pallas) ;

thence to the mountains surrounding the sources of the Silimdsha

and Bureja (Middendorf’) ; along the Amoor, as far eastwards as

the Gorin and the Chelasso, and thence southwards to the sea-

coast, a few days’ journey south of the Bay of Kastries (Schrench) ;

Chinghan Mountains (Radde) ; Munniula Mountains (China, lat.

of Pekin) (Prejevalsky).

Type, Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris.

This species was founded provisionally by Professor Alphonse

Milne-Edwards upon the examination of a single specimen, certain

cranial peculiarities and the large size of the anal disk deciding him

‘that it was expedient for the time being to keep the form separate

from Cervus elaphus. It is by no means certain that Cervus xantho-

pygus (should the species ultimately prove distinct from Cervus

elaphus, which I greatly doubt) is the form found in all the localities

above mentioned. The exact limits of the distribution eastwards of

Cervus elaphus, Cervus eustephanus (Blanf.), and Cervus maral

912 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

(Ogilby) remain as yet unknown; and it is fully possible that the

Deer met with by some of the celebrated travellers above quoted may

have appertained to one or more of these species.

27. CERVUS EUSTEPHANUS.

1875. Cervus eustephanus, Blanf. P. Z.S. 1875, p. 638, fig.

Hab. Thian-Shan mountains.

This species is only known from its antlers, which are of immense

size. Specimens which I have seen, in their great size and flattened

crowns so closely resemble antlers of Cervus canadensis that it would

be impossible to decide to which species they had belonged.

28. CERVUS MARAL.

1840. Cervus maral, Ogilby, Rep. Counc. Zool. Soc. 1840,

. 22.

‘ 1871. , Sclat. Trans. Z. 8. vol. vii. p. 336, pl. 29.

Hab. Circassia, Persia.

Cervus maral differs in a marked manner from the allied species

C. elaphus and C. cashmeerianus in the much greater length of its face,

as shown by the table given below. The Red Deer of which the

measurements are there given was a remarkably large old male. A

pair of Cervus maral, which lived at large in one of my parks for

some years, kept entirely apart from the Red Deer inhabiting the

same park. They bred together; and during the rutting-season the

species never showed the faintest desire to cross. This was the more

remarkable as the old stag Maral, though considerably larger in size,

lived in great fear of the Red Deer stags, which during that season

roamed incessantly through the park in search of hinds, but at all

times treated the female Maral with sovereign disdain, although at

any moment they could have taken possession of her had they so

desired.

The limits of the eastern range of Cervus maral are as yet un-

defined.

Cervus maral. | Cervus elaphus. | C. cashmeerianus.

Total length of skull ...| 18 0-457 0-405) 16 0-405

From oce. prominence to

ant. rim of orbit ... .. 76 | 0-193 7-5 | 0-190 7 0-178

From ant. rim of orbit

to free extremity of the

preemaxille..............- 11 0:280 9 0229 88 | 0:223

Length of upper molar

and premolar series ...| 5 0°127 45 |0114 45 |0114

29. CreRVUS CASHMEERIANUS.

1839. Cervus cashmeerianus, Falconer, MS. (non vidi).

1871. , Sclat. Trans. Z.S. vol. vii. p. 339, pl. 30.

Hab. Cashmere.

The voice of the Cashmere Stag in the rutting-season differs greatly

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDZ. 913

from that of the Red Deer in the same season. In the former it isa

loud squeal ending in a more guttural tone; in the latter it is a

distinct roar resembling that of a Panther. The voice of the Wapiti

resembles that of the Cervus cashmeerianus. The second brow-

antler (fig. 8, a’) in Cervus cashmeerianus, with very rare excep-

tions, exceeds the brow-antler (fig. 8, a) in length, a peculiarity

by which the antlers of this species may be distinguished from those

of its allies.

30. CERVUS AFFINIS.

1835. Cervus affinis, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. iv. p-

648, pl. 53. fig. 5.

1871. , Sclat. Trans. Z. 8. vol. vii. p. 343.

Cervus wallichii, Cuv. Oss. foss. (ed. 4) tom. vi. p. 88; and F. Cuv.

Hist. Nat. Mamm. pl. 356.

Hab. Choombi valley (Eastern Himalayas).

Should Cervus wallichii, Cuv., prove to be specifically identical

with Cervus affinis, Hodgs., the former name, having priority, must

stand. The antlers of the type of Cuvier’s original description are,

I believe, still preserved in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of

Calcutta ; F. Cuvier’s plate shows them to be of decidedly abnormal

growth.

31. Cervus CANADENSIS.

1777. Cervus canadensis, Erxl. Syst. Régn. An. p. 305.

1857. Cervus canadensis, Baird, N. Am. Mamm. p- 638.

ftange. Alleghany regions of Pennsylvania and Virginia, Northern

Wisconsin ?, Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska, Washington, Oregon,

and California ; 57° N. is its northern limit (Baird).

(Dama, subgen.)

1827. Dama(subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. v. p.306.

Antlers about twice the length of the head, palmated, the tines on

the upper half of the antler rising from their posterior surface (figs.

9and 10). Skull resembling that of Cervus, but more depressed,

broader proportionally, and the orbits more prominent. Auditory

bull subglobular; no upper canines; rhinarium as in Cervus.

Tail moderate. Prepuce furnished with a tuft of long hair. Both

sexes spotted in summer, unspotted in winter. Black markings on

the rump and tail as in Pseudavis. Stature medium. Young

spotted.

Distribution. South-western Palearctic region.

32. CeERVUS DAMA.

1766. Cervus dama, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) i. p. 93.

1843. Dama vulgaris, Gray, Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 181.

1874. Cervus dama, Jeitt. Zool. Gart. 1874, p. 288, (translated by

Sclater) Nature, vol. ii. p. 71 ; vide also Boyd Dawkins, tom. cit. pp-

112, 210, 226, and Brooke, tom. cit. p. 210, figures.

Range. Greece, Spain, Anatolia, island of Rhodes, Sardinia, N.

Palestine ; frontier of Tunis in Algeria? (fide Loche). ;

914 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

The semidomesticated life which the Fallow Deer has lead for so

many generations in the parks of Europe has given rise to many

permanent variations of colour. The natural colour of the species in a

wild condition in summer is a brilliant fawn with white spots irregu-

larly distributed over the upper parts of the sides and haunches, this

spotted region being bounded inferiorly on the sides and posteriorly

on the haunches by indefinite white lines. In winter the spots en-

tirely disappear.

Cervus (Dama) mesopotamicus.

33. CERVUS MESOPOTAMICUS.

1875. Cervus (Dama) mesopotamicus, Brooke, P. Z. S. 1875,

p. 265, pl. 38. figs. 1, 2.

1876. , Brooke, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 298, figs. 1-4.

Hab. Luvristan hills (Persia).

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID&. 915

Since my description of the species, the Society has received two

living specimens( ¢ and 2) from Mr. Robertson, to whom I was in-

debted for my original knowledge of its existence. Cervus mesopo-

tamicus is a very much larger animal than C. dama.

B. Distal ends of metacarpi remaining. (TELEMETACARPI.)

Posterior portion of the narial cavity not divided by the vomer

into two distinct chambers.

Tuft of hair on the external surface of the metatarsus when

present above the centre of that bone. Tuft on inside of the

tarsus absent.

4. ALcEs.

1827. Alces (subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. v. p. 303.

Antlers dichotomous, both main branches palmated, the posterior

branch (fig. 11, 6) much surpassing the anterior branch (fig. 11, a) in

dimensions. Anterior nares of great extent, owing to the shortness

of the nasals. Lacrymal pit and anteorbital vacuity moderate.

Fig. 11.

—S

Se =

Alces machlis.

Ascending rami of the premaxillz long, not articulating with the

nasals. Incisors decreasing gradually in size from the central to the

exterual pair.

A very small triangular rhinarium. Head very long, neck and

body short, legs very long, stature great. Young unspotted.

Distribution. North Palearctic and Nearctic regions.

916 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

ALCES MACHLIS.

1836. Alces machlis, Ogilby, P. Z.S. 1836, p. 135.

1834-7. americanus, Jard. Nat. Libr. xi. p. 125.

Range. Sweden, Lithuania? Northern Russia, Altai Mountains ?

mountains to the west of Lake Baikal. Apple Mountains (west of

Chita), Khinghan Mountains ; forests of the Lower Amoor as far

south as the mouth of the Ussuri, in lat. 48° (Radde, &c.). ‘ West

coasts of America from the shores of the Arctic Ocean nearly to the

Columbia River. Further east the northern limit is about 65° and

thence through Canada to Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and

the north parts of New York” (Baird).

5. Hypropores.

1870. Hydropotes, Swinh. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 90.

Without antlers in either sex. Lacrymal pit deep, small, its

antero-posterior diameter about equalling that of m. 3. Anteorbital

vacuity moderate. Ascending rami of the premaxille strong.

Orbits small and but slightly prominent, their greatest diameter less

than the extent of the three upper molars. Auditory bulle con-

siderably inflated, a portion intervening between the tympanohyal

and the paroccipital process. Angle of lower jaw much produced

backwards, forming a compressed semicircular prominence. Rami

of lower jaw between the dental foramen and the incisors compressed

and raised into sharp ridges, the edges of which are everted. Ca-

nines of immense size, in the male curved downwards, and gently

convergent, pulp non-persistent. Rhinariumample. No metatarsal

tufts. Interdigital glands in hind feet deep, in fore feet slightly

developed and shallow. Spigelian lobe of liver Rusiform (jide Garrod).

Young spotted distinctly, from 3 to 6 atabirth. Stature small.

Distribution. Eastern Palearctic region.

HyDROPOTES INERMIS.

1870. Hydropotes inermis, Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 89, pls. 6, 7.

1871. , Hams? ZS. 1871, p. 258.

1877. 5 Gart. PAS: 1877, p.'789.

Hab. Islands of the Yang-tse-Kiang.

6. CAPREOLUS.

1827. Capreolus (subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. v.

p- 313.

Antlers less than twice the length of the head. Normal number

of tines 6. Brow-antler (fig. 12, a) developed from the an-

terior surface of the upper half of the antler, directed upwards.

Lacrymal pit very shallow and of small extent. Anteorbital vacuity

small. Ascending rami of the premaxille articulating generally

but not invariably with the nasals. Auditory bulle very slightly

inflated, their external surface rugose. Angle of lower jaw as in

Hydropotes, Crowns of central incisors moderately expanded.

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID. 917

Upper margin of the internarial rhinarium running straight across

from the upper angle of the nostrils. No infranarial rhinarium.

Tail very short. In the female the clitoris is surrounded by a long

tuft of hair. Interdigital glands in the fore feet rudimentary, in the

hind feet deep, opening by a narrow orifice into a capacious round

pouch. Stature small. Young spotted.

Distribution. Central and Western Palearctic region.

Capreolus caprea.

1. CAPREOLUS CAPRA.

1843. Capreolus caprea, Gray, Cat. Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus.

p- 176.

1844. Capreolus europeus, Sund. Pec., Vetensk. Akad. Handl.

1844, p. 184.

Range. Scotland, Southern Sweden, France, Germany, Austria,

Hungary, Spain, Tuscany, Greece, Turkey, Northern Palestine,

Elburz Mountains (South of Caspian).

I have received a specimen from the last-mentioned locality which

differs in no respect from the European specimens.

2, CAPREOLUS PYGARGUS.

1771. Cervus pygargus, Pall. Reise Russ. Reichs, vol. i. p. 97,

Append. p. 453

1831. Cervus capreolus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. vol. i. p. 219.

1853. , Midd. Sib. Reis. Wirb. Band ii. Th. 2, p. 118.

~ 1859. ——- ——, Schrenck, Reis. u. Forsch. Amurlande, Band i.

p- 163.

1862. , Radde, Reise Siid. v. Ost-Sib. Band i. p. 277.

Range. Suitable localities in the mountains forming the watershed

between the Russian and Chinese empires, in Central Asia ; Chingan

Mountains (Mantchuria).

Most authors have considered C. pygargus to be a large variety of

the common Roe. There are, however, in the British Museum two

Specimens purchased from Brandt and said to be from Siberia,

which, in their very much larger size, larger anal disk, and much

more hairy ears, differ widely from all specimens of the common

species. Specimens of Roe from Mantchuria in the British and

Paris Museums are very much smaller than the above-mentioned

Proc. Zooxu. Soc.—1878, No. LX. 60

918 SIR V., BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

specimens; they also differ from the larger specimens and the common

Roe in some details of coloration. It is not improbable that the

Mantchurian Roe may prove to be a third modification of the form.

C. Distal ends of the lateral metacarpals remaining. (TELEMETA-

CARPI.)

Posterior portion of the nasal chamber divided by the vomer into

two distinct chambers.

Tuft of hair on the external surface of the metatarsus, when pre-

sent, below the centre of that bone. Tuft on the inside of

the tarsus frequently present.

Ascending rami of the preemaxillze not reaching the nasals. (Ex-

ception, subgen. Furcifer.)

7. Cartacvs.

(Cartacus, subgen.)

1827. Mazama (subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. v.

p- 314 (nec Rafinesque)’.

1850. Cariacus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1850, p. 237.

Antlers not greatly exceeding the head in length, on short

pedestals. A short upright brow-antler (fig. 13, a) rises from the

inner surface of the lower third of the antler some little distance

above the burr. The antlers are curved boldly forwards, down-

wards, and inwards, one or more tines being developed from their

Fig. 13.

Cariacus (Cariacus) virginianus,

convex or posterior surface. Skull elongated and narrow. Laery-

mal pit of moderate extent, owing to the very large anteorbital vacuity,

which encroaches on the region usually occupied by the facial plate

of the lacrymal. WNasals forming the larger part of the superior

border of the anteorbital vacuity. Auditory bulle slightly inflated.

No upper canines; molars sometimes with small supplementary

columns; central incisors bnt slightly spatulate. A tuft of long

2 Mazama, of Rafinesque (1817), is too ill-defined to be used for either the

Rocky-Mountain Sheep or the Pronghorn ; but its publication invalidates its

subsequent use in any other sense. Cf, Baird, N.-Am. Mamm. p. 665.

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDE. 919

hair on the inner surface of the limb at the tarsal joint. Rhinarium

as in Cervus. Tail long. Stature medium. Young spotted.

Distribution. Nearctic and northern portions of the Neotropical

region.

(a) Antlers non-dichotomous. Lacrymal of moderate depth.

1. CARIACUS VIRGINIANUS.

1774. Cervus virginianus, Bodd. Elench. An. vol. i. p. 136 (non

vidi).

1788. —— ——, Gm. L. Syst. Nat. p. 179.

1857. , Baird, N.-Amer. Mamm. p. 643, figs. 12, 13.

Range. From Maine all over the United States east of the Mis-

souri (Baird).

2. CARIACUS LEUCURUS.

1829. Cervus leucurus, Dougl. Zool. Journ, vol. iv. p. 330.

1857. , Baird, N.-Amer. Mamm. p. 649, figs. 14-18.

1873. —— , Walsingham, P. Z.S8. 1873, p. 561.

Range. N. California, Oregon principally east of the Cascade

Mountains (Walsingham), Washington, Dakota west of the Mis-

souri, Nebraska (Baird).

3. CARIACUS MEXICANUS.

1827-1834. Cervus mexicanus, Licht. Darst. d. Thiere, Taf. 18.

1827. Cervus nemoralis, Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. iv.

p- 137, plate.

1857. , Baird, N.-Amer. Mamm. 653.

Range. Texas, Mexico, Sonora (Baird); Guatemala, Honduras,

Nicaragua (Salvin) ; Costa Rica (Saussure) ; Panama (Salvin).

Lichtenstein’s types, ¢ et 2 Mus. Berlin.

The name Cervus mexicanus was originally given by Gmelin (Syst.

Nat. p. 179) to the Mexican deer of Pennant, described in his

‘Quadrupeds,’ p. 110. The description and dimensions given by

Pennant are reconcilable with the Cervus meaicanus of Lichtenstein ;

but the antlers figured by him (plate xi. figure 3) are certainly not

referable to the same form. They appear rather to represent ab-

normal antlers of Cariacus macrotis. The specimens described by

Lichtenstein were obtained by Graf von Sack in Mexico, and are in

all particulars thoroughly typical of the Deer inhabiting the localities

I have given in the range of this species.

I give the dimensions of a female specimen collected by Mr. Salvin

in Guatemala, and of the antlers of a male collected by the same

gentleman in the same locality. The latter resemble in every par-

ticular antlers collected by Mr. Salvin in Nicaragua and Panama.

There are not more than six points, inclusive of the brow-antler, on

both antlers in any of the specimens collected between Guatemala

and Panama; but I have seen specimens from Mexico and Texas

with eight and ten tines; and one splendid specimen collected by

Mr. Dresser near Friedrichsburg in Texas has as ee fifteen.

920 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

The Texan deer are decidedly larger than those inhabiting Guate-

mala, Nicaragua, and Panama.

Dimensions of Cariacus mexicanus.

Engl. inches. Metre.

Lengthvof ears «0253... . sah 4:3 0°110

Length of tail exclusive of hair...... 5:5 0°140

Total length of skull in a straight line 90 0°230

Length from ant. rim of orbit to free

extremity of preemaxille ...,.... 4°5 0-114

Length of molar and premolar series

(Chi st eee es aaine tees Lain 2°7 0:067

@Lengthormntlers .°.).% . sane secww,.» 79 0°190

Greatest span........ Avis ovRodg © guvte aReRe 8:2 0°210

4. CaRIACUS SIMILIS ?

1852. Cervus similis, Puch. Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1852, p. 357,

pl. 26.

Hab. Unknown. Type, ¢ Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris,

5. CARIACUS SAVANNARUM.

1848. Cervus savannarum, Cab. & Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian.

vol. ili. p. 785.

1852. Cervus gymnotis, Puch. Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1852, p. 348,

pl. 25, pl. 23. figs. 2-10.

Hab. Guiana, Venezuela? Type, g Mus. Berlin.

6. CARIACUS PERUVIANUS.

1874. Coassus peruvianus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4)

vol. xiii. p. 332,

Hab, Peru. Types, 2 Brit. Mus., 2 in my own collection.

The number of specimens from well-authenticated localities at

present existing in European collections is far too small to enable me

to form any decided opinion respecting the degree of persistency of

modification in the above-mentioned forms. Notwithstanding, I

think it highly probable that when we possess a sufficiently large

series we shall find that C. peruvianus and the four preceding species

are nothing more than climatic varieties of C. virginianus, connected

inseparably by every shade of intermediate forms. Mr. Allen, in

his valuable paper on the geographical variation of North-American

Mammals, especially in respect to size (Bull, U.S. Survey, 1876,

p- 304), has conclusively proved that a decrease in size and charac-

teristic development takes place in all mammals the centre of whose

area of distribution is in North America, as they spread southwards ;

and, so far as the materials at my command enable me to judge, I

think it probable that the characters upon which C. leucurus, C.

mexicanus, C. similis, C. savannarum, and C. peruvianus have been

established as species may be in large measure the result of this law.

1878.} CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVIDH. 921

7. CARIACUS GYMNOTIS.

1833. Cervus gymnotis, Wiegm. Isis von Oken, p. 965.

Hab. New Granada. Type, ¢ Mus. Berlin.

This is, I think, a distinct species. The large drooping ears

(naked externally), the very narrow head, and the remarkably slender,

delicate form of the animal render it easily distinguishable from

specimens of the ailied species,

8. Carracus ToutEcus.

1860. Cervus toltecus, Sauss. Rey. et Mag. Zool. (ser. 2) tom. xil.

p. 247.

Hab. Vera Cruz.

M. Saussure gives 6-9 inches as the total length of the skull of

his type specimen, which was a male of at least two years of age, as

evidenced by his antlers, which are not those of thé first year. If

this measurement is correct, Cariacus toltecus is a very small species,

one third smaller than C. mexicanus from the same locality,

(8) Antlers dichotomous, Lacrymal pit deep.

9. Carracus MAcRoTIs.

1823. Cervus macrotis, Say, Narr. Long’s Exp. vol. ii. p. 88.

1857. » Baird, N.-Amer. Mamm. p- 656.

1873. , Walsingham, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 561.

Range. Oregon, Nebraska, Dakota west of the Missouri, Colorado,

Kansas. Fie. 14,

Cariacus (Cariacus) macrotis,

10. Cartacus COLUMBIANUs.

1829. Cervus macrotis, var. /3. columbianus, Rich, Faun, Bor.-Am.

p- 257,

922 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

1848. Cervus lewisii, Peale, Mamm. Birds U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 39

(fide Baird).

1850. Cariacus punctulatus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1850, p. 239, pl. 28.

1857. Cervus columbianus, Baird, N.-Amer. Mamm. p. 659.

Range. California, Oregon, and Washington west of the Cascade

Mountains.

This species is about one third smaller than C. macrotis, which

it otherwise closely resembles. The two species are found on the

same ground in Washington.

(Biastocerus, subgen.)

1850. Blastocerus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1850, p. 237.

Antlers slightly exceeding the head in length, on short pedestals.

They are dichotomous, the anterior branch (figs. 15 and 16, a) infe-

rior to the posterior branch (0) in development. In adult speci-

mens the former sometimes, the latter always bifurcates. Lacrymal

Cariacus (Blastocerus) paludosus.

pit deep. Skull in all essential particulars resembles that of Ca-

riacus. Central incisors very slightly spatulate, and exceeding the

pair next to them but slightly in size. Tail short. No metatarsal

tuft. Tarsal tuft present.

Distribution. Central and Southern Neotropical region.

11. CarIACUS PALUDOSUS.

1820. Cervus paludosus, Desm. Mamm. p. 443.

, Licht. Darst. pl. 17 (1827-1834).

1872. , Hensel, Beitr. Kenntn. Saug. Siid-Bras. p. 95.

Range. South Brazil, Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay.

1878.] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID®. 923

12. CARIACUS CAMPESTRIS.

Cervus campestris, F. Cuv. Dict. Se. Nat. tom. vii. p. 484.

, Licht. Darst. pl. 19 (1827-1834).

» Hensel, Beitr. Kenntn. Siug. Siid-Bras. p. 96 (1872).

Range. Paraguay, Uruguay, Buenos Ayres, N. Patagonia.

Fig. 16.

Cariacus (Blastocerus) campestris.

(Furcirer, subgen.)

1850. Furcifer, Gray, P. Z.S. 1850, p. 236.

Antlers the length of the head, with a strong brow-antler (fig. 17, a)

curved forwards and upwards at a right angle to the simple beam

(fig. 17, «), which is gradually attenuated toa sharp point. The

entire beam is curved gently forwards. lLacrymal pit deep, but

of moderate antero-posterior extension. Auditory bulle very slightly

Fig. 17.

Cariacus (Furcifer) antisiensis.

inflated, their external surface rugose. Ascending rami of the pre-

maxille articulating with the nasals. Free extremities of the nasals

forming together a single point. Central incisors very slightly

exceeding the pair next to them in size, and but slightly spatulate.

Upper canines in both sexes. Rhinarium as in Cariacus. Stature

medium.

Distribution. South-western Neotropical region.

13. CARIACUS CHILENSIS.

1846. Cervus chilensis, Gay et Gerv. Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1846, p. 91.

1849. Capreolus leucotis, Gray, P.Z.S.1849, p.64, Mamm. pl. 12.

924 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

1875. Cervus chilensis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 45, figure.

Range. Andes “from Magellan to near Santiago, but far more

rare in the north than in the southern portion of its range” (Reed,

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 44). Type, 2 Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris.

14. CARIACUS ANTISIENSIS.

1834. Cervus antisiensis, D’Orb. Nouv. Arch. du Mus. iii. p. 91.

1869. Anomalocera huamel, Gray, Scient. Opin. 1869, p. 384.

1869. Xenelaphus huamel, Gray, P. Z.S. 1869, p. 497.

1872. Xenelaphus leucotis, Gray, Cat. of Rum. Mamm. p. 89.

1872. Xenelaphus anomalocera, Gray, Aun. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4)

vol. x. p. 445.

1873. Xenelaphus chilensis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) vol. xii.

Bees is

y 1874. Furcifer chilensis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) vol. xiii.

. 332.

i 1875. Cervus antisiensis, Sclat. P. Z.8. 1875, p. 46.

Range. Peruvian Andes. Type, ¢ Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris.

Naturalists owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Sclater for the care and

clearness with which he has unravelled the meshes of confusion in

which the synonymy of the two very distinct species, Cariacus chi-

lensis (Gay) and C. antisiensis (D’Orb.), was formerly enveloped.

There is not the smallest foundation for a third species of Furcifer.

The type of Xenelaphus leucotis, &c. of Dr. Gray is preserved in

the British Museum, and is undoubtedly nothing but a very fine old

male C. antisiensis with strongly developed abnormal antlers.

(Coassus, subgen.)

1827. Subulo (subgen.), Ham. Sm., ‘Griff. An. Kingd. vol. y.

. 318%.

' 1850. Coassus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1850, p. 240.

Antlers simple spikes not exceeding half the length of the head

(fig. 18). Skull resembling that of Cariacus, the auditory bulle

less inflated and the facial profile more arched. Molars sometimes ~

Fig. 18.

<i5

Cariacus (Coassus) rufus.

with supplementary columns. Canines of uncertain occurrence.

Rhinarium ample, resembling that of Cervulus. No metatarsal tuft.

Tarsal tuft present. Stature small. Form heavy, with the back

much arched. Young spotted.

Distribution. Neotropical region.

1 Tf this name, which has been totally unused, were to be revived, it would

take precedence of Cariacus as the title of the whole genus. But it is too close

to Subula (Mollusca) of Schumacher, 1817.

1878. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID®, 925

15. CARIACUS RUFUS.

1817. Cervus rufus, F. Cuv. Dict. Se. Nat. vol. vii. p. 485.

Hab. Surinam. Types, Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 2 ad. (No. in

Cat. 532), young (No. in Cat. 527).

16. CarIACUS SIMPLICICORNIS.

1827. Cervus simplicicornis, Ham. Sm., Griff, An. Kingd. vol. v.

p- 318.

Hab. Brazil (St.-Hilaire, Lalande), New Granada (Brooke).

Types:—Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 2 (No. 525 in Cat.); skull of same,

Mus. d’Anat. Comp. Paris (in Cat. 2208); skull of ¢ collected by

St.-Hilaire, in Mus. Anat. Comp. (in Cat. 2225).

17. CARIACUS RUFINUS.

1851. Cervus rufinus, Puch. Arch. du Mus. p. 491, pl. 30; id. Rev.

Mag. Zool. 185§, p. 561.

Hab. Ecuador (Pucheran), Guatemala (Salvin). Type, ¢ Mus.

d’ Hist. Nat. Paris.

18. CartIacus NEMORIVAGUS.

1817. Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuv. Dict. Se. Nat. vol. vil. p. 485.

Hab. Surinam. Types, stuffed head of ¢ and skull of same

(Cat. 2223), Paris, in Mus. d’Hist. Nat. and Mus. d’ Anat. Comp.

I append a table of the comparative measurements of the four

last-mentioned species. The cranial measurements are taken from

adult females.

C. simplici- C. nemori-

| rufus, : C. rujfinus.

C. rufa cornis. fi vagus,

t |

Engl. Engl Engl. Engl

: metre.| - "| metre.|- | metre.} - * | metre.

inches. t inches. ure inches,| inches.) ™¢'re

Height at shoulder ...) 27 0-685 | 21 0535/19 | 0485) 19 | 0-485

Total length of skull

in a straight line... 9:2 | 0235] 7:10] 0-200) 65 | 0165) 62 | 0-157

From anterior rim of|

orbit to free extre- |

mity of premaxille| 49 | 0:124| 310! 0-098} 3:3 | 0-083) 3-1 | 0-078

Length of upper molar

and premolar series} 2°7 | 0-068) 23 | 0058} 21 | 0-053; 2 0-050

Greatest width be-

tween the orbits, |

measuring from the

0:076| 2-7

LOwenrIM fe5<s 50-03. 36 | 0:090| 32 | 0-080) 3: 0-068

From this it will be seen that Cariacus rufus is considerably the

largest, and C. nemorivagus the smallest and most delicately formed

species. C. rufus is red at all ages, and very heavily built. C. sim-

plicicornis is brown when young, never attains so brilliant a colour as

926 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE [Nov. 19,

C. rufus, and is much more gracefully shaped. C. rufinus, when

adult, is of a beautiful shining red, with the face and fore limbs strongly

shaded with bluish brown, as shown in exaggeration in Pucheran’s

figure (wide supra) ; and C. nemorivagus is of a dull pepper-and-salt

brown, and never becomes red at any age.

19, CARIACUS SUPERCILIARIS.

1850. Coassus superciliaris, Gray, P. Z.S8. 1850, p. 242, pl. 25.

Hab. Brazil (fide Gray).

20. CARIACUS WHITELYI.

1873. Coassus whitelyi, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4)

xii. p. 163; id. Hand-list Edent. &c. 1873, p. 162, pl. 32. fig. 2.

Hab. Peru. Founded on a single skull of an immature animal in

Brit. Mus. (No. in Cat. 73. 6. 27. 2).

It is now many years since I commenced the study of this difficult

group of Cervide; but although I have examined the specimens

contained in nearly all the continental museums, and made a private

collection of some importance, I must confess that I am still far

from a satisfactory understanding of the subject. The complete

absence of cornual and cranial characters renders it exceedingly

difficult to grasp the characteristic peculiarities of the different mo-

difications of the form, six or seven of which are, I think, probably

persistent, and worthy of specific recognition by naturalists. In the

above list I have enumerated all the species (or supposed species) of

which the types are extant, and must leave it to the future to decide

whether they are valid or not. There is still much valuable work

to be done amongst the Cervidee by collectors in South America,

well-authenticated specimens from Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay,

South Brazil and Bolivia being almost a blank in European museums.

The type of Coassus auritus, Gray, not having been preserved, I have

omitted the name from my list, as without the type it will be

impossible to decide with any certainty upon what species Dr. Gray’s

name was conferred.

8. Pupva.

1850. Pudu (subgen.), Gray, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 242.

Antlers minute simple spikes. Lacrymal pit oval, very deep, its

antero-posterior extent slightly exceeding m. 3. Ascending rami of

the preemaxille reaching the nasals, which are considerably expanded

between the moderate anteorbital vacuities. Auditory bullz as in

Coassus. Molars without supplementary columns. Canines absent.

Central incisors slightly expanded, but exceeding those external to

them very much in size. Muzzle as in Cervulus, but with the

internarial and infranarial portions less extensive. Neither tarsal

nor metatarsal tufts. Ectocuneiform, navicular, and cuboid bones

in tarsus united. Stature very small.

Distribution, Chilian Andes.

1878. ] CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID2.

PupvUA HUMILIS.

1831. Cervus humilis, Benn. P. Z.S. 1831, p. 27,

1871. Cervus pudu, Sclat. P. Z.S. 1871, p- 238, pl. 17.

Hab. Chilian Andes.

9. RANGIFER.

1827. Rangifer (subgen.), Ham. Sm., Griff. An. Kingd. vol. v.

p- 304.

Antlers developed in both sexes; a strong brow-antler (fig. 19, a) is

developed sometimes on both, but more frequently on only one antler,

that on the other being a mere rudiment. The brow-antler, when fully

developed, is directed downwards parallel with the face and palmated

anteriorly. A short distance above the brow-antler another similar

tine (fig. 19, 6) is developed. Above this the antler forms a bold

curve, the concavity forwards, its extremity (fig. 19, ¢) is palmated ;

and a short tine (d) is developed from its posterior surface at half

Rangifer tarandus.

its length. Portion of the skull anterior to the horns elongated,

that posterior to it remarkably short. Lacrymal pit and anteorbital

vacuity of moderate dimensions, the former shallow. Nasals much

expanded posteriorly. All the teeth remarkably small in proportion

to the skull; the incisors decrease very gradually in size from the

central to the external pair, they are none of them spatulate. Vomer

produced backwards nearly as far as the basilar suture. Frontal

928 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CERVID#&. [Nov. 19,

process for the support of the antlers carried back into the parietals,

this region of the skull being much restricted. No rhinarium,

Ears and tail short, neck maned, stature large. Young unspotted.

Distribution. Northern Nearctic and Palzearctic regions.

RANGIFER TARANDUS.

1766. Cervus tarandus, L. Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) p. 93.

1829. Cervus tarandus et var. artica et sylvestris, Rich. Faun.

Bor.-Am. pp. 238-251 (1829).

1857. Rangifer caribou et R. grenlandicus, Baird, N.-Amer.

Mamm. pp. 633, 634; American Reindeer, Hardy, ‘ Forest Life in

Acadie,’ pp. 120-163.

Range. Norway, Lapland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, Western

Siberia from the Arctic Sea, about as far south as lat. 60° in Eastern

Siberia, to lat. 55° in the Yablonoi Mountains, to lat. 49° on the

Japanese sea-coast, and to lat. 46° on the island of Saghalien; Russian

America from the Arctic Sea, somewhat further south than the

Arctic circle? British America from Melville Island to Great Slave

Lake in the west, and in the east from Labrador to Nova Scotia,

Greenland, Newfoundland.

There are many well-marked varieties of Reindeer in this wide

and varied range; but the study of a considerable series has only

shown me the difficulty, if not impossibility, of defining them; and

consequently I have been constrained to include all under one title

in this synopsis, although I think the differentiation of the form

according to latitude and locality merits further attention.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LY.

Fig. i. Left fore limb of Capreolus caprea, selected as an example of the TeLE-

METACARPI.

3. Metacarpal cannon, seen from the inside. 4. Ditto, seen from the

outside. 3/,4’, Phalanges of the 5rd and 4th metacarpals,

which coalesce to form the metacarpal cannon. 2-5. Distal

extremities of the 2nd and 5th metacarpals. 2'-5'. Their

respective phalanges. 7-7'. Place of origin and insertion of

the round ligament which prevents the upward displacement

of the 2nd and 5th metacarpals. ¢ Trapezium. @r and o,

Confluent trapezoid and os magnum. w. Unciform.

ii. Left fore limb of Cervus elaphus, selected as an example of the Puzsio-

METACARPI.

2,5. Proximal extremities of the 2nd and 5th metacarpals. s.

Metacarpo-phalangeal sesamoids. p. Proximal phalanges of

ae and 5th digits. (The remainder of the lettering as in

g. i.)

iii. Antler of the present Castle-Caldwell Fallow Deer, showing the exces-

sive development of the tine, d, and consequent contraction of the

alm, ¢.

iy. ious of one of the males from which the Castle-Caldwell herd of

Fallow Deer are descended.

1878. | SIR V. BROOKE ON A NEW GAZELLE. 929

2. On anew Species of Gazelle from Western Africa. By

Sir Victor Brooke, Bart., F.Z.S.

[Received November 19, 1878. ]

(Plate LVI.)

I have the pleasure of bringing before the notice of the Society a new

and exceedingly interesting form of Gazelle. As is well known, the

different species into which the genus Gazella is divisible (vide P. Z.S.

1873, p. 535) resemble each other so closely that it is often very

difficult to define them. The differences exist in nature, let their

taxonomic value be what it may; but in many cases they absolutely

baffle verbal description. __

In the form at present under consideration there is no such

difficulty. Although the materials at my command consist only of

the skulls of three males, with a small portion of the skin of the head

attached to one of them, characters are apparent which separate the

form from all known Gazelles. Indeed my only doubt is as to

whether the species should not constitute the type of a new subgenus.

The specimens belong to Mr. Gerald Waller, and it is through his

courtesy that I have the opportunity of exhibiting them this evening.

Mr. Waller tells me that the skulls were procured on the mainland

of Africa, north of the island of Zanzibar, about lat. 3° S. and long.

38° E. He is unfortunately unable at present to give any further

particulars respecting the species.

The new Gazelle differs from all hitherto described species in the

very great backward prolongation of the occiput. This extension is

is principally gained by the great size of the supraoccipital bone

and the prominence of the occipital crest. The skull is much more

depressed, the facial axis forms a more obtuse angle with the cranial

axis, and the rami of the lower jaw are more slender than in any

known Gazelle. The ascending rami of the preemaxille are remark-

ably thick, and do not nearly reach the nasals. In all other Gazelles

the molars and premolars are decidedly hypsodont; in the new

species they are as decidedly brachyodont, and, in comparison with

the skull, remarkably small. The horns do not differ greatly from

those of Gazella dorcas; they are, however, more massive and more

laterally compressed. ‘The skin of the head is of a uniform foxy

red, with white marks under the eye. Mr. Waller has expressed a

desire that the species should be named after his brother, who lost

his life in Africa. I have therefore much pleasure in proposing the

name Gazella walleri for the new form.

The following table of the comparative dimensions of Gazella

walleri and Gazella dorcas, and the Plate (LVI.), will render further

description unnecessary.

930 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON INDICATOR MAJOR. [Nov. 19,

G. walleri 3. G. dorcas &.

English | | English |

| inches, | metre. | inches | metre.

Total length of skull...................2. 9:2 0-234 a5 0190 |

From anterior rim of orbit to free

extremity of the premaxille ...... 4:3 0-108 36 0-090

From anterior rim of orbit to the

occipital protuberance ............... 60 | 0152 40 0-101 |

From centre of the external audi-

tory meatus to occipital protu-

eYaNCe | vit. bccddeet size ss ostea tees. 2-4 0-061 10 0°025

From the centre of external auditory

imeatus to posterior rim of orbit...) 1:9 0-046 16 0-041

Length of the premaxille ..... ...... 21 | 0:053 2:2 0-055

Length of basicranial axis ............ 37 0-093 2:8 0-071

From inferior rim of orbit to alyeolus| |

of third upper molar ............... 9- | 0:022 11 | 0-028

Greatest depth of the rami of the

lower jaw in the portion under-|

lying the molars ...............0000+ 6 0-015 8 0-020

Length of diastema of the lower jaw) 2-1 0-053 1-4 0-035

Length of upper molar series ......... 1°15 | 0:029 1-4 0035

99 9y_-~-Premolar series ...| 8 0-020 3 0-020

»» 5, lower molar series ......... 13 | 0032 15 0:038

1» 9) 3, premolar series ...| 7 0:018 8 0-020

Length of horns round the curve ...) 12:0 0°305 9-0 0°230

Their circumference................c000 | 44 0-111 38 0-096

3. Notes on the Anatomy of Indicator major. By A. H.

Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received October 25, 1878.]

Through the kindness of Mr. R. B. Sharpe I have had the oppor-

tunity of examining a spirit-preserved specimen of Indicator major,

from Fantee, which enables me to lay before the Society some fresh

facts in its anatomy confirmatory of its non-Cuculine affinities.

In his contributions to Orr’s edition of Cuvier’s ‘Animal Kingdom’

(1840), the late Mr. E. Blyth referred the Honey-guides to the Wood-

peckers as their nearest allies’; and this idea was expanded by him two

years later in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal®. In‘ The

Ibis’ for 1870 *, Mr. Sclater brought forward fresh facts in proof of

the non-Cuculine affinities of the genus, and proposed to place it next

to the Capitonidee, with which, or with the Coliide, Mr. Blanford

also in the same year showed it had its nearest relationships‘.

The following observations tend to prove the correctness of the con-

clusions arrived at by the two last-mentioned ornithologists, and

the error of imagining that Indicator is related to the Cuculide.

1 Loe. cit. p. 215. * Vol. xi. p. 167, 1842. Sp. des

* Observations on the Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, 1870, p. 308.

—

1878. | PROF. A. H. GARROD ON INDICATOR MAJOR. 931

Pterylosis.—This has been recorded by Nitzsch in his ‘ Pterylo-

graphy ;’ and it seems more than strange that the characteristically

Picine distribution of its feather-tracts did not lead that able orni-

thologist to recognize its true relationships. He retained it among

the Cuculide.

My study of Pterylography has led me to look upon the nature

of the dorsal tract as all-important in determining to which great

group of Birds, the Homalogonate or Anomalogonatz', any

doubtful family belongs. When the dorsal tract develops a fork

between the shoulder-blades a bird is homalogonatous ; when the tract

runs on unenlarged to near the lower ends of the scapulz, then it is

anomalogonatous. Again, among the Anomelogonatz, when the

pectoral tract bifurcates into an outer and an inner branch just after

commencing on the chest, then the bird is one of the Piciformes,

and has a tufted oil-gland; when the pectoral tract does not bi-

furcate at all, or only at the lower end of its pectoral portion, but is

only increased in breadth instead, then the bird is Passeriform *,

and has a naked oil-gland. Exceptions to these rules scarcely

exist.

In that the dorsal tract of Indicator does not form a fork, but

remains narrow, between the shoulder-blades, it is anomalogonatous

—the Cuculide being homalogonatous ; in that it possesses a free

outer pectoral band to the anterior tract, it is a Piciform bird. The

oil-gland is also tufted.

A careful examination of the skin proves that the genus agrees

more closely in its feather-tracts with the Picide, Capitonide, and

Ramphastidz than Nitzsch’s figures would tend to prove. To me it

is evident that there is a communication between the thoracic ex-

tremity of the inferior neck-tract and the upper extremity of the

humeral tract, as in the Picide, Capitonide, and Ramphastide.

Again, in the three groups just named there is a great weakness or

an entire disappearance for a short distance of the dorsal tract

towards the lower extremity of the interscapular region. In Indi-

cator this same weakness exists; so that, with the exception of a

single feather in the middle line, the appearance of the region in

question is much more like the arrangement in Ramphastos than in

Nitzsch’s figure of the genus. On the ventral surface of the fleshy

tail I find a mediau subcircular space surrounded by feathers, as in

the Picide and Ramphastide, as well as in the Capitonide appa-

rently. The caudal termination of the dorsal tract agrees with the

account given by Nitzsch. I could find no trace of a duplication

of the lumbar tract. In the possession of twelve rectrices Indicator

differs from the Capitonidee and Ramphastide, which have ten,

like the Picidzx.

Skeleton—The specimen of the skull of Indicator examined by

Professor Huxley * at Mr. Sclater’s request was too imperfect for

exact description. The considerable interval between the maxillo-

palatines is recorded by him. I am now able to add that the vomer

1 Vide P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 116, for definition of these terms.

2 Vide P. ZS. 1874, p. 119. * Ibis, 1870, p. 179.

932 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON INDICATOR MAJOR. [Noyv. 19,

is but little different from that of the Capitonide. The palate of

Megalema asiatica is described and figured by Professor Parker in

the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society’*. It is truncated in front

and strongly bifid, the cornua running forward to blend with the

maxillo-palatines. These last-named inward-directed processes of

the maxillary bones blend with the mid-nasal septum in some

Fig. 1.

Palate of Indicator.

specimens of Megalema asiatica, whilst in others they remain free

from one another, separated by an inconsiderable interval. In

Pogonorhynchus bidentatus and Tetragonops remphastinus they

completely blend across the middle line, without the nasal median

septum persisting in front of the junction. So these two last-

named species, and most probably all the species of the genera,

are genuinely desmognathous.

The point in which the truncated vomer of the Capitonide most

differs from that of the order Passeres, is that in the former the

truncation occurs behind the line joining the posterior angles of the

maxillo-palatines, whilst in the latter the truncation occurs some

way in front of the same transverse line. The limbs of the forked

vomer in the Capitonide run forward to meet the posterior angles

of the maxillo-palatines; in the Passeres they continue, often in

cartilage alone, to the nasal labyrinth.

' 2nd series, Zoology, vol. i. p. 122, and pl. 23.

1878. ] PROF, A. H. GARROD ON INDICATOR MAJOR. 933

In Indicator the vomer is less ossified than in the Capitonidee

above mentioned, and is smaller ; the fork is slenderer and has longer

limbs, which, however, quite typically join the well separated

maxillo-palatines (which advance but slightly beyond the inner

margins of the palatine bones) at their posterior angles.

As the Ramphastidz have to be mentioned so frequently in con-

nexion with the genus under consideration, it may be useful to

refer to the vomer of this family. By Prof. Huxley it is included

among his Coccygomorphee, in which the vomer, if present, is pointed

anteriorly. Prof. Huxley farther remarks * that in Ramphastos “ the

antero-internal angles of the palatines not only meet, but are united

by bone.” But close examination demonstrates a large tabular

truncation of the anterior extremity in the Ramphastine vomer,

which I cannot help thinking Prof. Huxley interpreted as a median

osseous bridge formed by the (supposed) blending of the antero-in-

ternal angles of the palatines. Figure 2 represents the vomer of

Fig. 2,

Palatal aspect of the truncated vomer of Ramphastos ariel, with the posterior

parts of the palatine bones retained in union with it.

Ramphastos ariel, freed from its surroundings. It does not send

forward limbs to join the maxillo-palatines [which are those of the

desmognathous Capitonide inflated], but helps by its terminal ex-

pansion to complete, by contact or ankylosis with the palatine on

either side, the posterior wall of a cavity in the dried skull, bounded

laterally and superiorly by the inflated and infused maxillo-palatines,

anteriorly by the nasal septum together with ossifications in the nasal

cartilages associated with it.

In the ‘ Transactions’ of the Linnean Society* Prof. Parker de-

scribes the vomer of Ramphastos toco as double, it being composed

of a smaller posterior and a larger anterior bone, the truncated

nature of which I am not able to infer from the account given.

The Capitonide, the Ramphastide, and Indicator are intimately

associated, therefore, so far as the vomer is concerned. Nevertheless

the proportionally great length of the limbs of the vomerine fork

in the last-named form, and the considerable separation of its small

? Pp. Z.8. 1867, p. 444. 2 Zinn, Trans. 2nd ser, vol. i. p. 127.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LXI. 61

934 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON INDICATOR Masor. [Nov. 19,

maxillo-palatines, are characters which tend to bring it nearer than

either of the others to the Picide.

The pterygoid bones of Indicator are much flattened from above

downwards, with thin outer and inner margins, which are curved, a

triangular groove on the palatal surface running from end to end.

In the Capitonidee and Ramphastide these bones are much more

cylindroid, the superior surface alone being thin-edged, whilst in the

Picidze they are thin, as in Indicator, but differ in possessing a

large anteriorly directed process springing from the superior surface

of each.

In Indicator there is a small notch in the middle of the superior

margin of the osseous orbit, no trace of which exists in any of the

other birds above referred to. In its external osseous nares, also,

there is no tendency towards the Ramphastine position of those

orifices, such as is so well marked in T'eéragonops ; the alinasal ossi-

fication that tends to divide each of the nares into an anterior and

a posterior moiety is likewise far less considerable than in Megalema.

As is known, and well illustrated in Mr. Sclater’s figure of the

bone (Ibis, 1870, p. 178), the sternum agrees most closely with that

of the Capitonidee and Ramphastidee ; and this is especially the case

in the imperfect development of the posterior extremity of the me-

dian xiphoid process, which in the Picidz continues further onward

to reach the level of the ends of the lateral xiphoid processes, at

the same time that the manubrial rostrum of the last-named family

only of the group is bifid. As to the posterior sternal notches, the

inner is the deeper ; and the same is the case in Gecinus viridis, whilst

in Picus, the Capitonide, and Ramphastide the outer is the deeper.

In its soft parts Indicator agrees with the Capitonidee, Ramphas-

tide, and Picide, and differs from the Cuculide, in the following

particulars :—There is only one caroti¢ artery, the left ; the ambiens

and the accessory femoro-caudal muscles are absent (the latter of

these is wanting in the Tree-Cuckoos) ; there are no colic ceca,

The femoro-caudal, semitendinosus and accessory semitendinosus are

present, as is the large gluteus. The tensor patagii brevis muscle

of the wing is inserted into the extensor metacarpi radialis longus

exactly as in the Capitonide, Ramphastide, and Picide, and as in no

other birds'. As in these three groups also (and in the Galbulide,

but not in the scansorial Cuculide and Psittaci), the deep plantar

tendons are distributed peculiarly—the flexor profundus digitorum

supplying the third digit only, whilst the flexor longus hallucis

sends slips to digits r. 11. and rv., as well as a vinculum to its com-

panion muscle *. The trachea at its lower end (fig. 3, p. 935) conso-

lidates into a bony box, formed by the fusion of the lowermost rings.

To the enlarged uppermost bronchial half-ring (a a) the single slender

intrinsic muscle of each side fans out to be attached at its middle.

Summing up the results of the above analysis, it may be stated

that, among the Piciform birds, pterylosis, osteology, myology, and

visceral anatomy place the Picide, Indicator, the Capitonide, and

1 Vide P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 508, pl. xlviii. fig. 1.

2 Vide P.Z. 8. 1875, p. 346.

1878. ]} PROF. A. H. GARROD ON INDICATOR MAJOR. 935

the Ramphastide in one great group of subordinal importance (if

the peculiar hammer skull of the Picidze be omitted from considera-

tion). In this suborder the Picidze constitute one main division—

a family ; whilst I, for one, cannot Separate off the Capitonide from

the Ramphastide by any well marked differences, the two sub-

families graduating into one another.

Syrinx of Indicator major (enlarged); anterior aspect.

Indicator must, in my opinion, also be placed in this family, from

all members of which it differs in possessing an extra pair of rectrices.

No one, however, objects to keeping all the Momotidx together

because of a similar difference in some of its genera ; why remove

Indicator therefore from its allies? Nevertheless Indicator is not

exactly like a Capitonine bird in certain details, so may be placed

as a subfamily by itself, the Indicatorine ; and the whole series may

be thus tabulated.

Order. Suborder. Family. Subfamily.

Pe Indicatorine.

ae ot Picidz. Ne

Piciformes, Pici. { aera Oapitonine.

Capitonide, Ramphasting,

6L*

936 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19,

4. Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—

No. XI. On the Collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett

at Zamboanga, in the island of Mindanao. By

Artrnur, Marquis of Twerppate, F.R.S., President of

the Society.

[Received October 26, 1878.]

(Plates LVII.-LIX.)

The Spanish settlement of Zamboanga, situated at the southern

extremity of the long south-western limb of the large Philippine

island of Mindanao, is classical ground to the ornithologist. More

than a century ago Sonnerat collected birds there ; and in the year

1839 D’Urville’s second Expedition remained a couple of months at

Zamboanga. Yet only 19 species in all were recorded from Minda-

nao when in 1875 I published my List of Philippine Birds. Since

that date Dr. Steere and the naturalists of the ‘ Challenger’ Expe-

dition have collected in the vicinity of Zamboanga, and added 40

species, thereby increasing the total of known species to 59.

Mr. Everett arrived at Zamboanga last March, and remained

through April and part of May. During his stay he obtained

examples of 98 species of birds. Mr. Everett writes that these were

all procured “ within a radius of ten miles of Zamboanga, chiefly in

the hilly country some five miles distant at the back of the town.”

Of these 98 species only 33 had been previously known to inhabit

this part of Mindanao; so that 65 species have been added by

Mr. Everett, of which 11 are new to the Philippines, the following

6 being also new to science—

Pseudoptynx gurney, Chetura picina,

Ninox spilocephalus, Lyncornis mindanensis,

Scops everetti, Folvocivora mindanensis,—

the remaining 5 having been previously unknown in the Phi-

lippines—

Accipiter stevensoni, Cacomantis sepulchralis,

Ninox lugubris, Ptilopus melanocephalus.

