“Omnes res createe sunt divine sapientiz et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis

humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ;

ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia -majestatis

elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper eestimata ;

a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper

inimica fuit.”—Liynavs.

‘Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour

voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-

tent toutes ses opérations.’—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden,

1767.

Be OOM De CaN ar eure The sylvan powers

Obey our summons; from their deepest dells

The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild

And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs

That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme

And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,

But scatter round ten thousand forms minute

Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock

Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too

Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth faee

They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush

That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,

Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,

The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,

All, all to us unlock their secret stores

And pay their cheerful tribute.

J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818,

ALERE § FLAMMAM.

CONTENTS OF VOL, XIX.

[SIXTH SERIES. ]

NUMBER CIX.

Page

I. A new Amphipod from New Zealand (Family Pontoporevde).

By Cuarzes Curtton, M.A., D.Sc. F.L.S. (Plate V.)..........

II. Descriptions of new Lizards and Frogs from Mount Victoria,

Owen Stanley Range, New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. S. Anthony.

By G. A. Bouteneer, F.R.S. (Plates I. & IL.) ...........000-- 6

IIT. Descriptions of Four new Species of Lycenide from the

Eastern Archipelago. By Hamitron H. Druce, F.Z.S.,F.ES. .. 18

IV. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—

No. 2. Ona Collection of Diptera from the Lowlands of the Rio

Nautla, in the State of Vera Cruz. I. By C. H. TyLer Townsenp,

ree se Cai ole nis laine a xa ase dy eceww 9 a 0,00 s/ne a0 diamlaes

V. The Classification of Oribatide. -By A. D. Micuarn, F.L.S. 34

VI. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—

III. The Bees of the Genus Colletes found in New Mexico. By T. D.

ECOG MERICUE) orks «us <daldetsle = senate sinters so aieretiads come sess 39

VII. On Cteniform Spiders from the Lower Amazons and other

Regions of North and South America, with List of all known Species

of these Groups hitherto recorded from the New World. By F. O.

PickarD CamMBRIDGE, B.A. (Plates HI. &1V.) ....---ee eee 52

VIII. Descriptions of new Malay Frogs. By G. A. BouLENGER,

a orate als GE ona aeons a aininsn te AA o.ocalare tsa le\e's Wpivie’e's 106

IX. On some Trapdoor Spiders of the Family Ctenizide from

South and West Australia, contained in the Collection of the British

Museum. By R.1. Pocock ......... cece seeereeereeensreseres 109

X. Descriptions of two new Species of Scorpions from East Africa.

116

Byte OE OCOUR sis v ees yiisesces nar vee eco ns secs pre ahenesyees

1V CONTENTS.

Proceedings of the Geological Society .....0cce cece cece ee eeeee

“The most pious priority purist ” on the Lobster, the Crayfish, and

Professor Bell, by the Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing, M.A.,

F.R.S., F.L.S,; Note on some Sponges from the Auckland

Islands, by Prof. R. von Lendenfeld; On the Sexes of Charaxes

miatus, Rothschild, by A. G. Butler, Ph.D., &e. ........ 120-124

NUMBER CX.

XI. On a Collection of Homoptera made in Southern Africa. By

Woda, DISTANT nyc s cas ¥ sols cooley w nipie ss cir Maisie eted «oa Sore

XII. A Contribution to the Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil.

By HT. VON DRE RING 4)5 0.05050» octe so sets nie tia inne se

XIII. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—

No. IV. Diptera from the Sacramento and White Mountains, in

Southern New Mexico. I. By OC, H. Tyter Townsrenp

ie) 6 (6 / ate Kenta

XIV. The Physiological Importance of the Air-Spaces in Flying

Animals, ) By Prof. KR. von LexpENeEen . 4)... 1-45 25} kennels

XV. Description of a new Snake from Sierra Leone. By G. A.

BourENGEE, BRS: (30 <sais wise etme ie Seis a eee, ot wate en eats ee eee

XVII. On Movement in a Circle as the Fundamental Form of

Movement in Animals: its Cause, Manifestation, and Significance.

By Profs F-O/ GULDBERG. 4.4 (4, 0.0.0.0 01st ain spinnin Vena a ee

XVIII. On the Tsu-shima Representative of the Japanese Sable.

By Ornrrecp DeOmAS 4]0% dade. hindu Sb 5A oe Obese ele eee

XIX. On a new Gazelle from Central Arabia. By OLpFrreip

THOMAS! > ., 56. s-ajeco’ein, 3A mia.s Wie 9, & ubeanseinte, bet Os’ ~)> 5 Ga

XX. New Eastern Heterocera. By Col. C. Swrnuor, M.A.,

PLS eioy's aisin ak wes aes p ths Oe iain ae ae ee pein sb ia pay Hae

XXI. Description of a new Species of Delma from Western

Australia, By Dr. As GONTEER. Js) ixnmgees Osama eal

XXII. Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies from the Pacific

Islands. By H. Gross Suir, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. ............

XXII. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea,

By Joun Henry LEEcu, B.A., F.LS., F.ZS., &e. 2... 0. ees e ene

New Books:—The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and

Burma. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State

for India in Council. Edited by W. T. BLanrorp.—Moths,

Vol. IV. By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart.—The Parasitic Diseases

of Poultry. By Frep. V. Turopacp, M.A., F.ES, ......236

125

1838

138

149

154

161

, 237

CONTENTS. Vv

Page

Proceedings of the Geological Society........... 000s eeeeeeeeees 238

The Generic Name of the River Crayfish, by F. Jeffrey Bell; A

Gigantic Cephalopod on the Florida Coast, by A. E. Verrill 289, 240

NUMBER CXI.

XXIV. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.—

No: VE By Prof. Minregn, M.D., LL.D. EARS... fos a 241

XXV. New Species of Hymenoptera from Central America. By

Ee SMEEIOIG,, EAE LN eee Seles Okie ae alse cte WU alee Sete alec ger « 261

XXVI. A List of Reptiles and Batrachians from the Congo Free

seg with Descriptions of Two new Snakes. By G. A. BouLENGER,

RS.

XXVIII. Description of a new Snake from Usambara, German

Bai aarica. «By: Al BOucENGER, BURG. sciences oo = dsm gee ole: 281

XXVIII. Description of anew Species of the Genus Pecilopsaltria

belonging to the Family Cicadide. By W. L. DisTant.......... 282

XXIX. Descriptions of some new Oriental Opiliones recently

received by the British Museum. By R. I. Pocock

XXX. A Contribution to the Osteology of the Mesozoic Amioid

Fishes Caturus and Osteorachis. By A. Smira Woopwartd, F.L.S.

BEERS UN eT, opocn fatal arehel sf ai'uyar reso fs opapos0en, repao,srwesesarapejacs Popa 29

XXXI. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea.

By Joun Henry LE«EcH, B.A., F.LS., F.ZS., &e. 20... eee eee 297

XXXII. On a new Mouse from Damaraland. By W. E. bE

Winton

Proceedings of the Geological Society ..............2eeeees 350, 351

What are the Names of the Crayfish and Lobster?, by R. I.

Pocock; The Lobster and the Crayfish: a Reply, by the

Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. ; Nocturnal

protective Coloration in Mammals, Birds, Fishes, Insects, &c.,

as developed by Natural Selection, by A. E. Verrill...... 302-354

NUMBER CXII.

XXXII. Report upon the Scorpiones and Pedipalpi obtained on

the Lower Amazons i Messrs. E. E. Austen and F, Pickard Cam-

bridge during the trip of Mr. Siemens’s Steamship ‘Faraday.’ By

R. 1. Pocock 367

Bik Cie VE € 6 @ 66 6.8 & 6m SOLS OB BL Oe CTO O19 0 6 OHI SO S616 /6)6 0 Fe 6a ©

Vi CONTENTS.

Page

XXXIV. New Species of Hymenoptera from Central America.

Synbs. CAMERON, BSE: 6254 60 00+» «se stale 6 to selec eee 368

XXXV. A Contribution to the Osteology of the Mesozoic Amioid

Fishes Caturus and Osteorachis. By A. Smirn Woopwarp, F.L.S.

(Platesex. & KE) ees ess 3's sa seicle's dia, elvie lc else oe 379

XXXVI. On a new Dormouse from Mashunaland. By OLprrecp

PEETOMEAS (5 se ivais 5 wi elk pin ake nid pao e are ete ¢- 0 5pe cae toe 388

XXXVII. Note on Deridea, Westwood (Lyttide), with the

Description of a new Species. By Mrs. M. K. THomas............ 389

XXXVIII. On a Collection of Heterocera made in the Transvaal.

By” Wi DRIGTAIN Tig. ac 'ca.s 0s oie ie)= Perel mainte Pee cole mie 390

XXXIX. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.

—V. Some new Hymenoptera from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico.

By 0. DAY COG RRR iy si n.n\cG Molen inte nie Oe 394

XL. Descriptions of further new Species of Butterflies from the

Pacific Islands. By H. Grose Smiru, B.A., F.G.S., F.Z.S. ...... 403

XLI. New Eastern Lepidoptera. By Col. C. Swinnor, M.A,

BuLiS sy Peek Oe a. RAL Rs Be ee ee 407

XLII. On Spirorbis: Asymmetry of these Annelids and Phylo-

genic Connexion of Species in the Genus. By MM. Maurice

CauULLERY and Féi1x Mesniz. With a Note by M. Epmonp

PROREUIETE, 6 55 ss fara’n 070 01a 0 “0 "ante ois lo taa Jo tale Cute he’s (ole fala Oo MR a EA 411

XLII. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea.

By Joun Henry Leecu, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.8., &c. (Plates VL &

fl) nA PO eS OR 414

XLIV. Descriptions of Two new Muride from Central and West

Africa. By W..E. pa WINTON 3c; as <> os oneness Here 463

XLV. On a new Species of Lagidium from the Eastern Coast of

Patagonia, By OLDFIELD THOMAS «4...» ino > setae sen ee eee 466

XLVI. Description of a new Lizard from Obok. By G. A.

BOULENGER, FESS, -4.5:hn00.93 «210 2054 eel eee a 467

XLVII. Description of a new Genus and Species of Tortoises from

Borneo. By G. A. BouLznanr, F.RS......5.0..eseswessnenasss 468

XLVIII. On a new Nymphalid Butterfly from N.E. Borneo. By

Artuur G. Burier, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Senior Assistant-Keeper,

Zoological Department, British Museum ......... 0000 cess eee eee

Astacus vindicated as the Lobster’s Genus, by the Rey. Thomas R.

BR, ‘Stebbing, M.A., FLEAS. ELS. ..s..<,+ arene nes 470

CONTENTS. Vii

NUMBER CXIII.

Page

XLIX. Notes on the Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm., with

Descriptions of new Species. By C. J. GAHAN, M.A., of the British

BPPre vite CMA CUTAN EMISLGEY)) 0. nce terre alee cleles 64 82 ore Sere hewn 473

L. Notes on some South-American Muride. By OupFreLp

ERATE oo o8 or: Roe ¢ 2 So AAO Cpe ae anne ree 494

LI. Descriptions of Five new Species of Mylabrine (Lyttide) in

the Collection of the British Museum. By Mrs. M. K. Taomas ,. 501

LU. A List of the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by Mr. Al-

fred Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba, and Savu, with Descriptions

of new Species. By G. A. BoULENGER, F.R.S. .........0ceeees 503

LILI. Descriptions of some new Species of Scorpions of the Genus

Tityus, with Notes upon some Forms allied to 7’. americanus (Linn.).

ig 1 E ds LOVE Clie ie ae < cic cia RRR ISR ei roc oe eae 510

LIV. On Sus verrucosus, Mill. & Schleg., and Allies, from the

Eastern Archipelago. By Dr. C.1. Forsyru Magsor ........ eer OE

LY. On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea.

By Jonn Henry Leecu, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., &e.—Part II. Family

Geometride; Subfamilies Ginochromine, Orthostixine, Larentiine,

PA CULLAUUILE OM O G CONLELY UIE a. arer aby oye fensye e. Seoistan eususs ert suctel ehatoiw’s/sshel stoke 543,

LVI. The Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa. By W. E.

RTM RRE IMTS ear dees rt ot avnis che ls G-csnicin ol cheletadeytieicrerion.« aivier sare apatore 573

LVII. Coleoptera collected in the Transvaal. By W. L. Distant. 575

LVUI. On a Collection of Heterocera made in the Transvaal. By

Ua TTUAIN Doh wi peatacey ret cP ayaa tt Seca Ut rat ahedab ototelte neta sicos woiiore ¢ 579

LIX. Descriptions of some new Species of Acreide collected by

Mr. F. J. Jackson at Ntebi, Uganda. By Emity Mary Suarprz .. 581

On the Organization and Affinities of Plew:otomaria, by MM. E.-L.

Dreveudeee TTL lee RUSE Eat oa 04.0) vikie. als) ci Sie, Sie) y, 0.6.0, ep @ 0186.65 583

NUMBER CXIV.

LX. Note on a Cast of the Brain-cavity of Iguanodon. By

Cuas. W. ANDREWS, B.Sc., F.G.S., Assistant in the British Museum

Per anUratRAAELOT Wy. 9 (EABTOC MLW irs nickel axlaiy a's: fie wine mviels vig’ sate e/s 585

LXI. Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. By

FrrpERick Cuapman, A.L.S., F.R.M.S. (Plate XV.) .......... 591

LXIL. List of the Neuroptera collected by Mr. E. E. Austen on

the Amazons &c. during the recent Expedition of Messrs. Siemens

Bros. Cable 8.8. ‘ Faraday,’ with Descriptions of several new Species

of Odonata (Dragonflies), By W. F. Kirsy, F.LS., F.ES., &c,

Reser eeNy LO ies stare ees hig a teat ead eee ne dite ess 598

Vili CONTENTS.

Page

LXIII. The Otter of Central America. By C. I. Forsytx

IVA SOR onic. c ei aja. wie Sechelt vie. vig ¥:0°0'd Wefoce iy She aote: eRee en 618

LXIV. On the Relations of Antennophorus Uhimanni, Haller, to

Lasius mixtus, Nyl. By M. CHaRiEs JANET ,.0¢.:05-.+s+e00re 620

LXY. Diagnoses of new Land-Shells from Flores, Malay Archi-

pelago. By EpGar A: Smarr. ...)..,.22 00 eee eee 623

LXVL On a new African Pierine Butterfly of the Genus My-

tothres, By Anruue G, Burien, PRD. &e,. 152. en enone 627

LXVII. Some new Forms of American Rotifera—II. By Dr. Au-

FRED’. Sroxus:, (Plate XDV;) .cce dace ontaneng tas Se alee e 628

LXVUI. Descriptions of Eleven new Species of Land and Fresh-

water Mollusca from South Africa. By James Cosmo MELvILL,

M.A., F.L.S., and Jonn Henry Ponsonsy, F.Z.8. (Plate XVIL) 633

LXIX, On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea.

By Joun Henry Lexcu, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., &c.—Part Il. Family

Geometride ; Subfamilies CEnochr oming, Orthostixine, Larentiine,

Acidaline, and Geometrin@ ........+. \Saiel dls Sasori ways ae Oe 640

New Book:—Das Tierreich. I. Lieferung.— Aves: Podargide,

Caprimulgide, and Macropterygide. Bearbeitet von Ernst

FEGRP BRT, 5 2a Set cetera tetas Wipro tk ea hate Se 679

On the Ma 2 Baan Tubes of Orthoptera, by M. L. Bordas; The

ns great Octopus of Florida: certainly not a Cephalopod,

by A. E. Vernll ccc eon ek ae eee 680-682

Andere ye pe LNG a 2e skies RR ek ee dele meter oe ier ae ke 684

PLATES IN VOL. XIX.

Saas New Lizards and Frogs from Mount Victoria.

IIL.

IV.

V. Platyischnopus neozelanicus.

VL {

VII. §

VIII.

iOo&

x “4 Osteorachis Leedsi.

> ¢ |

xt, | Neuroptera from the Amazons.

XIU. |

XIV. New American Rotifera.

XV. Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin.

XVI. Brain-cavity of Iguanodon.

XVII. New Mollusca from South Africa.

Cteniform Spiders from the Lower Amazons.

Heterocera from China, Japan, Corea.

Osteology of Caturus.

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

[SIXTH SERIES.]

Soopenoececoscae per litora spargite muscum,

Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes:

Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores:

Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum.

At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;

Ite, recuryato variata corallia trunco

Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas

Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”

N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Ecl. 1.

No. 109. JANUARY 1897.

I.—A new Amphipod from New Zealand (Family

Pontoporeiide). By CuarLes CuITon, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.

[Plate V.]

THE genus Platyischnopus was established in 1888 by the

Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, in his Report on the ‘ Challenger’

Amphipoda, for a species two imperfect specimens of which

were obtained in Port Jackson at a depth of between 2 and

10 fathoms. The genus was placed provisionally in the

family Pontoporeiide, but at the same time it was pointed

out that “the combined characters of its peculiar head, the

chelate gnathopods, and the emarginate telson, give it a more

or less isolated position among the Amphipoda at present

-known” *.

I find that I have a species in my collection of New

Zealand Crustacea that appears to come under this genus,

although it differs in some points, as explained further on.

It is represented, however, by only a single specimen taken

in Otago Harbour by surface-netting on the night of Sep-

tember 19th, 1891. The specimen was at the time partially

* Report on the ‘ Challenger’ Amphipoda, p. 830.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 1

2 Dr. C. Chilton on a new

dissected and permanently mounted before it was recognized

that it was the only specimen taken of a new and rare genus.

Unfortunately pressure of other matters caused it to be laid

aside, aud it has remained long overlocked. Consequently

there are many points that cannot now be satisfactorily made

out by an examination of the mounted specimen. I think,

however, that sufficient can be-learnt to show that, although

in many respects the specimen closely resembles Stebbing’s

species Platyischnopus mirabilis, it differs considerably in

others, and that these points of difference throw some further

light on the affinities of the genus, and I have therefore

thought it worth while to place a description of the species

on record.

Platyischnopus neozelanicus, sp.n. (Pl. V.)

Specific description.—The head and antenne resembling

in general shape those of P. mirabilis. Second joint of

peduncle of upper antenne and last two joints of the peduncle

of the lower with long feathered sete. Both gnathopoda

stouter than in P. mradilis, the first apparently ending

simply, the dactylos not impinging against the propodos; the

second minutely chelate, the dactylos being small and short and

impinging against a spine-like projection of the propodos.

The first and second perzeopoda with the end of the propodos

oblique and bearing several spine-like setz longer than the

dactylos; the carpus of the second pereopoda expanded

posteriorly and supplied with several long feathered sete.

Third uropoda with the rami longer than the peduncle, sub-

equal, outer one formed of two joints, both rami bearing long

feathered sete at the extremity. ‘Telson double or very

deeply cleft, each half with a stout spine at the end and two

setee at the side some distance from the end.

Length about 4 millim.

Hab, Otago Harbour, New Zealand. ;

Detailed description.—Vhe head, in its peculiar shape and

in the position of the antenna, closely resembles that of

P. mirabilis.

The body is rather broad, chiefly so in the perzon.

The upper antenne (PI. V. fig. a.s.) are somewhat shorter

than the lower; the peduncle considerably longer than the

flagellum, the first joint stout, broader than long, with two or

three small sete at the distal end; second joint oblong, about

twice as long as broad, distally furnished with four or five

long feathered sete which reach as far as the end of the

flagellum ; the third joint rather more than half as long as

_—

Amphipod from New Zealand. 3

the second; secondary flagellum about half as long as the

primary, and composed of three joints, while the primary

contains five.

The lower antenne (fig. a.z7.) have the peduncle very stout,

the fourth joint slightly longer than the fifth, fully twice as

long as broad; upper margin with three fine sete, lower

margin with some fine sete and, in addition, six long

feathered sete; fifth joint slightly shorter than the preceding

and considerably narrower, upper margin with several fine

sete and at the distal end one long feathered seta; lower

margin with three or four feathered sete near the middle and

one placed distally ; flagellum impertect, apparently about as

long as the last joint of the peduncle.

Mouth-parts not examined in detail.

The first gnathopod (fig. gn. 1) has the basos very long

and slender, expanding slightly distally, end with two long

sete ; carpus much longer than the propodos, upper margin

regularly convex and free from sete, lower margin sinuous,

slightly produced downwards, and thickly fringed with sete

except near the base; propodos narrow at base, expanded

distally, lower margin thickly fringed with long sete; at the

base of the dactylos is a tuft of three or four long sete fully

twice as long as the dactylos; no distinct palm visible, the

gnathopod being apparently simple.

The second gnathopod (fig. gn. 2) similar in general shape

to the first, but somewhat longer; propodos only about half

as long as the carpus, produced distally into a small tooth,

against which the very short dactylos impinges; the other

joints and the arrangement of the sete practically the same

as in the first gnathopod.

The integument of the propodos in both gnathopods seems

to be very delicate and is somewaat shrivelled in my mounted

specimen ; hence I have not been able to make these parts

out as fully as I should like, but it is clear that the first

is not chelate and little, if at all, subchelate, and that the

second, though certainly chelate, has the dactylos so short

that it is very different from the well-marked chelate limb of

P. mirabilis.

The first pereopod (fig. prp.1) has the meros somewhat

produced at its antero-distal angle, its hinder margin with

three long feathered sete; the carpus only about two thirds

the length of the meros, bearing posteriorly at the end one

long feathered seta and two spiniform sete ; propodos rather

longer than the carpus, end oblique, with about six spiniform

sete, from which the dactylos can be distinguished only by

being shorter and a little stouter.

4 Dr. C. Chilton on a new

The second perwopod (fig. prp.2) similar to the first, but

rather longer, having the carpus produced posteriorly into a

rounded lobe, which bears about six long feathered sete

reaching beyond the end of the dactylos.

The third perwopod (prp.3) has the basos widening dis-

tally and at the widest part as broad as long, anterior border

with small tufts of short spiniform sete; the meros broad,

produced posteriorly, both margins with tufts of spiniform

sete; carpus half as long again as the meros and about as

broad, similarly supplied with spiniform sete; propodos

about two thirds the length of the carpus, but much narrower,

with one tuft of spiniform sete on each margin and others at

the end; dactylos straight and styliform, about two thirds as

long as the propodos.

The fourth pereopod does not differ in any important

character from the third.

The jifth pereopod (fig. prp.5) is considerably broader

and somewhat shorter than the third; the basos is much

broader than long, the ischium large and broad, its breadth

being more than half the greatest breadth of the basos; meros

broad, oblong, only slightly narrowed at base, anterior

margin with sete at the end only, posterior margin with four

or five slender sete, and towards the distal end two or three

short spines; carpus as broad as the meros, narrowed at

base, anterior margin with two transverse rows of spines and

one row at the end; posterior margin with one row at the

middle and another at the end; propodos about as long as

the carpus but only half the width, with a tuft of spines about

the middle of each margin and others at the end; dactylos

straight, styliform.

The jirst uropod (fig. ur.1) has the peduncle longer than

the rami, with two strong spines at the distal end, otherwise

nearly free from sete ; outer ramus slightly longer than the

inner, with a tuft of four or five stout sete at the end, sides

parallel and free from sete; inner ramus with a similar

tuft of sete at the end and one seta a little removed from the

end.

The second uropod (fig. ur. 2) has the peduncle stout, as

long as the outer ramus, with three sete in serrations on the

upper margin; outer ramus considerably longer than the

inner, both with tutts of sete at the ends and the outer one

with an additional seta on the upper margin.

‘Lhe third uropod (tig. ur.3) has the peduncle much

shorter than the rami, bearing a few sete, and at the end one

jeathered seta reaching to the end of the rami; outer ramus

slightly longer than the inner, with the distal third marked

Vn tn Tr

Ci, in

Amphipod from New Zealand. 5

off as a separate joint, the ramus bears a few fine sete, and

at the end two long feathered sete; the inner ramus also

bears two or three long feathered sete at the extremity *.

The telson (fig. T) is either double or very deeply cleft, each

half about twice as long as broad, narrowing slightly towards

the end, and apparently partly rolled up so as to be convex

above; at the end is a stout spine and on the upper surface

two smaller ones placed towards the outer margin and at

some distance from the distal end.

The two halves of the telson are separated on my slide,

and it is possible that fig. T, Pl. V., in which the left half

has been restored, does not give a correct idea of their natural

position, and that the inner margins should be more closely

approximated.

Remarks.—While the imperfect condition of the specimen

described leaves much of its structure still uncertain, the

points that can be made out are, perhaps, of some importance

in their bearing on the systematic position of the genus

Platyischnopus. It is evident, too, that in the gnathopoda

and in the telson this species differs markedly from P. mira-

bilis and also from the characters laid down by Stebbing for

the genus; but the resemblances in other respects are so close

that there is no doubt of the near relationship of the two

species, and they may as well stand together until the genus

is better known and its limits clearly defined. Further, the

points in which P. neozelanicus differs from P. mirabilis

bring it more into harmony with other allied species, and

seem to show that Stebbing was undoubtedly right in placing

his genus in the family Pontoporeiide. Stebbing has

already pointed out the relationship of Platyischnopus to

Urothoé as shown by the perwopods, and in the present

species we find in the gnathopoda also some approximation

to Urothoé; this is best seen in the first gnathopod, though

the limb appears to be simple instead of subchelate: the second

gnathopod differs from that of Urothoé in being chelate, but

the chelate character is not very marked, and from the figure

given by Stebbing it seems as if we get a slight approach in

the same direction in Urothoé pulchella, Costa t; and it is,

perhaps, as well to recall the fact that Costa described and

figured the second gnathopod of this species as having the

* In the present dissected state of my specimen there is nothing to

indicate which is the outer ramus in the uropoda; but from the analogy

of Urothoé &c. I have assumed that it is the outer one that is the longer

in each case.

+ Stebbing, “On the Genus Urothoé and a new Genus Urothoides,”

Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xiii. pt. 1 (1891) pl. iv. A, ga. 2.

6 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new ?

hand produced into a tooth confronting the finger, though

Stebbing supposes that this was due to a misapprehension *.

A further approach to Urothoé is perhaps to be seen in the

long feathered sete found in the present species on the

antenne, the first and second pereopods, and the third uropods,

though they do not seem to occur on the third and fourth

pereopods, where they are most abundant in Urothoé. ‘The

terminal uropods and the telson show a fairly close connexion

with Phoxocephalus as well as with Urothoé and Urothoides,

and the general shape of the head has somewhat the cha-

racters of Phowxocephalus, though in a much exaggerated

degree.

In the telson this species evidently differs very considerably

from the ‘ Challenger’ species (where the telson is undivided

and emarginate), and presents a fair general resemblance to

Urothcé and allied genera.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Platyischnopus neozelanicus, sp. 0.

a.s. Upper antenna, X 50. prp.8. Third pereeopod, x 50.

ai. Lower antenna, x 50, prp.®. Fifth pereopod, x 50.

gn. 1. First gnathopod, x 50. ur. 1. First uropod, x 50,

gn. 2, Second gnathopod, x 50, ur.2. Second uropod, x 50.

prp. 1. First pereeopod, x 60. ur.3. Third uropod, x 50.

prp.2. Second perseopod, x 60. T. Telson, x 90.

17 Melville Terrace, Edinburgh,

5th October, 1896.

1I.—Descriptions of new Lizards and Frogs from Mount

Victoria, Owen Stanley Range, New Guinea, collected by

Mr. A. 8. Anthony. By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S.

[Plates I. & IT.]

Lygosoma nigrolineatum. (PI. I. fig. 1.)

Section Hinulia. Body moderately elongate, limbs rather

short; the distance between the end of the snout and the

fore limb contained once and a half in the distance between

axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid scaly.

Nostril pierced in a single nasal; no supranasal; frontonasal

broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral and with

the frontal; latter a little shorter than frontoparietals and

OL, 6. p. 4%,

Lizards and Frogs from New Guinea. c/

interparietal together, in contact with the two anterior supra-

oculars; four supraoculars; eight supraciliaries; fronto-

parietals and interparietal distinct, subequal in length;

parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal; six pairs

of nuchals; fifth upper labial below the centre of the eye.

Ear-opening oval, a little smaller than the eye-opening; no

auricular lobules. 28 smooth scales round the body, laterals

smallest, the two vertebral series much enlarged, more than

twice as broad as Jong, here and there fused to a single plate-

like scale five or six times as broad as long. A pair of large

preanals. The adpressed hind limbs just meet. Digits

short, feebly compressed ; subdigital lamella smooth, mostly

divided, 18 under the fourth toe. Tail thick, tapering to a

fine point, a little longer than head and body. Brown above,

with a broad black dorso-lateral strips extending from the

posterior corner of the eye to the middle of the tail, and

separated from its fellow by four and two half scales; each

of the four scales between the stripes with a black spot or

median streak, these spots and streaks confluent into four

interrupted dorsal lines; sides of head and body greyish,

speckled and spotted with black; lower parts white, throat

and tail speckled with black.

millim

Pgtallensthtn toi : arelody lam biecisse 127

15 (7s Oe, Seen te Reno Ree 12

Widthvotshesdn ttn ctr oeery seo sees tore 8

a Se Sa A ie aby oe ei ae ge 45

Poraslim beak Cre eet ee 12

ind shim beep ce. esheets kia 20

ANNU eae A Shh eee ne Ree me ed 70

A single specimen.

Lygosoma Stanleyanum. (Pl. I. fig. 2.)

Section Liolepisma. Body moderately elongate, limbs

moderate ; the distance between the end of the snout and the

fore limb contained once and a half in the distance between

axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with

an undivided transparent disk. No supranasal ; frontonasal

much broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral

and with the frontal; latter a little longer than the single

frontoparietal, in contact with the first and second supra-

oculars; four supraoculars; eight supraciliaries; parietals

forming a suture behind the interparietal; three pairs of

nuchals; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Har-opening

oval, smaller than the eye-opening; no auricular lobules.

8 Mr?G. A. Boulenger on new

32 smooth scales round the body, the two vertebral series

largest, at least twice as broad as long. A pair of large

preanals, The hind limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed

fore limb. Digits moderate, feebly compressed ; subdigital

lamellz smooth, 25 under the fourth toe. Tail once and a

half as long as head and body. Dark brown above, with a

broad lateral band formed by the crowding of black spots ;

this band light-edged above on the head and anterior part of

body; flanks greenish white, dotted with black ; lower parts

greenish white.

millim,

Total length . o.%'<.s < «is.< 0th ea elem aie 150

1; Aa AR Sct Re 11

Width of Head): < 3.¢ fic teense atte ere tS

BOY isi wae c vied. och bed giokew artteta ote eats 49

Horeiimb etc. sacks oie said ier Res eve 18

‘Elind limb i272), Sue vadineia ee ieee 26

TAM rave hayes sakes tote ecetese si Nea siaisousVeuste Bata 90

A single specimen.

Lygosoma elegans. (PI. I. fig. 3.)

Section Lolepisma. Habit lacertiform; the distance

between the end of the snout and the fore limb contained once

and one fourth in the distance between axilla and groin.

Snout moderate, pointed. Lower eyelid with an undivided

transparent disk. No supranasal; frontonasal broader than

long, forming a suture with the rostral and with the frontal ;

latter as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together, in

contact with the first and second supraoculars ; four supra-

oculars, first and fourth longest; eight supraciliaries ; fronto-

parietals and interparietal distinct, subequal ; parietals

forming a suture behind the interparietal; three pairs of

nuchals ; fifth upper labial entering the orbit. Ear-opening

roundish, smaller than the eye-opening, without distinct

lobules. 30 smooth scales round the body, the two vertebral

series largest, at least twice as broad as Jong. A pair of

large preanals, ‘The hind limb reaches the elbow of the

adpressed fore limb, Digits slender, feebly compressed ;

subdigital lamellae smooth, 23 under the fourth toe. Tail

once and two fifths as long as head and body. Pale greenish

brown above, with deep black blotches, the largest forming

two series along the back; lower parts greenish white;

digits dark brown beneath, palm and sole bright yellow.

Lizards and Frogs from New Guinea. 9

millim

Total Tength ......0sccssecssccsoucee 138

13 GO are co: SAO Onoda er oo Cor Go err 13

NIG Oe Heme Ge. cua on Peeteterii.b so s.0 8

180 aie At een ~ Cibo Ge a ie 45

lion; Trl) Baran SAS so Ane Ai ne Aenea 20

Ebindglimiby: «<meta ao eto ates Ce aetas: s 27

BM tee ora PEPE slot 0 2/20 els. a. aiavaic 80

A single specimen.

Lygosoma curtum.

Section Liolepisma. Body short and stout; limbs rather

feeble, with four fingers and five toes; the distance between

the end of the snout and the fore limb contained once and

two fifths to once and a half in the distance between axilla

and groin. Snout very short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with

a moderately large transparent disk, which is but little larger

than the ear-opening. No supranasal; frontonasal nearly

twice as broad as long, forming a broad suture with the

rostral and a narrow one with the frontal ; latter as long as

or a little shorter than the single frontoparietal, in contact

with the first and second supraoculars ; eight supraciliaries ;

interparietal distinct; parietals forming a median suture; a

pair of nuchals and a pair of temporals border the parietals :

three upper labials anterior to the subocular. Ear-opening

rather small, roundish, with a single projecting lobule on its

anterior border. 26 scales round the body, all smooth, or

dorsals with three feeble grooves. Preanals not enlarged.

‘The hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore limb.

Digits short ; subdigital lamellae smooth, 23 to 25 under the

fourth toe. ‘Tail little longer than head and body. Dark

brown above, uniform or with small lighter spots; yellowish

_ or greenish white beneath.

millim

otal lengli acter sas Salado Gs ee 6 Xe 82

817) De es Oe ata i ii ae rete S .e)

Wadtntor Hosde se cee ard hci ncks os che 6

13 aN Apis Be Rabe dee: 5 eileen chee ce 28

Hore kistlies, AM AD cts c ie helewars vet 10

12 Ghats sus] pl eg Peay Wares baked Meera eae 14

MIN cet abbas cick. sietds wna: tins shee ae 45

Four specimens.

Lygosoma iridescens. (Pl. I. fig. 4.)

Section Emoa. Habit lacertiform; the distance between the

end of the snout and the-fore limb contained once and one fourth

10 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new

in the distance between axilla and groin. Snout moderate,

pointed. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk.

Nostril pierced between three small shields—a nasal, a post-

nasal, andasupranasal; frontonasal broader than long, narrowly

in contact with the rostral and with the frontal; latter

shorter than the single frontoparietal, in contact with the

first and second supraoculars ; foursupraoculars ; eight supra-

ciliaries ; interparietal fused with the frontoparietal, behind

which the parictals form a suture; a pair of nuchals and a

pair of temporals border the parietals; five labials anterior

to the large subocular. Ear-opening oval, about as large as

the transparent palpebral disk, with one or two very short

obtuse lobules anteriorly. 26 smooth scales round the body,

dorsals largest. No enlarged preanals. The hind limb

reaches the axilla. Digits moderately elongate, flattened,

except at the end, which is subcylindrical; subdigital

lamelle very fine, smooth, 65 under the fourth toe. Greenish

bronzy above, strongly iridescent, with small black spots;

sides darker brown, with black and yellow dots; dorsal

scales with dark brown striew; lower parts pale metallic

green, palm and sole bright yellow.

millim

From snout to vent....eccss-:- sates 50

1s (-\.1s Se ee arya gees eee ll

Width of head’, o:.pe ed ncurses 7

Hore limb? s.. nae fe oeeint eee 18

Hind dimb' . 7. 2 eee ee 22

A single specimen.

Sphenophryne Anthonyt. (Pl. LI. fig. 1.)

Tongue large, oval, entire. Snout short, rounded, with

distinct canthus and concave loreal region; interorbital space

as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, hardly

half the diameter of the eye. ‘Tips of fingers dilated into

very large disks, which are subtriangular and broader than

long; first finger shorter than second ; toes with a rudiment

of web, the disks much smaller than those of the fingers; no

subarticular or metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articu-

lation reaches the shoulder or the tympanum. Skin smooth,

areolate on the throat and belly ; a fine raised vertebral line

sometimes present, as well as a pair of lines converging back-

wards on the back, just behind the head. Coloration very

variable. Grey, brown, or reddish above, speckled or spotted

with black, or with large light blotches ; a fine light vertebral

line sometimes present; thighs and lower parts brown,

Lizards and Frogs from New Guinea. 11

uniform or spotted with yellow, or yellowish marbled and

reticulate with dark brown. Male without vocal sacs, with a

light line along the chin and throat.

From snout to vent 45 millim.

Several specimens.

LIOPHRYNE, g. n. Engystomatidarum.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue large, oblong, extensively free

and nicked behind. ‘Two oblique series of vomerine teeth

behind the level of the choane. Two dermal transverse

ridges in front of the cesophagus, the second strongly deaticu-

late. Tympanum distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips

slightly swollen. Outer metatarsals bound together. Pre-

coracoid present, ossified, very slender; no omosternum,

sternum cartilaginous, small. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra

moderately dilated.

Liophryne rhododactyla, (Pl. II. fig. 2.)

Head much broader than long; snout shorter than the

orbit, rounded, with obtuse canthus and concave loreal region ;

nostril a little nearer the tip of the snout than the eye;

interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tym-

panum two thirds or three fourths the diameter of the eye.

Fingers and toes rather elongate, depressed; first finger

shorter than second ; subarticular tubercles feebly prominent ;

a very indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal

articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth. Dark purplish

brown, finely powdered with crimson above, spotted with

yellowish beneath ; a very indistinct fine light vertebral line ;

a crimson spot above the vent; fingers and toes crimson

above.

From snout to vent 60 millim.

Three specimens.

Liophryne brevipes.

Closely allied to the preceding, but differing in the much

shorter limbs with shorter digits, the tibio-tarsal articulation

reaching only the shoulder. A pair of curved dermal folds

from the posterior border of the head to between the shoulders.

Grey-brown above, pinkish on the sides of the back ; sides

of head dark brown; belly greyish, marbled with brown, with

a fine light median line; throat vinaceous red.

From snout to vent 22 millim.

A single specimen.

12 On new Lizards and Frogs from New Guinea.

MANTOPHRYNE, g. n. Engystomatidarum.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue large, oval, entire, grooved

along the middle, free only at the sides and slightly behind.

Palate toothless. Two dermal transverse ridges in front of the

cesophagus, the second strongly denticulate. Tympanum

distinct. Fingers and toes free, the tips feebly dilated.

Outer metatarsals bound together. No precoracoids; no

omosternum ; sternum cartilaginous, small. Diapophyses of

sacral vertebra feebly dilated.

This genus is near to Xenorhina, Peters, but differs in the

large eye and ranoid habit.

Mantophryne lateralis. (Pl. IL. fig. 3.)

Head subtriangular, a little broader than long; snout

obtusely pointed, shorter than the diameter of the orbit;

canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region nearly vertical, con-

cave; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye;

interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum as

large as the eye. Fingers and toes rather elongate, cylin-

drical, slender, with small terminal disks and strong subarti-

cular tubercles; first finger shorter than second; a feeble

oval inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation

reaches the eye. Skin smooth; a fine fold along the verte-

bral line, and sometimes several others along the back ; chin

with a pair of more or less distinct small warts. Grey or

brown above, with small blackish spots and a broad black

stripe on each side of the back from the eye to the groin; a

dark blotch below the eye; a black stripe on the hinder

side of the thighs; brownish beneath, dotted and spotted

with blackish. Male without vocal sac.

From snout to vent 43 millim.,

Several specimens.

Nyctimantis papua. (PI. I. fig. 5.)

Tongue circular, nicked and slightly free behind. Vomerine

teeth in two short transverse or slightly oblique series between

the large choanee. Head moderate, the skin free from the skull;

snout rounded, shorter than the diameter of the orbit, with

strong canthus and concave loreal region ; interorbital space

as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, one third

to two fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers much de-

pressed, webbed at the base, disks larger than the tympanum.

Toes webbed to the disks of the third and fifth and to the

penultimate phalanx of the fourth ; a very small inner meta-

1 oo

li | édietys| Gey

Mr. H. H. Druce on new Species of Lycenide. 13

tarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles moderate. The tibio-

tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or a little

beyond. Skin smooth or with small warts above, granular

beneath ; a strong curved fold above the tympanum; heel

sometimes with a small conical tubercle. Grey, olive, or

reddish brown above, uniform or marbled with darker or with

large insuliform spots; a light line may run along the

eanthus rostralis and supraciliary edge ; dirty white or brown

beneath. Male with an external subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 66 millim.

Several specimens.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PrateE LI.

Fig. 1. Lygosoma nigrolineatum.

Fig. 2. Iygosoma Stanleyanum.

Fg. 3. Lygosoma elegans.

Fig. 4. Lygosoma iridescens.

Fig. 5. Nyctimantis papua.

Fig. 5a, Ditto, Open mouth.

Puate II.

Fig. 1. Sphenophryne Anthonyt.

Fig. 2. Liophryne rhododactyla.

Fig. 2a. Ditto. Palate.

Fig. 26. Ditto. Tongue.

ig. 3. Mantophryne lateralis.

Il].—Descriptions of Four new Species of Lycenide from the

Eastern Archipelago. By Hamitton H. Druce, F.Z.8.,

F.E.S.

_ Thysonotis lampros, sp. n.

3. Upperside allied to 7. philostratus, Feld., which it

resembles in colour, but the fore wing is entirely without the

white discal band, and has a somewhat wider black outer

margin, which is less distinctly defined on its inner edge.

The hind wing differs from that of 7. philostratus by the blue

area being rather more extensive. ‘The cilia of both wings

(which in 7. philostratus are black) are white, those of the hind

wing slightly marked with black at the termination of the

nervules. ‘I'he underside differs from that species by the

white band being usually narrower, and in the hind wing

always straighter, not so curved in towards the base of

the wing where it reaches the abdominal margin. The

14 Mr. H. H. Druce on new Species of Lycenide.

bluish-green costal streak of the fore wing reaches closer to

the apex before it rounds off along the outer margin, conse-

quently the apex is less broadly black than in T. philostratus.

The blue submarginal band on the hind wing is wider and

its central black spots are more elongate. Cilia of both

wings as above. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with

wings. 7

9. Upperside almost entirely blackish brown, with but a

faint indication of a narrow pale band, which ends in a small

creamy white patch on the abdominal margin, close to the

base, after it crosses the submedian nervure. Cilia as in

male. On the underside it differs from the male by the

white band being narrower, and consequently the black areas

being more extensive, and by the submarginal blue band of

the hind wing being wider and containing still more elongate

deep black spots. Some specimens have on the fore wing,

between the blue band and the outer margin, a narrow whitish

band from near the apex to the outer angle interrupted by

the brown nervules.

Expanse, d 14-2} inches; 2 1,’ to 21 inches.

Hab. Kiriwini, Trobriand Is., March to May (A. S. Meek).

Types Mus. Druce.

At first I thouglit that this species might be nearest to

T. regina, Kirby, from Normanby I., but on examining the

type of that species I find that it is allied in coloration

to TJ. apollonius, Feld., which is entirely different from

T. philostratus.

T. lampros is the only species of this group which has

entirely lost the white band on the fore wing above, and the

female is much duller than any other described. Mr. Meek

obtained many specimens, which scarcely vary except in

size.

PuHILiRIS, Rober.

Herr Rober has made F'elder’s Thecla tlias from Amboyna

the type of his genus.

It may perhaps be found convenient to retain Hiibner’s

name Candalides (the first name mentioned under this head-

ing being xanthospilos, Hiibn. from Australia) for some

species of this group, as I find that the 3rd subcostal nervule

varies considerably in length.

Of the species described here, P. theleos has this nervule

comparatively long as in P. dias, whilst P. speirion and

P. mneia have it comparatively short as in P. philotus.

Holochila absimilis, Feld., and its allies have it compara-

tively long, but the name Holochila cannot be used, as it is

preoccupied.

Mr. H. H. Druce on new Species of Lycenide. 15

Philiris theleos, sp. n.

3. Upperside closely allied to P. dias, Feld. Blue colour

rather darker and more glistening; apex and outer margin of

fore wing distinctly broader, black-bordered. Outer margin

of hind wing, which in P. das is almost linear, distinctly

and evenly black-bordered as in fore wing. Cilia whitish,

with black at the ends of the nervules, but less conspicuous

than in P. ilias. Underside differs from P. dlias by being a

pale brownish white in place of pure white. Antenne black

with white spots. Abdomen black above, pale below.

Expanse 1,3, inch.

Hab. Amboyna, February (Doherty).

Type Mus. Druce.

This species has the outer margin of the fore wing nearly

straight as in P. ilias.

Philiris spetrion, sp. n.

3. Allied to P. philotus, Feld.: upperside a much brighter

and bluer shade of purple, with the black borders to both

wings rather more than twice as broad, and the white cilia

more conspicuous and less distinctly spotted with black at

the terminations of the nervules. Underside as in P. philotus.

@. Upperside: both wings pale shining cerulean blue,

much the colour of P. philotus, 2, but more brilliant, with

broad blackish-brown margins. Cilia grey. Underside as

male, but paler.

Expanse, ¢ 2 12 inch.

Hab. Fergusson I., September to December (A. S. Meek).

Types Mus. Druce.

Mr. Meek obtained many specimens which do not appear

to vary.

It seems to be a very distinct form, and the female is,

I believe, the first one of this genus described which has the

conspicuous blue area of almost equal extent in both wings.

This insect, together with the next described, has the

outer margin of the fore wing in the male distinctly convex,

as in P. philotus. There appears to be a patch of darkened

scales in the cell of the fore wing in P. philotus, but I can

find no trace of this in P. spetrion.

Philiris mneia, sp. n.

gd. Upperside uniform dark purplish brown ; cilia greyish.

Underside differs only from P. philotus by being of a more

reddish-brown shade and by the unmarked cilia.

2. Upperside dull deep brownish black ; cilia of fore wing

brownish, of hind wing white, with black spots at the termi-

16 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera :

nations of the nervules. Underside paler than male, with

the cilia of the fore wing black, of hind wing white, with

large black spots at the termination of the nervules, and with

an anteciliary black line.

Expanse, ¢ 12 inch; ¢& 13-12 inch.

Hab. Batchian, March (W. Doherty).

Some female specimens havea few blue scales dusted on

the disc of the fore wing above.

This species has long been in collections, but I have

nowhere seen it described.

IVY.—Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.

—No. 2. Ona Collection of Diptera from the Lowlands of

the Rio Nautla, in the State of Vera Cruz. I. By C. H.

TYLER TOWNSEND, F.E.S.

THE following Diptera were all collected by the writer, in

March, April, June, and July, at San Rafael and Paso de

Telaya, on the Rio Nautla, about a mile below and above

Jicaltepec, but on the opposite or north side of the river.

Paso de Telaya is but two miles from San Rafael, and really

forms a part of that settlement. This locality is about four

or five miles inland from the coast, and about 30 or 40 feet

above sea-level.

Many of the Diptera in this collection were taken, from

June 26 to July 19, at San Rafael, on flowers of two closely

approximated patches of a shrub known by the native name

ot barra negra. It has been determined by Dr. J. N. Rose

as Cordia sp., probably C. ferruginea. Although the flowers

of this shrub are small, whitish, and inconspicuous, they were

visited by many flies, bees, and other insects. They were

about the only flowers in the vicinity from the last of June

through July.

A word may be said about the seasons w hich prevailed

during the period of my collecting. ‘There were occasional

northers, accompanied by rain, through March and April.

No rain fell through May, and not until about June 14, it

thus having become very dry, when there came a good rain

which lasted two days. After this no more rain fell till

July 12, when it rained hard, and continued to rain, some in

nearly every twenty-four hours, up to July 20, when I left.

The Lower Rio Nautla region possesses many temperate

forms of insects, and therefore comes well within the limits

of the Zamaulipan fauna. Probably its temperate forms fall

short of 25 per cent. of the whole fauna. It is of course,

from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 17

from its great preponderance of tropical forms, to be classed

with the Neotropical region proper. The student is referred,

for further information on the Tamaulipan fauna and the

biogeography of the Mexican region, to a paper published by

the writer in the ‘Transactions of the Texas Academy of

Science,’ vol. i. pp. 71-96.

The fauna bears some resemblance to that of the Lower

Rio Grande region; but the Diptera do not show the

resemblance so much as do the Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

A considerable number of familiar forms among the more

striking species of the two orders last named were collected,

which I recognized as having previously taken in the

palmetto hammocks near Brownsville, Texas. But these

largely represent the tropical or subtropical element of these

faunas in the Lower Rio Grande region.

On the whole the Lower Rio Nautla fauna is decidedly

tropical in its aspects, especially as regards the Diptera.

The Cordia above mentioned was noticed growing, and in

flower, July 20 and 21, in places on the road that leads from

San Rafael (or Jicaltepec) to Perote, as far up as a point

about halfway, or more, between ‘Tlapacoyan and Jalacingo.

It was particularly noticed above Tlapacoyan, and up to an

altitude, I should say, of 4000 feet or over. In the lowlands

it did not seem to me to be so abundant as above Tlapacoyan,

but rather of occasional occurrence. It is well to note that

t was an extremely good fly-plant.

It may be added that vanilla, coffee, rubber, &c. do well

on the Lower Rio Nautla. It is an especially good vanilla

country from there north to the Papantla district.

Chironomide.

1. Gicacta furens, Poey.

Numerous specimens, Nautla, March 5.

This species ranges up and down the Mexican Gulf coast

from Tamaulipas to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and ex-

tends some short distance inland. I have already recorded

it from both the north and the south coasts of Jamaica

(Journ. Inst. Jamaica, i. p. 381), which was the first record

of its occurrence outside of Cuba, where it was originally

discovered and described by Poey. I have observed it on

car windows in the State of Tamaulipas, near Victoria, in

October, it having perhaps been brought thus from Tampico;

and I have also noticed it at the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos

river.

Dry pinned specimens show the wings to be strongly iri-

descent in certain lights, the dark and the white spots alike,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 2

18 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

as well as the veins and whole wing - surface, especially

noticeable being various rich shades of blue and violet.

Poey remarks at some length on this ‘peculiarity (Mem. Hist.

Nat. Cuba, i. p. 240: Havana, 1851). When the wing is

held up to the light and looked through, the dark spots

appear faint, excepting only the elongate rectangular black

stigma; this can be seen with the naked eye.

Stratiomyidea.

2. Sargus, sp.

One specimen, June 19, San Rafael. Taken from an

attid spider which had captured it.

Length 10 millim.

Kyes not contiguous. Front deep metallic green on

posterior two-thirds, pale yellowish on anterior third. Thorax

and scutellum deep metallic green, with purplish reflection

on dorsum. Abdomen black, with hind borders of segments

broadly shining violet or purplish. The black of abdomen is

soft opaque in some lights, and shining in others. Wings

scarcely tinged with fuscous. Legs pale yellowish, middle

femora broadly brownish in middle, hind femora blackish

except bases and tips, hind tibiz black on distal half, and

hind tarsi blackish except basal half of metatarsi.

Tabanide.

3. Chrysops costatus, Fabr.

One female, March 16, San Rafael.

Length 73 millim., not including antenne.

‘The eyes in life are green, with brown-black markings.

There are four brown-black, rather quadrangular spots on

anterior portion of eye, arranged in the shape of a diamond,

with the long axis vertical. The posterior spot of the four

is longitudinally elongate, occupies very nearly the centre of

the eye, and is bisected by a vertical brown-black linear

stripe extending from the upper to the lower margin of the

eye. The anterior spot is nearly square, while the other

two (upper and lower spots) are transversely elongate. In

addition to these four spots, there is a vertical bronzed line

near posterior edge of eye and parallel with the hind margin,

extending from upper to lower border.

Annulate portion of third antennal joint black, the distal

art of basal non-annulate portion tinged with blackish.

The non-annulate portion of third joint is rather distinctly

Jrom the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 19

constricted, so as to appear like three rings or joints, besides

the bulbous base. Frontal callosity not brown on posterior

edge, wholly rust-yellow. Outer branch of the two blackish

abdominal markings quite obsolete, inner branch reaching

anterior margin of fourth segment. Front, face, palpi, and

basal joints of antenne all the same colour, which is a rust-

ellow. No lateral brown vitte on venter. The broad

middle band of wings is not straight on distal border but

convex ; the proximal border is concave, but the small and

adjoining cross-veins are well within this border. It agrees

with the two Jamaican specimens mentioned by me (Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. xxii. p. 56) in having the hyaline portions

of the wings the same as there described. Legs all rust-

yellow, tips of tarsi brownish.

4. Hadrus lepidotus, Wied.

One female, March 5, on the Estero (a deep inlet from the

sea) between San Rafael and Nautla.

Length 8 millim. Others seen but not taken, being

difficult to catch.

The eyes in life are red, with green outer border, and two

outwardly abbreviated transverse green stripes. The green

stripes are bordered and prolonged by a darker red than the

ground-colour of the eye. .

Agrees perfectly with Wiedemann’s description, but the

clear apical portion of the wing comprises less than one third

of the wing’s length, and the whitish border is arcuate, the

black being convex on distal border. Anal and fourth and

fifth (last two) posterior cells, also axillary portion of wing

aud alula, hyaline—except that there is a subdetached piece of

brown, left by two of the white drop-like spots, in the base of

the fourth and fifth posterior cells, and the brown extends

into the outer edge of the fourth posterior cell on its apical

half, ending on the inner margin of wing in a pointed ex-

tension, which occupies about the basal half of second and

third posterior cells. On base of wing the black stops short

of inner margin of second basal cell. ‘The white drop-like

spots are arranged as follows: one on junction of veins at

base of second posterior cell, one on small cross-vein, one in

extreme base of first basal cell, one each in first and second

basal cells before apex and opposite to each other, and two

on cross-veins at base of fourth and fifth posterior cells.

Scutellum with a coppery-purplish tinge. Middle and hind

tarsi white except blackish tips, front tarsi whitish on little

more than basal joint (metatarsus). m

20 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

Syrphide.

5. Nausigaster meridionalis, sp. n.

One female, July 16, San Rafael. On flowers of the

Cordia sp.

This specimen seems to agree with those mentioned by

Williston from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Syn. p. 22)

and Chapada in Brazil (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xv. p. 259),

rather than with N. punctulata, Will. Dr. Williston remarks,

in the Biol. Centr.-Amer., Dipt. (vol. i. p. 6), that he

believes these specimens to be distinct from the more

northern N. punctulata, an opinion in which I concur. The

species, as represented by my specimen, differs as follows

from Williston’s description of NV. punctulata :—

?. Length 8 millim.

There are four indistinct stripes to be seen on mesoscutum,

more shining and greenish than the rest of surface, but they

are very hard to distinguish. Cheeks and lower part of

face rather reddish brown, the antennz being of a lighter

shade of same colour. The marking of the wings, which is

the principal distinguishing character, is as follows :—The

black is all coalesced into one marking, and is more extensive

than in any of the specimens mentioned by Williston.

Beginning in the third costal cell, at end of auxiliary vein,

it widens in passing through the marginal cell, fills out all

of the submarginal cell except the apex, and terminates dis-

tally by broadly filling the apex of marginal cell, Proximally

it continues broadly inward across small cross-vein, following

the spurious vein to its end, into base of discal cell, less

broadly in base of the last posterior cell, and thence filling

out nearly all of second basal cell. It spreads narrowly

into first posterior cell on its front border. There is also

a narrow streak of black on anterior edge of first basal

cell in middle, being in front of spurious vein. Legs reddish

brown, with black on base of front femora and on other

femora except tips.

6. Baccha pheoptera, Sch.

One female, March 30, Paso de Telaya.

Length 13 millim.

It possesses the median linear vitta of mesoscutum in the

black between the two pairs of vittee mentioned by Schiner.

The lateral borders of mesoscutum are broadly yellow. A

transversely elongate brown spot on sides of thorax below and

pesterior to humeri. Schiner seems to mistake the first two

abdominal segments for one, speaking of them as the first,

‘

From the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 21

calling the third the second, &c. The first segment is wide,

short, lunate in shape, and yellow, with hind border broadly

dark brown, the brown not extending the full width of segment.

Neither arm of the horseshoe-like yellow lateral marking of

third segment reaches hind margin, but the arms are equal.

On fourth and fifth segments both arms reach hind margin.

Sixth segment shows this marking as a small V on each

side. Third, fourth, and fifth segments show the median

linear vitta throughout, but this is only very faintly apparent

on the elongate and narrowed second segment. ‘he yellow

marking called by Schiner “ horseshoe-shaped” is very

narrow to be so characterized, and on third segment is rather

inverted V-shaped. On third and fourth segments it is open

behind, but on fifth its arms join on hind margin of segment

on one side in this specimen, while on the other side they

are open. The facial tubercle is of good size and prominent.

Black ocellar spot not shining, opaque. Hind femora pale

reddish on more than basal half, with only faint ring of

brown before tips. Wings tinged with fuscous yellowish,

appearing deep yellow when held up to the light. In

Schiner’s specimens the wings were doubtless darker. I

give these detailed comments on Schiner’s description, so as

to assist in the determination of the species in the future.

7. Ocyptamus fuscipennis, Say.

Three female specimens, March 2 and 23, San Rafael ;

and April 7, Paso de Telaya.

Length about 8 millim.

The white of face does not extend on sides of front. Face

hardly yellowish in one specimen. All the tarsi reddish

yellow in two specimens, and only hind tarsi faintly tinged

with brownish in the other. Black of wings not at all

diluted in anal, last posterior, and discal cells in one speci-

men, and but very slightly in tie other two.

8. Volucella obesa, Fabr.

One male, July 18, San Rafael. On flowers of the

Cordia sp.

9, Eristalis ornatus, sp. 0.

Two males, July 10, San Rafael. On flowers of the

Cordia sp.

g. Length 103 to 11 millim.

Near to #. ochraceus, from Williston’s description of which

(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xv. p. 279) it differs as follows :—There

22 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

is more or less black piie mixed with the yellow on frontal

triangle. First abdominal segment silvery whitish in

middle. Linear brown stripe of second and third segments

almost obsolete. There is hardly any dark anterior margin

perceptible on second segment. ‘The third and fourth seg-

ments are the same colour as the second, but they each have

an entire shining cross-band which the second lacks. Fifth

segment black. Legs rather deep reddish yellow, with

proximal half of middle and front tibizee yellowish white.