Coccystes coromandus,

Examples of 6 species previously said to have a Philippine habitat

Mr. Everett found at Zamboanga, thus reducing the number of un-

certain Philippine species to 29.

Twenty species authentically recorded from Zamboanga and its

vicinity are not contained in Mr. Everett’s collection; so that the

now known total of Zamboanga species identified from specimens

amounts to 118.

Mr. Everett writes :—‘‘ I enclose a note of the species observed by

me here, which I think were not represented by skins in my col-

“> ¢

Smit lith.

| ah

Hanhart imp

AC CIPITER.STEVENS ONI

JSmit lith

PoRUDOP TYNX

Pee .2. 1878 Pl Lin

Hanhart imp

GURNEYI.

aAnnary tmz

ICINA.

CHA TURA P

1878. ] ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 937

lection. I have only included in these lists those birds the names

of which I am absolutely certain I can give with accuracy.”

Cacatua hematuropygia. {New to Zamboanga. |

Haliastur intermedius. {Already recorded. ]

Merops bicolor. {Already recorded. }

Entomobia gularis. {Already recorded. |

Sauropatis chloris. {Already recorded. |

Artamus leucorhynchus. {Already recorded. |

. Anthus, sp.? [?]

Carpophaya, sp.? [Probably Ptilocolpa griseipectus, and new

to Zamboanga. |

Turtur dussumieri. [New to Zamboanga. |

Charadrius fulvus. Throat and belly jet-black. [Already re-

corded. |

Tringoides hypoleucus. | Already recorded. ]

Sterna, sp. Bill chrome; crown of head black ; wing delicate

brownish-grey ; underparts snowy white. Rather large. [Probably

Sterna bergii, and already recorded. }

Three of the above species (omitting the Anthus as undetermin-

able) not having previously been recorded from Zamboanga, when

added to the number of species represented by specimens, raise the

total number of birds known from this part-of Mindanao to 121.

1. CAcaTUA HEMATUROPYGIA (1).

| Zamboanga. |

T include this species on Mr. Everett’s authority.

2. PRIONITURUS DISCURUs (2).

[Zamboanga, 2 3, April.]

3. TANYGNATHUS LUZONENSIS (3).

[Zamboanga, 2, May. |

4. CYCLOPSITTA LUNULATA (4).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March, April, and May. ]

Examples with lunated collars are marked female by Mr. Everett,

those with blue collars as being males.

5. LoricuLus HARTLAUBI (7).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, April and May.]

6. HyporriorCHIs SEVERUS (9).

[Zamboanga, g, April: iris dark brown; bill black; cere and

orbital skin greenish yellow ; legs bright yellow ; claws black.]

In the plumage described by Mr. Sharpe (Cat. Accipitres, p. 397)

as belonging to the young bird.

7. MicrowieRax ERYTHROGENYS (10).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, April.]

938 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19,

8. ACCIPITER STEVENSONI. (Plate LVII.)

Accipiter stevensoni, Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 447, t. xi.

[Zamboanga. a. 2, April: iris golden; bill black; legs greenish

ochre. 4. 9, April: iris golden ; orbital skin greenish-yellow ; bill

leaden, apex and cere blackish ; legs greenish-yellow, but pale brown

on the toes; claws dark brown. c. ¢, pullus, April: iris yellow;

bill black; legs light green; sole of foot yellow; claws black.

d. (sex ?), pullus, April : iris yellow ; cere greenish; beak and claws

black ; legs light greenish; sole of foot yellow. |

Dimensions :-—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Middle toe.

in. in. in. in.

@: Qa tise nice ROO 5°75 1°87 1:16

‘es Sods Sa oe tae 6°75 3°79 1°75 1°25

e. 6 juv.( 92). 5°75 4:00 1°81 125

Aire JAVe-— 21, . An Oeee 4°00 1°62 1:06

Example a is slaty brown above, darkest on the head. Rectrices

pale greyish slate-colour, with five dark-brown bands on middle

pair. The under surface is white; the pectoral, abdominal, and

flank-plumes being traversed with two, three, or more pale-brown

bands. The pure white throat has a dark brown and extremely

narrow median line formed by the white feathers having a very fine

dark edging to the shafts. The quills underneath are regularly

banded with white and brown, above brown banded with dark

brown. The innermost tertiaries are at most pure white with a pale

brown margin. Axillaries pure white with a series of narrow brown

cross bars.

Example 6 (which is figured in the accompanying plate) has the

breast and abdomea uniform pure bright rufous. When the feathers

are discomposed they appear white banded with bright rufous.

Vent and under tail-coverts are pure white. Thigh-coyerts white,

with faint pale rufous cross bands. Middle of throat white, with

terminal pale earthy marks. Sides of head dingy pale rufous-brown.

Upper plumage brown, mixed with rufous in some of the feathers.

Middle pair of rectrices with six transverse brown bands. Quills

barred as in example a, pale rufous occupying the interspaces be-

tween the brown bands to a great extent. Avxillaries white, banded

with pale rufous.

Examples ¢ and d are of nestlings in rufous dress. Underneath

creamy-fulvous,with broad ruddy brown stripes. A central gular stripe

of brown. Middle pair of rectrices with three brown bands. Upper

surface of body and head dark brown, with rusty margins and bases

to the feathers. Thigh-coverts spotted with light ruddy brown.

Mr. Gurney observes on these specimens as follows :—The hawk

“‘ marked a on the ticket is a female of Accipiter stevensoni in the

ordinary adult dress ; that marked 4 I believe to be the same ; but

I have never before seen a female with so rufous a breast, though it

much resembles the figure of the male type specimen (now somewhat

faded) in the ‘ Ibis’ (/. s. c.). The two nestlings may be either A. ste-

1878. ] ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 939

vensoni or A. virgatus. We have a very similar one from Java; but

as both species are found there, I am not sure to which it belongs,

but probably to 4. virgatus, as I suspect that 4. stevensoni is only

a winter visitor to Java. Judging from the size of the tarsus and

foot, I think the larger nestling, marked c, is a female though marked

male, and that the smaller, marked d, is a male.”

Having expressed to Mr. Gurney some doubts about the correct-

ness of identifying example 4 with the female of 4. stevensoni, that

gentleman kindly favoured me with the following remarks :—

“Your rufous-breasted hawk from the Philippines, which I

marked 6, is certainly nearer to A. stevensoni than to any other

species that I am acquainted with; but since returning it to you

I have felt some doubt as to whether it will not prove to belong to a

. distinct and undescribed species.

“Your bird differs in having the wing shorter than any of our

females, and larger than any of our males. Our three males have

but four transverse bars on the tail. Of our four females three have

five bars, and the fourth (an immature bird from Java) four, like the

males, whereas your specimen 6 has six, as mentioned in your letter.

“None of our females have any rufous on the breast ; and in all

our males it is hardly more than a tinge of buff. Our type speci-

men (a male, figured in the ‘Ibis’ for 1863, pl. 11) is perhaps

somewhat faded ; but our Curator is confident that it was never so

rufous as is represented in the ‘Ibis’ plate ; and in this I believe he

is right.

“Your bird is more like the male of 4. stevensoni than it is to

the female ; but as your collector has marked it 2, it probably is so.

‘Specimens of A. stevensoni are scarce, and we hardly know the

limits of variation to which it is liable ; and on this account I should

be glad if additional specimens like your skin 4 could be obtained,

before venturing to publish it as a species distinct from A. stevensont ;

but at the same time, if it should ultimately prove distinct, it would

by no means surprise me.

*‘ | ought toadd that as 4. stevensoni has not yet been met with

when paired, we have no positive proof that the bird which I suppose

to be its female (the type being a male) is so, though I do not

myself entertain any doubt of such being the case.”’

9. SPILORNIS HOLOsPILUS (16).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, April and May. |

10. ELaANus HYPOLEUCUs (18). ?

[Zamboanga, ¢ juv., May: iris light yellow-brown; bill black ;

cere greenish yellow; feet pale chrome; claws black. ]}

11. Nrnox sPILOCEPHALA, sp. n.

(Zamboanga, ¢, March: iris golden; bill greenish leaden ; feet

pale yellow. 9, April: iris golden; bill-greenish lead, tinged

yellow on culmen and tip; feet wax-yellow. 2, April: iris light

greenish-yellow. |

940 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19;

Were it not that the large series of examples sent by Mr. Everett

(six males and thirteen females) all agree in having spotted heads,

I should not have ventured to separate the Zamboanga species from

N. philippinensis of Luzon. Every variety of markings and colora-

tions is exhibited in this series, from dark brown to tawny-rufous

brown above, and stripes and spots of the same colours below ; but

all the nineteen examples have the frontal and coronal feathers

brown, spotted with rufous—in some bright rufous, in others pale

tawny rufous. Some have the whole under plumage, from throat to

vent, dark-centred; others have the breast almost uniform rich

rufous, without pale margins, and with a subterminal brown trans-

verse narrow band.

Every specimen has its sex noted on its label; and the length of

the wing in the six birds marked ¢ is greater than im those marked

Q. The wing of the six males ranges in length from 6°50 to 7:0,

of the thirteen females from 6°25 to 6°50. Two Luzon males have

the wings 6°37 and 5:25. Mr. Sharpe (Cat. ii. p. 168) states 2

inches as the length of the tarsus of an example of NV. philippinensis

in the British Museum: none of these Zamboanga birds has the

tarsus longer than 1°12.

12. ‘Nrnox LUGUBRIS.

Striv lugubris, Tickell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 573.

[Zamboanga. a. 2, March: iris golden; bill blackish ; cere, cul-

men, and mandible greenish’ yellow; feet dark chrome-yellow ;

claws black. 6. 2, April: ims deep brown; bill greenish; feet

chrome-yellow. |

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tarsus. Culmen. ‘Tail.

in. in. in. in,

Ctr eae 1°12 0°62 4°75

hoe 2 Oe 1:12 imperfect. 4°82

Six caudal bands. Virst two primaries without bars. The wings of

a ruddy hue. The outer webs of most of the primaries rusty-red.

The remarks Mr. Gurney has been good enough to favour me

with about this Zamboanga race of Ninow lugubris are as follows :-—

“I think the outer webs of the primaries unusually rufous. We

have only one similar specimen, which is from Formosa and is

described in Sharpe’s volume (Catalogue, ii. p. 161); and with

this specimen the Zamboanga bird seems to me to agree gene-

rally. If N. japonica be admitted as distinct from N. lugubris

(though I doubt whether it ought to be), the Zamboanga specimen,

I think, ought to be referred to NV. japonica.”

Mr. Sharpe has suggested (¢. c. p. 166) that the large Japanese

and North-China form is migratory. These Zamboanga examples

favour his hypothesis.

13. PsreupopTyNx GURNEYI, sp. n. (Plate LVIII.)

[Zamboanga, 3, pairing, April : iris warm brown; bill greyish

white; feet pale grey ; claws white tipped with dark grey.]

1878. | ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 941

Sides of face bright pure unmarked rufous. Lengthened stiff

plumes springing from base of maxilla rufous mixed with tawny,

and many with dark-brown shafts and tipped with dark brown.

Space above front of eyes, uniting on forehead and extending back

over the eyes, pale tawny rufous. Crown and occiput dark rufous,

many of the feathers with a dark brown broad mesial stripe. Nape

and sides of neck pure rufous. Lengthened ear-tufts the same,

some with very narrow brown mesial linear markings near their

apices. Plumes bordering the facial disk albescent tawny ; some

almost pure white, tipped with dark brown. Chin and upper throat

pale tawny rufous. Middle of throat white. Breast and remainder

of lower surface pure rufous, more dilute on lengthened tibial

plumes and under tail-coverts. A few pectoral plumes, with

dark-brown large terminal drops. Many abdominal plumes, with

dark-brown elongated central stripes. Back rufous, minutely

freckled with brown, each feather with a bold, irregular, dark-brown

central stripe. Scapulars like the back, but some of the shorter

and outer albescent tawny on outer webs. The dark brown central

marks are so arranged that the back, together with the scapulars,

appears to have three parallel dark-brown stripes running down it.

Uropygium and upper tail-coverts rufous-brown, with darker shafts,

Rectrices brown, minutely freckled with pale rufous, and with eight or

nine narrow pale rufous cross bands. Minor and median wing-coverts

brown, freckled with rufous, and each with a dark narrow central

brown line. Major coverts brown on inner web, freckled with

rufous on outer. Quills brown, alternately banded with freckled

brown and pale rufous. Tertiaries pure rufous, with traces of dark

brown along the shafts. Carpal edge white; wing-lining yellowish

white ; some of the under carpal coverts rufous, Thigh and tarsal

coverts pale rufous and tawny white.

Mr. J. H. Gurney writes te me :— “The Pseudoptynx is cer-

tainly distinct from P. philippinensis, and, so far as I know, is un-

described. Besides its very much smaller size, it is very much more

rufous below, and of a much darker rufous above; and the dark

central marks of the mantle are altogether of a different character,

and very much less coarse than those in P. philippinensis. As to the

difference of size, we have two specimens of P. philippinensis here ;

and the comparison between their dimensions and those of the

Zamboanga bird is as follows :-—

Culmen

Wing. Tarsus. Middle without

toe cere,

in. In. in In.

“P. philippinensis, No.1.. 15°54 1°6 1-4

4; a> Niozs28 : imperfect 2°5 1.5 1°5

See WUIHCYE A... ms cess 9°3 1'8 1-4 Lis?

The dimensions of the type in the British Museum given by Mr,

Sharpe (Cat. ii. p. 43) also much exceed those of the Zamboanga

bird.

I name this fine Owl after Mr. Gurney, to whom for many years

942 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19,

I have been largely indebted for great assistance in determining the

obscurer species of Rapaces.

14. Scops EVERETTI, sp. n.

{ Zamboanga, 2, April: iris warm brown; bill pale greenish leaden,

nearly white; feet whitish grey ; claws dark grey. ¢, April: iris

deep brown; feet whitish. |

Mr. Everett has sent three examples of a species of Scops, which

may be described as being a large form of Scops lempiji as it

occurs in Java. Above it has the deep rich brown colouring of the

Javan species; the same broad dark-brown mark in the form of

a parallelogram on the head and nape; the same pale-coloured

forehead, stripe above each eye and round the nape, and the broad

dark brown stripe leading from behind the eye, and including most

of the ear-tufts. In the Zamboanga species (as represented in Mr.

Everett’s series) there are no pale uniform tawny or fulvous sca-

pulars. Underneath, the markings differ from those of the Javan

bird by being more confused, and by the absence of regular dark-brown

cross markings on the abdominal plumes. The general colouring

of the under surface is of a ruddier brown,

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tarsus. Tail. Culmen.

in. in. in. in.

GC eaeene Gho0 1-20 3°30 0°62

Oo Osho 1°20 3°62 0°68

Mr. Sharpe, to whom I submitted two of the specimens, has

obliged me with the following observations :—‘‘ Your Owl is of the

S. lempii group, having that peculiar light streak on the sides of

the crown, running onto the ear-tufts ; but underneath it is quite

aberrant, and verges more towards the Moluccan S. leucospilus sec-

tion. At the same time I expect it will come very near Scops

umbratilis, Swinhoe.””

Mr. Gurney writes, “‘ The Owl is new to me, and different to any

that we have here.”

15. THRIPONAX JAVENSIs (28).

[Zamboanga. ¢, March: iris yellow. ]

The white at the tips of the primaries is unusually developed in

the specimens from Zamboanga.

16. CarysocoLaPTEs Lucipus (32).

Chrysocolaptes maculiceps, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. ser. 2, Zool. i.

p. 314, t. xlvi. fig. 2.

[Zamboanga, 2 , May : iris crimson. |

An example (marked a female) wears the plumage of C. macu-

liceps, as described and figured by Mr. Sharpe.

1878. ] ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 943

17. YUNGIPICUS VALIDIROSTRIS (33 partim).

Picus nanus, Vigors, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1845, p. 197.

Picus validirostris, Blyth, Cat. Cale. Mus. p. 64. no. 305;

J. A. 8. B. 1849, p. 805.

[Zamboanga, ¢ 2, May: iris crimson?; bill black ; mandible

lead-grey ; feet olive. |

When writing on Picus maculatus, Scopoli (Tr. Z. 8. ix. p. 148),

I stated that the titles I then brought together were treated as

synonyms on the assumption that the islands of Luzon, Panay, and

Mindanao possessed but one and the same species of Yungipicus.

I had had no opportunity of examining an example from any one of

the Philippine Islands. Since then Mr. Everett has sent me ex-

amples of a species of the genus from Luzon ; and these I identified

(P. Z.S. 1877, p. 689) with P. maculatus, rather than create a new

title, while their dimensions were too small for P. validirostris,

Blyth. The birds from Zamboanga differ specifically from the

Luzon species. They are larger; the uropygium and upper tail-

coverts are unspotted tawny-white ; and the rectrices are tawny buff

banded with dark brown, and not dark brown, for the most part,

as in the Luzon bird, with narrrow albescent bands or marks. In

both, the lower throat and upper breast are spotted, and uot streaked,

as in Y. fuscoalbidus of the Sunda Islands and Malacca. Until

typical examples of P. maculatus from Panay are compared, it cannot

be affirmed whether the type of P. maculatus belongs to the Luzon

or the Mindanao species, or whether it may not be a species distinct

from either. In the meantime I adopt Blyth’s title, the dimensions

he gives being exactly those of the Zamboanga species :—bill to

forehead 0°75 ; wing 3:25.

I may mention that Y. aurantiiventris, Salvadori, is an excellent

species, quite distinct from Y. fuscoalbidus.

18. HaRPACTES ARDENS (34).

[Zamboanga, 2, March: coloration of soft parts as in male. |

The coloration of the soft parts is not mentioned on the labels of

the males sent.

19. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS (38).

[Zamboanga, 2, March. |

20. PELARGOPSIS GIGANTEA.

Pelargopsis gigantea, Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,

xiii. p. 123.

{[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, March and May. |

21. Creyx ARGENTATA.

Ceyx argentata, Tweeddale, anted, p. 108. no. 7, t. vi.

[Zamboanga, 3, May.]

22. Enromosia GuLaris (44).

{ Zamboanga. |

944 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19,

23. HALCYON WINCHELLI.

Haleyon winchelli, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. (2) Zool. i. p. 318, t. xvii.

(Zamboanga, 9, April: iris dark brown; bill black; the basal

half of mandible white ; feet light greyish-green. |

I have not been able to compare the Zamboanga birds with the

Basilau type; but the female agrees well with Mr. Sharpe’s descrip-

tion and plate. A second example (sex unrecorded) differs in

having the whole under surface pure white.

24. CALIALCYON COROMANDA (46).

[ Zamboanga, 2, March. |

The discovery of this species by Mr. Everett at Zamboanga re-

moves all doubts of its being an inhabitant of the Philippines.

25. ACTENOIDES HOMBRONI (48).

[Zamboanga, $, April: iris brown; bill orange-red ; the culmen

blackish ; feet dirty greenish orange. |

In the perfectly adult male the crescentic pectoral markings dis-

appear.

26. XANTHOLEMA H2&MACEPHALA (50).

[| Zamboanga, ¢, March and April. |

27. MacropTeryx CoMATUus (52).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April.]

28. CH&TURA PICINA, sp.n. (Plate LIX.)

[Zamboanga, 9, April. ]

Black with a blue gloss, greenish in some lights. Chin, throat,

and larger under wing-coverts pure white. Wing 6°37; tail 1°25.

29. LyNCORNIS MINDANENSIS, Sp. 0.

[Zamboanga, ¢, April: iris warm brown; feet purplish brown. ]

Typical Z. macrotis (ex Luzon) has the crown, forehead, ear-

tufts, and nape rufous brown, of almost the same shade as in

L. temminckii. The three examples of the species of Lyncornis

which inhabits the vicinity of Zamboanga, sent by Mr. Everett,

differ from Z. macrotis by having the crown, nape, forehead, and

ear-tufts dark greyish-brown, and not rufous, by all the browns of

the plumage being much darker, and by the wing being shorter.

Wing 9°90.

30. CAPRIMULGUS MANILLENSIS (55).

[Zamboanga, 2, April.]

Compared by Mr. Sharpe with the type.

31. BATRACHOSTOMUS SEPTIMUs.

[Batrachostomus septimus, Tweeddale, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 542,

no. 13.

[Zamboanga, ¢, April: iris orange-yellow; bill light horn-

1878. } ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 945

brown ; feet pale ochreous yellow ; nails grey. Interior of gape,

3 2, lemon-yellow. |

Two examples of the adult male and one of an adult female are

sent by Mr. Everett. The white nuchal band of the female is not

sO conspicuous as in the type, nor are the white markings of the

throat-band and pectoral plumes. The general hue of the male-

plumage agrees with that of the female; but in the males the

elongated scapulars have the outer webs pure white, with a black

subterminal spot on the inner web. Four examples of this species

are now known, two of males and two of females; and all four are in

the rufous phase. Mr. Everett, in his remarks about one of the

males is very explicit ; he writes :—‘ I have one Batrachostomus, a

good skin ; it is in rufous plumage, andis ¢. I took especial care

in the sexing; and luckily the parts had not been touched by shot.

Judging from the size of the testes, I think the bird is rather im-

mature.”

32. CACOMANTIS SEPULCHRALIS ?

Cuculus sepulchralis, 8S. Miller, Land- en Volkenk. p. 177.

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, April. ]

Mr. Everett obtained five examples of a Plaintive Cuckoo, two of

which are in adult plumage, and so closely resemble the Javan

C. sepulchralis, that I do not venture to separate them. The dimen-

sions of the wings and tail are slightly less, while the chin and

throat are of the same rufous as the breast, and not grey. S. Miller

described (/. c.) the chin of the Javan and Sumatran type as being

grey ; and so it is in my Javan specimens ; but it is not certain that

in Javan birds this grey does not change into rufous. An example

obtained by Mr. Everett at San Mateo, Luzon (C. merulinus, a,

P. Z.8. 1877, p. 691. n. 19), belongs, without doubt, to C. sepul-

chralis, and has the chin and upper throat grey, the others being

examples of true C. merulinus. This last species can hardly be kept

separate from the grey-breasted species of Continental Asia, C. thre-

nodes, &c.

33. SURNICULUS VELUTINUS.

Surniculus velutinus, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 320.

[Zamboanga, 2, April. }

34, CHALCOCOCCYX MALAYANUS.

Cuculus malayanus, Raffles, Tr. L. 8. xiii. p. 286, “ Malay Pe-

ninsula’’ (March 1821).

? Cuculus basalis, Horsfield, Tr. L. 8. xiii. p. 179, “ Java”

(April 1820).

[Zamboanga. a.d, April: iris burnt-sienna colour ; orbital ring

fine vermilion; bill blackish; feet very dark lead-grey. 6. April:

iris light yellowish brown; bill black; legs lead-grey; nails

black. |

Mr. Everett sends three Golden Cuckoos, which, although some-

what smaller than typical examples, differ in no other respect.

946 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19,

Wing 3°62. I adopt the more recent specific title of malayanus, as

it has not as yet been absolutely demonstrated that the Malayan-

Peninsula bird is the same as the Javan. The only Javan example

I have seen is pure white underneath, without any transverse bands.

Above, the whole back is very dark green without any coppery gloss,

the head and nape coppery greenish-brown. This individual is

fairly represented on plate 102. f. 2, of the ‘ Planches Colori¢es,’

under the title of Cuculus chalcites, Iliger, exact habitat unknown.

It may be only a phase of plumage; but Horsfield and Moore

(Cat. Mus. E. I.C. ii. pp. 706, 707) keep the Malaccan species

distinct from the Javan.

35. H1erococcyx PECTORALIS (60).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April: iris pale yellow; orbital skin bright

chrome-yellow ; bill black’; mandible and base of maxilla greenish ;

feet bright wax-yellow ; claws horn-yellow. |

A single example, which agrees in every detail with the descrip-

tion given by Dr. Cabanis. It may also belong, as suggested by me

(J. ¢.), to Cuculus hyperythrus, Gould ; but it differs from the figure

of that species in wanting the black chin, in not being so intensely

rufous underneath, in the rufous colouring not extending below the

breast, and in the upper plumage not being of so dark a shade of

grey. It also has four, distinct, transverse, narrow, dark caudal bands,

and not merely two as described by Mr. Gould.

36. CoccysTES COROMANDUS.

Cuculus coromandus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 171. no. 20.

[Zamboanga, 2, March: iris brown; bill jet-black ; feet bluish

grey ; interior of gape salmon-red. |

; New to the Philippines, and a most unexpected addition to their

auna.

37. EUDYNAMIS MINDANENSIS (61).

[Zamboanga, 2, March: iris bright crimson; bill and legs

greenish plumbeous. 4, ¢, March.]

These are typical examples of the species, and do not differ from

North-Mindanao examples. They are somewhat smaller than birds

from Guimaras and Zebu. Maximum length of wing 7°50. In

the female the spots and bands appear in this species to be always

rufous.

38. CeNTROCOCCYX vIRIDIS (64).

[ Zamboanga, March. |

39. PyrRHOCENTOR MELANOPS (65).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, March.]

Sexes alike.

4(). Bucrros MINDANENSIS.

Buceros mindanensis, Tweeddale, P. Z. 8.1871, p. 543.

[Zamboanga, ¢ 2 2 juv., March. ]

1578. | ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 947

41. PEnrLopipeEs AFFINIs.

Penelopides affnis, Tweeddale, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 824. n. 29. f. 1.

[Zamboanga, ¢ Q, March. ]

A new onter rectrix has the central band pure white, the central

bands on all the other rectrices being bright rufous.

42. Lanius nasutus (70).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, April.]

Mr. Everett sends a nestling killed in April.

43. Lanius Luctonensts (72).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April.]

44. Gravcatus srriatus (73).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April: iris pale yellow. |

Two examples marked ¢ have uniform plumbeous breasts and

banded underparts and uropygium. One marked 9 is banded

from the chin downwards as well as on the uropygium,

45. VoLvocivora MINDANENSIS, sp. n.

[Zamboanga. a. 3, April: iris dark brown ; bill and legs black.

6. 2, April: iris dark brown. e. 2, April: iris dark chocolate-

brown. |

Adult male (a). Chin, cheeks, sides of head, space before the eyes,

a broad supercilium, ear-coverts, forehead, throat, and upper breast

jet-black. Remainder of breast, crown, and whole under surface of

body dark leaden-grey, paler near the vent and on the under tail-

coverts. Wing-coverts, nape, and axillaries a slightly lighter shade

of leaden-grey, palest on the uropygium and upper tail-coverts,

which are slightly mixed with white. Quills above black, with

faint grey margins. Sixth and remaining primaries tipped with greyish

white. Secondaries and tertiaries leaden-grey on their outer webs,

Part of inner webs of quills, seen from underneath, pale grey. This

colour commences at the base of the first primary, occupying but a

small part of it, but is more extended on each succeeding quill, and

reaches to the extremities of the inner quills. Rectrices jet-black ;

outer pair with a large grey terminal mark, the same colour being

slightly indicated on the next pair. Carpal edge and wing-lining

almost black.

Adult female (6). The same as the male, but the grey colour of

the whole plumage of a paler shade, the uropygium more albescent,

and no black about the head, throat, and breast. Carpal edge and

axillaries pale grey.

Young female (¢). Like the adult, but the grey colour not so

pure. The chin, central part of the throat, a few scattered feathers

on the breast and flanks, the wing-lining, and axillaries finely banded

with white. Upper tail-coverts nearly pure white. Outer margins

of some of the secondaries and carpal edge inclining to white.

948 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [ Nov. 19,

Dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. ‘Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in. in.

Giendiyire) 44562 4:0 0°88 0°88

Oa Seek ALO 4:0 0°88 0-88

Q juve... 4:48 3°88 0:88 0°87

A representative form of VY’. morio ex Celebes, but altogether of a

darker shade of grey, with a black forehead, and with the inner

margins of the quills grey, and not pure white.

46. LaLaGe pomrinica (76).

[Zamboanga, 9, April. }

47. DICRURUS STRIATUS.

Dicrurus striatus, Tweeddale, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 545. no. 20.

[Zamboanga, 2, Marchi: iris crimson. |

48. LEUCOCERCA NIGRITORQUIS (83).

[Zamboanga, 9, April. ]

49. CyoRNIs PHILIPPINENSIS (84 partim).

Cyornis philippinensis, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. 1. p. 325.

[Zamboanga, 2, March. ]

50. HyporHymMis AzUREA (85).

(Zamboanga, 9, May: maxilla black, mandible light blue; legs

dark grey slate ; interior of gape yellow. ]

51. Broprripus ACRORHYNCHUS (90).

[ Zamboanga. |

52. ERyYTHROPITTA ERYTHROGASTRA (94).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March, April, May. |

These examples all belong to ZL. erythrogastra, and not to the

Balabae race named B. propinguus by Mr. Sharpe (Tr. L. 8. (2)

Zool. i. p. 330). The young Dumalon (Mindanao) example ob-

tained by Dr. Steere, and doubtfully identified with B. propinquus

by Mr. Sharpe (J. c.), in all probability belongs to 2. erythrogastra.

An immature bird, killed in April near Zamboanga, is dirty —

rufous brown above, with dashes of green; rectrices blue; wing-

feathers without a trace of blue; under surface dirty white,

feathers margined with pale rufous brown ; some scarlet feathers on

the breast ; vent and under tail-coverts washed with brownish red.

The females differ in the scarlet colouring of the abdominal region

not being so intense and vivid, and in the throat not being so dark

brown, almost black. The blue colouring of the breast is not

exhibited until complete maturity, that part remaining green. In

fully mature birds of both sexes the green pectoral band is almost

entirely replaced by blue.

1878. ] ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES, 949

53. MELANOPITTA SORDIDA (95).

[Zamboanga, 3, March : iris chocolate ; bill black ; legs brownish

grey. o 9, March, April, and May.]

This species has the black central abdominal patch much more

largely developed than in M. muelleri ex Borneo. In no other

respect does it appear to differ. The extent of pure white on the

quills is dependent on sex. Of fourteen individuals with the sex noted

by Mr. Everett, nine are males and five are females. The primaries

of the male have a much greater white surface than is found in the

primaries of the female. The 6th, 7th, and 8th primaries are

scarcely tipped with black ; and the first five primaries have double

the amount of white that exists on the primaries of the female. On

examining Luzon and Negros examples with the sexes noted by

Dr. B. Meyer, the same character differentiates the sexes. In

Bornean individuals of M. muelleri (sex determined by Mr. Everett)

the sexes can be discriminated by the amount of white on the

remiges. In M. cucullata some of my examples exhibit a maximum

of white on the quills and the others a minimum ; but as none

have had their sexes determined by dissection, I am unable to

affirm that in that species the same law holds good. In two

Zamboanga skins the green of the breast and flanks is assuming the

blue tint so prominent in the large representative form M. steerii,

54. MELANOPITTA STEERII.

Brachyurus steerii, Sharpe, ‘ Nature,’ August 1876, Tr. L. S,

ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 329, t, xlix.

[Zamboanga, 3, March and April. ]

55. MACRONUS STRIATICEPS.

Macronus striaticeps, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 331.

{[Zamboanga, ¢, March: iris white: bill black; legs purplish

grey. ]

56. Ixus Gotavier (99).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March. }

57. PoLioLoruus uRostictus (101).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April: orbital ring light yellow.]

58. HypsipeTes RUFIGULARIS.

Hypsipetes rufigularis, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 335.

(Zamboanga, 2, April; iris crimson; bill blackish brown ; legs

brown. |

59. Monticoxa souitarivs (103).

[Zamboanga, 9, April. ]

60. CopsycHus MINDANENSsIs (106).

[Zamboanga, ¢, March. |

Proc. Zoo. Soc.— 1878, No. LXII. 62

950 - MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19,

61. PHYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS.

Phyllopneuste borealis, Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, p. 313.

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, April.]

62. ORTHOTOMUS CINEREICEPS ?

Orthotomus cinereiceps, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 113, t. 11. f. 2,

* Basilau.”

[Zamboanga, ¢, March: iris clay-orange; 2, April. }

Mr. Sharpe’s title is here adopted with doubt for this Zambo-

anga species of Tailor-bird, because it does not quite agree with the

description and figure, and I have not been able to compare it with

the type (now in America).

In the example marked as being of a male, the cheeks, chin, and

entire throat are jet-black. In that of the female the chin and

upper part of the throat are white, the middle of the breast,

the abdomen, and vent are silky white, whereas in the male these

parts are bright olive-green. ‘The rectrices of the male are devoid

of a subterminal bar; but in those of the female brown subterminal

bars are conspicuous. It is not improbable that the male example

with entire throat black is O. einereiceps in full breeding-dress.

63. ORTHOTOMUS FRONTALIS.

Orthotomus frontalis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 112, t.ii. f. 1, “Zam-

boanga.”

(Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March and April. |

The examples noted as belonging to males have no subterminal

bar on the rectrices. Those marked as being of females have the

subterminal bar well pronounced.

64. BupyrTes vrripis (114).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April. |

65. ZosTEROPS EVERETTI.

Zosterops everetti, Tweeddale, P.Z.S. 1877, p. 762. no. 42.

[Zamboanga, 5 9, April. ]

66. Dic#uM CINEREIGULARE.

Diceum cinereigulare, Tweeddale, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 829. no. 50,

“ N. Mindanao.”

(Zamboanga, Q, April: iris dark brown; bill black; legs very

dark grey, nearly black. }

The female differs from the male in wanting the orange-red inter-

scapular patch, in the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts be‘ug

pure yellow, and in the upper plumage being deeply tinged with

olive-green.

67. Dic£UM RUBRIVENTRE (120 partim).

Pipra papuensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1004.

(Zamboanga, 2, April: iris dark blood-red ; bill and legs black. ]

1878.] ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 951

68. NECTAROPHILA JULIA.

Nectarophila julie, Tweeddale, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 547. no. 32,

‘* Melanipa.”’

Cinnyris julia (Tweeddale), Shelley, Cinnyride, pts. vii. & viii.

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, April: iris brown; bill and feet black. }

In some examples of the male the breast is suffused with orange-

red ; in others little or no red is perceptible.

69. Cyrrosromus sJUGULARIS (123).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, March and April.}

70. ANTHOTHREPTUS CHLOROGASTER.

Anthreptes chlorigaster, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool.i. p. 342 ;

Shelley, Cinnyride, pt. vi. pt. vil. t.

[Zamboanga, Q, April: iris indian-red ; bill light umber-brown ;

legs greenish leaden. ]

71. Raaspornis MystacaLis (124).

{Zamboanga, ¢, April. ]

A single example, which differs from the Luzon species in its

much shorter bill. Culmen barely 0°62, in the Luzon bird fully 0°75.

- The wing is also shorter ; and the colouring of the wings and back

is warm brown, and not greyish olive-brown.

72. Corvus PHILIPPINUS (125).

[Zamboanga, ¢, March. ]

73. CALORNIS PANAYENSIS (128).

{[Zamboanga, ¢, March. |

74. SaARcops CALvus (129).

{Zamboanga, 2, March. |

7d. Munia sacori (132),

{[Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March.]

76. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (135).

{Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March, April, May. |

77. PTILOPUS MELANOCEPHALUS.

Columba melanocephala, Forster, Zoologia Indica, p. 16. no. 7,

t. viil., ex Java (1781).

[ Zamboanga. a. 3, March: iris, orbital skin, and bill yellow, with

more or less of a green tinge; feet carmine, nails dark grey. 6.¢,

April: iris yellow; bill yellow-green. ]

Hardly separable from the Javan species. Wing 4°50. The

tint of the throat-patch resembles that of P. xanthorrhous ; but the

abdomen and crissum are yellow, and not orange. New to the

Philippines.

952 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [Nov. 19,

78, RAMPHICULUS OCCIPITALIS (138).

[Zamboanga, ? (juv.), March: iris dark brown; bill light brown,

the basal half dull red ; feet coral-red. |

Sexes alike.

79. PHABOTRERON BREVIROSTRIS.

Phabotreron brevirostris, Tweeddale, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 549.

no. 38.

{Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March and April.]

The pale, and not rufous, chin and throat distinguishes this

species from P. leucotis.

80. CARPOPHAGA £NEA (141).

[Zamboanga, 2, March. |

81. PriLocoLPA GRISEIPECTUS (142)?

Mr. Everett remarks in epist.:—‘‘ The Carpophaga of the Zam-

boanga list is a bird markedly smaller than C. enea; and those

parts which in the latter are coloured fine bronzy green, are in the

smaller species dark iron-grey.” The above-given description, so

far as it goes, agrees with Pézlocolpa griseipectus, a rare species in

museums, and the exact habitat of which in the Philippines remains

to this day (unless this identification is correct) undetermined.

82. MyristiIcrvora BICOLOR (143).

[Zamboanga, 2, May. ]

83. HemipHaGa POLIOCEPHALA (144).

(Zamboanga, @ (not quite adult): bill black; orbital skin

crimson. |

Sexes alike. The margin of the inner web of the first primary is

- scooped out, and that of the second a little less so.

84. MacropyGIA EURYCERCA.

Macropygia eurycerca, Tweeddale, anted, p. 288, no. 49.

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, March and April. |

Considerably smaller than the Negros type, but otherwise undis-

tinguishable. Wing 6°75, as against 7°50; tail 7-00, against 8-00.

85. TuRTUR DUSSUMIERI (147).

{ Zamboanga. |

Included on the authority of Mr. Everett.

86. PHLOG@NAS CRINIGERA.

Phlogeenas crinigera (Pucheran), Tweeddale, P. Z. S. 1877,

p. 833. no. 66.

[Zamboanga, ¢ 2, March and April. |

Sexes alike. An example marked ‘“¢ juv.” by Mr. Everett

has the claret-coloured pectoral plastron only indicated by a few red

1878. ] ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 953

plumes, and the terminal margin of the major coverts fulvous instead

of pale grey, the remainder of the plumage being marked and

coloured as in the adult.

_ 87. Cuatcornaps 1npica (150).

[Zamboanga, ¢ Q, March. |

88. Gaius Banxrva (153).

[Zamboanga, ¢ 9, March.]

89. Mrcapopius pILLWwyNl.

Megapodius dillwyni, Tweeddale, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 766.

[Zamboanga, 9, March: iris burnt sienna-brown; bill horn-

brown; orbital skin dirty crimson ; legs reddish-brown ; tarsi! dark

brown. 6, March: orbital skin dark purplish brown. |

90. GALLINULA CHLOROPUs (169).

(Zamboanga, 9, May: iris light warm brown; bill greenish

yellow; frontal plate orange-red ; legs grass-green. }

91. GaLticrEex CINEREA (170).

[Zamboanga, ¢, March and April.]

92. ERYTHRA PH@NICURA (171).

[Zamboanga, 2, March. ]

93. ORTYGOMETRA CINEREA (172).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April. |

94. Porzana Fusca (174).

[Zamboanga, ¢, April: iris brick-red ; legs dull wax-red.]

95. GALLINAGO MEGALA (188).

[Zamboanga, 9, March. ]

96. Ruyncw#a CaPENsis (189).

[Zamboanga, ¢, May.]

97. ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA (192).

- [Zamboanga, 2, March. |

98. HrropiaAs INTERMEDIA (196).

[Zamboanga, 3, March. ]

99. MELANOPELARGUS EPISCOPUS.

Ardea episcopus, Bodd. Tabl. d. Pl. En. p. 54.

[ Zamboanga, 2, March. ]

In full dress.

* So written on label; perhaps a slip of the pen for the word “toes” or

claws.”

954 MR. E.R. ALSTON ON NEOTROPICAL SQUIRRELS. [Nov. 19,

100. DenpRocyGNna vaGAns (203),

[Zamboanga, ?, April.]

101. Dysporvus suta (214).

[Zamboanga, 9, May: iris white; bill dirty white; orbital and

gular space pale green; feet very light greenish yellow ; nails grey. |

A young female in dirty-brown plumage, darkest on breast, throat,

neck, head, and back.

5, Supplementary Note on the Neotropical Squirrels.

By Epwarp R. Atston, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.

[Received November 8, 1878.]

I regret to say that several errors have crept into my paper “On

the Squirrels of the Neotropical Region,” ! owing in parttomy absence

from town when the sheets were passing through the press. Two

or three of these appear sufficiently serious to require correction.

Scrurus varrasiuis. In the remarks on this species 8. rufo-

niger is a clerical error for S. brunneo-niger, at p. 666, seventh line,

and at p. 667, second line.

Scrurus pusittus. At p. 670 I remark that I was not able to

ascertain Geoffroy’s type in the Paris Museum. It appears that I

had overlooked it ; for Professor A. Milne-Edwards has kindly in-

formed me that it is still there. Unfortunately the skull is wanting,

so that its age cannot well be ascertained. The want, however, is sup-

plied by the British-Museum specimens, of which the skulls and teeth

show them to be fully adult, although an unhappy misprint (p. 671,

eighteenth line) makes me state the exact contrary. M. Milne-

Edwards has sent me the following measurements of the types of

S, pusillus and 8. rufo-niger :—

S. pusillus.

millim. inches.

Length of head ........ 0°039 1°56

RS head and body 0°089 3°56

> tail essence (imperfect)

S. rufo-niger.

millim. inches,

Length of head........ 0°048 1°92

e head and body 0:178 “12

“ tail (with hair) 0°139 5°56

This last specimen appears to me to have been considerably over-

stretched in mounting.

In conclusion I may add that I have had the pleasure of receiving

a letter from Mr. J. A. Allen, in which he accepts almost all-the

determinations at which I arrived in the paper in question.

* Supra, pp. 656-670,

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CHAMBERED SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS.

1878.] PROF. OWEN ON THE SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 955

6. On the Relative Positions to their Constructors of the

Chambered Shells of Cephalopods. By Prof. Owen,C.B.,

F.R.S., F.Z.S., &e.

[Received October 4, 1878.]

(Plate LX.)

The relations of the chambered and siphonated shells to their con-

structors can now, owing to the extent to which they have been

subject to extinction, only be fully elucidated by a study of species

or varieties of two of the genera, Nautilus and Spirula.

The fossil shells of Cephalopods, as is well known, exhibit a pro-

gressive uncoiling from Nautilus to Orthoceras and from Ammonites

to Baculites, with various modifications of the process ; but that this

had been carried out to a coiling in the reverse direction, required

anatomical evidence for its demonstration.

The insight, however, gained into the organization of Spirula

peronit at the date of the publication of the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage.

of the Samarang’!, added to that previously obtained on the organi-

zation of Nautilus pompilius®, led me to express a conviction of their

shell-relations in the following terms :— “ These shells (Nautilus and

Ammonites) are revolutely spiral or coiled over the back of the

animal, not involute like the Spirula”*, And, if the direction of the

coils be determined by their relation to the back and belly of the

framer of the shell, no other interpretation can be given of such rela-

tion as it is exhibited in Spirula (Plate LX. fig. 4) and Nautilus

(ib. fig. 3) respectively.

It is, however, to the exposition and characters of the extraordinary

number and manifold variety of the extinct Cephalopods, now known

only by their polythalamous and siphonated shells, that an exact

and accepted determination of their relative position to the body of

the framer is most needed.

In the year 1829 Leorotp von Bucu initiated, in his notable

memoirs on the Ammonites‘, the definition and nomenclature of the

shell-characters by which the species, genera, and families might be

defined.

Assuming, and correctly in my judgment, that the shells of an

Ammonite and a Nautilus were coiled in the same direction, he

premises :—“ Le caractére distinctif entre ces deux genres de Cépha-

lopodes, consiste en ce que le syphon des Ammonites est toujours

dorsal, et qui'il ne Vest jamais dans les Nautiles”®. Next, calling

attention to the lobed and foliaceous sutures of the Ammonitic shells,

he defines the parts which he calls “lobes” and “selles” (saddles )—

specifying of the former, ‘‘Ze lobe dorsal,” “le lobe ventral,’ and “les

lobes latéraux”’*. Von Buch’s descriptions and figures admit of no

1-“ Mollusca,” Part 1, 4to, p- 6, pl. iv.

? Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, &c. 4to, 1832.

$ Palxontology, 8vo, 1861, p. 97.

+ Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 8yo, tome xvii. p. 267, tome xyiii. p: 417.

* Tb. p. 268. 8 Tb. ib.

956 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

doubt as to hisconclusion that the outer convex curve was the ‘‘dorsal ”’

one, the inner concave curve the “ ventral’ one, in both Nautilus

and Ammonites.

Such, indeed, seemed the obvious relations to back and belly of

the Nautilus-shell before the structure and position of its framer

were made known. And it should be remembered that my conelu-

sions on the latter point were inferential, a mere fragment only of

the shell having been left attached to the unique specimen submitted

to my scalpel in 1832.

Accordingly, in 1835, M. pe BLainviLte’, adopting Von Buch’s

view of the ‘‘ dorsal’ position of the siphuncle in Ammonites, and con-

ceiving the shell of Spiru/a to be convoluted in the same direction as

in Nautilus, characterizes its siphuncle as ‘‘ ventral,’ and that ofthe

Ammonite as “ dorsal.”

In his applications of these views of relative position to the Ammo-

nites, with little change of the families into which these fossils had

been arranged by Von Buch, he proposes new names for them, and

adopts the shape and proportions of the outer curve or border of the

shell as the family characters. Thus, when such outer, and in my

view ventral, curve of the shell is broad, asin Ammonites dilatatus,

a family of ‘‘ A. latidorses”’ is diagnosed; a reverse proportion, as

shown in Ammonites discus, characterizes the family ‘“ 4. compressi-

dorses ;’ but neither these families, nor those of the ‘ cavidorses,”’

“cristidorses,” ‘ lzvidorses,” &c, have gained currency or accept-

ance.

ALcipE p’OrpiGNny’ adcpts the view of relative position, the ter-

minology, and in the main the classification proposed by Von Buch.

By Morris* and Anstep‘ the aspects of the Nautiloid and

Ammonitoid shells propounded by Von Buch are retained. Prof.

Ansted associates Spirula with Nautilus in his family NauTILacea,

and writes :—‘ The next point of difference to be attended to is in the

siphuncle; and it is one both of position and magnitude. In the

genera of the first family, Nauriiacea, this important part is some-

times ventral, or on the inner margin, more frequently central, and

is very rarely observed to approach the dorsal or outer margin. On

_ the other hand, it is almost always very near the dorsal margin in

the Ammoneara, and sometimes is actually placed outside, in a

channel opened for it, and projecting from the back of the shell in

the shape of a keel ’’*.

In fact, to have propounded that the siphuncle in the Ammonitidze

was ventral, as in Spirula, would have implied that the shells were

coiled in reverse directions—an assumption seemingly held to be too

? Prodrome d’une Monographie des Ammonites, 8vo, 1840.

? Paléontologie Francaise, 8vo, 1842, p. 185:—* Les lettres suivantes, les

mémes que celles qu’emploie M. de Buch, indiquent toujours les mémes parties

dans les figures—e. g. D. lobe dorsal, V. lobe ventral,” &c.

8 “On some new Species of the Genus Ancyloceras” (“The ribs ornamented with

two conical tubercules on the dorsal part”), Ann. & Mag. of Nat. History, 1845,

vol. xv. p. 82, pl. vi. figs. 3, a, d.

* Observations on the Animals inhabiting multilocular Shells, 8yo.

5 Ib. p. 278,

1878. ] SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 957

extravagant for adoption. And yet, if the Ammonite was tetra-

oe like the Nautilus, no other conclusion could logically be

rawn.

Accordingly, such view is formally repudiated by the experienced

zoologist Dr. J. E. Gray, in his paper “On the Animal of the

Spirula”!, “The examination,’’ he writes, ‘“‘of this animal confirms

me in the opinion which I expressed in the ‘Synopsis of the British

Museum ’ (1840, p. 149), that the Ammonites, from their texture

and the small size of the last chamber, are internal shells and should

be arranged with the decapodous Cephalopods, being chiefly dis-

tinguished from the Spirula by the siphon being always on the dorsal

margin of the whorls and the septa foliated on the edge. I am

aware,”’ he adds, ‘that this opinion is not in conformity with the ideas

of many zoologists and comparative anatomists ; for Mr. Owen, in the

last arrangement of these animals (Todd’s Encyl. Comp. Anat.), though

he places the Spirule with the Dibranchiate Cephalopods, places the

Ammonites with the Tetrabranchiate next to Nautilus” (p. 259).

Before recapitulating the grounds on which it was inferred that the

Ammonitide were external shells, I will, finally, cite the valuable

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, published under the

direction of the accomplished and lamented Superintendent of the

Survey, THomas Otpuam, LL.D., F.R.S., in which the sanction

given to the views of Gray and before-cited authors as to the aspects

of the shells of the Ammonites has mainly induced me to offer the

present elucidation of the grounds on which I still hold the contrary

opinion, viz., that the siphuncle in the Ammonitide is ‘‘ ventral ”’ or

‘** margino-ventral,”’ as it is in Spirula, but thatit is “‘ external” in the

one and “internal ”’ in the other, through the reversed direction of the

spiral whorls.

In the “ Monograph of the Cretaceous Cephalopoda of Southern

India,” the preparation of which was confided to the accomplished

naturalist F. SroriczKa, too early lost to science, he premises the

following characters of the Ammonitide :—

“Animal not known: shell spiral, more or less involute with

numerous regularly (?) and gradually increasing whorls in the same

plane, many-chambered, the last or body-chamber extending generally

over about two thirds of the last whorl. The margins of the septa

are deeply divided into lobes and saddles, the first having their sub-

divisions always pointed, the latter more rounded. The dorsal lobe

is divided by a small saddle into two parts, corresponding to the

siphunele: in the regular forms of Ammonites this is always placed

in the middle of the back; the siphuncle is also similarly placed

inside the shell.”

It is to be observed, however, that the author associates the

Ammonitide in the same order ‘“‘TETRABRANCHIATA”? with the

Nautilide ; and it would seem therefore that he entertained the

doubts originally expressed by Gray* and supported by Grant® as

1 Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. xv. 1845.

? Phil. Trans. 1833, p. 774. ‘ ;

3 My description and figures were called in question, with more detail, by

958 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

to the correctness of the position assigned by me to the soft parts

of Nautilus in the shell’; but the sole reason assigned by Stoliczka

for adhering to Von Buch’s view of the position of the shell and his

consequent denomination of its parts is the following:—‘* Our de-

scriptions are of the shell (Am. ¢esta), not of the animal which was

living in it, and which we know not’’’.

We shall never know the organization of that animal ew visu.

But there are, in respect of the Ammonite as of most extinct ani-

mals, other sources of knowledge in kind and degree sufficient to

decide such a question as the relations of soft parts to shell in a

Molluscous species.

With regard to those relations in Nautilus I may merely cite the

subjoined works on its anatomy confirmatory in the main of my

own, and fully so in regard to the relative position of the soft parts

to the shell’.

the accomplished Professor of Comparative Anatomy in University College,

Dr. Rosert E. Grant, F.R.S., and begat a general belief, in 1833, that I had

placed the animal of the Pearly Nautilus in a position the reverse of the real

one, in the ‘Memoir’ of 1832. In the report of the Lecture on the Shells of

the Cephalopoda, given in the ‘ Lancet, vol. i. 1833, with the sanction and

revision of the Professor, Dr. Grant remarks :—

“The exact position of the animal in the recent Nawtili, Spirule, and other

polythalamous spiral shells, although important in the interpretation of the

fossil forms, has not yet been satisfactorily observed by naturalists. In our

present uncertainty, therefore, regarding the position of the living Cephalopods

in these convoluted shells, we can only be guided by analogy.”

That which guided Dr. Grant to his conclusion he illustrated by figures of

sections of the external shell of Nautilus and of the internal shell of Sepia (p.

506), and explained them as follows. Comparing the layers of the ‘“cuttle-

bone” to the septa of the Nautilus shell, he states :—‘‘ These layers begin in the

Sepia by forming a small hollow shell, which receives into its interior another

hollow shell; this receives within it a third and a fourth hollow shell; and so

they go on in the first stages of its growth. If these cones continued thus to

extend outwards, and with an oblique direction, turning on the same vertical

plane, they would have formed a convoluted suborbicular shell, like that of the

Ammonite or the Nautilus. Where, then, in this so convoluted shell of the

Sepia, would have been the convex outer border of the shell, or the upper lip,

with relation to the body of the Sepia? The Sepia would haye looked for-

wards over the spire from the last-formed chamber, keeping the exterior convex

part of the chamber” (answering to B in fig. 3) “or the upper lip extending across

its back, as in all other known orbicular shells of Pteropodous and Gasteropo-

dous Mollusca.” (P. 509.)

1 Memoir, ut supra, pp. 12, 44, pl. i.

* Op. cit. p. 44. So, likewise, affirms a later writer :—‘‘ We have only the

shells preserved to us. We know nothing of the animals.”—H. Woodward,

Geol. Mag. vol. v. p. 497.

As well might it be affirmed of Anoplotherium, e. g.:—‘It must always be

borne in mind, when arguing from these early fossil remains, that we have only

the skeleton preseryed to us. We know nothing of the soft parts.”

3 Vavencrennes, M. A. “Nouvelles Recherches sur le Nautile flambé

(Nautilus pompilius, Lam.),” Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris,

4to, tome 11., 1841, p. 275, pls. viii., ix., x.

Van ver Horyrn, J. “Contributions to the Knowledge of the Animal of

Nautilus pompilius,” Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. p. 21, pls. 5, 6, 7, 8.

Vroxik, W. “ Lettre sur quelques points de lorganisation de V’animal du

Nautile flambé,” Mémoires de la Soc. Linnéenne de Normandie, tom, x., 4to,

1855, pp. 1-18, pls. i. and ii. 3

1878. | SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 959

A colleague of Stoliczka, accepting the recorded structure and

relative position of Nautilus, frames his nomenclature of the parts

and aspects of the fossil shells of the Nautilide accordingly', the

grounds for such being those of positive or direct evidence from

dissection. I am led, therefore, to submit remarks on the guiding

knowledge in regard to the structure and shell-relations of the extinct

Ammonites, which may be gained from negative or inductive testi-

mony.

J. E. Gray, we have seen, deemed that testimony to be such in

kind and amount as to warrant his rejection of the affinity of Ammo-

nites to Nautilus, and his adoption of the association of Ammonites

with Spirula in the Dibranchiate order of Cephalopoda.

Examples of unmutilated Ammonite shells are, indeed, very rare ;

seldom is a specimen acquired with any considerable proportion of

the last chamber. Yet some such were to be seen in an accessible

museum in London long anterior to 1845.

A bisected specimen of the Ammonites odtusus, Sow., in the

Hunterian collection (No. 188), shows well the extent of the last or

inhabited chamber of the shell, and the effects of the influence of

the animal matter of the decaying Cephalopod upon the petrifactive

processes after death. The liassic clay has penetrated as far as the

retracted soft parts of the Ammonite permitted; the decomposing

mollusk has been partially replaced by crystals of spar discoloured

by the pigmental or carbonized parts of the animal; the spar which

has more slowly infiltrated through the pores of the shell into the

air-chambers is of a much lighter colour.

In the same collection may be seen exemplifications of injury and

repair of the cell. In No. 195, Ammonites goliathus, D’Orb., from

the Oxford Clay, a portion of the shell, at the period when it formed

the dwelling-chamber, ‘‘had been broken away during the lifetime

of the animal, and has been repaired by fresh material, wanting the

ribbed structure of the originally formed shell”’ *.

The reparation closely resembles that which recent Nautilus-shells

occasionally present, and which we know was effected by the forma-

tive border of the mantle reflected over the last chamber and applied

to the fractured part. No such process could take place in Spiruda,

the mantle of which is muscular, and inapplicable to the last

chamber. There is no need of a living Ammonite to assure us that

its mantle, like its porcellano-nacreons shell, had the same structure

as that of the living Nautilus.

1 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 4to, 1866. “The Fossil

Cephalopoda of the Cretaceous Rocks of Southern India: Belemnitide—Nauti-

lide,” by Heyry F, Buanrorp. ‘‘ Throughout the following descriptions I

have employed the terms ventral and dorsal strictly with reference to the posi-

tion of the animal, and therefore in an opposite sense to that in which they

were used by palxontologists before the anatomy of the animal was known,”

p. 7. (And Mr. Blanford might have added ‘‘ long after.’—R. O.)

2 Catalogue of Fossil Invertebrata, Mus. College of Surgeons, London, 4to,

1856, p. 43, in which work I described upwards of 350 specimens, illustrative

of the different families and genera of Ammonitide, collected by Joun Hunrer

in the last century.

960 PROF. OWEN ON THE [ Nov. 19,

The perfect specimen (Plate LX. fig. 1) of the last chamber of the

Ammonite was derived from that eminently conservative matrix, the

lithographic slate of Solenhofen, Bavaria. The extent of the outer

curve of the dwelling-chamber to the outer border of its floor (the

last septum, a to y) is 4 inches; the extent of the outer curve of

the chambered part of the shell to the inner border of the cham-

ber-floor (last septum, y to z) is 6inches. In the Nautilus pom-

pilius transmitted in its perfect shell to Prof. Vrolik the corre~

sponding admeasurements are 7 inches 9 lines and 11 inches 6 lines.

The correspondence in the proportion of the dwelling-chamber to

the camerated part of the shell in the Ammonite and Nautilus is

thus, as in numerous other instances, shown to be instructively

close.

In the last chamber of Ammonites lingulatus, moreover, as if to

proclaim to the most sceptical its function of lodging its constructor,

is preserved the only fossilizable part of such (ib. fig. 1, 0).

Since the publication of the ‘ Paléontologie’ of Pictet’, who refers

the Trigonellites to the Cirripeds, abundant evidence has been ob-

tained of the accuracy of the opinion of Volz’, that the T'rigonellites of

Parkinson* (Aptychus of v. Meyer*) were parts of the animal of the

Ammonite, and stood in opercular relation to the shell of that extinct

Tetrabranchiate. Pictet takes no note of the confirmation contri-

buted by Morris to the Volzian examples of Trigonellites within the

last or dwelling-chamber of Ammonites, in the portion of an Ammonites

walcotti in which “the Aptychus, of a corneo-calcareous nature,

was found imbedded in the matrix filling the last chamber about

6 inches from the aperture”’’.

This common, though not constant, position led some palzeonto-

logists to surmise that the Trigonellites might be parts of the

Ammonites’ gizzard, like the triturating plates in Bulla hgnaria,

M. Valenciennes believed them to be lateral supports of the funnel °.

Van der Hoeven “hazards the opinion that the two juxtaposed fossil

shells, known by paleographs as Aptychus, were two shelly sup-

ports of the hood of Ammonites” (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. p. 22).

In this opinion I concur; but it has been rejected by some experi-

enced students of the extinct polythalamous shells. Keferstein and

Waagen’, e. g., deem the Trigonellites to be sexual characters, and

to have served as protective plates of the nidamental glands of the

female Ammonite. Waagen adduces, in support of this view, the

' Traité de Paléontologie, &e., vol. ii. p. 551, 8vo (1854).

2 «Sur le Belopeltis,’ in Mémoires de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Strasbourg,

tome iii. (1836).

3 ‘Organic Remains of a Former World,’ 4to, 1811, p. 184, pl. xiii. figs, 9-12.

4 Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. t. xv. pt, 2, p. 125, pl. lviii. (1831).

> “Note on Aptychus,’ in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. (2nd ser.), p. 356,

pl. v. D. fig. 1.

6 « Je crois qwil faut admettre que l’entonnoir de l’ammonite, s'il était formé

de deux valves, ne contenait pas de cartilage interne; mais que cette piéce était

remplacée par un organe extérieur composé de deux piéces paires symétriques

comme le sont les aptychus.”—Ib. p. 504.

7 “ Ueber die Ansatzstelle der Haftmuskeln beim Nautilus und Ammoniten,”

Paleontographia, 4to, p. 185, taf. xxxix., 1871.

1878. ] SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 961

correspondence of the relative position of the Aptychus', in the body-

chamber, to that of the nidamental glands of Nautilus pompilius? to

the shell ; and he deems each valve of Aptychus to have been applied

to a lateral lobe of the nidamental gland*. But these lateral lobes

are divided from each other by a part of the middle lobe *, while the

valves of the Aptychus are usually in contact (as in Plate LX. fig. 1, 0),

or may be suturally united along the mid line (as in ib, fig. 2, 0).

But to return to Waagen’s argument from position in the fossil shell.

In the course of decomposition after death the calcareous plates would

be likely to gravitate or sink deeper into the body-chamber than

their natural position in the living Ammonite. So sinking, they

would rather lodge or settle in the hollow of the outer (ventral)

wall of the body-chamber (8) than upon the involute convexity on

the opposite (dorsal) wall (a). Moreover there are examples (as in

Plate LX. fig. 2) in which the Trigonellites (0, 0) have been found

in an opercular relation at the mouth of the shell. And, considering

the movements to which an Ammonite must have been subject from

the time of its death to the solution of the soft parts and final im-

bedding of the shell in the matrix or seat of its petrifaction, one is

prepared for the rarity of the conservation with the shell of its loose

operculum, and for the still more rare retention of the Aptychus in

its original position. Waagen admits that there are five Specimens

of Ammonite in the Munich collection exhibiting this position®, He,

however, contends that the breadth of the aperture of the body-

chamber is less, in certain Ammonites (A. steraspis, e. g.), than the

united breadth of the aptychal plates. But so, likewise, if the side

lobes of the hood of Nautilus® were outstretched horizontally, it

would exceed the breadth of the outlet of the dwelling-chamber in

N. pompilius. But the side lobes of the hood are bent back

obliquely in order to close the dorsal side-curved borders, or notches,

of that part of the shell-aperture, just as the aptychal lobes or

valves are bent down in Plate LX. fig. 2, 0, 0.

It may be further remarked, in respect to the nidamental glands,

that they are subject to seasonal changes, and gain the relative bulk

with which the size of the aptychal plates accord only at the period

of discharge of the impregnated ova, for which they have to furnish

the protective coat or nidus. Such seasonal change is exemplified

in the figure of these glands given in the ‘Memoir on the Nautilus’

of 1832, and in that which is shown in Taf. xix. of Waagen’s

Treatise, 1871. Moreover, in not one of the existing genera or

species of Cephalopod, Nawéilus included, in which these glands are

superadded to the more essential organs of generation, are they en-

cumbered in any way or degree with such calcareous plates as Kefer-

stein’s hypothesis applies to them in the Ammonite.

* Paleontographia, 1871, taf. xl. fig. 4.

? See Memoir on the Nautilus, 1882, pl. i, e.

* Ib. pl. viii. fig. 10, 2, d. * Tb. ib. a.

* “Unser Museum besitzt gegen 100 exemplare yon Ammoniten mit erhal-

tenen Aptychus; unter dieser ganzen Anzahl sind 5, welche den Aptychus in

senkrechter Stellung am Ende der Wohnkammer liegend haben” (op. cit, p. 192),

° Memoir on the Nautilus, 1832, pl, iii. fig. 1, 9, 9.

962 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

In the application of the anatomy of the constructor of the Pearly

Nautilus to the solution of the problem of the nature and function

of the Trigonellites, [ was led to regard them as the homologue of the

organ, or a portion of the organ, in Nautilus, which is “ of a fibrous

texture, resembling dense corium,”’ called from its shape and posi-

tion the “hood” (Plate LX. fig. 3, e), and which, when the animal

had withdrawn into its dwelling, ‘‘ would serve as a rigid defence at

the outlet of the shell”’’. It needed only that this part should be

more or less calcified to form the preserved portions of an operculum

like that ascribed to the Ammonite. If, for example, calcification

had commenced in each half of the symmetrical ‘‘ hood,” and had

stopped at the mid line (where the hood is thinnest), the pair of the

there-often-suturally-joined symmetrical pieces of the Aptychus would

have resulted. The relative size of Aptychus agrees with that of the

shell. It has been found to measure 7 inches 6 lines in length and

6 inches in breadth in gigantic Ammonites’. It may be doubted

whether the nidamental glands ever increased in the same ratio ; and

it is still less likely that they needed such defensive plates in their

season of rest and attenuation.

If, therefore, my homology of the symmetrical halves of the

Nautilus’ hood with the parial Trigonellites (Aptychus, v. M.) be

preferably accepted, the supposition that these parts are calcifica-

tions of an Ammonite’s hood may be deemed reasonable. That the

fibrous basis of the hood was retained in different degrees in the

Ammonites is indicated by the simply corneous or chitinous condi-

tion of the Aptychus which has been preserved in some examples of

Ammonites falcifer, Sow., and its allies. In other species, as in

the Ammonites lingulatus (Plate LX. fig. 1, 0), the lateral calcifica-

tions have partially met and joined at the mid line; in a third series

these opercular plates are thicker and are there suturally united.

This is the case in the small or young specimen of Ammonites sub-

radiatus, Sow., in the British Museum, which is described and figured

by S. P. Woodward, F.G.S., in ‘The Geologist’*. As the view of

the specimen there given is an oblique side one, I here append a

direct view of the aperture of the dwelling-chamber as closed and

protected by its operculum (Plate LX. fig. 2, 0). The correspond-

ence of general shape with that of the “hood” of the Nautilus

pompilius, as figured in plate iil. fig. 1 of my ‘ Memoir,’ is close*.

The conjoined plates of the Aptychus (ib. fig. 2, 0, 0) form a tri-

angular disk, of which the base is backward, excavated to receive the

involute part of the shell, p, with the sides of the base, like the

corresponding lobes of the ‘“‘ hood,” bent down to cover the laterally

extended parts of the wider terminal coil of the shell, g. Even in

the contrast between the papillose wrinkled outer surface and the

1 Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, 1832, p. 12, pl. i. 2, and pl. iii. fig. 1.

2 See de Zigno, Memorie del R. Istituto Veneto, tom. xv. tab. viii., 1870.

2 8yo, 1860, p. 328.

* Woodward gives the following description of its ammonitic homologue :—

“The operculum is flat in the middle, with a slight furrow along the suture,

and is much bent down at the hinder corners, where it abuts against the inner

whorl of the shell. It is sculptured externally with about twelve angular con-

centric furrows; the inner surface is smooth,”—ZB, 2b,

1878. ] SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 963

smooth inner surface of the “hood”? of Nautilus the resemblance

to the “‘Aptychus”’ of the Ammonite is carried out. Anterior to

the apex of the triangular operculum in the Ammonites subradiatus

a small portion of the dwelling-chamber (ib. v) is left uncovered,

through which a slender stream of water might pass from the retracted

funnel.

As the soft parts of the Ammonites lingulatus decayed and were

dissolved the calcareous or opercular parts of the hood (ib. fig. 1, 0)

have subsided to near the bottom of the dwelling-chamber, probably

with such change of their original relative position, as exemplifies the

value of the demonstration given in the specimen described by

Woodward. If an independent centre of calcification were set up in

the mid region of the “hood” (Mem. cit. pl. ii. fig. 1, f), a part

corresponding to the dnaptychus might result.

In further ventilation of the mooted affinity of Ammonites to

Spirula, it may be remarked that in not one of the examples of

Ammonites in which the dwelling-chamber has been in any propor-

tion preserved has there been any trace of an ink-bag. Yet fossili-

zation of this or of its secretion is abundantly exemplified in the

extinct Belemnites’. Hence the inference may as confidently be

drawn, as from a dissection of the animal of the Ammonite, that

this Cephalopod iacked, like the Nautilus, the singular defensive

contrivance with which the more active Dibranchiate Cephalopods

were endowed, and that the animal of the Ammonite was compen-

sated, like that of the Nautilus, by having an external protective

shell into which it could retreat and close the entry against the

assaults of an enemy. Moreover, admitting the homology of the

“Aptychus”’ with the “hood,” we further learn that the defensive

door of the house was “dorsal,’’ and that the relative position of

_ the soft parts to the external shell was the same in Ammonites as in

Nautilus.

It cannot be averred, therefore, in excuse of a nomenclature im-

plying a different and opposite relative position of the soft parts to

the shell, that “the animal of the Ammonite is unknown.”

To the composite porcellano-nacreous structure by which the

Ammonitic agree with the Nautiloid series of shells, and their diffe-

rence in this character from the simply nacreous structure of the

Spirula-shell, reference is here made in illustration of the ‘ Law of '

Correlation.” ‘The conformity, in this respect, with the Nautiloid

series is maintained under every modification of shape from straight

to convolute.

But the persistence with which monographers of these numerous

and beautiful fossils, notwithstanding the appeals of Pictet? and

M‘Coy*, and the practice of Barrande, adhere to the erroneous views

of Von Buch as to which was the dorsal and which the ventral aspect

of the shells, has moved me to supplement the original grounds of

1 Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i, 1835; Owen, “On certain Be-

lemnites from the Oxford Clay,” Phil. Trans. 1844.

2 Paleontology, vol. ii. p. 618.

3 Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd ser. vol. viii. p. 481.

964 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

my conclusions on that question by additional or confirmatory evi-

dence from autopsy of the fabricators of the still existing polythala-

mous and siphoniferous Cephalopods.

Having prevailed upon Mr. Cuming, subsequently to my Mono-

graph on the anatomy of Spirula in the ‘Zoology of the Sama-

rang,’ to permit me to test that anatomy by dissection of his unique

specimen, I proceed to point out such structural facts, confirmed by

that dissection, as demonstrate the ventral position of the marginal

siphon of the internal shell of Sperula—and to combine therewith

corresponding anatomical observations on Nautilus, which, with the

demonstrated affinity thereto of Ammonites, equally prove the

ventral position of the marginal siphon of the external shell of that

extinct genus and its allies.

The dorsal aspect of a Cephalopod is determined by the position

of the brain and eyes, i.e. by that predominating part of the brain

which sends off the optic nerves. The ventral aspect is shown by the

respiratory funnel (Plate LX. figs. 3 and 4, 7, and gills, m). No mala-

cologist has questioned these conclusions. The proposition might be

simplified by stating that the funnel shows the “ventral side” of

the animal, and that the opposite one is the “dorsal side.”

Accordingly, all who have occupied themselves with the organiza-

tion of the Cephalopods have pointed out the singular reversed posi-

tions of the mandibles as compared with those in such vertebrate

animals as repeat the cephalopodic condition of a “beak,” as, e. g.

Chelonia and Aves.

Instead of the dorsal or upper mandible being the largest and

longest, so as to overlap the ventral or under mandible, as in birds,

the dorsal mandible, A, figs. 3 and 4, is the smaller and shorter one,

and is underlapped by the larger and longer ventral mandible, i, in

all Cephalopods.

So, likewise, the branchize, 70. figs. 3 and 4, m, m, lie in the ven-

tral part of the pallial cavity ; and, in short, the several viscera

occupy similar relations to back and belly in both Tetrabranchiate

and Dibranchiate Cephalopods’.

The aspects of the body being thus abundantly and unmistaka-

bly determined, they can be as unequivocally predicated of the shell

under whatever shape or proportion it may be present.

The portion of the shell of Nautilus which extends from the

fundus of the last chamber, along the dorsal aspect of the mantle,

as from A to A’, fig. 3, is the ‘dorsal wall” of such shell, and so

must be its continuation backwards.

The portion of the shell of Spirwla which bears the same relation

to the dorsal aspect of the body is the “ dorsal wall” of the shell,

A, Al, fig. 4; while that part of the last chamber which protects the

ventral side of the muscular and visceral mass which it contains, small

though it may be, is part of the ‘‘ ventral wall”’ of the shell, B, and

so must be its continuation as far as it extends, viz. to the ‘‘ proto-

conch”’ (fig. 5, @) or incipient nuclear chamber.

1 See ‘‘ Supplementary Observations on the Anatomy of Spirwla,” in Annals

and Magazine of Natural History for January 1879.

1878.] SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 965

Accordingly, the dorsal wall, A, of the spiral shell of Spirula

describes a convex curve, the ventral wall, B', a concave curve. In

Nautilus the curves are reversed. If the shell of Orthoceras or

Baculites were curved so as to present the same relative positions

of convexity and concavity which exist in that of Spirula, they must

have been coiled in a reverse direction to that which is presented in

the shells of Nautilus and Ammonites.

Admitting that the siphon in Ammonites and Spirula are both

“ventral” or “ventro-marginal,”’ yet the relative position to the

shell is so contrasted as to call imperatively for terms indicative of

such contrast. And such terms are obvious. Of a convolute shell

the convex curve is the outer one, the concave curve the inner one,

whatever may be the relative position of its constructor.

Had Von Buch been content to call those curves in a convolute

Ammonite “ external’? and “internal,” and to define the position of

the siphon as “externo-marginal” and ‘interno-marginal” respec-

tively, his terminology would have stood and been unquestioned to

the present day. But he proceeded to a conclusion as to their

relations to the constructors of the shells; and, as no specimen of

either a Nautilus or a Spirula had been dissected in 1829, such

conclusion could only be a guess.

So probable, however, seemed the guess, that his most experienced

contemporaries, De Blainville, Grant, and Gray, after the organiza-

tion of the Pearly Nautilus had been made known, preferred, as we

have seen, the opinion of the conchologist to that of the anatomist,

and deemed the latter to have reversed the true position of the animal

of the Nautilus'. And, with most?, the nomenclature of the parts of

the shell of the Ammonitide has continued in concordance with that

opinion to the present day.

If, however, the facts and inferences now submitted to the

Zoological Society should be accepted with their logical applica-

tions in conchology, and the siphon in both Ammonites and Spirula

be acknowledged to be “ ventral,” or “ ventro-marginal,’’ nevertheless

the different positions of the siphon in these shells and in that of

Nautilus demand to be defined by distinctive terms. And these

are easy, obvious, and incontrovertibly applicable. The siphon in the

Ammonitide is “ external,” “externo-marginal,” or “ ecto-marginal.”’

The siphon in Spirula is “internal,”’ ‘ interno-marginal,” or “ ento-

marginal.” The siphon in the Nautilide may be “central,” or

*‘subcentral ;”’ and if the latter, either ‘‘ectocentral’’ or “‘entocentral,”

according as it deviates from the typical central position toward the

1 See notes 2 and 3, p. 957.

2 Even in 8. P. Woodward’s classical ‘Manual of Mollusca,’ 12mo, “ dorsal”

and “ventral,” are used as synonyms of “ external” and “internal.” Thus the

genus Ammonites is characterized by “siphuncle dorsal” (p. 94, and p. 197, ed.

1868). The genus Gonéatites is characterized by “ siphuncle dorsal” (p. 93).

The experienced Editor, in a later edition of the ‘ Manual of the Mollusca,’ in

his ‘ Appendix’ (12mo, 1868) approximates to the conclusion here advocated, by

amending the character of Fam. iii. Ammonitide, thus:—‘ Siphuncle—convexo-

marginal?” (p. 10). If the present paper should serve to dissipate Mr, Tate’s

remaining doubt it will be an acceptable return for my labour,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LXIIL. 63

966 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

external or internal part of the shell : in some rare cases (Cryptoceras)

the siphuncle is ectomarginal, as in Ammonites; and in still rarer

instances (C/ymenia) it is entomarginal, as in Spirula. There are

also species in which it begins by being marginal, and gradually shifts

to the more typical position as the shells grow and the number of

the septa increases.

In the Nautilus imperialis, e. g., the siphuncle is at first, i. e.

along the first twenty chambers, entomarginal, or near the concavity

of the shell-curve, as in Spirula; but in opposite relations to the

back and belly of the animal. After the twentieth chamber the

siphuncle gradually gains the central or excentral position’. Nautilus

ztezac shows a similar structure. The immature position of the

siphon in the existing Nautilus was longer retained in the old

Tertiary species.”

Various suggestions have been made as to the efficient as well as

final cause of the successively vacated parts called ‘ chambers,”’ with

their partitions and connecting siphon, in the polythalamous and

siphoniferous shells of Cephalopods.

In elucidation of this question, much mooted by different writers *

Vermetus gigas.

Section of chambered part of shell.

after the publication of my Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, I

adduced the instances of such vacuities or chambers in the Mollusca,

? Catalogue of Hunterian Cephalopoda, 4to, no. 137, p. 82.

? See the just remarks of Barrande on the variation of the siphuncular cha-

racter in certain nominal species (Céphalopodes Siluriens de la Bohéme, 8vo,

1867, p. 24).

3 Buckland, ‘Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural

Theology.’ 1835, vol. i. p. 329. De Blainville, “Sur l'usage du siphon des

coquilles polythalames,” Annales frangaises et étrangéres d’Anatomie et de

Physiologie, t.i. 1837.

1878. | SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 967

as, e.g., Fistulana clava, Vermetus giyas, Helix decollata, the Ostree,

Estheria, and other Bivalves, more especially the Spondylus varius’.

In Fistulana and the gastrepodal Vermetus, the animal periodically

withdraws itself from its dwelling-chamber ; the growth of the walls

is continuous and uninterrupted; but a thin new floor is formed at

some distance from the old one left behind, and a series of chambers

fig. 1, aa, results. If the calcareous deposit had been continuous in

every part of the shell, a solid tract would have been left behind, as in

Magilus. The successive floors or “septa’’ in Vermetus (fig. 1, 6 6),

extend freely across and are concave toward the outlet; they are

entire and adherent only by their marginal circumference to the

shell-wall (A, B). The contents of the chambers in the living

Vermetus are unknown. Both chambers and partitions are the con-

sequence of a mode of shell-growth ; physiological ken stretches not

beyond this.

In Spondylus varius (fig. 2) the “septa’’ are not continued freely

across the shell, but are united together near the middle or centre

of their extent, at the position of the impression of the adductor

Spondylus varius.

Section of chambered part of shell.

muscle. This, in the forward movement of the mollusk, does not

quit its attachment to the nacreous layer of the valves; whilst the

pallial lobe, except at its circumference and where it adheres to the

adductor, can and does detach itself from the surface of the valve

about to be abandoned, in the progressive growth of the visceral

mass. The mantle at each period of repose, then secretes on the

fluid occupying the deserted part of the shell, the new septum or

1 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 63. See also H. Woodward, “On the Struc-

ture of the Shell of the Pearly Nautilus,” Report of the British Association,

Liverpool, 1870, Trans. of Sections, p. 128. ae

968 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

basis of support of the mollusk. Thus the septa, as they are succes-

sively formed, adhere, not only to the circumference of the growing

valve, but to a central part of the preceding septum, and for an

extent more or less corresponding to the circumference of the corre-

spondingly advancing adductor muscle.

If the adductor were a tube instead of a solid mass, the central

confluent part of the septa would be perforated, and a siphon would

result, the calcareous walls of which would be continuous, as in

Spirula, Nautilus striatus, the Orthoceratites, &e.

The contents of the deserted chambers in Spondylus varius are

sea-water with an increased proportion of the saline ingredients.

The efficient cause of the forward movement of the Spondylus varius

appears to be the need of a shell of a size suitable to the growing

bulk of the animal, coupled with the frequeut fixation of the lower

valves of the young shel! to an overcrusting mass of coral, in advance

of which the growing shell must increase. Such increase and the

testaceous provision for it are not, therefore, attributable to special

expansion of one organ, but to the concomitant growth of the whole

of the soft parts of the Palliobranch.

It has been suggested that the periodical increase of the ovarium

or testis might initiate and constrain the forward movement of the

soft parts in the Cephalopods with chambered shells, and that a

polythalamous structure is related conditionally to the generative

function’.

But it will be observed, in both Spirula and Nautilus, that the

formation of the chambers commences from the embryonal cup (proto-

conch, fig. 5a, p. 973), and continues through an early period of growth

antecedent to the acquisition of the procreative function, or the adult

stage of existence—and, moreover, that those early chambers are re-

latively deeper® than the succeeding ones, indicative of a more extensive

forward movement of the soft parts, in accordance with the more

rapid growth of the animal which characterizes the period of nonage,

when all the assimilative functions are concentrated on general

increase and no degree of that power is diverted to the development

of special organs, such as the testis or ovarium.

The last or open chamber of Nautilus, and, by analogy of size and

certain known contents, in Ammonites, was occupied by the entire

soft parts. In Spirula it contains only the hind end of the liver

and portions of the origins of the retractor muscles of the head and

funnel. It has been stated to contain the ink-bladder in Spirula® ;

but in my dissections of that Cephalopod made subsequently to that

detailed in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang,’ I find the

same positions and relations of the ink-bag as are described and figured

in that monograph‘.

1 Prof. Seeley, Proceedings of the British Association, Bath, 1864, Section

Zoology, ‘‘ Nautiloid shells,” 8yo, p. 229.

* By depth is meant the diameter from septum to septum; by breadth that

between wall and wall.

* Woodward, ‘Manual of Mollusca,’ p. 77.

4 “A very minute pyriform ink-bag, z, is situated close to the rectum; and

its duct opens within the verge of the anus” (p. 10, pl. iv. fig. 11).

1878. ] SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 969

As to the function or “ final cause”’ of the chambers, I hold by

the opinion expressed in my original memoir! and in the ‘ Catalogue of

the Fossil Cephalopoda in the Hunterian Museum,’ 4to, ed. 18567, viz.

that they so affect the specific gravity of the active, highly organized,

cephalopodous mollusk, as to enable it with little effort to rise, in the

case of the Nautilus, from its habitual position at the bottom of the

sea—and in the case of the Spirula, to sink from its more usual zone

at or near the surface,—such vertical movements being executed, like

the horizontal ones, by means of the hydrostatic mechanism worked

by the muscular forces of the mantle and funnel.

The contents of the vacated chambers in Nautilus pompilius are

stated to be nitrogenous gas. Neither the contents nor the vital

properties of the siphuncle are yet known; an artery and vein are

assigned for its life and nutrition, and to extend a low degree of the

vivifying influences to the shell. Vrolik confirms the existence of

the siphonal artery described and figured in pl. vi. fig. 1, 14, of my

‘Memoir,’ and repeats this illustration in his pl. i. fig. 2, “2, artére

allant au siphon” *. .

The siphonic artery sends off, according to Keferstein, branches to

the mantle which lines the bottom of the body-chamber before penetra-

ting the siphon. Waagen figures the impression of these arterioles on

the shell-surface*; and it has been suggested that these vessels may

supply, by secretion, the chamber-gas which [ inferred might occupy

the space left free on the recession of the visceral sac from the

chamber-floor prior to the formation of a fresh septum’.

Thus, in the analysis of the structure of chambered shells, we

find :—septa simple, distinct, attached only by their circumference

(woodcut fig. 1, p. 966); septa attached, subcentrally, to each

other, as well as by their circumference to the shell-walls (fig. 2,

p- 967) ; septa (fig. 3 6, p.-907) attached marginally to the shell-

walls, A, and also to each other by tubular prolongations, c, with

an organized, vascular, membranous canal, d, traversing such tes-

taceous tube; septa with a calcareous siphuncle consisting of a

series of superimposed, elongate, funnel-shaped tubes, with the

wide end directed toward the aperture of the shell, as in Spirula

(fig. 4, p. 971), or in the opposite direction, as in Bathmoceras.

The more complex siphons of Orthoceratites will be presently

referred to. Finally, we see in the existing Nautilus the shelly tube

interrupted, forming the “collar of the siphon,” and the septa and

chambers traversed by a lime-coated membranous canal running

through the interrupted shell-tube (Plate LX. fig. 3, ¢, d).

1 “From the adhesion of the entire circumference of the mantle to the shell

by means of the ‘horny girdle’ (‘annulus, Waagen, op. cit.), I am inclined. to

suppose that the whole of the chambers are excluded during the life-time of

the animal from external influence, and are filled only by exhalations or secretions

from the animal.”—Memoir on the Nautilus (1832), p. 47.

2 «The proportion of the air-chambers to the occupied dwelling-chamber of

the Nautilus is such as to render the whole animal of nearly the same specific

gravity as the surrounding water,”—Catalogue, p. 29.

3 Mémoires de la Soc. Linnéenne de Normandie, tom, x, 1855, p, 17,

4 Waagen, op. cit. Taf. xxxix. fig. 4, ,

5 Op, cit, 4to, 1832, p. 47,

970 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

For the different views which have been propounded as to the

nature and function of this complex siphon, reference may be made

to the authors cited, p. 966. Some of these views were based on the

partial knowledge of its structure at the date of the first dissection

of the Pearly Nautilus.

The true structure of the siphon in Nautilus pompilius is rarely

preserved ; the somewhat loose calcareous matter by which the

membranous part is incrusted is commonly lost with that part in the

dry cast-off shells. The calcareous incrustation is apt to be dis-

solved, like that of the mandibles in Valenciennes’s specimen, by the

acetous change of the alcohol when charged with soluble parts of the

animal during a prolonged transit to a European museum.

Nautilus striatus.

Section of part of shell.

When cataloguing, in 1854 and 1855, the Hunterian Cephalopods,

I saw sufficient to supplement the description of the siphon in the

‘Memoir on the Nautilus,’ as follows :—“ An artery and vein are

assigned for its life and nutrition, and to extend a low degree of the

same influences to the shell; but the structure of the membranous

siphuncle presents, beyond the first chamber, an inextensible and

almost friable texture, apparently unsusceptible of dilatation and

contraction ; it is also coated beyond the extremity of the short

testaceous siphuncle with a thin calcareous deposit”’. The fact of

this incrustation has been ascertained, independently, by Prof..

Vrolik. The subject of his memoir in the volume cited in note 1, was

1 Descriptive Catalogue of the Fossil Organic Remains of the Invertebrata

contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 4to,

1856, p. 29. This volume was not issued until all the invertebrate fossils were

described ; and the first sheets were printed off before the ‘ Mémoires de la

Société Linnéenne de Normandie,’ yol. x. 1855, came to my hands,

1878. ] SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS. 971

in such a favourable state of preservation that the calcareous incrusta-

tion of the membranous siphon was entire, and formed the subject of

the continuous inflexible composite tube represented in pl. i. fig. 5, a, b,

in that accomplished naturalist’s memoir. The notion of the dilating

and contracting action of the siphon of the Nautilus upon its con-

tents, whatever these may be proved to be, could be no longer enter-_

tained. Vrolik, confirming by his dissection the existence of the

siphonal artery, infers, like myself, the coexistence of a returning

channel, although no vein with definite tunics was demonstrable in

either dissection. .

Evidence of the capillary ramifications of the siphonal artery upon

the pallial membrane lining, as periostracum, the interior of the

shell-chambers has been adduced by the careful observers Keferstein

and Waagen ; but such channels of vitality are not supposed to pene-

trate the shell itself. Molluscous shells, like avian feathers and

mammalian hairs and teeth, do not receive the terminal divisions of

the blood-vessels supplying their several pulps or formative organs.

Ordinary or hard dentine, like conchine, piline, and plumine, is extra-

vascular, but not, therefore, extravital. The percolation by cellular

passages and intervals of a rarer, plasmal exudation from the vital

Spirula australis.

Section of part of shell, magnified:

fluid renders intelligible the change and movements of pigment in

the same hair and in the same feather. As the dentist distinguishes

dead from living teeth, so the conchist regulates his estimate of

the value of a “ dead” as contrasted with a “living” shell. The

estimable researches of Carpenter on the modifications of micro-

scopic texture in shells parallel those that have demonstrated as

many modifications of the microscopic channels by which the

plasma percolates the dentinal as it does the chonchinal tissues!.

The high organization of the Cephalopods compared with other

* Laborious studies of this kind in quest of truth beget a modest reticence

and an abstaining from such dogmatic utterances as those of the writer who

“denies the possibility of the siphuncle maintaining the vitality of the shell,

because it is certainly a non-vascular structure.”—“ Recent and Fossil Cepha-

lopods,” Geological Magazine, yol. y. p. 490.

972 PROF. OWEN ON THE [Nov. 19,

mollusks suggests to the physiological mind the probability that

some corresponding step in advance of the ordinary condition of a

testaceous defence would be likely ; and the retention of the parts of

such defence vacated in the course of growth, with the superaddi-

tion of a vascular by-way running through the whole, verifies such

anticipation of the means whereby the camerated and siphoniferous

shell is thus brought into closer harmony with the rest of the organic

structure.

When the first simple, smgle-chambered, nuclear dwelling is added

to and, in part, abandoned, a closer connexion is therewith preserved

than in Vermetus, e.g.; and, as the artery penetrating the mem-

branous siphon continued from the last-formed dwelling-chamber

was demonstrated by mercurial injection’, there is no reason to

doubt that such organic comexion was maintained between the

fabricator of the second chamber after it had advanced from and

vacated the first or nuclear one.

The constancy of this siphuncular connexion running through all

the chambers of the largest and most complex of the polythalamous

shells, with the great size and singular complexity of the siphunele

in several extinct species, form the grounds on which I still hold te

my original belief in the function of the siphuncle as related to a

maintenance of the vitality of the shell. But this relation may

be connected, alsu, with a greater share assigned to the siphon in the

protection of the soft parts of the Cephalopod at the earlier stages of

its existence.

The chief charaeter of the tetrabranchiate chambered and sipho-

nated shell is its affording, besides a sheath or case to the whole

animal, a speeial protection to a part of the animal.

Such twofold office is performed by the shell in certain Gastro~

pods, conspicuously in the genus Calyptrea, in which an accessory

“cup,” springing from the concavity of the larger “ saucer,” lodges

part of the muscular system’.

Every chambered and siphonated shell begins in this simple fashion.

The protoconch is cup-shaped or flask-shaped, and includes a similar

bat smaller blind beginning of the siphon.

The proportion of the inner partially protecting shell to the outer

wholly encasing shell is greatest in the Silurian Orthoceratites ; and

with the large proportional siphon are associated complexities cha-

racteristic of the genera Ormoceras, Huronia, &c.°

' Modifications of the contents of such siphons in the Silurian Vagi-

1 «he lesser aorta” sends off a small branch (a4, pl. 5 & 6) “which, winding

round to the ventral aspect of the ventricle (to which it is connected by a pro-

cess of membrame), passes through a foramen in the septum dividing the peri-

cardium from the cayity at the bottom of the pallial sac, is then continued

through that cavity, passing between the ovary and gizzard, and lastly enters,

without diminution of size, the membranous tube that traverses the parti-

tions of the shell.”—Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus, p. 36.

* “Tts cavity is filled by what maybe termed the apex of the foot, which here

loses its muscular character, and assumes a gelatinous texture.”—“ Anatomy of

the Calyptreide,” Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 208, pl. 30. figs. 2, 6f, +85 /f35-

3 Charles Stokes, in Geol. Trans. 2nd ser, yol. y. p. 706, 1837.

1878. ] SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODS, 973

nati of Bohemia led the exemplary and acute observer Barrande to

conceive that a larger proportion of the soft parts had been therein

lodged than is the case in the slender simple siphons of other Tetra-

branchiates, and in all that are of later date, when the partial office

of the siphon is reduced to reception of a trace of the vascular system.

Produce both the *‘saucer” and cup” of Calypeopsis, with the

resultant ‘false bottoms” or septa, as in Vermetus (fig. 1, p- 966),

and an analogue, if not parallel, of Endoceras would ensue.

Hyatt has noted the resemblance of the cup-like internal chambers

of Beatricea to a line of siphonal czca. The protoconch (primal

shell, nucleus, ovisac, embryo, &e., fig. 5, a) has been determined,

Spirula australis.

Protoconch and protosiphon, with following chambers, magnified.

described, and figured by De Blainville (in Spirula’) ; also by

Sandberger’, by Barrande’, and, with exemplary care and patience, by

Alpheus Hyatt’, in various species of tetrabranchiate shells. The

results by no means support any doubt as to the externality of the

shells of the Ammonitidee, or at all support the notion of their closer

affinity to Spirula than to Nautilus. :

The supposed well-marked distinction between the protoconch of

Ammonites and that of Nautilus is mainly due, as Hyatt has shown,

to its decadence in Nautilus after the deuteroconch (fig. 5, 6), or suc-

cessional shell-chamber, is formed—the primal communication with

the protoconch being then indicated by a linear cicatrix on the first

septum’. On this indication of the original existence and attach-

ment of the protoconch I may remark, that when the young Nau-

tilus, becoming too big for its first shell, moved on to make another,

part of that “making” encroached upon the space which the young

had traversed, and reduced it more or less to the shape of a chink

or scar. But it must not be concluded that this chink preexisted

to the progress, and that the young crept or squeezed through such

chink, as when Mr. Hyatt writes of ‘the central scar which marks

the former aperture through which the animal probably passed into

the fundus of the first whorl” ® It is only under such impression

that it becomes “ difficult to account for the passage of the large

1 Op. cit.

: Cpiesieche Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Heilkunde, 1858.

~ CU.

4 Fossil Cephalopods of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.—Embry-

ology (Svo, Cambridge, Mags.), vol. iii, no. v. 1872.

5 Ibid. p. 64. § Ibid. p. 73.

974 PROF, OWEN ON THE SHELLS OF CEPHALOPODs. [Nov. 19,

body of the embryo through the narrow aperture thus made’ !.

The difficulty merely depended upon the “time of the making” the

communicating aperture so narrow.

A true ‘‘embryology”’ of the Tetrabranchiates will be the welcome

result and reward of the fortunate and equal student of the living

Nautilus and Spirula, on the shores or in the seas they still fre-

quent, or in the aquarium adapted to conserve and exhibit the male

and female of these representatives of the almost extinct order.

I cannot conclude the present paper without expressing the

pleasure with which may be confidently expected the determination

of important points in the physiology of the Tetrabranchiate and

Dibranchiate constructors of chambered and siphonated shells by

observations made on the living specimens, under the favourable

opportunities afforded by their capture to the accomplished Natu-

ralists of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ whose attention had no doubt been

directed to the following needful observations and experiments sug-

gested in previous works on the subject.

“It would be advisable in the event of another fortunate capture

of the Nautilus, to lay open the chambers under water, when the

presence of gas in any of them would be ascertained ; and it might

be received and analyzed ; the contents also of the central tube, if

gaseous, would at once be detected ”’ ?.

Prof. Vrolik records similar appeals on more than one point in

the structure and physiology of the constructor of the chambered

shell. =

““M. Owen a eu raison de dire que l’orifice 2 (pl. ii. fig. 2) est en

communication avec le péricarde.”’.,.‘« D’aprés ce que j’ai vu, le siphon

s’ouvre dans la cavité abdominale, comme la pl. i. fig. 5, ¢c, le dé-

montre, et dans laquelle j’indique aussi la communication entre la

cavité branchiale et le péricarde en d, et entre celui-ci et la cavité

abdominale ou splanchnique en e.”...“En ouvrant la paroi postéri-

eure du péricarde, je me suis assuré qu’au fond de celui-ci il y a une

ouverture, que M. Owen a deja reconnue, et dans laquelle pénétre

une petite artére (pl. i. fig. 2, /). Cette ouverture est mise en rap-

port, prés de lovaire et du gésier, avec la cavité abdominale.”’

With regard to the course of sea-water from the branchial to the

pericardial or peritoneal cavity and thence to the cavity of the siphon,

or the reverse course, Vrolik appeals to the fortunate possessors of

the living Nautilus :—‘* L’observation directe seule pourrait les dé-

cider’’®.

And again, in regard to the circulation, especially of the venous

blood :—‘‘Serait-il possible que le sang veineux du canal intestinal fut

versé dans ces interstices ou dans ces /acunes, pour passer plus tard,

par les orifices cités, dans la veine cave ; et le sang veineux des autres

1 Op. cit. p. 74.

? Memoir on the Nautilus pompilius, 4to, 1832, p. 47. The same might be

urged in the case of the capture of a living Spirula.

* “Sur quelques points de V’organisation de l'animal du Nautile Flambé.”

Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, tom. x. (1885), p. 7, pls. i.

and il.

1878.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 975

viscéres abdominaux serait-il regu dans des vaisseaux veineux qui se

réuniraient en suite pour former les trones que M. Owen représente

planche vi. 3,3? Je n’ai pas de réponse A donner A ces questions.

L’injection du Systeme vasculaire d’un individu a létat frais, et

observation d'un Nautile vivant pourraient seules les éclaircir.?—

VROLIK, op. cit. p. 11.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX.

Fig. 1. Section of Ammonites lingulatus, showing the opercula, 0, displaced but

retained in the dwelling-chamber,

2. Ammonites subradiatus, with the operculum, 0,72 st¢u, closing the aperture

of the shell, save the space, v, for the passage of the respiratory

currents.

3. Section of Nautilus pompilius, with diagrammatic outlines of the muscles

of the shell and of the soft parts indicative of the relative position of

the animal.

4. Section of Spirula australis.

In the figures 3 and 4 the parts are indicated by the same

letters, as follows :—

Shell.

A. Dorsal wall. B. Ventral wall. a. Chambers. 4, Septa. c. Hard siphon.

d. Soft siphon.

Mantle.

e. Dorsal wall. f£ Ventral wall.

Head,

g. Tentacles or prehensile organs,

Beak.

h. Dorsal mandible. 7. Ventral mandible. 7. Funnel. %. Retractores infun-

dibuli. 7 Retractores capitis. mm, Branchie, 7, Liver.

December 3, 1878.

Robert Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary made the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during November 1878 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of November was 66, of which 2 were by

birth, 26 by presentation, 28 by purchase, 1 received in exchange,

and 9 received on deposit. The total number of departures during

same period, by death and removal, was 89.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. Two examples of Horsfield’s Tortoise, Testudo horsfieldi, from

the neighbourhood of Tschina in Turkestan, presented by Dr. A.

Strauch, C.M.Z.S., of the Imperial Zoological Museum of St. Peters-

burg, November 15th.

The species having been established by Dr. Gray upon a single

young specimen ', said to have come from Afghanistan, Dr. Strauch

was anxious to have examples of the Central-Asiatic species (which

1 Gray, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus. p. 7 (1844), and Cat. Shield Rept. in Brit. Mus,

p: 7, tab. i. (1855),

976 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SAXICOLA STAPAZINA. [Dec. 3,

he has excellently described in his ‘ Chelonologische Studien,’ p. 86)

compared with the original type. This, through Dr. Ginther’s

kindness I have now been able to do; and I have no doubt of the

identity of the species, in which opinion Dr. Giinther fully coneurs.

Besides the original type, there are two small examples of this Tor-

toise in the British Museum, obtained in Persia, during the Survey

of the Persian Boundary Commission’; so that the species would

appear to range from Afghanistan through Persia onto the shores

ot the Caspian and Aral seas and so into Turkestan, whence the

present specimens were forwarded to the Imperial Zoological Mu-

seum of St. Petersburg by their conservator, von Russow.

Testudo horsfieldi in general appearance much resembles Testudo

greca, but has only four toes on the front limbs.

2. A small blue Macaw, apparently referable to Spix’s Macaw

(Ara spivi), purchased of the Jardin d’Acclimatation of Paris,

November 15, and new to the Society’s collection.

This bird seems to agree in every respect with the species as de-

scribed by Finsch*, except that the bare space round the eye and

lores are black, and not yellow as described by Finsch and as also

described and figured by Spix.

I have examined the single specimen of this species in the British

Museum (obtained by purchase from a dealer in 1859), and believe it

to be the same as our bird. Our specimen, of which I exhibit a

figure by Mr. Smit (Plate LXI.) is generally of a bluish grey, the

head of a paler light grey, a narrow naked ring round the eye;

naked lores and bill black; total length about 18 inches, wing 10,

tail12. The iris is of a pale yellow.

This is the first example of this rare species I have ever seen alive.

It is immediately distinguishable from Ara hyacinthina and A.

glauca (of both of which we have living specimens in the collection)

by its small size and small bill.

Mr. H. Seebohm exhibited a large series of specimens of the

Hooded and Carrion Crows (Corvus corniz aud C. corone) and of

the intermediate forms between these species, and made remarks on

their geographical range and on the origin of the hybrids.

Col. Irby, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on some nests,

eggs, and young of Cypselus pallidus taken at Gibraltar.

Mr. Howard Saunders exhibited and made remarks on some

Indian eggs, especially those of Sterna bergii and Larus hemprichii,

on behalf of Capt. Butler, H.M. 83rd Regiment. These specimens

had been taken on the island of Astola, on the Mekran coast.

Dr. F. Day, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on three jaws

of Indian Sharks—one belonging to the genus Galeocerdo, and two

belonging to the genus Carcharias,—and pointed out that one of the

1 See Blanford’s ‘ Zoology of Persia,’ p. 308.

2 Sittace spixi, Finsch, Papag. vol. i. p. 393,

Nanharbt im

JSmit lith

Mute song Us qayyy

JAR BLS “S 2d

1878. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON MIDIAN REPTILES. 977

latter had the teeth of Odontaspis, whereas the other had the teeth

in the upper jaw furnished with cross serrations, approaching in

this respect Galeocerdo, while the teeth in the lower jaw were more

like those of Odontaspis.

Mr. Sclater read a letter with enclosures from Mr. R. Davenport,

of 124 Georgiana Street, Bury, whereby it appeared that there could

be no doubt of the specimen of the Black-throated Wheatear

(Sazicola stapazina) exhibited at the last meeting having been

obtained in Lancashire, as there stated’. The bird was shot by Mr.

David Page, of 103 Spring Street, Bury, on or about the 8th May,

1875, whilst sitting on the ridge of the outbuildings belonging to the

Bury Angling Association near the reservoir. It was taken in the

flesh to Mr. Wright Johnson, of Prestwick, to be mounted. Mr.

Johnson had ascertained the sex by dissection to be male.

The Secretary called attention to the error that had accidentally

taken place in reference to the Collection of Butterflies from Billiton,

on which Messrs. Salvin and Godman had reported in the last

number of the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ (antea, p. 637). The col-

lection had been made and forwarded to England by Hr. J. G. F.

Riedel, of Koepang, Resident of Timor and its dependencies.

The following papers were read :—

1. On Reptiles from Midian collected by Major Burton. By

Dr. Atsert Gtntuer, F.R.S., F.Z.S.

[Received October 31, 1878.]

(Plate LXIT.)