Hind femora narrowly and faintly brownish on distal ends

above. ‘Tarsi wholly reddish yellow, distal half of foot-

claws black. Wings pure hyaline, except a small well-defined

* subquadrate dark brown or blackish spot at end of auxiliary

vein, between latter and first vein. Wing-veins pale yel-

lowish. Tegule light buff-yellow, with a fine long yellow

silken fringe on border; alulets faintly fuscous, with a ciliate

black fringe.

10. Meromacrus crucigerus, Wied.

Seven males and five females, San Rafael. A small

female, March 16; the others July 1 to 18, on flowers of

the Cordia sp.

Length 113 to 15 millim.

The ground-colour of the small female taken in March is

black, except two reddish oval lateral spots on second seg-

ment anteriorly. In this specimen also the facial stripe and

frontal vitta are more or less blackish. All the others belong

to the form mentioned by Williston in the Biol. Centr.-Amer.,

Dipt., from Sonora and Teapa. The ground-colour of

abdomen is reddish brown, hind femora blackish or brown

except at distal end. Two of the females (July 9 and 18)

have the posterior segments of abdomen a little darker, and

all of the four females taken in July have the frontal vitta

blackish only on posterior two-thirds, They all, however,

as well as the males, have the facial stripe reddish. Frontal

triangle in the males, and anterior one third of frontal vitta

in the females, reddish. In all the males except one the

pile on sides of frontal triangle is whitish instead of yellow,

Pile of sides of front and face in female very deep yellow,

like the pile of thoracic and abdominal markings. These

latter markings agree perfectly with Williston’s description

(Syn. p. 180). Middle of first abdominal segment, and

narrow concave front border of second, opaque black. A

more or less distinct blackish tinge to other segments,

leaving a pair of large reddish lateral lunate triangles on

second segment.

ae ee

from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 23

Conopide.

STYLOGASTER.

Fifty-one specimens of this interesting genus were taken

hovering over the front ranks of a moving army of ants, in

a cafetal at Paso de Telaya, during the last hour or two of

daylight on March 29. In company with them were nume-

rous specimens of Hyalomyta and some other small tachinids.

The ants have been determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande as

Eciton Foreli, Mayr. Mr. Pergande adds that they are the

most northerly form of that species, which is a widely dis-

tributed one in the American tropics. The column of ants

was about 15 feet wide and 25 feet long, and moved slowly

but surely in a straight line through the cafetal, swarming

rapidly over the thick covering of dead leaves, branches, and

other obstructions that strewed the ground under the coffee-

trees. The specimens of Stylogaster hovered continually

over the ants, now and again darting at them, without doubt

for the purpose of ovipositing in their bodies. During the

whole three months of my collecting in this locality, Ll saw

not a single specimen of Styloguster at any other time; but

on this occasion, during the short time that I had before dark

overtook me, I succeeded in capturing fifty-one specimens,

by sweeping closely with the net over the front ranks of the

ants. These fifty-one specimens belong, strange to say, to

three new species, all distinct from biannulata, Say, and

neglecta, Will., the only species hitherto known from

America. The genus has never before been recorded from

Mexico or Central America. No specimens were contained

in the Biol. Centr.-Amer. collections, as evidenced by the

genus not being mentioned by Dr. Williston in his treatment

of the Conopide.

Williston has stated (Trans. Conn. Acad. 1885, p. 389)

that this genus, “it is thought, may be parasitic upon

termites.” However this may be, I believe that my obser-

vations, as above detailed, leave no doubt that the three

species described below are parasitic upon ants of the genus

Eiciton, in the State of Vera Cruz.

Such a series of specimens as the present could not fail

to throw some light on the confusion existing with regard

to the described species, and especially to the specimens

described by Wiedemann, although I think that Dr. Wil-

liston has presented the latter question in its true light in

his most recent paper on Stylogaster (Kans. Univ. Quart. 1.

pp. 120-122). I believe there is no doubt that Wiedemann

had two, and perhaps three species before him, one of these

24 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

being neglecta, Will. It is equally certain that Fabricius’s

name stylata must be dropped tor the present, from the utter

uncertainty as to what his species was, since the relative

length of the antennal joints is not mentioned in his deserip-

tion, and the antenne are apparently absent in the type,

while it is known that the abdomen is wanting. Thus it

would be futile for me to attempt to define it in the synoptic

table of species given below. It is barely possible that an

examination of the type, though so badly mutilated, might .

place it, providing it could be found. Judging from t

Fabricius’s description, I believe it possible that his species i

stylata may be distinct from any described, including those

in this paper.

In the light of my material, I am inclined to think that

the male specimen described by Dr. Williston as biannulata,

Say (Trans. Conn. Acad. 1883, p. 7), is distinct from that

species, as the descriptions differ on the colouring of the

front in a way that can hardly be mistaken, especially since

the fifty-one specimens of my three species show absolutely

no variation in this regard.

Synoptic table of the American species of Stylogaster

so far known.

1, Second antennal joint short, about as long as broad,

third joint strongly elongate ................ neglecta, Will.

Second joint elongate, nearly or quite as long as

the third 2

2. Mesoscutum with the lateral borders broadly pale

yellow, rarely indistinctly so; front rufous

yellow anteriotty Yon eccuaey ens woe exten ee 3.

Mesoscutum with only the humeri pale yellow, front

wholly without yellow anteriorly ............ 4, i

8. Abdomen with a distinct median vitta (rarely sub-

obsolete), widened into a triangle on base of

second papment 4 si Teaco cs ieee vee ..... stylosa, sp. n.

Abdomen without such vitta .............0000- biannulata, Say.

4. Large species with prevailing colour blackish, hind -

tibize and ovipositor conspicuously silvery white

before tips, silvery of face extending on sides of

anterior half Of front ' 3. «5s oy > ons See om . ethiopa, sp. 0.

Small species without white on hind tibis or ovi-

positor, and with front wholly blackish or brown

to antennal pit ..........00- reir cy. «+. minuta, sp. 0.

11. Stylogaster stylosa, sp. n.

Hight female, and six male specimens.

3 ¢. Length of female nearly 5 to over 6 millim., not in-

cluding ovipositor, which is 2} to 3 millim. Length of male

64 to 8 millim.

Very similar to S, diannulata, Say, as shown by Say’s

from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 25

description, but differing in the very constant character of

the median abdominal vitta. Face wholly silvery; the

anterior half (or more than one third) of the front rufous

yellow, with the silvery of face extending narrowly on sides

of this yellow portion and ending ina point on each side.

Rest of front soft opaque black, except the shining black

ocellar area. First antennal joint light yellow, as is base of

second; rest of antenne rufous, the third joint being more or

less tinged with fuscous on upper edge and tip; arista

blackish. Second antennal joint in all the specimens fully

as long as third, or even sometimes appearing very slightly

longer; base of third joint about same width as apex of

second. Proboscis of ordinary length for the genus, each

of the two joints about 3 millim. long, broadly whitish on

tip, yellowish at base, with more or less of a silvery-white

reflection. Mesoscutum blackish, with humeri and_ broad

lateral borders yellow (in one specimen darker at base of

wings), the yellow also continuing around hind margin and

extending anteriorly in a median pair of short vitte nearly

to transverse suture, each vitta terminating in a point, which

is connected by a usually distinct line with the yellow of the

humeri. ‘The suture is also marked, especially on lateral

sections, with a faint yellow line. In fact the thorax might

be described as yellow, with three heavy closely approxi-

mated black vitte on dorsum; the middle vitta widest,

beginning on extreme front border of thorax and ending in

a point (sometimes faint) at scutellum; the lateral vitte

strongly abbreviated in front, their outer borders convex,

and ending rather pointedly behind at scutellum. Sides of

thorax silvery pollinose, with a faint or nearly obsolete touch

of brownish below and a little before wing-bases, the brownish

with shining surface. Scutellum pale yellowish, brownish

on disk. Abdomen yellowish; first segment more or less

brownish on dorsum, sometimes as a posterior margin, some-

times as a geminate marking indented on middle in front;

second to fifth segments brown or blackish on posterior

margin, the fourth and fifth sometimes with a dark tinge on

anterior portion, and always more or less distinctly silvery-

white pollinose on all except the brown hind border; a

distinct (in one female only is this indistinct) median brown

vitta on second to fifth segments, dilated into a triangle on

second segment, the base of the triangle being coincident

with front border of segment. Abdomen thinly clothed with

short black hairs. Ovipositor of female hardly as long as

abdomen, composed of two segments: first segment usually

longer than second including the appendages of latter, with

more or less brown or blackish on dorsum ; second segment

26 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

more uniformly brown or blackish, darkest on dorsum, some-

times yellowish on underside. Appendages of ovipositor are —

as follows:—The underside of second segment at its tip is

extended’ into a long, narrow, sheath-like point, considerably

shorter than segment itself; an elongate, spatulate, but sub-

equilateral, palpus-like organ, clothed with black hairs, pro-

ceeds from tip of second segment and lies along upper surface

of this sheath, being about equal in length with the latter; at

base of spatulate organ, and apparently springing from

second segment, are two short palpiform organs also clothed

with black hairs. These appendages are all more or less

yellowish or rufous. In some specimens the sheath seems to

be split obliquely lengthwise on each side, forming three

pieces, and the side pieces, which are rather slender, are

sometimes hard to distinguish on account of their lying

closely against sides of spatulate organ; in such cases the

sheath-like point of ovipositor seems very short, not nearly

the length of the spatulate organ. Front and middle legs

light yellow, the tarsi more or less blackish except meta-

tarsi; hind legs as described for béannulata, the hind femora

(as in all species known to me) biannulate with blackish ;

hind tibiz with a narrow, rarely faintly silvery ring on

middle, distal two fifths of hind tibiz and all of hind tarsi

black. Wings evenly infuscated, halteres fuscous except the

yellowish stalks. Abdomen of male widened and blunt at

end, with six visible segments, the sixth blackish on sides;

a tuft of yellow hair on underside of abdomen at tip. Hind

femora of male with the brush-like black hairs on underside

at base; hind tibiew only slightly bent, sometimes hardly

perceptibly so. Hind tibie swollen on distal half in both

sexes, more so in the male.

Wiedemann seems to have had this species before him

when he wrote his description of S. stylata, Fabr., for he

describes exactly the median longitudinal vitta of abdomen

with its triangular expansion on second segment, stating that

some specimens possessed this.

12. Stylogaster ethiopa, sp. n.

Twenty female specimens, none of the other sex whatever.

2. Length 7 to 8 millim., without ovipositor; latter 4 to

42 millim.

Face yellowish, silvery pollinose; silvery extending on

sides of front and ending in a point on each side before

reaching occipital margin; rest of front opaque blackish,

except the large, triangular, shining, black, ocellar area,

Antenne blackish, reddish on underside of third joint,

from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 27

Proboscis quite strongly elongate, very distinctly more than in

S. stylosa, each of the two sections being 5 millim. long in the

largest specimens, making whole length 10 millim., not in-

cluding the base; each section 4 millim, in small specimens.

Proboscis white at tip, yellowish at base. Thorax black

above, except the pale whitish humeri; on sides whitish,

with a broad fascia of black extending from dorsum, between

humeri and base of wings, down to base of middle coxa.

Scutellum black, faintly pale yellowish on lower edge.

Abdomen black, a half-round whitish-yellow spot on each

side at base of segments two to five. These spots are clothed

more or less with whitish pile, especially on their anterior

portions, and are largest on the third and fourth segments,

but occupy less than half the length of the segment. Ovi-

positor elongate, somewhat longer than abdomen, composed

of two segments ; basal segment about one third longer than

terminal, black, with base yellow; second segment black,

yellowish at base and clothed with white hair on its basal

half, thus giving the ovipositor its conspicuous silvery-white

ring before tip. Appendages of second segment of ovipositor

same as in &., stylosa, except that the under sheath-like

extension is short and rather more blunt at tip, being only

one half or one third the length of spatulate organ, and the

parts are blacker. The spatulate organ and the two palpi-

form organs at its base are rather thickly clothed with longer

black hairs, the former from a side view looking like a

feathery or short-plumose arista. [Front and middle legs

pale yellow, finely short black-hairy, the coxe whitish and

mostly bare, the bases of femora blackish, those of middle

femora more broadly so; tibie whitish and white-hairy

except on outer side of proximal two fifths; the tarsi tinged

with brownish and thickly clothed with short black hairs ;

hind legs black, the coxe shining black and appearing seed-

like on posterior surface, the femora broadly pale yellowish at

each end and with a whitish or pale yellowish ring in middle ;

the tibiae with a broad white ring clothed with white hair

just before tips. Wings evenly infuseated; halteres fuscous

except the rufous-yellow stalks and bases.

13. Stylogaster minuta, sp. n.

Seven female specimens and ten males.

3 2. Length of female 4 millim., not inciuding ovipositor ;

length of latter 2 millim. Length of male 5 to 5} millim.

This species, save for its small size, looks at first sight

very much like S. stylosa, but differs from it in the following

characters, which are very constant:—Front wholly brown

28 Mr. C. H. T’. Townsend on Diptera

or blackish to base of antenne, the front border of the brown

being perfectly concave-semicircular, as limited by the poste-

rior edges of the pit or hollow in which antenne are inserted.

Each of the two joints of proboscis 2 millim. long; base of

proboscis a little more broadly yellowish and with silvery-

white reflection. Mesoscutum shining blackish, without

lighter lateral border, only hutheri whitish, the black of

dorsum extending in a dilute fascia halfway to middle coxe,

the rest of sides of thorax being whitish. Scuteillum blackish.

Abdomen without median vitta, but blackish or brown, with

second and third segments more or less broadly whitish

yellow on bases, usually leaving on third segment a median

brown triangle and on second segment a triangle with a

median geminate or entire spot-like dilatation at anterior

angle. Fourth segment more or less yellowish laterally cn

base, often in female almost wholly black, quite constantly in

male rather broadly yellowish; the fifth segment with less

yellowish on base than fourth. Ovipositor of female blackish,

yellowish at base; appendages yellowish and with the two

palpus-like organs more elongate. Hind femora biannulate

with blackish. The pale yellowish of hind legs more or less

tinged with brownish, and especially on the tarsi and distal

half of tibie, which appear dusky. Tip of male abdomen

usually blackish, with the yellowish hair inconspicuous. The

brushes of long black hairs on underside of bases of hind

femora in male are comparatively better developed than in

S. stylosa, and the hind tibize are more distinctly bent.

Tachinidae, sens. lat.

14. Acaulona costata, v. d. Wulp.

Acaulona costata, vy. d. Wulp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. ii, p. 4.

T'wo specimens, male and female: the male, April 8, Paso

de Telaya; the female, July 12, San Rafael, on flowers of

the Cordia sp.

Length of female 5 millim., of male fully 6 millim.

After examining the genitalia of both of my specimens, I

believe that v. d. Wulp’s specimens are the female. The

front is the same width in both sexes. The male has the

claws and pulvilli elongate, about twice as long as in female.

The male has the elongate-oblong, somewhat flattened abdo-

men characteristic of the males of Zrichopoda. It is not

widened in middle, but is of equal width except for the

gentle narrowing of last two segments and rounding off of

anal segment. It is but slightly narrowed at base. The’

female abdomen is ovate, convex, more narrowed at base, and

— —

from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 29

widened on second segment. The foot-claws and pulvilli in

my female are not particularly short, but are as long as last

tarsal joint. The colouring of abdomen differs in male by

having the brownish triangles of segments more narrowed

behind, less spreading, and forming a more distinct median

stripe, especially on first segment.

My specimens differ as follows from v. d. Wulp’s descrip-

tion :—Antennz somewhat more than half the length of face,

third joint hardly twice as long as second. First abdominal

segment of female longer than second or third, or even fourth,

which latter is longer than either second or third, these two

being about equal. Second, third, and fourth segments of

male about equal, but little shorter than first, the fifth seg-

ment about two thirds length of fourth. (Above are from

comparison with the generic characters.) Antenne of male

brownish, of female largely fulvous. Markings of thorax

pale golden, alike in both sexes. Scutellum fulvous on

border. Mesoscutum bordered broadly with golden behind

the suture as well as before it. Dark markings of abdomen

pale brownish. Fourth abdominal segment in female with

the brown fainter than on the other segments. Fourth seg-

ment in male mostly brown. Genitalia hardly darker than

the fulvous of anal segment. Front femora in female with

but very little yellow at base, middle femora rather narrowly

and hind femora more broadly yellow. In male front femora

are narrowly yellow, but middle and hind femora have basal

half to two thirds yellow. The differences in the foot-claws

of the two sexes are exactly similar to those in Trichopoda.

In the male the claws are elongate, wholly of a pale tawny

or brownish yellow, and straight; in the female they are

shortened, abruptly curved at end so as to be hook-shaped,

and the hook-like tips are abruptly black.

I believe that the two appendages of anal segment, figured

and described by van der Wulp, belong to the female genitalia.

15. Trichopoda tegulata, sp. n.

One female, July 1, San Rafael. On flowers of the

Cordia sp.

2. Length 8 millim.

This beautiful species is very easily distinguished from any

so far described. It is entirely black except as follows :—

Face silvery-white pollinose, extending upon sides of front as

far as middle. Cheeks and occiput with a cinereous silvery

bloom, extending over sides of thorax and coxee. ‘Transverse

suture of thorax marked by a deep gold line, widened and

spot-like at ends. ‘Two golden vitte of same width as that

30 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

on transverse suture, linear, extend from anterior margin of

thorax to transverse suture, are parallel, and divide the black

of mesoscutum in front of suture into three portions of

exactly equal width. Wings entirely black, except the hind

border, which is hyaline. Pulvilli pale yellowish white ; foot-

claws pale yellow, with black hooked tips (female). Halteres

pale yellowish, more reddish at base. The character from

which I have named the species, and which is so striking

that it will distinguish it at once, is the colour of the tegule

and alulets. The tegule (lower pair of scales) are large and

wholly of a deep golden-yellow colour, being very conspicuous

against the black of the body and wings, while the alulets

(upper pair of scales, appearing like an upper and smaller

pair of tegule), which cover the forward portion of the yellow

tegule, are pure white on the anterior half and abruptly black

on posterior half (the wing being understood to be directed

backward in the usual position). Such a beautiful effect in

coloration of the tegule and alulets 1 have never before seen

in any fly.

Note-—What I have called the alulets (the upper or

smaller pair of scales) are not true tegule, but appear so

when the wing is flexed or directed backward in its usual

position. When the wing is extended strongly forward it is

seen that this smaller scale is a part of it, being borne on the

extreme base of the inner edge of the wing, proximad of

the alula, which in turn is proximad of the axilla (anal or

axillary angle) of the wing. It should be known as the

alulet, which is the diminutive of alula. I think that this

term is deserving of use and should be adopted. Beginning,

then, with the axillary angle of the wing, the latter being

extended forward to its utmost, and proceeding inward or

proximad, we have in order the a@willa, alula, alulet, and

tegula. I remark here upon these points of terminology in

detail, as no writer seems ever to have paid any attention to

the distinctions to be made in the application of the last three

of these terms.

Since the above was written Dr. Williston has called

attention, in his new synopsis of Diptera just published, to

the fact that Osten Sacken has proposed the name “ anti-

tegula” for the upper pair of scales. I think “ alulet” is a

preferable term, from the fact that it is a short word and has

long been in use, notwithstanding that it has been indefinitely

applied in some cases.

While on the subject of Zrichopoda, I wish to propose the

name 7’. subalipes for the species described by me from Santo

Domingo under the name of 7’. sudci/ipes (Journ. N. Y. Ent,

ei,

from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 31

Soc. ii. pp. 78, 79). The latter name is preoccupied by

Macquart for a species described by him from Guiana.

16. Cistogaster immaculata, Macq., sens. str.

Cistogaster immaculata, Mac., sens. str., nec Towns. Trans. Am. Ent.

Soc. xxii. p. 67.

One male, March 18, San Rafael.

On pages 66-67 of the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxii. (1895)

I gave detailed notes of my own on two forms among the

females of what had previously been known as Cistogaster

divisa, Lw. I also presented some interesting notes sent me

by Mr. Charles Robertson on the separation of the males and

possible connexion of the two series of the latter with the two

female forms. I am inclined now to adopt this view, and

thus consider these two series as distinct species. The re-

marks that I made at end of page 67 on the names to be

used for the two forms should be corrected. Since writing

those remarks I have found that Macquart described the male

of the “dimorphic” female, while Loew described the male

of the “normal” female. ‘Therefore the species possessing

the “ dimorphic ” female will be known as C. ¢mmaculata,

Mcq., and that possessing the “normal” female will be

known as C. divisa, Lw. Walker’s name occidua will re-

main a synonym of the latter.

The present male specimen belongs to C. ¢mmaculata,

Mcq., being the male form in which the median longitudinal

fuscous stripe of abdomen is wanting, which male should be

connected with the “dimorphic” female. Macquart’s descrip-

tion leaves no doubt on this point, as he says of the abdomen

“une ligne dorsale de reflets d’un blanc jaunatre.” He

describes the abdomen as ferruginous, the first segment with

a small dorsal triangular black spot, and the third segment

with yellowish-white pollinose reflections on each side. My

specimen has the median pollinose line and the pollinose

surface on each side of third segment golden instead of

yellowish white. The fourth segment is tinged with darker

and the golden pollinose covering extends over nearly the

whole of it. The deep golden yellow of sides of front

extends fully halfway down the sides of face. The whole

mesoscutum and scutellum are deep golden pollinose, the

former with median pair of linear darker vitte in front of

transverse suture and an outer heavier vitta on each side not

reaching front margin and broadly interrupted by suture.

Length nearly 6 millim.

32 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

17. Penthosia satanica, Bigot.

Penthosia satanica, Bigot, van der Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent. xxxv. (1892)

pp. 189-190.

One male, July 4, and two females, July 5 and 6. San

Rafael, on flowers of the Cordia‘sp.

Length of male 104, of females 114 millim.

The frontal bristles extend well below the antenne, but

there is no row of hairs on each side of face except these.

The first and second antennal joints are about equal, taken

together they are about as long as width of front at vertex ;

the third joint is greatly elongated, being four or five times

as long as the second, which is not by any means very short.

In the male especially the third joint is widened distally and

is subtruncate at tip. Arista nearly as long as third antennal

joint. Thorax is not “densely pilose,” but whole thorax,

abdomen, and legs are well and quite thickly clothed with

short hair. The only long macrocheete are on the scutellum.

Foot-claws of male long and nearly straight, of female

shorter and hooked at tip. The only light colouring on this

entire insect is the silvery-white pollinose stripe extending

from middle of front on each side down to cheeks. It is

interrupted below base of antenne. Even this looks blackish

in certain lights. Otherwise the entire insect is black, even

to the pulvilli and wings, the latter, however, having a

purplish lustre.

18. Saundersia rufopilosa, v. d. W.

Saundersia rufopilosa, v. d. W., Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt, ii. p. 22.

Two male specimens of this beautiful species, San Rafael,

March. Heretofore recorded only from Guatemala and Costa

Rica.

Length 11-123 millim.

First two antennal joints rufous. Mesoscutum deep golden

ollinose, rather than cinereous. I should certainly call the

frontal bristles strong, not “rather weak.” Pilosity of

occiput deep golden yellow. Second and third antennal

joints same length. Pilosity of mesoscutum short, black.

The three black dorsal spots of abdomen, on median line of

second, third, and fourth segments, not coalesced, entire.

Bristles on coxe and underside of femora either wholly

yellow or wholly black. Alulets golden fulvous, the tegule

faintly tinged with fuscous.

from the Rio Nautla, State of Vera Cruz. 33

19. Belvosia bicincta, R. D.

One female, July 16, San Rafael. On flowers of the

Cordia sp.

Third antennal joint hardly twice as long as second.

Facial ridges not ciliate, with some bristles not extending

halfway up.

Length 15 millim.

20. Belvosia bifasciata, Fabr.

One female, June 20, San Rafael.

Third antennal joint three or more times as long as the

second. . Facial ridges ciliate, with strong bristles extending

up to a point opposite lowest frontal bristles.

Length 114 millim.

I am aware that Dr. Williston has shown that there is

great variation in these two forms of Belvosia, and that inter-

gradations of all kinds exist. I think it is well, however, to

apply the two names and differentiate the forms when they

can be separated. When specimens are encountered which

cannot be so separated they should be mentioned individually,

with details as to their variation from the typical form.

21. Phasiopteryx Bilimeki, B. & B.

One male, March 9, San Rafael.

Length 7 millim.

This specimen seems to be more robust and bristly than

van der Wulp’s specimens described in the Biol.-Centr. Am.,

Dipt. It differs as follows from van der Wulp’s description

of Neoptera (Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. 11. pp. 165-166) :—The

frontal bristles are not hair-like. There is a pair of short

decussate vibrisse. The bristles on third and fourth abdo-

minal segments can certainly be properly called macrochete.

The wings agree well with description, except that the curva-

ture of fourth vein does not form a right angle, but is

rounded. Apical cross-vein is a little concave. The foot-

claws and pulvilli are not short, but rather elongate. Claws

black, pulvilli yellow-fuscous.

Van der Wulp’s figures of male wing (Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Dipt. ii. pl. iv. figs. 11, 11 a) show the third vein altogether

too strongly arcuate in 11a, hardly enough so in 11, and,

especially in the latter, with a too much narrowed apical

cell, to agree with my specimen.

Although the vibrisse are so distinct and the bristles all

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 3

34 Mr, A. D. Michael on

so much stronger than indicated by van der Wulp, there is no

doubt that the present specimen is: the same species, as the

peculiar wing-characters cannot be mistaken. The generic

characterization must be changed somewhat, however, espe-

cially as regards the presence of distinct vibrisse.

Dexiide.

22, Huantha dives, Wd.

Euantha dives, Wd., vy. d. Wulp, Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. ii. p. 249.

Two males, March 6 and 16, San Rafael. They differ

from v. d. Wulp’s description only as follows :—

Subtrigonal spot of cheeks brownish, not well defined.

Coxe reddish yellow. Tegule pale, with yellowish tinge.

Length 123 millim.

In v. d. Wulp’s synoptic table of Dexiide, in the Biol.

Centr.-Am., Dipt., he puts Huantha in section without costal

spine on wings. . dives certainly bears a spine on costa

just before end of auxiliary vein. He also makes synopsis

read for Huantha ‘“ wings unicolorous,” which is evidently a

typographical error. I am sorry to find that I inadvertently

perpetuated these errors in my synopsis of Dexiide in Trans.

Am. Ent. Soc. xix. p. 275. The table there given should

be corrected in accordance with the above.

V.—The Classification of Oribatide.

By A. D. Micwatt, F.L.S.

A PAPER by Dr. A. C. Oudemans has appeared in the

Tijdschr. voor Entomologie entitled “ List of Dutch Acari,

Latr., first part Oribatei, Dug., with synonymical notes and

other remarks.”” It is always a pleasure to acarologists to

see a paper by Dr. Oudemans upon the creatures which they

study, and more especially so when the paper is written in a

language more familiar to most biologists than Dutch is,

This paper is chiefly upon the Oribatide, and is, in many

respects, very useful; but as it seeks to make numerous

changes in the nomenclature of genera, species, anatomical

parts, &c., and in classification, I shall probably be expected

to answer it. This I will endeavour to do so far as I think

the paper requires an answer.

Firstly, I may fairly congratulate Dr. Oudemans on his

knowledge of the English language, in which the paper is

written.

fini ee

the Classification of Oribatide. 35

Lists of local fauna are very useful, and acarologists will

be glad to have one of the Dutch species, which have not

been before recorded; although we could scarcely anticipate

that they would vary much from those of Germany and

England, as the distribution of these minute beings is

usually wide; but when, out of 68 species, 25 are inserted

thus: “ Oribates sp.,” without a word of description or any

figure, and three thus, “Gen.? sp. ?”” also without description

or figure, I fear that the value of the list is considerably

diminished.

Dr. Oudemans, in the title above quoted, does not state

what value he intends his groups to have; but he calls “‘ Acari”

what I imagine he considers the order ; the next lower group

(which I suppose he considers the family) he names “ Oribatei,”

and in his list he calls the next still lower group (which is

apparently a subfamily) ‘‘ Phthiracarea.” These termina-

tions do not appear quite consonant with modern classifi-

cation. I imagine him to give the values stated to his

groups because he calls those of equivalent values to his

Phthiracarea “ Nothrine” and “ Oribatine.” Why one

subfamily should end in “ -ea”’ and the others in “ -inz ” is

not stated. Doubtless Dugés, writing in 1834, did call his

family “ Oribatei,” raising Latreille’s genus Oribata (or Ori-

bates) into a family: but Latreille did not call his group Acari,

as in the heading of Dr. Oudemans’s paper; he called it first

* Acares”’ and afterwards “‘ Acaridiz,” as correctly stated at

p- 58; but there it is said, in reference to “ Acares,” “though

this term has a French final syllable it is a pure Latin word ”

(the italics are mine), “it is the plural of the Latin Acarus.”

This somewhat surprises me; I was under the impression

that ‘‘ Acares” was the plural of the French word “ Acare,”’

and that the word, although derived through Latin, was from

the Greek word for a Mite daxaps, as used by Aristotle, and

was founded upon axapijs, uncuttable.

Dr. Oudemans says that Phthiracarus, Perty, should be

substituted for the genus Tritéa, Berlese, because both are

founded on a Hoplophora with tridactyle claws and Perty’s

is the earlier. I by no means assert that Tritia is a neces-

sary genus ; I did not adopt it, and I am strongly of opinion

that the distinction of monodactyle and tridactyle claws has

almost entirely broken down as a means of differentiating

genera in the Oribatide, although it is useful in identifi-

cation. I believe that this is now the general opinion;

but if Berlese’s genus have any validity it arises from the

remarkable fused and elongated genital and anal plates, so

exceptional in the Oribatide, and not from the tridactyle

36 Mr. A. D. Michael on

claw. Perty’s species, judging from the drawings made by

him and published by Claparéde in 1868, had the ordinary

genital and anal plates of Hoplophora, and no specimen of

the Hoplophorine has ever been found by anyone else, that I

am aware of, having the tridactyle claw and the ordinary

genital and anal plates of Hoplophora. Perty, in defining

his genus, includes two important characters which do not

exist in any known species of Oribatide, viz., six-jointed

legs and a sucking-mouth. Therefore if we adopt the genus

Phthiracarus we adopt one founded upon erroneous anatomy,

and of which there is not any known species. Claparéde

is probably right in supposing that Perty made mistakes

about the tridactyle claw and in other matters: his species

was probably Hoplophora dasypus (Duges), an earlier

species, misdescribed—it is therefore scarcely a satisfactory

type for a family ; and if we be forced to abandon the well-

known name of Hoplophora, for which there are very strong

arguments, but which every one is unwilling to do, it will

be unfortunate.

Then Dr. Oudemans says that the genus “ Notaspis”

cannot stand because Hermann’s name in 1804 is equivalent

to Latreille’s earlier name Oribata (or Oribates): but it is

not certain that they quite covered the same ground; both.

were very large groups, practically intended to include what

we now call the family, and they have been much subdivided.

Latreille’s group has been raised to a family, and his generic

name preserved for one genus; but Hermann knew of man

creatures not known to Latreille, and Nicolet is, I think, to be

commended for preserving Hermann’s name for a portion of

these creatures contained in his group, taking the well-known

Notaspis bipilis as his type.

Dr. Oudemans then states that Oppta, Koch, is founded on

Oppia glaucina, Koch, a larval form, as a type. It is a

larval form; but why is it Koch’s type? Koch gives 5

species, of which 4 are adult; in his ‘ Uebersicht,’ where he

first describes the genus, he puts O. nitens at the head of his

description and figures that species only. It is true that he

used the name 'f Uppia”’ earlier, in his ‘ Deutschlands Crus-

taceen &c.,’ without defining the genus: that book was

published in fasciculi of loose sheets; both species were in

the same fasciculus; the plate of O. glaucina was numbered

9, that of O. nitens 10; but is this to make the larval form

the type? I do not think that the genus Oppia should

stand, but that is because it is a part of the genus Notaspis

as limited by Nicolet, and is ill-defined, other members of the

same natural genus being spread by Koch over several

genera mixed with quite different creatures.

the Classification of Oribatidee. 37

Dr. Oudemans accuses Nicolet of “ bungling” over the

genus ‘“‘Cepheus”’: what he did is certainly singular, but the

result has to be considered. Dr. Oudemans says, “ The

name Cepheus, Nicolet, 1855, cannot be kept, as Koch used

this name in 1836.” This is quite true, but we do not attempt

to preserve any genus Cepheus of Nicolet, nor did Nicolet

propose to found any; we preserve Koch’s. It is true that

Nicolet divided Koch’s genus and carried, or rather thought

he carried, Koch’s Cepheus latus to a new genus and called

the creature Tegeocranus cephetformis, which he described

and figured excellently. It was certainly an odd proceeding ;

but, as I pointed out in my ‘ British Oribatide,’ vol. ii. 1888,

p- 340, although Nicolet thought that his species was tie

same, he was in error: 7. cepheiformis was a new species, and

Cepheus latus, Koch, was probably a synonym either of what

is now called Yegeocranus latus, endeavouring to preserve

Koch’s specific name, or of Cepheus tegeocranus (Hermann),

an earlier species. Nicolet named a new species Cepheus

latus, which was very injudicious: but Koch’s definition of the

genus Cepheus is no description at all, and would not define

any group whatever, and his type species is uncertain ; it is

therefore better to adopt Nicolet’s clear definition of the

genus, and some zoologists would call it ‘‘ Cepheus, Nicolet.”’

As the facts stand, therefore, it would seem that Nicolet’s

species may be good, particularly if the notes to rule 14 of

the rules for the scientific naming of animals of the German

Zoological Society be right. But Cepheus latus, Nic., is so

like Cepheus tegeocranus (Herm.), that Koch would not have

been likely to note the difference; thus Cepheus latus, Koch

and Nicolet, may after all be identical, although Nicolet

thought them different. It would be impossible to say for

certain from Koch’s description and figure.

Dr. Oudemans, like many other acarologists, suggests that

the genus Belba, founded by Heyden, should take the place

of the later genus Dameus, Koch. elba was founded on

Notaspis corynopus Hermann, as a type: Dr. Oudemans

says, “I do not know this species by my own observation.”

Everyone else is in the same position, because probably no

such creature as Hermann has figured and very shortly de-

scribed ever existed; if it did it was not a member of any

known genus of Oribatide, for it is described as having

chelate tarsi. Hermann doubtless made some mistake; but

if this error were eliminated the creature, if it were then a

possible one, which is doubtful, would belong to the genus

Notaspis rather than Damaus. Heyden, however, was not

satisfied with the type; he defined the genus Belba, and his

definition would carry it out of the Acarina altogether, if

38 On the Classification of Oribatide.

not out of the Arthropoda—it is, ‘‘ head, protothorax (sic), and

metathorax separate.” I do not think it would be desirable

to revive this genus.

Dr. Oudemans says that “the Oribatei wait for a thorough

revision,” and he gives instances. He says that members of

the genus Nothrus are said tohave three claws, but that he

has species with one. I think that the tridactyle claw as

part of the definition of the genus has long been abandoned ;

he will find three monodactyle species described in my

‘ British Oribatide’ in 1888. Then he says that “ amongst

the species of Koch belonging to the genus Oribates there

are several of which the wing-like expansions are not mov-

able and do not protect the legs.” Many of the ptero-

morphe are only slightly flexible, very few are, strictly

speaking, movable; but Koch’s species without them have

been removed from the genus by, I think, all modern

acarologists. Then he says that “many Hremeus have no

arched abdomen, but a hollow one”; he will find in my

definition of the genus, in 1888, “ Notogaster arched or

concave in the centre.” ‘Then there are some remarks about ~

the similarity of the nymphs of Letosoma and Cepheus, and

he suggests that the genera should be joined. If he refer

to my work so often quoted above he will find that they

practically are joined, but I feel doubts whether they will

not have to be separated again; and if Dr. Oudemans

endeavours to classify the Oribatide by the hairs on the

nymphs, I fear he will find that he must neglect important

structural differences in the adults. Finally, Dr. Oudemans

says, in effect, that the anterior portion of an Acarus cannot

be called a cephalothorax because some of the creature’s legs

are abdominal: I regret to say that I fail to appreciate the

cogency of this argument.

It will be seen that the above remarks are written in the

spirit that it is better not to make changes in well-known

names unless it is unavoidable.

Now a few words as to the species in the list. There are

40 named species; of these three, viz. Nothrus pallens, Koch,

Zetes ephippiatus, Koch, and Zetes fuscomaculatus, Koch, are

founded upon immature (nymphal) forms. Hoplophora

lucida, Koch, is one of the many synonyms of Hoplophora

dasypus, Duges. H. nitens, Nic., is stated to be equivalent

to H. dasypus, Claparede, but not to H. dasypus, Duges;

but Claparéde only quotes Dugés and does not use the name

dasypus at all, he uses contractilis. No reason is given for

saying that H. nitens, Nic., is not the same as /. dasypus,

Duges; Nicolet said it was, and I do not know of any reason

for disagreeing with him. [Five species of Letosoma are

etn

te a ee a ay Seng ee ea (Pet ern

> Re

On Bees of the Genus Colletes from New Mexico. 39

given; the specific names of three of them end in “‘-us”: cua,

the body, is neuter; therefore these names should end in

“um.” But at least two of the five, viz. Zetes flavipes, Koch,

and Oribates fuscus, Koch, surely belong to the genus

Notaspis, not Letosoma: then one is stated to be Letosoma

nitens, Geofir.; should not this be Gervais? In the next

genus Cepheus, Carabodes coriaceus, Koch, is introduced ; but

I cannot see how it can be considered a Cepheus, no ex-

planation is given. In the genus Pelops, P. fuligineus, Koch,

is given instead of P. levigatus, Nic.: this may be correct,

for they are probably identical, and Koch’s is the earlier

name; but if so, Koch described this species three times—

first as Pelops acromios, Herm., which it is not, then as

P. fuligineus, and, finally, in all probability, as P. hirsutus :

his figures and descriptions hardly render certain identifi-

cation possible, and it would be far better, if it can be done,

to preserve Nicolet’s name, which has a good description and

figure attached to it. In the genus Oribata (or Oribates)

Dr. Oudemans adopts the masculine termination, but he

leaves almost all the species in the feminine: thus he puts

“ Oribates pallidula, Koch,” and O. fuscomaculata, Koch ;

but I do not think that Koch put adjective specific names

in the feminine when his genus was masculine. Oribata

coleoptrata (Linn.) is used instead of Hermann’s well-known

name of alata; but the species entirely relies on Hermann’s

drawing, and although it is customary to suppose that it may

have been the Acarus coleoptratus of Linneus, it is far too

uncertain to adopt that name and drop Hermann’s. Both

Oribates ovalis, Koch, and O. nitens, Nic., are given; it is

very doubtful if these be more than varieties.

lt must not for a moment be supposed from these remarks

that I underestimate the value of many of Dr. Oudemans’s

suggestions. ,

VI.— Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.

—IIl. The Bees of the Genus Colletes found in New

Mexico. By T. D. A. COCKERELL.

A. Rather large forms of the type of C. ineequalis, with dark,

often scarcely banded abdomen in 9.

(1) No dark hairs on thorax ; a sharp straight transverse keel behind

the enclosure at base of metathorax.

Colletes utilis, sp. n,

@. Length 11 millim., anterior wing 73 millim.

Stoutly built, black; the rather long pubescence of face,

40 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the

cheeks, pleura, base of abdomen, and legs greyish white or

very pale grey, that of vertex and dorsum of thorax yellowish

ochraceous. Face broad, with erect pale grey pubescence

except on clypeus and middle of supraclypeal area, which are

bare. Clypeus with elongate irregular punctures, the surface

between them striate, the sculpture reminding one of the

surface of a strawberry. Supraclypeal area shining, with

two longitudinal rows of large subconfluent punctures on each

side. Vertex very closely and distinctly punctured. Space

between eyes and base of mandibles about twice as broad as

long. Mandibles black, with a dark rufous ring, tips blunt,

notch a fair distance from tip. Labrum with three or four

short longitudinal grooves on each side; no central pit.

Antenne wholly dark, flagellum with a very fine sericeous

pubescence, first joint of flagellum distinctly longer than

second. Thorax quite densely pubescent above ; prothoracic

spines horizontal, long and slender, easily overlooked amidst

the pubescence. Mesothorax moderately shiny, median groove

very well marked; punctures very large and distinct, sepa-

rated from each other by intervals about equal to the diameter

of one. Pleura shiny, with strong punctures. Enclosure at

base of metathorax very short, coarsely longitudinally plicate,

bounded behind by a straight transverse keel. Tegule

rufo-testaceous. Wings perfectly hyaline, nervures and

stigma black. Legs entirely dark, the claws only rufescent,

spurs pale brownish. Basal joints of tarsi fairly but not

remarkably stout. Pubescence at tips of inner side of tarsi

more or less rufous. Abdomen short and stout, hind margin

of second segment and slightly of first and third narrowly

rufous. Punctuation of first two segments strong and rather

close, on a shining surface; of third extremely fine and small,

on a microscopically tessellate surface. No hair-bands, but

base of first segment with long hairs. Hind trochanters with

a thin long curled brush of beautifully ramose hairs.

Hab. Las Cruces, N. M., March 23, on flowers of plum.

(2) With dark hairs on thorax.

(a) Tegulee piceous, punctuation very strong and close; wings smoky,

Colletes bigelovie, sp. n.

@. Length 11 millim., anterior wing 7} millim.

Very much like C. armata, but at once distinguished if

attention is given to the following points :—The flagellum is

entirely dark beneath, at most very obscurely brownish or

rufescent. The unpunctured middle of the supraclypeal area

Genus Colletes from New Mexico. Al

is sometimes quite dull, sometimes shiny. ‘The face is but

sparsely hairy. Head very broad on vertex. Prothoracic

spine well formed. Mesothorax very coarsely and densely

punctured, so as to be cancellate; median smoother shiny

area not much developed. Tegulew dark vandyke-brown.

Wings smoky, nervures and stigma black. Pleura very

densely punctured, so as to be cancellate. Abdomen with

white hair-bands at base of second and apex of second and

following segments, all largely rubbed off in my specimens.

Hab. Mescalero Indian Reservation, Sacramento Mountains,

N. M., a short distance below the Agency, rather common at

flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 2, 1896.

This is certainly very near to armata, but the slightly

larger average size, dark flagellum, smoky wings, and very

densely punctured mesothorax may be taken as valid specific

characters.

(6) Tegul rufo-testaceous, punctuation not so close ; wings perfectly

clear; flagellum brown beneath; stigma rufo-fuscous.

Colletes armata, Patten, 1879.

One female, Las Cruces, N. M., late summer or early

autumn.

Mr. Fox, after comparing it with Cresson’s collection,

marked it C. tnequalis, but Mr. Robertson has since shown

that what Cresson took for ¢nequalis was really armata. I

have the real ¢nequalis from Illinois (Robertson) ; it is larger,

with dark tegule and other differences. In several respects

(wings, antenne, tegule) it is more like digelovice, but it has

the mesothorax shiny, with the punctures separate though

close, very different from digelovie.

B. Males as large or larger than ineequalis, with black hairs on

dorsum of thorax and very large punctures on abdomen.

Colletes gilensis, sp. n.

3. About 15 millim. long.

Black, the pubescence of head and thorax quite dense

except on posterior truncation of thorax, long, greyish white

or very pale grey on underparts, tinged with ochreous and

mixed with black on thoracic dorsum, dense and silky on

lower part of face, covering clypeus. Face longer than

broad. Antenne wholly dark. Vertex shining, with sparse

big punctures and little ones between. Mandibles dark,

rather blunt, the notch a fair distance from the end. Clypeus

42 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the

with very large irregular pits. Labrum with a deep elongate

median sulcus, bounded on each side by an elevation. Area

between eyes and base of mandibles about twice as broad as

long. Mesothorax shining, with large well-separated punc-

tures. Prothoracic spine long and conspicuous. Base of

metathorax with the usual transverse series of pits, rather

irregular, below which the triangle is transversely ridged,

with a rather feeble median longitudinal carina. The shiny

downward prolongation of the triangle is very narrow.

Lateral areas of the posterior truncation dull because minutely

roughened. Tegulz rufo-fuscous. Wings long (anterior

wing 10 millim.), smoky; nervures and stigma very dark

fuscous. Legs black, small joints of tarsi inclining to dark

rufous. Pubescence of legs ordinary. Abdomen shiny, with

large close punctures; first segment sparsely clothed with

erect grey hairs, which on the other segments are replaced by

shorter inconspicuous hairs, becoming darker to black caudad.

Apical margins of segments 1 to 5 with even very conspic-

uous bands of white pubescence. ‘The band is wholly lacking

on sixth segment. Pubescence of apex fuscous. Venter

with white bands like those of dorsum.

Hab. West fork of Gila River, N. M., July 16, two males

(C. H. T. Townsend).

It is to be regretted that the female of this, the largest New

Mexico Colletes, is unknown. <A specimen was compared by

Mr. Fox with the Cresson collection, and returned marked

“near propingua.” From the male ot ¢negualis (propinqua)

it differs by its rather larger size, smooth vertex with sparse

punctures of two sizes (that of ¢newgualis being dull from the

very dense punctuation), strong prothoracic spine, larger punc-

tures of abdomen, &e.

C. Smaller species with well-banded abdomen and without black

hairs on thorax, except in a vernal species (C. texana, Cr.).

(1) Distance between eyes and base of mandibles greater than breadth

of latter.

(a) Larger ; tips of mandibles blunter ; punctuation of first abdominal

segment stronger and closer.

Colletes Wootont, sp. n.

¢. About 10 millim. long.

Black, with long, rather dense, greyish-white pubescence,

tinged with ochreous on vertex and dorsum of thorax. Eyes

unusually prominent, giving the head an odd appearance

viewed from in front. Face and cheeks densely covered with

Genus Colletes from New Mexico. 43

long dull white hairs. Clypeus shining, with sparse but

very distinct punctures. Labrum with a median elevation.

Vertex closely and strongly punctured. Space between eyes

and base of mandibles longer than breadth of latter, striated.

Mandibles rufous at extreme tips, which are blunt; notch

deep and not far from end. Second and third joints of

maxillary palpi conspicuously shorter than first or fourth.

Flagellum wholly dark, its first joint about two thirds length

of second. Mesothorax shining, with large, rather sparse

punctures ; hind part of scutellum densely punctured; post-

scutellum with fine longitudinal ridges, crossed by finer ones,

producing a curious cancellate appearance. Base of meta-

thorax with a series of large elongated pits, separated by

sharp keels, the whole bounded behind by a distinct but

irregular ridge. Lower part of triangle with a shining de-

pression. Lateral faces of truncation shining, with irregular

shallow punctures. Articulating base surrounded above by

a smooth area, with radiating keels. Tegule shining dark

brown, with very hairy margins. Wings perfectly hyaline,

nervures and stigma piceous, stigma very small. Legs black,

with long dull white hairs. Abdomen shining, strongly and

rather closely punctured ; first segment with long greyish-

white hairs; apical margins of segments 1 to 5 with bands of

white pubescence, which are continued but very narrowly on

venter. Pubescence of extreme apex subfuscous. No black

hairs on dorsum of hindmost segments.

Hab. Ruidoso Creek, N. M., 6400 feet, July 8, on asmall-

flowered Asclepias (EZ. O. Wooton).

A pollen-mass of the Asclepias is adherent to one of the

hind tarsi. Near to C. compacta, Cr., dé, but that has dark

hairs on thorax and has not the strong series of pits at base

of metathorax.

(6) Smaller; tips of mandibles sharper; punctuation of first abdominal

segment feebler and more sparse.

Colletes dalew, sp. n.

¢. About 7 millim. long.

Black, with abundant long white pubescence, duller on

dorsum of thorax, but nowhere tinged with ochreous. Eyes

very prominent. Jace densely covered with silky white

hair. Clypeus quite closely punctured, especially down the

middle. Labrum with a conspicuous central pit. Mandibles

rufous at tips. Space between mandibles and eye coarsely

striated, a little longer than broad. Sides of vertex densely

44 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the

punctured. Antenne reaching to base of metathorax ; fla-

gellum dark, only faintly brownish beneath. Mesothorax

shining, with distinct but sparse punctures. A short pro-

thoracic spine. Scutellum shining, its hind third closely

punctured. Base of metathorax shining, bounded by a ridge,

and separated into quadrate spaces by irregular longitudinal

ridges. Posterior truncation shining, the lateral areas

sparsely pitted and clothed with long beautifully plumose

hairs. Tegule testaceous, edges paler. Wings perfectly

hyaline ; nervures and stigma dull testaceous, subcostal ner-

vure black. Legs black, with sparse white pubescence ; tarsi

obscure brownish. Abdomen shining, first segment sparsely

punctured, the following segments not so sparsely but more

obscurely ; first segment with long dull white hairs, replaced

on following segments by short inconspicuous pubescence,

nowhere anything but white. Pubescence of apex white.

Segments 1 to 6 with very distinct apical bands of white

pubescence, which are continued narrowly on venter.

Hab. Mesilla Park, N. M., June 2, 1896, on flowers of

Dalea scoparia. Also Las Cruces, N. M., in the town,

June 9, 1894.

This must be very near to C. producta, Rob., d, but that

has black tegule, and the scutellum is different.

(2) Distance between eyes and base of mandibles less than breadth of

latter ; much less except in the vernal species.

(a) Pubescence of thorax short, the hairs stout, pubescent, moss-like ;

abdominal bands broad and appressed ; tips of mandibles blunt.

Colletes aberrans, sp. n.

@. Length about 11 millim.

Black, with short, tolerably dense, pale ochreous pubes-

cence. Head rather broad, vertex depressed ; clypeus promi-

nent, practically bare, with punctures running into grooves ;

face above clypeus with short ochreous pubescence ; vertex

with a very few large punctures on a surface which appears

granular from an exceedingly minute punctuation; ocelli

large; cheeks with short pubescence, that on occiput some-

what longer, not at all mixed with black. The occipital

hairs at first seem simple, but a strong lens shows that they

are minutely feathered all the way up. Antenne wholly

dark. Mandibles strongly grooved without, medially sub-

rufous, very blunt at tips, with the notch a fair distance from

the end. Labrum with no distinct median pit. Thoracic

dorsum densely covered with pubescence except a central

Genus Colletes from New Mexico. 45

space on mesothorax and the anterior part of scutellum, both

of which exhibit rather sparse very large punctures, and the

pitted base of the metathorax. The posterior truncation is

quite hairy allover. The hairs on the mesothorax, scutellum,

and postscutellum are very short, thick, and moss-like ; many

are tipped with brown, but this looks like some accidental

staining in the cyanide bottle. None are black. These

peculiar hairs are very pubescent and result from a shortening

of the axis of the hair without a reduction in the number of

the lateral cilia, so that the latter become crowded. Tegule

dark testaceous, pubescent in front. Wings perfectly hyaline ;

nervures and stigma dark rufous, subcostal nervure black.

Third submarginal cell more oblique than usual. Legs

tolerably densely pubescent; the hind femora carry a quantity

of pollen. Abdomen rather elongate, with short pubescence,

reminding one of Lpeolus. Segments 1 to 4 have broad

greyish-white apical bands, 2 and 3 have also broad basal

bands, greyer in colour. The first segment is so pubescent

that the ground-colour appears as a dark band just before

the marginal band. The surface of the abdomen, where

exposed, is dullish, closely and minutely punctured. The

hair-bands are not continued on to the ventral surface.

Hab. Santa Fé, N. M., July 27, 1895, on flowers of Peta-

lostemon candidus ; one specimen, no others seen (C&//. 3820).

Very easily known by the remarkable character of the

thoracic pubescence. The P. candidus was at the same time

and place visited by Sphex and Bombus, the latter in fair

numbers, gathering the orange pollen.

(6) Pubescence of thorax normal.

(i.) Dorsum of thorax with some black hairs; punctuation of first

abdominal segment excessively sparse.

Colletes texana, Cresson, 1872.

Las Cruces, N. M.; one female on Saliv, May 2.

Cresson’s description, from a single example found in

Comal Co., Texas, is rather inadequate, but it tallies precisely

with our insect, except that I should not call the wings

“short.” Length about 10 millim. There is a band at the

base of the second abdominal segment, not mentioned by

Cresson. Nervures and stigma piceous. Antenne wholly

black.

Distinguished from compacta 2 by the entire band at apex

of first abdominal segment, &e,

46 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the

(ii.) Dorsum of thorax without any black hairs.

a. Small males, with flagellum ferruginous beneath; tarsi ferruginous.

Colletes prosopidis, sp. n.

3. Length about 7 to 84 millim.

Very near to C. dalew, the description of which, given

above, applies with these exceptions:—T'he space between

eyes and base of mandibles is broader than long. Sides of

vertex are sparsely punctured. The flagellum is ferruginous

beneath. Hind third of scutellum only sparsely punctured.

Base of metathorax sometimes as in dalew, sometimes not

distinctly separated into quadrate spaces. Nervures and

stigma fuscous or stigma dark ferruginous. Knees and all

the tarsi ferruginous, knees sometimes black, hind tibize some-

times ferruginous behind. Second abdominal segment with

very distinct punctures.

Hab. Las Cruces, N. M.; five at flowers of mesquite

(Prosopis), May 2; one on foliage of Populus, Campus of

Agricultural College, May 8 (Ckll. 2942).

8. Flagellum dark ; tarsi little if at all ferruginous, except in C. Anne,

+ Punctuation of first abdominal segment feeble and sparse.

§ Cinereous species; no hair-band at base of second abdominal segment

in the males. (Compare also C. salicicola.)

Colletes Louise, sp. n.

dg. Length about 8 millim.

Black, with rather dense greyish-white pubescence, stoutly

built, not slender like dalee and prosopidis. Head rather

broad, vertex distinctly convex seen from in front; face

densely covered with long silvery white hair; sides of vertex

strongly but sparsely punctured; labrum with three longi-

tudinal grooves, the lateral ones strongest. Mandibles dark,

rather unusually slender, the notch some distance from the

tip ; space between eyes and mandibles a little broader than

long. Antenne wholly dark, not so long as in dalew and

prosopidis. Pubescence of thorax tolerably dense, but not

particularly long; mesothorax with rather sparse but very

large and distinct punctures; scutellum sparsely punctured,

densely on hind margin; base of metathorax bounded by

a sharp ridge and divided by sharp ridges into quadrangular

spaces. Prothoracic spine absent or concealed by the pubes-

cence. Tegule shining fuscous, finely punctured. Wings

perfectly hyaline; nervures and stigma fuscous, subcostal

Genus Colletes from New Mezico. 47

nervure black. Legs black, ordinary, claw~joint becoming

ferruginous. Abdomen short, convex, suboval, shining, with

small and sparse but distinct punctures. No black hairs.

First segment with long hairs at base and sides; segments 1

to 5 with very distinct white apical bands of appressed hairs,

which bands are continued somewhat more narrowly on the

venter. First joint of flagellum almost as long as second.

Hab. A few miles E. of Las Cruces, N. M., below the rise,

Sept. 27, 1896 (Ckll.; C1).

Colletes gypsicolens, sp. n.

3. Length about 11 millim.

Closely related to Loudse, but considerably larger, and the

dorsal pubescence of the head and thorax has a very delicate

yellowish tinge, not readily noticed under the lens, but con-

trasting with the white paper lining of the store-box, giving

the insect a quite distinct factes. Another peculiarity is

found in the mandibles, the rufescent ends of which are broad

and flattened, pointed at the tip, like a Roman sword. The

labium has merely a shallow median pit or concavity. Sides

of vertex closely and minutely punctured. Flagellum entirely

black. No prothoracic spine. Mesothorax with large, rather

close punctures. Hnclosed quadrangles of base of meta-

thorax very few, the middle ones at least considerably broader

than long. Lateral areas of posterior truncation shining,

hairy, punctured. Tegule extremely hairy. Wings per-

fectly hyaline; nervures black, stigma pale ferruginous or

honey-colour. The wings are relatively somewhat shorter

than in Loutse. ‘Tarsi sometimes more or less ferruginous,

especially the hind tarsi, which may be conspicuously so.

Abdominal punctures very minute. White bands very broad

and distinct. Hind margin of sixth segment hyaline.

Hab. White Sands by Whitewater, N. M., on flowers of

Bigelovia, Oct. 6, four males (C. H. T. Townsend; C 36).

This interesting species is probably peculiar to the White

Sands, an enormous deposit of pure gypsum extending for

many miles, looking exactly like banks of snow.

Colletes, sp. n.

2. Length about 10 millim.

Abdomen narrow, elongate, tapering, after the manner of

C. nitidus, Smith, with very distinct white hair-bands,

When the segments are extended it is seen that the bases of

the second and third are hairy. I give this form no name, as

48 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Bees of the

I have no doubt it will prove to be the female of Louise,

dalee, or prosopidis, It is most like Louise, and, by analogy

with nitédus, should have a male with the abdomen shaped as

in Louise; the latter, however, flies at a different time of

year and has a more distinctly punctured abdomen. More

probably, perhaps, the present insect belongs with dalee,

which flies at the same season; but against this supposition

is the difference in the length of the space between the eye

and mandible. The dark flagellum (faintly brown beneath)

and tarsi suggest dalee rather than prosopidis.

It had been queried whether this insect might be Cresson’s

albescens, but that has the abdomen “very closely” pune-

tured, which certainly is not true of our species. ‘The nervures

of our insect also are piceous or black, not “ rufo-testaceous,”

while our tegule are clear testaceous, those of albescens being

piceous.

Hab. San Marcial, N. M., two specimens, June 28, 1895

(Ckll. 3101, 3112); Las Cruces, N. M., one, June 8, 1894,

in the town (Cll. 866) ; another on parsnep, June.

§§ Ochreous species of small size ; base of second abdominal

segment hairy; tarsi ferruginous.

Colletes Anne, sp. n.

dé. Length about 8 millim.