Major Burton has kindly presented to the Trustees of the British

Museum the zoological specimens collected by him in Midian*. The

reptiles are five in number, viz. Gongylus ocellatus, Zamenis clif-

fordi, Zamenis elegantissimus (sp. u.), Echis carinata, and Echis

colorata (sp. n.),—all of which are characteristic of the Cireum-

mediterranean fauna. A toad proved to be the common Bufo vul-

garis.

Major Burton does not seem to have had the means of preserving

any mammals and birds ; and it is to be hoped that travellers who

may succeed him in the exploration of this interesting country will

be more fortunate in this respect, as, at present, we are entirely

ignorant of this part of the Midianitish fauna.

ZAMENIS ELEGANTISSIMUS. (Plate LXII.)

The body is moderately slender, head rather narrow, eye of

moderate size. _ Rostral shield convex, reaching the upper surface

of the head. The scutes of the upper surface of the head are not

1 Above p. 881.

? See Burton’s ‘Gold-mines of Midian,’ London, C, Kegan Paul & Co., 1878.

978 MR, H. SEEBOHM ON SYLVIA BLANFORDI. [ Dec. 3,

subdivided : anterior frontals much smaller than the posterior ;

vertical large, broad in front, with the lateral margins concave ;

occipitals rounded behind. Loreal nearly square; three ante-

oculars, the upper of which is large, concave, extending onto the

vertical shield ; the two lower are small, and may be regarded as

detached portions of the fourth upper labial. Two postoculars ;

eight upper labials, of which the fifth enters the orbit. Temporals

seale-like, 2+3+3, the lower of the anterior pair being larger

than the upper. The scales smooth, in 19 rows. Ventrals 197 ;

anal bifid; subcaudals 79. Abdomen with a slight ridge on each

side.

The ground colour of this most beautiful snake is olive; a bright

orange streak begins on the vertical shield and runs along the entire

median line of the back and tail. It is interrupted by broad black

cross bands, of which the two anterior occupy the crown of the head,

twenty-one encircle the trunk, and eight the tail. The bands on

the trunk do not reach across the middle of the abdomen; but the

rings on the tail are complete.

The length of the entire specimen is 26 inches, that of the tail

being 64. It was found on the mountains east of El Muwaylah.

ZAMENIS CLIFFORDII, Schleg.

A young specimen from the sandy coast-region of Tihamat Midian.

EcuIs CARINATA, Merr.

One specimen from the sandy coast-region.

EcHIS COLORATA.

This specimen approaches the true Vipers in general habit ; but

the scales on the side are arranged in the same peculiar manner

which is characteristic of Echis. In the thickest part of the body

the scales form about 35 longitudinal series. There are four series

of small scales between the eye and the upper labials. Greyish with

large pinkish spots on the upperside; they are rounded on the

front part of the body, but more irregular and broken up on the

posterior. Lower parts whitish, speckled and powdered with

greyish.

Ventrals 208 ; subcaudals 48.

The single example, which is much injured, was caught on Jebel

Sharr, at an altitude of 4500 feet above the level of the sea. It is

27 inches long, the thin tail measuring 3 inches only.

2. On a new Species of Sylvia from Abyssinia, and on some

other Abyssinian Sylvians. By Henry Szxsonm, F.Z,S.

[Received November 7, 1878.]

The only species of the genus Sylvia obtained by Jesse on the

Abyssinian expedition, was the common Whitethroat. This species

was also obtained by Blanford ; and in addition he records (Geol. and

cll il

1878. ] MR. H. SEEBOHM ON SYLVIA BLANFORDI. 979

Zool. of Abyss. p. 379) a single specimen of Sylvia melanocephala,

Gm., shot at Rairo in Habab. We learn from the personal narrative

that Blanford was at Rairo between the 10th and 15th of August.

The skin, doubtless obtained between these two dates, is in the

British Museum, and appears to me to belong to a hitherto unde-

scribed species, which I propose to call

SyLVIA BLANFORDI.

The general colour of the upper parts is brown, the innermost

secondaries, the quills, and the wing-coverts being narrowly

margined with brownish white. The cheeks, head, and nape are

brownish black. The tail is very dark brown, the outside tail-

feathers (which are much abraded) showing traces of having been

tipped with white. The general colour of the underparts is white,

shading into brown on the sides of the breast, flanks, axillaries, and

under tail-coverts. The bastard primary projects °3 inch beyond the

primary-coverts ; and the second primary is between the eighth and

ninth in length. The bird is moulting some of the primaries

between the third and the eighth. Both mandibles of the bill are

dark, and the tarsus and feet are dark slate-grey. The wing

measures 2°52, and the tail 2°62. The culmen, which is slightly

injured, measures about °51 when perfect.

The only species with which this bird can be confounded are S.

eurruca (Linn.), S. melanocephala, Gm., and S. rubescens, Blanf.

From S. curruea it is easily distinguished by its head being brownish

black instead of pale slate-grey, and by its tail being longer instead

of shorter, than its wing. From S. melanocephala it may be dis-

tinguished by the length of wing being 2°52, instead of varying from

2°15 to 2°35, and the colour of the tarsus and feet being dark slate-

grey instead of brown. Besides being a larger bird with darker feet,

it has a larger bastard primary, a shorter second primary, and has

less white on the outside tail-feathers. From S. rubescens it may be

distinguished by its tail being longer, instead of shorter, than the

wing, by its feet being dark slate-grey instead of palish brown,

and by its larger size, the less amount of white on the outside

feathers of its tail, its longer bastard primary, and more rounded

wing.

Sylvia blanfordi appears to be quite distinct from any of the birds

described by Riippell in his ‘ Neue Wirbelth. Abyss.’, or by Heuglin

in his ‘Orn. Nordost-Afrika’s,’ and also from the types of Hemprich

and Ehrenberg, in the Berlin Museum, described by Dresser and

Blanford in the Ibis (1874, p. 335).

Another error of identification in Blanford’s ‘ Abyssinia’ will be

found on page 358. The skin from Senapé in the British Museum,

labelled Ruticilla phenicura, Linn., does not belong to that bird, but

to the nearly allied species Ruticilla mesoleuca, Ehr. I have also exa-

mined the Pratincole from the Abyssinian collection in the British

Museum ; and Mr. Sharpe has pointed out to me that Pratincola

semitorquata, Heugl., is undoubtedly the breeding-plumage of

P. albofasciata, Ripp., and that Blanford’s skins labelled Pratincola

980 MR. H. SEEBOHM ON HORORNIS FoRTIPES, Etc. [Dec. 3,

pastor, Strickland, are undoubtedly P. indica, Blyth. This species,

distinguished, amongst other characters, from P. rudicola (Linn.), by

its pure white unspotted rump, and its almost entirely black axil-

laries, was first discovered in Europe by Harvie-Brown and myself

in the valley of the Petchora; Drs. Finsch and Brehm found it on

the Obb; and I brought home several skins from the Yenesay.

Although Severtzoff records both species from Turkestan, there can

be scarcely any doubt that Pallas’s birds from the Irtish and the

Tobol belong to the eastern species, which must therefore stand as

Pratincola maura, Pall. (Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 708).

3. On the Identity of Horornis fortipes, Hodgs., Neornis

assimilis, Gray, Horeites robustipes, Swinhoe, Horeites

pallidus, Brooks, and Horeites brunnescens, Hume. By

Henry Seresoum, F.Z.8S.

[Received November 7, 1878.]

CeTTia ForTIPES (Hodgson).

Salicaria ?, Hodgson, icon. ined. nos. 900 & 923.

Horornis fortipes, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 584 (1845).

Drymeca brevicaudata, Blyth, J. A.S. Beng. xvi. p. 459 (1847).

Horornis assimilis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal coll. Hodgson,

p- 30, no. 143 (1863, ex Hodgson).

Horeites robustipes, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 398.

Neornis assimilis, Gray, Hand-list of Birds, no. 3096 (1869).

Horeites pallidus, Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 78 (1872).

Horeites brunnescens, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 109.

An examination of thirty-two skins of Horornis fortipes, Hodgson,

H. assimilis, Gray, Horeites robustipes, Swinhoe, and Horeites pal-

lidus, Brooks, leads me to the conclusion that they all belong to one

species.

They agree in having the general colour of the upper parts russet

(not olive) brown, somewhat yellower on the rump. The wings are

brown, fringed externally with russet-brown, and margined inter-

nally with white. The tail is brown, fringed with russet-brown. An

indistinct eyebrow and the underparts are buffish white, shading

into ochraceous brown on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts.

Axillaries and under wing-coverts pale yellow. Young birds have

the underparts yellower. The bill is moderately stout, dark horn-

colour above, pale horn-colour below, but darker towards the tip.

Rictal bristles slender. The wing is very rounded, the first primary

rather more than half the length of the second, and the fifth, sixth,

and seventh are nearly equal and longest. The tail consists of ten

feathers only, and is rounded, its outside feathers being about 0°45 inch

shorter than the longest. The foot and tarsus are robust, pale brown

in colour ; and the latter is very indistinctly scutellated in front. The

length of wing varies in adults from 1°9 to 2°28, the tail being about

one-twentieth shorter. The culmen measures about 0°5.

1878.] MR. 4. SEEBOHM ON HORORNIS FORTIPES, ETC. 981

Brooks obtained this species in Cashmere ; Mandelli has sent skins

from Darjeeling; Hodgson found it in Nepal, and Godwin-Austen

in Assam. Swinhoe’s type from Formosa seems less remotely

situated when we remember that Pére David obtained the nearly allied

species (Horeites major and H. brunneifrons) in China, where the

species under consideration doubtless also occurs.

I place this species in the genus Cettia, because it agrees with the

type of that genus in having only ten tail-feathers, somewhat simi-

larly graduated, and because both species have a somewhat similar bill,

and a rounded wing, not flat like that of a Thrush, but twisted like a

plough-plate to fit the body, evidently adapted less for extended

flight than to be out of the way when the bird is creeping through

dense foliage. Both species agree in having the feathers of the

rump considerably developed, and in laying eggs of a uniform dark-

red colour in a cup-shaped nest.

The position of this genus is somewhat intermediate between the

Turdine and the Timeliine. So far as I can see at present, I feel

disposed to restrict the Turdine to birds with a comparatively flat

is lengthened with the other primaries, forming a long pointed

wing, adapted for the extended flight of species whose winter-home

may be thousands of miles away from their breeding-stations. This

scheme would include the Chats, Thrushes, Redstarts, Warblers,

and Accentors in the Turdine, and leave the short-winged Warblers,

such as Prinia, Cisticola, &c., to take their place along with the

Babblers and Bulbuls in the Timeliine. This latter group of birds

is characterized by having strong legs and feet, adapted for creeping

through tangled foliage, whilst their wings, instead of being flat, are

moulded to fit the body of the bird and to occupy as little room as

possible. The conformation of the wing is ill-adapted to extended

flight. The first primary is large and takes its place naturally beside

the shortened second primary, so that it no longer deserves to be

called a bastard primary. The other primaries are also short and

graduated in length, making a short rounded wing, sufficient for birds

whose annual migrations are confined to such narrow limits that they

can often look down from the mountains where they breed onto the

plain or into the valleys, where they find an abundant supply of

winter food.

It must be admitted, however, that in many genera of the Tur-

dine we find approaches to the Timeliine, so as to make the two

subfamilies not only to come into contact with each other but some-

times to overlap, so that we may have occasionally a turdine species

of the Timeliine more turdine than the most timeliine species of the

Turdine. These little difficulties are very puzzling to the systematic

ornithologist ; but possibly they may be evidence that his system is

a natural one rather than otherwise.

The following list of skins examined will show how impossible it

is to draw any distinction in respect of size between the four reputed

species which I propose to unite :—

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LXIV. 64

982 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [ Dec. 3

Length

wing.

in.

2:28 Sikkim. G. Austen. Horornis fortipes.

2°24 Naga hills. a Neornis assimilis¢.

2:2 Sikkim. Brooks. Horornis fortipes.

2:2 Darjeeling. Hume. Horeites brunnescens.

2:2 Nepal. Hodgson. Neornis assimilis.

2:2 Naga hills. G. Austen. =

2:18 Shillong. 3 ¥

2:18 Nepal. Hodgson, .

2°15 Darjeeling. Brooks. Horeites pallidus.

2:15 Khasa. G. Austen. Neornis assimilis.

2:14 Sikkim. : Horornis fortipes.

2-14 Shillong. o Neornis assimilis ¢.

2:14 Cashmere. Brooks. Horeites pallidus.

2:13 Shillong. G. Austen. Neornis assinilis ¢.

2°13 Darjeeling. Blyth. Drymeca brevicaudata.

2-11 Nepal. Hodgson. | Neornis assimilis.

2-11 ” ” %

21 ” ” ”

271 ” ”? ”

2:1 Shillong. | G. Austen. + d.

2:07 Naga hills. Fe “i 2.

2-05 Munipur 3 i

2:0 Formosa. Swinhoe. Horeites robustipes.

2:0 Nepal Hodgson. Neornis assimilis, juv.

196 ” 22 ”

1:95 sf a Neornis assimilis.

1:95 Khasi. G. Austen. 2

19 Formosa. Swinhoe. Horeites robustipes.

19 Darjeeling. Brooks. Horeites pallidus.

ig Nepal. Hodgson, Neornis assimilis, uy.

1:88 ” ” ”

1-88 ” ” ”

1:81 ” ” ”

4. Description of new Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera

from Central and South America. By Martin Jacosy.

[Received November 13, 1878. ]

1, LEMA SUFFRIANI, Sp. nov.

Oblong, light testaceous. Head and breast black ; elytra striate-

punctate, testaceous, a short sutural and submarginal stripe at the

base and two small spots, one before, the other behind the middle of

each elytron, violaceous black.

Length 23-33 lines.

Head shining black, impunctate, not constricted behind the eyes,

the lateral grooves very deep; antenne nearly as long as half the

body, of a uniform light rufous or testaceous colour, only the basal

joint stained with piceous ; thorax scarcely longer than broad, deeply

1$78.] MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPBRAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 983

constricted behind the middle, smooth, impunctate, testaceous ; scu-

tellum subquadrate, black. Elytra strongly and very regularly

punctate-striate, the ninth stria entire, the interstices slightly raised

towards the apex; a short longitudinal sutural stripe at the base,

another of equal length covering the shoulder and pointed posteriorly,

where both stripes finish a little before the middle, a small round

spot between these stripes at their end, and another spot at a little

distance from the apex of each elytron, shining violaceous black.

Abdomen and the legs testaceous.

Hab. Voleano of lrazu, Costa Rica.

Collected by Mr. Rogers.

This species bears a close resemblance to L. bifida, Oliv., and

L. semisepta, Lac., in coloration, but is distinguished from the

first by the elytra haviag two spots instead of one, the uniformly

coloured antenne and the smooth thorax, while the same differences

distinguish it from the latter species. I have seen about a dozen

specimens, all of which agree exactly with each other in having the

light-coloured antennz and legs and the two spots on each elytron.

2. MasrosteTHUS SALVINI, Sp. Noy.

Elongate, parallel, testaceous, the sides of the breast and the

upper part of the head shining black. Thorax rufous, nitidous.

Elytra light testaceous, a large semiquadrate patch from the base to

the middle on each, and a broad transverse fascia behind the middle,

common to both elytra, black.

Length 43 lines.

Head distinctly punctured round the eyes, the other part smooth

and shining, lower part of face flavous, upper part black; antennz

reaching to the base of the thorax, testaceous, the first to the eighth

joint above stained with black, but diminishing towards the apex,

and entirely disappearing from the ninth joint. Thorax narrowed

from the base to the apex; surface very minutely and widely punc-

tured, impressed near the hinder angles with a distinct fovea;

scutellum black. Elytra subdepressed above, narrowed towards the

apex, surface strongly but not very closely punctured ; pale testa-

ceous, a large spot on each elytron from the base to the middle,

narrowed towards the suture, and a transverse fascia (neither of

which extends quite to the lateral margin), the latter only separated

from the former by a narrow interval, with the posterior margin

irregular, black ; the apex of the elytra are of the ground-colour to

about the same extent as the width of the transverse band. The

underside, with the exception of the sides of the breast, the dorsal

surface of the four anterior femora, and all the tibia, which are

black, testaceous ; hinder femora and inner side of tibize of the same

colour, the former with a distinct tooth near the apex,

Hab. Cache, Costa Rica.

Collected by Mr. Rogers.

3. LAMPROSOMA CHAPUISI, sp. nov.

Ovate, convex, dark violaceous ; head, lateral and anterior margins

64*

684 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [Dec. 3,

of thorax, apex of the elytra, outside of legs brilliant aureous or

copper-coloured. Head distinctly punctured.

Length 2 lines.

Head finely granulose, rather deeply but not closely punctured,

bright aureous ; first and second joint of the antenne of the latter

colour, the rest black. Thorax with its sides straight, anteriorly

much deflexed, the surface very convex and obtusely punctured,

much less distinctly visible than the punctures of the head, of an

almost black violaceous, with the anterior margin very narrowly and

the sides to a greater extent, but diminishing in width towards the

base, ornamented with bright metallic reddish-golden colour; the

inner margin of this colour at the sides of the thorax is deeply den-

tate. Elytra very convex near their base, distinctly narrowed

towards the apex ; each elytron with ten rows of rather coarse and

very regularly placed punctures, which scarcely diminish in size

towards the apex, the interstices smooth and impunctate ; the colour

is of the same dark violaceous as that of the thorax ; and at the apex

of each elytron is an elongate-oval patch of the same metallic colour

as the head and the thorax. Underside black, the outer sides of all

the legs metallic aureous ; tarsi black.

Hab. Costa Rica.

In my collection.

This species is very closely allied to L. ignicaudatum, Lac., and

L. coruscum, Lac.; but differs from the former by the deeply

punctured head, and the shape of the golden lateral band of the

thorax, while it is distinguished from the latter species by the shape

of the elytral spot, the colour of the thorax, and the colour of the legs.

4, LAMPROSOMA INORNATUM, Sp. lv.

Ovate-globose, black, shining, above brilliant violaceous blue.

Head finely, thorax distinctly punctate; elytra striate-punctate ;

prosternum smooth,

Length 23 lines.

Head rather convex, with a small roundish fovea in the middle,

widely and finely punctured, violaceous blue, bordered anteriorly

with metallic green ; antennz black, the second joint fulvous. Thorax

transverse, the anterior angles much deflexed, the sides rounded ;

posterior margin sinuate on each side, with an obsolete short de-

pression on each side of the median lobe; the surface much more

distinctly punctured than the head, and increasing in size towards

the base. Elytra very convex, their greatest convexity lying very

near the middle viewed sideways, they are gradually narrowed towards

the apex ; and each elytron has ten rows of rather deep punctures,

which diminish slightly towards the apex in size; the colour is a

brilliant violaceous blue with a greenish tint. Underside and legs

black, shining, finely alutaceous and punctured; prosternum elongate,

quadrate, perfectly smooth, with a few rows of short whitish hairs.

Hab. Chiriqui.

In my collection.

Although this species is nearly allied to Z. testudineum, Lac., as

1878.] MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 985

well as to L. cyaneum, Lac., it is from both distinguished by its smooth

prosternum, from the former by the punctured head, from the latter

by the want of the depression at the head.

5. NODA LEFEVREI, sp. nov.

Broadly ovate, uniformly greenish wneous. Head coarsely,

thorax less strongly punctured. Elytra semipunctate-striate, costate

near the apex.

Length 12 line.

Head strongly and closely punctate, especially between the eyes,

where the punctures are of an oblong shape. Eyes very prominent ;

clypeus also strongly punctured, separated from the face, its anterior

margin crescent-shaped ; antenne as long as half the body, the last

five joints much thickened, and the terminal one very robust and

strongly pointed at the apex, the lower six joints shining greenish

geneous above, fulvous below, the rest black and opaque. ‘Thorax

very narrowed towards the apex, with the posterior angles acutely

produced ; surface moderately punctured, the punctures not stronger

near the sides than those on the disk, and not extending to the an-

terior or the posterior margin. Scutellum with a few punctures.

Elytra convex, with a very obsolete depression below the base ;

surface very deeply and regularly punctate-striate near the outer

margin, finer and more irregularly towards the suture ; the intervals

towards the apex raised in longitudinal costs, of which the third

and fourth (counting from the outer margin) are united posteriorly

sending off a short costa towards the apex. Underside and legs

geneous, extreme apex of the tibize and the tarsi darkish rufous.

Hab. Costa Rica (volcano of Irazn) ; Guatemala.

Closely allied to Noda semicostata, Lefévre ; but distinguished by

the equal punctuation of the thorax, which, in the former species, is,

according to the description, strong and dense at the sides.

6. Nopa BALYI, sp. nov.

Broadly ovate, eneous, shining ; antenna, palpi, and legs ferru-

ginous. Elytra punctate-striate, with a short round tubercle on

the disk of each elytron.

Length 13 line.

Head rather deeply but widely punctured, the clypeus not sepa-

rated from the face ; antenne with the third, fourth, and fifth joints

of equal length, entirely ferruginous. Thorax of the same shape as in

N. viridis, distinctly punctate throughout, greenish bronze-coloured.

Elytra convex, a little more strongly punctured than the thorax, the

punctures arranged in regular striw, the intervals scarcely raised

except near the lateral margin and the apex, where they are semicos-

tate; the humeral callus prominent ; and each elytron is furnished at

a little distance before the middle with a short round tubercle, which is

placed nearer the lateral margin than the suture ; a very shallow trans-

verse depression is also visible in certain lights immediately above

this tubercle. Underside greenish black, opaque ; legs ferruginous.

Hab. Guatemala.

986 MR. M.JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [ Dec. 3, |

Collected by Mr. Salvin. Collection Jacoby.

Allied to N. propinqua, Lefévre,. but differing in the stronger

punctuation of the thorax and the sculpture of the elytra.

7. NopA vVIRIDIS, sp- Nov.

Broadly ovate, shining metallic-green above, below greenish black,

the first six or seven joints of the antennz and the legs entirely fer-

ruginous.

Length 14-13 line.

Head coarsely but widely punctate, the clypeus distinctly sepa-

rated, also strongly punctured, with the anterior margin emarginate ;

Jabrum dark ferruginous or brown; vertex of head with an obsolete

longitudinal groove. Antenne of half the length of the body, very

robust, with the exception of the short second joiut, gradually

thickened towards the apex, the three penultimate joints of nearly

equal length and cylindrical, the terminal joint the longest of any,

and pointed at the apex ; the first six or seven joints ferruginous,

the rest black, opaque. Thorax transverse, the anterior margin

nearly straight, the posterior one evenly rounded and produced in

the middle, the sides nearly parallel at the base, but narrowed

towards the apex, all the angles acute; surface shining metallic

green with a slight bluish tint, not very closely but rather deeply

punctate. Scutellam smooth. Elytra slightly wider at the base

than the thorax, very gradually and evenly rounded towards the apex ;

disk rather convex, without any basal depression ; the humeral callus

produced and smooth ; surface finely punctured a little more strongly

near the base, the punctures arranged in rather regular lines, partially

running in pairs, and forming one stria near the suture towards the

apex. Underside opaque blackish green. Legs and tarsi ferruginous.

Hab. Guatemala.

Collected by Mr. O. Salvin. In my collection.

8. NopA BOUCARDI, sp. nov.

Broadly ovate, above violaceous blue, shining, below greenish

black. Tibi, tarsi, and base of the antenne rufous. Elytra

geminate-punctate-striate.

Length 13 line.

Tiead strongly punctured, especially towards the lower part,

shining greenish blue ; antennz with the first six joints light rufous,

the rest darker. Thorax of the same shape as WN. /efevrei of this

paper, also equally punctate throughout, the puncturing extending

at the same time to all the margins. Elytra not differmg in form

from the above species, the punctuation on the disk, however, united

in pairs, and only the extreme apex distinctly costate. Underside

semiopaque, greenish black, all the tibize and tarsi bright rufous.

Hab. Valin, Guatemala.

Collected by Mr. Salvin.

Allied to Noda rufipes, Lefév. (Mittheil. Minch. Ent. v. 1878),

but differing in the equal punctuation of the thorax, the double rows

of punctures of the elytra, and the costate apex of the latter.

1878.] MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 987

9. NODA VIOLACEIPENNIS, sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate, blackish green below, violaceous blue above ; thorax

moderately punctured, elytra semi-punctate-striate, without coste.

Legs and antenne greenish eneous.

Length 2 lines.

Head and clypeus with some widely dispersed deep punctures,

the former besides with an obsolete fovea in the middle; antennze

more than half the length of the body, robust, uniformly greenish

zneous, with the exception of the two basal joints, which are stained

with piceous. Thorax of the same shape as the other species of this

paper, but rather finely punctured, the punctures on the disk

assuming an oblong shape here and there, while the punctuation

near the lateral margins is very obsolete. Elytra more oblong than

in the other species, shining violaceous blue, with the punctures

stronger than those of the thorax, and rather confusedly placed, only

towards the apex more distinctly geminate-punctate-striate ; the

intervals not raised, only an obtuse tubercle visible near the extreme

apex; the suture on each side accompanied by an impressed line,

commencing about the middle of the elytra, to the apex. Underside

and legs greenish black. Tarsi and claws obscure piceous.

Hab, Guatemala.

My collection. Collected by Mr. Salvin.

10. MeraxyONYCHA RUFOLIMBATA, Sp. nov.

Oblong, broadly ovate. Head aureous, deeply and closely punc-

tured. Thorax laterally obsoletely tridentate, greenish, coarsely

punctured. Elytra punctate-striate, the interstices longitudinally

costate, greenish; the sides and the apex broadly rufous-coloured,

abdomen flavous.

Length 4% lines.

Head deeply and closely punctured, with a deep longitudinal

middle groove, bright aureous or copper-coloured ; antennex black,

the first six joints shining. Thorax transverse, distinctly triden-

tate at the sides, the disk covered with rather deep punctures in

the middle and along the anterior margin; the rest of the surface

minutely punctate, of a greenish opaque colour. Scutellum elongate,

smooth, purplish. Elytra not much wider at the base than the

thorax, rather finely punctate-striate, the interstices broadly costate

from the base to the apex, where their ends are joined, of the same

green opaque colour as the thorax, the sides (narrowly at the base,

gradually widened to the apex, the latter broadly) of a rufous colour.

Breast and legs purplish green, abdomen light rufous or flavous.

Hab. Venezuela.

Collection Jacoby.

11. PRIONODERA ELEGANS, sp. nov.

Elongate, dark purplish. Head and thorax irregularly punctured

and finely transversely wrinkled, the latter at the sides obsoletely

bidenticulate. Elytra longitudinally costate, the intervals punctate-

988 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. | Dee. 3,

striate, purplish blue, a large triangular sutural patch from the base

to the middle reddish copper-coloured.

Length 43 lines.

Head and clypeus deeply punctured, with a deep longitudinal

groove in the middle, of a greenish semiopaque colour, here and

there with a purplish tint ; labrum and jaws nearly black; first

joint of the antennee very thick and subcylindrical, the second short

and globose, the rest cylindrical, equal in length ; the first six joints

shining greenish aureous, the rest black, opaque. Thorax sub-

quadrate, slightly broader than long, all the angles acute and pro-

duced externally, the sides with a distinct tooth behind and another

very obsolete one before the middle; disk irregularly transversely

wrinkled, visible only when viewed sideways, and covered with large

and small punctures ; of a greenish colour, sometimes with purplish

patches. Scutellum elongate, finely punctate. Elytra much wider

at the base than the thorax, a little widened posteriorly ; each elytron

with eight longitudinal cost, the intervals subgeminate-punctate-

striate; bluish purple, a large sutural triangular patch, extending

from the base to below the middle, of a reddish copper, surrounded

by light green colour. Underside and legs dark green, with a

purplish hue.

Hab. Columbia.

Two specimens in my collection.

12. CHALCOPHANA SEMIRUFA, Sp. nov.

Elongate, subparallel, piceous below. Head, thorax, first six

joints of the antennz, and thelegs rufous. Elytra deeply and closely

punctate-striate and partly costate, shining bronze-colour, extreme

margin and the apex rufous.

Length 33 lines.

Head deeply punctured, with a median groove, labrum yellowish,

apex of mandibles black ; antennz with the first six joints rufous,

the rest black. Thorax transverse, the posterior margin round and

widened in the middle, the anterior one straight, all the angles pro-

duced into a short acute tooth, the surface rather coarsely punctate

towards the sides, less so on the disk. Scutellum rufous. Elytra

with a more or less distinct oblique depression below the base, closely

punctate-striate, the punctures not united in pairs, and regularly

placed only towards the suture, the rest confused and irregular ; the

apex as well as the’sides of each elytron furnished with three or four

more or less distinct cost, those at the sides commencing below the

humeral callus; the surface of a bronze or metallic green colour,

the extreme lateral margins and the apex rufous. Underside dark

piceous, as well as the tarsi.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Of the six or seven similarly-coloured described species, the pre-

sent one will be easily recognized by the colour of the first six joints

. of the antenne, which is constant in all the specimens before

rte as well as by the strong punctuation of the thorax and the

elytra,

1878.] MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 989

13. CHALCOPHANA UNIFORMIS, sp. Nov.

Entirely dark rufous, with the exception of the last five joints of

the antenne, the apex of the tibiw, and the tarsi. Thorax finely,

elytra deeply geminate-punctate-striate, and more or less costate.

Length 3-3$ lines.

Head exactly punctured as in semirufa, the antenne also coloured as

in that species. Thorax a little more finely punctate. Elytra distinctly

and closely punctured, the punctures running together in pairs, the

interstices either raised over the whole disk in costz, or only distinctly

visible towards the apex. The underside rufous; extreme apex of

tibiz and the tarsi black.

Hab. Costa Rica.

This species may possibly be only a variety of C. semirufa ; but

the uniform coloration, the punctuation of the elytra approached in

pairs distinguish it sufficiently from that species, while the colour of

the first six joints of the antenne will separate it from species in

other respects similarly coloured.

14. DoRYPHORA BRUNNEIPENNIS, Sp. noy.

Broadly ovate, narrowed behind, below black ; antenne with the

last two joints yellowish white. Head, thorax, and elytra rufous,

opaque.

Length 6 lines.

Head strongly but not closely punctate, brown with a greenish

tint ; antennze brownish zneous, last two joints whitish. Thorax

with the sides parallel, the anterior angles acute; surface with the

same-sized punctures as the head, but closely and uniformly dis-

tributed. Scutellum smooth, broadly triangular. Elytra broader at

the base than the thorax, very convex at their first third, from there

strongly declining to the apex, the latter pointed ; surface finely and

irregularly punctured and longitudinally aciculate, the intervals finel

alutaceous, opaque, of a uniformly rufous colour. Beneath black ;

mesosternal process robust, long, slightly curved. Legs rufous.

Hab. Columbia.

Collection Jacoby.

15. DoRYPHORA FLAVIPENNIS, sp. nov.

Greenish black, shining. Head and thorax strongly punctate.

Elytra sparingly irregularly punctured, flavous, a sutural stripe

narrowed towards the apex, greenish black.

Length 53 lines.

Head more strongly punctured near the apex than at the vertex ;

antennze with the last five joints flattened and widened, the first five

joints testaceous, stained with greenish zeneous above, the rest

fuscous. Thorax more strongly punctured than the head, very

coarsely towards the sides, dispersedly on the disk. Scutellum

smooth. Elytra rotundate towards the apex, parallel near the base,

sparingly and rather finely punctate without order, the intervals

finely aciculate ; the extreme outer margin has a row of punctures,

and is accompanied, at some distance, with another row of double

990 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [Dec. 3,

punctures ; the suture has also at its posterior part a deeply im-

pressed line running parallel with it at each side. The elytra are

of a light flavous, shining, the entire suture greenish or bluish

black, which colour is gradually narrowed towards the apex. Under-

side and legs black with a bluish tint.

Hab. Columbia.

In colour this species approaches close to D. limbatipennis, Stal ;

but the want of the outer marginal vitte, together with the roundish

shape, will distinguish the species before us from the above insect.

16. DoryPHORA VITTATIPENNIS, Sp. nov.

Black. Head and thorax opaque. Elytra strongly semipunctate-

striate, black, shining ; each elytron with five narrow longitudinal

flavous stripes.

Length 6 lines.

Head finely punctate ; antennz black, shining. Thorax deeply

and irregular punctured, the intervals partly convex; sides narrowed

at the base, from there rounded to the apex. Scutellum smooth,

triangular, black. Elytra parallel, convex, deeply punctate, striate

near the suture, more irregularly towards the sides ; black, shining,

each elytron with five narrow flavous vittee at equal distances fron

each other, of which the outer one is the broadest, all of which are

confluent at the apex and extending to the base. Underside and legs

black.

Var. Elytra with only the outer vittze entire, the sutural one only

visible at the posterior third, the other stripes entirely absent or

only partially visible near the apex.

Hab. Columbia.

Collected by Mr. Salmon.

17. DoryPnuORA POROSA, Sp. Nov.

Broadly ovate, very convex, piceous below. Head aud disk of

thorax black; sides of latter testaceous. Elytra deeply foveolate,

the intervals irregular transversely reticulate, dark brown.

Length 7 lines.

Head opaque, with a few very minute punctures; antenna long,

scarcely thickened towards the apex, fuscous. Thorax with the

anterior and posterior margin parallel in the middle, the anterior

angles acute and much produced, the sides much flattened and

slightly thickened ; disk minutely punctate, of the same colour as

the head, the sides light testaceous, impunctate. Scutellum

broad, smooth, piceous. Elytra convex at their first third, thence

suddenly declining and subdepressed towards the apex, uniformly

dark brown; the suture shining, piceous, smooth ; surface deeply

punctate, striate near the suture, foveolate towards the sides, the

intervals raised and connected partially by transverse short costz,

forming a kind of network towards the sides. Femora greenish

zneous ; tibize piceous.

Hab. West Columbia.

Collection Jacoby.

1878.| MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 991

18. DoryPHORA HYBRIDA, Sp. Ov.

Ovate, black below. Head and thorax greenish black, distinctly

punctured. Elytra geminate punctate-striate, testaceous; the

suture, the outer margin, and two transversely placed large irre-

gularly shaped spots, one placed before, the other behind the middle,

as well as the base narrowly, greenish black.

Length 8 lines.

Antenne rufous. Thorax not very strongly or closely punctured ;

the intervals also minutely punctate. Scutellum black. Elytra

convex, geminate-punctate-striate, each puncture surrounded by a

piceous spot ; the extreme base, a spot on the shoulder, the outer

margin, the suture (which is widened below the base into a square-

shaped spot), and a transverse patch, consisting of two united spots

before the middle as well as a similar shaped one-(formed by three

united spots) behind the middle, greenish black. Underside and

legs black.

Hab. Peru.

Collection: Jacoby.

The insect before me is so exactly similar in markings to the

Doryphora imperialis of Stal, that it may be only a variety of that

species. The colour, however, instead of being rufous, is greenish

black. The elytra, besides having the sutural stripe broader, are

also marked with regular rows of small piceous spots which surround

the puncturing everywhere ; and the underside is shining black.

19. DoryPHORA MILITARIS, Sp. nov.

Greenish neous, shining. Elytra closely punctate-striate, four

roundish spots placed transversely at the base, two others behind

the middle, with two submarginal longitudinal vittee from the middle

to the apex, light flavous, margined with rufous.

Length 6 lines.

Head closely punctured, dark brownish green, labrum fulvous ;

antennze gradually thickened towards the apex, the basal joints

shining fulvous, the rest greenish e#neous. Thorax closely and

deeply punctured towards the sides, much more sparingly punctate

on the disk, the intervals also minutely punctured. Scutellum

smooth. Elytra moderately convex, closely and rather regularly

punctate-striate, the punctures diminishing towards the apex; of a

greenish geneous colour; each elytron with two spots near the base,

of which one is placed on the shoulder, another near the scutellum,

an elongate spot behind the middle near the suture, and a longitu-

dinal stripe near the outer margin, from immediately behind the

middle to the apex, flavous, all the markings surrounded by a

narrow rufous border. Underside shining greenish black ; legs more

brownish ; mesosternal process slightly curved and pointed.

Hab. Columbia.

My collection.

20. DorypHORA OCELLATA, sp. nov.

Ovate, very convex, testaceous. Thorax with four piceous spots.

992 MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [Dec. 3,

Elytra geminate-punctate-striate, fuscous; two large round spots

near the scutellum, four others placed transversely, and the apex

broadly flavous, the latter with a small fuscous spot.

Length 5 lines.

Head minutely punctured, flat, with an indistinct piceous mark

at the vertex ; antennee testaceous, slightly thickened towards their

apex, terminal joint scarcely longer than broad. Thorax narrow,

sides rounded in front, anterior angles scarcely produced ; above

much more strongly (but not closely) punctured than the head, of

a rather indistinct testaceous colour ; four spots placed transversely

on the disk, the middle ones, which are in shape of two short

longitudinal vittee, of a greenish piceous colour. Scutellum testa-

ceous. Elytra slightly broader at the base than the thorax, very

convex on the disk, their apex regularly rounded; the surface

rather finely punctate-striate, consisting of double rows of punctures,

which are more deeply impressed on the disk than at the base or

the apex ; the flavous patches on the disk of each elytron arranged

as follows, viz. one in the middle of the base, two transversely, of

which the outer larger one is placed immediately below the shoulder,

the inner one on the middle near the suture, the fourth occupying

the apex to nearly a third of the length of the elytra, having its

inner margin sinuate, and in its interior a small fuscous square spot.

Underside and legs testaceous. Mesosternal spine rather short,

slightly curved. ;

Hab. Costa Rica?

My collection.

Closely approaching in colouring to D. estuans, Lin., the species

described here is distinguished by its much larger size and by the

four spots on the thorax.

21. DoryPHORA DECORATA, Sp. nov.

Ovate, convex, testaceous. Head with the base, thorax with

two vitte black. Elytra geminate-punctate-striate, testaceous, with

three transverse metallic green fasciee and a longitudinal vitta between

the second and third bands.

Length 53 lines.

Head minutely punctate, with a shallow transverse depression and

an obscure longitudinal groove, testaceous, with an irregular trans-

verse bifurcate patch on the vertex ; antennz longer than the thorax,

gradually thickened towards the apex, as well as the palpi, testaceous;

apex of mandibule black. Thorax with a longitudinal depression

parallel with the lateral margins, the latter regularly rounded ;

surface very sparingly but rather deeply punctate, shining testaceous,

with two longitudinal black vittee from the apex to the base, slightly

curved outwards, and connected at the base by a very narrow band.

Scutellum impunctate, testaceous. Elytra regularly geminaie-punctate-

striate near the suture, more confusedly towards the sides ; shining

testaceous, the suture, an obliquely placed transverse band from the

shoulder to the suture a little below the seutellum (with its posterior

margin denticulate and connected by a narrow stripe at the lateral

1878.] MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 993

margin anteriorly with another transverse band of a 4-shaped form,

and placed in the middle of the elytra), as well as a short rounded

band near the apex (this latter band being also connected with the

former one bya short vitta near the lateral margin), shining metallic

green; the inflexed margin of the elytra, as well as the underside

and the legs, testaceous.

Hab. Costa Rica?

Collection Jacoby.

Allied to D. vittaticollis, Stal, but differing in the colour of the

head, antennz, and palpi, and the longitudinal stripe between the

second and third bands.

22. SCELIDA BALYI, Sp. nov,

Elongate, parallel, testaceous; vertex of head, last six joints of

antennz, and the coxze black. Elytra metallic green, closely rugose-

punctate.

Length 43 lines.

Head impunctate, with two distinct tubercles between the an-

tenn, limited behind by a transverse groove, lower part of face

with a raised triangular ridge ; last joint of maxillary palpi piceous ;

vertex of head black, shining ; lower part and the basal five joints

of the antennz flavous, the latter about three fourths the length of

the body, with the three terminal joints slightly curved. Eyes pro-

minent, black. Thorax subquadrate, widened from the apex towards

the middle, from there straight to the base, the anterior and

posterior margins slightly sinuate in middle; surface entirely im-

punctate, the disk depressed, flavous, with indistinct irregular

blotches of a piceous colour. Scutellum semiovate, dark piceous,

with a light-coloured margin. Elytra much wider at the base than

the thorax, sides entirely parallel, the surface covered throughout

with crowded and rather deep punctures, the intervals of which are

finely rugose, of a metallic, moderately shining green colour, which

assumes towards the apex and near the suture a purplish hue.

Under surface and legs flavous, the base of the coxee and a spot at

the base of the anterior femora piceous or black ; the metathorax

on each side raised in the shape of a triangular-pointed elevation.

This species is the second one belonging to this genus, the first

of which was published in diagnosis by Mr. Chapuis in his eleventh

volume of the ‘Genera of Coleoptera.’ From thisspecies it is sufficiently

distinguished by its smaller size, the black vertex of the head,

together with the spots on the coxze of the legs, and by the peculiar

shape of the metathorax.

23. DIABROTICA WATERHOUSEI, sp. nov.

Elongate, convex, widened behind, flavous. Head, breast, and

the extreme base of the elytra pitchy black, the apex of the latter

brownish fuscous.

Length 3 lines.

Head shining black, with a distinct fovea between the eyes; an-

tennz ferruginous, the basal joint flavous. Thorax quadrate,

994 MR.M.JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [ Dec. 3,

rather convex, smooth, narrowed towards the base, surface shining,

flavous. Scutellum black. Elytra widened towards the apex,

rather convex, light flavous, a narrow transverse band at the base

undulated at its posterior edge, and extending to the humeral callus,

dark fuscous or black; the posterior third of the elytra fuscous

brown, surrounded by an indistinct crescent of a darker colour; the

rest of the surface covered with minute piceous spots, visible only

under a lens. Underside black ; abdomen brownish; legs flavous,

the hinder tibize on their cuter side blackish.

Var. Thorax at the anterior margin with a triangular black spot ;

the apical markings of the elytra obsolete.

Hab. Cache, Costa Rica.

Collected by Mr. Rogers.

24. DIABROTICA JANSONI, Sp. nov.

Elongate, convex, widened behind, fulvous. Thorax and elytra

closely punctate, a large oval patch near the apex of the latter

violaceous blue.

Length 43-5 lines.

Head with a deep transverse groove, closely punctured, fulvous ;

antenne: robust, as long as half the length of the body, fuscous,

the first joint below fulvous, the fourth joint nearly double the

length of the third. Thorax transverse, sides nearly parallel, with

three indistinct shallow depressions on the disk, of which two

smaller ones are situated on each side and a large one near the

posterior margin at its middle; surface distinctly but not very

closely punctate, fulvous. Scutellum broad, triangular, its surface

very finely alutaceous, and slightly excavated near the base. Elytra

more than four times the length of the thorax, much widened

towards the apex, and distinctly margined; the surface crowded

everywhere with distinct punctures of the same colour as the head

and thorax, the whole of the posterior third occupied by a large

rounded spot of violaceous blue, which sometimes terminates at some

distance from the apex. Underside and the femora testaceous ;

tibize and tarsi fuscous.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua. Collected by Mr. Janson.

In my collection.

25. DIABROTICA FUSCOMACULATA, Sp. NOV.

Testaceous below. Head, thorax, and elytra olive-green, the

latter obsoletely costulate, with the base and two spots on each

elytron dark fuscous, margined with pale yellow.

Length 24 lines.

Head impunctate, with a fovea in the middle, shining green ;

labrum dark brown; antennee nearly reaching to the end of the

body, with the second and third joint very short, the fourth three

times as long as the second joint, of an indistinct brownish colour,

the first joint pale greenish, Thorax bifoveolate, impunctate, very

shining vlive-green. Scutellum flavous. Elytra subdepressed,

1878.] MR. M. JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 995

parallel, closely punctate, with two or three obsolete costz on the

disk, of which the outer one is more distinctly raised, of the same

colour as the thorax; a transverse band at the base narrowed towards

the suture and extending to the shoulders, a transverse spot in the

middle and another at a little distance from the apex of each elytron,

dark fuscous; all the spots, as well as the lateral margin at its

anterior part, surrounded with yellowish white. Underside pale

testaceous, the tibize darker, and the femora olive-green.

Var. The middle spot on the elytra absent, as well as the apical

one, which is replaced by a yellowish patch.

Hab. Nicaragua, Bogota. Var. Guatemala.

Collected by Mr. Salvin.

26. DIABROTICA NIGROVITTATA, Sp. NOV.

Elongate, parallel, black. Thorax bifoveolate. Elytra yellowish

white, with the suture and a submarginal longitudinal stripe on

each elytron not reaching the apex, black.

‘Length 23 lines.

Head very shining black, smooth, with a fovea above the antenne;

the latter of about half the length of the body, entirely black ;

second and third joints short, equal. ‘Thorax quadrate, narrowed

near the base, surface deeply bifoveolate, smooth, very shining black.

Scutellum black. Elytra about three times the length of the

thorax, with a longitudinal depression below the shoulders and ex-

tending a little below the middle; surface very minutely punctured

and finely granulose, of a yellowish white, a longitudinal stripe from

the base, extending toa little distance from the apex and narrowed

at each end, black. Body and the legs shining black.

One specimen from Mexico and another from Guatemala, in my

collection.

27. DiaABROTICA NOVEMMACULATA, sp. NOV.

Elongate, widened behind, flavous. Head and breast black.

Elytra finely punctate, flavous, five spots near the base and four

near the apex black.

Length 4 lines.

Head black, impunctate, with a fovea and two flat tubercles in

front of the antennz ; the latter more than half the length of the

body, with the third joint a little longer than the second, and the

fourth the longest, of a flavous or ferruginous colour, with the

middle joints stained more or less with fuscous. Thorax impunctate,

with two shallow depressions on its surface; sides much deflexed

and margined, parallel near the base, widened above the middle.

Scutellum fuscous. Elytra but little wider at the base than the

thorax, gradually widened towards the apex, closely and irregularly

punctured, flavous, a triangular spot extending a little below the

base at the suture and surrounding the scutellum, an elongate

short stripe on each shoulder, a roundish spot between the latter

and the sutural one on each elytron, as well as four spots placed

996 MR.M.JACOBY ON PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. [Dec. 3.

transversely at a little distance from the apex, of which the outer

one is elongate, black. Underside and legs flavous, breast black.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Var. The round spots on the elytra replaced by short longitudinal

stripes.

28. DiaBROTICA COSTATIPENNIS, Sp. nov.

Elongate, uniform rufo-flavous. Thorax deeply bifoveolate, shining.

Elytra closely rugose, punctate, with five or six elevated more or

less distinct longitudinal coste.

Length 3 lines.

Head perfectly smooth and shining, with a deep fovea above the

antennee ; the latter of half the length of the body, the second and

third joints very short, the fourth joint more than twice as long as

the preceding one, ferruginous, the first three joints shining, the

rest opaque. ‘Thorax distinctly margined, narrowed at the base, the

surface with two deep fovez, very shining and impunctate, rufo-

flavous. Elytra scarcely widened behind, with a distinct margin °

which is wider in the middle than on either end; surface closely

punctate and finely rugose; each elytron with about six longitudinal

raised cost, which are a little more obsolete near the apex and the

base, of a little lighter rufous colour than the thorax. Entire

underside and legs flavuus, the breast covered with whitish

hairs.

Hab. Costa Rica.

29. CEROTOMA NIGROFASCIATA.

Oblong, widened behind, black. Thorax and legs flavous. Elytra

dark red, with three broad transverse black bands.

Length 33 lines.

Head black, vertex punctate; lower part of face coarsely and

deeply punctate, with a few flavous hairs ; antennze closely approximate,

of half the length of the body, with the first joint very long, the

second short, the third longer than the fourth, of a flavous or fer-

ruginous colour. Thorax transverse, the sides much deflexed, the

lateral margins much widened before the middle, anterior angles

obsolete, posterior ones produced but rounded; the surface rather

convex, smooth, indistinctly depressed on the disk, of a light flavous

colour. Scutellum black. Elytra much widened towards the apex,

deeply and closely punctate, the intervals raised in irregular longi-

tudinal cost and transverse wrinkles, of a dark red colour ; a trans-

verse band common to both elytra at the base, another band slightly

arched in the middle not reaching the suture, and a large triangular

patch near the apex black ; none of these bands reach quite to the

lateral margins. Underside black, shining ; legs uniformly flavous.

Hab. Costa Rica, Guatemala.

APPENDIX.

LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE

DURING THE YEAR

1878.

Jan. 1. 1 Japanese Wild Dog (Canis familiaris, var.), 3. Presented by

Harry Pryer, Esq. See P. Z. S. 1878, p. 115.

1 Bristly Ground-Squirrel (Xerus setosus), ¢. Purchased.

1 Robben-Island Snake (Coronella phocarum). Presented by

Messrs. Rice and A. Jamrach.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by

J. F. Wood, Esq.

1 See Hyena (Hyena striata). Presented by Captain F.

otton.

1 Red-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Presented by

Captain King. From Carthagena.

1 Common Sole (Solea vulgaris). Presented by G. H. King,

Esq.

. 1 Mexican Deer (Cervus mexicanus). Presented by Cyril Graham,

Esq. From Venezuela.

. 1 White-handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar), 9. Presented by

W. H. Newman, Esq. From the forests of Laos, Northern

STi Or

Siam.

1 Brown Monkey (Macacus arctoides), $. Presented by W. H.

Newman, Esq.

9. 2 Black Francolins (Francolinus vulgaris). Presented by Major

Newton Pauli.

1 Chukar Partridge (Caccabis chukar). Presented by Major

Newton Pauli.

1 Grooved Tortoise ( Testudo sulcata). Purchased.

2 Rough Terrapins (Clemmys punctularia). Purchased.

1 Scorpion Mud-Tortoise (Cinusternon scorpioides). Purchased.

10. 4 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus). Deposited.

14, 1 Arabian Gazelle (Gazella arabica), §. Presented by Mark

Whyley, Esq.

2 Violet Tanagers (Huphonia violacea), Purchased.

1 Superb Tanager ( Calliste fastuosa). Purchased.

1 Taherculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata). Purchased.

3 Summer Ducks (Atv sponsa),3 2. Presented by the Lord

Braybrooke, F.Z.S.

15. 1 Stanleyan Chevrotain (Zragulus stanleyanus), 3. Presented

by Mrs. Leslie Walker.

1 Javan Chevrotain (Zragulus javanicus). d. Presented by

Mrs. Leslie Walker.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LXV. 65

31.

Feb. 4.

APPENDIX.

. 2 Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata), § and 9. Purchased,

2 White-bellied Storks (Abdimia sphenorhyncha). Purchased.

. 1 Broad-banded Armadillo (Xenwrus unicinctus). Purchased.

. 1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus grisev-viridis), Q. Presented

by Madame Patey.

. 2 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus). Presented by Captain W. H.

Kecles.

. 1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes). Presented by Mr. George

Fredericks.

2 West-India Rails (Aramides cayennensis). Purchased.

. 1 Hog Deer ( Cervus porcinus). Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Upland Goose (Bernicla magellanica), 2. Purchased. From

hili.

1 Humboldt’s Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Purchased. See

P.Z. 8. 1878, p. 116.

5. 1 Wood-Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by J. E. Liardet,

Esq.