Black, with dense pale ochraceous pubescence, becoming

white on the cheeks and femora. Head broad; face densely

covered with pubescence, which has a distinct yellowish

tinge. Antenne long, wholly black ; first joint of flagellum

very short, scarcely more than half as long as second. Sides

of vertex inconspicuously and rather sparsely punctured.

Mandibles stout, rufous at ends, blunt at tips, notch a fair

distance from tip. Space between eye and mandible un-

usually short, more than twice as broad as long. Labrum

with an obscure median pit. Mesothorax with very large and

distinct, not very close, punctures. Base of metathorax with

quadrate spaces, broader than long, enclosed by a sharp rim.

Posterior truncation shining. Tegule rufo-testaceous, very

pubescent. Wings perfectly hyaline, iridescent; nervures

and stigma ferruginous. Second submarginal cell very little

narrowed above. Legs black, with all the tarsi and the ex-

treme ends of the tibie ferruginous ; tarsi ciliated with long

hairs. Abdomen rather narrow and elongate, very hairy,

with minute punctures, sparse on first segment, and nowhere

dense. First segment covered with long hair; segments 1

Genus Colletes from New Mexico. 49

to 5 with very broad apical bands of light ochraceous pubes-

cence, base of second segment also hairy. Ventral hair-bands

very narrow at sides, widening to the middle.

Hab. Mesilla, N. M., Aug. 29, 1896, on flowers of Bigelovia

Wrightit.

From the male of C. americana this will be known by the

colour of the legs. One would take it for the undescribed

male of C. ciliata, Patton, but for the very strong punctuation

of the thorax.

tf Punctuation of first abdominal segment strong, feeblest and sparsest

in a species from Salix (C. salicicola).

§ Lateral faces of posterior truncation of thorax dull; the shiny

triangle narrowed below.

x. Larger; hind spur of hind tibia barely ciliate.

Colletes estivalis, Patton, 1879.

Ruidoso Creek, N. M., 6600 feet, July 10, on Rhus, six

females, one male (£. O. Wooton).

These differ in no important respect from a specimen of

estivalis from Illinois, received from Mr. Robertson.

xx. Smaller; hind spur of hind tibia very finely but very

distinctly pectinate.

Colletes chamesarache, sp. n.

2. Length about 10 millim.

Black, with short dull grey pubescence. Head tolerably

broad; eyes not bulging at top; face and cheeks with sparse

grey pubescence; clypeus bare, shining, strongly but not

very densely punctured ; sides of vertex sparsely punctured,

shining; a broad dull groove in front of the upper part of

each eye; labrum with a deep median longitudinal furrow ;

mandibles stout, rounded at tips, the notch near the end;

space between mandible and eye very short; flagellum dark

brown beneath from the third joint to the end, its second joint

shorter than the third and only half as long as the first.

Prothoracic spine rather short, but very slender and sharp,

Mesothorax with very large close punctures, absent on disk,

Anterior half of scutellum impunctate, posterior half with

large punctures. Base of metathorax divided by ridges into

quadrate spaces which are longer than broad, Lateral faces

of posterior truncation irregularly and obscurely reticulate,

dullish because microscopically lineolate or subreticulate.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 4

50 Mr. T. D, A. Cockerell on Bees of the

Pleura closely punctured, subcancellate. Thoracic pubescence

short and rather sparse, dull yellowish grey or, one might

say, pale greyish ochreous. ‘Tegule shining piceous, not

noticeably punctured. Wings hyaline; nervures piceous,

stigma fuscous. Legs with mouse-coloured pubescence ;

tarsi dark; tibial spurs dark brown; hind spur of hind tibia

pectinate, with about fifteen “teeth. Inner tooth of claw

short, diverging from the outer. Abdomen rather narrow,

subconical, moderately shiny, punctuation of first segment

fine but strong and rather close, of the remaining segments

minute and obscure. Base of first segment sparsely hairy ;

hind margins of segments 1 to 4 with bands of whitish

pubescence ; second segment very feebly pubescent at ex-

treme base. Venter with rather abundant fairly long mouse-

grey pubescence.

Hab. Santa Fé, N. M., at flowers of Chamesaracha coro-

nopus in grounds of Capitol, Aug. 2 (Cél/. 4081).

The punctuation of the first abdominal segment is con-

spicuously finer than in estivalis.

§§ Lateral faces of posterior truncation of thorax shining or tuberculate,

not minutely roughened.

x. Punctuation of first abdominal segment relatively sparse and

fine ; vernal species.

Colletes salicicola, sp. n.

2. Length about 10 millim.

Stoutly built, black (including tarsi), with rather short but

abundant pale grey or greyish-white pubescence, faintly tinged

with yellowish on dorsum of thorax. Head tolerably broad,

but hardly as broad as thorax; vertex depressed, its sides

sparsely punctured, contrasting with the closely punctured

front. Pubescence of face and cheeks tolerably abundant

“ frichtened mouse” colour. Clypeus with very large sparse

punctures. Antenne wholly dark, first joint of flagellum not

twice as long as second. Mandibles wholly dark, blunt.

Labrum with a round median pit. Space between eye and

base of mandible about twice as broad as long. Prothoracic

spine apparently wanting. Mesothorax with large, rather

sparse punctures. Base of metathorax with numerous spaces,

longer than broad, enclosed by ridges. Sides of posterior

triangle obliquely ridged. Lateral faces of posterior trunca-

tion shining, distinctly but sparsely punctured. Tegule pale

testaceous, shining. Wings perfectly hyaline; nervures and

stigma black, costal nervure brown. Second submarginal

Genus Colletes from New Mexico. dL

cell narrower than usual. Legs with pale grey pubescence,

white on first four femora. Tibial spurs pale; hind spur of

hind tibia barely ciliate. Abdomen broad, suboval, shining ;

first segment with very distinct but very sparse punctures;

second segment more closely punctured, the punctures perfectly

distinct on a shining surface ; first sezment with a thin pale

grey pubescence all over; segments 1 to 5 with broad apical

bands of white hair, which are not continued on to the venter.

Bases of segments also pubescent. No black hairs.

Var. a.—Posterior triangle of thorax without ridges.

Hab. Las Cruces, N. M., on Salix, May 2 and 3.

This is much like Louise, but flies at a different time of

year. In salicicola the stigma is black, in Louzse it is ferru-

ginous and tapers more at the end. ‘There is little difference

in the punctuationof the abdomen. C. Louise has conspicuous

white ventral hair-bands, which are wholly lacking in

salicicola.

za. Punctuation of first abdominal segment relatively strong and

close ; summer and autumn species,

Colletes americana, Cresson, 1868.

I have several lots of specimens which must be referred to

americana, for, although they present differences among

themselves, I fail to find satisfactory specific characters to

separate them. Nevertheless, it is probable that one or two

segregates may be established hereafter with close study of

more abundant material. ‘The specimens referred to are :—

(1) A female from Watrous, N. M., 6200 feet, July 13.

Peculiar for its sharp mandibles, with the notch

very distinct and a good distance from the end.

Abdomen very pubescent, including bases of second

and third segments.

(2) A female, Las Vegas, N. M., July. Mandibles

blunt, with the notch very near the end. Abdomen

hairy, as in the Watrous example.

(3) Six males, Tuerto Mountain, near Santa Fé, N. M.,

7850 feet, Aug. 7, flying over damp sand in:

numbers. Mandibles sharp, notch near end.

(4) A male, Santa Fé Caiion, N. M., 7625 feet, on

flowers of Rudbeckia laciniata, Aug. 11.

(5) Santa Fé, N. M. One female, Mr. Boyle’s garden,

July 25, 1895, at flowers of Spheralcea angusti-

folia. One male, July 25, 1894. One male,

July 18, at white Clematis flowers.

52 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

(6) A female, west fork of Gila River, N. M., July 16

(C. H. T. Townsend). This looks like a distinet

species, but Mr. Fox, after comparing it with the

Cresson collection, refers it to americana. The

abdomen is not so hairy as in the others, and the

hair at the bases of the segments after the first is

lacking. The punctures on the second segment are

conspicuously finer and closer than those on the

first.

(7) Mesilla, N. M., two males on Bigelovia Wrightit,

Aug. 29, 1896.

(8) Las Cruces, N. M., two males on Bigelovia Wrightit,

end of August. Two males on Solidago cana-

densis by Schaublin’s mill, Sept. 3 and 4.

Mesilla, New Mexico, U.S.A.,

Nov. 14, 1896.

VIL.—On Cteniform Spiders from the Lower Amazons and

other Regions of North and South America, with List of all

known Species of these Groups hitherto recorded from the

New World. By F. O. Pickarp CamBripGe, B.A.

[Plates IIT. & IV.]

CoNTENTS.

Page

(1.) ‘Introduction. «5-2 )) ++0.0em sa te ates 2h leew ee 53

(ii.) a. Bibliography relating to the Cteniform Spiders of the

New Wollld . cess s0s's0 » 0s oben sm ce oc 54

b. List of new Species and other Forms more especially

Noted... 6 bes ete sew SA ec eee Rs ROEM ly ee 54

(iii.) Descriptions and Notes ....-....::ssivss) eee e semen tee --

Part I.—(a) Genera of the Old and New Worlds, containing form

possessing two tarsal claws only, which have been

assigned by various authors to the Ctenide and

Clubionide, with Notes on the Type Species...... 56

(6) List of Genera and Species of the New World, with

Descriptions of new Species .........sceeccseves 60

Part I].— (a) Genera of the Old and New Worlds of Forms possessing

three tarsal claws, which have been assigned by

various authors to the Families Ctenidz and Lyco-

sidz, with Notes on the Type Species............ 88

(b) Characters of a new Genus and Descriptions of new

Species from the New World ......,.....ceee0. 95

Part I1I.—Cribellate ‘ Ctenoid” Forms referred by Simon to Fam.

Zoropsidg, with two tarsal claws; Notes and De-

scriptions of new Species from the New World.... 101

from the Lower Amazons ée. 53

(i.) Introduction.

The following pages contain descriptions of a new genus

and twenty-two new species of spiders, one male new to

science of a species already described, and notice of two forms

renamed, since the original names were bestowed on forms of

whose identity we have now no real clue.

Of the new species thirteen, not including the new male

form, have been placed provisionally under the generic name

Ctenus ; for five species the new genus Lycoctenus has been

established, containing three-clawed Dolomedine forms ; one

new species has been added to Keyserling’s genus Steno-

ctenus, in all probability congeneric with Labdacus, O. Cambr.;

one new species has been added to this latter genus and two

to the genus Acanthoctenus, Keys.

The two forms referred by Count Keyserling to Phoneutria

rufibarbis and P. fera, Perty, sub Ctenus, have been re-named

Pertyi and Keyserlingit respectively. ‘The original descrip-

tions and figures of rufibarbis and fera given by Perty leave

no real clue to the particular forms he had before him, and

there is no alternative other than re-naming the two forms

which Keyserling referred to Perty’s names.

As to the real character of the original genus Ctenus,

Walck., with its type C. dubéus, Wlk., there is room for

much doubt. In 1884 M. Simon records the existence of

this type in the Museum at Paris, but now (October 1896) he

regrets to say that this type, as well as those of other of

Walckenaer’s “ Ctenide,”’ have entirely disappeared. M. Si-

mon, in 1884, says that Walckenaer’s Ctenus was congeneric

with those included under that name by Keyserling. One of

Keyserling’s species—C. bogotensis—however, is a three-

clawed form, entering the family Lycoside or Pisauride

according to M. Simon’s more recent classification ; wile

another of Keyserling’s species of Ctenus is congeneric with

M. Simon’s own genus Cuptennius, 1891, which, however, he

has lately kindly informed me will fall into Ctenus according

to his present characterization of the latter.

Of spiders collected in the Amazons Valley during the

expedition in Mr. Alexander Siemens’s 8.8. ‘ Faraday,’ [ am

able to record therefore ten new species and one new genus,

while descriptions of twelve other new species have been

added, all from South and Central America, except C. minimus

from North America.

No attempt has been made to determine the exact syste-

matic position of the three groups into which the “ ctenifors ”

spiders fall—a matter which is still in hot dispute amongst

o4 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

arachnologists. The “ cribellate” forms have been placed

provisionally in the family furnished for their reception by

M. Simon in his second edition of the ‘Natural History of

Aranez ’—the Zoropside.

I have to thank Mr. R. I. Pocock, of the Natural History

Museum, South Kensington, for kindly allowing me to ex-

amine the collection of Arachnida under his charge and to

describe the new forms discovered.

(ii.) a. Bibliography relating to the Cteniform Spiders

of the New World.

1805.—C, A. WALcKENARR. ‘Tableau des Araignées.’

1833.--GrirFitH. ‘Anim. Kingdom (Cuvier),

1883.—M. Perry. ‘Del. Anim. Brasil.’ (Spix and Martius), iii.

1837.—C. A. WALCKENAER. ‘ Insectes: Aptéres,’ i.

1841.—N. M. Hentz. Boston Soc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv.

1848.—C. Kocu. ‘ Die Arachniden,’ xv.

1872.—M. Taczanowski. Hore Soc. Ent. Rossice, ix.

1873-4.—M. Taczanowskt. Hore Soc. Ent. Rossice, x.

1873.—O, Prcxarp CamBriner. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Jan.

1875.—N. M. Henrz. ‘Spid. United States,’ ed. Burgess.

1877.—E. von Kryseruine. Verhand. z.-b. Gesell. Wien, t. ii. (viii.).

1878.—L. Kocn. ‘ Arachniden Australiens,’ ii.

1878.—Karscu, Z. ges. Natur. (3) iii.

1879.—E. von Krysertine. Verhand. z.-b. Gesell. Wien.

1879.—Kanscu. Zeitschrift ges. Naturwiss. (3) iv.

1880.—Pu. BertKau. Mém. Cour, Acad. Belgique, t. xlii.

1880.—E. von Kryseruine. Verhandl. z.-b. Gesell. Wien, xxix.

1880.—EuGkneE Simon. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

1880.—E. van BENEDEN. Bulletin Acad. Belg. (2) xlix.

1881.—HormpBrre. Ann. Soc. Argentina.

1881.—E. von Krysertine, Verhand. z.-b. Gesell. Wien.

1882,—A. W.M.van Hassett. IV. 3de Aflev. Nat. Historie Midden-

Sumatra. Leiden.

1884.—EvGknr Sron. Ann. Mus, Genov. xx.

1886.—KuGéENnE Srmon. Bull. Soe. Zool. Fr. ii.

1887.—Vawn Hassett. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, xxx.

1888.—Van Hassett. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, xxxi.

1888.—EvuGéne Srwon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii.

1891.—E. von Krysrriine. Brasilienische Spinnen.

1891.—EuGinr Srwon. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. xvi.

1892.—O. Pickard CamBripGE. Biol. Centr.-Americana, Arach.

p- 100.

(ii.) b. List of new Species and other Forms more

especially noted.

Genus Crrenus (? Walck.).

C. Reidy’, sp.n.. Q.—Santarem, Lower Amazons. P. 78, Pl. UL.

figs. i. a, il.

C. Andrewsi, sp. n., 2.—Santarem and Paré, Lower Amazons. P. 79,

Pl, UI. fig. ii. b

5 ke Adi Le BD

from the Lower Amazons &c. 55

C. boliviensis, sp. n., ¢ 2 .—Bolivia, S. America. P. 80, Pl. III. fig. iii.

C. Pertyi, nom. nov., = <i, rufibarbis (Perty), Keys. P. 80.

cae nom. nov.,=C. ferus (Perty), Keys. PP. 81, Pl. II.

iii,ie

C. nigriventer, Keys.—Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. P.81, Pl. IIT. fig. ii.d.

C. nigritus, sp. n., ¢.—Santarem, Lower Amazons. P. 81, Pr TE

figs. vi. a, Vil. a.

C. sinuatipes, sp. n., d Q.—La Palin, Costa Rica, P. 84, Pl. III.

figs. iv.d, vi.e, vii. f.

C. rectipes, sp.n., ¢.—Iguarassu, Brazil. P. 85, PI. III. figs. vi. a, vii. b.

C. spiculus, sp. n., od —Colombia. P. 86, Pl. Ul. figs. vi. g, vil. h.

C. serratipes, sp. nh, 3d .—Demerara. P. 87, PE Th ‘figs, Vi. c, vii. d.

C. planipes, sp. 0., Oe —Santarem, Lower "Amazons. P. 84, PTT.

figs, vi. b, vii. c.

C. medius, Keys. (3 new to science).—Theresiopolis, 8. Brazil. P. 87,

PINE ‘fies. vi. f, vii.

C. minimus, sp. n., 3b ee America. P. 86, Pl. III. fig. v. 1 and 2.

C. minor, sp. n., Q.—Santarem, Lower Amazons. P. 83, PI. Ill.

fig. iv.c.

C. albofasciatus, sp. n., 2?.—Santarem, Lower Amazons. P. 82, PI. 100.

tig. iv. b.

Cc. similis, sp.n., 9.—Santarem, Lower Amazons. P. 83, Pl. III. fig. iv. a.

Genus CuPIENNIUs, Sim.

C. oculatus, Sim.,= C. Saléi (Keys.), sub Ctenus. P. 68.

Genus LycocrENvs, new.

L. brunneus, sp. 0., ¢ Q2.—Santarem, Lower Amazons. P. 97, PIV.

fis. i 2,1. C,2, i. Ay C

L. givas, sp. n., 3. —Hab. doubtful : Upper Amazons? P. 98, PI. IV.

1 fae ts (Oy ale

L. demerar ensis, sp. n., ¢.—Demerara. P. 99, Pl. IV. fig. i.e, 3.

L. colombianus, sp. n., g.—Colombia. P. 99, Pl. IV. fig. 1.¢,4.

L Hewitsoni, sp. n. ie @.—Santarem. P. 100, Pl. IV. fig. i. b.

L. bogotensis, Keys., 2. —Bogoté. P. 98, Pl. IV. fig. ii. d, b.

Genus STENOCTENUS, Keys.

S. pallidus, sp. n., ¢.—Aimable Maria, Peru. P. 92, Pl. IV. fig. v.a, b.

3 Genus Laspacus, O. Cambr.

L. albidus, sp. n., 2.—Rio de Janeiro, S. Brazil. P. 91.

Genus ACANTHOCTENtS, Keys.

A. Marshii, sp. n.. ¢ Q.—Santarem &c., Lower Amazons. P. 108,

PIGEV = fips: iii a,/c,1v.'a.

A, Ridleyi, sp.n., 2.—Pernambuco. P. 103, Pl. IV. figs. iii. e, iv. b.

A. spinigerus, Keys., ¢.—Mexico. P. 102, Pl. IV. fig. iii. b.

A. spinipes, Keys., 9 .—Bogota. P. 103, Pl. IV. fig. iii. d.

56 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Ctentform Spiders

Part I.—(a) Genera of the Old and New Worlds, containing

Forms possessing two tarsal claws only, which have

been assigned by various authors to the Families Ctenide.

and Clubionide, Subfam. Ctenine, with Notes on the

Type Species.

1805. Ctenus, Wlk. Tableau Aran. p. 16. Type C. dubius, Wik., 2.—

Cayenne, French Guiana.

1838. Phoneutria, Perty, Del. Anim. Bras. iii. p. 196. Type P. ferus,

Perty, 2.—Rio Negro, Brazil.

1883. Thaumasia, Perty *,

1875. Argoctenus, L. Koch, Arach. Austr. ii. p. 990. Type A. iyneus,

L. K., 2? —King George’s Sound, Australia.

1875. Leptoctenus, L. Koch, Arach. Austr. ii, p. 994. Type LZ. agalen-

oides, Li. K., $.—Gayndah, Australia.

1877. Microctenus, Keys. Verh, z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 687. Type M. or-

natus, Keys., 9 .—Bogotaé, New Granada.

1877. Acanthoctenus +, Keys. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 693. Type

A. spinigerus, Keys., g -—Bogoté, New Granada.

1877. Caloctenus, Keys. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 696. Type C. aculeatus,

Keys., 9 .—Bogota, New Granada.

1878. Anigma, Karsch, Z. ges. Naturw. (3) iii. p. 825. Type 2. austra-

liana, Karsch, 2 .—New South Wales.

1879. Anahita, Karsch, Verh. Rhein-Provinz. iy. p. 103. Type A. fauna,

Karsch, 9 .—Japan.

1880. Isoctenus, Bertk. Mém. Cour. Acad. Belg. xliii. p. 61. Type

I. foliiferus, Bertk., 9 juvy.—Brazil.

1880. Ctenophthalmus, Sim, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Bull. p. 174. Type

C. lineatus, Sim., 2 —New Caledonia.

1890, Ctenomma,Thor, Ann. Mus. Genoy. p. 183, nom. for Ctenophthalmus,

Sim., nom, preoce.

1891. Cupiennius, Sim. Bull. Soe. Zool. Fr. xvi. p. 109. Type C. Getazi,

Sim., 9.—Costa Rica.

1891-92. Nydia, Thor. Rag. Mal. iv. vol. ii. p. 180. Type NV. punetata,

Thor., 9 juv.—Sumatra,

1891-92. Acantheis, Thor. Sven. Ak. Handl. xxiv. (2) p. 61, note. Nom,

for Acanthoctenus, Thor. Type A. variatus, Thor., 9 .—Sumatra.

* 1833. Thaumasia, Perty, Del. Anim. Bras. iii. p. 192, tab, xxxviii. 5,

Type 7. senilis, Perty, ¢.—Provincia Piauhiensi, Brazil.

There is no evidence as to whether thisis a two-clawed or three-clawed

form.

+ Although Acanthoctenus does not at present claim kindred with the

Ctenine, I have left the name in this position for convenience’ sake,

from the Lower Amazons &e. oT

Notes on the Types of the above Genera.

Crenus, Walck.

There is no question that the type of this genus is C. du-

bius, Walck., Tabl. Aran. 1805, p. 16, it being the only species

here assigned to the genus. As to the identity of the type

form, M. Simon says :—‘‘ Le Ctenus dubius, Wlk., type du

genre Ctenus (Tabl. Ar.), qui existe encore au Muséum de

Paris, rentre dans Ja division & laquelle le comte Keyserling

a laissé le nom de Ctenus,” and ‘ Il est synonyme du genre

Phoneutria, Perty’’ (Ann. Mus. Genov. 1884, p. 355)*.

Without, however, having seen the type of the genus, one

would not like to be too sure of its affinities. Keyserling

included all those ctenoid forms which were characterized by

four or five pairs of spines beneath tibiw 1, and 1. under

Ctenus, Walck., in his more recent work Bras. Spinn. 1891.

Possibly this extension would include C. dubius, Walck. In

1877, however, when Keyserling first differentiates the

Ctenoid genera, he includes under Ctenus, with four pairs of

subtibial spines, as distinct from Mecroctenus, with five pairs,

three species only—C. granadensis, CU. bogotensis,and CO. Saléi.

The first and the third belong to Cupiennius, Sim., while the

second belongs to the new genus Lycoctenus. So that I use

the generic term Ctenus in this paper with mental reserva-

vations as to future possibilities.

PHONEUTRIA, Perty.

Walckenaer, in Ins. Apt. 1. p. 3869-70, includes both

Perty’s species under his older genus Ctenus, though he

regards the former as distinct from the latter, in so far as

concerns the curvature of the second row of eyes, straight in

Ctenus dubius, recurved in Phoneutria.

Neither C. Koch, who describes and figures three forms to

which he gives the names respectively P. fera, Perty, P. ochra-

cea, C. K., and P. rufibarbis, Perty (Die Arach. xv. pp. 60,

62, and 64), all from Brazil, nor Keyserling, who figures the

vulva of a species under the name P. rufibarbis, Perty (Verh.

zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 575, pl. xvi. fig. 21), defi-

nitely selects the type of Phoneutria; neither, subsequently,

does either Gerstiicker, Simon, Karsch, Holmberg, or

Bésenberg, each of whom assigns one or more species to this

genus, select the type.

* M. Simon kindly sends me the following information, Oct. 26,

1896 :—* Je n’ai pas retrouvé au muséum les types de Ctenus janeirus,

sanguineus, rufus, fuscus, et dubius, Walckenuer, qui sont bien sir perdus,”

58 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

It is necessary, then, in case the genus should ever be

re-established, to select one of the two species described under

it by Perty as the type.

Although P. rujibarbis is the species first described, I am

compelled to conclude that, unless the original type turns up,

neither its generic affinities nor its specific identity will ever,

or can ever, be established with any real certainty.

In coming to this conclusion one has to remark that in the

figuré of the eyes of rufibarbis (1. c. pl. xxxix. fig.2) the anterior _

laterals are omitted, thus leaving us entirely in the dark as to

the character of the eye-formula, while the figure of the spider

is wholly unrecognizable ; nor do the descriptions assist us

to make good the deficiency in this respect.

Neither does the only definite character offered of the spider’

itself in the description help us to identify the species ; and

although it is probable that Perty is describing one of the

Jarger Ctenine, there is no certainty in the matter. He says

“ ochracea, chelicornubus rufo-hirtis,” a coloration which is

to a greater or less extent characteristic of several other large

species. There is, however, one character which,if it appeared

on any form of large Ctenus, would go far to substantiate its

identity — abdomine albo-punctato. Seriebus tribus longitu-

dinalibus punctorum alborum ’’—a character which receives

double significance from Perty’s figure. I am inclined to

think that the artist fancied the picture incomplete without

amiddle row of spots between the two usually found in certain

species of the genus; but if one is found so decorated, my

conclusion would need reconsideration. At present it is

characteristic of none of the forms yet taken and assigned to

rufibarbis.

There are before us, then, three distinct species to which

this character “ chelicornubus rufo-hirtis”” would eqnally

apply—the one to which Keyserling has assigned the name

P. rufibarbis, Perty, of whose vulva he publishes a figure in

Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 575, pl. xvi. fig. 21, and

two species, with bright red hairs on the mandibles, from the

Amazons. Keyserling probably concluded that his specimen

was Perty’s rufibarbis on account of this character, which is

common to these three species at least; and I am thus com-

pelled to conclude that P. rufibarbis, Perty, is a “ forma

ignota,” whose specific characters are not recognizable. This

being the case, I shall have much pleasure in naming P. Pertyt

the form to which Keyserling assigned the name P. rufi-

barbis.

One cannot but conclude that its generic affinities also are

no longer to be known with any certainty, whatever the

Jrom the Lower Amazons €c. 59

probability may be; and I therefore select P. fera, Perty, as

the type of the genus Phoneutria.

The next question is, What are the generic and specific

affinities of this form ?

The figure (pl. xxxix. fig. 3) of the eye-formula leaves us

in no doubt whatever that it is one of the forms which we

now class as Ctenide. But, curiously enough, I have not

yet, amongst some hundreds of examples from Messrs. Salvin

and Godman’s collection from Central America, from Key-

serling’s collection from South America, and from my own

specimens collected on the Amazons, met with a single one

whose eye-formula agrees with Perty’s figure.

In this figure the second row of eyes is strongly recurved

(concavity backwards). In all the New- World forms I have

been able to examine this row is either strazght or procurved.

It is a curious fact, however, that of numbers of Ctenine

which have come before me from the Old World, very many

forms from Africa do present exactly the character claimed

in virtue of Perty’s figure for Phoneutria.

This fact undoubtedly accounts for the assignment of

several African species by a number of authors to this genus.

I do not say that this eye-formula does not exist in the

New World; but I dosay that the genus Phoneutria, if sepa-

rated from Ctenus, Walk., can only be done so on this cha-

racter, as the authors in question have done, and any New-

World form assigned to the genus or to the species P. fera,

Perty, must present this character unmistakably.

The type of the form to which Keyserling assigned the

name Phoneutria fera, Perty, is now before me, and in this

specimen the second row of eyes is most distinctly strazght.

It cannot be called fera of Perty, and I have much pleasure

in connecting with it the name of Count Keyserling, and shall

refer to it below as Ctenus Keyserlingit.

As to the specific identity of the true P. fera, Perty, one is

compelled to regard it as a “ forma ignota”’ also, though its

generic relations are certain so far as the eye-formula is con-

cerned. Keyserling probably concluded that Perty’s figure

was erroneous ; most likely it is, but without any description

bearing out such a conclusion, one has no right to assume it

to be so.

M. Simon has remarked of Ctenus dubéus, Walck., that

“il est synonyme du genre Phoneutria.” ‘his may be so,

but only if we include all forms with eyes of the second row

straight or recurved under one comprehensive generic group.

For the present, there being no immediate necessity for

deciding whether Phoneutria should be regarded as a synonym

60 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

of Ctenus or not, since we know of no New-World species

which we can with certainty assign to this genus, I would

prefer to leave it an open question.

I have felt it necessary to enter thus minutely into the

matter because one ought not to rename forms which already

have been assigned certain names without making quite

clear one’s reason for so doing.

The type of Thaumasia, Perty, is 7. senilis, Perty, being

the only species described under this generic title. Lepto-

ctenus agalenoides, L. K., is the only species originally

assigned to the genus; while of the two species of Argoctenus,

L. K., igneus and pictus, the type not having been men-

tioned, I select the first-named as the type of the genus ; but

of the four forms originally assigned to Microctenus by Key-

serling, I select the first, I. ornatus, Keys. ; while Caloctenus

aculeatus, Keys., is the only species described in 1877, and

therefore will be the type of Caloctenus, Keys. ‘The type of the

obscure genus Anahita, Karsch, since assigned by Keyserling

to his interpretation of Ctenus, Walck., is the species A. fauna,

Karsch, from Japan, being the only form then described.

Tsoctenus foliiferus, Bertk., 9 juv., from Brazil, transferred by

Keyserling to Ctenus, W1k., is the only species described by

Bertkau, and must be its type. Of Ctenophthalmus, Sim., for

which, being a nom. preoce., Thorell proposed (Ann. Mus.

Gen. 2, xi. (xxxi.) 1891-92) the name Ctenomma, C. lineatus,

Sim., remains alone as its type. Of the three species described

under Cupiennius, Sim., who has not definitely selected the

type, I select the first described, C. Getazi, Sim. The single

species described by Thorell under Nydia, N. punctata, Thor.,

remains the type; while of Acanthoctenus, Keys., A. spint-

gerus, K., the only species originally assigned, is the type.

Of Acantheis, Thor., a name substituted for Acanthoctenus,

Keys., Thor., under which the single species A. variatus, Th.,

was originally described, this species remains the type.

“Enigma, Karsch, has the single species, originally assigned

to it, 4. australiana, Karsch, as the type.

Part I.—(b) List of Genera and Species of the New World,

with Descriptions of new Species.

Genus Crenus, Walck., 1805.

1805. Ctenus dubius, Wlk. 9? 8,20 mm. Type of genus.

Tabl. Ar. p. 18, pl. iil. figs. 21, 22. Spec. in coll. Mus,

Paris. Cayenne.

1833. Ctenus Walckenaerit, Griffith. 2. An. King. Cuvier,

from the Lower Amazons &c. 61

pp- 417 and 426, t. xiii. There is no description, but a

figure only, of one of the larger Ctenine. Had. ignota.—

Walckenaer, Ins. Apt. ii. p. 459, doubts its distinctness

from C. janeirus g. If he is right, Griffith’s name has

priority. (Pl. ILI. fig. 2.)

1837. Ctenus fimbriatus, Walck. 9, 17°5 mm. Ins. Apt.

i. p.364. Capeof Good Hope, Africa.—Has been selected

by M. Simon as the type of (Zvturzus) Thalassius. He

informs me, however, that the type no longer exists.

1837. Ctenus janetrus, Walck. 9, 16 mm. Ins Apt. i.

p- 364. South America, Rio de Janeiro.—It seems not

improbable that this species belongs to the Lycoside, for

Walckenaer mentions the great height of the clypeus,

though no mention is made of the number of tarsal claws.

1837. Ctenus sanguineus, Walck. 92, 23mm. Ins. Apt. i.

p- 365. South America, Brazil.

1837. Ctenus unicolor, Walck. g, 18 mm., 9. Ins. Apt.

i. p. 365. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, and San Sebastian.—

Walckenaer mentions that the palpal organs resemble those

of the male of Segestria, and regards the species as iden-

tical with Dolomedes concolor, Perty. If this is the case,

the latter name, of course, has priority.

1837. Ctenus rufus, Walck. ?, 14°55 mm. Ins. Apt. i.

p- 367. South America, French Guiana.—Possibly a

Lycoctenus.

1837. Ctenus fuscus, Walck. 9,9mm. Ins. Apt. i. p 368.

South America, French Guiana.—Possibly a Lycoctenus.

1837. Ctenus rufibarbis (Perty), Walck. 9, 32 mm. Ins.

Apt. 1. p. 369. Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

1837. Ctenus ferus (Perty), Walck. 9, 34mm. Ins. Apt.

i. p. 3870. Rio Negro, Brazil.—Walckenaer accurately

describes the eye-formula which he considers should be

characteristic of Perty’s Phoneutria, though he includes

both these forms under his own more comprehensive

Ctenus, merely distinguishing them as a separate group of

the genus. Keyserling has expressed an opinion that

Walckenaer was wrong in attributing this eye-formula to

Phoneutria. Walckenaer could but follow Perty’s figure,

however convinced he might be that the figure itselt was

erroneous, unless he was in the position to give a fresh

diagnosis of the genus from the original type.

Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cleniform Spiders

1848. Ctenus cinnamoneus, C. K. ¢ juv.?, 27 mm. Die

Arach. xv. pp. 5-8, fig. 1457. Loc. ignota.—Possibly

this species belongs to Lycoctenus. ‘The eyes suggest the

genus Thalassius, Sim., but Koch makes no mention of the

tarsal claws. Jihe legs are 4, 1, 2, 3, according to his

figure.

1848. Ctenus concolor (Perty), C. K. 92, 17°55 mm. Die

Arach. xv. p. 59, fig. 1458. Brazil—C. Koch regards

this species as identical with Dolomedes concolor, Perty, and

C. unicolor, Wik. The legs appear to be 4, 1, 2, 3, ac-

cording to Koch’s figure, and it very likely belongs to

Lycoctenus.

1841. Ctenus hibernalis, Hentz. ¢, 13 mm. Bost. Soe.

Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 393. New Mexico.

1875. Ctenus hibernalis, Hentz. Spid. U.S. p. 35, pl. v.

figs. 1-4. 8. Alabama.

1841. Ctenus punctulatus, Hentz. 2, 7 mm. Bost. Soe.

Journ. Nat. Hist.iv. Alabama.

1875. Ctenus punctulatus, Hentz. Spid. U.S. p. 35, pl. v.

figs. 5,6. ‘Texas, Arizona.

1873-4. Ctenus giganteus, Tacz. 9,45 mm.; ¢, 26 mm.

Horee Soc. Ent. Rossice, x. p.91. Cayenne (2 juv.), St.

Laurent de Maroni (¢).—This appears to be, as ‘Taczan-

owski surmises, the largest known species of Ctenus, though

one would doubt the possibility of identifying it with any

certainty from the description.

1873-74. Ctenus bimaculatus, Tacz. 9,11mm. Hore Soe.

Ent. Rossice, p. 92. Uassa, N.E. corner of Brazil, close

to French Guiana.—lIt is next to impossible to identify

this species from the description, and, since the number of

tarsal claws are not mentioned, it is equally difficult to

judge of its systematic position. From the following

passage, however,—‘ Corselet brun marron, largement

bordé de fauve ”—one would suspect it to belong to Lyco-

ctenus, with Dolomedine characters. ‘The following cha-

racter may be of assistance towards future identification :—

‘‘ Abdomen brun foncé, orné de deux grosses taches reni-

formes fauves blanchatres. Pattes 4, 1, 2, 3.”

1875. Ctenus rujibarbis (Perty), Holmberg. Argentina,

1877. Ctenus Salti, Keys. 9,27mm. Verhand, z.-b. Ges.

Wien, p. 685, t. ii, (vill.) fig. 53. Type in coll. Brit.

from the Lower Amazons &e. 63

Mus. Nat. Hist. London. Mexico, Vera Cruz, and Cordova.

A specimen also from Guatemala in coll. Keyserl. —This

type @ is identical with a number of females from

Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s collection from Guatemala ;

one of these, submitted to M. Simon in Oct. 1896, w as

pronounced by him to be identical with his Cupiennius

oculatus, 1891. The name Sa/éi therefore will have

priority, and I retain the generic title given to this group

by M. Simon for the present.

1877. Ctenus granadensis, Keys. 3, 16 mm.; 2,15 mm.

Verhand. z.-b. Ges. hae p- 682, t. i. (vill.) fig. 51.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Gra-

nada, St. Fé de Bogoté.—This species belongs to the group

of Ctenine to which Simon has given the name Cupi-

ennius. It appears to be closely allied to his C. celerrimus ;

since, however, there are no figures given, and the descrip-

tion is inadequate for the purpose, I am unable to settle

the point.

1877. Ctenus bogotensis, Keys. 9, 27mm. Verhand. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, p. 684, t. 11. (vill.) fig. 54. Type in coll. Brit.

Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Granada.—'This species

does not belong to the Ctenine, but to Lycoctenus, having

three tarsal claws and other Dolomedine characters.

1880. Ctenus cyclothorax, Bertk. g,19 mm. Mém. Acad.

Belg. t. xlill. p. 56, pl.1. fig. 18. Tijuca, Brazil.—Key-

serling refers this species to his genus Caloctenus, Bras.

Spinn. 1891, p. 143, since tibie i. & il. bear seven pairs of

long spines beneath. He says:—“‘ Ctenus cyclothoraz, Bert.,

gehort in die Gattung Caloctenus.” Bertkau considers it=

Walckenaer’s group " Ambiguee, including C. janetrus 2,

and that it is probably the male of -C, janezrus, while

C. cinnamoneus, C. K., is the immature male of it.

1881. Ctenus argentinus, Holmb. ¢, 27 mm. An. Soc.

Argent. p. 271. Argentina, Buenos Aires.—The spider,

Holmberg remarks, is closely allied to Ctenus bogotensis,

Keys., and C. Saléi, Keys. His excellent description

shows that it very probably belongs to the same group as

Saléi (bogotensis is a Lycoctenus), to which Simon gave

the name of Cupiennius. Holmberg says :—‘ ‘ Femoribus

lateribus dorsoque sordide albo nigroque viperino-macu-

latis. Patellarum tibiarumque minus conspicuis lateribus

notatis.” ‘This character would prove that it is probably

distinct from Sale’, Keys.,=oculatus, Sim., but very

64 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Ctentform Spiders

closely allied to Getazi, Sim. He adds, “ Abdomine....

duabus maculis punctiformis, ventre quatuor lineis pallide

rufescentibus prope basin nascentibus, mamiilasque versus

convergentibus signato.’’ These characters ought to help

an identification, except that it is not easy to see what is

meant by “‘duabus maculis,” whether two only, or two on

either side; if the latter, it shares this character with Sa/é/.

Holmberg also remarks that tibie i. and ii. possess 2, 2, 2, 2,

metatarsi i. with 2, 2, 3, metatarsi il. with 2, 2, 1, 2

spines beneath ; also “‘mandibularum rima (aut canali) cum

crista externa, seu postica, 4-dentata.” Thus showing

clearly its affinities to Cupiennius.

1881. Ctenus rubripes, Keys. 9, 28 mm. Verhand. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, p. 577, pl. xvi. fig. 23. ‘T'ype in coll. Dr. Koch,

Niirnberg. Central America, Panama.—nince, according

to Keyserling, this species has four pairs of spines under

the anterior tibiz and also two lateral ones (in the female

sex), it is not improbable that it belongs to Cupiennius,

close to C. granadensis, Keys. The type is not in the

Museum.

1884. Ctenus oculifera (Karsch), Sim. See sub Phoneutria

oculifera, 1879. Mexico.

1887. Ctenus hybernalis, Hentz, V. Hasselt. 9 juv. Tijds.

Ent. p. 227. Recorded from the Island of Curacao,

Antilles.

1891. Ctenus nigriventer, Keys. 9,30 mm. _ Bras. Spinn.

p- 144, t. iv. fig. 98. Type in coll. Brit. Mus, Nat. Hist.

London. Rio Grande do Sul (Dr. v. Lhering).—This form

is very closely allied to C. boliviensis, sp. n., described below,

as well as to C. Keyserlingii. ‘The external plate of the

vulva is, however, shorter in proportion to the breadth than

in either of the two latter species (cf. Pl. III. fig. ii. d,

below).

1891. Ctenus ferus(Perty), Keys. 2,30 mm. Bras. Spinn.

p- 145. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. Rio

de Janeiro (Dr. Géldi).—I need not here repeat my reasons

for changing the name of this species to C. Keyserlingit

(cf. sub Phoneutria jfera, Perty, above), I may add,

however, that it is very unlikely that a species found at Rio

Janeiro would be identical with one taken on the Rio Negro.

The vulva having never to my knowledge been figured,

I give one from Keyserling’s type (cf Pl. III. fig. ii. ¢),

from the Lower Amazons &c. 65

1891. Ctenus vehemens, Keys. 9, 15°6 mm. Bras. Spinn.

p. 146, t. iv. fig. 99. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.

London. Espirito Santo, Brazil (Dr. Géldi).

1891. Ctenus ornatus, Keys. Bras. Spinn. p. 146. See sub

Microctenus below. Neu Freiburg.—N.B. The date 1876

quoted in Bras. Spinn. as that of the Vienna publication is

not correct; it should be 1877. Type in coll. Dr. Koch,

Niirnberg.

1891. Ctenus velox, Keys. §, 10°7 mm. Bras. Spinn.

p. 147, tab. iv. fig. 100. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat.

Hist. London. Atto da Serro, Neu Freiburg (Dr. Géld?).

—Keyserling does not mention the spur on the posterior

cox which distinguishes this form from all other males

which I have seen.

1891. Ctenus brevipes, Keys. 9, 11°4 mm. Bras. Spinn.

p- 148, t. iv. fig. 101. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.

London. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Dr. v. Lhering).

1891. Ctenus minusculus, Keys. 9,12°3mm. Bras. Spinn.

p- 149, t. iv. fig. 102. ‘Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat.

Hist. London. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Dr. v. Lhering).

1891. Ctenus longipes, Keys. g, 17-4 mm. Bras. Spinn.

p- 150, t. iv. fig. 103. ‘Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.

London. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Dr. v. Ihering).

1891. Ctenus teniatus, Keys. g, 10-4 mm. Bras. Spinn.

p- 151, t. iv. fig. 104. ‘Typein coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.

London. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Dr. v. Lhering).

1891. Ctenus griseus, Keys. 2, 20°35 mm. Bras. Spinn,

p- 152, t. iv. fig. 105. ‘l’'ype in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.

London. Brazil, Taquara do Mundo novo (Dr. v. Lhering).

1891. Ctenus medius, Keys. 9, 19 mm. Bras. Spinn.

p. 153, t. iv. fig. 106. ‘Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.

London (both examples). Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul

(Dr. v. Ihering}, Rio de Janeiro (Dr. Géldi).

1892. Ctenus mordicus,O. Cambr. ¢,20mm.; 9, 27 mm.

Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arach. p. 100, t. xi. figs. 6, 7.

Guatemala.

Genus PHONEUTRIA, Perty, 1853.

1835. Phoneutria rufibarbis, Perty. 9,32mm. Del. Anim.

Art. iii. p. 197, tab. xxxix. 2. Province of the Rio Negro,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 5

66 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

Brazil.—I have set forth above reasons for considering

that there is not sufficient evidence as to the identity of

this form. None of the authors who have adopted Perty’s

name mention that they have seen the original type speci-

men, so that one can but conclude that their only evidence

is drawn from Perty’s description and figures. These, in the

case of rufibarbis, are sufficient neither for generic purposes

nor for specific identification. I have very little doubt that

the spider figured is one of the three species known to us,

characterized by red-haired mandibles and the striped pedi-

palpi; but one cannot be certain on such slender evidence

as 1s offered to us in the figures.

1833. Phoneutria fera, Perty. 9, 34 mm. Del. Anim.

Art. i. p. 197, tab. xxxix. 3. Province of the Rio Negro,

Brazil.—The above remarks apply also to a certain extent

to this species. The specific identity cannot be determined.

1 have little doubt that the figure of the eyes is entirely

wrong and that Keyserling was right in his assumption

that the two large Ctenine which he called ferus and rufi-

barbis were congeneric with Perty’s species. There are

several species, however, of both forms, either of which

might equally well have been Perty’s original form; but

no one, not even the “ earliest author,” has any right to

assume that Perty’s figure of the eyes is wrong, and to act

upon that assumption. If the figure is correct, then Key-

serling’s ferus is not the same as Perty’s. I have assumed

the figure to be correct, and have therefore given to Keyser-

ling’s ferus a new name.

1848. Phoneutria fera, Perty, C. Koch. g, 29 mm.; 2,

34 mm. Die Arach. xv. p. 60, fig. 1459. Brazil.—

Koch’s beautiful figure leaves no doubt that he had one or

other of the large Cteninz before him, while the figure of

the eyes and the red hue of the mandibles in the full figure

suggest the form described below as C. Reidy, though one

cannot be certain on this point. I have not met with any

form in which the patella of the legs are distinctly red as

he has depicted them. Whatever this species may be (and

possibly the type is still in existence), one cannot consider

it P. fera, Perty, nor Ctenus ferus, Walck., with both of

which Koch regards his species as identical.

1848. Phoneutria rujibarbis, Perty, Koch. 2,29 mm. Die

Arach. xv. p. 63, fig. 1461. Brazil_—Judging from the

figure, it seems highly probable that this species is identical

from the Lower Amazons &e. 67

with the form described below as C. Andrews?, though

there is not sufficient evidence to make it a certainty.

1848. Phoneutria ochracea, C. K. fg, 265 mm. Die

Arach. xv. p. 62, fig. 1460.—I have not met with any

form which agrees with this figure and description. Pos-

sibly the type is also in existence.

1879. Phoneutria oculifera, Karsch. 9, 30 mm. Z. ges.

Naturw. (3) iv. p. 350, with figure of vulva. Mexico.—

Of this species Karsch says :—“ der innere Falzrand der

Mandibeln trigt, von der Basis der Klaue entfernt, 4 sehr

starke schwarze Ziihne, wihrend der dussere deren nur 2

besitzt, sehr nahestehenden . . . Phoneutria Saléi (Keys.).”

Whether this form really belongs to the group to which

Simon gave the name Cupiennius I cannot say. One

would think probably not. The form of the vulva re-

sembles very closely that of Lycoctenus bogotensis (iXeys.)

and L. brunneus, sp. n.; but, as Karsch makes no mention

of the number of the tarsal claws, it is impossible to say

for certain. In any case it does not belong to the genus

Phoneutria, Perty. Simon, in 1884, regards this species

as congeneric with (Tvturtus) Thalassius, type 7. fimbriatus,

Walck. I have not met with any form of this genus from

the New World.

1881. Phoneutria rufibarbis (Perty), Keys. 9, 33°2 mm.

Verhand. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 576, t. xvi. fig. 22. Type

in coll. Dr. Koch. Brazil, Neu Freiburg.—This appears

to be a larger spider than that figured and described by

Koch. Keyserling mentions the spines of the tibia as five

pairs. Keyserling has described this form and figured the

vulva, thus giving sufficient evidence that it is neither

Reidyt nor Andrewsi. For reasons given above I have

named this latter form C. Pertyz, since it cannot bear the

name rufibarbis.

Genus CUPIENNIUS, Sim.*

1891. Cupiennius Getazi, Sim. ¢, 25 mm. Bull. Soc,

Zool. Fr. xvi. p. 109. Costa Rica.

* Genus CuUPIENNIUS, Simon, 1891.

Tibie i. and ii. with four pairs of spines beneath, with two lateral

spines on each side in 9 and g. Protarsi i. and ii..with three pairs of

spines beneath and a single small stout spine at apex beneath in all four

pairs. Legs 1—2,4—3. No dorsal spines above tibie i., i1., iii., and iv.

No spines on patelle i., ii., iii, and iv. Lower margin of fang-groove

68 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

1891. Cupiennius celerrimus, Sim. $,12mm.; 2,15 mm.

Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. xvi. p.110. Tetfé, Amazons.—Appa-

rently very closely allied to C. granadensis, Keys.

1891. Cupiennius oculatus, Sim. 9, 26 mm. Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr. xvi. p. 110. Guatemala.—This species is iden-

tical with the next but one, C. Saléi, Keys., also from

Guatemala; the name Salé? has priority. See under

Ctenus Saléi above.

1877. Cupiennius granadensis (Keys.)? See sub Ctenus

granadensis above.

1877. Cupiennius Saléi (Keys.)? Syn. C. oculatus, Sim.

1891. See under Ctenus Saléi above.

Genus Microcrenus, Keys., 1877.

1877. Microctenus ornatus, Keys. 9?,19°7 mm. Verhand.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 687, t. il. (vill.) fig.62. ‘Type in coll.

Dr. Koch. Neu Freiburg, Brazil—This species was in-

cluded under Ctenus by Keyserling in Bras. Spinn. 1891 ;

see above.

1877. Microctenus obscurus, Keys. 9,17 mm. Verhand.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 689, t. ii. (viii.) fig. 58. Type in coll.

with four teeth, upper with three. Second row of eyes procurved.

Lateral anteriors midway between posterior centrals and posterior laterals,

but not in the same line, Central anteriors one third smaller than poste-

riors. Ocular quadrangle as broad as long, much narrower in front.

Clypeus equal to 15 diameter of anterior centrals. Tarsal claws 2.

Scopula beneath tarsi and protarsi i. and ii., apex of protarsus iii., absent

on protarsus iv., present on tarsi iii, andiy. Patella and tibia i. much

longer than patella and tibia iv.

Species.

A, Femora of legs spotted or annulated beneath.

1. Femora marked beneath with numerous fine

spots, haying also an apical annula ...... 2,25 mm C. Ge-

tazi, Sim.

2, Femora marked beneath with three distinct

annul, two median and one apical ...... ?,26mm. C. Sale,

Keys. (C. oculatus, Sim.).

8. In all probability add ......sccnegnarers 2,27mm. C. argen-

tinus, Holmb.

B. Femora not annulated or spotted.

Glee). Uivigwis seh Ree ey A LO Sak ee 6,12; 9,15mm. G

celerrimus, Sim,

LR RECEP Chan irk cad eves Gy 205-9, 15 mma

granadensis, Keys,

from the Lower Amazons kc. 69

Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Granada, St. Fé de

Bogoté.—Included under Ctenus by Keyserling in Bras.

Spinn. 1891.

1877. Microctenus adustus, Keys. 9,11 mm. Verhand.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 690, t. ii. (viii.) fig. 58. T'ype in coll.

Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Granada, St. Fé de

Bogoté.—Included under Ctenus by Keyserling in Bras.

Spinn. 1891.

1877. Microctenus parvus, Keys. ¢, 8°2 mm. Verhand.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 692, t. il. (viil.) figs. 55,56. Type 9

in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Granada,

St. Fé de Bogoté.—Included under Ctenus by Keyserling

in Bras. Spinn. 1891.

1881. Microctenus curvipes, Keys. g, 18 mm. Verhand.

Z.-0. Ges. Wien, p. 079, t. xvi. fig. 24.” Type in coll.

Dr. Koch, Niirnberg. Panama.

1887. Microctenus humilis, Keys. 9,11:4 mm. Verhand.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 456, pl. iv. fig. 35. Type in coll.

Cambridge Museum, Mass., U.S.A. Central America,

Nicaragua.

1886. Microctenus ravidus, EK. Sim. ¢, 16 mm. Bull.

Soc. Zool. Fr. 1. N. Patagonia.—Without figures it is

next to impossible to ascertain the species. It belongs,

however, to that group in which the second row of eyes is

procurved, the ocular quadrangle broader than long. The

anterior centrals smaller, closer together, and the clypeus

equal to one diameter of anterior central eyes.

Genus Isocrenus, Bertk., 1880.

1880. Isoctenus foliiferus, Bertk. 9 juv.,11 mm. Mém.

Cour. Acad. Belg. xlii. p.61. Brazil, Chapeo d’uvas, Rio

de Janeiro.—According to Keyserling, Bras. Spinn. 1891,

p- 148, this species belongs to Ctenus, Keys. Bertkau

mentions five pairs of spines beneath tibiz 1. and ii., so that

very likely there is no real generic distinction; but one

cannot say without seeing the type.

1880. ILsoctenus bicolor, EK. van Beneden. @ juv., 16 mm.

Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) xlix. p. 657. Loc. ignota, probably

Brazil.—There is very little evidence as to its identity to

be drawn from the description, save that it belongs to the

group here characterized as Crenus. “ Tibize i. and ii. with

five pairs of spines beneath.” Van Beneden himself says

“ Ctenus, Keys., nee Walck.”

70 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Ctentform Spiders

Genus CALOCTENUS, Keys., 1877.

1877. Caloctenus aculeatus, Keys. 9, 4 mm. Verh. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, p. 697, t. ii. (viil.) fig. 59. “Typeincoll. Brit.

Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Granada, St. Fé de Bogotd.

—Having carefully examined the type specimen, I find it

to be a two-clawed form. :

1880. Caloctenus major, Keys. 9, 19 mm. Verh. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, p. 337, t. iv. fig. 31. Type in coll. Mus.

Warsaw. Peru.

1882. Caloctenus major, Keys., Hasselt. IV. 3de Aflev.

Nat. Historie Midden-Sumatra, pl. v. fig. 13. Figure of

vulva.

1880. Caloctenus variegatus, Bertk. 15°5mm. Mém. Acad.

Belg. t. xliii. p. 59, t. i. fig. 19. ‘Bras. Spinn.’ There-

siopolis (San Jao de Ré), Brazil.—Since Bertkau remarks

that tibiz i. and ii. have seven pairs of spines beneath, it is

probable that this spider belongs to the genus in which he

placed it, though why he did not also place eyclothorax in

the same genus does not appear.

1891. Caloctenus cyclothorax (Bertk.), Keys. Bras, Spinn.

1891, p. 148, note.—This species belongs, so far as descrip-

tion allows one to judge, to Caloctenus, Keys. See sub

Ctenus above.

Genus LeprocTenus, L. K., 1875 ?

1888. Leptoctenus byrrhus, Sim. 2, 11 mm. Ann. Soe.

Ent. Fr. viii. p. 210. Mexico.—L. Koch’s genus Lepto-

ctenus is characterized by tibiw i. and 11. having four pairs

of spines beneath. Clypeus only a little higher than the

diameter of the eyes of the first row. Second row of eyes

straight. Tarsal claws 2. Scopula absent. Labium half

as long as maxilla, the latter much attenuated at base.

1888. Leptoctenus Tenkatet, v. Uasselt. 2, 17°35 mm.

Tijdsch. Ent. xxxi. pt. 38, p.192. Surinam.— Van Hasselt

gives the number of tarsal claws as two, but refers the

species to the ‘ Lycoside.”

Genus ACANTHEIS, Thor., 1891-2.

1890. Acanthoctenus, Keys., Thor. Ann. Mus. Gen. 2, x.

(xxx.) Sept. 1890, including :—1, A. variatus, Th.; 2, A.

Jrom the Lower Amazons &c. 71

dimidiatus, Th.; 3, A. letus, Th., 1891-92. Sumatra.

—These three species do not possess the calamistrum and

cribellum characteristic of Acanthoctenus spinigerus, Keys.

(type), according to Thorell. Thorell has more recently

withdrawn his species and placed them under the name

Acantheis. In Hist. Nat. Ar. i. p. 229, note, Simon refers

them to the subfam. Ctenine in the fam. Clubionide.

Of their tarsal claws Thorell says “ Unguiculi tarsorum

bini graciles, longi, fortissime et equaliter curvati.”

1891-2. Acantheis, Thor. Sv.. Ak. Handl. xxiv. (2) p. 61,

note, is the name given by Thorell to include <Acantho-

ctenus variatus, dimidiatus, and letus, from Sumatra.

Not having seen the types, I am unable to judge of their

affinities ; but, from Thorell’s deseription, one would gather

that they belong to the two-clawed ‘‘ Ctenine.” On p. 61

he says “Ad species illas asiaticas recipiendas, quas ad

- Acanthoctenum retuli et que organis illis carent, novum

Cteninarum genus est creandum, quod Acantheis vocari

potest.”

Genus Nyop1a, Thor., 1891-2.

1891-2. Nydia, Thor. Rag. Mal. iv. vol. i. p. 130. Type

N. punctata, Th., 9 juv. Sumatra; received from Rev.

O. P. Cambridge (forbes).—It appears probable that this

species, too, belongs to the Ctenine. ‘lhorell says that

the eyes are in three rows, central row strongly recurved.

Ocular quadrangle half as broad again behind as in front

and a little longer than its anterior breadth. Labium

transverse, truncate at apex. ‘Tarsi unguiculis binis

muniti.”

Genns AinieMA, Karsch.

1878. dinigma australiana, Karsch. 9,11 mm. Z, ges.

Naturw. (3) ii. p. 825. Type of genus. New South

Wales.—Karsch says that the eyes are in two rows, the

anterior somewhat shorter. He considers it to be near

Dolomedes and Ocyale, adding ‘ aber es fehlt die After-

klaue des ‘larsus der Beine.” One cannot judge well

from the description of its systematic position; but 1 should

expect to find it somewhere near Zora.

72 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

Table of New- World Genera of the Family Ctenide *.

Table of Genera.

A. Tibie i. and ii. with 4 or 5 pairs of spines be-

neath. Protarsi i, and 11. with 3 pairs of

spines beneath +. ;

i¢ Tibie i, and ii, with 5 pairs of spines beneath ;

no lateral spines in the female sex (appa-

rently always present in the males). 1—1—1

dorsal spines on tibiee iii, and iv. Two late-

ral spines on patellee iii. and iv. Lower

margin of fang-groove with 5 teeth f.

a, Second row of eyes straight or more or less

PEOCUL YEO JS sieve mye es oe ee aes» cet Ctenus §.

b. Second row of eyes distinctly recurved .... Phoneutria, Perty ||.

II. Tibiw i. and ii. with 4 pairs of spines beneath ;

females, as well as males, with two pairs of

lateral spines, basal and distal. No dorsal

spines on tibiz iil. and iv. No spines on

patellee iii, and iv. Lower margin of fang-

groove with 4 teeth. (Second row of eyes

strongly procurved.). sae oa «stem Un gitar stele Cupiennius, Sim.