1 Common Magpie (Pica caudata). Presented by G. E. Lad-

bury, Esq.

1 Jackdaw (Corvus monedula). Presented by G. E. Ladbury,

Esq.

. 1 Hoary Snake (Coronella cana). Presented by the Rev.G. H.R.

Fisk, C.M.Z.S.

1 Derbian Opossum (Didelphys derbiana). Purchased.

. 1 Common Puffin (Fratercula arctica), Received in exchange.

From the Banks of Newfoundland.

. 1 Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). Presented by J. Mason Allen,

Esq.

1 Mieaqae Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by

L. E. Lewis, Esq.

1 White-cheeked Capuchin (Cebus lunatus). Presented by John

Ikin, Esq.

. L Yaguarundi Cat (Felis yaguarundi). Purchased.

2 Yarrell’s Curassows (Crav carunculata), ¢ and 2. Pur-

chased.

1 Lesser Razor-billed Curassow (Mitua tomentosa). Purchased.

2 White-bellied Guans (Ortalida albiventris). Purchased.

1 White-fronted Guan (Penelope jacucaca). Purchased.

1 Common Trumpeter (Psophia crepitans). Purchased.

1 Guira Cuckoo (Guira pirtrigua). Purchased.

1 Sun-Bittern (Zwrypyga hehas). Purchased.

1 Cayenne Lapwing (Vanellus cayennensis). Purchased.

1 Double-striped Thicknee (Ctdicnemus bistriatus). Purchased.

1 Garden’s Night-Heron (Wycticorax gardenr). Purchased.

1 Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguarz). Purchased.

1 Black Vulture (Cathartes atratus). Purchased.

2 Silky Cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis). Purchased.

1 American Kestrel (Tinnunculus sparverius). Purchased.

3 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Purchased.

1 Common Badger (Meles taxus). Presented by the Lord Sal-

toun, F.Z.S.

2 Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus). Presented by the

Rey. 8. R. Wilkinson, F.Z.8.

7 Bankiva Jungle-fowls (Gallus bankiva), Presented by Mrs.

Kendall.

1 Azara’s Fox (Canis azare). Purchased.

Feb, 5,

28.

Mar. 1.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 999

1 Brazilian Tortoise (Testudo tabulata), Presented by Captain

ing.

. 4 Reeves’s Terrapins (Clemmys reevesi). Presented by Mr. A.

Thomson.

» 1 Common Swan (Cygnus olor). Presented by John Colam,

Esq., F.Z.8,

. 2 Crested Guinea-fowls (Numida cristata), Presented by Mrs.

Collingwood.

2 Canadian Geese (Bernicla canadensis). Presented by Edw, J.

Philpot, Esq.

- 1 Wood-Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by J. Torpey, Esq.

1 Hey’s Partridge (Caccabis heyi). Purchased.

» 2 Macaque Monkeys (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by

Lieut.-Colonel Feilden.

» 2 Chimpanzees (Troglodytes niger), § and 2. Deposited.

1 Black-footed Penguin (Spheniscus demersus). Purchased.

1 Garden’s Night-Heron (Nycticorax gardeni). Presented by

Henry Bottrell, Esq.

- 1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), Presented by

E. H. Lockley, Esq.

- 1 Collared Peccary (Dicotyles tajagu). Purchased.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater), 9. Purchased.

1 Globose Curassow (Crax globicera), $.° Purchased.

- 1 Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger). 3. Deposited.

. 2 Leopards (Fevis pardus). “Purchased. From Persia. See

P. Z. S, 1878, p. 289.

. 2 Red-vented Bulbuls (Pycnonotus hemorrhous). Presented by

Colonel A. L. Annesley, F.Z.S.

- 1 Black-billed Parrakeet (Palzornis melanorhyncha). Presented

by Mrs. Barthorp. From Muttra, N.W. India.

2 Black-necked Swans (Cygnus nigricollis). Received in ex-

change.

. 2 Tigers (Felis tigris). Born in the Menagerie.

2 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovis tragelaphus), 3 and 2. Received

in exchange.

. 2 Black-winged Peafowls (Pavo migripennis), 2. Presented

by the Hon. A. 8. G, Canning, F.Z.S.

2 Pale-headed Parrakeets (Platycercus pallidiceps). Purchased.

4 Turquoisine Parrakeets (Euphema pulchella). Purchased.

» 1 Black-billed Sheathbill (Cheonis minor). On approval.

. 1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus), 2. Born in the Menagerie.

» 1 Red-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Deposited.

1 Variegated Sheldrake (Tadorna variegata), §. Received in

exchange,

. 2 Rock-Sparrows (Petronia stulta). Presented by D’Arey

Thompson, Esq.

1 Indian Muntjac (Cor thaaas muntjac), 3. Born in the Menagerie.

1 Common Snipe (Gallinago media), Presented by WK

Stanley, Esq.

1 ee Adder (Vipera berus). Presented by Colonel Irby,

E.Z8.

1 Four-lined Snake (Coluber quadrilineatus). Deposited.

2 Brown Coatis (Nasua nasica). Presented by the Hon. C. H.

Wynn.

1 Palm-Squirrel (Sciurus palmarum). Presented by Miss Bar-

clay.

65*

1900

Mar. 2.

10.

13.

14,

APPENDIX.

1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), 9. Presented by H. B. Whitmarsh, Esq.

1 Yellow Snake ( Chilobothrus inornatus). Purchased.

2 Black-capped Bitterns (Butorides atricapilla). Received in

exchange.

1 Red-backed Buzzard (Buteo erythronotus). Received in ex-

change.

] Yellow-checked Amazon (Chrysotis autumnalis), Purchased.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by H.

Wright, Esq.

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus),2. Presented by

G. H. Garrett, Esq.

2 Common Chameleons (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by

G. H. Garrett, Esq.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus egnomolgus), $. Presented by

Captain Pole Carew.

1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus). Presented by J. W. Cap-

stick, Esq., F.Z.S.

. | Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis). Deposited.

2 Undulated Grass-Parrakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Hylton Jolliffe.

. 2 Sambur Deer (Cervus aristotelis), G and 9. Received in ex-

change.

1 Isabelline Bear (Ursus isabellinus). Received in exchange.

See P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 378.

1 Javan Adjutant (Leptoptilus javanicus). Received in ex-

change.

1 Siren (Stren lacertina). From South Carolina. Received in

exchange.

. 2 Long-legged Buzzards (Buteo ferox). Presented by W. J. E.

Cartwright, Esq. From India.

1 White-cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys). Purchased.

1 Levaillant’s Darter (Plotus levaillanti). Purchased. See P. Z.S.

1878, p. 378.

2 Dace (Leuciscus vulgaris). Presented by Mr. Parsons.

1 Eel (Anguilla vulgaris). Presented by Mr. Parsons.

1 Blue-bonnet Parrakeet (Psephotus hematogaster). Purchased.

1 Lion (Felis leo), 3. Received in exchange.

1 Three-striped Paradoxure (Paradoxurus trivirgatus) Presented

by Captain Dalrymple.

3 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Zebu (Bos indicus), 2. Born in the Gardens.

2 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Robert

Donaldson, Esq.

1 Green Glossy Starling (Lamprocolius chalybeus). Presented

by Mrs. Arabin, F.Z.8.

1 White-eared Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis), Presented by Mrs.

Arabin, F.Z.S.

1 Californian Quail (Callipepla californica). Presented by Mrs.

Arabin, F.Z.8.

1 Common Kestrel (Timnuneulus alaudarius). Presented by A.

Blumenthal, Esq.

5. 2 Common Badgers (Meles taxus). Born in the Gardens.

5. 1 Secretary Vulture (Serpentarius reptilivorus). Presented by

Messrs. W. Rigg and J. Curtiss.

1 Variegated Sheldrake (Tadorna variegata). Purchased.

. | Savigny’s Eagle-Owl (Bubo ascalaphus). From Bushire, Per-

sian Gulf. Presented by Dr. J. Huntly.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1001

Mar. 19. 2 Darwin’s Pucras Pheasants (Pucrasia darwint), § and 9.

Apr.

Purchased.

20. 2 Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Received in exchange,

21.

10.

1 Jay (Garrulus glandarius). Presented by J. Young, Esq.

1 Malayan Bear (Ursus malayanus), Q. Presented by 8, Palmer,

sq.

1 Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo maculosus). Received in exchange.

2 Plantain-Squirrels (Sciwrus plantan). Received in exchange.

1 Beceari’s Cassowary (Caswarius beccarii). Received in ex.

change.

4 Pied Grass-Finches (Spermestes Sringilloides). Received in

exchange.

1 Nvaioartia (Eunectes murinus). Received in exchange.

2 Matamata Terrapins (Chelys matamata). Received in ex-

change. See P.Z.S. 1878, p. 378.

1 One-streaked Hawk (Melierax monogrammicus). Received

in exchange.

2 Hog Deer (Cervus porcinus), 2 2. Received in exchange.

1 Egyptian Ichneumon (Herpestes wchneumon). Received in

exchange,

1 Short-toed Eagle (Circaétus gailicus). Presented by H. M.

Upcher, Esq., F.Z.S.

23. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), ¢. Presented by Mrs.

Baxter.

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus). Presented by

James Bennet, Esq.

1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii). Presented by W. B.

Westwood, Esq.

25. 1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater). Deposited.

28. 1 Philippine Paradoxure (Parudoxurus philippensis). Received

in exchange.

. 1 Arabian Gazelle (Gazella arabica), 2. Presented by W.

Webb, Esq.

- 2Pudu Deer ( Cervus humilis), 3 and 2. Purchased. From Chili.

1 Naked-eared Deer (Cervus gymnotis). Purchased. From

Keuador.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by Francis

Pym, Esq.

2 Persian Gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa). Presented by R. W.

Inglis, Esq.

1 Maned Goose (Bernicla jubata), $. Purchased.

. 1 Egyptian Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), 3. Deposited.

1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Presented by Capt.

T. Ayling.

. 1 Fraser’s Squirrel (Seiurus stramineus). Received in exchange,

See P.Z. 8. 1878, p. 441.

1 Black Sternothere (Sternotherus niger). Received in ex-

change.

- 1 Common Squirrel (Sciwrus vulgaris). Presented by Madame

Harte.

» 1 Arabian Baboon ( Cynocephalus hamadryas), 2. Presented liy

Dr. A. P. Woodforde.

2 Chaema Baboons (Cynocephalus porcarius). Presented by

Capt. W. L. Coke.

1 Short-eared Owl (Otws brachyotus). Presented by W. K.

Stanley, Esq.

1002

Apr. 11.

APPENDIX.

1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale sxanthopus), 3.

Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Great Kangaroo (Mucropus giganteus). Presented by Crawford

Caffin, Esq., Lt. R.N.

2 Laughing Kingfishers (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by Craw-

ford Caffin, Esq., Lt. R.N.

1 Golden-winged Parrakeet (Brotogerys chrysoptera). Received

in exchange.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), §. Presented by

George Milward, Esq.

1 South-American Rat-Snake (Spilotes variabilis), On ap-

proval.

15. 1 Stanley Crane (Tetrapteryx paradisea). Deposited.

16,

26.

1 Indian Leopard (Felis pardus), 3. Presented by Robert

Tubbs, Esq., F.Z.S,

1 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), 3. Presented by Carrol W.

Ansdell, Esq.

1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes). Presented by Carrol W. Ansdell,

sq.

2 Spotted Ichneumons (Herpestes auropunctatus). Presented by

J. McIntosh, Esq.

1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeaterr), Presented by

W. Ruston, Esq.

. 1 Surieate (Suricata zenik), 2. Presented by Percy Howard,

Esq.

. 1 Azara’s Fox (Canis azare). Presented by Dr. A. Stradling.

. 4 Common Foxes (Canis vulpes). Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonyeteris eollaris). Born in the Mena-

gerie.

. 2 Snow-Buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis). Purchased.

. 1 Bennett's Wallaby (Halmaturus bennett?). Born in the Mena-

erie.

1 Hybrid Duck (between Mareca chiloensis and Dajila spini-

cauda). Presented by I. Charlton Parr, Esq.

2 Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Presented by Richard

Seyd, Esq., F.Z.S.

5. 1 Black Wallaby (Halmaturus ualabatus), d. Presented by

D. W. Barker, jun., Esq.

1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by D. W.

Barker, jun., Esq.

1 ee Finch (Sycalis flaveola). Presented by Mrs. Hylton

oliffe.

1 Cariama (Cariama cristata). Purchased.

1 Crested Curassow (Crav alector). Purchased.

1 Guira Cuckoo (Gara piririgua). Purchased.

1 laoreet Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis). Pur-

chased.

2 Red-billed Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis). Purchased.

1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Purchased.

4 Short-tailed Wallabies (Halmaturus brachyurus),1 g and 3 9°.

Purchased.

1 Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis). Purchased.

1 Dominican Gull (Larus dominicanus), Purchased.

1 Blue-bonnet Parrakeet (Psephotus hematogaster). Purchased.

1 Stanley Parrakeet (Platycercus icterotis). Purchased.

1 Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus). Purchased.

27. 1 African Leopard (Felis pardus), 3, Presented by Mrs. Kirk,

Apr. 27.

29.

30.

May 1.

. 2 Black-faced Spider, Monkeys (Ateles ater), 29. Purchased,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 1003

1 Beisa Antelope (Oryx besa), 3. Presented by ELH. the

Sultan of Zanzibar.” See P. Z. 8. 1878, p- 441,

1 Black-crested Eagle (Spizaétus oceipitalis). Purchased.

1 Sand-Lizard (Lacerta agilis). Presented by Master W. L.

Sclater.

1 Smooth Newt (Ziiton teniatus). Presented by Master B. L.

Sclater,

1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus gganteus), 2. Born in the Mena-

gerie,

2 Black Storks (Ciconia nigra). Purchased,

1 Brazilian Tree-Poreupine (Sphingurus prehensilis), Purchased,

Long-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus americanus). Purchased,

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by J. M.

Neil, Esq.

1 Lion (Felis leo). Presented by J. D. Massey, Esq.

1 Black Ape ( Cynopithecus niger), Deposited,

1 Eland (Oreas canna), 2. Born in the Menagerie.

1 Common Cassowary ( Caswarius galeatus). Purchased.

1 Greek Partridge (Caccabis savatilis), white var., 3. Presented

by F. Papillon, Esq. From Beyrout,

1 Golden-winged Woodpecker ( Colaptes auratus). Purchased.

2 Lesser Birds of Paradise (Paradisea minor). Purchased. See

P. Z.8. 1878, p. 631,

- 1 Vervet Monkey ( Cercopithecus lalandii), Presented by G. W.

Twining, Esq.

1 Common Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). Presented by

Lord Braybrooke, F.Z.S.

4 Green Lizards (Lacerta viridis). Presented by F. E. Lawder,

Esq.

i Bibhiecues Marmoset (Huapale penicillata). Presented by

Walter M. St. Aubyn, Isq.

- I Bonelli’s Eagle (Misaétus Sasciatus). Deposited,

1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle ( Chelone wmbricata). Presented by J. W.

Cossback, Esq.

1 Common Snake ( Tropidonotus natrix). Presented by Henry

Smith, Esq.

1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri). Presented by

Mrs. Tennent.

- 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by W.

Mackie, Esq.

. 1 Toque Monkey (Macacus pileatus), 3. Presented by Master

R. C, Heyworth.

1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas), Q. Presented by

Richard Seyd, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Common Badger (Meles tarus). Presented by Messrs, J. H.

and B. H. Thompson.

1 White-backed Piping Crow (Gymnorhina leuconota). Pre-

sented by John Ritchie, Esq.

- LSlow Loris (Mycticebus tardigradus), 2. Received in ex~

change,

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by R. Bryant,

Esq.

1 Two-spotted Paradoxure (Nandinin binotata), Presented by

Capt. E. J. Howes, ;

1 Goffin’s Cockatoo (Cacatua goffnt). Presented by Mrs, Pitt,

1004

May

10.

12.

15.

14,

15.

live

LN)

“I

APPENDIX.

1 Wonga-wonga Pigeon (Leucosarcia picata). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Spotted Turtle Dove (Turtur suratensis). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Jaguar (Felis onca). Presented by Major Wood.

1 Blue-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis estiva). Presented by Dr.

Byron Whitehead.

9 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Darwin’s Pucras Pheasant (Purcrasia darwint). Bred in the

Gardens.

3 Water-Ouzels (Cinclus aquaticus). Presented by R. J. L.

Price, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Born in the Menagerie.

1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the

Menagerie.

1 Wood-Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by C. B, Wharton,

Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus). Deposited.

1 Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), 2. Born in the Menagerie.

1 European Bearded Vulture (G: es barbatus). Deposited.

1 Nilotic Fox (Canis niloticus), 3. Presented by Commr. F.

Cotton. From Djeddah, Arabia.

1 Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon platyrhinos). Presented by

Dr. Painter, F.Z.S.

1 Chinchilla ( Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie.

4 Variegated Sheldrakes (Yadorna variegata). Bred in the

Gardens.

. 1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), 2. Born in the

Menagerie.

22. 2 2 Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus), ¢ and 2. Purchased.

23. 2 Chimpanzees (Troglodytes niger), 2 3. Deposited.

4 Water-Ouzels . Cinclus aquaticus). Presented by R. J. L.

Price, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Vacated Sheldrake (Tadorna variegata), ¢. Received in

exchange.

2 Great-billed Rheas (Rhea macrorhyncha). Received in ex-

change.

2Sulphury Tyrants (Pitangus sulphwratus). Received in ex-

change.

2 Geoffroy’ s Doves (Peristera geoffrow). Bred in the Gardens.

7 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens,

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), §. Presented by Henry

Willatt, Esq.

1 White-fronted fe uchin rey: albifrons), 2. Presented by

Dayrell Davies, Esq., R.N.

2 Wild Cats (Felts catus). Born in the Menagerie.

8 Wild Boars (Sus scrofa). Born in the Menagerie.

1 Yellow-legged Herring-Gull (Larus leucopheus). Bred in

the Gardens.

1 Hairy Tapir (Tapirus roulint), 3. Received in exchange.

See P. Z.S. 1878, p. 681, pl. xxxrx.

83 Common Rheas (hea camer wcana). Presented by Frank

Parish, Esq.

. 4Temminck’s Tragopans (Certornis temmincki). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Brazilian Caracara (Polyborus brasiliensis). Presented by Miss

Amslie, _

Oa a arn

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1005

May 29. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), ¢. Presented by

J. Farmer, Esq.

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), $. Born in the Menagerie.

30. 1 Geoftroy’s Cat (Felis geoffroi), 3. Presented by Ronald

Bridgett, Esq.

1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus). Born

in the Menagerie.

31. 1 Tamandua Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla). Purchased.

June 3. 8 Common Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), Presented by

Master G. L. Sclater.

4, 2 Indranee Owls (Syrnium indranee). Deposited.

5. 1 White-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis leucocephala). Purchased,

6. 1 Mouflon (Ovis musimon). Born in the Menagerie.

2 Greater Spotted Woodpeckers (Picus major), Presented by

J. A. Cooper, Esq.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by N. Partocalis, Esq.

- 2 Horned Tragopans (Ceriornis satyra). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus). Bred in the

Gardens.

2 Oystercatchers (Hematopus ostralegus). Purchased.

12 Green Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Purchased.

8. 2 Mandrills (Cynocephalus mormon). Presented by G. H.

Garrett, Esq.

1 Ocellated Monitor (Monitor ocellatus). Presented by G. H.

Garrett, Esq.

2 Black Rats (Mus rattus). Presented by W. H. Hatcher,

sq.

1 Gnaeap Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by

W. W. Spicer, Esq.

9. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Born in the Mena-

erie,

2 oot Seals (Phoca vitulina), Purchased.

10. 1 Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by J. C.

Witte, Esq.

1 White Ibis (Ics alba). Purchased.

1 Spotted Cavy (Cewlogenys paca). Purchased.

1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis). Presented by Capt. J. Moir.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater). Presented by Capt.

J. Moir.

1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by Capt. J. Moir.

1 West-India Rail (Aramides cayennensis). Presented by Capt.

J. Moir.

1 Black Tortoise (Testudo carbonaria). Presented by Capt. J.

Moir.

2 Black-crested Cardinals (Gubernatrix cristatella). Presented

by Mrs. Arabin, F.Z.S,

1 American Thrush (Turdus miugratorius). Presented by Mrs.

Arabin, F.Z.S.

11. 1 Spotted Turtle Dove (Turtur suratensis). Bred in the

ardens,

2 Brazilian Teal (Querquedula brasiliensis). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Bay Antelope ( Cephalophus dorsalis), 2. Purchased.

1 Black Saki (Pithecia satanas). Purchased.

12. 1 Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger), g%. Deposited.

1006

June 13.

14,

165.

19.

20.

21.

APPENDIX.

1 Himalayan Bear (Ursus tibetanus), d. Presented by Com-

mander J. S. Murray.

1 Indian Crow (Corvus splendens). Presented by Commander

J.S. Murray.

6 Herring-Gulls (Zarus argentatus). Presented by Arthur

Clarke, Esq.

1 Rufous Rat-Kangaroo (Hypsiprymnus rufescens). Presented

by T. Wickenden, Esq.

1 Reeves’s Muntjac (Cervulus reevest), Born in the Gardens,

6 Upland Geese (Bernicla magellanica). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennetti) g. Presented by Miss A.

Statter.

1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Presented by E.

J. Beagle, Esq.

1 Common Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). Presented by W.

Thompson, Esq.

. 2 Cereopsis Geese (Cereopsis nove-hollandie), § and 9.

Purchased.

2 Australian Sheldrakes (Zadorna tadornoides), 3 and Q.

Purchased.

4 Smooth Newts (Triton teniatus). Presented by Master B.

L. Sclater.

2 Mantchurian Crossoptilons (Crossoptilon mantchuricum), 3

and 9. Received in exchange.

2 Black-billed Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna arcuata). Received

in exchange.

2 Prairie Marmots (Cynomys ludovicianus). Presented by

Mons. J. W. Cornély, C.M.Z.8,

1 Yellow-billed Sheathbill (Chzonts alba). Purchased.

1 Barbel (Lota vulgaris). Presented by Earl Brownlow, F.Z.S,

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 2. Presented by

Samuel Curtis, Esq.

1 Red-billed Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis). Presented

by R. M. Hyde, Esq.

1 Scarlet Ibis (Ibis rubra). Presented by R. M. Hyde, Esq.

1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 3. Presented by

W. H. Gedge, Esq.

1 Hybrid Ass (between Equus onager 3 and Equus hemippus),

Born in the Menagerie.

1 Mueller’s Parrot (Tanygnathus muellert). Purchased.

1 Talpacoti Ground-Dove (Chalcopelia talpacoti). Bred in the

Gardens.

. 2 Argus Pheasants (Argus giganteus). Bred in the Gardens.

4 Summer Ducks (Aix sponsa). Bred in the Gardens.

4 Chilian Widgeon (Mareca chiloensis). Bred in the Gardens.

3 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Bred in the

Gardens.

2 Common Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo).. Presented by-

Edward Banks, Esq.

. 1 Pine-Marten (Martes abietum). Presented by Robert Walters,

Esq., F.Z.8.

1 Green-necked Peafowl (Pavo spicifer). Bred in the Gardens.

. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 9. Presented by Mrs.

Walcot.

10 Herring-Gulls (Larus argentatus). Deposited.

1 Brown Capuchin (Cebus fatuellus). Presented by A. Warm-

ington, Hsq.

June 25.

26.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1007

1 Daubenton’s Curassow (Crax daubentoni). Presented by A.

Warmington, Esq.

1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Purchased.

lL Garden’s Night-Heron (Nycticorax gardeni), Purchased.

1 Japanese Wolf (Canis hodophylav), Q. Presented by H.

Heywood Jones, Esq., F.Z.5. See P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 788.

1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Deposited.

6 Goldfinches (Carduelis elegans). Presented by C. F. Johnson,

Esq.

1 Panndn Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by C.

F. Johnson, Esq.

A Geoffroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffrow). Bred in the Gardens.

4 Cunningham’s Skinks (Eyernia cunninghami). Presented by

J. G. Pearson, Esq.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Alex.

C. Forbes, Esq.

. 1 Short-tailed Capromys (Capromys brachyurus). Presented by

the Hon. H. J. Burford Hancock.

1 Indian Antelope (Antilope cervicapra), 2. Received in ex-

change.

1 Stump-tailed Lizard (Zrachydosaurus rugosus), Presented by

Philip Saville, Esq.

vee como ta Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), g. Presented

by Capt. C. F. Filliter.

1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus), Q. Presented by

Edward Clayton, Esq.

1 Pinche Monkey (Midas edipus), g. Presented by Edward

Clayton, Esq.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 9. Presented by

Mrs. George Yeomans.

. 1 Reeves's Muntjac (Cervulus reevest), 2. Born in the

Menagerie.

. 2 Black Wallabies (Halmaturus ualabatus), GandQ. Received

in exchange.

1 Australian Monitor (Monitor gouldi). Purchased.

. 6 Amherst Pheasants (Zhaumalea amherstie). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Fork-tailed Jungle-fowl (Gallus furcatus). Bred in the Gar-

dens,

1 Demeraran Cock of the Rock (Zupicola crocea), Purchased.

1 Prince Albert’s Curassow (Crax alberti), ¢. Purchasd.

2 Black-faced Spider Monkeys (Ateles ater), ¢ and 9. Pur-

chased.

. 1 Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), §. Presented by Col.

Nixon.

1 Goliath Heron (Ardea goliath). Presented by Col. Nixon.

1 Spotted Ichneumon (Herpestes awropunctatus). Presented by

Irs, Payne.

. 1 King Parrakeet (Aprosmictus scapulatus). Presented by

Ebenezer Carr, Esq.

. 1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), 2. Presented

by Edward Wright, Esq.

2 Red-faced Weaver-birds (Foudia erythrops). Presented by

Miss M. Jackson.

1 Chestnut-bellied Finch (Munia rubro-nigra). Presented by

Miss M. Jackson,

1008

July 6.

10,

ll.

14.

APPENDIX.

2 Common Redpoles (Linota rufescens). Presented by Miss M.

Jackson.

2 Canary Finches (Serius canarius). Presented by Miss M.

Jackson.

2 Aisculapian Snakes (Coluber esculapit). Presented by Lord

Lilford, F.Z.S. From Dalmatia.

2 Lacertine Snakes (Celopeltis lacertina). Presented by Lord

Lilford, F.Z.S. From Tunis.

1 Horse-shoe Snake (Zamenis hippocrepis). Presented by Lord

Lilford, F.Z.S. From Tripoli.

1 Leopardine Snake (Coluber leopardinus). Presented by Lord

Lilford, F.Z.S. From Dalmatia.

1 Vivacious Snake (TZachymenis vivaz). Presented by Lord

Lilford, F.Z.S. From Montenegro.

1 Dark-green Snake (Zamenis atrovirens, var. carbonarius).

Presented by Lord Lilford F.Z.8. From Italy.

1 Four-rayed Snake (Hlaphis quaterradiatus). Presented by

Lord Lilford, F.Z.5. From Dalmatia.

. 4 Vulturine Guinea-fowls (Nwmida vulturina). Deposited.

. 1 Hybrid Fallow Deer between Dama mesopotamica $ and

Dama vulgaris 9. Born in the Menagerie.

1 Hairy Tree-Porcupine (Sphingurus prehensilis). Born in the

Menagerie.

2 Water- Vipers ( Cenchris piscivorus). Purchased.

5 Seven-banded Snakes ( Zropidonotus leberis), Purchased.

4 Red-headed Buntings (Huspiza luteola). Purchased.

4 Green-winged Doves (Chalcophaps indica). Purchased.

1 Plantain-Squirrel (Sezwrus plantani). Purchased.

1 Water-Chevrotain (Hyomoschus aquaticus). Purchased.

1 Electric Silurus (Malapterurus beninensis). Purchased,

1 Beatrix Antelope (Oryx beatriz), §. Presented by Comman-

der Burke, 8.8. ‘Arcot.’ From Arabia. See P.Z.S. 1878,

. 789.

1 BaneOwl (Strix flammea). Presented by Commander Wyatt,

8.8. ‘Deccan.’ From Mesopotamia.

3 Bullfinches (Pyrrhula rubicila). Presented by Miss A.

Sargeant.

4 Paradise Whydah-birds (Vidua paradisea). Presented by

Archibald Brown, Esq.

1 Pin-tailed Whydah-bird (Vidua principalis). Presented by

Archibald Brown, Esq.

3 Grenadier Weaver-birds (Zuplectes oryx). Presented by

Archibald Brown, Esq.

2 Hooded Finches (Spermestes cucullatus). Presented by Archi-

bald Brown, Esq.

2 Crested Poreupines (Hystrix cristata). Presented by Dr. G.

S. Badger.

1 Banded Ichneumon (Herpestes fasciatus). Presented by Dr.

G. S. Badger.

1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle (Chelone imbricata). Presented by Capt.

Henderson.

1 Green Tree-Frog (Hyla arborea). Presented by J. Green-

wood, Esq.

1 Green Tree-Frog (Hyla arborea). Presented by Lord Arthur

Russell, F.Z.8.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), g. Presented by

Mr. Enoch.

July 15,

16.

19,

20.

22,

23.

29.

31,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1009

1 Golden-headed Marmoset (Midas chrysomelas), 3. Purchased.

From Para.

1 Horrid Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). Purchased. From

Bahia.

1 Thick-billed Tanager (Zuphonia crassirostris), 9. Purchased.

From Para.

3 Alligator Terrapins ( Chelydra serpentina). Presented by J. H.

Thompson, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Eland (Oreas canna), 6. Born in the Menagerie.

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), $. Presented by Miss

Davis.

2 Cape Zorillas (Ictonyx zorilla). Presented by Mrs. J. J.

Monteiro,

1 Argus Pheasant (Argus giganteus). Bred in the Gardens.

5 Amherst Pheasants (TZhaumalea amherstie). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by G. D.

Careless, Esq.

2 Smooth Snakes (Coronella levis). Purchased. From Hamp-

shire.

1 Black-necked Swan (Cygnus nigricollis). Bred in the Gar-

dens.

1 Nightingale (Daulias luscinia). Presented by — Gee, Esq.

1 heart Raa igey aluco). Presented by H. T, Wharton,

Esq., F.Z.8.

it Bed-nndeblne Macaw (Ara macao), Presented by H. T.

Wharton, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by H.

T. Wharton, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Common Gull (Larus canus). Presented by F. Lancelott,

Esq.

. 2 Macaque Monkeys (Macacus cynomolgus), ¢ andQ. Presented

by Dr. Adcock.

2 American Flying Squirrels (Sciwropterus volucella), g and 2.

Received in exchange.

1 Coati (Nasua nasica). Received in exchange.

. 1 Orang-outang (Simia satyrus),Q. Received in exchange.

See P.Z.S. 1878, p. 789.

1 Green-winged Dove (Chalcophaps indica), Presented by Capt.

W. Otho N. Shaw.

1 Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia). Presented by Geo. E.

P. Nixon, Esq., M.D.

6 Common Guillemots (Uria troile). Presented by Sir Hew

Dalrymple, Bart.

1 Greater Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by Mrs, A. A. Hole.

1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), Purchased.

1 Black Vulture (Cathartes atratus), Purchased.

2 Chilian Sea-Eagles ( Geranoaétus melanoleucus). Purchased.

1 Brazilian Caracara (Polyborus brasiliensis), Purchased.

2 Rufous Tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens). Purchased.

9 Spotted Tinamous (Nothura maculosa). Purchased.

1 Razor-billed Curassow (Mitwa tuberosa). Purchased.

1 Mexican Deer (Cervus mexicanus), 9. Presented by A.

Serutton, Esq.

1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes). Presented by Athelston Riley,

Esq.

1010

July 31.

Aug. 1.

APPENDIX.

1 Brown Coati (Nasua nasica), §. Deposited.

4 Indian Rat-Snakes (Ptyas mucosa). Received in exchange.

3 kong-snouted Snakes (Passerita nycterizans). Received in

exchange,

4 Long-banded Snakes (Zropidonotus vittatus). Received in

exchange.

1 Slow Loris (Mycticebus tardigradus) 3. Presented by The-

odore Hance, Esq.

3 Common Cranes (Grus cinerea). Presented by Theodore Hance,

Esq. From Chinkiang China.

1 Copper-head Snake (Cenchris contortrir). Presented by Dr.

F. Painter, F.Z.8.

. 8Great Bustards (Otis tarda), 1 g and 2 9. Presented by

Lord Lilford, F.Z.S.

1 Tiger Bittern (Tigrisoma brasiliense). Presented by G. H.

Hawtayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Passerine Owl ( Glaucidium passerinum). Presented by W. E.

Tait, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Spanish Blue Magpie (Cyanopolius cooki). Presented by

ord Lilford, F.Z.S. See P. Z.S. 1878, p. 789.

1 Caspian Terrapin (Clemmys caspica), Presented by T. Wilson,

Esq.

2 Wass Pheasants (Argus giganteus). Bred in the Gardens.

. 2 Beisa Antelopes (Oryx beisa), g and 2. Presented by Capt.

F. M. Hunter, B.C.S.

1 Bacha Eagle (Spilornis bacha). Presented by J. 8. Jameson,

Esq. From Labuan, N.W. Borneo.

. 1 Axis Deer ( Cervus axis), 2. Born in the Menagerie.

. 2 European Lynxes (Felis lynx), d and 9. Presented by Major

Chadwick. From Norway.

1 Hobby (Hypotriorchis subbuteo). Presented by W. H. Scratton,

2 Common Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida). Purchased.

1 Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis), 2. Born in the Gardens.

. 1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by Arthur Strad-

ling, Esq.

1 Coati (Nasua nasica). Received in exchange.

3 Bluish Finches (Spermorphila cerulescens). Deposited.

1 Thick-billed Seed-Finch (Oryzoborus crassirostris). Deposited.

1 Red-and-blue Macaw (Ava macao). Deposited.

1 Yellow Snake (Chilobothrus inornatus). On approval.

. 1 Weeper Capuchin (Cebus capucinus). Deposited.

1 Black-crested Cardinal (Gubernatrix cristatella). Bred in the

Gardens.

2 Talpacoti Ground-Doves (Chamepelia talpacoti). Bred in the

Gardens. r

1 Solitary Thrush (Monticola cyanus). Presented by W. Verner,

. 1 Black-footed Penguin (Spheniscus demersus). Purchased.

. 1 Black Rat (Mus rattus). Presented by R. Morton Middle-

ton, Esq.

7 Greek Land-Tortoises (Testudo greca). Deposited.

2. 3 Guinea-Pigs (Cavia caprera). Presented by Mr. J. Gould.

3. 1 Lion (Felis leo), §. Presented by W. H. Wylde, Esq.

1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus ruber). Presented by W. H.

Wylde, Esq.

Aug. 13.

14,

15.

Liye

19,

21,

22,

23.

24,

26.

3l.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1011

2 Common Buzzards (Buteo vulgaris). Presented by Valentine

Marks, Esq.

2 Herring-Gulls (Larus argentatus). Presented by Thomas

Landseer, Esq.

1 Crested Ground-Parakeet (Calopsitta nove-hollandig). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Parker,

2 Barbary Apes (Macacus inuus). Deposited.

1 Bladder-nosed Seal ( Cystophora cristata). Purchased,

1 Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus). Presented by

Edwin Etty Sass, Esq.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited.

2 Beautiful Parrakeets (Psephotus pulcherrimus). Deposited.

1 Many-zoned Hawk (Melierax polyzonus). Presented by C. H.

Fisher, Esq. From Mogador.

6 Common Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida). Purchased.

13 Greek Land-Tortoises (Testudo greca). Deposited.

2 Saffron Finches (Syealis flaveola). Bred in the Gar-

dens.

1 Prairie-Wolf (Canis latrans). Presented by Prof. C. M.

Vincent, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. °° From the Rocky Mountains.

See P. Z. S. 1878, p. 789.

1 Common Jackal (Canis awreus), 3. Presented by Mr. James

Smith.

1 Spotted Ichneumon (Herpestes auropunctatus), 2. Presented

ry Mr. W. Pyne.

1 Bronze Fruit-Pigeon (Carpophaga @nea). Presented by Mr.

A. H. Jamrach.

1 White-eared Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis). Presented by J.

W. Wooler, Esq.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 3. Presented by Capt.

Clarke.

11 Spinose Lizards (Agama colonorum). Received in ex-

change.

1 Cape Bucephalus (Bucephalus capensis). Received in ex-

change.

1 Smooth-bellied Snake (omalosoma lutriz). Received in ex-

change.

1 Crossed Snake (Psammophis crucifer). Received in ex-

change.

. 1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Deposited.

- 1 Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Deposited.

» 1 Common Crow (Corvus corniv). Presented by F. Sydney B.

Brough, Esq.

3 Hybrid Snakes (between Chilobothrus inornatus ¢ and Epi-

crates angulifer?). Born in the Menagerie. See P.Z, S.

1878, p. 789. ;

1 White-lipped Peccary (Dicotyles labiatus). Purchased.

1 Golden Agouti (Dasyprocta aguti). Presented by Geo. Ham-

mond Hawtayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Bahama Duck (Dajila bahamensis). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). Born in the Menagerie,

- 1 Caspian Ouaran (Psammosaurus caspicus). Presented by F. A.

Floyer, Esq., F.Z.S. From Khan Yunis, Egypto-Syrian

frontier.

. 1 Turquoisine Parrakeet (Euphema pulchella). Bred in the Gar-

dens.

16.

19.

20.

21.

APPENDIX.

1 Goffin’s Cockatoo (Cacatua goffini). Deposited by F. A.

Rogers, Esq.

1 Sykes’s Monkey (Cercopithecus albigularis),3. Presented by

Capt. Benson.

. 1 Hybrid Kaleege,¢. Presented by A. F. Wiener, Esq.

2 Tayras (Galictis barbara). Born in the Menagerie.

1 Banded Ichneumon (Herpestes fasciatus), §. Presented by the

Rey. H. F, B. Lawrence.

1 Japanese Warbler (Cettia cantans). Deposited by E. L. Hyde,

Esq.

. 1 Banded Ichneumon (Herpestes fasciatus), 2. Presented by

F. T. Blackley, Esq.

. 2 Vinaceous Turtle Doves (Twrtw- vinaceus). Presented by

Miss Harris.

1 Greek Land-Tortoise (Zestudo greca). Presented by Miss

Harris.

. 1 Common Adder (Vipera berus). Presented by the Viscount

Mandeville.

. 1 Spotted Turtle Dove (Turtur aurita). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Oriental Eagle-Owl (Bubo orientalis). Presented by Charles

Fowler, Esq. From Karennee, Siam. See P.Z.S. 1878,

p- 790.

1 Passerine Owl (Glaucidium passerinum). Presented by Al-

bert Momber, Esq.

. 1Common Adder ( Vipera berus). Presented by F. Buckland, Esq.

. 2 Prairie-Marmots (Cynomys ludovicianus). Presented by Wil-

fred G. Marshall, Esq.

2 Leconte’s Rattlesnakes (Crotalus lecontii). Presented by

Wilfred G. Marshall, Esq. From Colorado.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus),3. Presented by

Miss Emily Palmer.

2 Ostriches (Struthio camelus), ¢ and 2. Presented by the

Hon. H. C. Vivian, H.B.M. Consul General, Cairo, See

P.Z.S. 1878, p. 790.

2 Secretary Vultures (Serpentarius reptilivorus). Presented by =

C. Rivers Wilson, Esq., C.B

2 Ecyptian Gazelles (Gazella doréas), § and 9. Presented by

Thos. Moss, Esq.

3 Reddish Finches (Spermophila 7% mtia). Presented by

R. C. Batterbee, Esq. Ni

1 Lineated Finch (Spermophila lineata), Presented by R. C.

Batterbee, Esq.

1 Guttural Finch (Spermophila gutturalis). Presented by R. C.

Batterbee, Esq.

1 Tropical Seed-Finch (Oryzoborus torridus). Presented by R.

C. Batterbee, Esq

1 Plumbeous Finch (Spermophila plumbea). Presented by R.

C. Batterbee, Esq.

3 Rufous Tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens). Presented by J.

A. Tliffe, Esq.

1 Leonine Monkey (Macacus leoninus), 3. Deposited.

1 Purple-faced Monkey (Semnopithecus leucoprymnus). Pur-

chased. :

1 Molucea Deer (Cervus moluccensis), ¢. Born in the Mena-

erie.

1 Motking Bird (Mimus polyglottus). Deposited.

1 Common Hangnest (Icterws vulgaris). Deposited.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1013

Sept. 22. 2 Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus). Presented by A.

Hi. Cocks, Esq., F.Z.S.

23, 2 White-crested Touracous (Corythaix albocristata). Presented

by W. Wormald, Esq.

25. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by Frederick

Carter, Esq. -

1 Chestnut-backed Weaver-bird (Zyphantornis castaneofusca).

Deposited.

4 Po see Weaver-birds (Hyphantornis textor). De-

posited.

2 Grenadier Weavyer-birds (Zuplectes oryx). Deposited.

1 Barbary Turtledove ( Turtur risorius). Deposited.

1 Vinaceous Turtledove ( Zurtw vinaceus). Deposited.

1 Turquoisine Parrakeet (Zuphema pulchella). Deposited.

2 Undulated Grass-Parrakeets (Melopsittacus wndulata). De-

posited.

7 Crested Ground-Parrakeets (Calopsitta nove-hollandie).

Deposited.

26, 1 Tabuan Parrakeet (Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis), Purchased.

1 Masked Parrakeet (Pyrrhulopsis personata). Purchased.

2 Barbel (Barbus vulgaris). Presented by G. H. Jones, Esq.,

F.Z.5.

8 Mocassin Snakes ( Tropidonotus fasciatus). Born in the Mena-

gerie.

27. 1 Green Turtle (Chelone viridis). Presented by Capt. J. Smith.

28. 1 Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). Purchased.

29, 1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater). Presented by W.

C. Kenny, Esq.

30. 1 Variable Squirrel (Sciurus variabilis). Purchased.

1. 1.Gommén Fox (Canis vulpes), g. Presented by F. B.

~~ Toogood, Esq.

2. 1 Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), 3. Presented by the

Rev. W. N. Ripley.

1 Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie.

3. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), g. Presented by

the Rey, E. L, Marrett.

4, 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Deposited.

1 Anubis Baboon ( Cynocephalus anubis). Deposited.

1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). Deposited.

1 Sumatran Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis), 2. Deposited.

See P. Z. S. 1878, p. 790.

1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by D. L.

Broughton, Esq.

5, 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Deposited.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Received in

exchange,

1 Red-beaked Weaver-bird ( Quelea sanguinirostris). Presented

by W. H. Simmonds, Esq.

1 Passerine Owl (Glaucidiwm passerinum). Presented by Miss

Turner.

1 Red-crested Touracou (Corythaix erythrolophus). Presented

by J. Colman, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Cape Zorilla (Ictonyx zorilla). Presented by J. Colman, Esq.

7. 1 Red-sided Eclectus (Eelectus polychlorus), 9. Purchased.

1 Brown Mynah (Acridotheres fuscus). Presented by Capt. J.

Murray.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LX VI. 66

1014

APPENDIX.

Oct. 7. 1 Pied Mynah (Stwrnopastor contra). Presented by Capt. J.

11.

13,

15,

16.

17.

19.

21.

Murray.

1 Indranee Owl (Syrnium indranee). Presented by Capt. J.

Murray.

1 Black-footed Penguin (Spheniscus demersus). Purchased.

. 4 Egyptian Geese (Chenalopex egyptiaca). Presented by Mr.

Justice Denyssen, of the Cape colony.

2 Leopard Tortoises (Testudo pardalis). Presented by the Rey.

G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. See P. Z. S. 1878, p. 790.

1 Collared Peccary (Dicotylestajacu). Presented by J. Lloyd, Esq.

1 Common Otter (Letra vulgaris), Presented by W. H.

Baylis, Esq.

4 Chinese Turtledoves (Turtur chinensis). Purchased.

1 Cross Fox (Canis fulvus). Presented by Wilfred G. Marshall,

Esq. From Colorado.

1 Hybrid Mandrill Monkey (between Cynocephalus mormon Q ,

and Macacus cynomolgus 3, large variety). Born in the

Menagerie. See P.Z.S. 1878, p. 791.

1 Indian Muntjac (Cervulus muntjac), 2. Born in the Me-

nagerie.

1 Philantomba Antelope (Cephalophus maxwelli), 2. Received

in exchange.

1 Cinereous Opossum (Didelphys cinerea), Received in exchange.

1 Squirrel Monkey (Saimaris sciwrea), $. Presented by Kd.

althrop, Esq.

1 Michie’s Tufted Deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), 3. Purchased.

See P. Z.8. 1878, p. 790.

2 Ruddy Sheldrakes (Tadorna rutila). Purchased.

1 Naked-throated Bell-hird (Chasmorhynchus nudicollis), 3. Pur-

chased.

3 Blue-bearded Jays (Cyanocorax cyanopogon). Purchased.

From Bahia.

1 Saturnine Mocking-bird (Mimus saturninus). Purchased.

From Pernambuco.

2 Lined Finches (Spermophila lineola). Purchased. From

Pernambuco.

2 Guttural Finches (Spermophila gutturalis). Purchased, From

Pernambuco. ;

1 Pileated Song-Sparrow (Zonotrichia pileata). Purchased.

From Rio de Janeiro.

1 Palm-Tanager (Zanagra palmarum), 9. Purchased. From

Monte Video.

1 Dark-winged Buzzard (Leucopternis scotoptera), Purchased.

From Bahia.

1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus ruber). Purchased.

1 Emu (Dromeus nove-hollandie). Presented by C. Hampden

Wigram, Ksq. ,

2 Radiated Tortoises (Testudo radiata). Presented by the Rev.

G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.

1 Water-Rail (Rallus aquaticus). Presented by Capt. H. F.

Salvin.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by

Capt. E. Waterhouse.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by

Mr. Samuel Thompson.

22.1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Presented by Messrs.

Thompson and Gough.

Oct. 22.

23,

24,

31.

Noy. 1.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1015

1 Bornean Fireback (Zuplocamus nobilis), 2. Presented by A.

Dent, Esq. From Northern Borneo.

2 Mandarin Ducks (Aw galericulata), and 2. Presented by

Edward Trelawny, Esq.

1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the Me-

nagerie,

1 Common Jackal (Canis aureus). Presented by Capt. Easson.

1 Common Roe (Capreolus caprea), 3. Presented by Edward

Jones, Esq.

1 Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata), 2. Purchased.

1 Merrem’s Snake (Liophis merremi). Purchased.

1 Plumbeous Snake (Oxyrrhopus plumbeus). Purchased.

1 Black-headed Snake (Homalocranion melanocephalum). Pur-

chased.

1 D’Orbigny’s Snake (Heterodon d’orbignyi). Purchased.

1 Anaconda (Hunectes murinus). Purchased.

1 Tuberculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata). Purchased.

1 Teguexin Lizard ( Zeius tegueain). Purchased.

1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Purchased.

5. 2 Ruddy Sheldrakes (Zadorna rutila). Received in exchange.

» 1 Wood-Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by F. W. Jaedecke.

. 1 Grison (Galectis vittata), 9. Presented by H. Potier, Esq.

. 1 Toque Monkey (Macacus pileatus), 3. “Presented by Mrs.

Tranchell.

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Deposited.

1 Horse-shoe Snake (Zamenis hippocrepis). Presented by W.

C. Verner, Esq. From Gibraltar.

. 2 South-American Rat-Snakes (Spilotes variabilis). Presented

by G. H. Hawtayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S. From Demerara.

1 Chequered Elaps (Elaps lemniscatus). Pvesented by G. H.

Hawtayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S. From Demerara.

1 Mesopotamian Fallow Deer (Dama mesopotamica), 2. Pur-

chased. See P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 790.

2 Small-scaled Mastigures (Uromastia microlepis), Presented

by Capt. Phillips.

1 Green Monkey ( Cercopithecus callitrichus), §. Presented by

Henry Hands, Esq.

1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor), Presented by W. D. Bell,

Esq.

2 Japanese Pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), g and 2. Pur-

chased. .

1 Gold Pheasant ( Thaumalea picta), $. Purchased.

1 Lineated Pheasant (Euplocamus lineatus), 3. Purchased.

2 Barred-tailed Pheasants (Euplocamus reevesr), ¢ and 2. Pur-

chased.

1 Siamese Pheasant (Euplocamus prelatus), 3. Purchased.

1 White-crested Kaleege (Euplocamus albocristatus), 9. Pur-

chased.

2 Swinhoe’s Pheasants (Euplocamus swinhoii), g and 9. Pur-

chased.

1 Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus bewicki), 9. Purchased.

2 Macaque Monkeys (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Presented by

1 Weasel (Mustela vulgaris). Purchased.

1 Three-quarter-bred_ Zebu (between Bos indicus 3, and hy-

brid B. frontalis 2). Born in the ee

Od Or

ie}

24.

25,

APPENDIX.

1 Green Tree-Frog (Hyla arborea). Presented by Lord Arthur

Russell, M.P., “EZS.

1 Spotted Salamander (Salamandra maculosa). Presented by

Lord Arthur Russell, M.P., F.Z.i

1 Common Hedgehog (Erinaceus eur opaus). Presented by Mr.

E. Sass.

3 Green Tree-Frogs (/yla arborea). Presented by Mr. E. L.

Boyd.

. 1 Sykes’s Oriole (Oriolus kundoo). Received in exchange.

. 2 Squirrel-like Phalangers ichdlets sciureus). Presented by

K. S. Waller, Esq.

. 1 Blue-and- -yellow Macaw (Ara macao). Deposited.

1 Yellow-shouldered Amazon (Chrysotis ochroptera). Depo-

sited.

. 2 Arabian Baboons (Cynocephalus hamadryas), g and 2. Pre-

sented by C. Wood, Esq.

1 Burchell’s Zebra (Equus burcheili), 2. Received in exchange.

1 Sulphury Seed-eater (Crithagra sulphurata). Purchased.

2 Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix). Presented by Capt. F. H.

Salvin.

. 1 Nisnas Monkey (Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus). Purchased.

1 Red-fronted Lemur (Lemur rujifrons). Purchased.

1 Mantchurian Deer ( Cervus mantchuricus), 9. Purchased.

1 American Tantalus ( Tantalus loculator). Purchased.

2 Hudson-Bay Squirrels (Seirus hudsonius). Purchased.

. 1 Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola). Purchased.

1 Sun-Bittern (Lurypyga helias). Deposited.

. 2 Egyptian Jerboas (Dipus egyptius). Purchased.

1 Cananina Snake (Spilotes pecilostoma). Purchased.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Muacacus radiatus), §. Presented by Mr.

F, Hinde.

. 2 Horsfield’s Tortoises (Zestudo horsfieldi). Presented by Dr. A

Strauch, C.M.Z.S.. From Turkestan. See P. Z.8. 1878,

p- 975.

. 1 Wanderoo Monkey (Macacus silenus), 9. Deposited.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), Q. Presented by

Miss G. E. Marryat.