Protarsi i. and ii with 3 pairs of spines

beneath, 2 pairs of lateral spines, and 1

small apical spine beneath.

B, Tibiz i. and 11, with 7 pairs of very long spines

beneath. Protarsi i. and ii. with 7 pairs of

Jongjspines beneath ...6scse es «5 sabres nn as Caloctenus, Keys.

The affinities of the genus Thaumasia, Perty (T. senilis), are very

doubtful, the figure of the eyes alone offering no sure criterion, while the

figure of the spider seems to suggest Lycosid affinities.

* I omit Leptoctenus, L. K. (to which genus a single species from

Costa Rica has been assigned by Simon), since I do not know the genus

at all, while Microctenus, Keys., is included under Ctenus in Bras, Spinn.

1891, Keys.

+ In these calculations are included the small apical spines ; care must

be taken not to include a lateral spine, nor to exclude a lower spine,

slightly inclining to a lateral situation.

¢ The fifth tooth at the basal angle of the fang-groove is in this group

very small, and may easily escape notice, but is always, in all specimens

which have come before me, unmistakably present, except in a few in-

stances of individual abnormality. In the four-toothed forms there is no

trace of this denticule.

§ The type of Ctenus, Walck.— C. dubtus—exhibits, according to his

figure (Tabl. Aran, 1805, pl. iii. fig. 22), the straight second row of eyes

with a Jabium longer than broad (fig. 21). His diagnosis of the genus

also states that the second row of eyes is straight.

|| There is no evidence that the true Phoneutria fera of Perty pos-

sessed the characters included under diagnosis A, the only recorded

character being that set down at 0.

Jrom the Lower Amazons &c. 73

Genus CTENUS (? Ctenus, Walck.), provisional.

Diagnosis.—Eyes in three rows, second row straight, by

anterior margins, or more or less procurved. Ocular quad-

rangle longer than broad, as long as broad, or broader than

long (7. e. comparing its outside length with the outside

breadth of transverse space occupied by posterior central

eyes) ; anterior side equal to or narrower than posterior side

of quadrangle. Anterior centrals subequal to or less than

posterior centrals. Carapace bluffly rounded behind, in some

forms abruptly precipitous. Tibiz 1. and 11. with five pairs of

spines beneath ; no lateral spines in female (present in male).

Protarsi i. and ii. with three pairs of spines beneath, no

central apical spine beneath; protarsi 1. and iv. with a

single central apical spine beneath. Tarsi i. and ii. and pro-

tarsi i. and il. with scopula beneath. Protarsus i. with

apical scopula, iv. without scopula. ‘Tarsi ii. and iv. with

scopula. Tibi iii. and iv. with 1—1—1 dorsal spines. Pa-

tell i. and 11. without spines, 111. and iv. with one spine on

each side.

Tarsal claws 2. Claw-tuft present. Patella and tibia i.

equal to or much longer than patella and tibia iv. Lower

margin of fang-groove with 5 teeth (4 large and 1 small *),

upper margin with 3 (1 largeand2 small). Clypeus varying

from twice the diameter of anterior centrals to half their

diameter.

Examples :—C. Reidy?, sp. n., C.stnuatipes, sp. n., C. minor,

Spe ai.,; dc.

Table of Species.

Males.

I. Carapace not raised andg ibbous at base above.

Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp set with thick

velvet pad of short soft hair on inner side .. C. boliviensis, sp. n.

II. Carapace distinctly raised and gibbous at base

above (except longipes), slightly bilobate.

Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp without pad of

soft hair on inner side.

A. Protarsus iy. almost or quite straight. Ocu-

lar quadrangle broader than long. Second

row of eyes straight by anterior margins

(in longipes slightly procuryed).

. Length of carapace equal to patella and

tibia iii, (Abdomen unicolorous above,

black below, with central, pale, longitu-

* This character is not absolutely reliable; in some females of the

fame species the number varies from 5—3.

74 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

dinal, lanceolate band. Tibial spur of

pedipalp longer than broad, directed

forwards, obliquely truncate at apex,

simple at base.) ‘

a. Size much larger, 17 mm. Abdomen

unicolorous above ...... Fe C. rectipes, sp. 1.

b. Size much smaller, 75 mm. Abdomen :

with pale band above....9......-.. C. minimus, sp. n.

ii. Length of carapace less than patella and

tibia iii, (Abdomen with pale central

line or scalloped band above.)

a, Protarsus iv. quite straight.

1. Abdomen with central black band

below. Tibial spur of pedipalp

short, directed forwards, very proad

at apex, as broad as long; lower

anterior angle sharp. Central lobe of

palpal organs small, as long as broad.

Tarsus of pedipalp without spur

ein |. dau eager Saitoh ee eile C. nigritus, sp. 0.

2. Abdomen unicolorous brown below.

Tibial spur of pedipalp short, blunt,

rounded at apex, set obliquely to

axis of joint. Central palpal lobe

large, much longer than broad. Tar-

sus of pedipalp with spur at base

paliind 20.5. RAR eae PATS PE C. longipes, Keys.

b. Protarsus iv. slightly sinuous.

1. Size larger, 15°55 mm. ‘Tibial spur

twice as long as breadth of base,

directed forwards; (apex acute).

Apical third of protarsus iv. con-

cave on inner side .............. C. spiculus, sp. n.*

2. Size smaller, 10°5 mm. Tibial spur

as long as breadth of base, directed

forwards, deeply emarginate on

lower side ; (apex acute) ........ C. planipes, sp. n.*

* The characters enclosed in brackets are not intended to alternate

with others in the table, but merely to serve as a further clue to the

identity of the form.

C. spiculus and planipes should more properly, by the form of protarsus

iv. and the tibial spur, fall into section B. but the eye-position brings

them into section A. All the above species (curvipes I cannot answer

for, since I have not seen the type) can be readily separated also by the

character of the central lobe and marginal spine of the palpal organs.

These characters unfortunately do not always fit in with those furnished

in the above table.

I am unwilling to tabulate the characters of teniatus, parvus, and

velox, for they appear to stand somewhat apart from any of the forms in-

cluded above. i 1e former may readily be recognized by the compara-

tively short legs, small size, and quadrate tibia of pedipalp, as long as

broad ; tibial spur long, curved, blunt, directed outwards and forwards,

recurved at apex. Velox may be instantly recognized by the short spur

beneath coxa iv. ; excepting for the eye-formula, it appears to come near

C. planipes; its posterior protarsi are straight, as also are those of

teniatus.

Ts =

from the Lower Amazons &c,

B. Protarsus iv. more or less decidedly sinuous.

Ocular quadrangle longer than broad;

second row of eyes procurved.

i. Basal section itself of protarsus iv. curved,

its concavity lying on outer side of seg-

ment, its inner side set with numerous

stout, short, close-lying spines; three,

more separate, more conspicuous, and

set obliquely to axis of segment, situate

towards apical end of basal curve. Apical

section set on inner side beneath with

row of black cuspules, short spines, and

bristles.

a. Size larger, 22mm. Protarsus iv. much

more strongly curved; basal section

fringed along margin of outer con-

cavity with long silky yellow hairs.

Tibial spur of pedipalp directed for-

wards, as long as width of segment;

lower angle very acute, obliquely

truncate at apex (much longer than

in rectipes). Tarsus iv. set at almost

BING: Esceaisenk Stetancccrothete Wale gndver stale C. medius, Keys.

b. Size smaller, 18 mm. Protarsus iv.

much less sinuous, but general cha-

racter the same. Outer margin of

basal concavity not fringed with hairs.

Tibial spur of pedipalp set at right

angles to segment, curved forwards,

trifid (or quadrifid) at apex, with stout

spine at base behind. Tarsus iv. set

in the same straight line with pro-

WARS E Rete, Sete ra aun te cla Sete ye C. serratipes, sp. n

ii. Basal section of protarsus iv. almost or

quite straight, its central concavity lying

on inner side. Inner margin of basal sec-

tion without row of numerous curved

spines. Apical section smooth beneath

and on inner side.

a. Basal angle of sinuous section set with

stout, curved, chisel-headed spine

lying between two stout long simple

spines. Tibial spur stout, short, set

at right angles to segment, bifid at

PCE sic ei el ahaa hele gua a, 9 ahd ha C. sinuatupes, sp. n.

6. Basal angle of sinuous section with

stout chisel-headed spine. Tibial spur

long, slender, curved forwards and

recurved at apex (sec. Keyserling’s

PEOULCR aid Sa Avia sabi aieua eee C. curves, Keys.

Females.

] Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp with thick pad of

short hair on the inner side. Patella and

tibia i. much longer than patella and tibia iv.

(Ocular quadrangle slightly: longer than

76 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

broad, not or only very slightly narrowed in

front. Eyes of ocular quadrangle subequal,

anteriors only slightly smaller. Second row

of eyes straight by anterior margins, Legsi._

equal to or longer than legs iy.)

A. Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp black, with two

narrow pale longitudinal lines in front.

Vulva broad, without pair of dark central

longitudinal ridges.

a. Size larger, 40 mm. ...... sfoa ies ae

6. Size smaller, 32-33 mm.

1. Legs i. longer than legs iv. Vulva

C. Reidy?, sp. n.

emarginate anteriorly......... g . C. Andrewsi, sp. 0.

2. Legs i. equal to legs iv. V ulva not

emarginate anteriorly............-- C. Pertyi *, nom. nov.

( C.rufibarbis, Keys.)

B. Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp unicolorous dark

brown, without narrow pale lines in front.

Vulva ‘elongate, with pair of parallel, cen-

tral, longitudinal ridges.

a. Abdomen with central, dorsal, pale scal-

loped band (besides ‘lateral pale bands

—boliviensis).

1. Size much larger, 40 mm. Ventral

surface of abdomen without broad

black longitudinal band.......... .. C. boliviensis, sp. n.

2. Size much smaller, 30 mm. Ventral

surface of abdomen with broad black

longitudinal band 4»... .agertesa ae C. nigriventer, Keys.

6. Abdomen unicolorous above, brown .. C. Keyserlingii, nom. nov.

(C. ferus, Keys.)

II. Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp without pad of

short hair on inner side. Patella and tibia i.

equal to or only slightly longer than patella

and tibia iy. (Legs i i, shorter than legs iv.)

A. Ocular quadrangle slightly longer than

broad, scarcely narrower in front. Eyes of

quadrangle subequal, anteriors slightly

smaller.

a. Second row of eyes straight by anterior

* There are no really reliable characters other than those drawn from

small comparative diflerences of measurement, difficult and tedious to

verify, to be found in these closely allied forms. Really good figures of

the vulva are alone trustworthy and, as a rule, practicable. In the

majority of cases Keyserling’s figures suffice for distinguishing the above

species.

C. adustus, Keys. (of which the type specimen is before me), is an

immature Q, and one can scarcely regard it as a good species amongst

forms which are themselves hardly to be distinguis shed, save by charac-

ters which are manifest only in the adult.

I am at a loss to understand how experienced arachnologists, almost

withont exception, with countless adult forms to be described, can per-

suade Gmabetei es to base new species, and even new genera, on immature

specimens, these very specimens even sometimes being mutilated, worn

out, and without legs, as the authors themselves confess.

— a

ee ight ™elsaeitnapess i, a ara pee

from the Lower Amazons ce. 77

margins. Patella and tibia i. longer

than patella and tibiaiv. Size larger,

27mm. Vulva with a pair of oval, con-

vex, obliquely convergent tubercles on

PETIOL POTMOML? . 125 52 o-dnes cea s.. « C. medius, Keys.

b. Second row of eyes procurved (straight

line touching anterior margins of centrals

passing through or above centres of late-

rals). Patella and tibia i. equal to patella

and tibia iv. Size smaller, 20—12 mm.

1. Carapace equal] in length to patella and

tibia iii. (Vulva without oval tu-

bercles in front, with pair of widely

separate oval-elongate furrows cn each

pide an [Ont ee. jelslnss gece ees C. sinuatipes, sp. 0.

2. Carapace longer than patella and tibia iii.

* Size larger, 203 mm. Patella and

tibia i. slightly longer than patella

and tibia iv. (15°7—12'3 mm.) .... C. griseus, Keys.

#* Size smaller, 12°3 mm. Patella an

tibia i. equal to patella and tibia iv.

(657 — Gem) ee ds aldose oe C. minusculus, Keys.

B. Ocular quadrangle as broad as long or

broader than long, distinctly narrower in

front. Anterior eyes of quadrangle dis-

tinctly smaller.

a, Patella and tibia i. longer than patella and

tibia iv. (9°9—7°5 mm.).

* Size smaller, 15°53 mm. Legs i.

scarcely shorter than legs iv. (26—

2G by Tam) Ses FEA 5 602 CAG ... C. variegatus, Bertk.

** Size larger, 17 mm. Legs i. dis-

tinctly shorter than legs iv. (25—

Za ige 11 11 ier piace, pepe tate pire is C. obscurus, Keys,

6. Patella and tibia i. equal to (or almost)

patella and tibia iv. (p. t. i. 8°7—p. t. iv.

8:2, vehemens; p. t.i. 5'1—p. t. iv. 5°4,

' brevipes), slightly longer, _ slightly

shorter, the rest equal.

]. Second row of eyes procurved, straight

line touching anterior margins of cen-

trals passing through centre of laterals. C. similis, sp. n.

2. Second row of eyes straight by anterior

margins.

* Clypeus narrower, equal to one dia-

meter of anterior central eyes.

aa. Size larger, 15-6—17 mm.

Separable by form of yulva.... C. ornatus, Keys.

C. vehemens, Keys,

bb. Size smaller, 11—11°4 mm.

Separable by form of vulva .... C. brevipes, Keys.

C. adustus, Keys.

C. minor, sp. n,

** Clypeus broader, equal to two dia-

meters of anterior central eyes.... C. albofasciatus, sp. n.

78 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

Ctenus Reidyi *, sp.n., 2.

Hab. Forest, Santarem.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London, 1896.

@. Length, including mandibles, 40 mm.

Colour.—Carapace orange-mahogany, clothed with short

golden-brown hairs. Abdomen dull yellow-brown, clothed

with golden-brown hairs. Mandibles stout, black, densely

clothed with bright orange hairs in front. Coxe of pedipalp

and sternum dark brown, the latter clothed with golden-brown

hairs.

Legs. Coxa, trochanter, femur, and tibia orange-brown ;

protarsus and tarsus dark brown, entirely clothed with golden-

brown pubescence.

Pedipalp. Femur and patella orange-brown; tibia and

tarsus clothed with a broad band of black pubescence on inner

side, a thin line of grey pubescence, and another broader

band, black, followed on the outer side with a broad band of

grey pubescence, appearing on the upperside as two narrow

grey lines.

Structure.— Carapace 16 mm. long, 13°5 broad ; abruptly

inclined behind, slightly raised towards caput. Central

groove distinct, segmental stria just discernible.

Eyes. Laterals situated on a. strong tubercle ; diameter of

anteriors half that of posteriors, situate one diameter from

them. Second row straight by anterior margins; the four

centrals situated in a quadrangle, slightly longer than broad ;

posterior centrals very slightly larger.

Mandibles with a shiny tubercle at base on outer side.

Fang-groove with 5 teeth on outer margin, 3 on inner

margin.

Legs (1.4) 2.3. Every segment except the first and

last spinose. Tibia i. and ii, with a double series of 5, of iil.

and iv. of 3, stout spines beneath.

Frotarsi i. and ii. with a double series of 3 spines, of iv.

with an irregular series beneath.

Tarsi, protarsi i. and ii, and apex of tibia slightly, tarsi

and protarsus iii. and tarsi and apex of protarsusiv. clothed with

thick scopula. Femora, tibia, and protarsiiii. and iv. clothed

beneath with golden-yellow hairs, 1. and ii. with pubescence

only.

Tarsal claws 2, with claw-tuft on each side; armed on

* In honour of my friend Mr. R. Reidy, whose intimate acquaintance

with Brazilian manners and customs and complete mastery of the lan-

guage smoothed the way for us on many occasions during our expedition.

from the Lower Amazons Lc. 79

inner side with 3 small denticules. Spinners 6, anterior pair

and posterior pair two-jointed.

Vulva consisting of a broad dark chitinous plate, emar-

ginate before, broadly truncate behind (towards spinners),

with two curved yellow side-pieces.

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 40, carap. 15°75;

legs i. 62°5, ii. 59, li. 47°5, iv. 62°5 ; pat.+tib. i. 23, iv. 19,

il. 15.

A single female of this species, the largest of the group

met with, was taken by myself in the forest near Santarem.

Tt was started from the palm-leaf thatch of a hut in the

forest, in which we had taken refuge from the rain, by m

companion Mr. T. Wallace, Jun. Its attitude, crouched

down flat upon the surface with legs extended, made it

appear, at first sight, to be a gigantic specimen of the ubi-

quitous H. venatoria.

Ctenus Andrewsi*, sp. n., 2.

Hab. Santarem and Pard Forest.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

2. Length 32 mm.

Colour the same as in Lezdy7, except that the abdomen

has a dorsal series of three conspicuous and three smaller and

less conspicuous spots on each side of the central line.

Vulva longer in proportion to its breadth. Lateral curved

side-pieces absent, their place taken by a black tubercle sur-

mounted by a sharp black spur.

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 32, carap. 12°25;

legs i. 56, il. 51°5, il. 42°5, iv. 56; pat.+tib. i. 20, iv. 16,

ii. 12°25.

‘Two temales were taken from the hollow stem of a decayed

palm-tree in the forest close to Pard, near the Casa da Oleria.

Both of them had a large dull white egg-sac attached to the

inner surface of the hollow stem. ‘This form is evidently

very closely allied to Reidyz, but, seeing that the two speci-

mens from Pardé were evidently tully adult, the differences

are not merely those due to immaturity, as one would have

otherwise suspected. I shall be surprised if fresh material

does not confirm the specific difference between the two forms,

though it is never sate to prophecy without being in posses-

sion of the facts. A third example was taken in the forest

near Santarem, wandering about some wooden palings close

* I have much pleasure in naming this form after my friend Mr. T, An-

drews, who contributed not a little to the general success of our scientific

investigations.

80 Mr, F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

to the Sitio Andirobal. These huge spiders are evidently

nocturnal in their habits, the last-mentioned specimen having

been disturbed from its hiding-place.

Ctenus boliviensis, sp. n., 3 @.

Hab. Bolivia.

Types in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. ‘Hist. London, 1896.

3. Total length, including mandibles, 34 mm., 2 40 mm.

S .— Colour. ‘Carapace, lees, and sternum very dark red-

brown mahogany, clothed with dull yellow-brown pubes-

cence. Abdomen brown, clothed with yellow-brown pubes-

cence. Legs clothed beneath with thick yellowish hair,

2 .—Colour similar to that of the male, but darker. Ab-

domen with broad central scalloped pale band and two or

three oblique lateral bands of pale spots extending down the

sides, while the integuments have been denuded of pubescence.

Pedipalps without pale lines in front. Mandibles clothed at

apex with dull orange hairs.

3 -—Structure. Carapace, profile almost straight. Eye-

formula similar to that of Beddyi and Andrewsi. Lateral

eyes on a distinct tubercle ; second row straight by anterior

margins. Ocular quadrangle slightly longer than broad,

scarcely narrowed in front. Armature of legs similar in both

sexes to that of Retdyz. Lower margin of fang-groove with

Steeth, upperwith3. Tarsal claws 2, with 4curved denticules,

Claw-tuft present. Scopula thick on protarsi and tarsi i. and

ii., slighter on protarsus ili., and absent on that of iv. Tibia

of pedipalp furnished with a very thick scopula, and its apex

on outer side armed with a very stout, curved, chisel-headed

spur. For palpal organs see PI. III. fig. ii. a, b, ¢.

9.— Structure similar to that of the male. ‘Uhe vulva was

so damaged that no satisfactory figure can be made of it. It

is, however, similar in general character to those of Keyser-

lingti and nigriventer.

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 41, carap. 16°75 ; legs i.

65, ii. ?, iii. ?, iv. 64.

These, the largest species of the genus I have met with

(except Reidy’), were taken by Herr Rolle at Madre de Dios

(Bolivia), and were in the collection of the British Museum.

They are allied to Retdyz, but have not the pale lines on the

palps (@), nor is the hair on the mandible of so bright an

orange.

Ctenus Perty?, nom. nov. (C. rufibarbis (Perty), Keys.).

This species, of which I have not seen the type, appears to

from the Lower Amazons &c. 81

be closely allied to Retdyi and Andrewsi, but evidently quite

distinct, if we may judge from Keyserling’s figure of the

vulva. Cf. notes on C. rufibarbis (Perty), Keys., above.

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 33-2, carap. 132; legs

i. 46°6, ii. 41:9, iii. 33°5, iv. 46; pat.+tib. i. 18°5, iv. 16,

iu. 12-5.

Ctenus Keyserlingit, nom. nov. (C. ferus (Perty), Keys.).

The type of this form differs decidedly from both nigri-

venter, Keys., and boliviensis, sp. n., in the form of the vulva

(see PI. II. fig. ii.c), though the general character is the

same. CY. notes on C. ferus (Perty), Keys., above.

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 30, carap. 17:2; legs

1. 50°9, 11. 48°3, iii. 3771, iv.51°8; pat.+tib. i. 20°5, iv. 18°2,

lil. 14°3.

Ctenus nigriventer, Keys.

Distinguished from Keyserlingi? and boliviensis by the black

ventral surface of the abdomen and a difference in the form

of the vulva (Pl. LILI. fig. ii.d). To finally confirm or refute

the apparent distinctions between these three forms one needs

many more specimens. It is impossible to make definite

assertions based on a single specimen of each form.

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 30, carap. 15; legs i.

44:9, il. 42°2, i. 34°3, iv. 46°85 pat.+tib. i. 17°9, iv. 16:4,

il. 12°8.

Ctenus medius, Keys., 2.

The figure of the vulva given by Keyserling is quite sufi-

cient to establish the distinction between this form and the

others here recorded, even if the type had not been to hand by

way of confirmation.

A female and a male (the latter described for the first time

below, p. 87) were found in a collection from Theresiopolis,

S. Brazil. The female is identical with the type of Keyser-

ling’s medius.

Measurements in millim.— 2. Tot. len. 22, carap. 12; legs

i, 37°5, iv. 42; pat.+tib. i. 13, iv. 12, ii. 10.

Ctenus nigritus, sp. n., 3.

Hab. Forest, Santarem.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London, 1896.

6. Total length (including mandibles) 15 mm.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 6

82 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Ctenijorm Spiders

Carapace mahogany-brown, with fine pale central line ;

clothed with fine yellow-grey pubescence.

Abdomen brown, clothed with black and grey hairs, mixed ;

with a pale central dorsal line extending from the anterior

margin to the spinners; shoulders black, a series of four

black spots on each side; ventral surface with a broad wedge-

shaped central black band, with two white spots at base and

a white margin extending from the stigmatic orifice to the

spinners.

Legs mahogany-brown above; sternum and underside of

cox and femora pale yellow-brown ; clothed with fine silky

yellow-grey hairs.

Carapace gibbous behind ; dorsal profile slightly concave.

Eyes. Laterals on a very slight tubercle; anterior much

smaller than posterior, one third their diameter. Centrals

forming a quadrangle a little broader than long, posteriors

larger. Outer margin of fang-groove armed with 5 teeth, inner

with 3.

Legs. Spinous armature similar to others of the group.

Tibiz i. and ii. with five pairs of spines beneath. Tarsi alone

of all four pairs bearing a scopula beneath. Tarsal claws 2,

with four long broad denticules beneath. Claw-tuft present.

Palpus and organs (Pl. IIL. fig. vii. a).

A single adult male of this spider was taken by myself in

the Forest of Santarem, February 1896.

Ctenus albofasciatus, sp. n., 2.

Hab. Forest, Santarem.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London, 1896.

@. Total length (including mandibles) 14 mm,

Colour.—Carapace dark mahogany-brown, with broad

central band of golden-grey pubescence, and a small spot on

clypeus above base of each mandible.

Abdomen clothed with black and golden-orange hairs, with

a basal, central, dorsal, longitudinal, pale golden-yellow band,

extending to the middle of the upperside; shoulders very

black. Ventral surface dark brown, with four longitudinal

rows of pale spots.

Structure—Carapace gibbous and raised behind, dorsal

profile slightly concave. Lateral posterior eyes on a distinct

tubercle; lateral anteriors very small, their diameter less than

half that of the former and distant from them twice their

diameter. Centrals forming a quadrangle a little broader

than long; posteriors slightly larger (Pl. ILI. fig. i. d).

Second row of eyes straight by anterior margins,

| stra, Lower

margin of mandibles with 5 teeth, upper with 3.

from the Lower Amazons &c. 83

Legs. Spinous armature similar to others of the group.

Tibiz 1. and ii. with five pairs of spines beneath. Anterior

protarsi with three pairs of spines beneath. Protarsi and

tarsi i. and ii. clothed beneath with very slight scopula, iii.

and iv. tarsi only. Tarsal claws 2, armed beneath with four

Jong broad denticules; claw-tuft present. ’

Vulva (Pl. III. fig. iv. b).

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 14, carap. 6°75; legs

i. 20, iv. 25; pat.+tib. i. 7, iv. 7, ii. 5.

Two adult females of this richly coloured species were

taken by myself in the Forest of Santarem in Feb. 1896.

Ctenus minor, sp. n., 2.

Hab. Forest, Santarem.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London, 1896.

Total length (including mandibles) 11 mm.

Colour. Carapace pale brown, with central band of golden-

yellow pubescence. Abdomen dark olive-brown, with

numerous scattered groups of pale golden-yellow hairs; with

a short basal central band and three or four transverse bars

of pale pubescence; sides with three oblique lines of spots of

golden-yellow hairs. Ventral surface paler, with numerous

longitudinal indistinct lines of pale hairs. Legs pale brown,

with numerous isolated short pale hairs and spots of hair.

Structure similar to that of albofasctatus. Vulva (Pl. IIL.

fig. iv.c).

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 11, carap. 5; legs i.

15°5, iv. 19°5; pat.+tib. i. 5°5, iv. 5°5, iii. 4°25.

A single adult female of this small species was taken by

myself in the Forest of Santarem, Feb. 1896.

Ctenus similis, sp. n., 2.

Hab. Forest, Santarem.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Total length (including mandibles) 12 mm.

This form is almost identical with C. albofasciatus except

in being smaller, in not having the carapace raised behind,

in having the second row of eyes procurved instead of straight,

and in possessing a very different form of vulva (Pl. III.

fig. iv. a).

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 12, carap. 7; legs i.

20°5, iv. 24; pat.+tib. 1. 7, iv. 7, iii. 5°25.

A single specimen from the Forest, Santarem, Feb. 1896.

84 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

Ctenus planipes, sp. n., 3.

Hab. Forest, Santarem.

Types in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Total length (including mandibles) 11 mm.

Colour. Carapace very pale yellow-brown. Abdomen

darker brown, with central basal pale band extending to the

spinners, the last half consisting of indistinct transverse

spots; sides paler, spotted with brown. Legs pale olive-

brown, clothed with long silky yellow hairs.

Structure, Carapace very much raised and gibbous at base,

inclined towards ocular area. Eyes similar to those of albo-

fasciatus; second row straight by anterior margins, central

anteriors much smaller and forming a narrower transverse

row than central posteriors. Ocular quadrangle broader than

long. Armature of legs similar to others of the group.

Tibiz i. and ii. with five pairs of spines beneath. Protarsi 1.

and ii. with three pairs. Lower margin of fang-groove with

5, upper with 3 denticules.

For structure of pedipalp and organs see Pl. III. fig. vi. b. ~

Tibia with a short, curved, sharp black spur, directed for-

wards along the side of the tarsus, not projecting from the

joint.

: A single adult male of this species, which belongs to the

group including sinuatipes, sp. n., curvipes, Keys., and

several other forms I have seen, not yet described, was taken

in the Forest of Santarem in Feb. 1896.

Ctenus sinuatipes, sp. n., ¢ 2.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Types in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Total length (including mandibles), g 20, 9 22 mm.

g.—Colour, Carapace mahogany-brown, with a broad

diamond-shaped pale patch behind the eyes and a fine central

line following it. Abdomen brown, clothed with fine golden-

brown pubescence ; with a pale, central, longitudinal, dorsal,

scalloped band, consisting of five united blotches, clothed with

golden-brown pubescence. Underside dull olive-brown.

Sternum and legs dull olive-brown, the femora of the latter

annulate ; clothed with golden-brown pubescence.

.—Colour similar to that of the male, but much darker.

¢ .— Structure. Carapace only slightly gibbous at base

and slightly concave in profile. Legs similar to others of the

genus; scopula slight on apical half of protarsi i. and ii,

apex of iii., and none on iv.

Jrom the Lower Amazons &c. 85

Protarsus iv. bent suddenly in the middle in a sinuous

form, the basal angle armed with 5 spines and a stout curved

chisel-headed spur beneath the joint, its apex directed

outwards. LEye-formula similar to others of the genus.

Tarsal claws 2, with 4 sinuous denticules ; claw-tuft present.

Pedipalp. Tibia with a stout black spur on the outer side

at apex; palpal organs (PI. ILI. fig. vi.e). The form of the

tibial spur is very variable.

2 .—Structure similar to that of male. Carapace in profile

less concave and gibbous at base. Cephalic area slightly

gibbous. Protarsus iv. normal. Vulva (Pl. III. fig. iv. d).

Fang-groove with 5 denticules on lower margin, 3 on upper.

Measurements in millim.— 2. Tot. len. 22, carap. 10; legs

i, 38, iv. 41°5; pat.+tib. i. 13, iv. 13, ui. 10.

This species, remarkable amongst other allied forms in the

male sex for the curious development of the posterior pro-

tarsus, which is developed in somewhat the same manner as

the protarsus of the first pair of legs in some of the Thera-

phoside, was taken at La Palma (Costa Rica) by Mr. J. F.

Tristram. There were in the collection two adult males, one

adult female, and several immature of the latter sex.

Ctenus rectipes, sp. n., 3.

Hab. Iguarassu, Brazil.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Total length 17 mm., carapace 8°5; legs i. 35, iv. 39;

carapace equals pat.+tib. iil. in length ; pat.+tib. i. longer

than pat.+tib. iv.

Colour. Carapace, legs, sternum, and mouth-parts ma-

hogany-brown, clothed with yellow-grey pubescence. Abdo-

men unicolorous above, clothed with tine rufous-yellow hairs.

Ventral area dark sooty brown, with a narrow, central, lanceo-

late pale band extending from the genital rima almost to the

spinners.

Structure. Carapace raised, gibbous, and slightly bilobate

behind. Other general characters similar to those of others

of the group. ‘Tib.i. and u. with 5—5 spines beneath, 2

lateral and 2 dorsal. Protarsus iv. straight. Tibia of pedi-

palp longer than broad, with a short straight apophysis,

obliquely truncate at apex, directed forwards from the apex

of the joint on outer side, its outer surface striate and its

length less than broadest diameter of the joint. Tarsal

claws 2.

Eyes. Second row straight by anterior margins; ocular

quadrangle as broad as, or slightly broader than, long, a little

86 = Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

narrower in front. Clypeus equal to 1} diameter of anterior

centrals. Apex of inner marginal spine of palpal organs

simple, blunt, and stout.

A single male was taken by Mr. Ramage near Iguarassu,

Brazil. The species is closely allied to others of the ‘ cur-

vipes’ group whose posterior protars? are straight. (Pl. III.

figs. vi. a and vii. b.)

Ctenus spiculus, sp. n., ¢.

Hab. Colombia.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Tot. len. 15°5 mm. ; carap. 9; pat.+tib. i. 16°75, iv. 16,

il. 9°75.

Colour. Carapace brown, cephalic area with two pale lines

on each side, followed by a central line to posterior margin.

Legs and abdomen brown (dried specimen).

Structure. General characters as in others of the group.

Carapace gibbous at base above. Ocular quadrangle broader

than long, narrower in front. Second row straight by ante-

rior margins; clypeus equal to 14 diameter of anterior

centrals. Carapace less than pat. and tib. iii.

Protarsus iv. slightly sinuous, basal concavity (very slight)

directed outwards. Apical concavity directed inwards, more

noticeable, not spinose except at apex, and from basal end of

apical section towards the base of the segment armed with

numerous spines. ‘This form of protarsus iv. forms an inter-

mediate link between rectipes, nigritus, and longipes, and

planipes, serratipes, &c.

Tibial spur longer, more slender, twice as long as its basal

breadth, apex carinate, recurved ; directed straight forwards.

Marginal spine of palpal organs stout at apex and simple.

Central lobe short, dorsally excavate, not emarginate or bifid

in front.

A single specimen of this distinct form taken in Colombia

is in the Museum collection. (Pl. III. fig. vii. h.)

Ctenus minimus, sp. n., ¢-

Hab. N. America.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Tot. len. 7°5 mm., carap. 3°75; legs i. 17, iv. 16.

Structure. Carapace raised and gibbous behind. Tibia i.

and ii. with five pairs of spines beneath and two lateral spines

on each side. General structure otherwise similar to others

of the group. Protarsus iv. straight. Pedipalp long, at least

two thirds that of carapace,6mm. Patella three times longer

than broad, tibia four times ; tibia incrassate towards apex (as

from the Lower Amazons &c. 87

also the patella), with a short bluntly rounded spur on outer

side above at apex, with a second shorter curved spur below

and a short, more slender spur lying between, directed towards

the base of tarsus. Base of tarsal sheath with small sharp

triangular spur on outer side above.

Eyes. Second row straight by anterior margins; ocular

quadrangle broader than long, narrower in front, central

anteriors a little smaller than posteriors.

Clypeus narrow, equal to one half diameter of anterior

centrals.

Colour. Carapace, legs, sternum, and mouth-parts rufous-

brown. Abdomen with pale scalloped longitudinal dorsal

band. Lateral area streaked with black.

N.B.—These specimens, having been some time in spirit,

possibly have not preserved their colouring.

It is not improbable that this species may be the male of

punctulatus, Hentz, though there are no black longitudinal

lines on the carapace, as he points out is the case in his species.

I am not aware that these two American species have ever

been adequately figured. The specimen described above is

one of two males from N. America. (PI. IIT. fig. v.1, 2.)

Ctenus serratipes, sp. n., § Q.

Hab, Demerara.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

6. Tot. len. 18 mm., carap. 8°5; pat.+tib. i. 13, iv. 13:5;

legs i. 37°3, iv. 39.

3 .—Colour. Carapace, legs, and abdomen ferruginous

brown (dried specimen).

2 .—Colour the same (dried specimen).

3 .—Structure. Ocular quadrangle longer than broad ;

second row of eyes procurved. Details of the structure of

the tibial spurs and of protarsus iv. will be found in the table

of species.

Central lobe of palpal organs deeply bilobate.

A single male and female in the Museum collection from

Demerara. ‘The vulva of the female was not sufficiently

preserved to furnish a reliable figure or description. (PI. III.

figs. vi.c and vii. d.)

Ctenus medius, Keys. (g new to science),

Hab. Theresiopolis, 8. Brazil.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

3. Tot. len. 22 mm., carap. 11°5; pat.+tib. iii, 13;

i. 17, iv. 15°75.

88 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

3 .—Colour. Carapace, abdomen, and legs unicolorous

brown.

Structure. General characters similar to those of others of

the group. Ocular quadrangle longer than broad; second

row of eyes procurved.

Protarsus iv. very strongly curved, so that the convexity

of the basal section lies inwards, while the apical section is

straight and the tarsus is set on obliquely or almost at right

angles to the protarsus, its apex directed inwards. A detailed

description of this portion of the structure and of the tibial

spur is given in the table of specific characters.

Palpal organs. Marginal spine trifd at apex; central lobe

small, broad, rounded at apex, simple.

For notes on C medius, Keys., 2, see p. 81.

A single specimen of the male and another of the female of

this extraordinary spider were found in a collection from

Theresiopolis, S. Brazil. The female is identical with

C. medius, Keys., of which the type is now before me, easily

recognizable by the pair of oval boss-like prominences lying

obliquely and convergent at the anterior margin of the vulva.

These types are from Rio Janeiro. It is interesting to find

that the male of this very ordinary looking female should be

so extraordinary in appearance, owing to its excentrically

developed posterior legs.

Part I].—(a) Genera of the Old and New Worlds which have

been assigned by various authors to the Families Ctenide

and Lycosidx, containing Forms possessing three tarsal

claws, with Notes on the Type Species.

1872. Senoculus, Tacz. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. ix. p. 108, t. iii. fig. 4.

Type S. maronicus, Tacz.—St. Laurent de Maroni.

1876. Nilus, Cambr. Spid. Palest. Egypt, p. 596, pl. lix. fig. 18. Type

NV. curtus, Cambr.— Alexandria.

1878. Pyenoctenus, L. Koch, Arach. Austr. ii. p. 996, pl. lxxxvii. fig. 2.

Type P. robustus, L. K.—Sydney.

1873. Labdacus, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 118. Type ZL. monastoides,

Cambr., 2 .—Rio Grande, Brazil.

1878. Cycloctenus, L. Koch, Arach. Austr. ii. p. 988, t. lxxxyi. 8. Type

C. flaviceps, L. K., 2 .—New Holland.

1880. Stenoctenus, Keys. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 340. Type S. gra-

cilis, Keys., 9 .—Peru.

1880, Platyctenus, Keys, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 338, note.

1880. Ancyclometes, Bertk. Mém. Cour. Acad. Belg, xiii. p. 114. Type

A, vulpes, Bertk., 9 .—Barbacena.

rom the Lower Amazons cc. 89

1884. Titurius, Sim. Ann. Mus. Gen. xx. p. 328. Type 7. fimbriatus

(Walck.), 9 .—Cape of Good Hope.

1885. Thalassius, Sim. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. p. 13. For Titurius, nom.

preeoce.

*1888, Vulsor, Sim. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. p. 233. Type V. bidens,

Sim., 9.—Island Mayotte, Madagascar.

*1888. Viridasius, Sim. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. viii. p. 233. Type V. pul-

chripes, Sim., 3 9 .—Island Nossi-Bé, Madagascar.

1891. Dolopeus, Thor. Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxiv. (2) p. 60.

Type D. cinctus, Thor., 2 .—Island Kamorta, Nicobar, Bay of Bengal.

The type of Pycnoctenus, L. K., will be the single species

described at the time of founding the genus, P. robustus, L. K.

For the same reason Ni/us curtus, Cambr., remains as the

type of Nelus, Cambr. L. monastoides, Cb., was the single

species originally assigned to Labdacus, Cambr., while Cyclo-

ctenus flaviceps, L. K., is, for the same reason, the type of

Cycloctenus, L. Koch. Stenoctenus gracilis, Keys., is also on

this account the type of Stenoctenus, Keys. A. vulpes, Bertk.,

for the same reason, is the type of Ancyclometes, Bertk.

M. Simon has selected 7. fimbriatus (Walck.), sub Ctenus,

as the type of (Ziturius) Thalasstus, Sim. V. bidens, Sim.,

and V. pulchripes, Sim., remain with an undisputed right to

be regarded as the types of Vulsor, Sim., and Vir¢dasius,

Sim., respectively. Dolopeus cinctus, Thor., is alone also as

the type of Dolopeus, Vhor. 2. maronicus (Tacz.), sub

Senoculus, is the type of Platyctenus, Keys., a name substi-

tuted, on the ground of inappropriateness, for Senoculus,

Tacz.

Note.—Genus Dotomepsgs, Latr., 1804,

1833. Dolomedes concolor, Perty. 9. Del. Anim. Bras. iii. p. 197,

pl. xxxix. fig. 4. Sebastianopolis, Brazil—The form of the eyes is

“Ctenoid,” though it is quite likely, for all the evidence to the con-

trary, that it belongs near my Lycoctenus. No mention is made of the

number of tarsal claws. See sub Ctenus unicolor, Walck., above, p. 61.

Genus SENOcULUS, Tacz., 1872.

1872. Senoculus, 'Tacz.—A name given to a spider with a

Ctenoid eye-formula, supposed by Karsch to be six-eyed,

whereas in reality the lateral anterior eyes are present,

though very small and inconspicuous (8. maronicus, ‘l'acz.).

Keyserling, in consideration of the resemblance of his

* I cannot gather from Simon’s description to which group these two

genera belong.

) bj

90 My. F. O. P. Cambridge on Ctentform Spiders @g

Stenoctenus gracilis to Senoculus, and convinced that it was

an eight-eyed form, gave it the name Platyctenus, on the

grounds that Senocu/us was inappropriate. The latter

name having been obviously given under a misapprehension,

it seems reasonable to modify in such cases the strict letter

of the laws of nomenclature. But if one begins’to discard

names on the ground of inappropriateness, where is the

process to stop? I therefore would regard Platyctenus as

a synonym of Senoculus.

1872. Senoculus maronicus, Tacz. 2, 6 mm. Hor. Soe.

Ent. Ross. ix. p. 108, t. in. fig. 4. Type of genus, only

species described. St. Laurent de Maroni.

1879. Senoculus rubromaculatus, Keys. 2, 85mm. Verh.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 339, pl. iv. fig. 30. Peru.

Genus Laspacus, Cambr., 1873.

1873. Labdacus monastoides, Cambr. 2, 9°5 mm. Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 118. Type in coll. O. P. C. Rio

Grande, Brazil.

1880. L. plumosus, Sim. @, carap. 3°6 mm. Bull. Soe.

Zool. Fr. p. 154. Pard, Brazil.

1880. L. purpureus, Sim. 2, 85mm. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

p. 155. Panama.

1880. L. parallelus, Sim. 2, 86mm. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

p. 156. Teffé, Upper Amazons, Brazil.

1880. L. ruficapillus, Sim. $2,9'5mm. Bull. Soc. Zool.

Fr, p. 154. Pard, Brazil.

1880. L. tricolor, Sim. 6 Y,125 mm. Bull. Soc. Zool.

Fr. p. 153. 'Teffé, Upper Amazons, Brazil.

Table of Species (after Simon).

A. Carapace and abdomen clothed with plumose

hairs,

1. Carapace with strie strongly marked ........ L. plumosus, Sim.

2. Carapace with strie scarcely noticeable ...... L. tricolor, Sim.

B. Carapace and abdomen clothed with simple hairs.

i. Legs short. Tibi i. and ii, with 4—4 (ord—®)

long spines beneath.

a. Posterior eyes very large. Centrals a little

less than their diameter apart, scarcely 14

diameter from laterals ..........+.0.. L. ruficapillus, Sim.

b. Posterior eyes moderate in size. Centrals

from the Lower Amazons &c. 91

further apart, at least over one diameter

apart, at least two diameters from laterals.

]. Tibize i. and ii. with 5—5 spines beneath.

Protarsi i. and ii. with 5—5 (or 5—6)

spines beneath. Central posterior eyes

two diameters from laterals. Size

smaller, carapace 3 MM.........0..00. L. purpureus, Sim.

la. The number of spines beneath tibie 1.

and ii. not mentioned in the descrip-

tion, but are 5 in the figures .......... L. monastoides, Cb.

2. Tibi i. and ii. with 4—4 spines beneath.

Protarsi i. and ii. with 3—5 spines be-

neath. Central posteriors 3 diameters

from laterals. Size larger, carapace

Sy 591 amen - 7 at erie 5 ae es L. albidus, sp. n.

Labdacus albidus, sp. n., 2.

Hab. Rio de Janeiro.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Carapace 5°5 mm., abd. 10.

Colour. Carapace, legs, and abdomen dull yellow-red,

clothed with short pure white pubescence. Legs furnished

with short fine black spines, their margins fringed with long

curving silky white hairs.

Structure. Carapace with strie distinct; anterior ocular

area (from anterior margin of posterior centrals to clypeus)

horizontal. Central anterior eyes 1? diameter apart, very

small. Clypeus narrow, 14 diameter of anterior centrals.

Ocular quadrangle longer than broad, narrower in front.

Central posteriors 1} diameter apart, 3 diameters from

laterals, Lateral anteriors very small, close in front of poste-

rior laterals.

Legs. Tibie i. and ii. with 4—4 spines beneath and 2

lateral spines; protarsi i. and ii. with 3—83 spines beneath

and 2 or 3 laterals.

Tarsal claws 3.

The description of this fine species, the largest of the genus

hitherto discovered, is drawn from a dried specimen in the

Museum collection. It is closely allied to purpureus, Sim.,

but differs in the number of subtibial spines and the position

of the eyes. I give a table of species according to the cha-

racters furnished by M. Simon, including albcdus and

monastoides, for the benefit of those who may not have

Simon’s paper at hand.

Genus Nitus, Cambr., 1876.

1876. Nilus, Cambr.—The eye-formula and three tarsal

claws would seem to suggest T’halassius, Sim.

92 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

Genus Pycnocrenus, L. K., 1878.

1878. Pycnoctenus, L. K.—I have not yet seen a form from

the New World which I could assign to this genus.

Genus CycLocrenus, L. K., 1878.

1878. Cycloctenus, L. K.—No form which I have met with

yet from the New World would seem to belong to this

genus.

Genus STENOCTENUS, Keys., 1880.

1880. Stenoctenus gracilis, Keys. 2,8mm. Verhand. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, p. 341, t. iv. fig. 29. Type in coll. Warsaw

Museum. Aimable Maria, Peru.—I have not seen the

type of this species, also the type of the genus; but of this

and Senoculus Keyserling says (p. 337) :—‘ Diese und die

foleende Gattung gehoren in der mit drei Klauen am Ende

der Tarsen,” &e.

Another species which was found in Keyserling’s collec-

tion under the name S. pallidus, from Brazil, I describe

below, since I can find no description of it.

Keyserling placed Stenoctenus and Senoculus under the

Ctenoide.

Stenoctenus pallidus is closely related to, if not identical

with, ‘¢ Labdacus,” Cambr., a three-clawed form with

Ctenoid eye-formula.

In 1880 (Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. p. 152) M. Simon says

of Labdacus :—“ 11 tient en effet de pies aux Ctenus, aux

Oxyopes, aux Podophthalma, aux Triclaria, C, K.”—* pour

nous il se rattache cependant a la famille des Ctenide.”’

This must have been before M. Simon decided upon re-

garding the tarsal claws as of more importance than resem-

blances in the eye-formula.

The type of Labdacus, Cb., and Stenectenus pallidus

certainly have no connexion with the true Ctenine with

two claws, save a certain resemblance in the eye-position.

Stenoctenus pallidus, sp. n.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Rio de Janeiro, Sao Antonio.

3g .— Colour, Carapace dull orange, suffused on the margins

with dusky black. Mandibles dull orange. Sternum,

maxille, and legs pale straw-yellow. Abdomen pale yellow,

its lateral margins reticulated with black streaks. Dorsal

Jrom the Lower Amazons &c. 935

area with several smaller black spots and with a larger single

black arrow-head mark just behind the centre. Eyes set on

six large black spots.

Structure. Carapace longer than broad, segmental grooves

well marked. Ocular area of carapace almost flat, not

rounded nor vertical in front, but only slightly depressed

towards clypeus, whose width is less than half a diameter of

anterior centrals. Hyes very small, set on black tubercles.

Posterior row recurved, occupying the total width of caput;

eyes subequal, centrals 2 diameters apart, 4 from lateral

posteriors. Lateral anteriors very minute, set just in front

of the lateral tubercle, but not on it. Anterior centrals

smaller than posterior centrals, ? of a diameter apart, 3 from

central posteriors. Ocular quadrangle longer than broad,

narrower in front.

Legs very long, 1, 4, 2, 3 (i.is twice as long as total length

of body, iii. about 13 total length), very spinose, many,

however, being rubbed off the femora. Tibize i. and ii. with

9-10 spines on either side underneath, and 2 or 3 dorsal.

Protarsi i. and ii. with 8-9 spines on either side beneath.

Tibia and protarsi ii. and iv. with several pairs of long spines

beneath. ‘T'arsi without scopula, furnished beneath with

short stiff bristles.

Tarsal claws 3, the upper with 9-10 long denticules, the

under without any.

Sternum longer than broad; coxe iv. contiguous.

Labium three times longer than broad, 3 the length of

maxille, parallel-sided, apex truncate, set with converging

bristles. Maxille four times longer than broad, straight,

parallel, parallel-sided, rounded at apex.

Mandibles straight, slightly concave on inner side in front,

with several converging bristles. Lower margin of fang-

groove with three teeth, upper with two. Spinners situated

at the extreme apex of abdomen. Tarsus of pedipalp fur-

nished with numerous stout spines (Pl. LV. fig. v. a, b).

A single adult male in coll. Keyserling, named pallidus,

from Rio Janeiro.

1880. Platyctenus, Keys. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxix. p. 388,

note.—A name suggested by Keyserling instead of Seno-

culus. The spiders included in this genus and Stenoctenus

probably do not belong to the Clubionide, subfam. Ctenina,

at all.

1880. Ancylometes, Bertk.—In the absence of the type or

any description made from a comparative point of view I

hesitate to suggest the affinities of the genus.

94 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

Genus THALASSIUS, Sim., 1885.

1884. Titurius, Sim.,=1885. Thalassius, Sim.—Forms from

the Cape are before me which would seem without doubt

to belong to this genus. It is very distinct from Lycoctenus.

Of the type of the genus, 7. fimbriatus (Walck.), M. Simon

kindly tells me (Sept. 5, 1896):—‘ Je pense que le type

de Titurius (Ctenus) jimbriatus, Walck., n’existe plus.”

VuLsor, Sim., 1888.

1888. Vulsor bidens, Sim. 2,21 mm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.

vill. p. 233. Mayotte, Madagascar.—This species and the

next have an eye-formula very similar to that of Thalassius

(Titurius), Sim.—at least, so one would gather from the

description,—the lateral anteriors being equidistant between

the central anteriors and the central posteriors. ‘Tibia 1.

and ii. with 3—3 spines beneath and 2 lateral spines.

Ocular quadrangle as broad as long, anterior row narrower

than the space occupied by central posteriors. Clypeus

one half broader than diameter of central anterior eyes.

Lower margin of fang-groove with 2 teeth. Simon places

this and the next genus amongst the Cteninew, but whether

as a two-clawed form or not one cannot say, for it is not

obvious from the description.

Vrripasius, Sim., 1888.

1888. Viridastus pulchripes, Sim. 21 mm. Ann. Soc. Ent.

Fr. viii. p. 233. Nossi-Bé.—The remarks made under

Vulsor above apply also to this form. It is generically

distinct (sec. Simon) from Vulsor by the higher clypeus,

twice as high as the diameter of anterior central eyes, and

by the 4—4 spines beneath tibi i. and 11., instead of 3—3

as in Vulsor.

Genus THAUMASIA, Perty, 1833.

1833. Thaumasia senilis, Perty. @. Del. Anim. Art. iii.

. 192, t. xxxvili. 5. Brazil, Piauhiensi.—[t is very

doubtful whether this species belongs to the Ctenine or

not. ‘lhe eyes would suggest that it does, but the general

character that it does not. It seems highly probable that

it belongs to one of the Lycosid groups.

from the Lower Amazons Lc. 95

Genus DoLopaus, Thor.

1891. Dolopeus, Thor.—I cannot as yet speak with any cer-

tainty of the affinities of this genus, except that it has three

tarsal claws and a “ Ctenoid”’ eye-formula.

(b) Characters of a new Genus and Descriptions of new

Species from the New World.

Genus LYCOCTENUS, nov. *

Type L. brunneus, sp. n.

Lower Amazons.

Diagnosis.—Eye-formula “ Ctenoid,” second row procurved.

Lateral anteriors midway between central and lateral poste-

riors. Ocular quadrangle a little longer than broad, scarcely

narrower in front than behind; all four eyes subequal.

Clypeus equal to 24 diameters of anterior centrals.

Lower margin of fang-groove with 4 stout teeth, no. 3 some-

times small (g¢ Hewittsont has 3 only), upper with 1 large

and 2 small.

Tibie i. and i. with 4 pairs of short spines beneath. No

lateral or dorsal spines in the female (male with 3 lateral and

3 dorsal).

Protarsi i. and ii. with 3 pairs of spines beneath and a

single short stout spur at apex beneath. Protarsi i. and iv.

with two apical spines beneath.

Posterior tarsi 111. and iv. with a double series of 3-6 short

spines beneath on each side.

* I hesitate to determine the systematic position of this genus until

much more material has come before me. It is undoubtedly very nearly

allied to Thalassius ( Titurius), Simon ; but the latter (sec. Simon) has three

teeth on the lower margin of the fang-groove, one of the characters by

which Thalassius is distinguished (sec. Simon) trom Dolumedes, Speci-

mens very probably belonging to Vhalassius, Simon, which have come

before me trom South Africa, are certainly not congeneric with my Lyco-

ctenus. Vulsor and Viridasius possess 2 teeth ouly on the fang-margin.

Of Dolopeus Thorell says (1895, Spid. Burmah) “non a TYhalassius

differt”; so that it certainly differs from Lycoctenus. Neither is Lyco-

ctenus congeneric with Pyenoctenus and Cycloctenus, L. K., since the

posterior eyes of the ocular quadrangle are much larger than the anteriois

in the latter genera, while in Lycoctenus both posterior and anterior eyes

are subequal. I would not like to be too sure about its distinctness from

Ancylometes, Bertk., for I do not quite grasp the characters of the latter.

M. Simon says with reference to this genus, comparing it with Dolo-

medes:—“‘la marge infériewre des chélicéres offre constamment quatre

dents (Dolomedes), tandis que chez les Thalassius, de méme que chez les

Ancylometes, elle n’en présente que trois.” Bertkau says of his own

genus, ‘ unterer Klauenfalzrand mit 4, oberer mit 2 Zahnchen,” so that I

hesitate to speak at all positively concerning the latter genus.

96 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

A thick undivided scopula beneath tarsi and protarsi i. and

ii. Scopula beneath apex of protarsus ili., none beneath iv.

Scopula beneath tarsi ili. and iv. divided longitudinally by a

broad band of setee.

Legs 4, 1, 2, 3.

Tarsal claws 3. Claw-tuft absent.

Labium scarcely longer than broad, narrowed at base,

rounded at apex.

Mazille straight, rounded externally, obliquely truncate on

inner apex, much narrowed at base.

Mamille set in a transverse quadrangle, broader than long,

posterior pair wider apart than anterior at base, more slender

and slightly longer; both pairs cylindrical, with small apical

joint. Central pair shorter, and broadly truncate at apex.

Carapace abruptly but obliquely precipitous behind.

Patella and tibia i. equal to or less than patella and tibia iv.

Table of Species.

Males.

A. Carapace dark fulvous brown, with broad

lateral margin white.

1, Abdomen unicolorous brown above. Cara-

pace not shorter than tib. i. (or iv.).

a, Size larger, 22mm. Pat. and tib. i. longer

than pat. and tib. iv. Palpal “ unca”

plain in front .........seeeeees eens L. demerarensts, sp. 0.

b. Size smaller, 18mm. Pat. and tib. i. equal

to pat. and tib. iv. Palpal “ unca ” with

sharp prominent angle in centre of frontal

TDALGIN, 5.(.0.cn.ss an 28 = anne min’ meee & L. colombianus, sp. n.

2. Abdomen with two small white spots above

the black shoulder-spot; a pair of small

central dorsal white spots and a pair of

white spots towards the apex. Carapace

much shorter than tib. i. (or iv.).

a, Size much larger, 30mm. Pat. and tib. i.

longer than pat. and tib. iv. Palpal

“unca” stout at apex and abruptl

hooked ; dorsal angle much more promi-

NENG, 60.0 9.5.09 .\k'= sn pias lees AE L. gigas, sp. n.

6. Size much smaller, 20mm. Pat. and tib.i.

shorter than pat. and tib. iv. Palpal

‘‘unca”’ more slender at apex and not

abruptly hooked; dorsal angle less pro-

TOINIODG 5 1» 6:0 hunks Iartie exis Ose 5 all eae eee L. brunneus, sp. n.

B. Carapace pale straw-yellow (or dull panes

with a broad lateral brown band on each side

of a broad central pale band ..... einmass .. L. Hewitsont, sp. n.

Jrom the Lower Amazons Ee. 97

Females.

A. Carapace dark fulvous brown, with broad

lateral margin white.

1. Size larger, 35 mm. Central tongue of

vulva with median groove, rounded ante-

riorly, obtusely pointed behind ; in profile

not abruptly inclined posteriorly ........ L. brunneus, sp. n.

2. Size smaller, 27 mm. Central tongue of

vulya with median carina, squarely trun-

cate anteriorly, sharply pointed behind ; in

profile abruptly inclined posteriorly ...... L, bogotensis, Keys.

B. Carapace pale straw-yellow (or dull orange),

with a broad lateral brown band on each side

of a broad central pale band. Q juv....... LI. Hewitsoni, sp. n.

Lycoctenus brunneus, sp. n., b &.

Hab. Forest, Santarem.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

2. Length (including mandibles) 32 mm., g¢ 20 mm.

Colour. Carapace, mandibles, pedipalps, legs, and sternum

dull red-brown, clothed with short brown pubescence. Abdo-

men brown, clothed with short brown pubescence, with a

double dorsal series of two distinct small pale spots, and two

much larger ones just above the spinners. Anterior shoulders

of abdomen black. Sides marked with a few pale spots.

Underside with a broad, central, pale wedge-shaped band,

indistinct; no stigmata near vulva. Legs mottled very

indistinctly with dark brown.

g. Similar, except carapace with broad grey band on

each side.

Jarapace. Central stria distinct. Cephalic area not raised

at all; profile line of thoracic and cephalic regions hori-

zontal ; abruptly and precipitously inclined at the base.

Eyes. Laterals not on a distinct tubercle; posteriors

prominent, diameter twice that of anteriors, the latter distant

more than one diameter from the former. Four centrals ina

quadrangle a little longer than broad. Posteriors slightly

larger.

Legs. Femora i., ii., iii., and iv. spinose above, Tibiz i.

and ii. with four pairs. Protarsi i. and ii. with three pairs

of spines beneath, and a single apical central spine beneath ;

iii. and iv. with two apical spines beneath. Tibie and pro-

tarsi ili. and iv. with numerous spines above and below.

Tarsal claws 3, superiors armed with 5 or 6 long broad

denticules. No claw-tuft.