1Spix’s Macaw (Ara spizi). Purchased. See P. Z.S. 1878,

976.

Fae Maveieeit Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). pepasyed:

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus).

resented by T

Beck

Na Yellow-bill ed Grosheaks (Pheucticus chrysogaster), g and 9.

Purchased. From Cuzco.

1 Black-crested Cardinal (Gubernatria cristatella). Purchased.

2 Red-crested Cardinals (Paroaria cucullata). Purchased.

1 Equine Antelope (Hippotragus equnus), g. Received in

exchange.

1 Brazilian Tree-Porcupine (Sphingurus prehensilis), §. Pre-

sented by Dr. J. F. Chittenden, C.M.Z.S. From inidaad.

1 Hybrid Vulturine Guinea-fowl (between inte vulturina

and IV. meleagris). Presented by Mons. J. M. Cornély,

C.M.ZS.

1 Black Lemur (Lemur macaco), ¢. Purchased.

. 1 Water-Rail (7tallus aquaticus). Presented by W. Thompson,

Esq.

Sige 75,

Noy. 26.

ice)

11.

14,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1017

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by

Dr. Whately, R.N.

- 2 Common Cormorants (Phalacrocorag carbo). Presented by

F. Buckland, Esq., F.Z.S.

- 1 Common Peafowl (white variety) (Pavo cristatus), g. Pre-

sented by Mrs. Russ,

. 1 Rufous-vented Guan (Penelope cristata). Purchased.

3 Snow-Buntings ( Plectrophanes nivalis), Purchased.

1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). Purchased.

- 2 Black-faced Spider Monkeys (Ateles ater), S and Q. Pre-

sented by Mr. A. Gonzalez Carazo.

2 Rufous-vented Guans (Penelope cristata). Presented by Mr.

A. Gonzalez Carazo. :

2 Horsfield’s Tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi), Presented by Dr.

A. Strauch, C.M.Z.S. From Turkestan.

- 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus). Presented by Mr.

A. G, Lytton Squires.

2 Black-eared Marmosets (Hapale penicilata). Presented by

the Countess of Cottenham.

2 Laughing Kingfishers (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by Mr.

Edwin A. B. Crochett.

1 Rhomb-marked Snake ( Psammophylax rhombeatus), Pre-

sented by the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.

% Rufescent Snakes (Leptodira rufescens). Presented by the

Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.

1 Aurora Snake (Zamprophis aurora). Presented by the Rev.

G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.

- 1 Ceylon Jungle-Fow! (Gallus stanleyi), 2. Presented by Mr.

G. Lyon Bennett.

2 Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus torquatus), Q. Pre-

sented by Mr. G. Lyon Bennett.

1 Grey Francolin (Francolinus ponticerianus). Presented by

Mr. G. Lyon Bennett.

. 1 Mayotte Lemur (Lemur mayottensis), 3. Purchased.

1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), Purchased.

1 Globose Curassow (Crax globicera), Purchased.

3 Yellow-winged Blue Creepers (Ceereba cyanea). Purchased.

1 Common Swan (Cygnus olor). Presented by Capt. Marx.

1 Yellow Baboon (Cynocephalus babouin), 3. Esssaited by

My. G, A. Shaw.

2 Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta), gd and 9. Presented by

Mr. G. A. Shaw. From Betsileo, Madagascar.

1 Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta), 3. Deposited.

1 Broad-nosed Lemur (Hapalolemur stmus). From Betsileo,

Madagascar. See P.Z. 8. 1879, p. 2.

1 Brown Mouse Lemur ( Chetrogaleus mitii ?). From Betsileo,

Madagascar. See P,Z.S, 1879, p. 2.

9 Smith’s Dwarf Lemurs (Mierocebus snuthii). From Betsileo,

Madagascar. See P.Z.S. 1879, p. 2.

1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), 3. Presented by Sutton Sharpe,

Esq.

1 WabHooelt (Scolopax rustieula). Presented by Messrs. E. and

W. H. Davis.

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus),?. Presented by

J. Williams, Esq.

1 Ceropsis Goose ( Cercopsis nove-hollandie). Purchased.

17.

18,

APPENDIX.

. 1 Pine-Martin (Martes abietum), 2. Presented by Robert

Walters, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Ring-hals Snake (Sepedon hemachates). Presented by the

Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.8.

1 Hissing Sand-Snake (Psammophis sibilans). Presented by the

Rey. G. H.R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S,

2 Green-cheeked Amazonsi( Chrysotis viridigenalis). Purchased.

2 Guatemalan Amazons (Chrysotis guatemale). Purchased.

1 Golden-naped Amazon (Chrysotis auwipalliata). Purchased.

1 Crowned Eagle (Spizaetus coronatus). Presented by J. da

Costa Andrade, Esq.

. 1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by J. B.

Jameson, Esq.

.. | Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited.

. 1 Common Barn-Owl (Strix jflammea). Presented by W.

Davies, Esq.

. 2Philantomba Antelopes (Cephalophus maaxwelli), § and 2.

Purchased.

2 Egyptian Jerboas (Dipus egyptius). Purchased.

. 1 White-whiskered Paradoxure (Paradoxurus leucomystax).

Presented by G. Wilson, Esq.

1 Common Coot (Fulica atra). Presented by T. H. O'Donoghue,

Ksq.

. 8 River-Jack Vipers (Vipera rhinoceros). Received in exchange.

. 6 Brown Tritons (Geotriton fuscus), Presented by Prof. Giglioli,

C.M.Z.S. From Italy.

. 1 Feline Douroucouli (Nyctipithecus felinus), §. Purchased.

1 Punjaub Wild Sheep (Ovzs cycloceros), 9. Presented by Col.

W. R. Alexander. From Upper Sind. See P.Z.8. 1879,

p: 2.

Abisara

angulata, 833, 859.

bifasciata, 833.

kausambi, 833.

neophron, 833, 855.

Acanthia

lectularia, 462.

Acanthias

blainvillei, 117.

Accipiter

etorques, 92.

poliocephalus, 91.

stevensoni, 936, 938,

939.

virgatus, 938, 939.

Achzxa

cyllota, 488.

indistincta, 488.

melicerte, 298.

Achlyodes

potrillo, 483,

Acidalia

apparitaria, 491.

attentata, 852, 858.

umbilicata, 491.

Aclesia

glauca, 277.

Acrocephalus

fasciolatus, 430.

insularis, 430.

Actenoides

hombroni, 944.

Actitis

hypoleuca, 138, 359.

Adamastor

cinereus, 737.

Adelarus

belcheri, 182.

heermanni, 183.

hemprichii, 193.

leucophthalmus, 193.

INDEX.

Adelarus

melanurus, 183.

neptunus, 184,

Adelpha

cocala, 368.

diocles, 270.

falcata, 270.

iphicla, 270, 368.

syma, 271.

Adolias

boisduvali, 639.

discispilota, 831, 854.

858.

iva, 851.

Jahnu, 831, 854.

kesava, 831.

lepideg 830, 854.

parvata, 831, 854, 858,

satropaces, 830, 854.

sedeva, 831.

taooana, 831, 854.

JEgialitis

cantiana, 624, 711.

dubia, 344, 711.

geoffroyt, 82.

inornata, 121, 127.

peronti, 711, 344.

sancte-helene, 445,

460.

varius, 445.

ABgithina

scapularis, 619.

/&gotheles

wallacei, 94.

/Elurcedus

arfakianus, 99.

melanotis, 99.

/Hmene

guttulosana, 34.

maculifascia, 33, 37.

modesta, 34.

sinuata, 34, 37.

sordida, 34.

subcinerea, 34.

taprobanis, 34.

/Hmene

tenebrosa, 84.

Atmona ;

lena, 827, 854.

Alpyceros

melampus, 741.

peverst, 741.

/Xthalochroa

ashmoliana, 584.

Aithopyga

bella, 112, 113.

dubia, 107, 112.

magnifica, 287.

shelleyi, 621.

Aganisthos

orion, 480.

Aganopis

subquadrata, 847.

Agathodes

monstralis, 493.

era

chrysopteryx, 609.

leticolor, 609.

panamensis, 609.

Agrametra

ethiops, 462, 468, 477.

Alauda

celivox, 710.

watterst, 708, 710.

Alcedo

bengalensis, 341, 578,

709, 943.

diops, 79.

moluccensis, 671.

Alces

americanus, 916.

machlis, 887, 915, 916.

letis

druryi, 386.

Sascelis, 386.

helcita, 386.

libyssa, 386.

macularia, 886.

tenuis, 385.

variabilis, 386.

1020

Alexia

meridionalis, 869.

rhodophea, 382.

Alpenus

purus, 382.

Amadina

sharpii, 130.

Amalda

marginata, 865.

Amalthea

australis, 818.

Amara

ambigena, 716.

bamidunye, 716.

Amathina

tricarinata, 868.

Amathitis

badiola, 717.

kuenlunensis, 717.

Amathusia

ganescha, 828.

phidippus, 638, 826,

854.

Amaurornis

olivacea, 845.

Amazilia

cinnamomea, 71.

Amblynura

kleinschmidti, 440.

Amblypodia

ameria, 703.

anita, 855.

epimuta, 835.

hypomuta, 835.

lohita, '702.

narada, 703, 835.

quercetorum, 836.

taooana, 835, 855.

Ambulyx

strigilis, 483.

substrigilis, 844, 856.

Ammonites

dilatatus, 956.

diseus, 956.

falcifer, 962.

goliathus, 959.

lingulatus, 960, 962,

963.

obtusus, 959.

steraspis, 961.

subradiatus, 962, 963.

walcotti, 960.

Amphidasys

arnobia, 490.

Amphonyx

eluentius, 483.

Amynthia

merula, 481.

Anabas

scandens, 216.

Ana

INDEX.

Anabazenops

variegaticeps, 59.

Anzeretes

Sernandezianus, 432.

parulus, 432.

gnia

subfasciata, 847, 857.

Anartia

jatrophe, 480.

Anas

boschas, 350,

obscura, 350.

superciliosa, 350.

wyvilliana, 350.

| Anceryx

fasciata, 483.

Anchista

migratoria, 787.

| Anchomenus

concisus, 594.

ladakensis, 718.

nuntezume, 593.

nugax, 594.

politissimus, 719.

seutifer, 594.

simplicior, 595.

suffectus, 594.

transpunctatus, 593.

viestriatus, 594.

Ancillaria

marginata, 865.

Anerastia

ignobilis, 4946

Anisodactylus

rotundangulus, 589.

Anoa

depressicornis, 792,881,

882, 903,

Anomalocera

huamel, 924.

Anomia

caput-serpentis, 401.

decollata, 409.

detruncata, 409.

ephippium, 41}.

pera, 410.

rostrum-psittact, 413.

scobenata, 410.

terebratula, 407.

truncata, 411.

turbinata, 415.

vitrea, 403.

Anous

albivitta, 273.

albivittatus, 212.

ceruleus, 211, 212, 271,

272, 273.

cinereus, 211, 212,

272.

gracilis, 272.

leucocapillus, 273.

| Anou s

parvulus, 211, 272.

stolidus,

tereticollis, 273.

Antennarius

multiocellatus, 222.

| Antherza

billitonensis, 642.

Srithii, 642.

Anthocephala

castaneiventris, 69.

Anthodieta

zambesiana, 356.

Anthothreptus

chlorogaster, 287, 951.

griseigularis, 113.

Anthreptes

chlorigaster, 951.

malaccensis, 621.

Anthus

chit, 390, 391.

maculatus, 430, 619.

gustavi, 430.

peruvianus, 390, 391.

raaltent, 356.

rufus, 391.

Antilope

semmerringii, 723.

Apamea

intermittens, 486.

Apenes

comis, 606.

meridionalis, 819, 821.

Aphnzus

lohita, '702, 707.

Aplonis

tavuensis, 352.

vitiensis, 352.

Appias

amasene, 700, 707.

amba, 839, 855.

copia, 700, 707.

dapha, 888, 855.

formosana, 701.

hippo, 700.

inornata, 700, 707.

lea, 838, 855.

nama, 838, 855.

poeyt, 481.

vacans, 700, 839, 855.

zelmira, 700, 707, 839,

855.

zeuzippe, 838.

Aptenodytes

chrysocome, 654.

longirostris, 653.

magellanicus, 635.

papuus, 658.

Apterodyta

longirostris, 658,

Ara

glauca, 976.

hyacinthina, 976.

macao, 38, 46.

militaris, 46.

spixt, 976.

Arachnechthra

Jugularis, 112, 286,

343.

Arachnothera

dilutior, 621.

flammifera, 840, 343.

Aramides

calopterus, 439.

saracura, 440.

Area

(Scapharea) smyristica,

820.

Archimantis

armata, 583, 584, 587.

monstrosa, 588, 587.

Arctictis

binturong, 142.

Ardea

episcopus, 953.

javanica, 83.

sacra, 271.

Ardetta

cinnamomea, 845, 953.

Are

marginata, 484.

Argaterma

alticola, 462, 474, 475,

477.

multisignata, 462, 474.

Argiope

biplicata, 410.

capsula, 399, 410,

411.

cistellula, 399, 410.

cuneata, 399, 409, 410,

412.

decollata, 399, 409,

410.

forbesi, 409.

neapolitana, 309, 409,

410.

schrammi, 410.

Argiva

caprimulgus, 848.

‘hieroglyphica, 848.

Argyria

chrysogyrans, 495.

insons, 495.

vestalis, 494.

Arhopala -

nakula, 835, 855.

vikara, 835, 855

Aricoris

gelasine, 364,

myrtis, 364,

INDEX.

Arinia

boucardi, 71.

Aristeus

antennatus, 809.

edwardsianus, 308, 809,

310.

Aristhala

hainana, 705, 708,

Arremon

aurantiirostris, 56.

rujfidorsalis, 56.

Arsacia

ashmoliana, 584.

Arses

insularis, 579.

Artamus

insignis, 671.

leucopygialis, 122.

leucorhynchus, 709,

937.

leucorynus, 283, 342.

Artaxa

varians, 848, 857.

Artena

submira, 849, 857.

Artibeus-

quadrivittatus, 880.

Artocarpus

incisa, 30.

Artona

hainana, 704.

Asio

accipitrinus, 348.

galapagoensis, 348.

Aspergillum

stranget, 869.

Aspidoglossa

rachyderus, 589.

Astacoides

Sranklini, 756.

madagascariensis, 759,

772, 778, 'F75.

Astacopsis

franklinii, 760, 764,

765.

Astacus

angulosus, 754.

brasiliensis, 755, 771.

dauricus, 754.

Jluviatilis, 753, 754,

756, 757, 759, 760

763.

fontinalis, 754.

japonicus, T54.

leptodactylus, 754.

madagascariensis, 752.

pachypus, T54.

pallipes, 754.

pilimanus, 755, 771.

saxatilis, 754.

torrentium, 'Td4.

1021

Astarte

suleata, 403.

Aster

glutinosus, 464.

Astictopterus

diocles, 842, 856.

olivascens, 692.

subfasciatus,

856.

unicolor, 692.

Astur

contumax, 92.

hiogaster, 80.

poliocephalus, 91.

tachiro, 354.

trivirgatus, 340.

Asturinula

meridionalis, 354.

monogrammica, BA,

791.

Atella

phalanta, 699, 706.

sinha, 828, 854.

Athene

capensis, 354.

variegata, 290.

Athrostictus

opalescens, 592.

sericatus, 592.

Athyma

lactaria, 647.

leucothoé, 697, 706.

venilia, 646.

Atolmis

rubricollis, 9.

Atretia

gnomon, 400, 412, 413,

41d.

842,

Atricilla

catesbyi, 194.

megalopterus, 194.

micropterus, 194.

Attacus

cynthia, 388.

insularis, 388.

pryeri, 388.

walkeri, 388,

Attagen

ariel, 650.

Attatha

regalis, 848, 857.

Atticora

cyanolenca, 67.

Attila

torridus, 139.

Atys

cylindrica, 819.

elongata, 819.

exiqua, 869.

Awacorhamphus

ceruleogularis, 47.

1022

Axius

stirhynchus, 778.

Azazia

monstratura, 489.

Barbatula

pusilla, 359,

subsulphurea, 131.

Barsine

cruciata, 29.

flammealis, 28, 37,

flavivenosa, 30, 37.

gloriosa, 29, 37.

inflexa, 29, 37.

lineata, 29.

mactans, 29.

punicea, 29.

Barsinella

mirabilis, 385,

Basileuterus

culicivorus, 52.

mesochrysus, 52.

uropygialis, 52.

Batrachostomus

septimus, 944,

Belideus

ariel, 274.

Bembidium

mexicanum, 603.

(Notaphus) flohri, 602.

( ) placitwm, 602.

(Peryphus) pamirense,

718.

(——) punctulipenne,

718

(—) rogersi, 602.

(——) submaculatum,

603.

Bernicia

antarctica, 436.

Bias

musicus, 129.

Biblis

leucocyma, 826.

Bithia

exclusa, 852, 858.

Bizone

alba, 28.

bellissima, 27, 37.

coccinea, 28, 37.

Blasipus

bridgesi, 183.

crassirostris, 183.

heermanni, 188.

polios, 183.

Blepharis

kuhlii, 586.

Boarmia

delicata, 490.

Bolborhynchus

monachus, 77.

INDEX.

Bolborhynchus

murinus, 77.

rubrirostris, 77.

Bolina

agrotoides, 487.

confirmans, 487.

cunearis, -

evelina, 487.

fasciolaris, 487.

ochrodes, 487.

perpendicularis, 487.

Bomb

mori, 705.

Boreogobius

stuvitzii, 319.

Boroa

punetivaga, 28.

americanus, 392.

Botaurus

peciloptilus, 578.

Botys

agavealis, 494,

butyrosa, 493.

caldusalis, 850, 858.

campalis, 494,

eratalis, 494.

eurytalis, 494.

gastralis, 494.

glaucusalis, 494.

helcitalis, 494.

jopasalis, 850, 858.

lucilla, 494.

olivia, 494.

plebeialis, 494.

principalis, 494.

unitalis, 850, 858.

vinacealis, 850, 858.

Brachypodius

melanocephalus, 618.

Brachypteryx

malaccensis, 617.

murinus, 617.

Brachypus

cinereifrons, 611, 617.

plumosus, 618.

Brachyurus

steerti, 949.

Bradycellus

lucidus, 592.

subobsoletus, 593.

Bradyornis

pallidus, 357.

subalaris, 357.

Bradytus

compactus, 717.

Broderipus

acrorhynchus, 110, 285,

342, 380, 616, 710,

948.

palawanensis, 711, 616.

Brotogerys

tovi, 46.

Bruchigayia

corallinus, 186.

gouldi, 186.

Jamesonti, 186.

melanorhynchus, 190.

pomare, 186.

Brunia

antica, 15, 36.

Buarremon

brunneinuchus, 56.

capitalis, 55.

castaneiceps, 439.

chrysopogon, 38, 56.

leucopis, 439.

tibialis, 56.

Bubalus

seligniceros, 882.

Bubo

orientalis, 790.

Bubulcus

coromandus, 624, 712.

Buccinulus

afinis, 862.

intermedius, 862, 864,

869.

Buceinum

albescens, 809.

blainvillei, 811.

cancellatum, 811.

globosum, 809.

horridum, 810.

jacksonianum, 865.

lactewm, 865.

margaritiferum, 808.

Buceros

hydrocorax, 277, 278.

melanoleucus, 358.

mindanensis, 277, 278,

946.

ruficollis, 671, 672.

semigaleatus, 279, 280,

339, 341, 379, 380.

Buchanga

assimilis, 357.

cineracea, 615.

leucophea, 615,

Budytes

viridis, 82, 710, 950.

Bufo

melanostictus, "722.

vulgaris, 977.

ulimus

balstoni, 811.

clavator, 311.

iodostylus, '74.

trazuensis, 73, 74.

Josephus, 78, 74.

moreleti, 311.

navarrensis, 73, 74.

Bulimus

obtusatus, 311.

watersi, 311, 314.

(Eurytus) eros,

314.

(Otostomus) xapo, 312,

314

ae) quadrifasciatus,

312,

312, 314.

Bulla

lignaria, 960.

solida, 819.

Bullia

persica, 730, 733.

ursa

concinna, 815

Butalis

grisola, 129.

latirostris, 280, 284.

Butastur

indicus, 612, 709.

Buteo

desertorum, 349.

japonicus, 579.

latissimus, 44.

pennsylvanicus, 44.

solitarius, 346, 348,

350.

vulgaris, 349.

Butorides

javanica, 83, 114, 345,

624.

Cacatua

hematuropygia,

107, |

281, 340, 379, 937. |

Cacomantis

flabelliformis, 125.

insperatus, 671.

merulinus, 613, 709.

sepulchralis, 936, 945.

Cadulus

acuminatus, 868.

Calamoherpe

fumigata, 480.

subflavescens, 430.

Calesia

comesa, 849.

flabellifera, 849, 857.

gastropachoides, 849,

857

Calialeyon

coromanda, 944.

Calisto

zangis, 480.

Calleida

jansoni, 608.

letipennis, 608.

semirubra, 608.

Calliana

pieridoides, 687, 694.

INDEX.

Callidryas

catilla, 640, 788,

855,

crocale, 837, 855.

senne, 481

Calligrapha

violaceo-maculata, 147,

Callimorpha

jacobee, 484.

Calliscotus

bowreyi, 489.

Calliste

dowii, 54,

francisce, 5A.

Srantziti, 54,

gyroloides, 5A.

zeterocephala, 5+.

larvata, 54.

Callorhynchus

antarcticus, 117.

Calobates

melanope, 343.

Calocoris

(Megaceelum) lustra-

tus, 461, 466.

Calcenas

luteovirens, 565.

nicobarica, 289.

Calophzxna

cruciata, 605.

levigata, 605.

Calornis

amboinensis, 88.

chalybea, 622.

gularis, 88, 89.

metallica, 88, 89, 97.

nitida, 88, 289.

panayensis, 113, 287,

343, 622, 710, 951.

purpurascens, 88, 89.

viridescens, 88.

Calpenia

khasiana, 5.

Camarhynchus

cinereus, 137.

Campephaga

melanops, 95.

Campephilus

magellanicus, 434.

Campias

sedulus, 140.

Cam pylopterus

henileucurus, 68.

Campylorhynchus

zonatus, 51.

Cancer

pagurus, 785, 784.

(Astacus) capensis, 754,

755.

Cancros

fluviatilis, 758.

1023

Canis

antarcticus, 376.

anthus, 376.

aureus, 376.

azare, 376.

cancrivorus, 376.

famelicus, 376, 392.

Jamiliaris, 373, 374,

376

376.

fulvus, 376.

hodophylax, 116, 788.

lagopus, 376.

laniger, 376.

latrans, 789.

lupus, 116, 374, 376,

788.

vulpes, 376,

Capissa

auriflava, 19.

JSasciata, 20, 36.

flavens, 20.

innotata, 19, 36.

insolita, 20.

pallens, 19, 36.

vagesa, 19.

Capito

bourciert, 47,

richardsoni, 141.

steerit, 140.

Capnodes

calida, 490.

Capreolus

caprea, 887, 917,

928.

europeus, 917.

leucotis, 924.

pygargus, 887, 917.

Capenaitana

brachyurus, 94, 95.

europ@us, 249.

manillensis, 944.

Carabus

stoliczkanus, 713.

Caranx

hippos, 218.

Carbo

albiventer, 652.

Cardiastethus

bicolor, 461, 466.

testaceus, 466.

Cardium

hystrix, 819.

pulchellum, 870.

pulchrum, 819.

(Levicardium) aus-

trale, 819.

Cariacus

antisiensis, 924.

campestris, 923.

chilensis, 923, 924.

columbianus, 887, 921.

1024

Cariacus

gymnotis, 887, 921.

leucurus, 887, 919, 920.

macrotis, 887, 919, 921.

mexicanus, 887, 19,

nemorivagus, 925, 926.

paludosus, 922.

peruvianus, 887, 920.

punctulatus, 922.

rujinus, 925, 926.

rufus, 925, 926.

savannarum, 887, 920.

similis, 887, 920.

simplicicornis, 925.

superciliaris, 926.

toltecus, 887, 921.

virginianus, 887, 918,

9195950: on:

whiteleyi, 926.

(Blastocerus) campes-

tris, 887, 925.

( ) paludosus, 887,

922,

(Coassus) nemorivagus,

887.

( ) rufinus, 887.

( ) rufus, 887, 924.

(——) simplicicornis,

87.

(——) supereiliaris,

( ) whitelyi, 887.

(Furcifer) wntisiensis,

887, 925.

(——) chilensis, 887.

Carollia

brevicauda, 880.

Carpodectes

nitidus, 39, 40, 65.

Carpophaga

aie 113, 288, 344,

628, 982.

assimilis, 126, 574.

bernsteini, 573:

chalybea, 85.

chalybura, 85.

concinna, 8d, 89.

formosa, 572.

latrans, 102, 103, 104,

105.

leclancheri, 568.

magnifica, 575.

melanochroa, 671, 672.

pacifica, 104, 274,

pistinaria, 672.

puella, 574.

roscinucha, 8.

rubricera,. 289, 549,

671.

tumida, 549.

INDEX,

Carpophaga

ieaby aR 289, 671.

zoee, 99.

Casnonia

tubulifera, 604.

Cassicus

prevosti, 58.

Castalius

roxus, 838, 855.

Casuarius

australis, 214.

becearii, 214.

bennetti, 390.

edwardsi, 389, 390.

galeatus, 80, 214.

kaupi, 389.

papuanus, 389, 390.

salvadorit, 218.

tricarunculatus, 214.

wniappendiculatus, 389,

390.

westermanni, 389.

Casyapa

thraz, 641.

Catarractes

chrysocome, 654.

chrysolophus, 654.

Catascopus

angulicollis, 605.

chontalensis, 605.

validus, 605.

Catharistes

atratus, 45.

Cathartes

aura, 435.

papa, 45.

Catharus

Srantati, 40, 50.

gracilirostris, 40, 50.

melpomene, 38, 50.

Catophaga

lagela, 838, 855, 858.

neombo, 838, 855.

paulina, 838, 855.

Catopsilia

gnoma, 699, 707.

Ceblepyris

karu, 87.

plumbea, 95, 96.

rupfwentris, 87.

sumatrensis, 614.

Celia

costaricensis, 600.

Cenchris

contortria, 631.

Centrites

niger, 432.

Centrococeyx

eurycercus, 614.

viridis, 283, 341, 709,

946.

Centropus

ateralbus, 289, 290,

671.

eurycercus, 614,

phasianus, 125.

superciliosus, 359.

Centurus

hoffmanni, 49.

pucherani, 49.

Cephalophus

anchiete, 743.

burchellii,.743.

grimmius, T48.

longiceps, "744.

melanorrhous, 743, 744.

monticola, 743.

niger, T44.

pluto, 744.

ruficrista, 744.

Cephalopterus

glabricollis, 66.

Cephalotes

minor, 875.

peronti, 316, 875.

Cerchneis

sparveria, 45.

Cercocebus

fuliginosus, 791.

Cercomacra '

tyrannina, 61.

Cerithium

(Vertagus) Kochi, 817,

821

(

821

Cerostoma

vittella, 495.

Cerotoma

nigrofasciata, 996.

Certhia

malaccensis, 621.

sanguinea, 347.

Cervulus

amostylis, 899.

aureus, 899.

lacrymans, 887, 899.

muntjac, 887, 899.

reevesit, 887, 899.

sclateri, 899.

tumulicus, 899.

Cervus

affinis, 887, 913.

alfredi, 902.

antisiensis, 924.

aristotelis, 900, 901.

axis, 907, 909.

barbarus, 910, 911.

campestris, 923.

canadensis, 887,

897, 912, 913.

capreolus, 917.

turritum, 817,

885,

Cervus

cashmeerianus, 887,912,

918.

caspicus, 909.

chilensis, 928, 924.

columbianus, 921, 922.

cusanus, 891.

eylindricornis, 891.

dama, 913, 915.

davidianus, 906.

duvaucellii, 905.

dybowskii, 909.

elaphus, 887, 891, 910,

911, 912, 928.

eldi, 906.

equinus, 900, 901.

euopis, 908.

eustephanus, 887, 911,

912.

gymnotis, 920, 921.

hippelaphus, 903, 904.

hortulorum, 908.

humilis, 927.

kopschi, 909.

kuhlii, 902.

lepidus, 902.

leucurus, 919.

lewisit, 922

macrotis, 921,

mandarinus, 908.

mantchuricus,

909.

minor, 909.

maral, 887, 911, 912.

mariannus, 901.

matheroni, 891.

mesopotamicus,

914, 915.

mexicanus, 919, 921.

moluccensis, 903, 904.

muntjac, 898, 899.

nemoralis, 919.

nemorivagus, 925,

nigricans, 902.

paludosus, 922.

peronit, 904,

perriert, 891.

philippinus, 901.

porcinus, 902.

pseudaxis, 908, 909.

pudu, eae a

argus

Poa 899,

rufinus, 925,

rufus, 925.

rusa, 903, 904.

savannarum, 920.

schomburgki, 905.

sika, 908.

similis, 920.

simplicicornis, 925.

908,

791,

INDEX,

Cervus

swinhowi, 901.

taévanus, 909,

tarandus, 928.

tetracerus, 891.

timoriensis, 903, 904.

toltecus, 921.

virginianus, 919.

wallichii, 918.

wanthopygus, 887, 911.

(Axis) axis, 887,

(Dama) dama, 887,

914.

(——) mesopotamicus,

887, 914.

(Elaphurus) davidia-

nus, 906.

(Pseudaxis) caspicus,

887.

(——) dybowskii, 887.

(——) euopis, 887.

(——) kopsehi, 887.

ere, mantchuricus,

( ss 887, 908.

( ) taévanus, 887.

(Rucervus) duvaucelli, |

887, 908.

(——) eldi, 887.

(——) schomburgki,

887.

(Rusa) alfredi, 887.

(——) aristotelis, 887,

901.

(ae) equinus, 887.

(——) hippelaphus,

887, 903.

(——) kuhlit, 887.

(——) lepidus, 887.

(—-) mariannus, 887.

(——) nigricans, 887.

(——) philippinus,

887.

(——) porcinus, 887.

( ) swinhoii, 887.

Ceryle

cabanisi, 48.

rudis, 35D.

stellata, 484.

Cestracion

philippi, 117.

Cethosia

biblis, 699, 707.

chrysippe, 645.

Cetosparactes

eburneus, 162.

Cettia

fortipes, 980.

Ceyx

argentata,

341, 948.

107, 108,

1025

| Ceyx

lepida, 81.

Chaca

lophioides, 220.

Cheerocampa

chiron, 483.

suffusa, 642.

Cherodes

transtincta, 490,

Cheetopterus

norvegicus, 338.

Cheetura

picina, 936, 944.

Chaleocoecyx

malayanus, 945,

Chaleophana

costatipennis, 144,

discolor, 144.

rufipennis, 144.

semirufa, 988, 989.

uniformis, 989.

Chaleophaps

indica, 953.

stephani, 289, 671.

Chaleopsitta

rubrifrons, 93.

Chalcopsittacus

seintillatus, 93.

| Chalcosia

diana, 704.

nympha, 704, 708.

Chaleostetha

insignis, 621.

| Chalybe

belti, G04.

Chamepelia

passerina, 43.

rufipennis, 43.

Chameepetes

unicolor, 42,

Charadrius

cantianus, 624.

fulvus, 82, 344, 711,

937.

geoffroyi, 82.

peronit, 544, 711,

veredus, 82.

Charaxes

agna, 832, 854.

athamas, 831.

desa, 832, 854.

harpax, 832, 854.

lunawara, 832.

marmax, 831, 832,

854.

samatha, 831, 854

schreiberi, 640.

Charis

crocea, 364,

holostieta, 364.

iris, 364,

1026

Charis

ochrias, 365.

perone, 364, 365.

peciloptera, 365.

sulphurea, 365.

velutina, 364.

Chasiempis

sandvicensis, 346.

Chasmorhynchus

tricarunculatus, 40,

Cheimonea

tridactylus, 164.

Chelys

matamata, 378,

Chibia

assimilis, 96.

hottentota, 88, 614.

megalornis, 88.

Chilobothrus

inornatus, 789.

Chilomenes

lunata, 448.

Chiloscyllium

ocellatum, 117.

Chione

(Marcia) levigata,

870.

Chionis

minor, 578.

Chiromacheris

cande@i, 66

Chiroxiphia

linearis, 66.

Chiton

siculoides, 868.

Chlamydophorus

truncatus, 228, 673,

677, 679.

Chloéphaga

poliocephala, 436.

Chlorita

edithe, 462, 476.

Chlorolampis

caniveti, 71,

osberti, 38.

salvini, 71.

sedulus, 140.

Chlorophanes

guatemalensis, 54.

spiza, 54.

Chlorophonia

callophrys, 39, 54.

Chlorospingus

alhitemporalis, 55.

Chroicocephalus

atricilla, 194.

bonapartii, 207.

brunneicephalus, 198.

brunniceps, 198.

capistratus, 200.

INDEX,

| Chroicocephalus

cirrhocephalus, 204.

cucullatus, 195.

Franklini, 195.

gelastes, 193.

glaucodes, 204,

glaucotes, 203.

whthyaétus, 198,

kitlitzii, 195, 205.

leucophthalmus, 193.

maculipennis, 202.

melanocephalus, 200,

minutus, 206.

personatus, 196.

philadelphia, 207.

pileatus, 200.

plumbiceps, 204.

ridibundus, 200.

saundersi, 205.

schimperi, 195.

serranus, 194.

subulirostris, 207.

tibetanus, 198.

Chroicoptera

vidua, 580.

Chryseglia

ferrifasciata, 13, 36.

magnified, 13.

Chrysococcyx

klaasi, 131.

Chrysocolaptes

erythrocephalus, 612.

lucidus, 379, 942.

maculiceps, 942.

Chrysena

luteovirens, 505, 565.

victor, 568,

viridis, 506, 566, 567.

Chrysomitris

bryantit, 56.

Chrysorabdia

viridata, 19, 36.

Chrysotis

Farinosa, 38, 46.

pulverulenta, 46.

Churinga

rufifrons, 10, 36.

Cicindela

belti, 588.

Slohri, 588.

stoliezkana, 718.

Cicinnurus

regius, 98.

Ciconia

alba, 625.

episcopus, 633.

maguari, 633.

Cincia

pallida, 484.

Cinclodes

patachonicus, 433.

Cinnyris

aspasioides, 81.

auriceps, 80.

clementie, 81.

Srenata, 79.

Suliginosa, 129.

gutturalis, 355.

Jardinii, 355.

julia, 951.

microrhyncha, 855.

splendida, 129.

venusta, 130.

zenobia, 81.

Cirrhocephalus

potocephalus, 204.

Cirrochroa

lanka, 827.

suryd, 827, 854.

Cisthene

niveata, 384.

Cisticola

cursitans, ‘708, 710.

grayt, 286

tsodactyla, 356.

ruficeps, 286, 671.

semirufa, 286.

Cittocinela

nigra, 619.

Cixius

sancte-helene, 462.

Clangula

histrionica, 479.

vulgaris, 479.

Clerome

arcesilaus, 827, 854.

eumeus, 697, 706.

Clupea

harengus, 338.

sprattus, 338.

Clupeilarus

antipodum, 181.

Suscus, 173.

Clytanthus

ignobilis, 721.

Coassus

auritus, 926.

peruvianus, 920.

superciliaris, 926.

whitelyi, 926.

Coccystes

coromandus, 936,

946.

Jacobinus, 359,

Coccyzus

minor, 47.

Ceeligena

clemencia, 68.

Cceelomera

atro-cerulea, 152.

Ceelops

Srithii, 878.

Cceerostris

avernalis, 799.

mitralis, 799, 800.

Colznis

delila, 481.

Colaptes

rupicola, 140,

Colaspoides

viridicollis, 144.

Coleura

seychellensis, 879.

Colius

leucotis, 358.

Oollita

griseola, 16.

lilacina, 16.

parva, 16, 36.

vetusta, 16.

Collocalia

esculenta, 283.

francica, 280, 282, 283.

troglodytes, 283.

Colluricincla

megarhyncha, 96.

parvissima, 122.

rufigaster, 122.

Colpodes

aurotinctus, 598.

chontalensis, 598.

chrysopterus, 599.

cyanostolus, 598.

duplex, 596.

gratus, 596.

intergencus, 596.

lactipes, 597.

lebioides, 599.

obscurellus, 596.

ovaliceps, 719.

parviceps, 597.

princeps, 599.

procephalus, 597.

prolivus, 597

prolongatus, 600.

prostomis, 598.

stricticollis, 595.

superbus, 599.

viridiauratus, 599.

Columba

albilineata, 43.

amarante, 574.

cyanovirens, 542, 559.

diademata, 540.

dupetit-thouarsii, 503,

539.

felicie, 565.

flava, 565.

forsteri, 505, 525.

gularis, 503, 570.

Aypogastra, 558.

INDEX,

| Oolumba

iogastra, 558.

jambu, 502, 554.

kurukuru, 502, 525,

541

purpuro-leucoce-

phalus, 539.

superba, 545,

leucotis, 505.

luteovirens, 565,

magnifica, 575.

melanocephala, 502,

551, 552, 951.

monacha, 550.

nana, 549.

occipitalis, 695.

enas, 437,

oopa, 502, 527, 541.

pectoralis, 559.

perlata, 557.

porphyracea, 525, 526.

orpyrea, 525, 553.

puella, 502, 574.

pulchella, 551.

purpurata, 502, 507,

25, 526, 528, 529,

531, 582, 533, 534,

540.

regina, 502.

rivoli, 503, 561.

roseicapilla, 537.

roseicollis, 554.

subvinacea, 43.

superba, 542, 548,

544.

taitensis, 502, 541.

virens, 559.

viridis, 502, 560.

viridissima, 535.

zanthogaster, 502, 540.

zoée, 99.

Columbella

terpsichore, 807.

(Anachus) nigricostata,

807, 821.

(——) puella, 807.

Columbula

campestris, 141,

Columella

angasi, 865.

dermestoides, 865.

interrupta, 865.

lineolata, 865.

Cominella

lactea, 865.

Composia

sybaris,

Conchylodes

diphtheralis, 493.

Oondica

palpalis, 486.

| Contopus

virens, 64.

| Conurus

astec, 38, 46.

hilaris, 75.

hotfmanni, 40, 46.

murinus, 75.

nanday, 77.

patagonus, 75.

smaragdinus, 434.

Conus

andamanensis, 804,821.

articulatus, 796, 798.

carnalis, 796, 798.

ceylanensis, 805,

hepaticus, 732.

japonicus, 796.

largillierti, 796.

lucidus, 795.

mahogani, 797.

melvilhi, 795, 798.

nebulosus, 796.

pastinaca, 731, 732.

quercinus, 732.

scabriusculus, 796.

tabidus, 732.

tornatus, 797.

virgo, 732.

wimines, 797.

Copaxa

expandens, 387.

gemmifera, 387.

Copsychus

mindanensis, 285, 342,

Coptodera

scintillans, 605.

Coracias

caudatus, 354.

Coralliophila

barclayana, 806.

Corbula

fortisulcata, 819, 821.

nasuta, 869.

Corvus

cornix, 976.

corone, 976.

enca, 622.

Javanensis, 622,

orru, 289.

hilippinus, 113, 287,

4 343 381. 710, 951.

pusillus, 611, 622.

validus, 622.

Corydalla

gustavi, 430.

lugubris, 286, 380, 710.

Corymica

arnearia, 851, 858.

Cosmophila

erosa, 486.

1028

Cosmosoma

auge, 484.

tyrrhene, 484.

Cossa

basigera, 21.

brunnea, 22, 37.

pallida, 21.

quadrisignata, 21, 37.

Cossypha

verticalis, 129.

Coturnix

conununis, 578.

Cracticus

cassicus, 97.

Crambomorpha

splendens, 8.

Crania

anomala, 400, 414.

lamellosa, 414.

personata, 414, 415.

ringens, 415.

rostrata, 415,

suessia, 415,

Craspedophora

magnifica, 125.

Crassatella

, radiata, 820.

Crastia

cupreipennis, 825, 853.

modesta, 823.

Crateropus

kirki, 556.

Orax

globicera, 42.

Creagrus

furcatus, 210,

Crenella

harbata, 871.

Creobroter

apicalis, 585.

pictipennis, 585, 587.

urbanus, 58D.

Crepidula

tomentosa, 867.

Criniger

everetti, 110, 380.

frater, 618.

palawanensis,

618.

simplex, 129.

Crioceris

australis, 152.

nigripes, 152.

Criopus

Simbriatus, 414.

orcadensis, 415.

Crithagra

chrysopyga, 130,

insularis, 577.

Crotophaga

sulcirostris, 47.

611,

INDEX,

Cryptospira

cymbalum, 866.

ovulum, 866.

Crypturus

bartletti, 142.

boucardi, 39, 40, 41,

42.

sallei, 142.

transfasciatus, 141.

variegatus, 142.

Crystallogobius

nilssoni, 318, 329, 331,

332, 334, 335, 337,

338.

Ctenolabrus

rupestris, 329.

Otenostoma

leticolor, 588.

sigma, 588.

Cuculus

basalis, 945.

chalcites, 946.

cineraceus, 125.

coromandus, 9AG.

hyperythrus, 946.

malayanus, 945, 946,

merulinus, 945.

sepulchralis, 945,

threnodes, 945.

Culapa

mnasicles, 825, 853.

Cuncuma

leucogaster, 91.

Curzeus

aterrimus, 432.

Curtonotus

pamirensis, 717.

putzeysi, 600.

substriatus, 601.

Cuscus

orientalis, 274, 275.

Cyanaleyon

diops, 79.

macleayt, 122.

Cyanocitta

pulchra, 439.

Cyanocorax

bellus, 138.

mystacalis, 138.

ortoni, 138.

Cyanopolius

cooki, 789.

Cyanospiza

ctris, 57.

cyanea, 57, 58.

Cyanotreron

eyanovirens, H04, 543.

monacha, 504, 550.

Cyclophorus

calyx, 499,

hispidulus, 499.

Cyelophorus

pinnulifer, 499.

(Myxostoma) bathy-

rhaphe, 497, 498.

Cyclopides

camertes, 704, 707.

subradiatus, 693.

subvittatus, 692, 693.

Cyclopsitta

lunulata, 937.

Cyclopsittacus

melanogenys, 92.

Cyclorhis

flavipectus, 88, 53.

subflavescens, 53.

Cyclostoma

crocewm, 31.

planorbulus, 499.

Cyclostrema

tate, 862,

868.

Cyclotus

boucardi, 73, 74.

mexicanus, 73.

864,

| Cyenia

punetivaga, 28.

Cydalima

conchylalis, 850, 857.

Cydosia

nobilitella, 495.

Cylichna

pygmed, 869.

Cymindis

glabrella, 719.

Cynocephalus

gelada, 1.

mormon, 791.

Cynonycteris

amplexicaudata, 877.

brachyotis, 316.

Cynopterus

latidens, 875.

marginatus, 877.

scherzeri, 875.

Cynthia

arsinoé, 689, 646.

deione, 639.

Cyornis

banyumas, 615.

philippinensis, 109,284,

342, 948.

Cypriea

australis, 867.

gangrenosa, 816,

peasei, 731, 733, ~

| Cypselus

mystaceus, 81.

pallidus, 976.

parvus, 131.

Cyrenia

martia, 362.

Cyrenia

pyrippe, 362.

Cyrestis

acilia, 646. |

cocles, 698, 706, 829,

854. .

risa, 829, 854.

thyodamas, 698,

828, 854.

Cyrtostomus

andamanicus, 620.

asiaticus, 620.

aurora, 611, 620.

brevirostris, 620.

flammacillaris, 620.

Srenatus, 79, 97, 620.

Jugularis, 620, 710,

951.

lotenia, 620.

melanogaster, 81.

osea, 620.

pectoralis, 620.

rhizophore, 620.

solaris, 620, 621.

zenobia, 81, 620.

Cystineura

dorcas, 480.

706, |

Debis

INDEX,

Danais

septentrionis,

853.

similis, 637.

tytia, 822, 853.

vulgaris, 822, 853.

Daption

capensis, 737.

Dasycrotapha

822,

speciosa, 114, 280, 281,

285.

Dasypus

minutus, 228, 229.

sexcinetus, 226, 227,

228, 229, 673, 674,

677, 678, 679.

vellerosus, 228, 229.

villosus, 228, 229.

europa, 706.

mekara, 824.

Decelea

bowreyi, 486.

Deilemera

artemis, 386.

pellex, 386.

signata, 386.

+ Deilephila

Dacelo

gaudichaudi, 94.

tyro, 94. |

Dacnis i

venusta, 54. |

Dama

mesopotamica, 887, |

9l4. .

vulgaris, 895, 913.

Damalis

alciphron, 847, 857.

concana, 4.

plaginota, 847, 857.

Damophila

amabilis, 71.

Danais

affinis, 644. .

aglea, 695, 706, 822, |

853.

archippus, 480

chrysippus, 638, 695,

706. 822, 853.

citrina, 6438. |

eleutho, 297.

gloriola, 643.

hegisippus, 638.

jamaicensis, 480.

Juventa, 637.

limniace, 695, 706. |

melaneus, 822, 853.

322,853.

lineata, 483.

_ Deiopeia

pulchella, 298.

speciosa, 484.

Deiphobe

laticeps, 580, 587.

ocellata, 580.

Delattria

henrici, 68.

- Delias

descombest, 839, 856.

indica, 839, 856.

inferna, 734.

pasithoé, 839, 856.

Dendrobiastes

basilanicus, 114.

| Dendrochelidon

mystacea, 289, 290.

| Dendrocolaptes

puneticollis, 60.

sancti-thome, 60.

Dendrocygna

autumnalis, 44.

vagans, 346, 712, 954.

Dendreeca

estiva, 52.

blackburnia, 52.

pennsylvanica, 52,

vieilloti, 52.

; Dendropicus

goerte, 131.

Dendrornis

susurrans, 60.

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1878, No. LXVII.

1029

Dendrortyx

leucophrys, 40, 42.

Dentalium

octagonum, 868.

Desmia

orbalis, 493.

prognealis, 493.

Deudorix

epijarbas, 834.

Jarbas, 834.

melampus, 834.

suffusa, 834, 855, 858.

xenophon, 834.

Diabrotica

costatipennis, 996.

fuscomaculata, 994.

Juscomarginata, 149.

gracilis, 150, 151.

jansoni, 994.

marginata, 151.

mexicana, 149.

multipunctata, 149.

nigrolineata, 149.

nigromaculata, 150.

nigrovittata, 995.

novemmaculata, 995.

peruana, 151.

sexplagiata, 151.

sexpunctata, 148.

tripunctata, 148.

variolosa, 151.

ventricosa, 148.

viridimaculata, 150.

waterhousei, 993.

| Diadema

alimena, 647.

auge, 297.

avia, 699, 706.

nerina, 297, 647.

otaheite, 297.

Diala

imbricata, 867.

picta, 867.

varia, 867.

Dias

longiremis, 330,

| Diceum

cinereigulare, 950.

everett2, 107, 111.

hematostictum, 286.

hirundinaceum, 125.

modestum, 380, 381.

rubriventre, 111, 950.

schistaceum, 107, 111.

vulneratum, 82.

Dichirotrichus

alticola, 713.

Dicelus

flohri, 589.

Dicranostreptus, 671.

megarhynchus, 289.

1030

Dicrocercus

hirundinaceus, 355.

Dicruropsis

assimilis, 96.

megalornis, 88.

Dicrurus

assimilis, 96.

balicassius, 614.

divaricatus, 357.

lemostictus, 615.

leucopheus, 615.

leucops, 615.

marginatus, 339,

megalornis, 88.

megarhynchus, 615.

mirabilis, 284, 614.

palawanensis, 611, 614,

615.

pectoralis, 88, 615.

striatus, 109, 380, 614,

948.

Dictyopicus

Jjardinei, 49.

Digama

Jigurata, 5.

hearseyana, 4, 5.

insulana, 5.

similis, 5.

Diglossa

plumobea, 54.

Dilophonota

enotrus, 484.

omphalee, 484.

ello, 483.

Diomedea

brachyura, 740.

demersa, 658.

exulans, 740.

fuliginosa, 740.

melanophrys, 740.

Dione

vanille, 481.

Diphyllodes

gulielmi tertii, 792.

Diploharpus

exstriatus, 601.

Discina

atlantica, , 415,

416. rk:

fallens, 415.

norvegica, 415.

ostreoides, 415.

Discophora

celinde, 827.

necho, 827, 854.

tullia, 826, 854.

zal, 826, 854.

Dissura

episcopus, 633.

maguari, 633.

INDEX

Doleschallia

comrii, 643, 646.

pratipa, 828, 854.

| Dolgoma

angulifera, 20.

brunnea, 20, 37.

reticulata, 20.

Domicella

atricapilla, 79.

eyanauchen, 79.

lory mysorensis, 79.

rubra, 86.

schlegeli, 86.

scintillata, 93.

Dominicanus

antipodum, 180.

antipodus, 180.

azare, 181.

fritzei, 180.

Fuscescens, 173.

Suscus, 173.

marinus, 180.

pelagicus, 180.

verreauxtt, 181.

vetula, 180.

vociferus, 180.

Donax

sordidus, 870.

Dorycha

bryante, 40, 70.

Doryphora

estuans, 992.

brunneipennis, 989.

decorata, 992.

dorsomaculata, 146.

flavipennis, 989.

flavoguttata, 145.

flavomarginata, 146.

hybrida, 991.

imperialis, 991,

insularis, 147.

limbatipennis, 990,

militaris, 991.

ocellata, 991.

porosa, 990.

punctipennis, 145.

vittaticollis, 993.

vittatipennis, 990.

Dreata

petola, 848.

taooensis,

859.

Drepanis

coccinea, 347.

flava, 348.

sanguinea, 347.

Drepanodes

pionaria, 490.

Drepanoptila

506, 513.

848, 857, |

holosericea, 504, 505,

Drusilla

catops, 645.

myops, 645.

Drymacedus

beccarii, 91, 97.

Drymocataphus

cinereiceps,

617.

Drymeca

affinis, 356.

brevicaudata,

982.

isodactyla, 356.

Drymophila

cinerascens, 83.

Dryococcyx

harringtoni, 613.

Dryoscopus

affinis, 357.

cubla, 357.

gambensis, 128.

major, 128.

salime, 357.

Dyctis

leucocyma, 826, 853.

Dysithamnus

semicinereus, 60.

striaticeps, 60.

611,

980,

| Dysporus

eyanops, 652.

piscator, 651.

sula, 114, 954.

Echis

earinatus, 977, 978.

coloratus, 977, 978.

Eelectus

grandis, 78.

linnei, 92.

megalorhynchus, 78.

personatus, 86.

polychlorus, 79, 92, 93,

289, 290.

rhodops, 81.

roratus, 78.

Edela

ruficeps, 619.

Edoliosoma

sp. ine., 671.

muelleri, 95.

schisticeps, 96.

tenuirostre, 95.

Hilema

caniola, 17.

Elainea

albiceps, 433.

frantzii, 63.

pagana, 38, 63.

subpagana, 63.

Elanoides

Surcatus, 45.

Elanus

hypoleucus, 939.

Elaphodus

' cephalophus, 790, 887,

899.

michianus, 887, 900.

longicauda, 129.

Elousa

albicans, 486.

Elymnias

hainana, 696, 706.

lais, 638.

nigrescens, 638, 696.

tinctoria, 826, 853.

undularis, 826.

vasudeva, 826, 853.

Emarginula

dilecta, 868.

rugosa, 868.

tasmania, 868.

tenuicostata, 868.

Emballonura

nigrescens, 876, 877.

Embernagra

raffrayana, 876.

striaticeps, 56.

Empidonax

aneaced 64.

Empusa

coronata, 586.

Empyreuma

pugione, 484.

Engina

testacearia, 643.

Entomobia

gularis, 282, 341, 379,

937, 943.

Entomogramma

Sautriz, 849, 857.

Enyo

cyanogenys, 86.

indica, 578.

riciniata, 86.

rubra, 86.

ira

tuberculosa, 799.

Epicrates

angulifer, 789.

Epitelarus

neglectus, 184,

Epomophorus

comptus, 879.

INDEX.

Epomophorus

monstrosus, 879.

Erastria

includens, 486.

Erato

bimaculata, 866.

| Erebus

agarista, 488.

odora, 488.

odorata, 488.

Eresia

drypetis, 269.

eunice, 269.

mechanitis, 269.

Ergolis

alternus, 698, 706.

ariadne, 698.

Erites

angularis, 825, 853.

madura, 825.

Eronia

lutescens, 838, 855.

Erosia

incongrua, 491.

Erythra

phenicura, 953.

Erythraucheena

umeralis, 126.

Erythropitta

erythrogastra, 948.

Kochi, 430.

Estrelda

cyanogastra, 358.

Etroplus

énsulata, 484.

Eudamus

capucinus, 482.

trinitad, 482.

Eudromias

geoffroyi, 281, 288, 344,

24, 711.

modestus, 438.

mongolicus, 344, 711.

veredus, 82.

Eudynamis

mindanensis, 946.

picata, 671.

Eudyptes

chrysocome, 577, 654,

655

asp

chrysolophus, 654.

diadematus, 654,

ee = :

pach nchus, 655.

viltator, 654,

Hugenes

falas 68.

1031

| Eugenes

spectabilis, 40, 68.

| Euglyphia

hieroglyphica, 485.

Euglyphis

procopialis, 850,

858.

Eumelea

rosalia, 851, 858.

Eumomota

superciliaris, 49, 100.

Eunectes

murinus, 378.

Eunica

tatila, 480.

Eupherusa

egregia, 71.

Euphonia

crassirostris, 54.

elegantissima, 54.

gouldi, 54.

| Euplagia

hera, 847, 848.

Euplectes

capensis, 358.

Sranciscana, 130.

nigriventris, 358.

Eupleea

alcathoé, 823, 853.

angasii, 297.

bremeri, 638.

callithoé, 644.

core, 823.

crassa, 822,

deione, 823.

distincta, 296, 297.

eleutho, 296, 297.

erimas, 738.

eupator, 733.

eurianassa, 644.

felderi, 695, 706.

godartit, 824, 853.

helcita, 297.

tphianassa, 644.

Jessica, 733.

layardi, 695.

limborgii, 823, 853,

858.

margarita, 823.

ménétriésti, 638.

mulciber, 638.

nox, 644,

philomela, 637.

subdita, 823, 858.

thoosa, 688.

treitschkii, 644,

EHuptoieta

hegesia, 481,

Kuptychia

argentella, 265.

ithama, 266.

10382

Euptychia

philodice, 264, 265.

phocton, 265.

pyracmon, 265.

rogersi, 265.

vetones, 265.

Eurema

formosa, 836.

Eurycoleus

belti, 606.

Eurygona

amphidecta, 361.

hypophea, 360.

inconspicua, 36).

leucorrhoa, 360.

russata, 361.

Euryleemus

javanicus, 143. .

steerti, 110.

Eurystomus

afer, 354.

crassirostris, 671.

orientalis, 108, 282,

341, 379, 613.

Euscarthmus

squamicristatus, 62.

zosterops, 138,

Huschema

aurilimbata, 846, 857.

excubitor, 846, 857.

horsfieldi, 846, 857.

malayana, 846.

militaris, 704, '708, 846,

857.

Eusemia

africana, 381.

incongruens, 381.

Euspiza

americana, 58.

Eustephanus

Ffernandensis, 434.

galeritus, 433.

Euthisanotia

timais, 489.

Falco

babylonicus, 2.

barbarus, 2.

henderson, 262.

hiogaster, 80.

Felis

jubata, 656.

lanea, 655, 656,

leopardus, 239.

uncia, 289.

Fischeria

batica, 580.

laticeps, 580.

ocellata, 580.

Fissurella

scutella, 868,

INDEX.

Fissurellidsea

scutella, 868.

Fistulana

’ elava, 967.

| Fodina

stola, 849, 857.

Formicarius

hoffmanni, 62.

Formicivora

boucardi, 61.

Francolinus

granti, 359.

rovuma, 359.

Fregata

aquila, 273, 650.

minor, 650, 651.

| Fregetta

grallaria, 735, 736.

melanogastra, 736.

Frenula

Jeffreysti, 407.

Fringilla

minuta, 287.

| Fulica

alai, 351.

armillata, 291.

gallinuloides, 291.

leucoptera, 291.

Fuligula

collaris, 479.

marila, 479.

nationt, 477, 478,

479.

rufina, 479.

Funchalia

woodwardi, 298, 309.

Furcifer

chilensis, 924.

Furnarius

Jigulus, 139.

pileatus, 139,

Fusus

abnormis, 811, 821.

Gabianus

bathyrhynchus, 182.

georgti, 182.

pacificus, 181.

Gadus

esmarkti, 330.

merlangus, 330.

morrhua, 330, 338.

Galbula_ -

melanogenia, 47,

Gallicrex

cinerea, 953.

Gallinago

megala, 345, 953.

paraguaia, 438.

scolopacina, 345,

712.

| Gallinula

stenura, 83.

chloropus, 344, 953.

euryzonoides, 288,

nesiotis, 577.

Gallus

bankiva, 953.

Gambetta

pulverulenta, 127.

Gampola

Ffasciata, 27, 37.

Gandhara

serva, 15, 16, 36.

Gasterosteus

aculeatus, 330.

Gastrochena

tasmanica, 869.

Gastropacha

vishnu, 848.

| Gavia

| andersoni, 186, 187.

atricilla, 194.

audouini, 179.

bonapartii, 207.

capistrata, 200.

cirrhocephala, 204.

citrirostris, 164.

eburnea, 162.

gelastes, 192.

glaucotis, 204.

gouldi, 186.

hartlaubi, 188.

Jamesoni, 185.

| kittlitzi, 205.

maculipennis, 202.

melanocephala, 200.

minuta, 206.

nivea, 162.

personata, 196.

pomarre, 185, 186, 187,

190, 191.

ridibunda, 200.

roseiventris, 204.

sabint, 209.

serrana, 196.

subulirostris, 207.

tridactyla, 164.

Gavina

audouini, 179.

bruchi, 177.

cana, 177.

heinei, 177.

kamtschatchensis, 177.

| zonorhynchus, 177.

| Gazella

| dama, 726.

| doreas, 929, 930.

euchore, 741.

granti, 723, 724, 725,

726.

Gazella

mohr, 726.

semmerringi, 726.

walleri, 929, 980.

Gecinus

viridis, 934.

Gegenes

hainanus, 703, 707.

nostrodamus, 703.

Gelastes

andersoni, 186.

columbinus, 192.

corallinus, 186.

gouldi, 186.

lambruschini, 192.

leucocephalus, 192.

rubriventris, 122.

Geoffroius

aruensis, 80.

cyaniceps, 671, 672.

heteroclitus, 671,

672.

keyensis, 86.

pucherani, 81,

rhodops, 80.

schlegeliz, 80, 81.

simplex, 672.

Geopelia

humeralis, 126.

tranquilla, 126.

Geothlypis

poliocephala, 52.

trichas, 52.

Geotrygon

sae belo 43.

chiriquensis, 43.

costaricensis, 39, 40,

montanus, 48.

Geranoaétus

melanoleucus, 434.

Ghoria

albocinerea, 13, 36.

sericeipennis, 13.

Gibbula

pulcherrima, 818.

Ginglymostoma

cirratum, 117.

Gladius

(Rimella) cancellatus,

818.

Qlaucidium

capense, 354.

Glaucus

argentatoides, 167.

argentatus, 167.

audouini, 179.

borealis, 179.

canus, 177.

consul, 165.

glacialis, 166.

| Glissa

| Glyptolenus

Gobiosoma

INDEX,

Glaucus

glaucescens, 167.

glaucopterus, 167.

lacrymosus, 177.

leucopheus, 169.

leucopterus, 166.

michahellesii, 169.

occidentalis, 172, 176.

zonorhynchus, 176.

variegata, 485.

Glycyphila

Jfasciata, 655.

gould, 655.

Glyphodes

bivitralis, 849, 857.

stolalis, 849, 857.

Glyphorhynchus

cuneatus, 60.

rugicollis, 595.

Gnathospiza

raimondit, 137.

Gnophria

ceramensis, 14.

nilssonit, 331.

stuvitzit, 319.

Gobius

albus, 319, 3820, 321,

$22.

linearis, 332.

nilssonit, 331.

i peitak 319, 321,

22.

stuwitzui, 319, 320.

Gonatus |

amenus, 652. |

Goniurus |

catillus, 482.

proteus, 481.

| Gonodonta |

nutria, 486.

Gongylus

ocellatus, 977.

Gracula

javanensis, 622. /

kreffti, 289, 671. '

nobilis, 347.

Grallaria |

perspicillata, 62.

Grammodes |

grandirena, 487.

Graucalus |

caledonicus, 87.

hypoleucus, 122.

melanops, 95.

personatus, 87.

pollens, 87.

striatus, 108, 283, 380, | /

947.

1033

Graucalus

sumatrensis, 614.

temmincki, 87.

Grimmia

splendidula, 743.

Grypotes

insularis, 462,

475.

Guiraca

cinerea, 137.

ygis

candida, 273.

Gymnotus

electricus, 221.

| Gynecia

dirce, 480.

Gynautocera

papilionaria, 846.

Hadena

abida, 486.

Hematopus

ater, 438.

leucopus, 437.

unicolor, 578.

Hemophila

stolzmanni, 137.

| Haleyon

albicilla, 671.

chelicutensis, 354.

diops, 79.

erythrogastra, 577.

macleayi, 122.

pileata, 578.

sancta, 94, 289.

senegalensis, 131.

sordida, 94.

striolata, 354.

winchelli, 944.

| Haliaétus

girrenera, 91.

leucogaster, 91.

leucoryphus, 393.

' Haliastur

girrenera, 91.

intermedius, 282, 840,

709, 987.

Halieus

(Hypoleucus) verruco-

sus, 65:

| Halhotis

varia, 819.

Halpe

betaieay 690, 703.

ceylonica, 690,

95.

dolopia, 690.

luteisquama, 690.

radians, 690, 694.

Hamadryas

zoilus, 644,

1034

Hapa

contorta, 461, 466.

477.

Harpactes

ardens, 107, 948.

Harpalus

alienus, 591.

ceruleatus, 714.

indicola, 714.

liodes, 715.

masoreoides, 715.

melaneus, 714.

suleatulus, 592.

turculus, 714.

Harpyia

cephalotes, 875.

Hebomoia

glaucippe, 837, 855.

Hedymeles

ludoviciana, 58.

Heleotragus

reduneus, 745.

Heliastes

lepidurus, 216.

Heliconius

charithonia, 481.

Heliodoxa

henryi, 69.

jacula, 69.

Heliomaster

constanti, 69.

Heliophorus

belenus, 702.

Helix

adela, 72, 74.

esopus, 72, 'T4.

auriculina, 73.

boivini, 861.

boucardi, 72, 74.

brenchleyi, 861, 864.

congener, 496, 497.

cornu-gigantewm, 312.

decollata, 967.

guestieriana, 312.

herklotsi, 106.

luhuana, 106.

miranda, 495.

myomphala, 496.

peliomphala, 105,

106.

quadridentata, 73.

simode, 106.

vesicalis, 312.

(Camena) congener,

(5 congenita, 496,

497.

(——) lewisii, 495,

Helminthophaga

peregrina, 52.

INDEX.

Hemifusus

corona, 796, 798.

Hemiphaga

poliocephala, 113, 952.

Hemipodius

melanotus, 127.

Hemiprocne

zonaris, 67.

Henicorhina

leucophrys, 51.

leucosticta, 51.

Hermotimia

aspasioides, 81.

auriceps, 80.

Herodias

garzetia, 345, 712.

intermedia, 958.

Herona

angustata, 829, 854.

marathus, 829.

Hesperia

bada, 688.

baracoa, 483.

benjamini, 841.

beturia, 690, 703, 707.

bevani, 688.

cahira, 845.

contiqua, 687.

divodasa, 703.

dolophia, 690.

eltola, 688.

Sarri, 688.

gremius, 689, 703, 707.

kumara, 687, 688, 843.

mangala, 688, 703, 757.

mathias, ‘03, ‘707,

843.

moolata, 848, 856.

murdava, 689.

narooa, 687, 694.

quinigera, 703, 707.

seriata, 688.

subgrisea, 689, 694.

toona, 688.

Hesperophanes

cribricollis, 720.

Hesudra *

divisa, 12, 36.

Hestia

clara, 637.

leuconoé, 687.

Heterochroa

abyla, 480.

Heteroclitus

tartaricus, 261.

Hiaticula

inornata, 127.

| Hierococe

pectoralis, 946.

Hierodula

deflera, 581.

Hierodula

laticollis, 581, 582.

(Rhombodera) afri-

coxis, 582, 587.

(

) butleri, 580,

587.

(——) fratricida, 581,

587.

( ) macropsis, 581.

(——) pustulifera, 583,

587

3 taprobane, 583,

587

(——) tectiformis, 580,

581, 582.

Hippotragus

niger, 745.

Hirundo

ethiopica, 129.

Ffraneica, 282.

frontalis, 95.

fuciphaga, 429.

guituralis, 579.

javanica, 95, 109, 342,

615, 709.

meyent, 452.

nigricans, 95.

rustica, 579.

Histia

papilionaria, 846, 857.

Homarus

capensis, 755.

Homoptera

posterior, 487.

terrosa, 487.

Horeites

brunneifrons, 981.

brunnescens, 980, 982.

major, 981.

pallidus, 980, 982.

robustipes, 980, 982.

Horornis

‘fortipes, 980, 982.

Humphreyia

strangei, 869.

Hyena

brunnea, 422, 425, 426,

427.

crocuta, 416, 417, 419,

421, 422, 423, 424,

425, 426, 427, 428.

striata, 422, 423, 425,

426, 427, 428.

Hyalina

albida, 866.

Hybleea

puera, 486.

| Hydrocolceus

minutus, 206.

| Hydropotes

inermis, 887, 916.

Hydrornis

nipalensis, 430. |

Hylochelidon

nigricans, 95.

Hylomanes

gularis, 100,

Hylophilus

decurtatus, 53.

Hyloterpe

philippinensis, 109.

Hymenia

perspectalis, 493.

Hymenopa

coronata, 586.

Hymenopus

bicornis, 586.

Hyomoschus

aquaticus, 682, 686.

ena

lunifera, 492.

Hypercompa

regalis, 848,

Hyperythra

angulifascia, 851, 858,

59.

limbolaria, 851, 858.

Hyphantornis

brachyptera, 130.

nigriceps, 308.

textor, 130.

Hypochera

chalybeata, 130.

Hypogramma

confusa, 487.

sublucida, 487. |

Hypolais |

Lega 129. |

Hypolithus

chlenioides, 592. |

perlucens, 715.

puberulus, 592.

Hypolycena

lisias, 833, 855.

Hypopyra

stan, 642.

Hyposidra

ochrea, 492.

Hypotenidia

striata, 345.

torquata, 114, 288,

345.

Hypothymis

ee, 109, 284, 615,

948.

celestis, 107, 109.

Hypotriorchis

severus, 937.

ypsa

aleiphron, 4.

canaraica, 3.

heliconia, 3, 4, 6.

| Icterus

INDEX,

Hypsa

sericea, 3.

siluandra, 642.

subsimilis, 847, 857.

Hypsinephus

ellipticus, 716.

Hypsipetes

philippinensis,285, 342,

380

rufigularis, 949,

Hyria

vinacea, 491.

Tanthenas

griseigularis, 288.

Ichthyscopus

inermis, 220,

baltimore, 59.

grace-anne, 137.

prosthemelas, 59.

Tonotreron

ionogastra, 559.

melanocephala, 552.

nana, 550.

occipitalis, 569.

rivolii, 561.

viridis, 560.

Tole

olivacea, 618.

Tora

scapularis, 619.

viridis, 619.

lotreron

chrysorrhoa, 553.

eugeni@, 561.

hyogaster, 559.

dogaster, 504.

melanocephala, 504,

552.

melanospila, 552.

nani, 504, 549.

rivoli, 504, 561.

viridis, 504, 560.

wanthorrhoa, 553."

Tlerda

belena, 702, 707.

Indicator

archipelagicus, 794,

795.

barianus, 795.

conirostris, 793,

795,

exilis, 794, 795.

maculatus, 795.

major, 795, 930, 935.

malayanus, 794, 795.

minor, 794, 795.

sparrmani, '795.

variegatus, 795. —

xanthonotus, 794, 795.

794,

10385

Tris

leucophthalmus, 193.

Irrisor

erythrorhynchus, 355.

Ithomeis

eulema, 362, 363.

imitatria, 362.

Txias

andamana, 837.

citrina, 837, 855.

latifasciata, 837.

moulmeinensis, 837,

855.

pallida, 837, 855.

pirenassa, 837.

gotavier, 110, 285, 342,

710, 949.

Ixus

nigricans, 356.

Ismene

aria, 686, 703, 707.

benjamini, 841, 856.

druna, 842, 856.

Jelfreysi, 406, 407.

subfasciata, 686.

Tsognomon

samoensis, 820.

Tsoteinon

atkinsoni, 698, 695,

844

khasianus, 693.

masuriensis, 693, 694.

sudtestaceus, 844, 856.

Ispidina

picta, 131.

Tssus

coleoptratus, 462, 463,

471.

Jassus

wollastoni, 462, 476.

Jodis

kinstonensis, 490.

Junonia

almana, 699, 706, 828,

854.

genoveva, 480.

ada, 639.

iphita, 646.

laomedia, 639, 698, 670,

828, 854.

lemonias, 828, 854, 698,

706.

enone, 698, 706.

orithyia, 828, 854,

villida, 297, 646.

Kallima

limborgii, 828, 854.

Katha

apicalis, 17.

1036

Katha

eucullata, 17.

nigrifrons, 17, 36.

terminalis, 17, 36.

Klais

guimeti, 69.

merriti, 69.

Korawa

pallida, 12.

Kraussia

lamarckiana, 871.

Kricogonia

lyside, 481.

terissa, 481.

Kurukuru

clementine, 585.

dupetit-thowarsi, 541.

mercieri, 536.

nebouxit, ee

wratus, 507, 541.

pase abe 9 Hadael.

samoensis, 540.

superbus, 543.

swainsonii, 532.

taitensis, 542.

temminckii, 544.

axanthogaster, 540.

Kurutreron

chrysogaster, 505, 541,

coralensis, 505, 528.

oopa, 505, 542.

Lachnophorus

leucoscelis, 603.

longulus, 603.

sculptifrons, 604.

semirufus, 603.

Lagopus

Pie. 793.

scoticus, 793.

Lalage

INDEX,

| Lamprosoma

ignicaudatum, 984.

inornatum, 984.

testudineum, 984.

' Lamprotornis

metallicus, 88, 89.

_ Lamprotreron

apicalis, 527.

porphyracea, 535.

porphyreus, 504.

porphyria, 569.

porphyrostictus, 543,

544,

superba, 126, 504,

543.

Laniarius

affinis, 357.

salime, 357.

' Lanius

dominica, 108, 284,342,

709, 948.

karu, 87, 671.

polygrammica, 87.

Lamna

cornubica, 117.

Lampides

elianus, 838, 855.

alexis, 833, 855.

beticus, 702, 707.

ceraunus, 481.

elpis, 833.

kandarpa, 702,

833.

Lamprolema

rhami, 68.

Lamprosoma

chapuisi, 983.

coruscum, 984.

eyaneum, 985.

707,

cucullatus, 79.

karu, 87.

lucionensis, 342, 380,

614, 709, 947.

melanocephalus, 618.

nasutus, 341, 708, 709,

947.

smithii, 128.

Laroides

americanus, 175.

argentaceus, 167.

argentatoides, 167.

argentatus, 167.

argenteus, 167.

audouint, 179.

borealis, 169.

cachinnans, 169.

californicus, 175.

canescens, 177.

chalcopterus, 166.

cinerea, 164,

Ffuscus, 173.

glaciatis, 166.

glaucescens, 167.

glaucoides, 166.

glaucus, 165.

harengorum, 173.

leucopheus, 169.

leucopterus, 166.

major, 167.

melanotus, 173.

michahellesii, 169.

occidentalis, 172.

177.

procellosus, 177.

rissa, 164.

subleucopterus, 166.

tridactylus, 164.

Larus

affinis, 171, 172, 174, |

175.

albipennis, 208.

arus ‘

albus, 162, 163, 180,

206

antipodus, 180.

arabicus, 193.

arcticus, 166.

argentatoides, 167, 169,

175, 176.

argentatus, 166, 167,

168, 169, 170, 171,

172, 178, 174, 175,

176, 180.

argenteus, 167.

ag ce 160, 194, 195,

atricilloides, 206.

audouini, 158, 160,177,

79:

bathyrinchus, 181.

belcheri, 160, 182, 183.

bonapartiz, 196, 206.

brachyrhynchus, 164,

178, 179.

brachytarsus, 162.

brehmii, 192.

brevirostris, 165.

bridgesi, 183.

bruchi, 177.

brunneicephalus, 197,

200.

bulleri, 187, 190, 191.

cachinnans, 160, 161,

168, 169, 170, 171,

172, 173.

cahiricus, 201.

cahirinus, 201.

californicus, 175, 176,

177, 178.

candidus, 162.

canescens, 200.

canus, 160, 163, 175,

176, 177, 178, 179.

canus major, 177.

capistratus, 158, 200,

206.

chalecopterus, 166, 167.

cinerarius, 163, 200.

cinereo-caudatus, 195.

cinereus, 167, 173, 177.

cirrhocephalus, 197,

202, 204, 205.

collaris, 208, 209, 210.

columbinus, 192.

consul, 165.

corallinus, 187.

crassirostris, 160, 174,

183, 193.

cucullatus, 195.

cyanorhynchus, 177.

delawarensis, 175, 176,

177, 178.

—

Larus

dominicanus, 161, 180, |

181 |

@ orbignyi, 206.

eburneus, 158, 162.

epargyrus, 169.

erythropus, 200.

fabricit, 180.

Alavipes, 173.

Franklini, 195, 205.

Fritzei, 181.

Ffrobeni, 182.

Frontalis, 181.

fuliginosus, 156, 157,

160, 182, 184.

furcatus, 160, 210.

fuscescens, 170, 173.

fuscus, 158, 161, 167,

170, 171, 172, 173,

174, 175, 181, 192, |

183.

gavia, 164. H

gelastes, 160, 191, |

192,

Larus

. leucophthalmus, 193,

194,

genei, 192.

georgii, 181. |

giganteus, 165. |

glacialis, 165. |

glaucescens, 167.

glaucodes, 203.

glaucoides, 165.

glaucopterus, 167. |

glaucotes, 203. |

glaucotis, 196, 197.

glaucus, 158, 165, 166,

hematorhynchus, 184.

hartlaubi, 188, 189,

205.

heermanni, 160, 182, |

183, 184, 185.

heinei, 177.

hemprichi, 193, 194,

976.

heuglini, 171.

hutchinsii, 165, 166.

hybernus, 177.

ichthyaétus, 159, 170,

198.

minor, 198.

tslandicus, 165, 166.

jamesonii, 185.

kitlitzi, 195.

kotzebui, 164.

kroicocephalus, 198.

lacrymosus, 198.

lambruschini, 193.

leuceretes, 165. |

leucocephalus, 191.

leucomelas, 181.

leucopheus, 169, 170.

INDEX,

leucopterus, 166.

littoreus, 180.

maculatus, 180.

maculipennis, 187, 197,

201, 202, 203, 204.

major, 177, 185, 198.

marinus, 158, 161, 167,

179, 181

masauanus, 193.

maximus, 180.

medius, 173.

melanocephalus, 199.

melanorhynchus, 190,

206

méelanurus, 174, 183.

mexicanus, 177.

minor, 166.

minutus, 159, 206.

modestus, 160, 183, 184.

milleri, 180.

nevius, 163, 179, 200.

nigrotis, 206.

niveus, 162, 175, 177,

178.

nove-hollandie, 185,

186, 187, 188, 189,

190

occidentalis, 171, 172,

173, 174.

pacificus, 159,161, 181.

payraudei, 179.

personatus, 196.

pheocephalus, 189, 204.

philadelphia, 206, 207.

pipixcan, 195.

plumbiceps, 159.

poiocephalus, 189, 204.

pomare, 190, 191

procellosus, 177.

guadricolor, 179.

ridibundus, 158, 190,

193, 194, 198, 200,

201.

riga, 163.

rissa, 163.

roseiventris, 204.

roseus, 159, 208.

rossii, 208.

sabini, 209.

saundersi, 195, 205.

schimperi, 195, 205.

scopulinus, 185, 187,

188, 189, 191, 195.

—— major, 186.

scoresbiz, 160, 161, 184,

185.

serranus, 196, 197, |

02,

202.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—-1878, No. LXVIII.

1037

Larus

smithsonianus, 168.

subroseus, 192.

suckleyt, 177, 178.

tenuirostris, 192.

torquatus, 164.

tridactylus, 158, 163,

164 +

verreauxi, 161, 181.

vetula, 181.

vociferus, 180.

warnecki, 164.

zonorhynchus, 176,

177

(Blasipus) heermanni,

183

(Bruchigavia) melano-

rhynchus, 190

(Pagophila) eburneus,

162

(Rissa) brevirostris,

165,

Laryngogramma

gularis, 570.

asea,

australis, 870,

Lasiommata

muirheadi, 696.

Latiaxis

elegans, 74,

Latirus

cayohuesonicus, 796,

798

decoratus, 812, 821.

fastigium, 812, 821.

incarnatus, 813.

infundibulum, 796.

Latrunculodes

nilssoni, 331.

Latrunculus

albus, 318, 319, 320,

821, 323.

nilssoni, 331.

pellucidus, 318, 319,

321, 322, 323, 330,

332, 333, 334, 337.

338.

stuvitzi, 318, 319, 320,

321, 322, 323.

Laurona

ergolis, 489.

Lebadea

attenuata, 829, 854.

ismene, 829.

ebia

callizona, 607.

charina, 607.

corcula, 607.

Leda

(Adrana)

314.

newcombi,

1038

Legatus

Fnicollis, 63.

Leiocnemis

frivola, 717.

himalaica, 716.

tartarie, 716.

Lema

bifida, 985.

semisepta, 983.

suffriani, 982.

Lemonias

debilis, 366.

hypoglauca, 367.

orpheus, 366.

parthaon, 366.

pelarge, 366.

theages, 366.

Lepidopleurus

antiquus, 868.

Leptocircus

virescens, 841, 856.

Leptodon

uncinatus, 45.

Lepton

australis, 863, 864,

Leptoptila

Paa 43.

verreauzi, 43.

Leptotrachelus

panamensis, 600.

puncticollis, 600.

Leptura

rubriola, 720.

Lepyrodes

geometralis, 705,

708

Lestris

antarctica, 181.

fusca, 181.

scopulina, 188.

Lethe

arcadia, 824, 853.

europa, 696,

mekara, 824, 853.

rohria, 824, 853.

verma, 824, 853.

Leucocerca

nigritorquis, 109, 284,

709, 948.

Leucophzeus

belcheri, 182.

fulrginosus, 184.

hematorhynchus, 184.

heermanm, 183.

modestus, 183.

scoresbii, 184.

Leucotreron

cincta, 572.

gironiert, 287, 568,

569.

INDEX.

Leucotreron

gularis, 570.

Leucus

arcticus, 166.

chaleopterus, 166.

fuscus, 173.

glaucescens, 167.

glaucus, 165.

leucopterus, 166.

marinus, 180.

Lia

quadriannulata, 607.

Liburnia

(Ilburnia) zgnodilis,

462, 471.

Libythea

myrrha, 882, 854.

Limicola

platyrhynchus, 708,

sibirica, 712.

Limnaétus

philippensis, 281.

Limnas

bryaxis, 362.

ceruleata, 362.

melanochlora, 362.

Limopsis

macgillivrayt, 871.

Limosa

egocephala, 280, 288.

fedoa, 141.

hudsonica, 141.

lapponica, 708, 711.

Lingula

hians, 820.

Lipaugus

holerythrus, 65.

Lithosia

angulifera, 20.

antica, 15.

apicalis, 17.

aureola, 18.

beema, 10.

brevipennis, 17.

chilomorpha, 23.

complanula, 16.

distorta, 25.

dives, 14.

igas, 7, 8.

gilveola, 18.

griseola, 16.

helveola, 17,

innotata, 19.

insolita, 19, 20.

intermiata, 17.

magnifica, 13.

muscerda, 27.

natara, 15.

nigrifrons, 17.

nigripars, 19,

Lithosia

nivea, 15.

quadra, 14.

remelana, 10.

reticulata, 20.

rotundipennis, 23.

sambara, 19.

sarawaca, 15.

serva, 15, 16.

stramineola, 16.

vagesa, 19.

varana, 15.

vetusta, 16.

viridata, 19.

Litorina

melanacme, 817.

nove-zelandia, 817.

striata, 449.

undulata, 816.

ventricosa, 817.

Lituus

brevis, 499.

Lophius

piscatorius, 220.

Lophogaster

typicus, 780.

Lophosalea

anamallayana, 153.

Lophostrix

stricklandi, 45.

Lophotragus

michianus, 900.

Loriculus

hartlaubi, 107, 340,

708, 709, 937.

regulus, 281.

Loripes

ovum, 870.

Lorius

cyanauchen, 78, 79.

domicella, 79.

hypenochrous, 289.

sguamatus, 86.

Loxia

psittacea, 347.

Loxioides

bailloni, 346.

Loxura

atymnus, 835, 855.

Lucia

dilama, 701, 707.

epius, 701.

Lucinia

cadma, 480.

citrini, 860, 864.

pennsylvanica, 861.

quadrata, 863.

rosea, 860, 864.

tate?, 870.

(Codakia) Zatet,

864, 870.

863,

Lycena

elpis, 833.

kandarpa, 702.

roxus, 833.

picta, 373, 374, 375,

376.

Lyclene

artocarpi, 30.

assamica, 33, 37.

cuneigera, 33.

delicata, 31.

discistriga, 32.

euprepioides, 32.

humilis, 30.

inconspicua, 32.

indistincta, 33, 37.

interserta, 32, 37.

obsoleta, 32, 37.

palmata, 31, 37.

prominens, 31, 37.

radians, 30, 31, 37.

rubricosa, 30, 37.

spilosomoides, 33.

strigipennis, 32.

terminata, 38.

undulosa, 33.

zebrina, 31, 37.

Lyctocoris

campestris, 461, 463.

Lygus

apicalis, 461,

467.

Lymanopoda

euopis, 266.

Lyncornis

macrotis, 944.

mindanensis,

944,

temminckii, 944.

936,

Macacus

cynomolgus, 791.

Macaria

acidaliata, 491.

nora, 851, 858.

Machzeropterus

pyrocephalus, 139.

Macherorhynchus

xanthogenys, 95.

Macotasa

biplagella, 25, 37.

Macrobrochis

gigas, 7, 8.

interstitialis, 7.

leucospilota, 8.

nigrescens, 8.

Macrocercus

macao, 77.

Macroglossa

luteata, 844, 856.

orientalis, 844, 856.

463,

INDEX.

Macrones

vittatus, 218.

Macronus

striaticeps, 110,

115, 949.

Macronyx

croceus, 356.

striolatus, 356.

Macropodus

pugnax, 215.

Macropteryx

comata, D44.

mystacea, 81, 95.

Macropygia

amboinensis, 82, 90.

browni, 671, 673.

doreya, 90, 99.

eurycerca, 280, 288,

952.

keyensis, 89.

phasianella, 89, 99.

tenuirostris, 288.

turtur, 89.

Macrorhaphis

acuta, 464.

Macroschisma

tasmanie, 868.

Macroxus

adolphet, 662.

boothia, 663.

chrysosurus, 669.

flaviventris, 668.

fraseri, 441, 664, 665,

669.

griseoflavus, 660.

griseogena, 667.

irroratus, 668.

kuhlii, 668, 670.

leucogaster, 668.

leucops, 660.

maurus, 660.

medellinensis,

669.

melania, 662.

morio, 660.

nicoyana, 662, 664.

pyladei, 662.

teniurus, 668, 669.

tephrogaster, 668, 669.

minor, 669.

canthotus, 667.

Mepha

ditus, 385.

Mahathala

ameria, 703, 707.

(Amblypodia) ameria,

836.

114,

668,

Mahavira

Alavicollis, 11, 36.

| Majaqueus

equinoctialis, 773.

1039

Malacoptila

panamensis, 47.

Mangalura

dobsoni, 303.

Manis

temmincki, 632.

Mantis

bicornis, 586.

coronatus, 586.

monstrosus, 583.

Manucodia

atra, 98.

gouldt, 125.

keraudreni, 123.

Manulea

calamaria, 18.

gilveola, 18.

Mareca

sibilatrix, 436.

Margarodes

conchylalis, 850,

vertumnalis, 850.

Margaronia

marthesiusalis, 850.

quadristigmalis, 493.

Margarornis

rubiginosa, 60.

Marginella

turbinata, 866.

volutiformis, 865.

Marinula

xanthostoma, 869.

Marpesia

elucha, 480.

Mascaria

crocea, 311.

Mastostethus

salvini, 983.

Mecoceras

bitactaria, 491.

Mecyna

reversalis, 494.

Megacephalon

mileo, 629, 630.

Megaceros

hibernicus, 891.

Megaderma

spasma, 879.

Megalema

asiatica, 932.

Megalomastoma

litteratum, 311.

Megaloprepia

assimilis, 126, 574.

bernsteint, 573.

formosa, 544.

magnifica, 575.

perlata, 558.

puella, 574.

Megalopterus

plumbeus, 211, 272.

1040

Megalurus

ruficeps, 285.

Megapodius

cumingi, 624.

dillwyni, 953.

duperreyz, 100.

eremita, 289, 290, 671,

73.

hueskeri, 290, 673.

reinwardtii, 100.

rubrifrons, 290, 673.

rubripes, 100, 629.

rufipes, 100.

tumulus, 126.

Megarhaphis

wollastoni, 461,

464.

Megarhynchus

priangua, 63.

Megerlia

jefireysi, 406, 407,

415.

463,

monstruosa, 399, 411.

sanguinea, 407.

truncata, 399, 405, 406,

410, 411.

Melsenornis

edolioides, 128.

Melagayia

melandcaplals: 200.

Melanerpes

formicivorus, 49.

Melania

dicksoni, 728, 732.

dolorosa, 730.

formosensis, 728, 732.

monstrosa, 729.

obliquigranosa, 729,

732.

subplicatula, 729,

43a.

tuberculata, 729, 732.

Melanitis

bela, 824, 853.

asmene, 696, 706, 824,

853.

Melanitta

fusca, 479.

Melanobatrachus

indicus, 722.

Melanopelargus

episcopus, 344, 953.

Melanopitta

cucullata, 949.

muelleri, 949.

sordida, 949.

steerii, 949.

Mellisuga

coccinea, 347,

Melo

miltonis, 865.

INDEX.

Melonycteris

melanops, 316.

Melozone

leucotis, 40, 56.

Melursus

labiatus, 378.

Mergus

serrator, 479.

Merops

albicollis, 355.

bicolor, 282, 340,

937.

hirundineus, 355.

minutus, 355.

miger, 347.

ornatus, 121.

philippinus, 107, 282,

340, 709.

pusillus, 355.

superciliosus,

355.

Mesene

@rope, 363.

ignicauda, 363.

pyrippe, 363.

sagaris, 363.

silaris, 363.

tyriotes, 363.

Messaras

erymanthis, 699, 707,

27, 854.

Metabletus

tartarus, 719.

Metacanthus

concolor, 461, 462.

Metaxyonycha

rufolimbata, 987.

Metopiana

peposaca, 479.

Micrastur

semitorquatus, 44.

Microchera

parvirostris, 69.

Microglossum

alecto, 92.

aterrimum, 92, 125.

pps ees "

erythrogenys, 937.

Micronia

aculeata, 852, 858.

grammearia, 852,

858.

vagata, 852, 858.

Micropterus

cinereus, 437.

Miletus

chinensis,

707.

Milvago

chimachima, 849.

chimango, 435.

131,

701,

Milvulus

forficatus, 65.

Mimeta

flavocinctus, 123.

viridis, 123.

Mino

dumonti, 98.

Mionectes

oleaginus, 63.

iro

albifrons, 578.

Mithuna

quadriplaga, 21, 37.

Mitra

acuta, 797, 798.

annulata, 798.

berthe, 797, 798.

deburghie, 798.

flammea, 814.

fulvo-lirata, 797, 798.

incisa, 814.

lincolnensis, 865.

marie, 813, 821.

mesta, 813, 821.

nitens, &! 4.

pica, 865.

puncturata, 798.

schomburgki, 318, 314,

865.

tatei, 861, 864, 865.

(Callithea) acupicta,

814.

( ) obeliscus, 815.

(Cancilla) annulata,

814.

(——) philippinarum,

814

(Chrysame) tabanula,

814.

(Costellaria) deshayest,

815.

(——) exasperata,

815.

(——) lincolnensis, 313,

(Cylindra) undulosa,

814

Mitrephorus

auranttiventris, 64.

Mixornis

capitalis, 107, 110, 114,

115, 342, 380.

woodi, 617.

Mniotilta

varia, 2.

Modiolaria

barbata, 871.

Mohoa

nobilis, 347.

| Molops

pileferus, 718.

Molossus

abrasus, 879.

rufus, 879.

Molothrus

eneus, 59.

Momotus

equatorialis, 100.

brasiliensis, 100.

lessoni, 48, 49, 100,

101.

Monarcha

alecto, 289, 671.

chrysomelas, 671.

fulviventris, 83, 84.

inornatus, 83, 671,

672.

insularis, 579.

verticalis, 671.

Monticola

solitarius, 342, 380,

619, 949.

Morasa

lorimeri, 387.

modesta, 387.

Morococcyx

erythropygus, 48.

Morrisia

davidsoni, 412.

gigantea, 411, 412.

Moschus

moschiferus, 1.

Mulona

lapidaria, 484.

Munia

jagori, 287, 348, 710,

951.

malabarica, 348.

nisoria, 348.

punctularia, 348.

Murex

angast, 864.

tetragonus, 806.

(Muricidea) barclay-

anus, 806.

(—) eirrosus, 806.

(——) rusticus, 806,

821

(Ocinebra) breviculus,

806.

Muscicapa

banyumas, 615.

cantatrix, 615.

inornatus, 83, 84.

lugubris, 802.

megarhyncha, 96.

obscura, 347.

sandvicensis, 346.

Muscipipra

vetula, 339.

INDEX.

Muscivora

mexicana, 63.

| Mustelus

antarcticus, 116.

Mycalesis

anaxias, 825, 853.

blasius, 825, 8538.

charaka, 696, 706.

dorycus, 645,

medus, 645.

mineus, 825, 858.

mnasicles, 825.

perseus, 696, 706, 825,

853.

runeka, 696, 706, 825, |

853. |

Mycetes

palliatus, 38.

Myiadestes

melanops, 51.

Myiarchus

cinerascens, 64.

crinitus, 38, 64.

lawrencei, 64.

nigricapillus, 64.

panamensis, 64.

semirufus, 138.

Myiobius

erythrurus, 64.

sulphureipygius, 64.

Myiodynastes

lutewventris, 63.

Myiolestes

aruensis, 96.

phajonotus, 84.

Myiopsar

eryptopyrrhus, 803.

Myiozetetes

texensis, 63.

Myodioctes

pusillus, 52.

Myoxus

guerlingus, 668.

Myrina

freja, 834, 855.

hiemalis, 640, 6438.

nivea, 640, 643.

Mpyristicivora

bicolor, 89, 113, 952.

luctuosa, 89.

melanura, 89.

spilorrhoa, 89.

Myrmeciza

immaculata, 61.

Myrmedobia

fuliginea, 461, 466.

Myrmotherula

melena, 39, 61.

menetriesi, 61.

Mysella

anomala, 863, 870.

}

1041

Mysella

donaciformis, 863, 864,

870.

Mysis

oculata, 787.

relicta, 787.

| Mytilus

crenatus, 449.

edulis, 449.

Myxopoda

aurita, 871, 879.

Myzanthe

pygmed, 343, 381, 620.

Myzomela

botei, 84.

cardinalis, 353.

chermesina, 852.

erythrocephala, 97.

nigrita, 97.

obscura, 125.

Nabis

capsiformis, 462, 463,

469.

Nacella

parva, 862, 864, 868.

Nandinia

binotata, 142.

Nanotragus

pygmeus, 884.

tragulus, 742.

Napothera

eleoides, 96.

Narathura

hypomuta, 835.

moolaiana, 835, 855.

Nasiterna

pusio, 289.

Nassa

albescens, 809.

bifaria, 808, 821.

costellifera, 808.

crenulata, 807.

curta, 810.

dispar, 808.

echinata, 810, 821.

elegans, 807.

gemmulifera, 809.

gruneri, 811.

horrida, 810.

intermedia, 865.

jacksoniana, 865.

lurida, 808.

margaritifera, 808.

marginulata, 808,

marratiz, 809, 821.

monile, 808.

muricata, 810.

olivacea, 808.

stigmaria, 808.

subspinosa, 810.

1042 ‘

Nassa

tenia, 808.

trinodosa, 810.

(Arcularia) bimaculosa,

810

(——) callospira, 810.

(——) globosa, 809.

( ) granifera, 810.

(Hima) sistroidea, 809.

Nathalis

iole, 481.

Natica

marochiensis, 866.

Nautilus

imperialis, 966.

pompilius, 955, 958,

961, 962, 969, 970,

974.

striatus, 968, 970.

Nectarinia

aspasia, 289.

aspasioides, 81.

auriceps, 80.

botei, 84.

collaris, 356.

frenata, 79, 125, 289.

fuliginosa, 129.

gutturalis, 355.

insignis, 621.

jardinii, 355.

splendida, 129,

venusta, 130.

Nectarophila

julie, 951.

sperata, 112, 286, 343,

620.

Nehela

vulturina, 462, 473,

477.

Neochera

heliconioides, 6.

marmorea, 847, 857.

Neomorphus

radiolosus, 439.

rufipennis, 439.

Neornis

assimilis, 980, 982.

Neotragus

saltianus, 743.

Neptis

aceris, 639.

adara, 830, 854.

adipala, 830, 854.

andamana, 830.

eurynome, 697.

hainana, 697, 706.

hordonia, 698, 830.

jumba, 830, 854.

kamrupa, 698.

meetana, 830.

plagiosa, 830, 854.

INDEX,

Neptis

rihodona, 698, 706.

varmona, 830.

Nesocichla

eremita, 577.

Nesospiza

acunhe, 577.

Nezara

viridula, 461, 463, 464.

Nigrita

canicapilla, 130.

emilie, 130.

Ninox

boobooks 121.

Japonica, 940.

lugubris, 936, 940.

philippinensis, 940.

solomonis, 290.

spilocephala, 936, 939.

Nishada

flabrifera, 23.

Nisoniades

diocles, 842.

Nisus

poliocephalus, 91.

tachiro, 354.

Noctilio

leporinus, 880.

Noctua

variegata, 290.

Noda

balyi, 985.

boucardi, 986.

lefevrei, 985, 986.

propingua, 986.

rufipes, 986.

semicostata, 985.

violaceipennis, 987.

viridis, 985, 986.

Notaphus

semifasciatus, 602,

Notauges

albicapillus, 721.

hildebrandti, 721.

superbus, 721.

Nothocercus

bonapartii, 41.

Notidanus

cinereus, 116.

Notiobia

cupreola, 590.

disparilis, 589.

leiroides, 590.

limbipennis, 590,

parilis, 590.

Nucula

micans, 864, 871.

pusilla, 864.

Nudaria

Sasciata, 36.

margaritacea, 36.

Numenius

pheopus, 90,

uropygialis, 90, 100.

Nychitona

wiphia, 699, 707, 887,

855.

Nyctaleamon

egistus, 490,

docile, 642,

hector, 642.

Nyctemera

latistriga, 846, 857.

separata, 386.

varians, 847.

Nyctereutes

procyonides, 378, 374,

875, 376

Nycticorax

caledonicus, 671, 673.

manillensis, 288, 345.

obscurus, 436.

Nyctidromus

albicollis, 67.

Nyctinomus

plicatus, 879.

Nyctipao

crepuscularis, 642, 849,

Nyctophilus

timoriensis, 876.

Nymphalis

acilia, 646.

Sranckii, 832.

schreiberi, 640.

Nymphidium

adelphinum, 368.

agle, 368.

hematostictum, 367.

ictericum, 367.

lycorias, 368.

phliasus, 368.

sicyon, 368.

velabrum, 368.

Nyroca

leucophthalma, 479.

Nysius

sancte-helene, 461, 464,

465.

thymi, 461, 463,

Obeliscus

brunneus, 866.

Oceanites

oceanicus, 730.

Ochria

niveopicta, 485.

Ochthodromus

inornatus, 127.

Oculina

prolifera, 401.

Ocyalus

wagleri, 58,

Odontophorus

guttatus, 42.

Odostomia

eburnea, 866.

(cophora

biplagella, 25.

C£dirhinus

globifer, 549.

msolitus, 289, 290, 549,

671.

CEinas

arenaria, 234,

bicincta, 234, 256, 257.

cata, 234, 250.

indica, 2384, 254.

namaqua, 234, 252.

Ginops

aura, 45.

falklandica, 435.

Cnistis

dives, 14.

entella, 138, 14, 847,

857.

Gstrelata

brevirostris, 738.

kidderi, '738.

lessoni, 737, 738.

mollis, 577, 738.

sericea, 738,

Omeotreron

batilda, 505,

570.

felicie, 505, 565.

pectoralis, 559.

virens, 505.

Omiza

schistacea, 851, 858,

859.

569,

Oncocarpus

vitiensis, 102.

Opatrum

hadroides, 456.

Ophiocephalus

striatus, 217.

Ophiusa

delinquens, 489.

Orbicula

lamellosa, 415.

norvegica, 415,

rea

gladiator, 683.

Orchilus

ecaudatus, 138.

Oreas

canna, 745,

Oreo

say ae 69.

cinereicauda, 40, 68.

hemileuca, 40, 69.

INDEX.

Oreothraupsis

arremonops, 439.

riolus

Alavocinetus, 123.

larvatus, 856.

viridis, 123.

wvanthonotus, 616.

Ornithoptera

arruana, 647.

boisduvalii, 647.

poseidon, 647.

priamus, 647,

Orthis

anomioides, 411.

bifida, 409.

eusticta, 411.

lunifera, 410, 412.

Orthotomus

castaneiceps, 286.

cinereiceps, 950.

frontalis, 110,708, 710,

950.

ruficeps, 619.

Orthotylus

mutabilis, 461, 467.

nassatus, 467.

Ortygometra

cinerea, 114, 344, 953.

Ortyx

leylandi, 42.

ryx

beatriz, 789.

beisa, 441.

Oryzoborus

atrirostris, 136.

erassirostris, 136, 137.

maximiliant, 137.

melas, 137.

occidentalis, 137.

Osmotreron

axillaris, 118, 287.

vernans, 623, 710,

951.

Osphromenus

olfax, 217.

Ossifraga

gigantea, 737,

Ostinops

montezume, 58,

Otaria

stelleri, 371.

ursina, 371.

Otocyon

lalandii, 376.

Otoglossa

celestina, 607.

obscurella, 608.

Otus

brachyotus, 348, 434.

Oxeoschistus

phaselis, 267.

1043

Oxeoschistus

rogersi, 267.

Oxycerca

everetti, 622.

leucogaster, 622.

Oxyechus

vociferus, 44.

Oxyurus

spinicauda, 433.

Pachyarches

marthesiusalis, 850,

858.

vertumnalis, 850, 858.

Pachycephala

sp., 121, 122.

albicollis, 79.

brunnea, 84.

flavifrons, 351.

melanura, 79.

mentalis, '79.

nigrimentum, 79.

icterotides, 351.

pheonota, 84.

senex, 84.

Pachylia

Jicus, ar

Pachyptila

Kaa kei 739.

Pachyrhamphus

cinereiventris, 65.

versicolor, 65.

Pachythone

gigas, 364.

Pagodroma

nivea, 737.

Pagophila

Geckapinl 162,

eburnea, 159, 162, 175.

nivea, 162.

Palemon

canaliculatus, 298.

lacustris, 787.

Palinurus

vulgaris, 292, 442.

Pamphila

augias, 690, 691.

bambuse, 691, 695, 842,

856.

brahma, 691, 692, 695.

confucius, 703, 707.

ethlius, 482.

insolata, cage

luteisquama, 3

masoni, 842, 856, 858.

mathias, 691, 843, 856.

nyctelius, 482.

otho, 483.

palmarum, 690, 695,

phylus, 482,

stva, 692,

1044

Paphia

portia, 480.

Paphiosa

helene, 70.

Papilio

abderus, 271.

aceris, 639.

amphila

subhyalina, 692.

subochracea, 691.

sylvanus, 689.

utha, 482.

andion

leucocephalus, 86.

solitarius, 348.

anglima

narcissus, 7.

angus

metallicus, 592.

antana

ampla, 705, 708.

‘anterpe

insignis, 40, 71.

achates, 641, 697, 706.

elianus, 833.

affinis, 644.

agamemnon, 841, 856.

agenor, 641.

aglea, 695.

alexis, 833.

alimena, 647.

almana, 699, 828.

amasene, 700.

androgeos, 841, 856.

antiphates, 641, 841,

856. H

arcadia, 824.

arcesilaus, 827.

aristolochie, 840, 856.

arsinoé, 646.

asclepius, 271.

atymnus, 835.

avia, 699.

axion, 697, ‘706.

beticus, 702.

baldus, 825.

biblis, 699,

blasius, 825.

canidia, 701.

castor, 840, 841.

catilla, 640, 837.

chrysippe, 645.

cheeeeee 638, 695,

cocles, 698.

codrus, 735.

columbina, 699.

eresphontes, 481.

crocale, 837.

dione, 701.

diphilus, 840.

dirtea, 639.