A thick scopula beneath protarsi and tarsi i. and i., be-

neath tarsus and apical half of protarsus iii.,and beneath tarsus

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 7

98 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

alone of iv. Tarsi iii. and iv. with a double series of 6

small spines beneath, on either side of central longitudinal

band of sete.

Vulva consisting of a broad, central, wedge-shaped chitinous

piece, convex in front, with three longitudinal indentations or

grooves, the central one the longest, having on. each side a

broad, semicircular, convex band of chitin. Palpal organs of

male with a central hook-like apophysis (the “ unca”’), the

hook itself long and slightly curved. Tibia furnished with two

dark apophyses at apex, one beneath the other on outer side

(see figures). Fang-groove of mandibles with four teeth on

lower side, three towards base on upperside.

Measurements in millim.— 2. Tot. len. 20, carap. 10;

legs i. 53, iv. 56; pat.+tib. 1. 15:5, iv. 16°75; tib. i. 11,

iv. 12.

Q@. Tot. len. 35, carap. 14; legs i. 50, iv. 56; pat.+tib.

i, 1%, iv. 175 fib. a. 105, ax. 25

Five females and one male of this fine species were taken

by myself in the forest near Santarem. They seem to lead a

vagabond life, appearing sometimes in the daytime, some-

times at night, but are probably chiefly nocturnal in their

habits. The male was taken after dark, with the aid of a

lantern, crossing a path in the forest, and one of the females

ascending a bank, having been disturbed by the scrimmage

made in an effort to secure a fine scorpion. (PI. IV. figs. i. a,

c 2, d, and ii. a, ¢.)

Lycoctenus bogotensis (Keys.), 2. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,

1877, p. 684.

Tot. len. 27 mm., carap. 12°7; legs i. 38°5, iv. 46; pat.+

tib. i. 15, iv. 15°4; tib. i. 9°2, iv. 10 (sec. Keyserling).

This species, of which the types are before me, is readily

distinguishable by the form of the vulva from brunneus,

though at first sight they appear identical. The central

tongue of the vulva has a high carina in the centre, abruptly

lowered posteriorly, seen in profile. This central tongue in

brunneus has a central channel between two low carine

which sink gradually behind. In bogotensts the central

tongue is squarely truncate and broader anteriorly, con-

verging to a sharp point posteriorly ; in drunneus it is nar-

rower and rounded anteriorly, bluffly rounded behind, though

attenuate (PI. LV. fig. ii. b, d).

Lycoctenus gigas, sp. n., 3.

Hab. Uncertain, probably Upper Amazons.

‘Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London,

Jrom the Lower Amazons ce. 99

Tot. len. 30 mm., carap. 13°5; legs 1. 75, iv. 76; pat.+

tib.'1. 23°5, iv. 22.

This huge form, the full expanse of whose legs extends

over 5} inches (149 mm.), while that of brunneus is only 4

inches (118 mm.), is identical with the latter in general cha-

racters, but presents decided differences on close comparison

with it, irrespective of absolute size. Pat. and tib. i. are in

gigas longer than the same segments in iv., while in brunneus

the first two are shorter than those of iv.

The palpal “ unca,” though longer and somewhat more

slender, is much stouter and more abruptly hooked at its

extremity, while the dorsal angle is more prominent and

different in form (Pl. IV. fig. i. c, 1).

A single specimen in the Museum collection from Brazil,

probably from the Upper Amazons.

Lycoctenus demerarensis, sp. n., 3

Hab. Demerara.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Tot. len. 22 mm., carap. 11; legs 1. 54, iv. 57; pat.+

tib. 1. 17, iv. 16; tib. i. 10°75, iv. 11°25.

Abdomen unicolorous above, dull russet below. A form

closely allied to colombianus, which may ultimately prove to be

identical with it. Pat. and tib. iv. are unequal in the present

form, equal in colombianus, while the palpal ‘‘ unca”’ presents

differences sufficient, in consideration of the difference of

locality, to warrant the formation of a distinct subspecies for

both forms, until further material enables one to decide more

positively on the point.

It can readily be distinguished from gigas and brunneus

by the absence of spots on the abdomen and from the fact

that the carapace equals tibia iv. in length. The “ unca”’ of

the palpal organs is, moreover, more slender and does not

present so decided and prominent a dorsal angle as in these two

latter forms (Pl. IV. fig. i. c, 3).

A single male from Demerara, taken by Mr. W. L. Sclater.

Lycoctenus colombianus, sp. n., do.

Hab. Colombia, S. America.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Tot. len. 18 mm., carap. 9°5; legs 1. 39, iv. 46; pat.+

tib. 1. 18-5, iv: 13°5; tib. 1. 9, iv. 9°5.

Abdomen unicolorous above, ferruginous below. This

form resembles demerarensis in general characters, but differs

(

100 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

from it in the form of the palpal “unca,” its smaller size, and

in the relative lengths of pat. and tib. i. andiv. From gigas

and brunneus it may be known by the concolorous abdomen

(Pl. IV. fig. i. 4).

A single dried specimen of the male in the Museum collec-

tion from Colombia, South America.

Lycoctenus Hewitsont, sp. n.*, g 2.

Hab. Largo, near Santarem.

Types in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

@ (immature). Length (including mandibles) 25 mm.,

3 20 mm.

Colour.— 2. The whole spider entirely dull yellow-brown,

carapace and abdomen towards apex darker; the former

exhibits an indistinct broad central and marginal pale bands.

Legs variegated with numerous spots and lines of white

pubescence.

3d. Similar to the female; carapace paler, with two dark

bands between the three pale bands much more distinctly

marked. Abdomen with shoulders darker and two dark

central, dorsal, parallel lines on the basal half, continued as a

single line to the spinners. Legs pale yellow ; tibia, pro-

tarsi, and tarsi sooty, clothed with white and grey pubes-

cence, especially conspicuous on the protarsi.

Ocular area and clypeus spotted with white pubescence.

Mandibles with a conspicuous basal spot of white on upper-

side.

Carapace with fine central stria, gibbous posteriorly, and

abruptly inclined to the pedicle, Dorsal profile slightly

concave. Eyes as in “ brunneus,” laterals not on tubercle.

Fang-groove with 3 denticles on both margins. Armature of

legs similar to that of “drunneus.”” 'Tarsal claws 3; superiors

with 6 long broad denticules beneath, re towards

base. No claw-tuft.

? juv. Similar to the male, but margins of fang-groove

with four denticules on each.

Measurements in millim.—Tot. len. 18, carap. 9°5; tib. i.

9:5, iv. 9°5; pat.+tib. i. 12°5, iv. 12°5; legs i. 38, iv. 43.

Very abundant on grass and rushes in the Largo at the

mouth of the T'apajos, opposite Santarem. he females were

unfortunately all immature, though I had the luck to secure

one adult male. ‘The spiders rested on the grass with legs

* In memory of a delightful expedition in company with Mr. Hewitson

to the haunts of the ‘Victoria regia,’ when numerous arachnological

treasures were added to our collection.

from the Lower Amazons Cc. | 101

stretched out before and behind along the stem, being very

difficult to see owing to the exact similarity of their colour to

the pale yellow withered grass-blades. When alarmed they

would run with ease and great rapidity on the surface of the

water, diving below or running down the grass-stems beneath

the surface if hard pressed. The Dolomedine habits and

general] structure of this species and another much larger form,

of which I was unable to get adult specimens, and therefore

hesitate to describe, are very noteworthy. (PI. 1V. fig. i. b.)

Part Il].—Cribellate “ Ctenoid” Forms referred by Simon

to Ham. Zoropside, with two tarsal claws ; Notes and

Descriptions of new Species from the New World.

Family Zoropside, Simon *.

Subfam. Acawruocreyiv#, Sim.

Genus ACANTHOCTENUS, Keys., 1877.

Diagnosis. —Eye-formula “ Ctenoid.”” Ocular quadrangle

scarcely longer than broad; anterior side narrower ; anterior

centrals smaller than posterior centrals ; second row procurved.

Clypeus as high as twice the diameter of anterior centrals f.

Tibiz i. and ii. with 7-9 pairs of very long spines beneath

and 3-4 spines on each side. Protarsi 1. and ii. with five

pairs of long spines beneath ; no central apical spine beneath.

Patella and tibia i. much longer thaniv. Legs (1, 4)—2, 3.

Tarsal claws2. Calamistrum and cribellum present. Lower

margin of fang-groove with 3 teeth, upper with 2.

This genus was formed for the reception of two Cteniform

species, A. spinipes, Keys., from Bogota, and A. spinigerus,

Keys., from Cordova, Mexico, in 1877.

M. Simon has pointed out (Hist. Nat. Ar. i. p. 229) that

these spiders having the calamistrum and cribellum belong

more properly to his family Zoropside, under the subfamily

Acanthoctenine. He also says that the species referred to

this genus by Thorell (Ann. Mus. Gen. 1890) &c.—A. varia-

tus, dimidiatus, and letus—belong to the Ctenine.

The type of this genus has been selected by M. Simon,

* This classification is adopted provisionally,

+ M. Simon says (Hist. Nat. Ar. i. p. 229) :—“Clypeus oculis anticis

non multo latior.” Ifthe comparison 1s with the diameter of the eyes it

is incorrect, but if with the transverse space occupied by the eyes it is a

pity it is not clearly so stated. Fig. 178, p. 227, is, however, correct in

this respect.

102. Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

namely A. spiniger, Keys.; this, however, is not the name

given by Keyserling, which is spznigerus.

I have been able to add a fine species to the genus in

addition to the two, spinigerus and spinipes, described by

Keyserling, of which the types are now before me, and

another has come to hand from the collection of Mr. Ridley,

in the possession of the Natural History Museum, South

Kensington, taken near Pernambuco, to which I have given

the name Lidley?.

Table of Species.

Males.

a, Size much larger, 17 mm. Tibia of pedipalp

much produced beneath, on outer side at apex ;

forming a dilatation whose apex is furnished

with a short, sharp, black hook. Apex of bulb

bearing a fine, curving, spiraloid spine, spring-

ing from a membranous tissue .........-

b. Size much smaller, 12°5 mm. Tibia of pedipalp

not so much produced; outer side slightly

dilate at apex and terminating in a short,

broad, chitinous spur. Apex of bulb bearing no

spiraloid spine ........ Heil ais ie nyale > Stele ;

Females.

a. Size much larger, 20mm. Vulva presenting a

' transverse oval depression, with central poste-

rior triangular tongue, whose anterior margins

are continued on either side in the form of a

coiled spiraloid oviduct ..........2.008:

b. Size much smaller, 14°3 mm.

1. Vulva presenting anteriorly a large quadrate

A, Marshii, sp. n.

A, spiniyerus, Keys.

A. Marshit, sp, 0.

spade-like depression, concave within towards

apex, which is bilobate. Produced poste-

riorly into a stem, dilate towards posterior

margin, flanked on both sides by a horseshoe-

shaped tuberculiform prominence, procurved,

whose arms (transversely corrugate) termi-

nate with a small shining boss, Cribellum

divided in centre into two distinct triangular

SIPOR yo its Seah blips hia aalge Reh eee oe

2. Vulva presenting anteriorly on each side a

spiraloid curving process, Central tongue

ilate in centre on each side, with narrow

black chitinous margin, posteriorly narrowed.

Cribellum transverse oblong, not divided in

centre into two distinct areas .........-6-

A. spinipes, Keys.

A, Ridley, sp. n.

1877. Acanthoctenus spinigerus, Keys.

(Pl. IV. fig. iii. b.)

$,12°5mm. Verh.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 693, t. ii. (vili.) fig. 60.

Cordova. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Mexico,

Srom the Lower Amazons &e. 103

1877. Acanthoctenus spinipes, Keys. ¢, 14:3 mm. _ Verh.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 695, t. ii. (viii.) fig. 61. Type in coll.

Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. New Granada, Bogotd.

These two species belong to the subfam. Acanthoctenine

of Simon, in the family Zoropside, where I leave them for

the present in company with a new species—A. Marshii—

described below, from the Amazons. ‘They are separated by

M. Simon from the other Ctenoid forms, on account of the

presence of the calamistrum and cribellum. (PI. LV. fig. iii. d.)

Acanthoctenus Fidleyi, sp. n., 2.

Hab. Pernambuco, Brazil.

Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

Total length (including mandibles) 14 mm.

Colour. Carapace and legs mahogany-brown, the former

with two lateral dark serrate bands on each side of the

median line, the latter with indistinct annulations on the

tibiz ; protarsi and tarsi darker.

Structure. Similar in general character to the other forms

of the genus, resembling, however, A. spinipes, Keys., rather

than Marshit. Legs of first pair less than twice the total

length (in A. Marshii they are more than twice the total

length). Tibia 1. with 7 pairs of spines beneath, ii. with 6-7

pairs beneath. Second row of eyes straight by anterior mar-

gins ; ocular quadrangle broader than long, much narrower

in front. Central posteriors large, less than half a diameter

apart. Central anteriors much smaller, half a diameter apart.

Clypeus equal to 1} diameter of anterior central eye.

Cribellum transverse, narrow, not divided into two trian-

gular disks.

Vulva somewhat similar in general character to that of

Marshii, but much less complicated. Central tongue dilate

in middle on either side, with narrow black chitinous margins,

anteriorly presenting on each side a spiraloid curving process,

beneath which lies the oviduct.

This species was found among some spiders collected by

Mr. Ridley in the neighbourhood of Pernambuco. (PI. LV.

fig. ill. e.)

Acanthoctenus Marshii *, sp. n., 2.

Hab. Santarem and Obidos.

Types in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.

* It gives me much pleasure to connect this fine new species with the

name of Mr. Marsh, by whose efforts our Amazonian collections, espe-

cially amongst the Lepidoptera, were considerably enriched

104 Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge on Cteniform Spiders

3. Total length (including mandibles) 17 mm., 2 20 mm.

3d .—Colour. Carapace orange-yellow, with two broad

brown bands with scalloped margins on either side of the

central furrow. Abdomen dull orange-brown, mottled with

brown and grey pubescence; with a broad central pale band,

divided longitudinally in its first half by a brown line, trans-

versely in its second by three A -shaped fine lines, terminating

in a black spot at each end. The apical half bears dorsally

two rows of three small tufts of fine grey hairs, with another

row of the same on each side.

Legs pale orange, spinose, annulated with brown, and

clothed between the annulations with hoary grey pubescence.

Sternum and underside of abdomen dull yellow-brown.

Structure. Carapace with fine central line; profile-line

concave, very and abruptly steep behind, and gibbous. Ocular

region raised, lateral impressions deep.

Eyes. Centrals forming a quadrangle a little longer than

broad, posteriors larger ; laterals on a distinct tubercle ; ante-

riors small, their diameter less than half that of posterior

laterals, and more than their diameter distant from them.

The lateral anteriors form with the central posteriors a pro-

curving transverse line seen from in front. Clypeus narrower

than diameter of anterior centrals.

Mandibles clothed with grey hairs. Fang-groove armed

with 3 teeth on lower margin, 2 on upper at angle. Labium

longer than broad, emarginate at apex, narrowed at base,

half as long as coxe of pedipalp. ‘The latter parallel-sided,

their inner margins smooth and slightly excavate, rounded at

apex and tufted on inner apical angle with long curved hairs.

Legs 1, 4, 2, 3, long, and somewhat similar in action to

those of the Laterigrades, armed with spines and clothed with

fine silky yellow hairs, especially the tibiw, protarsi, and

tarsi of legs i. and il, Femora i., ii., ili., and iv. spinose

above, with two or three spines in front of first pair. ‘Tibia i.

with 8 pairs of long spines beneath (the number varies from

7 to 9 in the females), and a row of 3 or 4 on each side.

Protarsus 1. with 5 pairs of very long spines beneath, closely

pressed against the scopula. Tibia ii. with 7-8 pairs of

spines beneath and 3 or 4 spines on each side. ‘Tibi and

protarsi ill, and iv. with numerous spines. ‘Tarsi of all four

pair without spines.

Tarsal claws 2.

Pedipalp (Pl. IV. fig. ili.a, c). Femur with 5 or 6 stout

spines on the upper inner side at apex. Patella with 2 spines

on upperside. ‘Libia strongly emarginate on the outer side,

curved, with two long spines and a tuft of long hair on the

from the Lower Amazons ce. 105

inner side. Tarsus elongate-pyriform. Bulb simple, pro-

duced backwards at base, its apex terminating in two membra-

nous prominences not well defined.

Measurements in millim.— 6. Carap. 7:5 long., 6°25 lat. ;

abd. 8°5 long., 4° lat.; stern. 3°25 long., 3 lat.; pedes long.,

te uae aa, iv. 42 ate. 2°70— 5 —10—3-d—12—

10-25—4. Comparative measurements of female the same,

except pedes i. 43, iv. 43.

2. The structure of the body is the same as that of the

male, except that the gibbosity of the carapace at base is

less pronounced.

Vulva broader than long, consisting of a pair of shallow

circular spiraloid depressions, having between them poste-

riorly a small triangular piece.

Spinners 6, with a cribellum before the anterior pair ;

posterior pair slightly longer, with distinct terminal joint in

the male, but not so noticeable in the female.

This large species was abundant in the neighbourhood of

Santarem and in the Forest, as well as at Obidos. Its habit

much resembles that of Letocranum rupicola of Europe. It

lurks beneath stones, pieces of timber, or tiles, sitting quite

flat and close to the surface, darting round to the opposite

side with extraordinary speed, and after the fashion of a

‘“‘heteropod.” Several females, almost adult, were taken, one

adult male, and one adult female, whilst of the immature

numerous specimens occurred. The webbing with which

I found this spider connected was loose and flocculent, spread

over the surface of the stone; but so rapidly did the spiders

retreat, that I was unable to make any observations on their

habits. They occurred abundantly amongst the stacks of the

roofing-tiles piled up near the saw-mills in the neighbourhood

of Santarem.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PuaTeE III.

i. Ctenus. Eyes in front of:—(a) Ctenus Reidyi, 2 ; (b) C. sinuatipes,

2; (c) C. similis, 2; (d) C. albofasciatus, 9.

ii, Ctenus. Vulva. (a) C. Reidy, (b) C. Andrewsi, (c) C, Keyser-

lingit, (d) C. nigriventer.

iii. Ctenus boliviensis. (a) Palpal bulb from beneath; (b) central lobe;

iv. Ctenus. Vulva. (a) C. stmilis, 9; (b) C. albofasciatus, 2; (c) C.

minor, 2; (d) C. stnuatipes, 2.

v. Ctenus. C.minimus, g. Tibia of pedipalp, (1) from above, (2) from

outside.

vi. Ctenus. Protarsus and tarsusiv. of ¢. (a) C. nigritus and C. rec-

tipes, (b) C. planipes, (c) C. serratipes, (d) C. curvipes, (e) C.

sinuatipes, (f) C. medius,

106 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new Malay Frogs.

vil. Ctenus. Tibial apophysis of pedipalp. (a) C. nigritus, from out-

side; (b) C. rectipes, from outside; (c) C. planipes, from out-

side; (d) C. serratipes, from above; (e) C. curvipes, from below ;

(f) C. sinuatipes, trom above, with apophysis enlarged; (g) C.

medius, from outside; (h) C. spiculus, from outside.

Piate IV.

i. Lycoctenus. Palpal bulb from below. (a) L. brunneus, 6; (b) L.

Hewitsoni, 3; (c) ‘unca” of bulb, (1) Z. gigas, (2) L. brunneus,

(3) L. demerarensis, (4) L. colombianus; (d) tarsal claws of L.

brunneus, &.

ii. Lycoctenus, Vulva. (a) L. brunneus, 2, from above; (b) L. bego-

tensis, from above; (c) LZ. brunneus, in profile; (d) L. bogoten-

sts, in profile.

iii. Acanthoctenus. (a) A. Marshti, ¢: tibia and tarsus of pedipalp

from outside; aa, tibial spur; 5d, apical spine. (b) A. spini-

gerus, S: aa, tibial spur. (c) A. Marshii, 2: vulva. (d) A.

spinipes, 9: vulva. (e) A. Ridley’, Q: vulva.

iv. Cribellum and plan of spinners: (a) A. Marshii, 2; (b) A. Rid-

leyi, Q.

v. PEA, ¢. Tibia and tarsus of pedipalp, (a) from out-

side, (b) from beneath.

vi. Caloctenus aculeatus, Q (type). Eyes from in front.

Note.—The figures of C. curvipes, Keys., are from Keyserling’s figures.

VIII.— Descriptions of new Malay Frogs.

By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

Izvalus vittiger.

Snout truncate, not projecting, as long as the diameter of

the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ;

nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital

space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct,

half the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a rudiment of

web; toes two-thirds webbed ; disks smaller than the tym-

panum ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal

articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above ;

throat smooth; belly granulate. Pale grey above, spotted

all over with black ; a white, black-edged streak on each side

from eye to groin, another on the arm, and a third on the

thigh ; forearm and tibia spotted with black; lower parts

white.

From snout to vent 22 millim.

A single specimen from Pengalengan, Java, 4000 feet,

_ collected by Hr. H. Fruhstorfer.

Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new Malay Frogs. 107

TIxalus mindorensis.

Snout subacuminate, not projecting, as long as the diameter

of the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ;

nostril slightly nearer the tip of the snout than the eye;

interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum

distinct, one third to two fifths the diameter of the eye.

Fingers free; toes one-third webbed; disks as large as or a

little smaller than the tympanum; a small inner metatarsal

tubercle. ‘Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the nostril or the

tip of the snout. Skin smooth above; throat and belly

granulate. Grey above, sides paler, sometimes with a dark

brown lumbar streak ; temples, and sometimes the lores, dark

brown; a white streak along the upper lip, or an oblique

white streak below the eye; limbs with more or less distinct

dark cross-bands ; lower parts white, uniform or spotted or

marbled with brown.

From snout to vent 29 millim.

Several specimens from Mindoro (Mount Dulangan,

5000 feet), presented to the British Museum by the Sub-

scribers to the Whitehead Expedition Fund.

Tzxalus leitensis.

Snout subacuminate, not projecting, as long as the diameter

of the orbit; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region con-

cave ; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; inter-

orbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum

hidden. Fingers free; toes one-third webbed; disks of

fingers large, of toes a little smaller; a small inner meta-

tarsal tubercle. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching a little

beyond the tip of the snout. Skin shagreened above; a

strong temporal fold; throat and belly granulate. Reddish

brown above, with a pair of black spots on the anterior part

of the back ; limbs with rather indistinct darker cross-bands ;

roin, sides of thighs, and lower surface of tibia dark brown ;

a black blotch on the vent, edged with yellowish above; a

yellowish spot at the heel; throat and belly whitish.

From snout to vent 20 millim.

A single specimen from Leyte, Philippines, presented to

the British Museum by the Subscribers to the Whitehead

Expedition Fund.

108 Mr. G, A. Boulenger on new Malay Frogs.

Engystoma borneense.

Remarkably similar to the South-American EZ. microps.

Snout very long, pointed, strongly projecting; eye small,

two fifths the length of the snout; interorbital space thrice

as broad as the upper eyelid. Fore limb a little longer than

its distance from the tip of the snout; fingers short, swollen

at the end, first shorter than second; toes quite free, the tips

swollen into small disks; a very small inner metatarsal

tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the posterior

border of the eye, the tarso-metatarsal the tip of the snout.

Skin perfectly smooth. Blackish brown above, with scattered

minute white dots; brown beneath.

From snout to vent 39 millim.

A single specimen from the Baram district, Sarawak,

collected by Mr. C. Hose.

Microhyla* palmipes.

Habit slender. Snout rounded, as long as the diameter

of the orbit ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid.

Fingers merely swellen at the end, first much shorter than

second, third twice as long as second or fourth; toes two-

thirds webbed, with small terminal disks; two extremely

small oval metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation

reaches the tip of the snout. Skin smooth. Grey-brown

above, with symimetrical, darker, light-edged markings, viz.

a triangle between the eyes, a large A-shaped figure on the

back, and a dark oblique band from the eye to the middle of

the side; a dark oblique bar on the thigh and another on the

tibia; anal region black; a black spot on the inner side of

the tibia, a little above the heel; lower parts whitish, throat

and belly with a few brown specks; lower lip dark brown

with white dots. .

From snout to vent 18 millim.

A single specimen from Pengalengan, Java, 4000 feet,

collected by Hr. H. Fruhstorfer.

* The pupil in Microhyla and Callula is round, not vertical, as erro-

neously stated by me in the ‘ Catalogue of Batrachians.’

On some Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 109

IX.—On some Trapdoor Spiders of the Family Ctenizide

from South and West Australia, contained in the Collection

of the British Museum. By R. I. Pocock.

Tue four genera discussed in this paper, all belonging, as I

believe, to the Cyrtaucheniez, form an interesting series

wherein the arrangement of the eyes passes from that of

Aganippe, which is but a slight exaggeration of the pattern

observable in Cyrtauchenius, to that of Idiosoma, which, as

implied by the name, is comparable to the formula found in

Idiops and its allies. The gradual assumption, too, of the

integumental characters of the abdomen is clearly indicated,

the normal hairy clothing of Aganippe passing into the

aberrant spinous covering of Idiosoma through the form

called Anidiops, where the hairs are dorsally intermixed with

strong spines.

Genus Ip1osoMA, Ausserer.

Idiosoma, Ausserer, Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1871, p. 150.

Belonging to the group Cyrtaucheniew of the family

Ctenizide, but characterized by the arrangement of the eyes,

which much resembles that of Jdiops, and by the coriaceous

spinous wrinkled cuticle of the posteriorly truncate abdomen,

which approaches that of Cyclocosmia and Chorizops.

Type I. sigillatum (Cambr.).

This genus, established by Ausserer for the reception of

the peculiar species named Jdiops sigillatus by O. P. Cam-

bridge, was, by Mons. Simon, regarded as a synonym of

Acanthodon (Hist. Nat. Araignées, p. 91, 1892). The

antagonistic opinions of these authors were based upon the

characters presented by the type specimen, which belongs to

the male sex ; and it may be inferred that whereas Ausserer

regarded them as of generic value, to Simon they were

merely of sexual importance. ‘The discovery, however, that

the female differs greatly from the female of the Idiopez in

the scopulation and spine-armature of its legs, as well as in

the torm of the labium, abdomen, &c., is sufficient justifica-

tion for the re-establishment of Ausserer’s genus.

Idiosoma sigillatum (Cambr.).

Idiops sigillatus, Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1870, p. 105, pl. viii

fig. 2,

2 .—Colour. Cephalothorax and limbs uniform chestnut,

cephalic region of the former paler; abdomen dirty yellow,

tinted with black, with a fine yellow longitudinal dorsal band.

110 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

Carapace longer than wide, its width just about equal to the’

distance between the posterior border and the posterior row

of eyes; fovea deep, lightly procurved,. radiating grooves

strongish ; cephalic area moderately elevated.

Eyes arranged as in the Idiopex, the anterior laterals occu-

pying an isolated position close to each other on each side of

the middle of the anterior border, separated by a space that

about equals their own radius, and tilted up posteriorly, so as

to look forwards and upwards; the rest of the eyes occupying

a wide transverse elevated area some distance behind; the

anterior medians a little smaller than the front (anterior

lateral) pair, separated from each other by a distance equal

to about half their diameter, and from the front pair, as well

as from the posterior laterals, by a space almost or quite equal

to twice their diameter; the posterior laterals elliptical,

nearly twice as large as the anterior medians; the posterior

medians the smallest, a little less than half the size of the

anterior medians, from which they are separated by a space

which about equals their diameter, widely separated from

each other, the space between them being about twice the

space between them and the posterior laterals, the last-named

space being about equal to the long diameter of a posterior

lateral eye.

Mandibles of medium strength, not geniculate, mostly

smooth above at the base, hairy in front, armed with a

distinct rake consisting of about a dozen pointed black

tubercles lying along the inner edge of the segment and ocecu-

pying asmall prominence above the base of the fang; external

surface of mandible not hairy, lightly wrinkled; the lower

edge furnished with a fringe of hairs externally and with two

rows of teeth, the outer consisting of four and the inner of

seven (eight), with a few between them posteriorly ; fang

shortish, stout.

Labium small, wider than long, bent downwards, and sepa-

rated from the sternum by a deep groove, deeply sunk

between the maxilla, unarmed.

Sternum much longer than wide, widest between the coxe

of the third legs, marked with the normal three pairs of

muscular scars (sigille), those corresponding to the first legs

small, marginal; the following pair also small and submar-

ginal, the posterior pair smal] and oval, well removed from

the margin, their distance from the margin being about half

the distance between the two.

Abdomen ovate, its upper surface in its posterior half flat-

tened from side to side, and furnished with three pairs of

muscular scars or sigilla—the anterior pair faint and widely

Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 111

separated, the middle pair large, conspicuous, and lodged in

a transverse depression of the integument ; the posterior pair

closer together than the others, smaller than the median but

more conspicuous than the anterior ; the integument coriaceous,

longitudinally grooved in front, transversely behind and

below, scantily hairy; the upper surface of the abdomen

armed with short backwardly directed spines, elevated on

distinct granuliform tubercles.

Spinners. ‘Two pairs, the anterior short, conical, the poste-

rior also conical; the apical segment minute, the second

shorter than the basal.

Palpi. Maxilla longer than wide, furnished below with

setee, intermixed with short setiform spinules, the base armed

internally with a cluster of the thick normal spiniform tubercles;

surface between the fringe and the suture bristly ; trochanter,

femur, and patella bristly below; the tibia also bristly, about

four of the bristles on each side stout and spiniform; tarsus

about as long as the tibia, somewhat thickly scopulate on

each side, nearly naked below, armed with two pairs of basal

spines, apically with about five shorter spines in the middle ;

claw armed with two basal teeth, the lower long and bifid.

Legs. First and second pair with tarsi and protarsi scopu-

late externally and internally, weakly spined; tibia of first

armed externally with 3 to 5 spines, and with 1 internally at

the apex ; protarsus with 4 externally, 2 internally, and 1

mesially, 4 altogether being placed along the lower apical

margin ; tarsus only spined apically below the claw, as in

the palpus ; second leg spined like the first, except that there

are a few more spines on the protarsus; third leg with femur

sparsely hairy, patella and tibia coarsely bristly above, the’

former armed in front with a few (about 9) short spines, the

latter with 2 short spines in front and some half-dozen long

spiniform sete below ; protarsus sparsely bristly, armed above

with two rows of 5 to 6 stout spines and below with about

8 spines somewhat irregularly arranged ; about 9 spines alto-

gether arranged round the distal margin of this segment;

tarsus armed with about a dozen spines below; fourth leg

with femur sparsely hairy, a few stout bristles below, thickly

studded with short bristles at the apex above; patella furnished

above with short bristles; tibia armed below with 8 setiform

spines arranged in two rows ; protarsus with about 12 spines

below, 2 above; tarsus armed with about a dozen spines

below ; claws of legs with a few teeth, 2, 3, or 4, two long

and strong, the others small and sometimes absent.

Measurements in millimetres—TVotal length (including

mandibles) 20; length of carapace 7, width 5; length of

tf? Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

abdomen 10°5, width 8°5; length of first leg (from base of

femur) 15, of second 13, of third 12-5, of fourth 16, of palp

12; width of mandibles at base 4°5; length of sternum 5,

width 3.

Loc. Perth, W. Australia (H. W. J. Turner). Mr. Cam-

bridge’s specimen was from the Swan River (Perth).

In spite of the fact that its eyes are arranged as in Simon’s

group Idiopee of the subfamily Ctenizinez, this genus is -

without doubt to be referred, not to that section, but to the

Cyrtaucheniez, as its scopulate and weakly spined tarsi and

protarsi indicate. From all the genera of Cyrtaucheniez,

however, it may be recognized by the arrangement of its eyes,

as well as by the posteriorly truncate, hardish, wrinkled-

skinned abdomen—a feature in which it presents resemblances

to Chorizops and Cyclocosmia, both of which, however,

present an entirely different eye-formula.

Genus AGANIPPE, Cambr.

Aganippe, Cambridge, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. p. 28 (1877) ;

Simon, Hist. Nat. Araignées, i. p. 103; Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist. (6) xvi. p. 228 (1895).

Type Aganippe subtristis, Cambr. ibid. pl. vi. fig. 3.

In spite of the differences observable between them in the

arrangement of the eyes and the structure of the abdomen,

the genera Aganippe and Idiosoma cannot, I think, be far

separated in a natural classification of spiders.

Apart from the two characters just mentioned, the principal

differences between them seem to be as follows :—

The scopule on the palpi and on the first and second legs

are thicker, and these appendages are armed with fewer

spines; for example, the tibia of the palp has two pairs at

its apex and the tarsus one externally at the base; the tibia

of the first leg is practically without spines, though some of

the sete are thickened; on the protarsus there are 2 or 3

apical spines and 1 external basal spine; on the second leg

there are also a few spiniform sete intermixed with the

bristles on the tibia, while on the protarsus there are 4 apical

spines and about 3 long spines on the inner surface; the

tibie of the third and fourth legs are at most weakly spined

below, while the protarsi are somewhat strongly spined both

below and in front, while the tibia and protarsus of the third

are also spined above posteriorly ; the tarsi of all the legs are

spiny below, those of the first, second, and third at the tip, of

the fourth posteriorly as well. The third and fourth legs are

noticeably stouter than the first and second, the difference

being much greater than in Jdiosoma.

Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 113

The labium seems to be substantially the same as in Jdiosoma,

being merely setose not spiny and sunk between the maxilla,

which are spiny anteriorly throughout their length; the

sternum, too, is wider posteriorly, the width being 5°5 and

the length 6°5; and the sigilla corresponding to the second

leg is removed farther from the margin.

The mandible armed below with 9 internal, 8 external, and

8 teeth forming an intermediate set; the tubercular teeth

forming the rastellum are restricted to the process and to

a short area on the margins above and external to it.

Loe. Adelaide (8. Australia).

EUCYRTOPS, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Aganippe, but with different ocular ar-

rangement, the anterior laterals closer together, so that the

quadrangle formed by them and the posterior medians is a

little wider behind than in front, and only a little wider than

long, whereas in Aganippe this quadrangle is very noticeably

wider than long, and, considered from the outer rim of the

eyes, a little wider in front than behind ; again, the posterior

line of eyes in Hucyrtops is about three times as wide as the

anterior line (only about twice in Aganippe), and a line

drawn through the centres of the anterior and posterior laterals

will, if produced, cut the lateral margin of the carapace at a

point in front of the articulation of the third leg, while in

Aganippe such a line will emerge behind the articulation of

this appendage.

Type Lucyrtops latior (Cambr.).

Eucyrtops lutior (Cambridge).

Aganippe latior, Cambridge, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. p. 29,

pl. vi. fig. 4 (1877).

In this species the lower side of the tibia of the palp is

furnished externally and internally with long spines, those

at the distal extremity being stronger than the rest, and the

tarsus has 3 spines in its basal half and others at the apex

partially buried in the scopula; the protarsus of the first

leg has two pairs of spines, while the tibia has 3 long

apical spines and 1 farther back on its lower side; on the

second leg the tibia has a pair of long apical spines below and

some long slender ones behind, the protarsus an anterior

pair and some half-dozen irregularly arranged posterior

spines; on the third leg the patella has some half-dozen, and

the tibia two spines in front, while the protarsus has two

series of spines above and a few apical and one posterior

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 8

114 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

spine below; on the fourth leg the protarsus is armed with

some half-dozen antero-inferior spines. The tarsi of both

palpi and legs are apically spined below, the spines in-

creasing in number with the disappearance of the scopala,

so that on the fourth tarsus the distal half of the segment is

spinous; the upper claws on the legs and palpi are armed

with one long spine, with usually a minute spinule as well,

rarely there are two longish spines.

The sternum and labium are as in Aganippe subiristis ;

the maxille are spinous at the base and the mandible is

armed below with 7 (8) internal, 9 external teeth, and an

intermediate line of 10 teeth; the tubercular teeth of the

rastellum practically as in Aganippe subtristis.

Loc. Perth, West Australia (George Clifton).

ANIDIOPS, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Zdiosoma in the majority of its characters,

but differing in having the abdomen covered above and

below with a clothing of longish hairs intermixed above with

spines, and in the arrangement of the eyes, the formula of

which is a little less like that of Zdiops. For example, the

anterior lateral eyes (the front pair), although situated on the

anterior margin of the carapace, are nevertheless separated

by a space which is about equal to their diameter ; again, the

distance between the anterior medians is at least equal to

their diameter, and the posterior medians are about twice

their diameter from the anterior medians.

Anidiops Manstridgez, sp. n.

Colour (dry specimen) chestnut-brown, mandibles and

ocular area blacker.

Carapace much longer than wide, its width (dry speci-

men!) much less than the distance between the hinder border

and the eye-cluster; head wide, its width about equalling

the distance between the fovea and the anterior border, as in

Lucyrtops latior (in Aganippe subtristis and Ldiosoma sigil-

latum the head is considerably narrower than this distance).

Mandible strong, broad at the base; rastellum as in the

other genera; teeth below in three rows, 8,9, 8. JMazille,

cove ot legs (especially of first and second pairs) , anterior part

of sternum, and labium covered thickly with pores elevated on

tubercles, indicating the presence of a clothing, unhappily

rubbed off, of stout sete or, perhaps, spines. Mazilla armed

with short spines along the whole of the inner surface; femur

of palp with many stout sete; tibia externally with 4

Trapdoor Spiders from Australia. 115

long spines, internally with 7 intermixed with sete; tarsus

with 3 basal and several apical spines.

First leg with tibia armed externally with a few spiniform

sete ; protarsus armed below with 4 apical and 4 external

spines ; second leg with substantially the same spine-armature

as the first ; third leg as in the other species, tibia and patella

furnished with stout sete above intermixed with spines in

front, protarsus with two series of spines above and a few

apical spines below, tarsus spiny in front and below; fourth

leg with a few spines amongst the sete at the apex in front,

protarsus and tarsus spiny throughout their length below.

Legs bent up and not accurately measurable ; the third and

fourth stouter than the others, 4, 1, 2, and 3 apparently

subequal in length.

Measurement in millimetres.—Total length (including man-

dible) 21; length of carapace 9, width 6°5, width of head 6,

of mandibles at base 5:5.

Loc. Lawlers, East Murchison Goldfields, West Australia.

A single female example sent to the British Museum by

Mr. W. O. Manstridge, after whom I have great pleasure in

naming this interesting new form.

To recapitulate: the females of the genera here con-

sidered have the following characters in common :—The

carapace is considerably longer than wide, nearly smooth,

with procurved fovea and elevated head. ‘The anterior

lateral eyes are well in advance of the others and are situated

either close together or some distance apart upon the anterior

border of the carapace; the mandibles are armed with a

strong rastellum, consisting of strong short spines and a

spinous process on the apical internal angle, and below with

two rows of larger teeth as well as some smaller ones that

constitute a shorter third intermediate row.

The tarsus of the palp¢ and the tarsi and protarsi of the

first and second legs are scopulate and weakly spined, there

being no lateral rows of spines such as are characteristic of

the Idiopew and Pachylomerex. The claws of all the legs

are armed basally with one or two long teeth and one or two

minute ones.

The sternum is longer than wide, with three distinct pairs

of sigille, excluding the pair that embraces the labium.

Labium short and broad, not spinous, depressed between the

maxille.

The genera, each of which, so far as at present known, has

but a single species, may be recognized by the following

table :—

116 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Two new

a. Integument of abdomen coriaceous, wrinkled,

sparsely hairy, covered dorsally with short

spines, and deeply impressed posteriorly with

sigille. Eyes like those of Idzops, the anterior

laterals separated by a space that is less than

their diamoter\aeee eee sere sie aoe Sattog .. Idiosoma, Auss.

6. Integument of abdomen covered with longish ;

hairs, with sigille inconspicuous,

a', Eyes of posterior row procurved, the laterals

in advance of the medians; the distance

between the anterior laterals and anterior

medians not very unequal ; long spines inter-

mixed with the hairs on the dorsal side of

the abdomen’ , ys... s.cciebiens «moe Me eens Anidiops, noy.

b’. Eyes of posterior line recurved, the laterals

behind the medians; distance between an-

terior laterals far greater than distance

between anterior medians.

a’, Quadrangle formed by anterior laterals and

posterior medians a little wider behind

than in front and a little wider than long;

posterior line of eyes about three times as

wide as the anterior line ............+4. Eucyrtops, nov.

6*, Quadrangle formed by anterior laterals and

posterior medians a little wider in front

than behind and considerably wider than

long; posterior line of eyes about twice as

wide as the anterior line ............6+ Aganippe, Cambr.

X.— Descriptions of Two new Species of Scorpions from

Last Africa. By R. I. Pocock.

AMONGST a small assortment of Arachnids from Kota Kota,

west coast of Nyasa, recently brought to the British Museum

by Mr. R. Webb, and collected by the members of the Uni-

versities’ Mission, there are representatives of two new

species of scorpions, which are here described. The remaining

specimens seem to be referable to the following species :—

Nephila malabarensis, Walck., Nephila hymenea, Gerst.,

Palystes (immature 2), Euprosthenops* (immature 2), Sol-

puga paludicola, Poc., and Opisthophthalmus glabrifrons,

et.

Opisthacanthus rugiceps, sp. 0.

Species with the legs and vesicle ochre-yellow, and falling

under section J? of the table of South-African species of

Opisthacanthus published in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)

* Nom. noy. for Podophthalma, Capello, 1866, preoccupied at least

twice over,

Scorpions from East Africa. 117

Xvil. pp. 314-315, April 1896, and related to O. rugulosus,

from Ishiromo, Nyasaland, there described—a species which

it resembles in having the trunk thickly granular above.

The two, however, may be recognized as follows :—

a. Median eyes small, not elevated; upperside of the

brachium more closely and less coarsely granular,

the crest bounding it posteriorly weak ; the sculp-

turing of the upper surface of the hand finer, less

reticulated, more definitely granular; upperside of

the fourth and fifth segments of the tail distinctly

granular; none of the caudal segments with dis-

tinctly carinate upper edges; spine-armature of

tarsi 3 in front, 4 behind, with a bristle at the distal

angle ; pectinal teeth 6 in ¢; legs piceous ........ rugulosus, Poc.

6. Median eyes larger and elevated on a low tubercle;

upperside of brachium covered with tuberculiform

granules, and bounded behind by a strong tubercular

keel; upperside of hand covered with a pattern of

distinct ridges, formed by the anastomosis of granu-

liform tubercles ; these tubercles distinct at the base

of the finger; upperside of fourth and fifth caudal

segments not granular, the former segment as well

as the third with distinctly carinate and denticulate

upper edges; spine-armature of tarsi 2 in front and

3 behind, with a bristle at the distal angle; pectinal

feath Ms lees ochraceous: 22.44 2), Sols 6 < Sala visable « rugiceps, sp. .

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 78; length of

carapace 11:5, of tail 40; width of hand 8:5; length of hand-

back 10, of movable digit 11.

Loc. Kota Kota, west coast of Lake Nyasa (Universities’

Mission). A single male example was obtained.

Had it not been for Kraepelin’s statement to the effect

that the species from the Transvaal that was described as

O. levipes is identical with O. asper of Peters, I should without

hesitation have applied Peters’s name to the form that was

described as new; for not only is the name asper as appro-

priate for this form as it is inappropriate for /evipes, but, in

addition, the locality Tete, on the Zambesi, whence asper was

obtained, is twice the distance from the Transvaal that it is

from Kota Kota. O. rugiceps, though resembling O. asper

(/evipes) in the number of its pectinal teeth, differs in having

the terga granular, the hand and brachium also coarsely

sculptured, and the femora of the legs weakly granular

externally. In asper (/evipes), moreover, the distal angle of

the tarsus is armed with a spine, not with a bristle as in

rugiceps.

118 On Two new Scorpions from East Africa.

Uroplectes xanthogrammus, sp. n.

2. Colour yellow and black ; interocular area of carapace

black, the black extending posteriorly past the ocular tubercle

to the posterior border, which is further adorned with black

patches corresponding to those on the terga; lateral margin

black ; terga with black lateral margins and a posteriorly

widened black band on each side of the yellow middle

line ; the area between the margin and the black band often

largely infuseate, especially on the third, fourth, and fifth

segments ; the seventh segment with only traces of the black

bands ; tail with fourth and fifth segments and the vesicle in-

fuscate, the lower surface of the first three segments with traces

of black bands, which are represented by a pair of posterior

spots on the first and three anterior and three posterior spots on

the second and third, those on the third connected by longitu-

dinal indistinct bands; legs flavous, the femora and patella

infuscate in front below ; palpi mostly flavous, the basal half

of the digits black, with sometimes indistinct fuscous spots on

the hand and brachium; in one specimen there is a deep

pigment-spot on the base of the humerus behind, and another

on the base of the brachium in front; mandibles covered with

a network of fuscous lines; lower surface of trunk entirely

pale.

Carapace finely, terga more coarsely granular, especially

posteriorly, TZazl keelless, with at most, perhaps, traces of

an upper keel on the first segment, the upper keels on the

rest represented posteriorly by a granule, the sides and lower

surface coarsely punctured; sulcus on upperside of all the

segments granular ; vesicle smooth, coarsely punctured, with

a distinct tubercular tooth below the aculeus ; superior edges

of the fifth candal segment angular behind.

Chele with brachium smooth and punctured above, hand

about as wide as the brachium, smooth; movable digit

twice the length of the hand-back; with 12 rows of teeth,

the eighth tooth (fifth from the apex) of the inner row ona

level with the tip of the adjacent series of the middle line.

Pectines with 18 or 19 teeth, the basal not enlarged,

3. Like the female, but with tail longer and thinner,

about seven instead of six times the length of the carapace ;

vesicle more oval; hand a little longer, with from 2 to 5

spines on its inner side at the base of the immovable digit ;

pectines enlarged, with 18 teeth.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length of female 43,

of carapace 4, of tail 24. Length of male 32, of carapace 3,

of tail 22°5.

Geological Society. 119

Loc. Kota Kota, west coast of Nyasa (Universities’

Mission). Five females and one male.

So far as my knowledge of the genus extends, this is a very

distinct species, falling partly into section 2 and partly into

section 3 of the table of South-African species of Uroplectes

published in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist (6) xvii., May 1896.

It approaches occidentalis, vittatus, and Fischert in colour

and in having the caudal segments smooth, punctured, and

keelless; and olivaceus, triangulifer, and chlorodermus in

having the hand of the male spinous internally; further

approaching ¢triangulifer and Marshalli in having the basal

pectinal tooth of normal size in the female.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

November 18, 1896.—Dr. Henry Hicks, F.R.S.,

President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. ‘On Cycadeoidea gigantea, a new Cycadean Stem from the

Isle of Portland.’ By A. C. Seward, Esq., M.A., F.G.S.

The specimen described by the Author was discovered a short

time since in one of the Purbeck Dirt-beds, and is now in the Fossil

Plant gallery of the British Museum. In the absence of any fructi-

fication, Buckland’s generic name of Cycadecidea is chosen in pre-

ference to Bennettites, although in many respects the Portland stem is

identical with Bennettites Gibsonianus. Externally, the surface is

covered with rhomboidal areas separated from one another by a pro-

jecting framework consisting of the silicified ramental tissue, which

thickly clothed the bases of the petioles. The peripheral portion of the

stem afforded thin sections from which it was possible to investigate

the anatomical structure‘of the leaf-bases and ramental scales,

Internally, the wood- and pith-tissues have been entirely replaced by

inorganic material. The Author calls attention to the preservation

of a prominent apical bud covered with narrow bud-scales and

capped by a mass of ramenta. No indication is found of a lateral

inflorescence such as characterizes Bennettites Gibsonianus, and the

negative evidence suggests the occurrence of terminal reproductive

structures. A comparison of this fossil with recent Cycads and Ferns

brings out many points of close agreement with the former, and as

regards the structure of the ramenta, evidence is afforded of an

interesting survival of the closer resemblance which formerly existed

between Cycadean and Fern-like plants. The stem is named

Cycadeoidea gigantea.

2. ‘The Fauna of the Keisley Limestone.—Part II. Conclusion.’

By F. R. C. Reed, Esq., M.A., F.G.S.

The Author describes the ostracoda, brachiopoda, mollusca, echino-

dermata, and actinozoa of the Keisley Limestone. He gives a list of

120 Miscellaneous.

fossils from the Limestone, and indicates those species which occur

in the Limestone of Kildare, the Leptena-Limestone of Sweden, and

Stage F of the East Baltic provinces. As a result of his researches

he concludes that the fauna has a thoroughly Ordovician facies ;

that it is closely comparable with that of the Limestone of the Chair

of Kildare, and of the Leptena-Limestone, and less closely with

that of Stage F of the East Baltic provinces ; that its paleontological

features point to its stratigraphical position being at the base of the

Upper Bala, and that it must be regarded as the locally thickened

development of a bed which is elsewhere in Great Britain very thin,

or entirely absent, or represented by beds having different litholo-

gical characters and a different fauna; and that the fauna has

certain unique characters which mark it off from all other known

assemblages of fossils in Great Britain.

MISCELLANEOUS.

“ The most pious priority purist” on the Lobster, the Crayfish, and

Professor Bell. By the Rev. Tuomas R. R. Srepsine, M.A.,

F.R.S., F.L.S.

Proressor Bett, in the ‘Annals’ for December 1896, has very

obligingly undertaken, for the benefit of ‘ priority-claimers” in

general and as a warning to the ‘Atheneum’ in particular, to

comment on some of the names and dates in my ‘ History of Crus-

tacea.? In his essay there are some pleasing autobiographical

touches. He begins by reminding the reader that in 1891, with

regard to the name Holothuria, he established a precedent, to be a

beacon-light to all zoologists in the present and a rule of conduct

for future generations. In the course of his paper, while dealing

with questions that are absolutely bibliographical, he naively says

“JT am no bibliographer ”—a remark which might have been set

down as a flourish of rhetorical modesty, had it not been surrounded

by the corroborative evidence of his general argument. His con-

clusion needs no gloss: “ I have taken,” he says, “a great deal of

trouble with this case, and I have a suspicion that if a few more

would be equally ‘ eingehende’ we might speedily give the purists

the short shrift I have often wished them.”

The criticism which leads up to this terror-striking sentence

must now be examined in detail. ‘ First,” says the professor, ‘ as

a matter of accuracy in dates and names: on p. 202 of Mr. Stebbing’s

work already referred to, ‘ Nephrops, Leach, 1819,’ should have

the date corrected to 1814.” This, I eagerly admit, is a really

meritorious performance on Professor Bell’s part. He does not say

whence he obtained the date 1814, but it may be inferred that he

derives it from the mention of Nephrops in Brewster’s ‘ Edinburgh

Encyclopedia,’ vol. vii. pp. 398, 400. The date of Leach’s article

“‘ Crustaceology ” in that volume is 1814, or perhaps 1813. Under

“Genus XLI. Astacus,” Leach, introducing his own name as if it

were that of a stranger, remarks that “In A. gammarus and

fluviatilis the external antenne are simple, in norvegicus furnished

with a scale at their external base: this last is considered as a

Miscellaneous. 121

distinct genus by Mr. Leach, under the name of Nephrops, from

the kidney-shaped eye.” Then follows the account of ‘Sp. 1.

Gammarus,” and two pages further on come the accounts of * Sp. 2.

Fluviatilis,” and “ Sp. 3. Norvegicus,” the synonymy of the last being

* Cancer norwegicus of Linné, Astacus norwegicus of Pennant, and

Nephrops norvegica, Leach’s MSS.” Thus Leach’s genus Astacus,

in 1814, contained three species, not two only as Prof. Bell wishes

us to believe. The next genus is “ XLII. Tuatassina.” Nephrops is

nowhere included in the count. When considering the question

some years ago, I was clearly of opinion that Leach did not here

establish the genus Nephrops, and, to pursue the autobiographical

method, I am of the same opinion still. No doubt he gives a

strong hint that he thinks it ought to be established. But the

contumely and struggle for existence to which many of his now

accepted genera were in their earlier days exposed may explain

his reluctance in this instance to do what he thought right. In

the Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xi. 1815, and in part 7 of his ‘ Mala-

costraca Podophthalmata Britanniz,’ published Jan. 1, 1816, he

takes courage and definitely adopts the genus NVephrops, the date

of which should therefore be neither 1819 nor 1814, but 1815,

as it has been already some time back correctly given by the

American writer, Dr. F. H. Herrick.

Next he says ‘ ‘ Astacus, Leach, 1814,’ on the same page [ Hist.

Crust. 202], should be altered to—well, it is hard to say;

Leach’s Astacus of 1814 is the Astacus of Gronovius (1764) as

emended by Fabricius and others, and by Leach’s removal of

A. norvegicus.” This is led up to by an earlier paragraph as

follows :—‘“ Leach’s genus Astacus, in 1814, contained two species

—A. gammarus and A. fluviatilis. The former stood first, and is

therefore, I presume, regarded as the ‘type species’; on this I

would remark that the generic name Astacus was invented by

Gronovius in 1764 and that his first species is clearly Cancer

fluviatilis of Linneus.”

On this J would remark that in 1814 Leach had not removed

A. norvegicus from Astacus, but made it the third species of that

genus, and that the generic name Astacus was not invented by

Gronovius in 1764, and that it was not invented by Gronovius at

all. Seeing that he was already using it in 1760, he could not

have invented it in 1764. It is amusing to find Professor Bell

quoting such a date without the least intimation that so lately as

1890 (see Geol. Mag., Dec. 1896, pp. 557-8) high officials in his

own museum would have disputed its relevancy. At that time

1766 was still regarded there as the beginning of all things in zoo-

logical nomenclature. With good reason an earlier date for that

beginning is now finding acceptance, but no decisive ordinance on

the subject has yet been promulgated, so that professors and official

dignitaries above all ought to deal tenderly with outsiders help-

lessly suffering from this ‘‘ centre of wobbulation.” Waiving, how-

ever, any appeal ad misericordiam, we turn to the selected authority

Gronovius, and then a wonder comes to light, or what might have

been a wonder and might have been a discovery, had it not been

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 9

122 Miscellaneous.

a thing notorious, a piece of elementary knowledge in this line of

research, that Gronovius is in no sense an authority for Linnean

nomenclature. He is as much a pre-Linnear in regard to names

as if he had written in the seventeenth instead of in the eighteenth

century. He does not name his species, but gives definitions. He

still uses the cumbrous method, from which it was the great glory

of Linnzus to relieve zoology. But, whether Gronovius be deemed

to be within or without the era of Linnean terminology, whether

he be an authority or not, there is something almost comic in the

notion that he invented the generic name Astacus. Seba, who,

though not a binominalist, at least gives names to some of his species,

in the third volume of his ‘Thesaurus,’ which has 1758 on the

titlepage, has several Astaci scattered about, the first-mentioned

being ‘‘Astacus fluviatilis, Americanus,” not a crayfish, but a prawn,

and the second ‘ Astacus marinus, Americanus,’ the American

lobster. Any one who may nevertheless fancy that Seba borrowed

Astacus from Gronovius should consult the ‘Fauna Suecica’ of

Linneus, 1746. On page 358 will be found the two numbers,

1248, 1249, each referring to a ‘ Cancer macrourus,” dealt with

in the pre-Linnean or Gronovian style, without a specific name,

though clearly distinguished by the synonymy, the characters,

and various observations: the first as a lobster, the second as a

crayfish. The synonymy of the first in an unbroken column re-

iterates the name Astacus from a long line of authors: Astacus,

Astacus, Astacus, Astacus, Astacus verus, Astacus marinus communis,

and then Astacus marinus five times over. There is a touching

appeal against future misnomers in that Astacus verus of Aldrovandi.

The reason for assigning Astacus to Leach rather than to one of his

predecessors is obvious. The earlier science grouped under it not

only lobsters and crayfishes, but many incongruous forms. For

example, out of the 13 species which Gronovius brings together,

the three which he figures correspond apparently to Palamon faus-

tinus de Saussure, Atya scabra Leach, and Corophium volutator

Pallas, two prawns and an amphipod. Fabricius, though he

decently begins with Astacus marinus, has an equally miscellaneous

group. Leach, in 1814, began a more reasonable delimitation. In

strictness, no doubt, the name of the lobster’s genus should be given

as Astacus (Fabricius, 1775), Leach, 1814, s. r.; the conciser form

which I have used will, in an unpretentious manual, for its brevity’s

sake, pass muster with all but professors.

One other correction of the history of Crustacea is proffered

by Professor Bell. He says ‘“* Potamobia, Leach, 1819’ (p. 207),

should read Potamobius, Samouelle, 1819 [preoce. by Leach].”

While busy over his Gronoyvius, he has failed to observe my own

correction of Potamobia into Potamobius, made with acknowledg-

ments to Miss Rathbun on page 40 of ‘ Natural Science’ for last

July. The rest of his correction is doubly wrong. Neither was

Samouelle the parent of Potamobius, nor was that name in 1819

preoccupied by Leach or anyone else. Samouelle, in the ‘ Ento-

mologist’s Useful Compendium,’ 1819, shows by acknowledgments

in the Dedication, the Preface, and the body of the work that the

account which it contains of the Crustacea is simply due to

Miscellaneous. 1 eS

Dr. Leach. It would be just as reasonable to write Astacus,

Brewster, 1814, or to assign any other genera established in the

article “ Crustaceology ” to the editor of the ‘ Encyclopedia,’ as it

would be to follow Professor Bell in ascribing ‘Genus 27. Potamobius,

Leach’s MSS.,” to Samouelle, the editor of the ‘Compendium’ in

which it first appears. It is quite a misconception to suppose that

Potamobius was preoccupied. In 1818 Dr. Leach had given the

name Potamotie in a list of crustacean genera, but the name being

given only in French is not of anyscientificimportance, and if it were,

it is not Potamobius ; and if it were Potamobius, it is unaccompanied

by any description, and therefore, as Professor Herrick had already

explained in 1895, itis a nomen nudum. It does not count; it

can neither do good nor harm; it does not preoccupy.