INDEX.

Papilio

doubledayi, 840, 856.

erechtheus, 648.

erymanthis, 699, 827.

euchenor, 648.

ewmeus, 697.

europa, 696.

euryphilus, 697.

eurypylus, 641.

evippe, 700.

flegyas, 832.

Freja, 834. |

glaucippe, 837.

gliciria, 701.

noma, 699. |

hecabe, 641, 647, 836.

hegisippus, 638.

helenus, 696, 706, 840, |

856. |

homerus, 481.

iacintha, 699.

ida, 639.

iphita, 646, 828.

ismene, 696, 824. |

iswara, 641.

Juventa, 637.

lais, 638.

laius, 702.

laomedia, 639, 698,

828.

lemonias, 698, 828.

leodamas, 648.

leucothoé, 697.

limniace, 695.

lisias, 883.

mahadeva, 840, 841,

856, 858.

malayanus, 697, 705.

medus, 645. !

megarus, 697, 706, 840, |

856.

memnon, 641.

midamus, 825.

mineus, 825. |

mulciber, 638.

nerina, 297, 647.

nina, 699, 837.

nomius, 697.

enone, 698.

onpape, 840, 856.

orithyia, 828.

pammon, 641, 696, 706, |

840, 856.

panope, 697, 840.

pasithoé, 701, 839.

pelaus, 481.

perseus, 696, 825.

phalanta, 699.

phidippus, 638, 826.

philoxenus, 840, 856.

plexippus, 695.

Papilio

polydamas, 481.

polydorus, 648.

polytes, 641, 696,

840.

poseidon, 647.

pyrene, 700.

rhadamanthus, 822.

risa, 829,

rohria, 824.

sarpedon, 641, 841,

856

56.

saturata, 697, 706.

segonax, 734.

sesia, 700.

similis, 637.

sinon, 481.

syedra, 271.

telearchus, 839, 856.

thersites, 481.

thrar, 641.

tullia, 826.

vellida, 297, 646.

venilia, 646.

xenocles, 840, 856.

xiphia, 699, 837.

zeleucus, 841, 856.

zelmira, 700, 839.

zoilus, 644.

| Parablepharis

kuhlii, 586.

Paradisea

apoda, 98, 792.

minor, 681, 792.

Paranephrops

planifrons, 770.

Paraona

splendens, 8, 36,

Parastacus

brasiliensis, 759.

| Parthenia

gracilis, 862, 864,

867.

Parthenos

apicalis, 829, 854.

gambrisius, 829.

Parula

gutturalis, 39, 40, 52.

| Parus

diffusus, 358,

domesticus, 57.

elegans, 286.

swainsoni, 358.

Patella

anomala, 414.

distorta, 415.

Pecten

albo-lineatus, 820.

Pectunculus

laticostatus, 871.

_—

Pedaliodes

cremera, 267.

praxithea, 266, 267.

triaria, 266, 267.

Pelagodroma

marina, 577, 736.

Pelargopsis

gigantea, 108, 3541,

943.

Pelecanoides

garnoti, 739.

urinatrixc, 739.

Pelecanopus ~

pelecanoides, 212, 272.

Pelecanus

leucogaster, 651.

piscator, 651.

sula, 651.

Pelidnota

chrysargyrea, 294.

Pelosia

muscerda, 27.

Penzus

affinis, 304, 308.

antennatus, 309.

avirostris, 304, 308.

barbatus, 304.

brevicornis, 308.

canaliculatus, 298,

306.

caramote, 299, 306.

carinatus, 300.

constrictus, 304, 308.

crassicornis, 302.

eurrirostris, 300, 307.

distinctus, 302.

dobsoni, 298, 302, 303,

305, 307, 310.

edwardsianus, 298, 308,

g is, 308.

nhs 300, 306,

310.

indicus, 301, 307.

kroyeri, 305, 307.

lamellatus, 308.

longirostris, 301.

marginatus, 299.

membranaceus, 301,

307.

monoceros, 301, 307.

monodon, 299, 300,

307.

plebejus, 299.

odophthalmus, 308.

pubescens, 304.

INDEX.

Penzeus

sculptilis, 300, 303,

304, 306

sem isiloatus, 299, 300,

306,

setiferus, 307.

siphonocerus, 301, 302.

stenodactylus, 308.

styliferus, 804, 305,

307

styliretrés 301.

tahitensis, 300.

tenuis, 308.

velutinus, 304.

Penelope

purpurascens, 42.

Penelopides

affinis, 108, 341, 947.

manille, 341,

panini, 233, 341.

Penthema

darlisa, 829, 854.

lisarda, 829.

Peosina

mexicana, 487.

aumeria, 487.

Perdix

aragonica, 245.

indica, 254.

Pericompsus

longulus, 601.

Peridrome

orbicularis, 847, 857

Perigea

mobilis, 486.

Perina

basalis, 848, 857.

Periophthalmus

schlosseri, 218.

Peristera

tympanistria, 131.

Perna

(Isognomon) samoensis,

Petasophora

cabanisi, 69.

cyanotis, 69.

thalassina, 68.

Petreeca

kleinschmidti, 655.

pusilla, 655.

Pezopetes

capitalis, 39, 40,55.

Pezophaps

solitaria, 291.

Phabotreron

amethystina, 118, 381,

505.

brevirostris, 118, 344,

952.

leucotis, 952.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LXIX.

1045

Pheenorhina

goliath, 104, 105.

Phaéthon

ethereus, 651.

flavirostris, 651.

Phaéthornis

enilie, 67.

longirostris, 67.

Phainoptila

melanoxantha, 39, 40,

35.

Phakellura

hyalinata, 493.

nitidalis, 493.

Phalacrocorax

albiventris, 652.

carunculatus, 652.

imperialis, 652, 653.

VEITUCOSUS, 652.

Phalena

alciphron, 847.

caprimulgus, 848.

crepuscularis, 849.

entella, 847.

glaucopis, ‘704.

manlia, 848.

militaris, 704, 846.

procopialis, 850.

pulchella, 704.

rosalia, 851.

(Attacus) erepuscularis,

642.

pe) silvandra,

Soa Os

melicerte, 298,

Phalaropus

hyperboreus, 579.

Phaos

fascinula, 385, 384.

lacteatum, 384.

nexum, 384.

nigriceps, 383.

notatum, 388.

vigens, 383.

Pharomacrus

costaricensis, 40,

mocinno, 48.

Phasianus

- versicolor, 579.

Pheucticus

tibialis, 58.

Philampelus

satellitia, 483.

Philemon

buceroides, 124.

cockerelli, 289.

plumigenis, 88, 289.

Philentoma

albiventris, 284.

1046

Philentoma

cyaniceps, 284.

Philyaues

rufo-brunneus, 59.

Phlogeenas

crinigera, 952.

Phlogothraupis

sanguinoienta, 5d.

Pheebetria

fuliginosa, 740.

Pheenicophaes

curvirostris, 613.

erythrognathus, 613.

harringtoni, 613.

Pheenicothraupis

Suscicauda, 55.

Pholidauges

leucogaster, 130, 357.

verreauat, 357.

Phonipara

pusilla, 58.

Phorus

solarioides, 818.

Phos

cyanostoma, 811.

roseatum, 811.

senticosum, 811.

textum, 811.

Phrygilus

gayt, 432.

melanoderus, 432.

Phurys

garnoti, 488.

Phyciodes

ardys, 268, 269.

boucardi, 268.

cyneas, 269.

drymed, 268.

elada, 268.

frisia, 480.

leanira, 269.

nebulosa, 269.

orseis, 267.

subota, 268.

thebais, 267.

Phyllopneuste

borealis, 342, 950.

Phylloptera

segonoides, 648, 649. _

Phyllorhina

armigera, 878.

bicolor, 878.

calearata, 317.

cervind, 317, 876.

commersont, 879.

coronata, 318.

cyclops, 878.

diadema, 878,

fulva, 878.

galerita, 317.

larvata, 878.

INDEX.

Phyllorhina

tricuspidata, 317, 876.

Phyllornis

palawanensis, 619.

Phylloscopus

borealis, 342, 950.

Piaya

wehleri, 48.

ica

mystacalis, 138.

Picolaptes

compressus, 60.

Picumnus

sclateri, 140.

Picus

maculatus, 943.

nanus, 943.

validirostris, 943.

Pidorus

glaucopis, 704, 708.

Pieris

amba, 839.

aruna, 734.

clemanthe, 838, 839.

copia, 700,

descombesi, 734, 839.

eurygania, 734.

helferi, 839.

lea, 838.

lyted, 734.

madetes, 733.

nama, 838.

neombo, 838.

paulina, 838.

Piezorhina

cinerea, 137.

Pinacodera

amblygona, 606.

angulifera, 606.

Pinarolestes

megarhynchus, 9G,

rufigaster, 122.

Pione

heteroclitus, 672.

Pionia

calopteridia, 381.

Pionias

Fuscicapillus, 359.

rhodops, 80, 86.

Pionus

heteroclitus, 672.

senilis, 38, 46.

Pipra

leucorrhoa, 66.

mentalis, 66.

papuensis, 950.

Pitasila

moolaica, 847, 857,

varians, 847.

Pithauria

murdava, 689, 695.

Pithecops

nihana, 702, 707.

Pithys

bicolor, 62.

Pitta

kochi, 430.

Placunanomia

(Monia) tone, 871.

Platalea

ajaja, 44.

Platydia

anomioides, 399, 409,

410, 411, 414.

Platyrhynchus

albigularis, 62.

Platystira

cyanea, 129.

Plautus

glaucus, 165.

Plectrurus

hewstoni, 155.

madurensis, 155.

pulneyensis, 155.

sanguineus, 155.

trilineatus, 155.

Plesioneura

albifasciata, 843, 856,

858.

alysos, 843.

aurivittata, 848, 856,

858

dhanada, 843.

Pleurobranchus

nove-zealandie, 276,

277.

ornatus, 275, 277.

Pleuronectes

flesus, 329.

Pleurotoma

(Drillia) variabilis, 805,

821.

( Jwilmeri,805,821.

Plotus

anhinga, 378, 679, 680,

levaillanti, 378, 679,

680, 681.

Plusiotis

auripes, 295.

badeni, 294, 296.

batesi, 293, 294.

boucardi, 296.

chrysargyred, 293, 294.

costata, 295.

gloriosa, 295, 296.

lacordairei, 295.

leta, 294.

mnizechii, 296.

prasina, 295.

Plusiotis

psittacina, 294, 296.

rodriguezt, 295, 296.

sallei, 295.

victorina, 296.

Poaphila

cinerea, 488.

Podargus

papuensis, 121.

Peeocephalus

Fuscicapillus,

359.

Pceoptera

eryptopyrrha, 802,

803.

358,

lugubris, 802, 803.

Pogonorhynehus

bidentatus, 932.

melanopterus, 359.

Polioaétus

solitarius, 348.

Poliolophus

wrostictus, 110, 3880,

949.

Polpochila

mexicana, 589.

Polyborus

tharus, 231, 232,

3D.

Polyodon

foliosus, 117,

Polyommatus

argia, 702.

laius, 702, 707.

similis, 702, 707.

varunana, 702, 707.

Polyplectron

emphanes, 623, 792.

napoleonis, 623, 792.

Polypterus

bichir, 117.

Pompelon

ampliatum, 387.

marginatum, 387.

Popa

aschmoliana, 584.

Poronia

australis, 870.

Porzana

erythrothorax, 344.

fusca, 344, 953.

hauaswelli, 135.

Potamophora

manlia, 848, 857.

Potera

marginata, 852, 858,

859.

Prabhasa

costalis, 26.

flavicosta, 26, 27.

zenosa, 26, 37.

INDEX.

Pratincola

albofasciata, 979.

caprata, 710.

indica, 979,

maura, 980.

pastor, 979.

rubicola, 979.

semitorquata, 979.

Precis

iphita, 828, 854.

Prinia

cinereocapilla, 370,

371.

cursitans, 710.

hodgsoni, 370.

poliocephala, 370, 371.

stewarti, 370, 371.

Prion

bankst, 739.

desolatus, 738.

vittatus, 739.

Prioneris

clemanthe, 839, 856.

watsom, 839, 856.

Prionirhynchus

carinatus, 39, 49.

Prioniturus

discurus, 379, 937.

Prionochilus

olivaceus, 107, 111.

Prionodera

elegans, 987.

Prionops

graculinus, 357.

Prionus

corpulentus, 720.

Pristiophorus

japonicus, 117.

Pristis

cuspidatus, 117.

Procellaria

equinoctialis, 737.

antarctica, 737.

brevirostris, 738.

capensis, 737.

cinerea, 737.

desolata, 738.

gigantea, 737.

glacialoides, 736.

grallaria, 735.

lessoni, 737.

leucogastra, 736.

marina, 736.

melanogaster, 766.

mollis, 738.

nived, 737.

oceanica, 730.

urinatria

Procellarus

heermanni, 184.

neglectus, 161, 184.

1047

Procelsterna

albivitta, 212, 272.

cinerea, 272.

tereticollis, 211, 272.

Prodenia

ignobilis, 485.

pauper, 485.

Proteides

amyntas, 482,

Prothoé

franckii, 832, 854.

Protoparce

cingulata, 484.

Jamaicensis, 484.

rustica, 484.

Psallus

flavosparsus, 462,

468.

lutosus, 462, 468,

469.

vinaceus, 462, 469.

Psarisomus

dalhousieg, 148.

Pseudaxis

euopis, 908.

sika, 902, 909.

Pseudocolaptes

boissoneauti, 59.

Pseudoprion

banksi, 739.

desolatus, 738.

Pseudoptynx

gurneyt, 936, 940,

941.

philippensis, 941.

Pseudosphinx

tetrio, 484.

Psilorhinus

morio, 59.

Psittacula

melanogenia, 92.

Psittacus

alecto, 92.

capistratus, 86.

cyanauchen, 79.

domicella, 79.

fuscicapillus, 80, 359.

grandis, 78.

heteroclitus, 672.

megalorhynchus, 78.

polychlorus, 92.

rhodops, 80.

roratus, 78.

seintillatus, 93.

(Hos) bernsteini, 86.

Psittirostra

psittaced, 347.

Pterocles

alchata, 287, 288,

239, 244, 247, 250,

201.

1048

Pterocles

arenarius, 238, 234, 238,

239, 242, 244, 245,

246, 251.

bicinctus, 234, 237, 240,

255, 257, 258, 259.

caspius, 251,

coronatus, 234, 237, 238,

239, 242, 244.

decoratus, 234, 237, 238,

240, 260.

exustus, 234, 287, 288,

239, 243, 248.

fasciatus, 238, 238, 239,

254, 256, 259.

gutturalis, 234, 237,

239, 241, 243, 256.

lichtensteini, 234, 237,

238, 240, 258.

maculosus, 245,

namaqua, 237, 239, 241,

252.

pallasi, 234,

personatus, 234, 289,

240,

quadricinctus, 234, 237,

238, 240, 254, 257,

258, 260.

senegalensis, 243, 248.

senegalus, 233, 237, 238,

239, 248, 244, 247.

sepultus, 236.

setarius, 234, 250.

simplex, 252.

tachypetes, 234, 252.

tricinctus, 234, 237, 256,

257, 258, 260.

variegatus, 284, 237,

239, 244.

Pteroclurus

alchata, 251.

exustus, 248.

namaqua, 253.

senegalus, 243.

Pterocyclos

albersi, 499.

parvus, 499.

Pterocypha

stellata, 492.

Pteroglossus

frantzit, 47.

torquatus, 46.

Pterophorus

aspilodactylus, 495.

Pteropus

aneiteanus, 874.

capistratus, 315.

germaini, 874.

hypomelanus, 875.

keraudreni, 875.

medius, 874.

INDEX,

Pteropus

melanopogon, 315.

i ie 315.

vanicorensis, 875.

vetulus, 874.

(Cheiropteruges) albo-

scapulatus, 316.

Ptilinopus

albocinetus, 571.

apicalis, 527.

cesarinus, 545,

chaleurus, 529.

chrysogaster, 541.

clementine, 535.

coralensis, 528,

corriei, 566.

cyanovirens, 543,

diadematus, 540.

dupetit-thouarsi, 539.

emilie, 589.

ewingit, 533.

fasciatus, 535.

felicie, 565.

Jischeri, 571.

flavicollis, 533.

flavigaster, 540,

Surcatus, 541.

gestrot, 557.

huttoni, 588. Q

hypogaster, 558.

pep) 543.

luteovirens, 565.

marie, 545.

melanocephalus, 552.

melanocephalus celeben-

sis, 552.

mercieri, 536.

miquelt, 563.

monachus, 550.

nuchalis, 558.

occipitalis, 569.

pelewensis, 581.

perouset, 545.

porphyraceus, 525.

porphyreus, 553, 554.

purpuratus, 533, 540,

542,

rarotongensis, 534.

roseicapillus, 537.

strophium, 568.

superbus, 543.

swainsoni, 531.

viridis, 560.

viridissimus, 528.

Ptilocolpa

griseipectus, 937, 952.

Ptilogonys

caudatus, 39, 53.

Ptilonopus

apicalis, 527, 530.

aurantiifrons, 556.

Ptilonopus

bellus, 563.

chaleurus, 529.

chrysogaster, 541.

cinctus, 572.

clementine, 535.

coralensis, 528.

coronulatus, 99, 546.

diadematus, 540.

dupetit-thouarsi, 539.

erythrocephalus, 554.

eugenia, 561.

ewingit, 53d.

fasciatus, 5380, 5385.

flavicollis, 533.

flavipectus, 533.

Sformosus, 544.

geminus, 546.

gularis, 570.

humeralis, 548.

hyogaster, 558.

tonozonus, 547.

zozonus, 99, 547.

gambu, 554.

luteovirens, 565.

marginalis, 547.

marie, 54d.

melanocephalus, 552.

merciert, 537.

monachus, 550.

nana, 549.

nanus, 550,

ochrogaster, 573.

pectoralis, 559.

perlatus, 558.

perousei, 545.

ponapensis, 535.

prasinorrhous, 562.

pulehellus, 551.

purpuratus, 525, 588,

542.

purpureicinctus, 587.

rivoli, 561.

roseicapillus, 537.

roseicollis, 554.

roseipectus, 559,

senex, 546.

solomonensis, 561.

strophium, 568.

suluensis, 553.

superbus, 543.

swainsoni, 532.

taitensis, 541.

trigeminus, 547.

virens, 559.

viridis, 560.

viridissimus, 528.

wallacei, 55d.

aanthogaster, 540.

(Cyanotreron) mona-

chus, 550.

ple ite ee ee

Ptilonopus

(Lotreron) iogaster, 559.

(Lamprotreron) —sw-

perbus, 543.

Ptilonorhynchus

melanotis, 99.

Ptilopus

albocinctus, 505, 518,

23, 571, 573.

apicalis, 504, 515, 519,

527, 580, 536.

assimilis, 503, 512, 518,

523, 578, 574, 575.

aurantiicollis, 556.

aurantiifrons, 505, 508,

517, 518, 521, 556.

batilda, 504, 570.

bellus, 506, 508, 517,

522, 563.

bernsteini, 505, 518,

523, 554, 572, 573.

bonapartei, 504, 505,

507, 516, 519, 524,

525.

chaleurus, 505, 515,

519, 529.

chrysogaster, 503, 508,

515, 520, 541.

chrysorrhous, 506, 518,

521, 553.

einetus, 502, 509, 512,

518, 523, 554, 571,

572, 578.

cinctus florensis, 571.

cinctus lettiensis, 506,

572.

clementine, 504, 535,

coralensis, 503, 504, 515,

519, 527, 528, 529,

532.

coronulatus, 99, 505,

511, 517, 518, 520,

546, 547.

corriei, 506, 516, 522,

566.

eyanovirens, 503.

diademata, 502,504,540.

dupetit-thouarsii, 503,

508, 512, 515, 520,

539.

eugenia, 504, 516, 522,

561

ewingit, 503, 504, 507,

518, 519, 526, 532,

533, 534.

fasciatus, 503, 504, 507,

510, 516, 520, 520,

580, 532, 534, 535,

536.

felicie, 504.

INDEX.

Ptilopus

Jischert, 506, 518, 523,

571

flavicollis, 504, 583.

Fformosus, 505, 544, 572,

573.

forsteri, 527.

Furcatus, 503.

geelvinckianus, 506,

511, 517, 522, 560.

geminus, 506, 516, 517,

520, 546, 547.

gestrot, 506, 518, 521,

Date

geversi, 568.

greyi, 504, 507, 516,

519, 523, 524.

gularis, 509, 512, 518,

522, 570, 572, 573.

hugonianus, 568, 569.

humeralis, 505, 517,

521, 548.

humeralis jobiensis, 506,

548, 549.

huitoni, 506, 515, 520,

538.

hyogaster, 502.

insolitus, 505, 508, 512,

513, 516, 521, 549.

togaster, 510, 513, 518,

522, 558, 559.

tonozonus, 99, 547.

tozonus, 99, 505, 517,

521, 547.

Jjambu, 503, 518, 521,

545.

Jobiensis, 506, 508, 517,

521, 548, 549.

Johannis, 506, 516, 522,

564.

layardi, 506, 516, 522,

566, 567.

leclancheri, 504, 518,

522, 568, 569, 573.

lettiensis, 506, 508, 518,

523, 572.

luteovirens, 503, 504,

505, 508, 511, 512,

516, 522, 565, 566,

567.

maculatus, 503.

magnificus, 502, 510,

512, 513, 517, 518,

GBS BB AaT tay

marie, 504, 545.

melanauchen, 552.

melanocephalus, 503,

518, 519, 521, 551,

552, 553, 936, 951.

melanospilus, 506, 518,

521, 552.

1049

Ptilopus

merciert, 504, 508, 515,

520, 536.

miquelt, 563.

monachus, 502, 503,

512, 518, 521, 550.

musschenbroeki, 560,

561.

nanus, 502, 517, 521,

549, 550.

neglectus, 506, 516,

519, 524.

nove-guince, 5d6.

occipitalis, 503, 504,

509, 512, 518, 522,

569, 570.

ochrogaster, 573.

ornatus, 506, 508, 517,

518, 521, 556, 557.

pectoralis, 502, 503,

508, 517, 522, 559.

pelewensis, 505, 516,

519, 531.

perlatus, 502, 509, 512,

513, 517, 518, 522,

557, 558, 573.

perousti, 503, 504, 515,

516, 520, 545.

pictiventris, 507, 515,

516, 519, 530.

ponapensis, 501, 507,

5386.

porphyraceus, 504, 505,

527, 529, 535.

porphyreus, 502, 503,

519, 521, 558, 554,

570.

prasinorrhous, 505, 517,

518, 522, 562.

puella, 512, 516, 517,

573, 574, 575.

pulchellus, 502, 504,

517,521, 5512

pulcherrimus, 503.

purpuratus, 502, 503,

504, 505, 507, 508,

512, 515, 516, 519,

523, 524, 525, 526,

527, 541.

purpureo-leucocephalus,

5038

rarotongensis, 506, 515,

520, 534.

regina, 502, 503, 504,

507, 512, 518, 519,

531, 5382, 542.

rivolit, 503, 516, 522,

561, 562, 563.

roseicapillus, 503, 504,

516, 520, 537.

roseicollis, 503.

1050

Ptilopus

solomonensis, 562.

speciosus, 506, 522, 564,

565.

strophium, 508, 516,

517, 522, 563.

superbus, 121, 126, 502,

503, 504, 511, 512,

516, 517, 518, 520,

542, 548, 544, 545.

swainsoni, 503, 504,

532, 548.

taitensis, 502, 508, 507,

508, 515, 520, 526,

27, 541.

temminckii, 504, 505,

518, 520, 544.

trigeminus, 506, 517,

520, 547.

victor, 506, 508, 511,

516, 522, 566, 568.

virens, 503.

viridis, 506, 518, 522,

560, 561.

viridis geelvinckianus,

506, 560.

viridissimus, 508, 504,

528, 529, 532.

wallacei, 505, 518, 521,

555.

wanthogaster, 502, 504,

507, 518, 520, 540,

541,

swanthorrhous, 506, 508,

518, 521, 553, 951.

zonurus, 506, 518, 522,

558.

Ptilorhis

alberti, 128.

Ptiloris

alberti, 123.

magnificus, 123,

Ptilotis

chrysotis, 124.

filigera, 97, 124.

lewini, 124.

Ptinilopus

marie, 545.

Pudu

humilis, 887, 927.

Puffinuria

garnoti, 739.

Pyecnonotus

barbatus, 129.

nigricans, 356.

Pygarrhicus

albigularis, 433.

1s ornis

Pali. 67, 68.

Pygosceles

teniatus, 653."

INDEX.

’ Pygosceles

wagleri, 653.

Pyranga

bidentata, 55.

erythromelena, 5d.

rubra, 55.

Pyrenestes

capitalbus, 130.

Pyrgisoma

cabanisi, 38, 56.

leucote, 56.

Pyromelana

capensis, 308.

nigriventris, 358.

Pyrrhocentor

melanops, 108, 946.

Pyrrhophzna

riefferi, 88, 70, 71.

Pytelia

melba, 358.

Querquedula

eatoni, 578.

Rallina

euryzonoides, 288, 345.

fasciata, 288.

Rallus

antarcticus, 437.

pectoralis, 120, 127.

Ramphastos

ariel, 988.

tocard, 46.

toco, 933.

Ramphiculus

Jjambu, 554.

occipitalis, 569, 952.

Ramphocelus

passerinit, 5d.

Ramphocenus

semitorquatus, 61.

Ranella

pusilla, 815, 821.

rosea, 815, 816.

Ranghana

punctata, 22, 37.

Rangifer

caribou, 928.

grenlandicus, 928.

tarandus, 887, 927, 928.

Rectes

aruénsis, 96.

dichrous, 96.

dichrous ceramensis, 96.

draschi, 96.

wropygialis, 96.

Remigia

disseverans, 489.

persubtilis, 489.

Retina

rubrivitta, 846, 857.

Rhabdornis

mystacalis, 113, 951.

Rhaphidognatha

hainana, 704, 708.

Rhescipha

elegans, 489.

servia, 489.

Rhinoceros

indicus, 634.

lasiotis, 634, 636.

sondaicus, 634.

sumatrensis, 634, 635,

636, 790.

Rhinolophus

acuminatus, 878.

affinis, 878.

Rhinopalpa4

algina, 645.

amelia, 645.

Rhipidura

assimilis, 87.

griseicauda, 84.

aura, 87.

rufifrons, 84.

setosa, 87, 289, 671.

squamata, 84.

Rhodostethia

rosea, 157, 208, 210.

rossi, 208.

Rhombodera

tectiformis, 580.

Rhyacophilus

glareola, 711.

Rhynchea

australis, 747, 750.

bengalensis, 746, 747.

capensis, 345, 745, '746,

747, 748, 750, 953.

Rhynchobates

djeddensis, 117.

Rhynchocyclus

sulphurescens, 63.

Rhynchonella

nigricans, 413.

psittacea, 400, 418,

414.

rostrum-psittact, 413.

sicula, 403, 418, 414,

416.

Rhynchonycteris

naso, 880.

Rhyparida

costatipennis, 152.

madagascariensis, 152.

nigricollis, 153.

Ricinula

astricta, 807.

Rissa

borealis, 164.

brachyrhynchus, 164.

brevirostris, 164.

Rissa

brunnichii, 158, 164.

gregaria, 164.

kotzebui, 164.

nivea, 164, 177

septentrionalis, 178

tridactyla, 158, 163,

164, 165, 180.

Rissoina

nivea, 867.

Rosema

costalis, 387.

dorsalis, 387.

Sulvipennis, 387.

myops, 387.

zulica, 387.

Rossia

rosea, 208.

Rostellaria

luteostoma, 313.

Rusa

lepida, 902.

peroni, 903.

Ruticilla

mesoleuca, 979.

phenicura, 979.

Salda

aberrans, 462,

471, 477.

Salpinx

crassa, 822, 823, 853.

hobsoni, 695.

klugi, 695, 823.

margarita, 823, 853.

masoni, 823, 853.

minorata, 695, 706.

rhadamanthus, 822,

853.

Saltator

grandis, 38, 56.

magnoides, 56.

Samea

chlorophasma, 493.

Sapphironia

boucardi, 71.

Sarcophanops

steerti, 110.

Sarcops

calvus, 113, 287, 348,

951.

470,

Sarothropyga

rhodopepla, 387.

Satyrus

dorycus, 645.

duponcheli, 645.

verma, 824.

Saucerottia

sophie, 38, 70, 71.

Sauloprocta

melaleuca, 671.

INDEX.

Sauromarptis

gaudichaudi, 94.

tyro, 94.

Sauropatis

chloris, 83, 94, 108,

282, 341, 709, 937.

sancta, 94.

sordida, 94.

Saxicola

rufa, 881.

stapazina, 881, 976.

Sayornis

aquatica, 62.

Scala

friabilis, 866.

(Opalia) australis,

866.

Scalaria

australis, 866.

Friabilis, 866.

Scelida

balyi, 993.

Schismope

atkinsoni, 868.

Schizostoma

behni, 880.

brachyote, 880.

megalotis, 880.

Scissurella

atkinsoni, 868.

Sciurus

adolphei, 663, 664.

e@stuans, 657, 667, 668,

670.

affinis, 660.

albipes, 660.

arizonensis, 659.

aureogaster, 698, 660,

661, 662.

booth, 657, 658, 659,

662, 663, 664.

brunneo-niger, 665,

697, 954.

carolinenis, 657, 658,

659, 669.

chrysosurus, 669.

colliei, 657, 659, 662,

663, 664.

deppei, 668, 669.

dorsalis, 662, 663,

664.

Serruginiventris, 660.

fumigatus, 665, 667.

fisooiiagais, 662,

664.

gerrardi, 657, 658, 665,

666.

gilvigularis, 668.

griseocaudatus,

663, 664.

griseoflavus, 658, 560.

662,

1051

Sciurus

griseogenys, 658, 667,

669.

hoffmanni, 667, 668.

hypopyrrhus, 441, 657,

658, 662, 663, 664,

665, 666.

hyporrhodus, 667.

igniventris, 665, 666.

intermedius, 662, 668,

664.

langsdorffi, 665, 666.

leucogaster, 660.

leucops, 657, 658, 660,

661, 662.

leucotis, 658.

ludovicianus, 660.

melania, 664.

morio, 665, 666, 667.

nebouxit, 441, 664.

nicoyanus, 663.

niger, 661,

nigrescens, 662, 663,

64.

662, 663,

pusillus, 658, 668, 670,

954.

pyladei, 663, 664.

‘pyrrhonotus, 665.

richardsoni, 662, 664.

rigidus, 662, 6638,

664.

oculatus,

34,

rufo-niger, 657, 658,

666, 667, 669, 954.

socialis, 660, 662.

stramineus, 441, 658,

664, 665.

tephrogaster, 657, 665,

668

tricolor, 665, 667.

variabilis, 657, 658,

665, 666, 668, 954.

variegatoides, 662, 663,

664.

variegatus, 660, 663.

varius, 660, 662.

vulgaris, 662.

yucatanensis, 657, 658,

659.

Scolopax

egocephalus, 288.

cinereus, 711.

incanus, 345, 711.

stenurus, 83.

Scops

brasilianus, 45.

everetti, 936, 942.

lempiji, 942.

leucospilus, 942.

leucotis, 128. .

1052

Scops

morotensis, 78.

wmbratilis, 942.

Scotophilus

temminckit, 876, 879.

Scotosia

catocalaria, 492.

Scyllium

canicula, 116, 117.

Scytalopus

magellanicus, 433.

Selasphorus

flammula, 40, 70.

scintilla, 40, 70.

Selenidera

spectabilis, 47.

Selenophorus

amblyderus, 591.

callistichus, 591.

mitis, 591.

tenuistriatus, 591.

Semele

aphrodite, 859, 864.

aspasia, 860, 864.

hanleyi, 859, 864.

phryne, 860, 864.

Serilophus

rubropygius, 143.

Serpentarius

reptilivorus, 790.

Serpophaga

cinerea, 62, 63.

Setina

discisigna, 35.

irrorella, 35.

nebulosa, 35.

punetilinea, dt,

Setinochroa,

aurantiaca, 35, 37.

infumata, 35, 36.

pallida, 35.

postica, 36.

Setophaga

aurantiaca, 39, 53.

ruticilla, 52.

torguata, 39, 53.

Sicyonia

Jurcata, 310.

ocellata, 310.

Sidyma

abifints, 9:

apicalis, 9, 36.

Sigmodus

graculinus, 357.

Silybura

broughami, 800.

canarica, 155.

dupeni, 801.

guentheri, 801.

levingti, 801.

diura, 155,

INDEX,

| Silybura

macrolepis, 155.

maculata, 154.

madurensis, 802.

melanogaster, 155, 801.

nigra, 154.

nitida, 154.

ocellata, 155.

ochracea, 801.

petersi, 154.

Simareea

basinota, 14, 36.

Simia

satyrus, 789.

Siphonaria

albida, 314, 869.

Siphonia

elastica, 38.

Sistrum

margariticola, 812.

Sisyrophora

pfeiffere, 850, 858.

Sittace

chloroptera, 77.

spixt, 976.

Siurus

aurocapillus, 51.

noveboracensis, 51,

Solenocera

philippii, 302.

siphonocera, 301.

Sospita

lydda, 701.

neophron, 833.

saturata, 701, 707.

Spatula

platalea, 436.

Speiredonia

helicina, 849.

Spermophila

aurita, 58,

corvina, 58.

moreleti, 58.

semicollaris, 58,

Spermospiza

hematina, 130.

Sphecotheres

flaviventris, 124.

Spheniscus

demersus, 653, 654.

humboldti, 116.

magellanicus, 653.

Sphenoproctus

curvipennis, 68.

Spiloglaux

marmoratus, 121.

Spilornis

holospilus, 340, 939.

Spilosoma

menthastri, 382.

obscurum, 382.

Spilosoma

submacula, 882.

Spinachia

vulgaris, 330.

Spinax

niger, 117.

Spirama

helicina, 849, 857.

Spirula

australis, 971, 973.

Spondylus

varius, 967, 968.

Sporophila

othello, 136.

Squatina

angelus, 117.

Steatornis

caripensis, 139,

Stelgidopteryx

Sulvigula, 67.

Sulvipennis, 67.

Stenele

lutescens, 386.

Stenopus

hispidus, 779.

Stenoiis

olivaceus, 589.

Stepnaya

kuritza, 261.

Sterna

anestheta, 273.

bergit, 346, 712, 937,

976.

cerulea, 211, 272.

cantiaca, 193.

cinerea, 212, 278.

media, 193.

philadelphia, 206.

tereticollis, 272.

teretirostris, 211.

Stictoplea

grotet, 824, 853.

Stolida

cinerea, 211, 272.

Stonasla

consors, 462, 472.

undulata, 462, 472,

477.

Strepsiceros

imberbis, 441.

kudu, 745.

Strepsilas

interpres, 120, 127,

708, 711.

Strix

lugubris, 940.

sandwichensis, 348.

Struthio

camelus, 790,

Sturnella

ludoviciana, 59.

——

Sturnus

ambiguus, 713.

humei, 712, 713.

indicus, 713.

nitens, 713.

poltaratskyt, 713.

purpurascens, 713.

unicolor, 712.

vulgaris, 712, 713.

Sula

cyanops, 652.

leucogastra, 651.

piscator, 651.

Surendra

quercetorum, 836, 855.

Surniculus

lugubris, 613.

velutinus, 945.

Sylphitreron

perlatus, 558.

Sylvia

blanfordi, 979.

curruca, 979.

melanocephala, 978,979.

rubescens, 979

Symmachia

domitianus, 363.

rhacotis, 363.

Symphedra

dirtea, 629, 699.

pardalis, 699, 706.

Synallaxis

erythrops, 99.

nigrifumosa, 59.

pudica, 59.

Synaptomys

cooperi, 633.

Synchloé

canidia, 701, 707.

limbolaris, 487.

Syngamia

florella, 492.

Syncecus

cervinus, 121, 127.

Syntomis

albifrons, 845, 857, 859. |

atkinsoni, 845, 857.

berinda, 845, 857, 559.

diaphana, 845.

disrupta, 845, 857, 858.

divisa, 845.

fenestrata, 845.

grotet, 844, 857.

libera, 845, 857.

masoni, 845, 857, 858.

melas, 845.

sladeni, 844, 857.

vitreata, 845.

Syrnola

brunnea, 866.

tincta, 866.

INDEX.

| Syrrhaptes

heteroclita, 261.

pallasti, 234, 261.

paradoxus, 233, 236.

238, 246, 260, 261.

thibetanus, 234, 236,

238, 260, 263.

Systropha

aureola, 18.

auriflua, 18, 37.

dorsalis, 18.

Tachyeres

cinereus, 437.

Tachyphonus

delattrii, 55.

luetuosus, 55.

Tachys

diploharpinus, 602.

Tzenioptera

obscura, 347.

pyrope, 433.

Tagiades

meetana, 842,

858.

obscurus, 842.

pralaya, 842, 856.

Talegalla

lathami, 127.

Tanagra

cana,

diaconus, 54.

melanoptera, 5D.

palnarum, 5d.

Tantalus

ibis, 625, 627.

loculator, 625, 626, 627,

629.

Tanygnathus

luzonensis,

612, 937.

megalorhynchus, 78.

apes

Alabagella, 870.

Taphozous

melanopogon, 879.

Tapirus

eucogenys, 632.

roulint, 631.

terrestris, 632.

Tarika

nivea, 15.

varanda, 15, 36.

Tatusia

hybrida, 228, 229.

peba, 226, 228, 229.

856,

281, 340,

| Taxila

drupadi, 832.

fasciata, 882, 855, 858.

Tegulata

basistriga, 22, 36.

protuberans, 25, 36.

tumida, 22.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. LXX.

1053

Telephonus

erythropterus, 357.

Tellina

wroblewskyi, 727, 732.

Temora

velox, 330.

Teracotona

roseata, 382.

submacula, 382.

Terebra

affinis, 805.

brazieri, 866.

exigua, 805.

ustulata, 866.

Terebratella

buckmanni, 405.

frontalis, 406, 407.

marie, 407.

spitzbergensis, 399, 406,

407, 408, 409, 415.

Terebratula

affinis, 404.

ampulla, 403.

aperta, 409.

appressa, 411.

arctica,

benoitiana, 404.

buckmanni, 405.

capsula, 410.

caput-serpentis,399,401,

402, 404, 410, 415.

cardita, 409,

cernica, 404.

cistellula, 410.

cordata, 409.

cranium, 397, 399, 405,

406, 407, 408, 410.

cubensis, 404, 408.

euneata, 410.

davidsoni, 404.

dimidiata, 409.

euthyra, 407, 408.

glabra, 407.

grandis, 403, 404.

irregularis, 405.

Jelfreysii, 406.

manticula, 404.

michelottiana, 404.

minor, 399, 404.

miocenica, 404.

monstruosa, 412.

orbiculata, 408, 404.

pectiniformis, 409.

plicata, 407.

scobinata, 410.

seminulum, 409, 411.

septata, 399, 405, 406,

407, 408, 412, 415.

septentrionalis, 401.

septigera, 405, 408.

soldaniana, 410.

sphenoidea, 399, 405,

404, 415, 416.

1054

Terebratula

subguadrata, 399, 400,

402, 403, 415.

subvitrea, 407.

tenera, 399, 400, 405,

415.

tri ee, 399, 400, 402,

ee 399, 401, 415.

ungula, 409.

urna-antiqua, 409.

vitrea, 399, 403, 404,

406, 407, 410, 415,

416.

Terekia

cinerea, 579, '708, 711.

Terias

esiope, 699, 700, 707.

arcuata, 700, 707

attenuata, 700, 707.

drona, 700.

elathea, 481.

euterpe, 481

formosa, 836, 855.

gnathene, 481.

hainana, 700, 707.

hecabe, 641, 647, 836,

855.

feta, 836, 855.

silhetana, 836, 855.

suava, 836.

subdecorata, 699, 700,

707

wagans, 700.

Terinos

sinha, 828. |

Testudo

greca, 976.

horsfieldi, 975, 976.

pardalis, 790.

Tetracha |

ignea, 587.

Tetragonops i |

Ffrantzii, 39, 47. |

ramphastinus, 952.

Tetrao

alchata, 238, 284, 237,

250.

arenarius, 283, 245,

261

chata, 251 5

Jasciatus, 233, 234,

245

indicus, 233, 254.

namagua, 233, 234,

252.

paradoxus, 233, 234,

237, 260.

senegalus, 233, 243.

subtridactylus, 246.

urogallus, 746. |

Tetrodon

nigropunctatus, 133.

INDEX.

Teulisna

plagiata, 24.

tenuisigna, 24, 37.

tetragona, 24.

Thaduka

multicaudata, 836, 855,

858.

Thalassidroma

gracilis, 736.

leucogastra, 735.

melanogastra, 736.

segethi, 736.

tropica, 736,

Thalassina

scorpioides, 778.

Thalasseca

antarctica, 737.

glacialoides, 736.

Thalurania

colombica, 69.

Thamala

miniata, 834, 855,

858.

Thamnobia

lugubris, 803.

Thamnophilus

doliatus, 60.

nevius, 60.

nigricristatus, 60.

punctatus, 60.

simplex, 139.

Thamnotettix

sancte-helene, 462,

476.

Thanaos

indistincta, 694.

obsoleta, 694.

stigmata, 694.

Tharops

eoruscans, 366.

isthmica, 366.

menander, 366,

nitida, 366.

purpurata, 365.

splendida, 366.

Thaumantis

howqua, 827.

louisa, 827, 854.

Thaumatias

cupreiceps, 7}.

Thecidea

mediterranea, 400,

412.

spondylea, 412.

testudinaria, 412.

Thelphusa

depressa, 755.

perlata, 755.

; Theope

aureonitens, 369.

barea, 369.

cenina, 369.

decorata, 369.

Theope

eudocia, 368.

hypoxanthe, 368.

isia, 868

Janus, 369.

Theristicus

melanops, 436.

Thermesia

gemmatalis, 489.

Thestias

sesia, 700, 707.

Thouarsitreron

diademata, 540.

dupetit-thouarsi, 539.

leucocephala, 539.

Thrasaétus

harpyia, 44.

Thriponax

Javensis, 340, 942.

pectoralis, 340, 379.

Thryophilus

castaneus, 5.

modestus, 5}.

pleurostictus, 51,

thoracicus, 51.

Thyca

indica, 839.

pasithoé, 701, 707.

Thyroptera

tricolor, 872, 873.

Thysania

zenobia, 488.

everetti, 611, 612.

Jjavanensis, 612.

Timetes

corita, 270.

phiale, 270.

Tinamus

Frantzii, 41.

Tinea

pulchella, 298.

Tinnunculus

cinnamominus, 435.

dominicensis, 485.

isabellinus, 435.

leucophrys, 435.

sparverioides, 435.

sparverius, 434.

Tinoleus

eburneigutta, 851,

858.

Tityra

personata, 65.

Tivela

undulosa, 870.

Tmolus

columella, 481.

pan, 481.

Tockus

melanoleucus, 308.

Todirhamphus

sanctus, 121.

Todirostrum

cinereum, 62.

Todus

viridis, 101.

Tolypeutes

conurus, 222, 223, 224,

225, 228.

muriet, 223, 224, 225.

tricinctus, 222, 228,

224, 225, 226, 227,

228.

Torinia

perspectiviunculus, 816, |

821

planulata, 816.

Tornatina

fusiformis, 869.

Totanus

glareola, 80.

ariseopygius, 127.

incanus, 121, 127, 345, |

301, 711.

Trabala

vishnu, 848, 857.

Tragelaphus

angasi, 884.

decula, 884.

spekit, 884.

sylvaticus, 884.

Tragulus

kanchil, 882.

stanleyanus, 682.

Trepsichrois

midamus, 823, 8538.

thoosa, 638.

Treroleema

leclancheri, 504, 568,

569.

Treron

delalandit, 359.

nasica, 623.

Trichoglossus

cyanogrammus,

579.

massene, 93.

multicolor, 126.

nigrigularis, 93.

subplacens, 671.

swainsonii, 126.

Trichostoma

abboti, 616.

rufifrons, 611, 616.

Trigla

pini, 218.

Trigonia

margaritacea, 871.

Tringa

acuminata, 289, 290,

albescens, 708, 712.

fasciata, 2383, 254.

fuscicollis, 4388,

interpres, 711.

platyrhyncha, 712.

93,

INDEX.

Tringoides

hypoleucus, 83, 90, 100,

289, 345, 624, 711,

937.

macularius, 44.

Trinophylum

cribratum, 720,

Triphoris

scitulus, 867.

sculptus, 817.

Tripura

prasend, 8.

Triton

laciniatuim, 815.

(Epidromus) bednalli,

864.

(Simpulum) strange,

816, 821.

Trivia

australis, 867.

Trochilus

colubris, 70.

Trochita

calyptreformis, 867.

Trochus

calyptreformis, 867.

(Clanculus) microdon,

818, 821.

(Forskahlia) pulcherri-

mus, 818, 821.

(Monilea) calyeulus,

818.

——) masoni, 818.

(Polydonta) maculatus,

730.

(Thalotia) yokohamen-

sis, 727, 732.

Troglodytes

hypaedon, 51.

intermedius, 51.

Trogon

massena, 48.

puella, 48.

Tropidorhynchus

buceroides, 124.

plumigenys, 88, 289.

Trygon

dupetit-thouarsi, 539.

| Trygonorhina

Ffasciata, 117.

Tudicula

arnigera, 610.

inermis, 610.

spinosa, 610.

(Murex) spzrillus, 611.

Turacena

crassirostris, 673.

| Turbinella

Sfastigium, 812.

incarnatus, 813.

| Turbonilla

acicularis, 867.

angast, 867.

1055

Turbonilla

fusca, 867.

hofmani, 867.

nitida, 867.

Turdus

armillaris, 79.

chrysolaus, 429.

falklandicus, 431.

grayt, 38, 50.

icterorhynchus, 129.

leucauchen, 50.

mandarinus, 578.

nigrescens, 40, 50.

obscurus, 429.

obsoletus, 40, 50.

pelios, 129.

plebeius, 50.

varius, 429.

Turnix

maculosa, 578.

melanota, 127.

Turritella

infraconstricta, 817,

821,

Turtur

dussumier?, 288, 344,

711, 937, 952.

Typhis

angasi, 864.

Tyranniscus

parvus, 63.

Tyrannus

meiancholicus, 64.

Urania

sloanus, 490.

Urapteryx

podahriata, 850, 858.

Uromys

rufescens, 274.

Urospatha

marti, 39, 49.

Urospiza

poliocephala, 91, 92.

Urospizias

iogaster, 80.

poliocephalus, 91.

spilothorax, 92.

Ursus

americanus, 878.

arctos, 378.

Feroz, 378.

isabellinus, 378.

malayanus, 378.

maritimus, 378.

ornatus, 378.

piscator, 378.

syriacus, 378.

tibetanus, 378.

Urubitinga

ghiesbreghti, 44.

Utethesia

pulchella, 704, 708.

Vamuna

- bipars, 10, 36.

maculata, 10, 36.

remelanda, 10.

Vanellus

cayennensis, 437, 625,

627, 628.

occidentalis, 437.

Vanessa

amelia, 645.

Vates

ashmolianus, 584.

Venus

levigata, 870.

undulosa, 870.

variabilis, 870.

Vermetus

gigas, 966, 967.

Vernonia

wollastoniana, 462, 470,

477.

Vespertilio

adversus, 876.

muricola, 879.

murinus, 872.

temminckit, 876.

Vesperugo

abramus, 879.

nanus, 879.

Vidua :

principalis, 130.

Vireosylvia

flavifrons, 53.

flavoviridis, 53.

josephe, 53.

olivacea, 53.

philadelphica, 53.

Volatinia

jacarina, 57.

Volvocivora

cerulescens, 283, 284.

mindanensis, 936, 947.

morio, 948.

Volvula

rostrata, 869.

Vulpes

cana, 892.

Vultur

atratus, 435.

aura, 435.

papa, 435.

Waldheimia

cranium, 399, 407.

davidsoniana, 407.

Printed by TayLor and Fr

INDEX.

Waldheinia

floridana, 407, 408.

kergquelensis, 411.

peloritana, 408.

raphaélis, 407.

Xantholema

hemacephala, 944.

rosea, 282,

Xanthotenia

busiris, 827, 854.

Xanthotis

chrysotis, 97.

Jiligera, 97.

Xema

atricilla, 194.

bonapartii, 207.

brunneicephala, 197,

198.

caniceps, 200.

capistrata, 200.

cirrhocephala, 196, 197,

201, 202, 2038.

collaris, 209, 210,

crassirostris, 193.

Franklini, 195.

Surcata, 157, 210.

gelastes, 192.

genet, 192.

glaucodes, 203.

ichthyaetus, 198.

Jjamesont, 185.

kittlitzii, 205.

lambruschinii, 192.

leucophthalma, 193.

melanocephala, 199.

minuta, 206.

pheocephala, 204.

pileata, 200.

pipixcan, 195.

ridibunda, 200.

sabinti, 141, 158, 209, |

211.

Xenelaphus

anomalocera, 924.

chilensis, 924.

huamel, 924.

leucotis, 924.

Xenophora

solarioides, 818.

Xenurus

unicinctus, 228, 229.

Xiphopeneus

harttii, 305.

Xiphorhynchus

pusillus, 60.

Xylophis

indicus, 576.

Ml } =U

ancis, Redayi

Hs,

| Xystosomus

belti, 601.

olivaceus, 601.

Yphthima

baldus, 825, 853.

methora, 825, 853.

pandocus, 696, 706.

zodiaca, 696, 706.

Ypsipetes

anomala, 491.

Yungipicus

aurantiiventris, 943.

Ffuscoalbidus, 943.

validirostris, 943.

Zadadra

distorta, 25, 37.

Zamenis

cliffordi, 977, 978.

elegantissimus, 977.

Zebronia

plutusalis, 849, 857.

Zemeros

albipunctata, 701.

confucius, 701, 707.

Alegyas, 701, 832, 855.

Zenaidura

carolinensis, 43.

Zeocephus

cinnamomeus, 616.

eyanescens, 616.

Zethera

diademoides, 824, 853,

858.

Zeuxidia

amethystus, 826.

horsfieldi, 639.

masont, 826, 854.

Ziziphinus

jucundus, 798.

Zonotrichia

canicapilla, 432.

pileata, 38, 57, 482.

vuleani, 40, 57.

Zophoéssa

mutrheadi, 696, 706.

Zosterops

austeni, 286.

chloris, 84.

everetti, 110, 950.

intermedia, 85.

luteus, 121, 125.

nigrorum, 280, 286.

Zygena

malleus, 116.