We are told in a fine phrase that ‘‘ zoologists at large” between

1823 and 1837 were content to accept the opinion of Desmarest

on the subject of Astacus. Perhaps they were, but it is difficult to

see what that has to do with the matter in hand. Zoologists at

large are a careless lot. Desmarest both in 1825 and 1830 gives

Astacus marinus, the lobster, precedence over Astacus fluviatilis, the

crayfish. He accepts Leach’s genus Nephrops, and would probably

have accepted Leach’s Potamobius, had he ever heard of it. From

his silence on the point it may be inferred that he never had. It

was he, no doubt, who by incautious language misled Professor Bell

into supposing that the generic name Astacus was invented by

Gronovius. Professor Bell in turn makes the insidious suggestion

that some one should invent a name to replace Potamobius. It is

dreadful to think that before this answer can appear someone

may have already done it, tempted, like Herostratus, who burned

down the Ephesian temple, by the grandeur of the infamy, for we

are told that “‘the inventor will throw into confusion not only

earcinological literature, but every text-book in every language

under the sun.” How I tremble for those poor dear text-books,

induced, perhaps, to change a name or two after peacefully copying

one another for half a century, or to alter a sentence in the tenth

edition of a stereotyped volume! It would wring tears of anguish

from the stoniest heart. Even some museum labels may have been

hastily torn up, rewritten, or reprinted, only to be once more can-

celled. But I forbear to pursue the harrowing theme. In assigning

the generic name Astacus to the lobster, and Potamobius to the

crayfish, my fortunate part has been to maintain the authority

of two men eminently distinguished in connexion with the British

Museum, Dr. William Elford Leach and Mr. Adam White. The

latter upholds the names established by his great predecessor, both

in his ‘List of the British Crustacea in the British Museum,’

published by order of the trustees in 1850, and in his own ‘ Popular

History’ of the same group published in 1857. I donot ask that

esprit de corps should consecrate error, but when the truth happens

to be the heritage of one’s own household, it seems a mistaken

policy to turn it out of doors,

Tunbridge Wells,

Dec. 21, 1896,

124 Miscellaneous.

Note on some Sponges from the Auckland Islands.

By Prof. R. von LenpenFeELp.

Since comparatively little is known of the littoral fauna in higher

southern latitudes, I was very glad to find among the shallow-water

sponges sent to me by my late friend Baron Mueller, of Melbourne,

a number of specimens, belonging to fiye different species, from the

Auckland Islands.

These islands are situated in lat. 50° 30’ 8. and long. 166° E., about

450 km. south of New Zealand. The sponges from that locality

in Mueller’s collection are: 1. Antherochalina concentrica, 2. Cerao-

chalina multiformis var. dura, 3. Euchalinopsis (Chalina) oculata,

4. Thorecta exemplum var. tertia, and 5. Spongelia elastica var.

lobosa. 2, 3, and 4 have previously been found in New Zealand;

1,4, and 5 in Australia; and 3, 4, and 5 also elsewhere. New

forms, not hitherto obtained from other localities, were not among

these Auckland-Island sponges.

On the Sexes of Charaxes mixtus, Rothschild.

By A. G. Burzer, Ph.D. &e.

In my late revision of the genus Charaxes (Journ. Linn. Soc.,

Zool. vol. xxv. p. 377) I placed C. miwtus, Roths., as a variety of

C. tiridates, remarking :—‘‘ There can be no doubt, I think, that

the prominence of the white centres to the blue spots, unless proved

to be peculiar to one locality only, can hardly indicate even a

distinct race. Mr. Rothschild insists that the true female of

C. miatus resembles the male! ”

Recently Mr, Rothschild brought the type of his female C. mixvtus

to the Museum, but, unhappily, 1 was away ill. Mr. Heron, how-

ever, made a careful coloured drawing of it, which, on my return,

he showed me. Directly I looked at it I was convinced, by the

form of the wings alone, that it was a female, though with the

colouring of a male!* Mr. Rothschild was therefore quite correct

as to the sex of his type of C. mvtus 2. Whether the latter is

more than a dimorphic form of C. tiridates can only be satisfac-

torily decided by those who have an opportunity of studying it in

life and breeding it ; but there are several other species of Charaxes

which have two well-defined forms of females, whilst the males

differ in much the same way as those of C. mixtus and C. tiridatest.

I hardly think C. miwtus can be a seasonal form, on account of its

great rarity, whilst C. tiridates is one of the most abundant of the

blue Charawes of West Africa; but I think it may be a rare di-

morphic form of C, tiridates 2. The differences in the male alone

would not strike anybody as of great importance—they are less

than one notes between the acknowledged varieties of many species ;

nevertheless, if they should be proved to be constant, I would be

the last to refuse to recognize their importance, for I am well aware

that characters which in one group of butterflies are valueless are

quite constant and reliable in another.

* An extremely surprising thing in this group, where the female

differences are usually very pronounced.

+ C. Hollandii and C. Dewitzi.

Ani.& Mag. Nat .Hist.5.6 Vol XIX.PUI.

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THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

[SIXTH SERIES. ]

No. 110. FEBRUARY 1897.

XI.—On a Collection of Homoptera made in Southern Africa.

By W. L. Distant.

DuRING a recent sojourn in the Transvaal and other parts of

South Africa, as a result of my own collecting and the kind

assistance of friends in more remote localities, I acquired a

considerable number of different species belonging to the

Cicadidz and other Homoptera. From Mr. Guy Marshall, in

Mashunaland, I received nine species of the first, captured

within a radius of eight square miles near Gadzima, on

the Middle Umfuli River. As no species have hitherto been

recorded from this portion of Rhodesia, I give an enumeration

of the same :—

_ Fam. Cicadide.

Pecilopsaltria leopardina, Dist. Platypleura centralis, sp. n.

—— horizontalis, Karsch., brevis, Walk.

—— bombifrons, Karsch. Tibicen nigricans, Stil.

Marshalli, sp. n. Monomatapa insignis, gen. et sp. n.

Platypleura Rutherfordi, Dist.

It is interesting to note that Platypleura Rutherfordi, which

I originally received and described from the Calabar district

of Western Africa, extends its range across the continent to

Mashunaland.

Further north from Nyassaland, at Zomba and Fort

Johnston, I received from my friend Dr. Percy Rendall four

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 10

126 Mr. W. L. Distant on

species, two of which are also included in the above list.

They are as follows :—

Pecilopsaltria leopardina, Dist. Platypleura brevis, Walk.

polydorus, Walk. — divisa, Germ.

After my first visit to the Transvaal, I was only able to

record the names of three species from that region. J now

enumerate thirteen species :—

Peecilopsaltria furva, sp. n. Waterberg.

reducta, Walk. Rustenburg, Waterberg.

Platypleura semiclara, Germ. Barberton.

Haglundi, Stal. Waterberg.

——. capensis, Linn. Middelburg.

—— divisa, Germ. Barberton, Rustenburg, Pretoria.

—— hirta, Karsch. Barberton, Lydenburg, Rustenburg.

Tibicen nigricans, Stal. Pretoria.

carinatus, Thunb. Pretoria.

undulatus, Thunb. Pretoria.

Callipsaltria longula, Stil. Rustenburg, Pretoria.

elongata, St&l. Rustenburg.

Psilotympana, sp.? Rustenburg.

For the Barberton specimens I am again indebted to

Dr. Percy Rendall during his siay in that district.

At Delagoa Bay I acquired Pecilopsaltria reducta, Walk.,

and P. polydorus, Walk. ‘The scarce and handsome Melam-

psalta violacea, Linn., 1 find is to be procured on the banks

of the Caledon River in Cape Colony. Pacilopsaltria Perin-

guey?, which I originally described from Damara Land, is to

be found as far south and east as Griqualand at least, for I

now possess a specimen from Barkly West.

Pecilopsaltria furva, sp. n.

Head and pronotum ochraceous and moderately pilose ;

mesonotum and abdomen above black. Head with the central

longitudinal and transverse carine to face, very broad lateral

margins to front enclosing an ochraceous apical spot, a basal

spot enclosing ocelli, between which and eyes are some com-

plicated transverse fascia, black. Pronotum with a central

fascia, widely broadened on anterior and posterior margins;

the incisures and extreme sublateral margins black. Meso-

notum black, with two obconical linear spots, united at base on

anterior margin; two UL-shaped fascia at base, and anterior

half of lateral margins ochraceous ; basal cruciform elevation

ochraceous, with a central spot and anterior angles black.

Abdomen with the posterior segmental margins above

narrowly ochraceous. Body beneath with legs and opercula

Homoptera from Southern Africa. 127

ochraceous; sternum and legs spotted with black, abdominal

segments with central transverse fasciz and lateral marginal

spots black.

Tegmina creamy, mottled with fuscous, the venation

ochraceous, but becoming piceous towards apex; basal cell

black. Wings blackish, a basal streak irregularly ochraceous

to about centre, the outer margins broadly pale hyaline, and

with a creamy-white spot near centre of costal margin.

Rostrum reaching the posterior coxe ; opercula moderately

overlapping at centre.

Long. ¢ 28 millim.; exp. tegm. 76 millim.

Hab. Transvaal; Waterberg District (Déstant).

This species is allied to both P. T'riment and P. Peringueyt,

from either of which, apart from other characters, it may be

easily distinguished by the position of the white macular

markings to the wings.

Pecilopsaltria Marshalli, sp. n.

Head and pronotum ochraceous. Head with the area

of the ocelli, transverse fascize between same and eyes, and

basal and central fascia to face black; pronotum with a central

fascia widely broadened at anterior and posterior margins,

the incisures, and the sublateral margins black; mesonotum

black, with a large central linear spot, trifid anteriorly and

connected with a lateral fascia on each side, ochraceous;

cruciform basal elevation ochraceous, with a small central

spot, and one near each anterior angle, black. Abdomen

above black, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous.

Body beneath blackish or dark castaneous ; opercula, posterior

abdominal segmental margins, and legs castaneous or ochra-

ceous.

Tegmina creamy and tale-like, base and four very irregular

transverse fasciz, which are connected inwardly and contain

some pale spots, especially at the apices of apical areas,

piceous; venation ochraceous, becoming piceous towards

apex. Wings blackish, apical third and a large subcostal

spot within the black area pale hyaline.

Rostrum just passing the posterior cox; opercula mode-

rately overlapping at centre.

Long. ¢ 2? 15-16 millim.; exp. tegm. 53 millim.

Hab. Mashunaland, Umfili River (Guy Marshall: coll.

Dist.) ; banks of the Zambesi (Fry, 1893: Cape Town Mas.).

A single female specimen from the Zambesi is much larger

than the series I possess from Mashunaland through the

kindness of Mr. Marshall. Its dimensions are long. 20

millim., exp. tegm. 63 millim.

i10*

128 Mr. W. L. Distant on

Platypleura centralis, sp. n.

Body above ochraceous, with an almost continuous central

longitudinal black fascia extending from head to apex of

abdomen. Head with a fascia extending between eyes and

across base of face and the area of the ocelli, pronotum with

the incisures and base of lateral margins, mesonotum with

two obconical spots on anterior margin (on each side of which

are a small and a much elongated spot) and the frontal area

of the basal cruciform elevation black ; abdomen with the basal

segmental margins black. Body beneath and legs ochra-

ceous, greyishly pilose and more or less spotted with blackish ;

abdominal segments marked as above.

Tegmina pale, talc-like; the costal membrane, the post-

costal area, and the basal cell ochraceous ; an elongate costal

spot at end of radial area, a spot in basal cell, and the vena-

tion (excepting extreme base) black. Wings with the

venation ochraceous.

Rostrum long, reaching to quite half the length of the

abdomen; opercula well separated at base; lateral pronotal

angles prominent, subacute.

Long., ¢ 22, 2 24 millim.; exp. tegm. 77 millim.

Hab. Mashunaland, Umfili River (Guy Marshall).

Platypleura absimilis, sp. n.

Head and thorax above pale castaneous; area of the ocelli

infuscated ; legs ochraceous; mesonotum with two central

obconical spots on anterior margin, a longer and more obscure

spot on each lateral area, and a small spot in front of the

anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, dark fuscous,

Abdomen above black. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and

opercula dark ochraceous ; abdomen beneath dark castaneous.

Tegmina greyish brown, the venation castaneous, two pale

spots in radial area, a trifid spot of the same colour separated

by the veins of the upper ulnar areas, and a larger discal

and more irregular patch of the same hue extending from

near lower end of radial area across bases of lower apical

areas ; a series of alternating pale and darker marginal spots

at apices of apical areas, the outer margin pale hyaline.

Wings ochraceous, the venation castaneous, the outer third

irregularly dark fuscous, broadest at apex and narrowest

towards anal angle.

Rostrum just passing posterior coxe.

Long. ¢ 2 18-22 millim. ; exp. tegm. 60-75 millim.

Hab. South Africa, Cape Colony ? (Coll. Dist.; Vienn.

Mus.).

Homoptera from Southern Africa. 129

This species may at once be distinguished from P. plumosa

and P. deusta by the absence of the central black fascia to

the pronotum. It is allied to P. plumosa by the wide and

relatively short pronotum, but differs by the broader tegmina,

shorter abdomen, different markings of the tegmina, &e.

MonoMatTaPA, gen. nov.

Body short, robust, widest about centre of abdomen.

Head broad, at outer margins of eyes a little wider than

mesonotum ; ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as

from each other; face broad, not prominently tumid, longi-

tudinal sulcation narrow, transverse ridges prominent. Meta-

notum concavely excavated posteriorly; basal segment of

abdomen subacutely and convexly produced anteriorly.

Opercula rather large, directed inwardly, much widened

posteriorly. ‘’ympana completely exposed. Tegmina with

the basal cell longer than broad and the ulnar veins at end of

same widely separated ; interior ulnar area a little narrower

at base than apex ; apical areas eight.

Monomatapa, which, by the exposed tympana, belongs to

the division Tibicenine, has a somewhat superticial resem-

blance to the genus Tympanoterpes.

Monomatapa insignis, sp. n.

Body above black; eyes, pronotum (excluding central

longitudinal fascia), and the exposed tympana dark casta-

neous; abdomen rather thickly greyishly pilose; body

beneath and legs black ; tibia and tarsi more or less casta-

neous or ochraceous ; opercula ochraceous; lateral areas of

the body and opercula thickly greyishly pilose.

Tegmina and wings pale hyaline; the first with the vena-

tion blackish, the base narrowly, basal cell, and outer edge of

costal membrane ochraceous. Wings with the venation

blackish, the base ochraceous, with a darker spot on the abdo-

minal area.

Rostrum short, about reaching the intermediate coxa;

opercula extending over the basal segment of the abdomen,

obliquely directed inwardly, widened posteriorly.

Long. ¢ 27 millim.; exp. tegm. 80 millim.

Hab. Mashunaland, Umtili River (Guy Marshall).

Fam. Fulgorida.

Genus Pyrops.

Of the seven recorded South-African * species I was able

* I include East Africa in the “South African ” faunistic region, as

recently well proposed by Mr. W. L. Sclater, now directing the South-

African Museum.

130 Mr. W. L. Distant on

to bring home five. Of the others, P. marginatus, Westw.,

seems to be confined to some portions of the Cape Colony

and P. turritus, Gerst., was received from Dar-es-Salaam.

Pyrops is a tropical and subtropical genus, only occurring in

the Transvaal (as far as my experience goes) in the stretch

of warm forest country which extends from Delagoa Bay to

Durban.

Nyassaland.

P. pustulosus, Gerst. Zomba (Dr. P. Rendall).

P. tenebrosus, Fabr.

” ”

Mashbunaland.

P. clavaticeps, Karsch. Umfili River (Guy Marshall).

Transvaal,

P. intricatus, Walk. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall).

Natal.

P. natalensis, Dist. Durban (Distant).

Two of these species—P. clavaticeps and P. tenebrosus—

range across the continent, being found on the west coast.

Subfam. EvryreracnyDriw2.

Paropioxys bellus, sp. n.

Body ochraceous; head with four basal black spots between

the eyes; pronotum with six spots (two central placed trans-

versely and two on each side obliquely) ; mesonotum with

five spots, also black: legs reddish; apices of the femora,

annulations to the anterior and intermediate tibiw, and the

tarsi black.

Tegmina pale greenish, the basal half with some large

ochraceous spots, followed by an obscure dull ochraceous

transverse fascia, and with the following bright shining black

spots, viz. :—one at base, four along costal margin, and some

twenty-five or more on apical area. Wings pale greenish

white, the apex slightly ochraceous, and containing about

twelve small black spots.

Long., excl. tegm., 13 millim.; exp. tegm. 40 millim.

Hab. Nyassaland, Zomba (Dr. Percy Rendall).

A species somewhat allied to P. gloriosus, Karsch.

Homoptera from Southern Africa. 131

Fam. Cercopida.

Genus Locris.

Locris Rendalli, sp. n.

Head and pronotum black, the last with the anterior and

lateral margins and two transverse spots on disk ochraceous.

Abdomen above sanguineous, slightly fuscous at lateral

margins. Body beneath and legs blackish ; eyes and lateral

margins of prosternum ochraceous; posterior tibiz, excluding

bases and apices, pale sanguineous.

Tegmina blackish; basal streaks, two transverse fasciz,

and a subapical patch ochraceous. Wings pale fuscous,

semihyaline, the outer apical margin darker; extreme base

narrowly sanguineous.

Long. 9 millim.; exp. tegm. 21 millim.

Hab. Nyassaland, Zomba (Dr. Percy Rendall).

This species, by the colour and markings of the tegmina,

is closely allied to the West-African L. maculata, Fabr., but

differs from all the varietal forms of that species by the

ochraceous margins to the pronotum and by the absence of

the ochraceous frontal margins to the head. The pronotum

is also broader.

Why these two species, or geographical forms of one

species as they may some day be more correctly identified,

should on the east and west sides of the continent have deve-

loped a difference in the structure and markings of the pro-

notum is one of the still unsolved problems in specific evolution,

and unexplained by any of the colour theories now proposed

in speculative entomology.

Locris Junott, sp. n.

Head, pronotum, scutellum, basal third and apical margin

of tegmina, face and legs sanguineous ; tegmina (excluding

base and apical margin) pale creamy ochraceous, mottled with

pale fuscous, the apical third distinctly darker ochraceous,

containing a dark fuscous spot. Eyes, ocelli, two spots on

anterior area of pronotum, sternum, abdomen beneath, and

bases of femora piceous.

Long., incl. tegm., 8 millim.

Hab. Delagoa Bay (Junot).

This species, by its singular coloration, is nearest allied to

L. concinna, Dist., and it is peculiar that we must cross the

continent to Damaraland to find its nearest specific ally. Of

course, collectors may subsequently find the two species less

132 On Homoptera from Southern Africa.

estranged, but according to present knowledge they differ

materially.

Of other species of Locris in my collection I may mention: —

Nyassaland.

L. areata, Walk. Fort Johnson (Dr. Percy Rendall).

Mashunaland.

L. arithmetica, Walk. Salisbury (Guy Marshall).

Transvaal.

L. arithmetica, Walk. Pretoria (Distant); Zoutpansberg (Kaesner).

LI. areata, Walk. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall).

L. incarnata, Walk. Zoutpansberg (Diztant) ; Rustenburg (Distant),

L. sanguinipes, Walk, Pretoria (Distant).

Delagoa Bay.

L, areata, Walk. Lourenco Marquees (Junot).

L. Junoti, sp. n.

” ” ”

Natal.

L. areata, Walk. Durban (Distant).

L. transversa, Thunb. Isipingo, Durban (Guy Marshall).

Genus TOMASPIS.

Tomaspis Monteironis, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 176;

Aid Ident. Ins. t. exlviii. fig. 4.

Tomaspis conspicua, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 148;

Aid Ident. Ins. t. exlviu. fig. 2.

I have now acquired an intermediate form which connects

the above supposed species together :—

Var. a.—Tegmina black; unspotted.

T. Monteironis, Dist. supra.

Hab. Delagoa Bay (Monteiro, Junot, Distant).

Var. 6.—Tegmina with a small central transverse sanguineous

spot.

Hab. Delagoa Bay (Junot).

Var. c.—Tegmina with a very large central sanguineous spot.

T. conspicua, Dist. supra.

Hab. Nyassaland ; Mashunaland, Gadzina (Guy Marshall).

On the Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil. 133

Tomaspis appears to be a tropical and subtropical genus

only. I never met with it in any of my collecting expedi-

tions in the Transvaal. Delagoa Bay at present is its

recorded southern limit; but probably it may be found in

Durban, where much is still to be done, apart from Lepido-

ptera, and where other species only previously known in

Mozambique have been discovered.

XII.—A Contribution to the Biology of the Social Wasps

of Brazil. By H. von [HERING *.

IT is nowadays very difficult and—particularly in cases

where special attention has to be paid to the literature of

extra-European countries—barely possible to guarantee full

cognizance of all that has been written upon a biological

theme. Consequently something may have escaped my

notice even in respect of the subject about to be discussed,

although, on the whole, the statements in the following paper

will probably be new to my scientific colleagues.

On studying the various special memoirs or the descriptions

in handbooks &c., we invariably find that the account of the

life of the social wasps is altogether European, based exclu-

sively upon the facts to be observed in Europe and in the

holarctic region in general. In order to make myself intelli-

gible upon this point, let me briefly refer to what is gene-

rally known. The social life of the European wasps is

eminently adapted to the harsh climate of Europe. There

are in Europe, so far as is at present known, no wasp-

communities that hibernate regularly, though even as to this

I must nevertheless be allowed to entertain doubts with

regard to the extreme south of Europe, especially with refer-

ence to Polistes. In autumn the community separates, the

workers and males perish, while the fertilized females alone

hibernate and commence the foundation of a new colony in

the spring.

How utterly different is the case here! Even Polistes

the single genus of social wasps common to Europe and

Brazil, behaves somewhat differently. Here, too, it is the

rule for the community to be dissolved in winter; but never-

theless in July, therefore in mid-winter, we meet with colonies

of Polistes versicolor, Fabr., still surviving and continuing to

* Translated by E. E. Austen from the ‘Zoologischer Anzeiger,’

Bd, xix. no. 516 (November 2, 1896), pp. 449-453.

134. H. von Ihering on the

exist in an almost inactive condition with a diminished

number of individuals: it is true that this is not the case in

Rio Grande do Sul, though it certainly occurs in Sao Paulo.

In Rio Grande do Sul it was a very remarkable sight to watch

Polistes (females and workers) at the commencement of

winter seeking out human habitations, in order to search for

suitable hiding-places in which to hibernate. Even thus many

perish, but in spring I have repeatedly seen on freshly-begun

nests a female carrying on building-operations already in

company with workers. Whether in such cases remnants of

a colony have come together to build a new home, or whether

the hibernated female has accepted the assistance of chosen

hibernated workers, I am unable to say.

In the case of Polybia and its allies the influence of winter

is much less noticeable than in Polistes. Polybia scutellaris,

White, still hibernates even in Rio Grande do Sul. The

very solid prickly envelope of the large nest doubtless affords

a good protection against the weather. Moreover this very

species collects honey freely and in relatively large quantities.

It is amassed in pretty irregular fashion in the lower cells,

especially at the edge of the combs, but it nevertheless in-

duces boys, and also adults with a penchant for sweets, to

destroy the nest. I have seen many nests inhabited for a

long period. Here in §. Paulo, too, I have made the same

observation upon the paulista variety of this wasp, which

will be referred to later on. It is consequently not a matter

for surprise when one notices these wasps again in the open

during exceptionally fine weather in the middle of winter.

Another new observation upon Polybia is the fact that it

swarms. Whether a fertilized female Polybia is ever capable

of commencing a nest alone, as is, indeed, still probable, is a

point which future study must decide: at any rate, it is not

the rule for it todo so. I have very often observed the com-

mencement of new nests of Polybia; the task was always

undertaken by aswarm. A closely packed cluster of Polybia

scutellaris, of the size of a large orange or larger, settles on

some spot or other, often by no means a suitable one, without,

however, at once deciding to begin to build.

Not infrequently is the spot changed several times before

work commences. Then, however, it proceeds astonishingly

fast, so that in from two to three weeks a nest is built con-

taining from four to five combs. At the same time, however,

the whole of the attention is in the first place devoted exclu-

sively to nest-building, so that one finds charming new nests

with from three to four combs in which there is not yet a

single cell that has received even an egg. In the case of

Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil. 135

Polybia scutellaris it is not easy to discover the males and

females. How many times have [ not examined the entire

contents of the nest without finding any! In Rio Grande do

Sul I several times found females (twelve to fourteen) in the

nest of P. scutellaris, as well as males in considerably larger

numbers. ‘The females are not or scarcely larger than the

workers; but the wings, which show a slight brownish

sheen, afford a better means of recognition.

Moreover in this respect the nests exhibit very different

conditions, according to the number of the workers. I once

examined a rather small nest with only three combs, which

nevertheless already contained brood. The number of the

workers in this case amounted to only 126. An observation

may here also be alluded to which is opposed to what was

seen by Janet inconnexion with Vespa. ‘The insects brought

in by Polybia scutellaris are never chewed up into food-balls,

but are carried in whole, sometimes more, sometimes less muti-

lated, though the wings are always removed. ‘Termites and

house-flies constitute the principal quarry, though the latter

are seldom captured alive, but are usually carried off when

dead or in a half-dead condition.

In the case also of Polybia sericea, Oliv., I have frequently

seen a new nest commenced in a precisely similar fashion.

Once upon a fresh spring morning I observed a swarm that

evidently had hibernated without a nest. The wasps, still

quite stiff, crawled out from a low bush. The nest had

probably been destroyed by inclement weather or by enemies.

Among the latter I allude especially to the large “ Lagarto”’

lizard (Tupinambis tequexin, L.), which is_ particularly

dangerous to the nests of Nectarinia mellifica, Sauss., which

are always placed pretty low down and are rich in honey.

With reference to this it may be remarked that I also met

with honey in the nests of Polybia sericea.

In the case of the above-named Nectarinia I once observed

a nest in autumn which contained about an equal number of

males and workers. A large proportion of the latter contained

eggs, but one had to regard them as workers on account of

the rudimentary receptaculum seminis. It is probable that

here also drones are produced from the eggs of workers, and

this very circumstance would afford an explanation of the

exceptionally large number in the nest referred to.

In connexion with the differences which have been described

in the mode of life of the communities are those which we

find in the structure of the nests. In this respect, as regards

variety and finish of the edifices, no other region of the earth

can compare with Brazil; for out of the whole of the wasps

136 H. von Ihering on the

of the Old-World Vespa is the only one that builds a compli-

cated nest surrounded by an envelope: all the rest in their

style of architecture more or less resemble Polzstes. In eastern

South America, on the other hand, what wealth and variety

of structural types, what elegance and marvellous. artistic

skill! While referring the reader to Saussure’s classical

monograph, I would here draw attention only to what is new

among my observations.

It is well-known that the nest of Mischocyttarus is very

similar in construction to that of Polistes, differing only in

the longer central pedicle; but it was to me an altogether

surprising and unexpected discovery to find that there are also

species of Polybia whose nests are indistinguishable from

those of Polistes. The species in question are Polybia vicina,

Sauss., and P. tgnobilis, Halid. All the other members of

the genus, even Polybia atra, Sauss., build nests with con-

centric envelopes, so that when the nest is enlarged the last

and most recent envelope is always used as a base for the

new combs. It may appear at first sight to be a matter of no

special importance that within the limits of a large genus a

portion of the species should differ in the structure of their

nests; but the subject is nevertheless a much more compli-

cated one, since with these differences others in the mode of

life of the communities are directly connected. In the one

group we have the foundation by a fertilized female of what

is usually a community existing for one year, in the other

long-lived colonies founded by the formation of swarms, as in

the case of bees.

I am bound to admit that I regard these species of Polybia

which live after the manner of Polistes as representing a

distinct genus. It is probably not customary to utilize biolo-

gical considerations for the foundation of genera, but perhaps

even in this case closer investigation will demonstrate the

morphological basis for the separation inferred on biological

grounds.

According to their mode of life, or, say, the formation of

communities, the social wasps of South America may there-

fore be divided into two groups :—

(1) Summer communities, or such as last for one year,

founded in spring by fertilized females which have hibernated :

Polistes, Mischocyttarus, and Pseudopolybia (a name which

I adopt for Polybia-like wasps that construct nests after the

manner of Polistes).

(2) Perennial communities, founded by swarms after the

fashion of bee-colonies: Polybia, Apoica, Tatua, Synoeca,

Chartergus, Nectarinia.

Biology of the Social Wasps of Brazil. 137

The Old-World genera not mentioned in this list all belong

to the first group. Divers species of Polybia are known from

tropical Asia, but I know nothing about their life-history.

In conclusion, I would add a remark as to the genital

apparatus, in which the closest agreement exists in all the

genera of social wasps that I have investigated. The

number of testicular tubes is always the same as that of

those of the ovary, and this number is invariably three on

each side, as is also the case in the solitary wasps examined.

In the strongest contrast to this condition, that I have

proved to exist in Polistes, Miuschocyttarus, Nectarinia,

Polybia, and Chartergus, is what we have recently learnt

from Bordas *, in amends for previous inexact statements.

According to this author the number of testicular tubes in

Vespa is from two hundred to three hundred. How large the

number of the ovarian tubes really is (earlier accounts speak

of six or more) must remain uncertain in default of fresh

examination. Vespa consequently presents’a strong contrast

to the rest of the social wasps, and in this respect stands in

the same relation to them as that in which the Apide stand

to the Andrenide or Megachilide, since in the former there

are three hundred testicular tubes, in the latter three. It

appears that for the Hymenoptera this number three repre-

sents the primitive condition, and therefore Apis and Vespa

are aberrant types. As to the anatomy of the social wasps

of Africa and India we as yet know nothing. In these cases

the work accomplished for the South-American genera has

still to be done. ‘Then, and not until then, will it be possible

to ascertain the relation of Belonogaster, Icaria, &c. to the

rest of the Vespide. Probably it will then be found that

Vespa cannot be included in the same family as the other

genera of social wasps. The true Vespide, including Vespa,

would then have a very large number of testicular tubes;

the rest of the Polybiide would exhibit three of these struc-

tures in each testis. It is probable that upon closer investi-

gation yet other differences will be added in other organs or

in the larve, and to point out the necessity for such studies

is precisely the object of this exposition.

Sao Paulo, Brazil,

July 23, 1896.

* Bordas, “ Appareil genital male des Hyménoptéres,” Annales des

Sciences natur. vii. sér. tom. xx., 1895,

138 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

XIII.— Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.

—No. IV. Diptera from the Sacramento and White Moun-

tains, in Southern New Mexico. I. By C. Hs Tyner

TOWNSEND. i

THE Sacramento Mountain and White Mountains are situated

in south-central New Mexico, in north-eastern Dofia Ana,

and western Lincoln counties. The Mescalero Apache Indian

Reservation is located within the limits of the northern portion

of the range. White Mountain stands at the north-western

end of the Sacramentos, and really forms a part of the range.

It is the highest point, being in theneighbourhood of 11,000 feet.

Military maps give its elevation as 11,092 feet. The Rio Rui-

doso heads on its eastern slopes, as do also Eagle Creek and

the two forks of the Rio Bonito. The most of the Ruidoso

collecting was done some miles below its head, from just

above Dowling’s Mill to a point 4 miles west, the altitude

being about 6500 to 6600 feet. Dowling’s Mill is given by

military maps as 6455 feet. Austen’s Ranch, on the north

fork of the Rio Bonito, is about 6400 feet; it is situated some

12 miles up this fork west from Fort Stanton (now recently

abandoned as a military post), which latter is on the Rio

Bonito just below the junction of the two forks, at an altitude

of 6151 feet.

The Mescalero Agency, or post-office of Mescalero, being

the only settlement on the reservation and the headquarters

of the Indian Agent, is situated in the head of the main

valley of the Rio Tularosa, on the Ruidoso road, some 7 miles

below or south of the top of the divide. It is halfway

between Tularosa town and the Upper Ruidoso store, it being

18 miles from the Agency to either place. The altitude of

the divide just mentioned is about 7000 feet. White Moun-

tain, it is understood, with the Rio Ruidoso and Rio Bonito,

lies on the other side of this divide, to the north and north-

west of it. The altitude of the Agency is 6340 feet; that of

Tularosa town, situated on the plain at the western base of

the mountains and near the mouth of the Rio ‘Tularosa

valley, is 4140 feet. These and several other elevations,

including White Mountain and Dowling’s Mill, with other

valuable data, were kindly furnished me by Lieutenant V. E.

Stottler, U.S.A., who has charge of the Mescalero reserva-

tion, and to whom I wish here to express my thanks for many

courtesies.

The road from Tularosa to the Agency follows up the

from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 139

valley of the Rio Tularosa, which is a beautiful clear stream

furnishing water for irrigating the small patches of the Indians

and the several small ranches situated in the valleys of the

cafion. The best collecting of all was done on the flowers of

the rankly growing Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, in

October, along this road, which usually follows the course of

the stream up closely here. This collecting was done in the

upper extent of the long stretch of Brgelovia patches, the

altitude being from about 5700 to 6200 feet. An account of

this is given under the head of Dejeania rutilioides. hese

patches of Brgelovia extend all the way down the valley, in

close proximity to the stream, with hardly a break, from

Blazer’s Mill, which is less than a mile below the Agency,

elevation about 6200 feet, to the halfway point to Tularosa,

where the road crosses the stream, elevation about 5200 feet,

a distance of 8 miles. The plants are often immense, with

heavy woody trunks and branches, and some stand as high as

8 or 9 feet. They are in the height of bloom about the Ist of

October. The October collecting on the Rio Ruidoso was

done on flowers of Senecio Douglasii; on the Rio Bonito the

October collecting was done on Aster levis, which grew

rankly in large patches bearing profuse bloom.

My thanks are due to Professor EK. O. Wooton for the

determinations of the plants. Professor Wooton writes me

that his material of the Rhus mentioned in this paper agrees

more nearly with the descriptions of FR. glabra than with

anything else; but he adds that he had no authentically

named glabra material by him for comparison. Prof. J. D.

Tinsley, independently of Professor Wooton’s determinations,

also sent me the names of five of the plants, and considers

the Rhus to be R. glabra.

A portion of the Diptera treated in this paper was collected

by Professor Wooton in June and July, 1695, while on a

botanical trip on the Ruidoso and eastern slopes of White

Mountain. Not only was record kept on his trip of the

flowers on which the Diptera were obtained, but care was taken

to secure approximately by aneroid the elevations of the prin-

cipal places where collecting was done, which information is

very valuable. All material aside from the above was

collected by the writer in October 1895.

All elevations given with the word “ about” are estimates

made by the writer from points in the vicinity whose eleva-

tions are known. They have been carefully estimated, and

can be taken as very nearly correct.

140 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

Stratiomyida.

1. Microchrysa, sp.?

One female, Rio Ruidoso; on foliage, July 3 (Wooton).

About 6400 feet (this locality and elevation always mean

that Professor Wooton omitted to give elevation and exact

locality, which are taken to be just below Dowling’s Miil).

Length 6 millim.

Front nearly as wide aseyes. Aristaterminal. Abdomen

very flattened, narrowed at base, subquadrangular, wider

than thorax, rounded at each end, wholly shining green.

Thorax shining green with strong purple reflection.

Syrphida.

2. Pipiza occidentalis, sp. n.

One female, Rio Ruidoso ; on flowers of Rhus glabra, L.,

July 10. Four miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet

( Wooton).

Length 5 millim.

Differs from Williston’s description of P. pulchella only in

the following particulars :—Abdomen less than twice as long

as thorax. There is no “slender deep groove” before

margin of scutellum. Legs black; tips of all femora, bases

of anterior tibie, basal two joints of front and middle tarsi,

and tips of hind metatarsi with next tarsal joint yellowish or

reddish yellow. Hind metatarsi not more swollen than other

tarsal joints. ‘The apical cross-vein is subsinuate, being

abruptly straight at its base, but curved on its final portion ;

it forms a right angle with fourth vein. The auxiliary vein

terminates hardly beyond anterior cross-vein. Closely like

pulchella in all other points.

This species is very distinct from the two described by

Williston in the Biol. Centr.-Am., Dipt. iii. pp. 6-7.

Mr. W. A. Snow identifies (Kans. Univ. Quart. iii. p. 227)

three specimens of Pipiza from the Magdalena Mts., N. M.,

as P. pistica, Will. ‘The present species is distinct from

pistica in the pile of eyes being black (except, perhaps, that

on upper portions next front), and the hind metatarsi not

being thickened.

3. Baccha lemur, O. 8.

One female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill,

6600 feet, July 10. On flowers of sumac, Rhus glabra, L.

( Wooton).

Length 10 millim.

from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 141

Face of a yellowish-grey ground-colour, facial stripe deep

buff-yellow. Abdominal cross-bands reddish yellow. Legs

pale yellow ; tarsi brownish, hind femora and tibizw with a

pale brownish ring before tip.

4, Volucella Anna, Will.

One male, Rio Ruidoso, about 6400 feet, June 30. On

flowers of Philadelphus serpyllifolius *, Gray (Wooton).

The third joint of antenne is rather deeply excised on

front edge.

5. Volucella Comstocki, Will.

One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about

6000 feet (this locality and elevation, wherever given, mean

somewhere between the 5700 and 6200 feet elevations). On

flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20.

Length 9 millim.

6. Volucella Victoria, Will.

One female, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about

6000 feet. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata,

Oct. 20.

Length 10 millim.

Antenne are scarcely darker coloured than face and front.

Scutellum, instead of being ‘deep pitchy black,” as in

Williston’s description (Syn. p. 145), is wholly chestnut

above, as in V. Comstocki. All the veins of wings are faintly

bordered with yellowish. The marginal cell is closed, but

not petiolate.

7. Eristalis tricolor, Jaenn.

One female, Rio Bonito, Austen’s Ranch in the Bonito

Park, about 6400 feet. On flowers of Aster levis, L.,

Gee i'7,

This is the first record of this species being found in New

Mexico, and even in the United States. [ took it the same

year (1895) abundantly on the lower Rio Grande at Browns-

ville, Texas, as will appear in a paper soon to be published on

the Diptera of that region. The present specimen has the

black more widened out posteriorly on abdominal segments

* Prof. J. D. Tinsley identifies this species as Philadelphus macro-

phyllus. This determination has later been verified by Mr. Frederick

V. Coville, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture—C. H. T. T.

Ann. & Maa. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 11

142 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

than in Brownsville and Lower Californian specimens. It

is evidently the same species, although the more prevailing

black of posterior half of abdomen gives it a-slightly different

facies. It may, perhaps, represent a northern race of this

tropical species.

Note.—Mr. W. A. Snow, in his “ Sapplementary List of

North-American Syrphide” (Kans. Univ. Quart.), has

followed Giglio-Tos in considering £. tricolor, Jaeun., a

synonym of £. pusillus, Mcq. I fail to see anything in

Macquart’s description that would lead me to believe in this

synonymy.

8. Chrysochlamys cresus, O. 8.

One female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill,

6600 feet. On flowers of Rhus glabra, L., July 10 ( Wooton).

Length 9 miillim.

Legs wholly saturate reddish yellow, only the coxe fuscous.

9. Milesia bella, sp. n.

Two specimens (male and female), Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles

west of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet. On flowers of Rhus

glabra, L., July 10 (Wooton).

Length of male 15 millim., of female hardly 16 millim.

Differs from Williston’s description of M. ornata (Syn.

p- 255) as follows :—Male with triangular brown spot at base

of antenne above; female with posterior orbits more cine-

reous than yellow, though this character is doubtless more or

less variable. The anterior two yellow fascie of prothoracic

dorsum roughly forming a yellow transverse H-shaped

marking, cleft through the middle of the bar by a rather wide

black vitta; the suboval humeral spot helps to form this, but

does not coalesce with it, being separated by a narrow neck

of black from the rest of the half of the marking. of that side,

which is L-shaped on the right side and the reverse on the

left. Pleura, without yellow on anterior border from humeri

to base of anterior cox, black. Second abdominal segment

with a yellow cross-band interrupted in middle, anterior

border of each half running obliquely outward and forward,

hind border sinuate ; a transversely elongate yellowish spot

behind these on each side on posterior corner of segment.

Third and fourth segments in male with an anterior unin-

terrupted yellow cross-band, widened at ends; the third

segment with a posterior brownish-yellow band of same

width not widened at ends, this band on fourth segment being

twice as broad as on third. In female the yellow (anterior)

from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 145

band of third segment is narrowly interrupted. Pile of

abdomen yellow on the bright yellow markings, black on the

black and brownish-yellow markings. Legs yellow, the

front tibie and tarsi of both sexes black or brownish black

except extreme bases of tibie; the female with a tinge of

brownish on uppersides of all the femora and an elongate

brown spot on inside of hind tibie, the male with latter and

with extensive dark brown shading on uppersides of all

femora. Hind coxe in both sexes with a large yellow

pollinose spot on outside, and a linear transverse yellow

marking above this situated below and in front of the yellow

halteres. Wings nearly hyaline, faintly fuscous near tips,

faintly yellowish in basal half of submarginal cell and in base

of marginal cell, also somewhat along veins at base of wing.

This species is very distinct from Williston’s M. pulchra

from Guatemala.

Conopida.

10. Oncomyza, sp.

One female, Rio Ruidoso, 6600 feet. On flowers of

Erysimum asperum, DC., July 3 (Wooton).

It is impossible to say what species this is, as the antennz

are entirely wanting and only a hind femur and a middle

femur and tibia remain of the legs.

Length 4 millim.

It differs from Loew’s description of O. /orarza (not taking

into account the antenne or legs so far as they are wanting)

as follows:—Four black vitte on thorax, the outer ones

divided by suture so as to resemble two spots, the inner ones

more pollinose and less conspicuous. Abdomen soft black,

narrow hind margins of first to fourth segments cinereous

pollinose, the cinereous on fourth segment with a median line

running from it to front border of segment; fifth segment

very short, with narrower cinereous hind border ; sixth segment

wholly cinereous, except an oval median black space on

dorsum. Second to fourth segments each with a conspicuous

cinereous marking on side, that of second segment being

nearly round and situated on posterior corner, that of third

being elongate, nearly longitudinal, only very slightly oblique,

extending from anterior to posterior border, that of fourth

segment being elongate and strongly oblique, reaching from

front to hind border. There is also cinereous shading on

sides of first segment.

Li?

144 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

Tachinide.

11. Dejeania rutilioides, Jaenn.

Twenty-seven specimens (all females), Rio Tularosa, below

Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet. On flowers of -Bigelovia

graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20, except two taken Oct. 13.

The fact that they are all females and were taken so late in

the year is worthy of remark as bearing on the hibernating

habits of this and other Tachinide. The nights in the

mountains at this date had been cool and frosty for a week or

more, the days, however, being warm ; and these Tachinids,

usually so active, alert, and difficult to catch even with a net,

were all taken by simply sweeping with the hand alone, as

were also upwards of two hundred other large Tachinids of

various genera on this and other flowers. All the October

collecting mentioned in this paper was done in this way.

The cold nights had dulled the sense of alertness of these

flies to such an extent that with care they could be approached

to within a few feet before taking flight. As already stated,

the Bigelovia above mentioned grows rankly for miles along

the Tularosa creek, in many places attaining a height of

7 feet and sometimes more, and blooms profusely in October.

Its flowers were everywhere covered (Oct. 20) with hundreds

of large Tachinitls of such genera as Dejeania, Jurinia,

Saundersia, Echinomyia, &c., as may be judged from the

number collected in a few hours by the hand alone.

A word may be said as to the cause of such an abundance

of large Tachinids at this season in this locality. The seasons

are usually moderately wet in these mountains, but the season

of 1895, in October of which year this collecting was done,

had been an unusually wet one for New Mexico. As testi-

mony of this, Silver City and Socorro both sustained much

damage from cloudbursts in the summer of that year. The

wet season stimulated vegetable growth to an unusual degree,

and lepidopterous larves were abnormally abundant ; therefore

their ‘l'achinid parasites bred to an unusual extent. Hundreds

of these ‘l'achinids were seen that were not taken. In no

case were any seen in copulation.

The genus Dejeania is said by van der Wulp to have the

front tarsi enlarged in the female and the last tarsal joint of

male surrounded with long curved bristles. All the above

specimens of rutilioides have the front tarsi strongly widened ;

they also have last tarsal joint with curved bristles. Whether

the latter are longer and more pronounced in the male of this

species I cannot say, as I have no male specimens at hand,

but this is doubtless the case.

From the Sacramento and White Mountains. 145

12. Dejeania corpulenta, Wa.

Three males, Rio Ruidoso, 6400-6600 feet. On flowers of

Asclepias speciosa, Torr. (6400 feet), July 8; on flowers of

thus glabra, ., 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill (6600 feet),

July 10; and one on foliage (about 6400 feet), July 3

( Wooton).

One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about

6000 feet. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata,

Oct. 20.

13. Dejeania hystricosa, Will.

Thirty-five specimens, apparently all females. Twenty-

nine taken on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata,

Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20,

except two taken Oct. 13. Six taken on flowers of Senecio

Douglasii, DC., Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about

500 feet, Oct. 15.

Length 103-184 millim.

This species has the facies of a Saundersia, but is distin-

guished at once from that genus by its well-developed palpi.

14. Saundersia maculata, Will.

One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about

6000 feet, Oct. 20. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var.

glabrata.

Length 13 millim.

The spot of fourth abdominal segment is white, sharply

three-toothed posteriorly, and indented on each side anteriorly.

15. Jurinia algens, Wd.

One female, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about

6000 feet, Oct. 20. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var.

glabrata.

16. Jurinia apicifera, Walk.

Seven male and two female specimens. Five males on

flowers of Aster levis, L., Rio Bonito, at Austen’s Ranch,

about 6400 feet, Oct. 17. ‘Two males and one female on

flowers of Senecio Douglasit, DC., and one female on flowers

of Aster levis, L., Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about

6500 feet, Oct. 15.

The silvery cinereous sheen of anal segment is obscure in

all, and hardly perceptible in some. The foot-claws of male

146 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend on Diptera

are not so long as in Brownsville specimens, and are often

reddish or yellowish at base.

17. Jurinia hystrix, Fabr.

Seventeen specimens, all females. Rio Tularosa, below

Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, one taken Oct. 13 and the

others Oct. 20. On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var.

glabrata.

Length 12-15 millim.

These come nearest to Williston’s form ¢ (Trans. Am. Ent.

Soe. xiii. p. 299). Front tarsal joints are not dilated, palpi

yellow, third antennal joint about same length as second.

About six or eight strong spines in row in middle of hind

border of second abdominal segment, and two at each side on

hind border, but no continuous row on hind border of second

segment. A continuous row of strong spines on hind border

of third segment. All with two orbital bristles.

This species may be known by the yellow pile of occiput,

the black or brown bases of wings, and the faintly but per-

ceptibly clouded anterior cross-vein. The anterior portion of

thoracic dorsum is yellowish dusted, the abdomen is chestnut,

head and body stout, front wide, posterior half of abdomen

strongly spinose.

18. Jurinia lateralis, Macq.

One female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s Mill,

6600 feet. On flowers of Khus glabra, L., July 10 ( Wooton).

One male, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet.

On flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata, Oct. 20.

19. Echinomyia tterans, Walk.

Sixty-two specimens, of which only four are males, as

follows :—twenty-eight females and two males, Rio Tularosa,

below Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20, on flowers of

Bigelovia graveolens, var. glabrata ; one female, same locality

and flowers, Oct. 13; eight females, Rio Bonito, Austen’s

Ranch, about 6400 feet, Oct. 17, on flowers of Aster levis, L.;

twenty females and two males, Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s

Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15, on flowers of Senecio Douglasii,

DC. ; and one female, same locality and flowers, Oct. 16.

Front tarsi of female are not widened in this species,

Palpi are filiform, as in E. Thomsoni. Sides of face with

two strong bristles near orbits. Antenne black. Proboscis

somewhat elongate and slender. Sometimes abnormal speci-

from the Sacramento and White Mountains. 147

mens occur, showing three or even four strong bristles on

sides of face near orbits. One female has three on one side

and four on the other, the latter making a continuous row

with the descending frontal bristles; another female shows

only one bristle on one side and two on the other, while still

another female shows but one on each side. The third an-

tennal joint in male is usually more widened apically, some-

times very strongly so. In one female the third antennal

joint is pale reddish, with rest of antenne black.

Also one female, White Mountain, 9500 feet, July 6

(Wooton). In this specimen the second antennal joint is

more reddish than black.

20. Hehinomyia Thomsont, Will.

One hundred and six specimens, as follows :—Sixty-five

(eleven males and fifty-four females), Rio Tularosa, below

Blazer’s Mill, about 6000 feet, Oct. 20, except five of the

females taken Oct. 13, on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var.

glabrata; twenty-one (twelve males and nine females), Rio

Bonito, Austen’s Ranch, about 6400 feet, Oct. 17, on flowers

of Aster levis, L.; twenty (seven males and thirteen females),

Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15,

on flowers of Senecio Douglasit, DC.

These specimens vary in length from 8 to nearly 14

millim.

The female has two rows of orbital bristles on each side of

the front, beside the row of frontal bristles along the vitta,

while the male normally has only one row. But males occur

having some extra orbital bristles, showing an approach to

the two rows of the female. The claws and pulvilli in some

males are much shorter also than in others. ‘These secondary

sexual characters in the male depend largely for constancy on

the size and robustness of the specimens. I believe that all

the above-mentioned specimens belong to this one species, as

they otherwise agree well except for size. In occasional

specimens the black of abdomen is somewhat more pronounced,

while in others the red shows more conspicuously ; but these

are merely slight colour-variations, and are, moreover, quite

rare. In some specimens the front is golden, while in others

it is silvery pollinose. It may also be mentioned that the

front tarsi are a little widened in the female.

There is a very great difference in size between the most

robust specimens and the smallest ones. All the specimens

examined, selected from the two extremes in size, show no

median macrochete on first abdominal segment, two median

148 Diptera from the Sacramento and White Mountains.

on hind margin of second, acontinuous row on hind margin

of third, and two rows on fourth.

Also two females and one male, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west

of Dowling’s Mill, 6600 feet, July 10, on flowers of Rhus

glabra, L. (Wooton). One of the females is considerably

stouter than usual, and the male has the abdomen somewhat

different in appearance; but it is due, I think, to the silvery

pollen being rubbed and obscured.

21. Echinomyia Victoria, sp. n.

Echinomyia, sp. n. ?, Towns. no. 60, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe, xxii. p, 72.

I propose the name . Victoria for this species, as it does

not seem to be named.

Nine females, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about

6000 feet, Oct. 20, on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens, var.

glabrata; and a smaller female, Rio Ruidoso, above Dow-

ling’s Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15, on flowers of Senecio

Douglasii, DC.

Front tarsi wide in both sexes; palpi not slender filiform,

but thickened and much shorter; sides of face without the

pair of bristles near orbits; second antennal joint reddish

yellow; proboscis shorter and stouter. Otherwise this

species agrees with F. dterans, except that thorax is less

brassy, and the abdomen has median line of black spots

usually well pronounced, sometimes widened behind on last

two segments. ‘The species is on the average more robust.

It differs chiefly from /. dakotensis, 'Towns., by the prevailing

reddish-yellow colour of abdomen, dakotensis having much

more black on abdominal segments.

Also one male, Rio Ruidoso, 8500 feet, July 6 (Wooton).

22. Echinomyia neglecta, sp. n.

a iii sp. aff. Thomsoni, Will., and tterans, Walk., of Towns.

MO.

This species I have known for some time, and as it seems

to be also without a name, I propose to call it 2. neglecta.

Three females, Rio Tularosa, below Blazer’s Mill, about

6000 feet, Oct. 20, on flowers of Bigelovia graveolens var

glabrata. ‘Three females, Rio Ruidoso, above Dowling’s

Mill, about 6500 feet, Oct. 15, on flowers of Senecio

Douglasii, DC.

This species differs from T’homsoni by the antenne bein

wholly deep black instead of second joint reddish yellow; ra

abdomen (except imperfect median stripe) being brighter red,

On the Air-Spaces in Flying Animals. 149

with the silvery sheen much less noticeable; and in the

thoracic dorsum being less brassy pollinose. It is an inter-

mediate form between Yhomsoni and iterans; from ¢terans

it differs in the front tarsi of female being widened, abdomen

more deeply tinged with red, and dorsum of thorax less

brassy pollinose. Palpi are slender, filiform, as in both

iterans and Thomsont.

Three of the above specimens have three bristles on sides

of face near orbits, instead of only two.

Also one female, Rio Ruidoso, 4 miles west of Dowling’s

Mill, 6600 feet, July 10, on flowers of sumac, Rhus glabra, L.

(Wooton).

23. Echinomyia, sp.

Two specimens (male and female) of a blackish species,

with a stigma-like spot on wings. Taken by Prof. Wooton

on White Mountain, 9000 feet, July 3, on flowers of Helentum

Hoopesti, Gray.

XIV.—The Physiological Importance of the Air-Spaces in

Flying Animals. By R. von LENDENFELD *.

It is well known that in the bodies of the majority of insects

and birds large spaces filled with air are met with which

appear morphologically as local expansions, relatively as

appendages of the respiratory organs. They are developed

in very different ways in the different species, and are not

present in all insects. In general it may be said that in

animals capable of strong and sustained flight they are highly

developed and spacious, that in bad fliers they attain a lower

degree of development or (as in some insects) do not occur at

all, and that in all non-flying insects they are entirely

wanting. It is thus rendered probable that they are in some

way directly or indirectly connected with the flying motion,

and are to be regarded physiologically as organs subservient

to flight. Further, from the very considerable size of these

organs, especially in Hymenoptera and many birds, a con-

clusion may be drawn as to the great importance which they

must possess.

With reference to these air-spaces three suppositions are

possible :—(1) they are exclusively accessory respiratory

* Translated by E. E. Austen from the ‘ Biologisches Centralblatt,’

xvi. Bd., No. 21 (November 1, 1896), pp. 774-778.

150 Prof. R. von Lendenfeld on the Physiological

organs or an auxiliary breathing-apparatus; (2) they are

exclusively mechanical locomotor organs (structures for the

maintenance of equilibrium and the regulation of specific

gravity) ; (3) they perform both of these functions.

We might well suppose that good and powerful fliers, just

as they have a relatively heavier heart than other birds

(Parrot), also need especially efficient respiratory organs, and

that accordingly their air-sacs are breathing-organs. The

air-sacs themselves, however, cannot be respiratory organs, on

the one hand since they exhibit no arrangements whatever

for increasing their surface (folds, cells, or similar develop-

ments), and on the other hand because (in birds) the membrane

which bounds them is in general poorly supplied with blood-

vessels (Drosier and other authors). It is only on the inner

surface of pneumatic bones that we find capillaries in greater

abundance, and here, moreover, the excretion of carbonic acid

has been demonstrated experimentally (Baer). Nevertheless

the respiration in this case cannot be anything considerable,

since in these rigid ceeca-like chambers the air must be in a

state of almost complete stagnation. But although oxidation

of the blood takes place only to an altogether inconsiderable

extent in the walls of the air-sacs, these structures might

still as a motor-apparatus, as bellows, play an important part

in respiration; they might have to provide for the active

ventilation of the parts which actually oxidize the blood. It

was formerly supposed that the intra- and extra-thoracic air-

sacs of birds contracted alternately, and that by this means

the air was forced to and fro through the lungs (Sappey).

The results of later investigations, however, obtained by the

aid of the graphic method, and as to the correctness of which

no doubt whatever can exist, have shown that the air-pressure

in all air-sacs rises and falls simultaneously. ‘There is con-

sequently no current of air from air-sac to air-sac, but only

a current passing to and fro between the mouth and the air-

sacs. Now although the air-sacs communicate directly with

the bronchi through wide open tubes, nevertheless a great

part of the air that streams to and fro between the mouth and

the air-sacs, especially in expiration, is said to pass through

the fine canals of the lungs and to renew continually the air

in the pulmonary alveoli (Baer). To this, however, it must

be objected that the anatomical conditions do not support the

justice of this assumption. If this were the sole or the most

essential function of the air-sacs, we should, at any rate,

expect to meet with arrangements which would cause the

whole of the air in the air-sacs, or, at least, the greater portion

of it, to pass through the actual respiratory part of the

Importance of the Air-Spaces in Flying Animals. 151

breathing-apparatus. There are no such arrangements,

however. In insects, by means of wide sections of tracheal

tubes, the great air-vesicles are in direct, immediate, and free

communication with the stigmata, so that the air which

enters them from without and that which is given off from

them to the exterior cannot pass through the respiratory

terminal branches of the ramifying tracheal trunk. In birds

the cephalic air-sacs, as well as some of the subcutaneous

ones in certain species, are connected with the nasal cavity ;

consequently the currents of air passing to and fro between

these sacs and the exterior cannot enter into the lungs at all.

The air-sacs of the body and limbs communicate with the

bronchi, with which they are openly connected by means of

wide canals. It is true that from the walls of these spacious

tubes, which traverse the lungs, there arise narrow ducts

which lead into the actual lung-parenchyma; but in spite of

this the greater part of the air, which passes to and fro

between the exterior and these sacs, will take its course

through those wide tubes, and it is only quite insignificant

driblets from the air-stream that will pass through the paren-

chyma of the lungs.

The cephalic air-sacs and the subcutaneous air-sacs

belonging thereto in birds, as well as the majority of the air-

sacs in insects, consequently do not contribute at all, while

the remaining air-sacs contribute only in a very slight degree,

by no means in proportion to their size, to the ventilation of

the parts of the body which absorb oxygen and excrete

carbonic acid. As an accessory respiratory apparatus they

can therefore at best function only incidentally: their chief

function must be a different one.

We thus arrive at the second and third of the alternatives

stated above: we have to ask in what manner the air-sacs

can mechanically support the faculty of flight. In any case

they reduce the specific gravity of the body very considerably,

and I presume that this might increase the power of flight,

and especially facilitate materially the maintenance of equili-

brium in the air, although the enlargement of the body

connected therewith would considerably increase the resist-

ance of the air, particularly in rapid flight, and so under

certain circumstances would also bring disadvantages in its

train.

Since the air contained in the pneumatic spaces in warm-

blooded birds has a higher temperature than the outer air, the

air-sacs in them certainly have a direct lifting effect—they

operate as balloons—but this is so inconsiderable that prac-

tically it cannot come into account at all.

152 Prof. R. von Lendenfeld on the Phystological

Apart from those air-cavities that (in birds) extend in the

bones, and the object of which—the reduction of the weight

of the bones without impairing their strength—is distinctly

evident, all air-chambers are readily contractile and dilatable.

The spiral thread of chitin that stiffens the trachea in insects

is absent from the walls of their larger air-chambers, and in

birds the walls of the air-sacs of the body are very delicate

and soft membranes.

It appears certain that flying animals have the power, by

means of voluntary contraction of the body-muscles, to alter

very rapidly the degree of fullness of these air-chambers (of

course with the exception of those that are situated in the

bones), and that thus they are enabled to displace their own

centre of gravity, and to change the specific gravity as well as

the size of their parts. But we now have to ask how changes

of this kind can be of so great an advantage to flight as to

explain the extraordinarily high degree of the development

of these cavities in good fliers.

In insects the air-chambers have manifold connexions one

with another by means of various tracheal tubes ; in birds an

intercommunication between them does not appear to exist.

The most spacious air-bladders, in birds as well as in insects,

are met with for the most part in the abdomen. In certain

cases (in dragonflies and the condor) the air-chambers of the

head are also very large.

In the case of insects it might be supposed that by means

of a sudden discharge of considerable quantities of air from

the stigmata of one side, or from only one particular stigma,

a rebound might be produced which would entail a detinite

and advantageous lateral or turning movement of the body.

A process such as this would be materially facilitated by the

connexion of the air-chambers of the two symmetrical halves

of the body. In the case of birds, however, an explanation

of this kind is naturally impossible. ;

Since those birds that for the most part soar—that is,

without strokes of their wings move, maintain themselves

aloft, and even ascend—possess quite peculiarly well-developed

air-chambers (I would remind the reader only of the pelican

and certain large Raptores), it is natural to suppose that it is

precisely in soaring that these structures come most into play.

Since soaring requires only slight muscular labour, increasing

the intensity of breathing but little, their high degree of

development in birds which soar is an argument against the

assumption that the air-sacs are nothing more than accessory

respiratory organs.

In order to be able to give a decision as to their mechanical

Importance of the Air-Spaces in Flying Animals. 153

function in the act of soaring we must first seek to determine

how soaring birds perform this remarkable movement. It is

certain that soaring and circling depend on overcoming the

force of gravity by the aid and employment of the force

inherent in the wind. Now the way in which this is turned

to account appears to a certain extent doubtful. In the event

of the speed of the wind increasing sufficiently quickly with

increasing altitude the bird is able, by using the increment of

the force of the wind, to mount in circles without a stroke of

its wings (Lord Rayleigh). The wind is also said to be very

irregular, to blow at any given point with quickly changing

strength and, to a slight extent, with quickly changing

direction. By utilizing the differences in the force and

direction of the wind the bird can likewise keep itself poised

and also ascend without flapping its wings (Langley). Lastly,

the bird is able by circling, precisely like a rapidly rotating

top, to acquire a certain inherent stability, which, operating

like the string of a kite, renders it capable, when the current

of air is continuous and perfectly equable in force, of soaring

and ascending like a kite (Lendenfeld).

Be this as it may, soaring at any rate depends upon an admir-

able utilization of the force of the wind, which is only attained

by the bird always setting its expanse of sail, the whole

underside of its body (Miillenhoff), precisely in the proper

angle with the horizontal plane and with the direction of the

wind. This process must be very difficult—indeed, it is

hardly possible to imagine how a free-soaring bird, which

presents a large surface of sail to the wind, in the midst of

violent currents of air and in a constantly changing position,

without any fixed point of attachment, can maintain its

equilibrium, and can regulate efficiently, with ease and pre-

cision, the inclination of the surface of sail which it forms.

Since the bird soars free, the position of the surface of sail

can really be attained only by changes in the position of the

centre of gravity with reference to the expanse of sail, as

well as by alterations of the parts that feel the resistance of

the air. But changes of this kind in the position of the

centre of gravity and alterations of the resisting surfaces can

be brought about by alterations in the degree of fullness of

the various air-sacs, since by their inflation parts of the body

are enlarged and forced away from the centre. It is true

that these changes are small, but even small changes of this

sort will be enough to produce a considerable and sufficient

result.

Although this action of the air-sacs is most distinctly

marked in soaring, it will nevertheless also come into opera-

154 On a new Snake from Sierra Leone.

tion in ordinary flight with strokes of the wings, in which,

indeed, the kite-like action of the spread of sail always comes

jointly into play to a greater or less degree.

Granted, therefore, that the air-sacs to a certain extent

assist respiratory activity, that is, in the case of birds, their

main object will still be a mechanical one—the reduction of

the specific gravity of the whole animal and the regulation

of the specific gravity and the size of its parts, as well as of

the position of the centre of gravity.

XV.—Description of a new Snake from Sierra Leone.

By G. A. BouLenGer, F.R.S.

Aparallactus niger.

Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral

margin. Rostral much broader than deep, the portion visible

from above one third as long as its distance from the frontal ;

internasals slightly broader than long, widely separated from

the preocular ; a single prefrontal, forming sutures with the

nasal and preocular ; frontal nearly once and a half as long

as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,

much shorter than the parietals; nasal semidivided, in con-

tact with the preocular ; two postoculars ; a single temporal ;

seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth

and sixth in contact with the parietal; first lower labial in

contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; anterior chin-

shields longer than the posterior, in contact with four lower

labials. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 164; anal entire ;

subcaudals 60. Uniform black above; ventrals white, edged

with black; subcaudals black in the middle and on the

posterior and outer borders.

Total length 335 millim.; tail 80.

A single male specimen in a small collection made by

Mr. W. G. Clements in Sierra Leone.

The same collection contained a specimen (head and neck

only) of Nata Guenther, Blgr., the habitat of which was

still unknown.

Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle. 155

XVI.— Description of a new Fish from Lake Nyassa.

By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S.

Chromis auratus.

23 teeth on each side of the outer series of the upper jaw.

Depth of body 33 in total length, length of head 34 times.

Profile of snout curved ; eye equally distant from the end of

the snout and the gill-opening, its diameter 4 times in length

of head and but slightly greater than interorbital width ;

maxillary not extending to below anterior border of eye;

three series of scales on the cheek below the eye; opercle and

interorbital region scaled ; preeopercular limbs forming a right

angle. Gill-rakers very short, 8 on lower part of anterior

arch. Dorsal XIX 6; spines subequal in length from the

fourth, which is 3 length of head. Pectoral pointed, ? length

of head ; ventral as long as pectoral, reaching vent. Anal

111 6; third spine longest, stronger and a little longer than

dorsals. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle a little longer

than deep. Scales 34 3, finely denticulate below the lateral

line; lat. 1.4. Bright golden yellow, with three black stripes,

one along the side of the body from the eye to the base of the

caudal, a second above the upper lateral line from the occiput

to the caudal peduncle, and a third along the dorsal fin; two

curved black bands across the snout from eye to eye; a few

black spots on the upper part of the caudal fin.

Total length 75 millim.

A single specimen from Monkey Bay, W. Nyassa; pre-

sented to the British Museum by G. H. Pigott, Esq.

XVII.—On Movement in a Circle as the Fundamental Form

of Movement in Animals: its Cause, Manifestation, and

Significance. By F. O. GULDBERG*.

[A Lecture t delivered before the Biological Society of Christiania,

March 30, 1896.]

THE majority of those who are accustomed to walk in the

fields and woods with open eyes for the observation of animal

* Translated by E. E. Austen from the ‘Biologisches Centralblatt,’

xvi. Bd., No. 21 (November 1, 1896), pp. 779-783.

+ This lecture is a brief preliminary communication on the subject of

an investigation which, so long ago as the spring of the year 1888, the

156 ~—s— Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle

life have surely been struck by the readiness with which

animals belonging to the same family or community find each

other again, after having separated voluntarily or under

compulsion. Indeed, even newly hatched or new-born young,

which one surely cannot easily suspect of having a fully

developed memory for places or any acquaintance with the

locality, and as to which it is quite impossibie to imagine

that they are already in possession of the full use of their

senses, nevertheless again discover, apparently with the

greatest ease, their parents, brothers and sisters, or com-

panions, even when they have been separated from them for

so long a time or by so great a distance that their sensory

powers are inadequate to bring them into direct communica-

tion one with another.

For life in a state of nature has furnished us with a series

of observations, showing that the higher animals, at all events

under circumstances in which their senses do not act normally

or perfectly, or when they are prevented from bringing them-

selves into communication one with another by aid of their

senses, seek and find each other again in such a manner that

they return to the spot where they were separated or where

their senses corresponded for the last time. This ordinary

and necessary returning of animals to the spot where they

were separated must, as I shall show, be of a double nature,

namely both instinctive as well as physiological, since

meeting takes place by two different methods, either in con-

sequence of the animals by aid of their senses seeking and

finding their way back to the spot where they separated,

or by their making without the aid of their senses a circular

movement, which necessarily also leads them back to the

place of separation. Now, in order to come to a clear under-

standing as to the nature of this circular movement, as to

what must be the basis or cause of the instinctive pheno-

menon in question, | have instituted, in conjunction with my

fellow-worker Prof. G. A. Guldberg, a series of physiological

experiments whereby, by depriving the subjects of the experi-

ments of their senses, we have succeeded in compelling them

to make a circular movement of this kind. This movement

in a circle is certainly to be regarded as having a physiolo-

gical origin, and as the immediate cause we assume a fune-

author proposed in a less complete form to his brother, Prof. G. A. Guld-

berg, who subsequently became a fellow-worker, especially as regards the

morphological and physiological portion of the study. With reference

to the actual evidence which has been collected, this will be laid before

the scientific world in detail at an early period, so soon as time and oppor-

tunity permit.

as the Fundamental Form of Movement. 157

tional asymmetry in the animal. It must here, however, be

stated distinctly that this circular movement is not to be

confused with the manége-movement known in physiology in

the case of brain-lesion; for aseries of morphological inves-

tigations undertaken by Prof. G. A. Guldberg renders it in

the highest degree probable that the actual cause of this

“ senseless’? circular movement is to be sought in the asym-

metrical structure of the organs of locomotion, as to which a

short communication will be found in the next number of this

periodical (Biol. Centralbl.).

This circular movement also appears in the life of animals

in the natural state so soon as the impressions derived from

the senses are unable to exercise a guiding influence.

For a series of movements in circles which, so far as they

were known, stood out as inexplicable riddles, must be

regarded as results of the physiological action of circular

motion upon natural motion guided by imperfect cerebral

activity and failing senses, The forms of movement thereby

produced, which become more or less regular circles, and are

in part well-known phenomena in the case of higher animals

and human beings, I have termed provisionally biological

circles or circular wanderings.

In spite of the fact that in this connexion there is reason

to suppose that similar phenomena in the life of insects can

or must be explained in the same way as in Vertebrates,

owing to the want of physiological experiments I can do

nothing more here than merely to allude to this circum-

stance. In the case of higher animals, especially birds and

mammals, on the contrary, the phenomena that have been

observed are so numerous and the physiological experiments

so far advanced that I now consider myself justified in pro-

pounding the theory as to the reality and signification of

circular motion.

By questioning divers, who nowadays use electric lamps at

the bottom of the sea, and lighthouse-keepers on the coast of

Norway, I have obtained statements to the effect that in the

places where these men work a variety of phenomena are

always observed that are traceable in the same way—namely,

circles described by fishes swimming in the light of the

electric lamps and similar circular flights on the part of birds

in front of the lighthouse (not round it). The easiest and

most natural explanation that can be given of these move-

ments is that they are ‘“ biological circles,” which arise from

the fact that the animal is blinded by the light, from which

it seeks to get away by swimming or using its wings; since,

however, it cannot find anything else to show it the way,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 12

158 Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle

while the guiding sense is blinded, movement passes into the

physiological circular direction, and it returns to the light.

The constant repetition of these circles, until the birds often

drop exhausted near the lighthouse, as well as the apparently

disturbed state of mind of the animals when they are flying

and swimming round and round, in our opinion also support

such an explanation of this phenomenon. Mention may also

be made of the circling flight of the willow-grouse and

capercatlzie, well known to the Scandinavian peasant-gunners

who lie in wait for these birds, in which the instinct of locality

alluded to above seems to appear, just as a similar instinct

seems to prevail in beasts of prey during the pursuit of game.

But the best illustrative evidence in favour of these biological

circles is furnished by mammals, which more frequently come

into contact with man either as domestic animals or as objects

of the chase.—The lecturer here produced in explanation of

his statement a series of graphic charts, which were sent to

him by the foremost sportsmen in the country (Norway) ;

these charts show that the course taken by hunted animals

(hares and foxes) when pursued by the hounds exhibits over

and over again the curve of a biological circle. This applies

especially to hares, for the circles, or “ Turen,” as Norwegian

sportsmen call them, described by these animals can often be

distinctly followed from one end to the other, since it is only

paths, high roads, the animal’s own track, defiles, and insur-

mountable natural obstacles, or sudden interruptions due to a

rencontre with hunter or hound, that produce changes in, or a

cessation of, the biological circular course.

From these charts of circular runs it is also to be seen how

the same individual always describes the biological circle

towards the same side, whence it appears that the individual

in travelling along is bound to go to the right or the left.

With reference to mankind the phenomenon may be re-

garded as being so well known that one need only mention

the familiar accounts in literature and the stories with which

people are acquainted in order to make the comprehension of

the subject thoroughly real. There are also a multitude of

statements as to rowing in a circle in a fog at sea, and in

both cases, in wandering as well as in rowing in a circle, the

phenomenon has had such a disturbing effect upon the con-

dition of the senses, that the individual in some instances did

not even trust the compass, and in others, as has been the

case with superstitious folk, actually thought himself in the

hands of a higher power. Of this, indeed, there is proof

enough in tales and stories from popular life.

The effects of circular movement also make themselves

as the Fundamental Form of Movement. 159

felt in military marches with an extended front, since it is

only by accurate aiming and never losing the object while

marching that the guide is enabled to keep the direction.

The lecturer then proceeded to show what is the importance

of this peculiar form of animal motion for the creatures that

possess it. He found in the fact that all animals are firmly

fettered to definite natural conditions and are pretty helpless

when they overstep definite limits or when they become

separated from their parents or their home—especially in the

earliest period of their existence, before they have learnt to

use their senses and faculties—a decided proof that this

circular movement, which, with irresistible force, brings each

being that is under its control back to the place that possesses

the conditions necessary for the preservation of life and for its

prosperity, must also be of fundamental importance for the

maintenance of life and the development of the individuals

affected. It is thus seen that this form of movement is

universally distributed—it is one of the general laws.

Imagination and superstition have eagerly seized upon

this mysterious force in natural life, and have created therefrom

a supernatural power. ‘To expound this in greater detail lies

beyond the scope of the present study; nevertheless it may

be pointed out that Norwegian country-folk in general are

wont to term this travelling in a circle “at triide paa

Vildstraa,” approaching on a false scent, that is, going astray,

though in reality the intention of nature, if one may so

express oneself, is exactly the opposite. In the realm of

nature this phenomenon is a precaution in order that the

living animal shall never go astray, but always be able

again to find the spot that possesses the conditions necessary

for the maintenance of life and for further development, the

localities and surroundings that afford protection and food,

before ever the offspring have learnt to use their senses and

faculties—the native place to which all animals in the struggle

for existence must so often return, be it the udder of the cow,

the warmth-giving wings and the guiding experience of the

hen, or the sheltering tree or bush chosen by maternal

instinct. In accounts showing how very liable young animals

are to perish when they are separated by the hand of man

from this connexion with home and parents, we may also see

the operation of the law, since under such circumstances its

effects are just as destructive as under natural conditions they

are the means of salvation. It is simply the opposite result

carried to the same length.

The effect of this circular movement in the psychical life

of animals may also be regarded as full of signiticance, since,

| Os

160 Prof. F. O. Guldberg on Movement in a Circle.

in spite of the innumerable false steps into which the animal

may be betrayed by unpractised senses and inexperienced

brain, it always brings it back to the right spot and to the

proper conditions. To formulate my interpretation of this

fact, I would say that nature’s educational skill would be

unintelligible without the law of circular movement.

Moreover, it is also necessary to point out that the same

law appears to be the foundation of the instinct of locality in

the higher animal world—that is, the already mentioned im-

pulse to return to the spot where the animal lost its followers,

and, in connexion therewith, the capacity for easily finding

ifs companions again.

How far the importance and breadth of this instinct ex-

tends, it is certainly as yet impossible to say ; whether it will

ever be possible I know not; it may, however, be assumed

that the fundamental forms of movement mentioned and the

instinct founded thereon are closely connected with the “ law

of love of home” or the instinct of locality, to which the

great annual migrations of animals are to be referred. And

it 1 may be allowed to cast a glance beyond the limits of this

paper, while presupposing that the law of physiological

circular movement is recognized by the scientific world, I

must first refer to the circumstance that circular movement

will be a very serviceable instrument in investigations as to

the functional breadth and signification of the senses in the

different animals and animal groups.

Furthermore, in alluding to observations upon lower

animals attention must also be directed to the probability

that in the lowest classes the physiological circular movement

is perhaps the sole form of movement that the organism

possesses besides the mechanical action and the physiological

reaction. In the case of such a manifestation, physiological

circular movement, when its reality and extent shall be

sufficiently investigated and understood, may perhaps prove

to be of greater biological importance and open up a wider

field for study than we at present anticipate. In any case, it

will probably be found that even now we may with some

show of justice regard the circular movement alluded to as a

fundamental form of movement in animals, which we must

never omit to take into joint consideration in studying the

phases in the development of animal life, no matter whether

we are dealing with the biology of individual species or with

the psychical genealogy of a larger animal group. .

On the Tsu-shima Representative of the Japanese Sable. 161

XVIII.—On the Tsu-shima Representative of the Japanese

Sable. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

THE late Mr. P. A. Holst, while collecting birds for Mr. Henry

Seebohm in the far East, obtained and sent home five speci-

mens of the Marten which inhabits the islands known as

Tsu-shima, between Corea and Japan. These specimens are

clearly related to the Japanese Sable (Mustela melampus),

but differ so much in the details of their coloration as to

demand subspecific separation. ‘Two of the specimens are in

summer pelage and three in winter, and, for comparison with

them, there are in the British Museum one summer and four

winter examples of the Japanese form. The summer and

one of the winter specimens are co-types of Temminck’s

species, while the former is, in addition, the type of I. yapon-

tcus of Gray, who, in spite of ‘Temminck’s definite account of

the seasonal changes, considered the brown summer form as

characterizing a different species, and re-named it accordingly.

Mustela melampus tsuensis, subsp. n.

Similar to the typical form in size, quality of fur, and in

cranial and dental characters, but distinguished by the following

colour-characters :—

In winter pelage——General colour above dirty yellowish

brown instead of rich orange-yellow. Top of head to nape,

instead of only to forehead, ashy greyish white. Muzzle, up

to and including the orbital region, and lips (both upper and

lower) black ; interramia * brown; throat white, in continua-

tion with the white of the cheeks and crown, passing on the

chest and belly into dark brownish yellow. Fore limbs

black from the elbow downwards; hind limbs black on the

feet, brown below the knee.

In this pelage the most marked distinctions from typicus

are the black instead of brown muzzle and lips, the brown

instead of white interramia, and white instead of yellowish

throat, besides the difference in general tone and greater ex-

tension backwards of the ashy colour of the crown.

* Interramia.—The space between the rami of the lower jaw, behind

the “chin” but anterior to the “ throat.” Indescribing mammals a name

is constantly being wanted for this region ; but I have been quite unable

to discover whether there is already one in existence, and therefore now

suggest one. I have personally felt the want of such a word again and

again, especially when describing antelopes, in which the interramia is

particularly distinct from either chin or throat.

162 Mr. O. Thomas on a

In summer pelage.—General colour singularly like that of

a dark-coloured pole-cat (Putorius putorius), much darker

than in the typical form. All the parts that are brown in

typicus are black in tswensis, while the whole of the limbs,

and not only their distal portions, are black. Below, the lips

and interramia are black, the light mottling of the throat is

less in extent but much brighter in colour, orange-yellow or

orange, and the belly is much darker brown. Some of these

differences may be due to the faded state of the only summer

typicus available, and therefore less stress is to be laid on

them than on those in the winter pelage. On this account

the type selected is a winter example.

Approximate dimensions of the type, from a skin (¢ ):—

Head and body 470 millim.; tail 160; hind foot 85.

Skull: basal length 78; greatest length 88; greatest

breadth 54; interorbital breadth 23; palate length from

gnathion 41; palate breadth between outer corners of 2-4 30.

Hab, Tsu-shima Islands, :

Type: B.M. 91. 10. 14. 3, collected at Kamoze, April 17,

1891, by Mr. P. A. Holst.

XIX.— On a new Gazelle from Central Arabia.

By OLpDFIELD THOMAS.

SurGEON Lieut.-CoLonet A. 8. G. JAYAKAR, of Muscat, to

whom our knowledge of the fauna of South-eastern Arabia is

largely due, has recently sent to the British Museum a further

consignment of mammals, collected within the last two years.

Besides the Oman specimens, all of which belong to species

recorded in my paper on the mammals of that district *, there

are several skins of a Gazelle received by Dr. Jayakar from

Nejd, in the interior of Arabia, and these prove to represent

a most distinct form from any previously known.

It may be called

Gazella marica, sp. 0.

Size about as in G. dorcas. Colour of head very much as

in G. leptoceros and Loderi—that is to say, with the usual

gazelline face-markings almost obsolete. The central and

lateral dark bands of the face are of about the general body-

colour, and very slightly defined from the paler bands between

them. In the middle line the central dark band, such as it

* P. Z. S. 1894, p. 448,

new Gazelle from Central Arabia. 163

is, barely reaches to the level of the anterior canthus, the

whole forehead, over an area roughly corresponding to the

frontal bones, being white. Lars long, their backs uniformly

pale fawnish white. Body pale fawn, of about the tint of

G. dorcas, much paler than in the dark G. muscatensis.

Pale lateral band scarcely visible; dark lateral band and

pygal band pale brown, little marked, scarcely darker than

the dorsal colour. Limbs whitish or very pale fawn through-

out ; distinct knee-tufts present.

Skull of about the size and proportions of that of G. dorcas,

but the nasals are longer and the premaxille shorter; the

nasal opening is consequently shorter and also broader.

Posteriorly the nasals are more broadly rounded, Bulle

much inflated.

Horns unfortunately not perfectly describable, as in the

only oid male they have had their ends cut off, and the type

is rather immature. So far as can be seen, however, they

are of a somewhat lyrate shape, short, not very strongly

curved backwards, and with their ends turned inwards towards

each other. Female with horns of the usual proportions.

As to measurements, the distance from the calcaneum to

the tip of the hoof round the curve is 305 millim., the same

measurement in G. muscatensts being about an inch less,

The ears, moistened, are about 135 millim. from notch to tip.

Skull of the type: basal length 150 millim.; greatest

length 167; greatest breadth 77; nasals, length 57, breadth

22; nasal opening 42 x 24; gnathion to orbit 88; gnathion

to front of tooth-row 36; palate length 86.

The horns of the type are just 200 millim. (8 inches) in

length round the curve outside, and, judging from comparison

with the older specimen, would have probably become about

a couple of inches longer.

Hab. Nejd, Central Arabia.

Fype Brit. Mus. 97. 1. 14. 5.

Dr. Jayakar says in his letter:—‘‘ Among the mammals

are four Reem Gazelles from the Nejd desert, and one from

Dahireh, the north-western district of Oman. It is probable

that the species extends down to the desert behind Oman,

as that is continuous with the Nejd desert.”

No described species really needs any detailed comparison

with G. marica, which differs from nearly all known Gazelles

by its obsolete face-markings. Of the few species similarly

pereciaceds G. leptoceros and Lodert are much larger and

ave wholly different elongate horns, and G. gutturosa, sub-

gutturosa, and picticaudata have hornless females.

164 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera.

XX.—New Eastern Heterocera.

By Col. C. Swinnor, M.A., F.L.S.

Fam. Sphingide.

Genus PHYLLOSPHINGIA, nov.

d- Palpi broadly scaled, upturned, and not reaching vertex

of head, which has a somewhat pointed crest; antenne fasci-

culate ; thorax with sharp dorsal crest. Fore wing long and

narrow, outer margin oblique, evenly and deeply crenulate,

hinder angle lobed and the inner margin excised before it.

Hind wing with the costa excised to middle, then produced

upwards to a lobe; outer margin deeply and evenly crenu-

late; veins 6 and 7 from upper angle.

Allied to Cypa, Walker, and Degmaptera, Hampson ;

differs from the former in the broadly scaled palpi, the evenly

crenulate outer margins, and the excised lobed costa of hind

wing; from the latter in the broadly scaled palpi, the evenly

crenulate outer margin, the less excised inner margin of fore

wing and costa of hind wing; and from both in veins 6 and

7 of hind wing being from angle of cell.

Type P. perundulans mihi.

1. Phyllosphingia perundulans, sp. n.

3. Rosy chestnut-brown ; shaft of antenne, upperside of

palpi, top of head, and a thin dorsal band on thorax dark

brown. Fore wings with the costa dark brown, broadly

brown on the basal third, and with some brown marks on the

apical third, from whence to the apex there are some whitish

suffusions ; the disk crossed by three or four very indistinct

brown lines ; a dark and bright chestnut band on fascia from

the middle of the cell, broad and lobed beneath the outer half

of the median vein, and halfway outwards beneath vein 4, and

another similar fascia nearly joining it from the outer margin

below the apex, its upperside limited by the whitish apical

suffusion. Hind wings coloured like the fore wings, with

indications of faint transverse bands. Underside brighter

chestnut-colour, the white suffusions near the costa towards

the apex being developed into white bands; the hind wings

brighter coloured than the fore wings, being of a red-chestnut,

with a rosy-white band before the middle,

Expanse of wings 4,7; inches.

Jaintia Hills.

Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. 165

Fam. Notodontide.

Genus EUPLEXIDIA, nov.

g. Palpi curving upwards, second joint thickly scaled,

third oblique; antennes with very minute cilia; a tuft on

metathorax, also dorsal tufts on abdomen near the base ;

tibia with some long hairs. Fore wing with the apex

rounded; vein 10 slightly touching 8 and 9, to form the

areole. Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 from the

cell near the base, 5 very slight and from middle of disco-

cellular.

Type E. noctutformis mihi.

2. Euplexidia noctutformis, sp. n.

Euplexidia noctuiformis, Swinh, MS.; Hampson, Moths, iv., Suppl.

p- 461 (1896).

¢. Antennz, head, body, and fore wings brown, with a

slight pinkish tinge. Fore wings irrorated with white and

black atoms in parts ; costa with black marks and with three

white dots near the apex ; two or three small black dots near

the base; a rather prominent key-shaped black mark placed

longitudinally in the centre of the wing below the cell;

orbicular and reniform marks indistinct, grey, marked with

black ; an indistinct sinuous grey submarginal line; a similar

but more indistinct marginal line and black points in the

interspaces on the margin. Hind wings white, with a brown

marginal line and white cilia interlined with brown.

Expanse of wings 1,65 inch.

Cherra Punji.

Fam. Larentiide.

3. Cryptoloba olivaria, sp. n.

3 ¢. Pale olive-grey ; fore wings with minute brown

costal dots close to each other; a grey transverse nearly

straight band just before the middle, commencing at a brown

mark on the costa; a similar discal band across both wings,

with a disjointed black line running down its inner side above

the middle on fore wings, the space between this band and

the margin with a darker shade than the rest of the wings

and with indications of a submarginal grey line; a brown

spot on costa of fore wings before the apex.

Expanse of wings 5 inch.

Shillong.

166 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera.

Fam. Boarmiida.

4. Dalima gigantea, sp. n.

@. Greyish ochreous; a straight, broad, dull ochreous-red

band before middle of fore wings; a black cell-spot ; -a thick

medial line across both wings, bent outwardly below costa of

fore wings, and a broad marginal band of the same dull

ochreous-red colour on both wings, with its inner margin on

fore wings bent, corresponding to the angle of the middle

line ; this band is diffused hindwards, and joins the middle

line on fore wings, and includes an ochreous patch at apex,

a small one in the middle near the outer margin, and a large

one near the hinder angle; in the hind wing it is diffused

inwards, covering half the wing, and includes several ochreous

patches ; all the ochreous portions of both wings are sparsely

covered with black dots. Underside as above, with the bands

and dots darker and more prominent; the hind wing is pro-

duced into an angle at vein 6, as in D. truncataria, Moore ;

the fore wing has the apex much more acute, and has two

large excavations immediately below it.

Expanse of wings 44°5 inches.

Jaintia Hills.

I have two perfect females; the pattern and shape of wings

are quite different to those of any species of Dalima known

to me.

Fam. Chalcosiide.

5. Herpa eupoma, sp. n.

3. Black, collar white; an orange-red spot on each side

of the thorax in front corresponding to the broad orange

costal band of the fore wings, which fines down to a line at

one fourth before apex; a black band near base from costa

to hinder margin, the orange inside the band nearly red, like

the spots on the shoulders, principal veins pale; hind wings

also black, bordered with bright red-orange, broadly on the

costa, occupying one third of the wing-space, curving out-

wardly in the middle, the orange colour on the outer margin

confined only to the cilia, Underside as above, all the veins

orange-coloured, and a streak of that colour running down

vein 1c of the hind wings.

Expanse of wings 1,8, inch.

Jaintia Hills.

Looks like a Soritia, but has the venation of Herpa, the

origin of veins 7 and 9 being more separated than usual in

the genus.

Col..C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. 167

Fam. Trifida.

6. Ancara olivescaria, sp. 0.

9. Head, body, and fore wings bright olive-brown, irro-

rated with black atoms; transverse bands black, double,

composed of disconnected lunular marks; basal and ante- and

postmedial orbicular and reniform with black rings, the former

within the antemedial band and has a small square black

patch beneath it ; costa with black spots ; a transverse discal

row of white dots; black marginal points in the interspaces:

hind wings black; cilia of both wings dull ochreous, with

black patches. Underside pale olive-brown ; fore wings with

the inner parts black ; both wings with black cell-spots and

rather broad black transverse band.

Expanse of wings 243) inches.

Jaintia Hills.

Fam. Acontiide.

7. Eublemma silicula, sp. n.

6. Pale pinkish grey ; palpi brownish on the outer sides ;

top of the head white. Fore wings with a white costal line ;

a grey spot at the end of cell; some reddish-brown spots on

the costa, the largest at apex, with two black dots below it;

indistinct ante- and postmedial outwardly curved pale lines.

Hind wings with the costal portion whitish ; both wings with

a grey marginal line.

Expanse of wings 3'p inch.

Karachi ; Hydrabad, Sind; Koni, Shan States.

Fam. Stictopterida.

8. Stictoptera cerea, sp. n.

gd. Palpi, head, thorax, and fore wings bright chestnut-

brown. Fore wings crossed by five double sinuous lines,

which are here and there marked with white atoms—first at

base, second before the middle, third medial, touching the

inner side of the large ear-shaped reniform, fourth discal

(well marked with white specks), fifth submarginal; four

white dots on costa near apex. Hind wings black, with

prominent white cilia. Underside: both wings uniform dull

black ; fore wings with the white costal dots and some white

dots on the black cilia; hind wings with cilia pure white as

above.

Expanse of wings 13 inch.

Gilolo.

Allied to S. anthyalus, Swinh.

168 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera.

Fam. Quadrifide.

9. Remigia crinigera, sp. n.

3. Pale fawn-colour; fore wings with a large brown spot

at the end of cell; an erect discal brown band, its inner

margin well defined by a dark brown thick line; the band is

diffuse outwardly and is limited by an indistinct sinuous grey

line halfway between the thick line and the margin ; marginal

black points between the veins. Hind wings with a brown

dot at the end of cell, and a broad brown marginal band and

marginal points. Underside paler, bands and cell-spots as

above ; a row of five or six small spots beyond the middle on

the hind wings, and black marginal points on both wings ;

mid and hind tibize with very large tufts of long hairs.

Expanse of wings 1} inch.

Gilolo.

Fam. Focillide.

10. Mecodina obscurata, sp. n.

é 2. Of a uniform pale fawn-colour, very similar in shade

to the coloration of a pale Remigia frugalis, Fabr. Fore

wings with a black spot at end of cell ; bands slightly darker

than the ground-colour—one medial below the spot, another

discal from costa near apex to hinder margin near the angle,

both broad and straight; between these bands, but nearest to

the middle band, is a sinuous line, more or less dentate in

parts: the hind wing is paler than the fore wing, and has

traces of bands and lines similar to those on the fore wing,

and on both wings there are black dots on the margin in the

interspaces between the veins. On the underside the colora-

‘tion is paler and perfectly uniform ; the fore wing is immacu-

late, but there is a prominent black spot at the end of the

cell of the hind wings; marginal dots as above.

Expanse of wings 2\4)—2 5 inches.

Jaintia Hills.

11. Mecodina napa, sp. n.

g. Of a uniform pale brown colour, tinged with pinkish ;

lines and markings dark brown. Fore wings with a double

sinuous line at the base; double sinuous line before the

middle ; a black dot at end of cell; a single thick and nearly

straight line beyond the middle nearly touching the inner

edge of the reniform, which is in the figure of 8; a thick

similar line from costa near apex to outer margin above the

Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Heterocera. 169

middle; inside of this is a sinuous line running parallel with

it to the outer margin, then in a dentate form to the hinder

margin near the hinder angle; between this and the margin

is another similar but indistinct line. Hind wing with an

inner straight thick line; a thick discal line deeply angled

above the middle towards the margin; an indistinct dentate

line inside of this, a lunulate line between it and the margin,

and an indistinct lunular marginal line on both wings.

Underside much paler, uniform in colour ; indications of two

discal lines on fore wings and three central lines on hind

wings.

Expanse of wings 2 inches.

Singapore.

Allied to M. lanceolata, Guen.

12. Diomea orsilla, sp. n.

@. Dark rufous; fore wings irrorated with black and

white atoms, smeared with white on the costa; costal line

pale pink, with three white dots near the apex ; ante- and

postmedial whitish transverse lines, both bent inwards on the

costa, where they are thickened; the former line is outwardly

and the latter inwardly lined with red, and there is a bare

round blackish reniform stigma between them; an indistinct

sinuous submarginal pale line and very indistinct brown

marginal points. Hind wings with the costal portion paler,

with a central transverse pale line, corresponding to the post-

medial line of the fore wings.

Expanse of wings 1 inch.

Singapore.

Allied to D. fabularis, Swinh., from Burma.

13. Zethes lahera, sp. n.

¢. Both wings and body of a uniform pale rufous colour,

tinged with grey ; fore wings with a broad red band, edged

on both sides with white, near the base, and a very large red

patch at the apex, with a curved inner margin occupying

nearly one fourth of the wing-space; a largish white spot,

smeared with red, inside the patch near the apex; a black

dot at end of cell, a white spot beyond; a discal and out-

wardly curved pale line from costa to hinder margin, the

curve taking it inside the apical red patch ; another dentated

line between this and the margin ; a lunular line close to the

margin, the lunules being in the interspaces and having in

them black points. Hind wings with a red patch on the anal

170 Dr. A. Giinther on a new Species of

angle, and with outer pale transverse lines corresponding to

the lines on the fore wings. Underside much paler, uniform

in colour, with a thin discal (on hind wings medial) grey

band across both wings.

Expanse of wings 1,8, inch.

Singapore.

There is a specimen from Tenasserim of this insect in the

British Museum unnamed.

Fam. Pyralide.

14. Stsyrophora cirralis, sp. n.

gd. Palpi upturned, conically scaled ; antenne with the

first joint dilated; the shaft laminate, excised at base, with

tufts of scales on upperside before and after the excision.

Fore wing with costal fold enclosing a tuft of long hair.

Silvery white; head, base of collar, shoulders, and anal tuft

black-brown ; fore wing with the costa golden brown, ex-

panding into patches at middle and end of cell, and conjoined

to the discocellular line and patches beyond end of cell, all

these markings being irrorated with metallic scales. Hind

wing with discocellular spot; both wings with submarginal

series of fuscous strigee almost conjoined into a line and

dentate inwards on vein 2.

Expanse of wings 1,2, inch.

South Borneo.

XXI.— Description of a new Species of Delma from Western

Australia. By Dr. A. GinTHER.

THE Lizard described here was discovered by H. N. Bailey,

Esq., in the neighbourhood of Cue, a new township which

has sprung up in the middle of the Murchison Gold-Field,

some 200 miles from the coast. It was accompanied by a

specimen of Varanus caudolineatus (Blgr.), which seems to

be restricted to Western Australia, and is probably the

smallest species of the genus.

Delma (Cryptodelma) Baileyi.

This species is allied to the type of the genus, Cryptodelma

nigriceps (Fischer, Wiegm. Arch. 1882, p. 290, Taf. i.

figs. 5-9), from Nicol Bay, but distinguished by a considerably

smaller number of longitudinal series of scales, viz. 22, whilst

Delma from Western Australia, val

the latter species is covered by 26 or 28. In other respects,

especially general habitus and scutellation, the two species

are very similar to each other.

The length of the tail exceeds that of the trunk and head.

The rudimentary hind leg is small and flat, adpressed, and

covered with scales, so as to be not readily distinguished

from its surroundings.

Rostral shield broad and low. Nostril between three

shields, the first labial, nasal, and internasal. The inter-

nasals meet behind the rostral, and form the foremost pair of

the shields with which the snout is covered. The internasal

pair is followed by two pairs of transversely narrow frontals,

which, again, are succeeded by a single shield thrice as wide

as long; the latter may be regarded as a detached portion

of the vertical. Vertical five-sided, longer than broad, with

the lateral margins parallel. Occipitals symmetrical, narrow,

scarcely longer than vertical.

Two series of small scutes between the vertical and the

eye, which is surrounded by a ring of very small scales.

Loreal and temporal regions covered with scales. Seven

upper labials. The mental is rather large and followed by

two lower labials, none of which meet those of the other side.

Behind the second lower labial two longitudinal series of

small scutes follow.

Body surrounded by 22 longitudinal series of small scales :

the ventral scutes are considerably larger than the adjoining

scales and begin to be differentiated behind the throat; they

are placed in 89 pairs. leven preanal pores. Vent with a

pair of enlarged scutes ; smaller scutes between them and the

line of pores.

Yellowish olive, with a red network all over the back and

sides ; the meshes of the net enclose yellow spots on the sides.

172 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new

Crown of the head and a broad crescentic band across the

neck black. A pair of red spots separating the collar from

the black crown. A black band descends from the eye to

the infralabials. Lower parts whitish.

Total length 160 millim. Length of tail 90 millim.

This species would belong to Fischer’s genus Cryptodelma,

which has been separated from Delma, on account of the

presence of preanal pores. However, a comparison of the

allied species will show that this technical character leads to

a rather unnatural subdivision of the genus.

XXII.—Descriptions of new Species of Butterflies from the

Pacific Islands.) By H. Grose Smita, B.A., F.E.S.,

Leite

Papilio oberon.

3. Upperside brownish black ; anterior wings crossed

obliquely, at about one third from the apex, by a row of white

spots arranged as in P. egeus, Don., but the spot between the

lowest subcostal and upper discoidal nervules is quadrate and

not indented externally. Posterior wings with a brownish-

white band of spots divided by the veins as in P, @geus, but

the inner edge of this band slightly invades the cell as in

P. ormenus, Guér., and the outer ends are rather more in-

dented and approach nearer the outer margins; above the

anal angle is a large suboval brick-red spot.

Underside. Anterior wings as on the upperside; the oblique

row of spots is broader and irrorated with grey on the inner

side. Posterior wings with a row of six brick-red lunules

crossing the disk from the submedian nervure to the apex, those

nearest the anal angle the smallest, gradually increasing in

size, the apical spot being the largest of them ; another brick-

red spot, larger than the last-named spot, is situate above the

anal angle; inside the row of red spots are two rows of

greyish markings, the outer of which consists of three narrow

bluish-grey hastate lines between the submedian nervules,

above which, divided by the veins, is a row of seven bars of

grey scales, indented outwardly, those on either side of tlie

uEperniset median nervule being the broadest and most

indented, the two bars nearest the apex nearly obsolete.

Expanse of wings 44 inches.

Hab. Santa Cruz (Woodjord).

Very near P. e@geus, Don.

Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 173

Stictoplea melander.

3. Upperside rich dark brown, with purple reflections

over the anterior wings, on which are two small subapical

violet spots (the spot nearest the apex the smaller), and four

others, very minute, between the veins. Posterior wings

with one small submarginal lilac spot below the second sub-

costal nervule, the space above the upper subcostal nervule

to the inner margin pale brown.

Underside. Both wings dark brown, paler towards the outer

margins. Anterior wings with the space above the sub-

median nervure and the costal margin pale brown; a trian-

gular violet spot near the end of the cell and five others

beyond the cell; one subapical small spot. Posterior wings

with a violet spot near the end of the cell and eight others

beyond the cell curving round it, the two nearest the inner

margin being linear.

9. Upperside pale brown, darker in the middle, with

purple reflections on the anterior wings, on which is a violet

spot near the end of the cell, and a little beyond it are five

spots, three close together near the costa and the other two

between the discoidal nervules ; a submarginal row of violet

spots, the first, third, and fourth of which are nearly obsolete.

On the posterior wings the costal space becomes nearly white

towards the apex, the outer fourth becomes very much paler

to the margins.

Underside paler than above, becoming nearly white towards

the outer margins, with all the spots larger and more distinct

except the submarginal spots, which are nearly obsolete ; the

brands on the upperside of the male are represented by two

long whitish streaks.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 22, ? 23 inches.

Hab. Santa Cruz ( Woodford).

Nearest to S. melolo, Doherty; the wings are compara-

tively shorter and rounder in the male, and the submarginal

row of spots on the anterior wings are much smaller and less

distinct, while the female is quite different.

Asthipa Meekt.

6+ Upperside scarcely differs from A. melusine, Grose

Smith, but the subapical vitreous streaks on the anterior

wings are more elongate than in that species.

On the underside the wings are browner and on the poste-

rior wings the pale bands do not approach so closely to the

base ; the pale streaks below the subcostal nervules are also

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.6. Vol. xix. 13

174 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new

more elongate; the submarginal row of spots of A. melusine

are only represented by four spots near the apex.

It is a larger insect than A. melusine, but very close to it.

Expanse of wings 22 inches.

Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek).

Cupha fumosa.

3. Upperside: both wings fuliginous dark brown, the cells

and basal two thirds of the wings paler fuliginous brown ;

the anterior wings are crossed from the middle median nervule

to the inner margin at one third from the outer margin by

three ill-defined bright brown spots placed under each other

between the veins. Posterior wings crossed beyond the cell

by a similar row of spots, outside which is a row of very

indistinct dark brown spots.

Underside with the basal three fourths paler fuliginous

brown, without any transverse lines or markings; the outer

fourth is darker purplish brown, the inner side of the outer

fourth is crossed from near the costal to near the inner

margin by a row of orange-brown spots, centred with black

and nearly surrounded by pale violaceous brown; a pale sub-

marginal dark line crowned by pale violaceous-brown lunules.

Expanse of wings 2 inches.

Hab. Kiriwini, 'Trobriands (Meek).

Doleschallia Comrit, Godm. & Salv.

3. Upperside: both wings resemble D. dascylus, Godm. &

Salv., in colour, but the basal third of each wing is darker

chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with a row of spots across

the disk arranged as in D. dascylus; the spots are eight in

number, the two nearest the costal margin white and small ;

the next four spots are pale blue centred with white, the

fourth spot being larger than the third; the fifth spot is very

large and elongated on the outer and inner sides, the latter

extending as far as the cell; the fifth spot is abbreviated

inwardly, but is wider than the fourth; the seventh and

eighth spots are much smaller and are situate further from the

margin.

Underside scarcely distinguishable from D. dascylus.

Expanse of wings 3} inches.

Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek).

The presence of both sexes of this species in the same

collection enables me to describe the male of D. Comriz,

hitherto, 1 believe, undescribed. The female specimens in

Mr. Meek’s collection agree almost exactly with the figure

Butterflies from the Pacitic Islands. 175

of D. Comrtii 2 in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological

Society,’ 1878.

My specimen of D. dascylus 2? , Godm. & Salv., does not

agree with their description of that sex, the band on the ante-

rior wings being browner and entirely divided across the

discoidal nervules by an oblique broad black band. If my

female specimen is correctly allocated to D. dascylus, of which

I have little doubt, as it was accompanied by seven or eight

males, it is clear that D. dascylus (which has been confounded

with D. Comriz) is a distinct species, the female of which, as

in my collection, remains to be described.

Hypolimnas palladius.

6. Upperside: both wings dark velvety brown, anterior

wings crossed halfway between the cell and the apex by a

broad oblique band of five white spots, divided by the black

veins and situate between the subcostal and the lowest median

nervules. Posterior wings with an obscure orange-rufous

patch near the anal angle, in which is placed a black spot

centred with violet ; a submarginal row of other black spots

is faintly visible, centred with minute violet spots.

Underside. Anterior wings crossed by the white band,

wider than on the upperside, and extending between the

median nervules nearly to the outer margin; between the

lowest median nervule and the submedian nervure is an

obscure dark spot, centred with violet. Posterior wings like

those of H. pandarus, Linn., but the submarginal row of

whitish lines is almost obsolete, and the inner edge of the

discal tawny band is bordered by an almost white irregular

band, widest in the middle, and the middle black spot in the

tawny band is small and not centred with white.

9. Upperside paler brown, with the white band on the

anterior wings broader than in the male and extending over

the subcostal nervules towards the base; a small white spot

towards the apex, and a similar spot below the lowest median

nervule. Posterior wings with the disk crossed by a broad

irregular band of white, narrowing and becoming obsolete

towards the costal margin; below this band is a row of

black spots centred with white, except the third and fourth

spots, the two spots nearest the anal angle partly surrounded by

dusky tawny, and the next two bordered outwardly by a

whitish space irrorated with black scales; outer margin broadly

dark brown, the inner edge of which is sinuate.

Underside paler than above; towards, the apex of the

anterior wings are three white dots, and the spot above the

13#

176 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new

submedian nervure is centred with white. On the posterior

wings the discal row of spots is smaller than in H. pandarus.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 32, 2 32% inches,

Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek).

Nearest to H. pandarus and H. Saunderst, Wall. -

Hypolimnas paleutes.

3. Upperside resembles H. deois, Hew., but on the poste-

rior wings the pale discal patch is more widely suffused by

violaceous, and the outer edge of the patch is less acutely

angulated in the middle ; there: is only a faint indication of

the orange-tawny patch at the anal angle, and there is a

distinct submarginal row of spots centred, except the fourth,

with violet.

Underside darker than in H. deovs ; the anterior wings are

without the pale space in the middle of the costal margin,

and, instead of two indistinct pale lines parallel with the

outer margin, there is only an indication of one line close to

the margin. The posterior wings are dusky brown, except a

narrow pale space inside the discal row of spots, which are

six in number, centred with violaceous, more conspicuously

than in //. deots, in which the black spots are centred with

white dots; the two spots nearest the anal angle are partly

surrounded by dusky tawny; only the spot above the upper

median nervule is obsolete, and the row of pale lines near the

outer margin of H. deots is absent.

9. Upperside dusky brown; a very indistinct, almost

invisible, oblique paler band crosses the wings beyond the

cell; a white streak at the middle of the costa and a sub-

warginal row of white dots across the disk between the veins,

except on either side of the upper median nervule. On the

posterior wings is a curved row of black spots across the

disk, centred with white, of which the second and sixth are

the largest and the fourth the smallest ; inside the row of

spots between it and the cell is a slight irroration of white

scales,

Underside as above, but paler. On the posterior wings

the discal row of spots, in which the central spots are much

larger, is bordered on either side by a paler dusky space, and

the dark outer marginal band is divided by a pale brown

sinuate line, divided by the dark veins.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 3}, 2 3? inches.

Hab. Kiriwini, 'Trobriands (Mees).

Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 1%?

Parthenos thesaurinus.

3. Upperside bright brown, less olivaceous than P. the-

saurus, Mathew. Anterior wings: the apicai portion nearly

black, the brown streaks and markings becoming nearly

obsolete ; the submarginal brown bands are much narrower

and the discal transverse band of spots is much whiter than

in that species. On the posterior wings the three basal dark

bands are narrower, the space between them being wider and

the lunules in the submarginal band more conical in shape.

Underside browner than in P. thesaurus, especially on the

posterior wings, in which the oblique band of obscure dusky

bars which crosses the disk is brown instead of black, as in

M. thesaurus, and the pale spaces on either side of the row of

dark streaks below the band are less bluish grey and more

tinged with brown.

Expanse of wings 2% inches.

Hab, Santa Cruz ( Woodford).

This butterfly is considerably smaller than P. thesaurus,

being nearly the same size as P. aspila, Honr.

Tenaris melanops.

2. Upperside white; anterior wings with the lower third

from the lowest median nervule, and thence across the cell to

the costal margin, and the costal margin broadly to the

apex fuliginous grey; the veins, except where crossed by

the grey colour, are white. Posterior wings with the costal

margin to the apex broadly grey, thence along the outer

margin more narrowly grey, until that colour merges in the

white lower part of the wings; on the disk, between the

median nervules and a little on either side, is a very large

diffused fuliginous greyish-black spot, in which, a little above

its centre, is situate a large cluster of lavender-coloured scales ;

at the lower end of this cluster is a pure white spot, and near

the outer edge of the black spot is another small lavender

spot; near the apex is another small lavender spot surrounded

by black. ‘Towards the base the wings are clothed with long

yellowish-brown hairs.

Underside. Anterior wings as on the upperside ; posterior

wings with two large fuliginous brown ocelli, one of which is

situate on the margin near the apex and the other on the

disk extending over the submedian nervules; both ocelli are

centred by a white spot partially surrounded by a cluster of

lavender-coloured scales, situate in a circular black zone;

outside the zone is an indistinct fuscous ring, outside which,

178 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new

still in the fuliginous brown area, is a minute white spot on

each ocellus.

Eixpanse of wings 4 inches.

Hab. Sud Est, New Guinea ( Woodford).

Nearest to 7. affinis, Kirby.

Elymnias melanthes.

dé. Upperside dark fuliginous brown, slightly paler towards

the apex of the anterior and the basal third of the posterior

wings; on the anterior wings is a curved streak of fuliginous

dark blue, slightly metallic, commencing on the costa a little

above the end of the cell, but not extending to the apex or

outer margin, and gradually fading towards the outer angle.

The posterior wings are tinged with the same colour in the

apical region, and there are two black spots centred with the

same colour on the disk towards the anal angle; one of

these spots is situate between the two lowest submedian

nervules and is larger than the other spot, which is situate on

the other side of that vein.

Underside dusky brown; anterior wings rather densely

irrorated with pale scales beyond the cell and in the apical

area, the posterior wings being also sparsely dusted with

similar scales. Posterior wings with a large, irregular, oblong

ovate, fulvous patch extending from a little beyond the

middle submedian nervule to near the anal angle; in the

patch are situate two large black spots, centred with blue

spots, which are double in the lower spot ; the fulvous patch

is more oblique than in JZ. agondas, Boisd., and other allied

species. Abdomen fulvous.

?. Both wings white; anterior wings with costal margin

broadly dusky brown, becoming broader at the apex, thence

narrowing along the outer margin, and ceasing below the

upper median nervule ; inside the dusky brown apical area is

a faint indication in certain lights of the blue metallic colora-

tion of the male. Posterior wings with the costal and apical

margins broadly dusky brown, which extends partly round

the outer margin and becomes dusted with white scales

towards the anal angle; there are two large diffused dusky

spots towards the anal angle, much larger than in the male

and centred with large blue spots, those in the lower spot

being double ; on the disk towards the apex is an indistinct

streak of slightly metallic blue, corresponding with the like

coloration of the male.

Underside white, with similar dusky brown marginal bands

and veins of that colour; on the posterior wings the dusky

Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 179

brown spots are represented by a large oblong ovate fulvous

patch, in which are situate two black spots centred with blue

as in the male.

Expanse of wings 33 inches.

Hab. Woodlark Island (Week).

Nearest to EH. agondas, Boisd., and £. glaucopis, Stgr.

Lampides epilectus.

3. Upperside resembles L. eclectus, Grose Smith, but on

the anterior wings the apex is more broadly greyish black,

and on the posterior wings the blue area is more restricted.

Underside: scarcely differs from ZL. eclectus, but on both

wings the outer marginal dark area is narrower, the central

white area being correspondingly broader.

Q. Upperside: anterior wings differ from that sex of

L. eclectus in having the basal blue area more vivid and

extended, and the outer marginal dark area is narrower than

in L. eclectus, and more broadly margined interiorly with

blue.

Underside. The outer marginal dark area of the anterior

wings Is much narrower; on the posterior wings the inner

row of obscure black markings which crosses the disk 1s

situate further apart from the outer row and from the metallic

blue lunules which crown the latter.

Expanse of wings 12 inch.

Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek).

Holochila lamia.

3. Upperside resembles H. absimilis, Feld., but slightly

more violaceous ; the cilia of the posterior wings are crossed

with black at the ends of the veins.

Underside greyish silvery white, with the base of the wings

pale greenish blue, which on the posterior wings extends over

the basal fourth. Anterior wings with a grey line at the

end of the cell and three dark grey lines across the disk, the

outermost being on the margin and the two inner ones being

sinuate, with the spaces between rather paler than the rest of

the wings; in the interspaces between the veins near the

outer margin is a row of hastate dark grey markings. The

posterior wings are likewise crossed by three dark grey lines,

with the interspaces paler than the basal portion of the wings ;

the outer line on the margin very narrow, the middle line

very deeply indented inwardly, and the third line very

sinuate; between the two outer lines is a row of spots re-

sembling an inverted T; there is a fourth irregular line

180 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

crossing the wings a little beyond the cell and curving round

it; two spots and a streak in the cell; one spot above and

three spots below the cell nearer the base.

Expanse of wings 1} inch.

Hab. Fergusson Island (JJeek).

Nearest to H. absimilis; on the underside it is quite

distinct from that species.

XXIII.— On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan,

and Corea. By Joun Henry Leecu, B.A., F.LS.,

iZ.8., &e.*

[Plates VI. & VII.}

THE following paper deals with species of Heterocera be-

longing to the families Epicopiide, Uraniide, Epiplemide,

and Geometride. As, however, there are about nine hundred

species in the latter family recorded from the region under

consideration, it seemed advisable to divide the paper into

two parts. In the present instalment, therefore, only the

Boarmiine subfamily of Geometride is referred to.

The arrangement of the list is based on the system of

classification adopted by Sir George Hampson, Bart., in his

work on Indian Heterocera (‘ Fauna of British India,’ Moths,

iii.), but in some instances Mr. Meyrick’s revision of the

Geometrina of the European fauna (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1892, pp. 53-140) has been followed.

Over one hundred and fifty of the species here enumerated

have not, so far as I am aware, been previously described.

Family Epicopiida.

Genus EPICOPiA.

(Westw. Arc. Ent. i. p. 17 (1845).)

Epicopia mencia.

Epicopeia mencia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1874, p. 578, pl. Ixvii.

fig. 3.

I received specimens from Chang-yang, Kiukiang, Omei-

shan, and Moupin, taken in June and July.

Hab. Central, Eastern, and Western China.

* [We are indebted to the Author for the two Plates and also for

contributing largely towards the cost of the extra sheets of letterpress. }

From China, Japan, and Corea. 181

Epicopia Hainesit.

Epicopeia Hainesii, Holl. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xvi. p. 72 (Jan. 1889).

Epicopeia simulans, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 611, pl. xxxi.

fig. 1 (April 1889).

There were specimens from Oiwake and Hakone in Pryer’s

collection. My native collector captured examples at Hako-

date in June and July, and I have received the species from

Ichang.

Var. sinicaria.

Differs from the type in being fawn-coloured and in the

absence of first crimson marginal spot on secondaries.

Five female specimens from Ichang, taken in June.

Distribution, Japan; Central China.

Var. sinicarta appears to mimic the pale female form of

Papilio mencius.

Epicopia philenora.

Epicopeia philenora, Westw. Arc. Ent. i. p. 19, pl. v. fig. 2 (1843).

Epicopeia varunea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1865, p. 799.

Epicopia philenora, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 109

(1895).

One female specimen of the varunea form from Moupin,

taken in July.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Assam (Hampson) ; Western China.

Family Uraniida.

Genus ACROPTERIS.

(Hiibn., Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 114 (1895).)

Acropteris tphiata.

Micronia iphiata, Guen. Phal. ii. p, 29 (1857).

Micronia pontiata, Guen. l, c.

Acropteris iphiata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 116 (1895).

There were specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collec-

tion; I met with the species at Nagasaki, Fushiki, and

Gensan in July, and have received it from Kiukiang, Ichang,

Chang-yang, and the province of Kwei-chow.

Distribution. Himalayas; Khdsis; Burma (Hampson) ;

Japan; Kastern, Central, and Western China.

182 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus PSEUDOMICRONIA.

(Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 461 (1887).)

Pseudomicronia archilis,

Micronia archilis, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom., xv. p. 23, pl. iii. fig. 33

(1891).

Pseudomicronia archilis (soror), Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 53, pl. iii.

fic. 1, 9 (1892).

This species, which was discovered by Mons. Biet at Ta-

chien-lu, was obtained by my collectors in most of the localities

they visited in Western China. Alphéraky records it from

the province of Kan-Sou, July.

In one form, which so far has been received only from

Moupin, the ground-colour and that of all the markings is

suffused with brownish.

Hab. Western China.

Genus Mrcronia.

(Guenée, Phal. ii. p. 22 (1857).)

Micronia aculeata.

Micronia aculeata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 26, pl. xiii. fig. 8 (1857) ; Hamp-

son, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 117 (1895),

Micronia gannata, Guen. l. c.

One specimen was received from Huang-mu-chang, where

it was taken in July, and I captured one example at Foochau

in April.

Distribution. Throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma; An-

damans; Java; Borneo; Formosa (Hampson); Westerv

China; Foochau.

Genus AUZEA.

(Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1487 (1862).)

Auzea obliquaria, sp. n.

Pale brownish grey, tinged with violaceous. Primaries

have a fine oblique brown line, angled below costa, before the

middle, and a broad oblique olivaceous-brown line from apex

to about the middle of the abdominal margin of secondaries ;

there is a whitish patch sparingly irrorated with fuscous on

the costa before apex; this is preceded by an olivaceous-

brown cloud, and has a small spot of the same colonr onits outer

edge. Under surtace orange treckled with fuscous : primaries

are suffused with purplish grey on the disk, and have a

yellowish patch on costa towards apex ; a pale oblique line

Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 183

edged inwardly with blackish from apex: secondaries have

two purplish-grey transverse lines.

Expanse 44 millim.

Two female specimens from Chang-yang, June and July.

Hab. Central China.

Family Epiplemide.

Genus DEcETIA.

(Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 282 (1860).)

Decetia numicusaria.

Decetia numicusaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 95; Hampson,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 122 (1895).

I received a specimen from Moupin and one from Omei-

shan; both were taken in July.

Distribution. Sylhet (Hampson) ; Western China.

Decetia violacearia, sp. n.

Violet-grey, suffused with brown on the costa and also on

the outer marginal area beyond the darker brown oblique line

which runs from near apex of primaries to middle of abdominal

margin of secondaries ; this line is inwardly edged with pale

violet; a blackish discal dot on each wing: the primaries

have indications of a wavy dusky line before the middle;

fringes brown. Under surface similar to above, but the

portion within the oblique line is paler on all the wings.

Expanse 36 millim.

One female specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Decetia argentilinearia, sp. 0.

Olivaceous brown. Primaries have an oblique silvery-grey

line, angulated below costa and slightly elbowed inwards

above the inner margin; between this line and the base of

the wing there are two or three finer wavy and angulated

lines; outer marginal area golden brown, with an upright

dark brown bar on inner margin : secondaries have two silvery-

grey transverse lines on central area and three wavy diffuse

lines of the same colour on the outer marginal area, the outer-

most being on the margin itself. Under surface olivaceous

grey ; apical third of primaries pale golden, and there is a

tinge of the same colour on the outer margin of secondaries.

Antenne pectinated.

Expanse 33 millim.

184 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Two male specimens taken by my native collector at Hako-

date in June or July.

Hab. Yesso.

Decetia lilacinaria, sp. n.

Fuscous brown. Primaries speckled with lilacine atoms

and suffused with golden brown on outer marginal area;

there are two faint lilacine transverse lines, the outer one

angled below costa, continued across the secondaries to middle

of the margin, where it terminates ina patch of golden brown,

and is outwardly bordered with the same colour; discal spot

black. All the wings have indications near the inner margin

ot a dark submarginal band ; fringes brown, tipped with

greyish and preceded by an interrupted lilacine line. Under

surtace pale brown, darker towards outer margin; each wing

has a dusky double transverse line and a black discal spot;

the costa of primaries is edged with pale ochreous, especially

towards apex, and there is a large golden-brown patch on

outer margin of these wings; the apex of primaries is much

produced.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from the summit of Omei-shan, taken

in July.

Hab, Western China.

Genus PARADECETIA.

(Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 164.)

Paradecetia albistellaria.

Decetia albistellaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1522 (1862),

Two male specimens from Ta-chien-lu and two examples

of each sex from Chang-yang.

Distribution. Khaésis; E. Pegu; Shan States (Hampson) ;

Central and Western China. .

Genus EPIPLEMA.

(Herr.-Schiiffer ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 125 (1895).)

Epiplema moza.

Erosia moza, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 402 (1878); Ill.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 42, pl. li. fig. 7 (1879).

The specimens in Pryer’s collection were from Yokohama.

I took the species at Nagasaki in May and Gensan in July,

and have received it from Chang-yang and Omei-shan, July.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; Central and Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 185

Epiplema morataria, sp. n.

Allied to Z. moza, Butl., with which it agrees very nearly

in marking, but differs very greatly from that species in the

contour of the wings. The angle at middle of outer margin

of primaries is more pronounced, and there is a very con-

spicuous lobe at inner angle; both tails of secondaries are

longer and thicker.

The transverse lines of primaries are more decidedly

angled, especially the first one, and the dark spot on inner

margin is almost square and hardly extends beyond the

second line. On the secondaries the second transverse line is

bordered inwardly with dusky and edged outwardly by a pale

reddish-brown line; it is obtusely angled. There is a dusky

submarginal line. Under surface fuscous grey, irrorated with

brown.

Expanse 34 millim.

One female specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Epiplema cretacea.

Erosia cretacea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 414.

There was a male specimen in Pryer’s collection and I took

a female example at Shimonoseki in July. Butler’s type was

from Tokio.

Hab. Japan.

Epiplema styz.

Lrosia styx, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 416.

Specimens from Oiwake and Fujisan in Pryer’s collection.

Types from Yokohama.

Hab. Japan.

Epiplema himala.

Erosia himala, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 221 (1880);

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 47, pl. exii. fig, 9 (1886) ; Alph. Rom. sur

Lép. vi. p. 52 (1892).

Epiplema himala, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 181 (1895).

Erosia auroguttata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 311, pl. vi. tig. 11.

Several specimens were received from Chang-yang and

also from various localities in Western China, July and

August.

Alphéraky records the species from the province of

Szechuen (taken in August) and Poujade from Moupin.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis (Hampson); Central and

Western China.

186 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Epiplema schidacina.

Erosia schidacina, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 415.

Specimens in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake. I met with

the species at Hakodate in August, and I have received

examples from Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, Ta-chien-lu, and

Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June and July.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Western China.

Epiplema instabilata.

Erosia instabilata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het., Suppl. xxxv. p. 1646 (1866).

iat a Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 403, pl. elxxxvi. fig. 11

i).

Epiplemn instabilata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 131

(1895).

Three specimens taken at Ningpo by a native collector in

July. Two examples were received from Ichang, taken in

June and July.

One specimen from Ningpo has the fore wings entirely

whitish, with a small black discal spot.

Distribution. India; Ceylon; Solomon Islands; China.

Epiplema plagifera.

Evosia plagifera, Buti. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 414.

There were specimens from Yokohama and Gifu in Pryer’s

collection. I took the species at Foochau in April and in

Satsuma in May.

Distribution. Japan; Eastern China.

Epiplema bicaudata.

Erosia bicaudata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 643, pl. xxxiii.

fig. 12.

One specimen taken by my native collector at Ningpo in

June. Ireceived two specimens from Ichang, one from Wa-

ssu-kow, and several from Omei-shan and Moupin, taken in

June and July.

Distribution. Dharmséla; Sikhim; Khidsis (//ampson)

North, Central, and Western China.

Epiplema nubifasciaria, sp. 0.

Creamy white, slightly suffused with blackish on basal

two thirds. Primaries have a black-edged brown band

beyond the middle, and this is followed by a large irregular

blackish-grey cloud, which occupies all but the apical portion

from China, Japan, and Corea. 187

of the outer marginal area and has a slightly curved black bar

on its external edge: secondaries have the basal area marked

with blackish ; central band and cloud beyond similar to those

on primaries; discal spot elongate, black. Under surface

white; primaries have a large blackish patch on basal half,

but this does not extend to inner margin; a narrow blackish

band just beyond the middle of the wing, separated from a

broader band of the same colour by a narrow space of the

ground-colour ; secondaries have a blackish discal mark and

small blackish spots on basal area, and some large ones and

a cloud on outer marginal area.

Expanse 20 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, August.

Hab. Central China.

Closely allied to H. bicaudata, Walk.

Epiplema rapha.

Erosia rapha, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 403 (1878) ; Il.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 42, pl. li. fig. 5 (1879).

Several specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I

obtained one example at Hakodate in July.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Genus GATHYNIA.

(Walk. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 184 (1895).)

Gathynia fasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries brownish, with a darker central fascia, which is

indented on its inner edge and bordered with ochreous:

secondaries rather darker than primaries, with a dark brown

dot on abdominal area towards the base, and a dark brown

central transverse line outwardly edged with ochreous ; fringes

dark grey. Under surface fuliginous grey.

Expanse 18 millim.

One female specimen from Gensan, July.

Hab. Corea.

Genus ATOSSA.

(Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1874, p. 577.)

Atossa nelcinna.

Atossa nelcinna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 577, pl. lxvii.

fig. 7; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 381, pl. xxxiv. fig. 1, g.

Atossa neleynna, var. chinensis, Leech, Entom, xxii. p. 85 (1890).

I have a male specimen of this species from Wa-shan, a

188 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

female from Chang-yang, and two females from Omei-shan,

May, June, and July.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas (Hampson); Central and

Western China.

Atossa Leechi.

Atossa Leechit, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 381.

A male specimen was received from Huang-mu-chang,

one from Omei-shan, another and also a female from Moupin,

June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Both these species of Atossa exhibit considerable resem-

blance to Delias patrua, Leech, a butterfly occurring in the

same localities.

The characters given by Mr. Elwes as separating this

species from A. neleinna appear to be constant.

Genus OBERTHURIA, nov.

Palpi porrect, hairy, extending beyond head. Antenne

fasciculate. Primaries with vein 5 from just above the

middle of discocellulars, 6 and 7 stalked, as also are 8, 9, and

10. Secondaries with two internal veins and 5 from just

above the middle of discocellulars. Outer margin of all the

wings rounded; costa of primaries arched at the base.

Type O. Davidi.

Oberthiiria Davidi.

Abraxas Davidi, Oberth. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. eexxix; Etud.

d’Entom. xi. p. 33, pl. ili. fig. 16 (1886).

Five male specimens from Moupin and one from Chia-

ting-fu, July.

Hab. Western China.

Oberthiiria flavomarginaria, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 7.)

Closely allied to A. Davidi, but differing from that species

in having much broader and richer yellow borders to all the

wings ; these borders are traversed by a series of black spots

and are inwardly limited by narrower black bands, the black

marginal spots are rounder and exhibit less tendency to con-

fluence ; the costal area is more deeply yellow and more

finely speckled with black; on the secondaries there is no

black transverse bar at end of discal cell and the abdominal

margin is not suffused with blackish ; the body is yellower.

Expanse 50-58 millim.

Three male specimens from Wa-shan, June.

Hab. Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 189

Oberthiiria nigromacularia, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 6.)

White ; the costa and outer margin of primaries are broadly

yellow, the former dotted with black, the latter traversed by

two series of black spots and bordered inwardly by a third

series ; there is an interrupted macular central band, and from

this to the inner margin there is a series of five black spots

bordering the yellow costal stripe: secondaries are black at

the extreme base of the wing, and have large black spots

placed as follows:—two confluent about the centre of the

wing, a longitudinal series above them, and three contiguous

rows on the outer marginal area; the ground between some

of these latter is tinged with yellowish. Fringes of primaries

black, marked with yellow towards inner angle; of second-

aries white. Under surface as above, but the rows of spots

on outer marginal area of secondaries are smaller and more

distinctly separated. Body yellow, marked with black.

Expanse 50 millim.

Two male specimens from Chang-yang, July.

Hab. Central China.

The black discal markings, absence of yellow border to

secondaries and of black on the neuration at once separate

this species from either A. Davidi or A. flavomarginaria.

Genus PSYCHOSTROPHIA.

(Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 401 (1877).)

Psychostrophia melanargia.

Psychostrophia melanargia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 401

(1877); ll. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 9, pl. xxiii. fig. 7 (1878) ; Leech,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 612.

There were specimens in Pryer’s collection from Nikko and

Fujisan. I obtained the species at Tsuruga in July.

Hab. Japan.

Psychostrophia nymphidiarva.

Abraxas nymphidiaria, Oberth. Etud. @Entom. xviii. p. 34, pl. ii.

fig. 28 (1893).

Not uncommon at Chang-yang; Ichang; Moupin; Wa-

shan, Ta-chien-lu, and Chia-kou-ho. June and July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Psychostrophia picaria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 11.)

Male.—Primaries black, with a broad oblique central fascia

extending from inner margin to outer extremity of discal cell,

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6, Vol. xix. 14

190 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

indented on its upper edge and represented on apical area by

an oval spot; below the latter there is a submarginal series of

four round spots, also white: secondaries white, with a black

central band and a black border on outer margin. Fringes

black, marked with white below apex of primaries and just

above the middle of secondaries. Under surface as above,

but the costa is streaked with yellowish.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the white markings of

primaries are wider and the black one of secondaries is

narrower.

Expanse, ¢ 33-43, 9 45-47 millim. ;

A long series from Chang-yang and one female specimen

from Ichang, June.

Hab, Central China.

The white band on primaries and the black on secondaries

are variable in width.

Family Geometrida.

Subfamily Bosrurrz.

(Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 189 (1895).)

Genus URAPTERYX.

(Leech ; Hampson, op. cit. p. 144.)

Urapteryx sambucaria.

Phal. Geometra sambucaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 519.

Urapteryx persica, Mén. Cat. Mus. Pet. p. 267 (1832).

P Urapteryx nivea, Butl. Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 199 (1898),

I took specimens of the var. persica in Satsuma in May

and at Nagasaki in June. This form is whiter than the

type, but it can hardly be called smaller. One of the Satsuma

examples expands 68 millim. I did not meet with the species

in any other part of Japan, and there were no specimens in

Pryer’s collection. My native collector obtained the species

in the island of Kiushiu,

I received specimens of the type form and also of var. persica

from Pu-tsu-fong and Omei-shan, but the variety only was

obtained in the province of Kwei-chow. The typical speci-

mens from China are rather more striated than is the case in

European examples,

DMstribution. Europe; Armenia; Amur; Japan; Western

China.

Urapteryx latimarginaria, sp. n.

White ; the markings on primaries are somewhat similar

from China, Japan, and Corea. 191

to those of U. costistrigaria, but the bands, which are fuligi-

nous grey in colour, are narrower, and there are fewer streaks

on the costa, and these are confined to the basal area with

the exception of a streak between the first transverse band

and the short central band; on the outer area of the wing

there is a fuliginous grey band, which is very broad towards

apex, but tapers slightly to the first median nervule, whence

it is continued in slender streaks to inner angle: on the

secondaries the transverse band is also narrower and the cloud

onouterareais greyish and suffused with paleochreous. Above

the tail, which is rather broader and more obtusely produced,

there is a large reddish spot, and below it another spot of the

same colour; both are ringed with black, and there is an

elongated black spot nearer the anal angle. Under surface:

markings of upperside reproduced, but the central bands are

fainter and narrower and that on outer area much darker;

the secondaries have some dark grey shading along outer

margin.

Expanse 68 millim.

One male example from Omei-shan, June.

Hab. Western China.

Urapteryx costistrigaria, sp. n.

White; primaries traversed by two rather broad oblique

brownish bands, becoming blackish towards costa; a shorter

and narrower band between them, commencing in a darker

spot on costa and terminating in first median interspace ;

basal area of costa streaked with dark brown; these streaks

are short near the base, but the outermost extend almost to

submedian nervure ; the outer third is heavily striated and

clouded with fuliginous ; the costa between the broad bands is

also streaked with brownish; fringes brown from apex to just

above termination of submedian nervure, and thence white,

except where interrupted by continuation of the broad trans-

verse bands: secondaries traversed by an oblique brownish

band from fork of subcostal nervure to a large cloud of the

same colour on outer area; the abdominal area of the wing

is clothed, except towards anal angle, with long silky hairs

of a creamy colour; above the tail, which is -obtusely pro-

duced, there is a reddish spot ringed with black, and below it

there is an elongated blackish mark; fringes fulvous brown,

except at costal and anal angles. Head snowy white; face

brown; collarcreamy. Under surface white, discal markings

on upper surface of primaries faintly reproduced ; outer area

broadly fuliginous as far as submedian nervure ; the second-

192 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

aries are without markings, except on the anal half of

outer area in one specimen, where there are some fuliginous

streaks and shading.

Expanse 68 millim.

Two male specimens from Omei-shan, taken in June.

Hab. Western China.

Urapteryx ebuleata.

Urapteryx ebuleata, Guen. Phal. i. p. 82 (1857); Hampson, Fauna

Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 145 (1895).

Occurs in July at Pu-tsu-fong, Omei-shan, Kia-ting-fu,

and Wa-shan ; also at Chang-yang, in June and July.

The specimens, among which are examples of the larger

multistrigarta form, appear to differ chiefly from U. sambu-

carta, var. persica, in being more heavily striated, and may

possibly be only extreme forms of that variety.

Hampson (Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 145) considers

kantalaria, Feld., multistrigaria, Walk., and Yerburii, Butl.,

to be synonymous with U. ebuleata. Alphéraky (Rom. sur

Lép. vi. p. 52) notes one female specimen of U. Yerburit from

the province of Szechuen, taken in August.

Distribution. Central and Western China; mountains of

Northern India.

Urapterya similaria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 3.)

In size and general appearance closely resembles EZ. macult-

caudaria, Motsch , but the antenne of the male are not pecti-

nated, and in both sexes the line on secondaries is straight

and the tails rather more prolonged and ornamented with a

red and a black spot, the black one being the smaller. In the

female the central band on secondaries is interrupted, its

lower extremity being represented by a spot.

Expanse, ¢ 50, 2 47 millim.

‘wo specimens, a male from Omei-shan and a female from

Chang-yang, July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Urapteryx subpunctaria. (Pl. VI. fig. 2.)

Urapteryx subpunctaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 42 (May 1891).

Tristrophis obtusicauda, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 8399 (1894),

‘Two specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Superticially resembles EZ. maculicaudaria, Motsch., but

the antennz of the male are not pectinated and the arrange-

ment of the lines above and the spot on the secondaries

beneath are dissimilar.

Hab. Japan.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 193

Urapteryx kernaria.

Urapteryx kernaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 23, pl. ii. fig. 20

(Noy. 1893).

This species was discovered in Western China at T'sé-kou

by R. P. Dubernard; my collectors did not meet with it.

Genus EUCTENURAPTERYX.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 399 (1894).)

Euctenurapteryx maculicaudar ta.

Acena maculicaudaria, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1866, i. p. 196.

Euctenurapteryx maculicaudaria, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 399 (1894).

Urapteryx luteiceps, Feld. Reis. Nov., Lep. v. pl. cxxii. fig. 2 (1875).

A series from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s collec-

tion. I took specimens at ‘l'suruga in July and at Hakodate

in August.

Among the specimens in Pryer’s collection is a remarkable

female aberration from Yokohama, in which the usual white

colour is replaced by pale greyish brown ; the transverse lines

are, in consequence of the ground-colour, indistinct, but they

are more ferruginous in colour, as also are the fringes and

the spots at angle of the secondaries.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Eastern China.

Euctenurapteryx parallelaria.

Urapteryx parallelaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 5 (Jan. 1891),

I have one female specimen which was taken by a native

collector at Chang-yang.

Hab. Central China.

Euctenurapteryx nigrociliaria.

Urapteryx nigrociliaris, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 5 (Jan. 1891).

Appears to be not uncommon at Huang-mu-chang, in July.

It also occurs at Omei-shan and in the province of Kwei-

chow in June.

Hab. Western China.

Genus THINOPTERYX.

(Butl. Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. xvii. p, 202 (1883).)

Thinopteryx crocoptera.

Urapteryx crocoptera, Koll. Hiig. Kasch, iy. p. 483 (1848).

Thinopteryx striolata, Butl. Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 202 (1883).

Thinopteryx crocoptera, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ui. p. 148

(1895).

194 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

I obtained this species at Nagasaki and in Satsuma in May,

at Gensan in July, and I have received specimens from

various localities in Central and Western China. There

were some examples from Kintokisan and Nikko in Pryer’s

collection.

It is very variable, and I have intergrades between the

typical form and s¢réoluta, Butl. One specimen has three

purple-brown spots on primaries, and a patch of the same

colour on secondaries; there is a similar specimen in the

series of 7. crocoptera from Dharmsala in the National Col-

lection at South Kensington.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; North, Central, and Western

China; North India.

Thinopteryx pretoraria.

Urapteryx pretoraria, Feld, Reise Nov., Lep. v. pl. exxii. fig. 13

(1875).

One female example taken at Omei-shan, Western China,

in July.

This specimen seems very distinct from 7’, crocoptera, Koll.

Distribution. Sylhet, Western China.

Thinopteryx delectans.

i et delectans, Butl, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p, 46, pl. xxxv. fig. 2

(3).

Several specimens from Fujisan, Ohoyama, and Nikko in

Pryer’s collection. I have examples from Ichang, Chang-

yang, Wa-shan, Omei-shan, and the Provinces of Kwei-chow,

taken in June and July.

The yellow marking in this species is subject to variation ;

in typical specimens the wings are thickly sprinkled with

yellow, whilst in other examples the yellow is confined to

the median area and outer margin. |

Distribution, Japan; North, Central, and Western China,

Genus SIRINOPTERYX.

(Butl. Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. xvii. p. 201 (1883).)

Strinopteryx rufivinctata.

Urapteryx rufivinctata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1747 (1862).

Strinopteryz rufivinctata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p, 147

(1805).

Several specimens from Moupin, and one example from

Chang-yang, July.

Distribution. Northern India; Central and Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 195

Genus TRISTROPHIS.

(Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. p. 199 (1883).)

Tristrophis veneris.

Urapteryx veneris, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 892 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 29, pl. xlviii. fig. 1 (1879).

A fine series from Yokohama and Nikko in Pryer’s col-

lection.

The transverse bands of primaries vary in width and the

black spots on disk of secondaries are inconstant both as

regards size and number.

Hab. Japan.

Genus MyrrTemva.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 831 (1861).)

Myrteta sinensaria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 13.)

Near to M. planaria, Walk., but rather whiter in the

ground-colour; outer third of primaries more heavily suffused

and the three transverse lines approach nearer to each other

toward inner angle; the three blackish spots towards anal

angle of M. planaria are in M. sinensaria replaced by a

sinuate black line, and the two submarginal spots are repre-

sented by a blotch.

Expanse 46 millim.

One male example from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China,

Myrteta angelica.

Myrteta angelica, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 413.

T'wo specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I captured the species at Oiwake in October.

Hab, Japan.

Myrteta tripunctaria, sp. n.

Very near to M. angelica, Butl., but whiter, and the three

transverse lines of primaries are narrower and more oblique ;

on the outer edge of the yellow patch at anal angle of second-

aries there are three black spots, the middle one the largest,

and a short indented black line on its inner edge. On the

under surface the neuration is dark coloured; the outer mar-

ginal area of primaries is broadly blackish, preceded by a

blackish line, and the basal area is suffused with the same

colour; above the three blackish spots on outer margin of

secondaries there is a blackish patch ; submarginal line

196 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

blackish, indented above anal angle. Except at anal angle

the line at base of the fringes of secondaries is blackish

instead of light brown, as in JZ. angelica, and the antennx

are more broadly pectinated than in that species.

Expanse 44 millim.

One male specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China,

Myrteta sericea.

Orthocabera sericea, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 489 (1879).

Orthucabera brunneiceps, Warren, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 387,

pl. xxxi. fig. 25.

Myrteta sericea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 152 (1899).

Four specimens from Nikko in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis (Hampson) ; Japan.

Myrteta unio.

Acidalia unio, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 50, pl. ix. fig. 12 (1880).

Cabera magna, Butl. Trans. Ent, Soc. 1881, p. 416.

One female specimen in Pryer’s collection and I received

one example of the same sex from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.

Distribution. Askold; Japan.

Myrteta argenturia, sp. n.

_ Silvery white. Primaries have a blackish discal spot and

are traversed by three dusky bands, the first of which is

rather more oblique than the others; submarginal line dusky,

parallel with outer margin except towards inner margin,

where it terminates close to the inner angle; marginal band

dusky. Secondaries have a blackish discal spot and two

wavy dusky bands; submarginal band dusky, diffuse on its

inner edge; the middle of outer margin is slightly angled

and there is a black spot on the angle. Fringes tinged with

greyish. Under surface white; all the wings have a black

discal spot, and the secondaries have a diffuse dusky sub-

marginal band; in some specimens the primaries also have

traces of a dusky submarginal band. Antenne serrated.

Expanse, d 46, 2 48 millim.

Three male specimens and three females from Omei-shan,

Pu-tsu-fong, Chia-ting-fu, July.

Hab. Western China.

Genus Barra.

(Steph. Il. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 294 (1829).)

Bapta bimaculata.

Phalena bimaculata, Fabr. Syst, Ent. 635 (1775).

Geometra taminata, Hubn. Geom. fig. 90.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 197

Pseudopanthera bimaculata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 117.

Bapta subnotata, Warren, Novyit. Zool. ii. p. 127 (1895).

I took specimens at Gensan in June and there were a few

examples in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake. My native

collector obtained the species at Hakodate.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Japan; Yesso; Corea.

Bapta punctata.

Phalena punctata, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 637.

Geometra temerata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 91.

Pseudopanthera punctata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 117.

Asthena sancta, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418.

There were a few specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s col-

lection, and I received examples from Hakodate taken in

June.

Two of the specimens from Oiwake and one from Hakodate

are slightly suffused with pale greyish, with the markings

more or less obliterated, and are almost identical with an

example from Germany in my collection. On the other hand,

a specimen from Oiwake has the markings as dark and

well defined as any in my European series.

Distribution. Europe; Ural; Amur; Japan; Yesso.

Bapta mytylata.

Corycia mytylata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 58 (1857).

Bapta mytylata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 155 (1895).

There was a series from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s col-

lection. I received a specimen from Wa-shan, taken in June,

one from Huang-mu-chang and one from the Province of

Kwei-chow, taken in July.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Thundidéni; Punjab ;

Sikhim; Khdsis (Hampson); Japan; Yesso; Western

China.

Bapta fodata.

Bapta fedata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 404 (1894).

Warren describes this species from Japan.

I have one male specimen from Chang-yang and four

females from T'a-chien-lu, taken in June and July.

Differs from B. mytylata, Guen., in having the upper

surface more densely powdered with fuscous, and in the

discal area of under surtace of primaries being suffused with

fuscous.

Distribution. Japan (Warren); Central and Western

China.

198 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Bapta platyleucata.

Acidalia platyleucata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het., Suppl. xxxy. p. 1628

(1866).

cee platyleucata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 155

5).

(189

Three specimens from Pu-tsu- bts taken in June and

July.

Dear eviesei. Kashmir; Sikhim; Khésis ( Hampson ) ;

Western China.

Bapta sacra.

Corycia sacra, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 404 (1878); Til.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 44, pl. li. fig. 11 (1879).

Specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I captured this species in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in

May, at Gensan in June, and Mr. Smith took examples at

Hakone in August. My native collector also obtained

specimens in the latter month at Hakodate. Specimens have

been received from Ichang and Omei-shan, taken in July.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso ; Corea ; Central and Western

China.

Bapta candidaria, sp. n.

Male.—White, with a black discal dot on each wing.

Primaries traversed by two dusky macular bands; the

secondaries have one macular band. Under surface white ;

primaries slightly suffused with fuscous on basal two-thirds,

and traversed by a dusky band which does not extend to

inner margin ; all the wings have a black discal dot.

Female. Similar to the male, but the transverse markings

are more distinct ; there is a series of black dots on the outer

margin of both surfaces of each wing, and the secondaries

have a macular band on the under surface.

Expanse d 30, 2 34 millim.

One example of each sex from Oiwake in Pryer’s col-

lection.

Hab, Japan.

Allied to B. saera, Butl.

Bapta nigropunctaria, sp. n.

Silvery white powdered with fuscous. All the wings have

dusky postmedial and submarginal bands and a blackish

discal spot. Primaries have an elongate velvety black spot

on costa just before the 5 costa pale brown. Fringes

silvery, preceded by a pale brown line. Under surface

al caren lg OT A

from China, Japan, and Corea. 199

silvery white, faintly suffused with fuscous-grey, except on

inner marginal area of primaries; fringes tipped with fuscous.

E:xpanse 36 millim.

T'wo male specimens. Moupin and Ta-chien-lu. July.

Hab. Western China.

Bapta distans.

Bapta distans, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 404 (1894).

Seven specimens (1 ¢,6 2) from Omei-shan, Wa-shan,

Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, and Chang-yang, June.

éj Distribution. Japan (Warren); Central and Western

hina.

Bapta clarissa.

Todis clarissa, Butl. 11. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 49, pl. xxxvi. fig. 4 (1878).

Pseudcpanthera clarissa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 117.

A nice series from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I obtained specimens in Satsuma in May and at Nagasaki

in June, and my native collector took the species at Hakodate

and in the island of Kiushiu.

Hab. Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; Amur.

Bapta tnamata.

Acidalia inamata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxii. p. 755 (1861).

Noreia inamata, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 406, pl. 185. fig. 4 (1887).

Acidalia simpliciaria, Walk. l. c. xxiii. p. 793 (1861).

Bapta inamata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 154 (1895).

I obtained a female specimen in Satsuma which appears

to be referable to this species, but the transverse line is

rather deeper in colour on all the wings.

Distribution. Sylhet; Nilgiris; Ceylon; Sumatra; Borneo

(Hampson) ; Japan.

Bapta ochrilinea.

Bapta ochrilinea, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 404 (1894).

Hab. China.

I have not seen the type of this species.

Genus ANGERONA.

(Dup. Lép. iv. p. 181.)

Angerona prunaria.

Phal. Geometra prunaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 520,

Geometra prunaria, Hiibn. Geom. figs. 122, 123.

Angerona prunaria, Dup. vii. pl. 147. figs. 1, 2; Guen. Phal. i. p. 116.

Euchlena prunaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112.

Several specimens from Yokohama, Oiwake, and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection. I took the species at Gensan in June,

200 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Most of the European forms are represented in Japan, but

there is a wider range in the size of the specimens—the

smallest example being only 36 millim. in expanse, whilst

the largest measures 74 millim.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Corea; Japan; Yesso.

Angerona nigrisparsa.

en genne nigrisparsa, Butl, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 370

(1879).

A few specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection. I captured the species at Sendai in September.

Mr. Smith met with it at Hakone and Myianoshita in

August.

fab. Japan.

Genus METROCAMPA.

(Latr.; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 111.)

Metrocampa grandinaria.

Angerona grandinaria, Motsch. Etud. Ent. p. 37 (1860).

Ennomos serrata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 100, pl. viii. fig. 11 (1864).

Metrocampa serrata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112.

There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection, and IL

have received examples from Mr. Manley of Yokohama. The

species also occurs at Ohoyama, Nikko, Tokio, Oiwake, and

Kintokisan.

Distribution. Amur ; Japan.

Metrocampa prattiaria.

Cidaria prattiaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 51 (May 1891).

Cidaria prattiaria, var. unicoloraria, Leech, 1. c. p. 52.

Several specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

I peared one male specimen and two females from Omei-

shan; one male from Moupin and one example of each sex

from Chang-yang: July.

The Chang-yang specimens are rather redder in colour

than the others in the series, and the Moupin male is

brownish tinged with purplish. All the Chinese specimens

are larger than the Japanese.

Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China.

Genus CABERODES.

(Guen.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 158 (1895).)

Caberodes simplicior.

Somatina simplicior, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 412.

Cidaria pallidaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 51 (1891).

There were two specimens, labelled Fujisan and Nikko,

| ae

from China, Japan, and Corea. 201

in Pryer’s collection, and my native collector took an ex-

ample in Kiushiu. Butler’s type was from ‘Tokio.

Hab, Japan and Kiushiu.

Genus NUMERIA.

(Dup. Lép. iv. p. 107.)

Numeria pulveraria.

Phal. Geometra pulveraria, Linn. x. 521; Clerck, Icon. pl. v. figs. 6, 9.

Metrocampa pulveraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112.

Numeria japonica, Butl, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418.

A fine series in Pryer’s collection under the name

N. japonica.

My native collector obtained specimens at Gensan in July

and also in the island of Kiushiu. I received one example

from Chang-yang taken in July.

The specimens from Gensan and Kiushiu are very small.

Distribution. Europe; Ural; Altai; Amur; Japan;

Kiushiu ; Corea.

Genus ENDROPIOIDES.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 463 (1894).)

Endropioides abjecta.

Endropia abjecta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 371 (1879).

Endropia Snelleni, Hedem, Hor Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 46, pl. x. fig. 1

(1881).

A fine series from Yokohama, Fujisan, Gifu, and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection.

Snellent, Hedem., is certainly a dark form of ZL. abjecta,

Butl. The species is variable as regards coloration, and

ranges from dark reddish brown through pale reddish brown

to a pale whity brown with reddish-brown outer margins.

In some of the dark specimens the wings are unicolorous ;

in others the basal area of primaries is paler.

Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112) places

Snellent in Metrocampa and considers it synonymous with

indictinaria, Brem.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Askold.

Genus Epnorta.

(Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 109.)

Ephoria arenosa.

Epione arenosa, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 46, pl. xxxv. fig. 1

(1878).

Ephoria arenosa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1892, p. 109.

202 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

There was a fine series from Oiwake and one specimen

from Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

Butler’s type was from Hakodate.

Distribution. Amur (Graeser) ; Japan; Yesso.

Ephoria leda.

Epione leda, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 46, pl. xxxv. fig. 6 (1878)

(dS).

Epione strenioides, Butl. 1. c. fig. 6 (2).

Epione lachrymosa, Butl. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 402 (var. d).

Epione ossea, Butl. 1. c. (var. Q ).

Calcaritis Oberthuerii, Butl. op. cit. p. 597 (var. 2).

Therapis straminea, Butl. op. cit. p. 401 (var. 9).

There was a fine series of each sex of this species from

Ohoyama and Nikko in Pryer’s collection, including examples

of the forms lachrymosa and ossea.

I have received a male which approaches the streniotdes

form from Chang-yang and a female of the same form from

Chia-ting-fu, both taken in July.

Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China.

Ossea and Oberthuerté appear to be forms of the female,

and lachrymosa a form of the male, while straminea is a

modification of the ossea form in which all the transverse lines

are absent.

Genus SCARDAMIA.

(Guen. Phal. i. p. 89 (1857).)

Scardamia metallaria.

Scardamia metallaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 89 (1857).

Laginia bractearia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 245 geen

rie aurantiacaria, Brem, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 72, pl. vi. fig. 15

te taprobanes, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. exxiii. fig. 2 (1875).

Appears to be plentiful in the island of Kiushiu. I met

with it at Nagasaki and in the province of Satsuma, and

have received it from Gensan in Corea.

In Western China it occurs at Moupin and in the pro-

vince of Kwei-chow; and in Central China at Ichang and

Chang-yang.

Distribution. Central and Western China; Japan ; Corea ;

Eastern Siberia; India; Ceylon; Java.

Scardamia obliquaria, sp. n.

Similar to S. metallaria, Guen., but the first transverse

line of primaries is elbowed above the middle, and the second

from China, Japan, and Corea. 203

line is oblique from near apex; the marginal area is deeper

orange than other portions of the wings.

Expanse 28 millim.

One female specimen taken by myself at Gensan in July.

Hab. Corea.

Genus PERATOPHYGA.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 407 (1894).)

Peratophyga erata.

Acidalia erata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 643.

Ephyra grata, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 438 (1879).

Peratophyga @rata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 164

(1895).

There were specimens in Pryer’s collection from Yokohama,

and I met with the species at Nagasaki. It occurs also at

Chang-yang, Kiukiang, Moupin, Pu-tsu-fong, Ta-chien-lu,

and Omei-shan.

Distribution. Eastern, Central, and Western China; Japan;

Himalayas.

This species seems to vary considerably in size and in the

intensity of the markings.

Genus STEGANIA.

(Guen. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 164 (1895).)

Steganta trroraria, sp. n.

Pale ochreous, irrorated with ferruginous. Primaries have

the costa purplish brown, and there is a narrow curved and

recurved band of the same colour from one fourth before

apex to inner angle; from the lower curve of this band there

is a broad purplish-brown bar extending to the marginal line,

which is of the same colour. Secondaries have a narrow

purplish-brown band on outer margin. All the wings have

a blackish discal dot and a diffuse ferruginous-brown central

band, the latter is often interrupted and sometimes entirely

absent. Fringes of the ground-colour. Under surface rather

paler than above, with similar markings but darker in colour.

Expanse 21 millim.

I obtained a nice series at Nagasaki in May, and [ have

received specimens from Ningpo and Gensan.

Distribution. Kiushiu ; Corea; and N.K. China.

Allied to S. bclineata, Butl.

Genus SYNEGIA.

(Guen. Phal. i. p. 428 (1857).)

Synegia pardaria.

Anisodes pardaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 420 (1857).

Synegia pardaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 170 (1895).

204 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Occurs at Chang-yang, Moupin, and Omei-shan.

Distribution. Khasis; Ceylon; Borneo (Hampson) ; Cen-

tral and Western China.

Synegia hadassa.

Anisodes hadassa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 400 (1878) ;

Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 38, pl. L. fig. 5 (1879).

Synegia inconspicua, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 412.

Syntaracta hadassa, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 408 (1894).

Both forms of this species occur commonly in the island

of Kiushiu. There was one example of the ¢nconspicua

form in Pryer’s collection, and I received one specimen of

the same form from Yokohama, several from Hakone, and

one from Chang-yang.

In the series from Kiushiu there are forms connecting the

type and znconspicua, and others which are broadly suffused

with leaden grey.

Distribution. Japan; Kiushiu; Central China.

Synegia omissa.

Syntaracta omissa, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 409 (1894).

One example from Chow-pin-sa, Western China. I have

also received it from the Loochoo Islands and from Kiushiu ;

and there was a specimen in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Loochoo Islands; Japan; Western China,

Synegia esther.

Synegia esther, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 411.

There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection. I

have also received examples from Chang-yang, Omei-shan,

and the island of Kiushiu.

The Chinese specimens are lighter in colour and the trans-

verse lines are narrower and not diffused. .

Distribution. Japan ; Kiushiu ; Central and Western China.

Synegia rosearta, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries yellowish ; basal half freckled with rosy

and traversed by a violet-grey band, which is elbowed below

costa; the outer half has a broad violet-grey band, from the

inner edge of this there is a suffusion of the same colour

towards the base of the wing and a diffuse projection towards

the middle of outer margin; a violet-grey streak from

apex almost touches the band, and there are some marks of

the same colour towards inner angle. Secondaries yellowish;

basal patch violet-grey; beyond, the wing is traversed by

from China, Japan, and Corea. 205

more or less confluent rosy waved lines, and the outer margin

has a diffuse violet-tinged rosy band. Under surface pale

whity brown, with the markings of upperside reproduced in

dusky violet-grey.

Female.—The discal area of primaries is more suffused with

violet-grey.

Expanse, ¢ 31, 2 34 millim.

One male specimen from Ichang, a male from Omei-shan,

and a female from Moupin: June and July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Genus SELENIA.

(Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 292 (1816).)

Selenia tetralunaria.

Geometra tetralunaria, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. p. 506 (1769).

Selenia illustraria, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 293; Guen. Phal.i. p. 154.

Selenia tetralunaria, var. estiva, Staud. Cat. p. 157,=var. A, Guen.

l. ec. p. 155.

My native collector took a female specimen of the typical

form at Hakodate in June, and I captured four examples of

var. estiva at that place in August.

Listribution. Europe ; Yesso.

Selenia pallidaria.

Selenia pallidaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 43 (May 1891).

There was one female specimen from Yesso in Pryer’s

collection.

Hab. Yesso.

Selenia adustaria. (Pl. VII. fig. 7.)

Selenia adustaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 42 (May 1891).

Selenia adustaria, var. fusca, Leech, /. c.

Three specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. One

of these is probably an individual of the second brood.

Hab. Yesso.

Selenia sordidaria, sp. n.

Very pale whity brown, irrorated and marked with brownish

on costa of primaries; all the wings have two thin brownish

transverse lines. Under surface as above, but there is an

ochreous lunular patch freckled with brownish on apex of

primaries, and the area of secondaries between the outer line

and the base of the wing is tinged with ochreous and

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 15

206 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

speckled with brownish ; discal spots black, that on primaries

linear.

Expanse 48 millim.

One male specimen from Ichang, April.

Hab. Central China.

Selenia (?) crenularia, sp. n.

Pale primrose-yellow. Basal area of primaries pinkish on

the costa and limited by a dingy olive band with irregular

edges, commencing as a brown spot on costa; there are some

marks of the same colour within the band; beyond there is

an interrupted macular, dingy olive band, the costal spot

brown; the outer marginal area is limited by a pink line

and suffused on the lower portion with the same colour.

Secondaries have a dark discal spot, and the outer marginal

area agrees with that of the primaries. The outer margins

of all the wings are highly crenulate, and the fringes are

olive. Under surface similar to the upperside, but the

yellow is brighter and the secondaries are sprinkled with

pinkish on costa, and the abdominal area is whitish.

Antenne with short ciliz.

Expanse 50 millim.

One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, May.

Hab. Western China.

Selenia (?) bilinearia, sp. n.

Whity brown, with a faint tinge of pink. Primaries have

two oblique dark transverse lines—the first is angulated on

costa, edged inwardly with whitish, and limits the brownish

basal area; the second line traverses an irregular brownish

band and is outwardly edged with whitish; the outer margin

is clouded with brownish below apex and above inner angle,

and there are some smaller marks of the same colour between

the clouds. Secondaries have a dark transverse line agreeing

with the outer one of primaries, and the ground-colour is

obscured with brownish, except on costal and submarginal

areas. Fringes of the ground-colour suffused and chequered

with darker. Under surface: primaries bright yellow, paler

on costa and inner margin; there are two transverse lines as

above; secondaries paler, with two dark transverse lines

approximating on inner margin.

Expanse 36 millim,

One male specimen from Chang-yang, June.

Hab. Central China.

From China, Japan, and Corea. 207

Genus PERICALLIA.

(Steph. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 223 (1895).)-

Pericallia distans.

Hygrochroa distans, Warren, Novit. Zool. ii. p. 143 (1895).

There was a specimen from Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

Mr. Smith took a male specimen at Hakone in August, and

my native collector obtained one in the island of Kiushiu.

I received one female from Omei-shan, taken in July.

In the Chinese example the transverse line is blacker and

more conspicuous than in the Japanese specimens. The

Kiushiu specimen is only 32 millim. in expanse.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; Western China.

P. distans is very close to P. syringaria from Europe, and

is possibly only an Asiatic form of that species. It may be

referable to P. parva, Hedem.*, from Amurland.

Pericallia marmorataria, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 15.)

Greyish-white, with a faint pinkish tinge. Basal patch of

primaries reddish-grey, clouded with darker and limited by a

whitish grey-edged curved line; central line deep brown,

acutely angled below costa, slightly curved to first median

fork, where it passes through a violet-brown cloud, then

oblique to inner margin; between the central line and the

whitish apex of the wing there is a grey-brown patch on

costa intersected by a whitish stripe, and from the lower end

of this last a thin brown curved line runs to a grey-brown

cloud on inner margin. Secondaries are traversed by two

brown lines, the outer one very fine and dotted with blackish

on the nervules; beyond, the outer marginal area is clouded

and suffused with greyish brown and traversed by a wavy

line of the ground-colour. Fringes brown. Under surface :

colour as above; primaries have a brownish basal patch and

a diffuse central line, the last is slightly angulated below

costa and followed by a brownish patch, which is intersected

by a whitish streak that unites with a whitish submarginal

line, the lower end of the submarginal line is bordered by a

brownish cloud, and there is another cloud of the same colour

on the middle of outer margin; secondaries clouded with

brownish at the base, discoidal spot blackish, other markings

correspond with those of upperside, but the abdominal por-

tion of central line is reddish brown.

Expanse 40 millim.

* Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 45 (1881).

shad

208 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

One male specimen from Chang-yang, July.

Hab, Central China.

This species is very similar to P. syringarta, Linn., in

colour and approaches the Japanese P. distans, Warren.

Pericallia productaria, sp. n.

Light brown, striated and clouded with darker. Primaries

have a brownish subbasal line elbowed below costa and a

central brown fascia, the outer edge of the latter is blackish

and has an obtuse projection extending to the indistinct pale

submarginal line ; costa and outer margin with paler patches

tinged with lilacine. Secondaries have a central fascia

which appears to be a continuation of that on primaries, but

the projection on outer edge is less pronounced and there

are two indentations below it. All the wings have a black

discal spot, that on primaries rather linear. Fringes crenu-

late, brown marked with paler, and preceded by a brown line.

Under surface ochreous, striated with reddish brown; all the

wings have a blackish discal spot and a purplish-brown cen-

tral line, the latter, on secondaries, is bordered with purplish

towards abdominal margin; there is a dusky transverse

shade on primaries from costa to median nervure. Vertex

of head whitish.

Expanse 36 millim.

One male specimen from Wa-shan, May.

Hab, Western China.

Allied to P. albifrons, Moore.

Pericallia olivaria, sp. n.

Pale brown, striated and suffused with olivaceous; be-

yond the black discal spot there is an olive band crossing all

the wings, the inner edge of this band is diffuse and

the exterior elbowed below costa of primaries and obtusely

angled on secondaries; there are indications of a pale wavy

submarginal line on each wing intersecting an olivaceous

cloud towards the inner and anal angles respectively ; the

apex of primaries and outer angle of secondaries are also

clouded with olivaceous; secondaries have a blackish discal

spot and there is a dark olive spot in the middle of submar-

ginal line and a curved one at the costal end of the same

line. Under surface yellow, powdered with reddish on inner

area of primaries; outer marginal area of all the wings

brownish, clouded with yellow towards apex and outer angle,

and with greyish white towards inner and anal angles, the

limiting line 1s dark brown edged outwardly with whitish.

I RIO at 8 OR ee ee

from China, Japan, and Corea. 209

Expanse 40-42 millim.

Four male specimens from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Pericallia crenularia, sp. n.

Brown tinged with lilacine. Primaries have a subbasal

dusky line, curved towards costa and again towards inner

margin; a concolorous central fascia outlined in brownish,

the inner edge almost straight and the outer edge obtusely

angled below costa and then inwardly oblique ; submarginal

line interrupted, most distinct towards costa. Secondaries

have a dusky, waved, central line, edged inwardly with

brownish and preceded by an obscure brownish shade and

discal spot; submarginal line indistinct. Under surface

yellow ; outer marginal area limited by a strong blackish

line. Fringes brown, crenulate. Vertex of lead pure white.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Pericallia latimarginaria, sp. n.

Pale brown. Primaries: basal area suffused with darker

and limited by a curved, wavy, blackish line; outer line

blackish, parallel with outer margin as far as third median

nervule, then turned inwards and curved from second to first

median nervule, from which point it runs almost straight to

inner margin, this line traverses a brownish shade which

tapers from inner margin to costa; there is a brownish cloud

on the outer margin below apex, and the space between this

and the transverse shade is tinged with pinkish. Secondaries

have the outer half brownish, tinged with pinkish towards

margin, and traversed by a bidentate blackish line. All the

wings have a black discal spot and an ill-defined, shaded,

pale submarginal line. Under surface yellow ; outer mar-

ginal area clouded with greyish brown, limited by a dark

line and marked with whitish at angle of each wing; discal

spots and transverse lines as above. Vertex of head white.

Expanse 36-40 millim.

Several specimens of each sex from Chang-yang and from

Moupin, June and July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Pericallia vuriaria, sp. n.

Pale greyish-brown, tinged with pinkish, freckled with

fuscous and clouded with the latter colour, especially on the

210 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

basal area of secondaries and between the transverse lines of

primaries. There are two transverse lines on primaries: the

first is blackish, elbowed below costa, and slightly indented

above inner margin; the second is rather oblique, double,

except at each extremity, enclosing a paler area; beyond the

second line there is a blackish quadrate blotch, the centre of

which is filled in with pinkish ; discal spot black. Second-

aries have a black discal spot and an olivaceous crenulate

band; submarginal band serrated, blackish, but not well-

defined towards costa. Fringes fuscous, tinged with oliva-

ceous. Under surface violet-grey, clouded and suffused with

fuscous; primaries have a dusky band, elbowed below costa,

before the middle, and a ferruginous-brown band bordered

with darker beyond the middle; the space between these

bands is marked with creamy white; submarginal line

whitish ; a broad and diffuse ferruginous patch extends from

black discal spot to submarginal line, which it obscures at

this point ; secondaries have the basal area marked with

creamy white: the transverse band appears to be a con-

tinuation of the outer one on primaries; submarginal band

as above but dusky in colour. Outer margin of the wings,

especially of secondaries, crenulate.

Expanse 36 millim.

One male specimen from Chia-ting-fu, July.

Hab. Western China.

Pericallia testacea.

Pericallia testacea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p, 405.

There were several specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s col-

lection. Fenton took the species at Tokio.

Hab, Japan and Yesso.

Genus XYLOSCIA.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 462 (1894).)

Xyloscia subspersata.

Hemerophila subspersata, Feld. Reise Nov., Lep. v. pl. exxv. fig. 16

(1875).

Xyloscia subspersata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 462 (1894).

Several specimens from Oiwake and Yokohama in Pryer’s

collection. 1 captured a female example at Gensan in July.

Hab, Japan and Corea.

Xyloscia biangularia, sp.n. (Pl. VI. fig. 5.)

Pale brown, sparingly irrorated with blackish; the’ basal

;

Ee EE rer en Te

Srom China, Japan, and Corea. 211

area of primaries and outer marginal area of all the wings

suffused with violaceous brown. On the primaries the blackish

lime limiting the basal area is biangulate below costa and

very oblique from median nervure to inner margin; outer line

oblique, blackish, appearing to commence below apex in the

undulated and diffuse blackish submarginal line and preceded

by a slightly wavy brown line, which limits the outer mar-

ginal area. Secondaries have a brown central line followed

by a blackish one parallel with it; submarginal line diffuse,

blackish ; all the wings have a black discal dot, but that on

secondaries most conspicuous. Under surface similar to

above, but the basal two-thirds of secondaries paler.

Expanse 37 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, June.

Hab. Central China.

Closely allied to X. subspersata, Feld., but the transverse

markings rather different, the outer line on primaries ter-

minates on outer margin below the apex; outer margin of

secondaries is slightly crenulate, with a distinct projection

above the middle.

Genus APERICALLIA, nov.

Palpi porrect, densely hairy, extending considerably beyond

the frons. Antenne of male bipectinated to apex. Posterior

tibiz not dilated, with all spurs present. Primaries have

the outer margin slightly concave below apex, angled at

fourth vein, thence oblique. Secondaries have the outer

margin slightly angled at middle. Venation similar to that

of Pericallia.

Type A. bilinearia, sp. n.

Apericallia bilinearia, sp. n.

Primaries whitish grey, tinged with lilacine and freckled

and clouded with fuscous; the central area is traversed by

two dusky-brown, almost blackish, lines: the inner one very

slightly curved and the outer one oblique and followed by

two blackish spots. Secondaries pale whity brown, pow-

dered with fuscous, and traversed by a dark brown line,

which tapers towards but does not attain the costa. Fringes

brown on primaries, grey on secondaries, merging into

brown at anal angle. Under surface ochreous brown, freckled

with blackish; transverse lines and markings generally as

above, but the outer line of primaries is followed by a ferru-

ginous patch on costa; the secondaries are whiter and have

212 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

a diffuse ferruginous central band which obscures the trans-

verse line.

Expanse 36-40 millim.

Four male specimens and three females from Pu-tsu-fong

and Moupin, June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Genus HETEROCALLIA, nov.

Palpi extending beyond the frons, clothed with long hair ;

antenne of male setaceous; hind tibie dilated, all spurs

present. Primaries with apex slightly produced, outer

margin obtusely angled at middle. Secondaries with outer

margin rounded, slightly emarginate above middle. Venation

similar to that of Pericallia.

Type f. truncaria, sp. n.

Fleterocallia truncaria, sp.n. (PI. VI. fig. 1.)

Whitish-grey, tinged with violaceous, irrorated and clouded

with fuscous. Primaries have three transverse dark-brown

or blackish lines, the first not always clearly defined, all are

curved below costa, and the third is recurved and dentate

before inner margin; following the third line is a fuscous-

brown band marked with darker brown below the upper

curve, which is also deeper brown; submarginal line oblique,

white towards costa, where it is interrupted and adjoins the

fuscous-brown band. Secondaries have three fuscous bands,

but these are only well-defined on the abdominal area.

Fringes greyish, preceded by a series of black dots. Under

surface pale greyish, irrorated with fuscous and suffused on

the disk with ochreous ; apical area of primaries clouded with

brownish, submarginal line represented by three white dots :

secondaries have two diffuse transverse bands, these are

brown inclining to blackish on abdominal area, the outer one

with a small elongate blackish spot about the middle.

Eixpanse 42 millim.

Occurs at Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Che-tou

in July. I received twelve specimens, including both sexes.

Hab. Western China.

Genus Psyra.

(Walk. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 221 (1895).)

Psyra rufolinearia, sp. n.

Whitish brown, with a faint ochreous tinge on the disk

and irrorated with fuscous. Primaries have a sinuous red-

ene ee

from China, Japan, and Corea. 213

dish line, dotted with black on the nervures, before the

middle ; this does not extend to the costa, where it is repre-

sented by a black dot and an oblique reddish line, followed

by a series of black dots on the nervules beyond the

middle; there is also a short, interrupted blackish band from

just before apex, and a similar one towards inner margin;

the oblique line together with series of black dots are con-

tinued on the secondaries, and all the wings have a blackish

discal dot and a marginal series of black dots. Fringes of

the ground-colour. Under surface whitish-brown, irrorated

with fuscous; outer marginal area with fuscous border, most

clearly defined on the primaries; the secondaries have a

dusky central line and two series of blackish dots, the outer

series connected by a dusky lunulated line; marginal and

discal dots as above.

Expanse 60 millim.

One female specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Psyra cuneata.

Psyra cuneata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi. p. 483 (1860) ; Hampson,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 223 (1895).

One male specimen from Wa-shan, two females from Pu-

tsu-fong, and a male from Japan in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas ; Sikhim; Khdsis (Hamp-

son); Japan; Western China.

Genus FASCELLINA.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 215 (1860).)

Fascellina plagiata.

Geometra plagiata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1601 (1866).

Fascellina plagiata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 226

(1895).

I have specimens from Ichang, Chia-ting-fu, Ta-chien-lu,

and Omei-shan.

Distribution. Khasis (fampson); Kulu, N.W. Hima-

layas; Central and Western China.

Genus LEPTOMIZA.

(Warr. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 228 (1895).)

Leptomiza calcearia.

Hyperythra calcearia, Walk. Cat. Lep, Het. xx. p. 132 (1860).

Leptomiza calcearia, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 281

(1895).

One specimen from Moupin, July.

214 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim ( Hampson ) ;

Western China.

Leptomiza dentilineata.

Selenia dentilineata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 228 (1887).

Leptomiza dentilineata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 231

(1895). ;

Heterolocha mediolimbata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 308, pl. vi.

figs. 3, 3a.

One specimen received from Chang-yang, August; Pou-

jade records an example from Moupin.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson) ; Central and Western

China.

Leptomiza (?) lentiginosaria.

Collix lentiginosaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 55 (May 1891).

There were some specimens from Yokohama? and Gifu

in Pryer’s collection. I obtained examples of each sex at

Hakodate in August, and received a female specimen from

Chia-ting-fu, taken in July.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Western China.

Genus GARZUS.

(Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 623.)

Gareus specularis.

Gareus specularis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 623, pl. xxxii.

fig. 3; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 255, fig. (1895).

Endropia mactans, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 393 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 30, pl. xlviil. fig. 3 (1879).

Gareus fenestratus, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 404.

There were several specimens from Ohoyama and Nikko

in Pryer’s collection, and I received two examples from

Chang-yang and one from Ichang.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Japan; Central China.

This species is exceedingly variable both in colour and

markings ; in some specimens the hyaline spots are entirely

absent. ‘The range of colour is from pale yellowish brown

to dark purplish brown. One of the Chang-yang specimens

agrees with Hampson’s figure of G. specularis, Moore.

Garcus argillaceus.

Pseudomiza argillacea, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vii. p. 100, pl. exxxv.

fig. 15 (1889).

Gareus argillaceus, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 235

(1895).

One male specimen from Chia-ting-fu, Western China,

July. er

Distribution. Dalhousie; Dharmsdéla; Sikhim; Shillong

(Hampson) ; Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 215

Genus NOTHOMIZA.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 443 (1894).)

Nothomiza formosa.

Ellopia formosa, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 47, pl. xxxv. fig. 8

(1878).

Several specimens from Yokohama and Gifu in Pryer’s

collection.

I captured specimens in Satsuma in May and at 'Tsuruga

and Nagahama in July. Mr. Smith took the species at

Hakone in August.

Hab. Japan; Kiushiu.

Genus HETEROMIZA.

(Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1893, p. 405.)

Heteromiza sanguiflua,

Cimicodes sanguiflua, Moore, Lep Atk. p. 233, pl. viii. fig. 4 (1887).

Heteromiza flava, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p.236 (1895).

I have received specimens from Omei-shan, Moupin, and

Chang-yang, June and July.

Hampson considers that H. flava is a torm of H. sangui-

jiva, but I am inclined to regard them as distinct species.

Distribution. Khasis; Central and Western China.

Hleteromiza flava.

Cimicodes flava, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 233, pl. viii. fig. 5 (1887).

One male example from Moupin, July.

Distribution. Khasis (Hampson) ; Western China.

Heteromiza cruentaria.

Cimicodes cruentaria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 616;

Waterh. Aid, pl. cli. fig. 6.

Heteromiza cruentaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 237

(1895).

One example of each sex from Chang-yang, July.

Distribution. Western Himalayas; Khdsis (Hampson) ;

Central China.

Genus DALIMA.

(Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 614.)

Dalima variaria, sp. n.

Male. — Ochreous-brown, striated with purplish-brown.

Primaries have a brownish diffuse band, which is angled

below costa and traversed throughout its course by a wavy

216 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

silvery-white line, and terminates in a black quadrate spot on

middle of the inner margin; submarginal band shade-like and

obscure: secondaries have two purplish-brown bands, and

between these there is an interrupted silvery-white line

bordered with fuscous. All the wings have a dusky discal

spot; fringes brown. Under surface orange, sparingly

freckled with blackish; primaries have a black discal spot

and a blackish wavy submarginal band, the latter inter-

rupted towards costa, where it is represented by a round

spot; secondaries have a black discal spot, preceded by a

blackish abbreviated band from abdominal margin, and a

blackish wavy submarginal band. Antenne as in D. acutaria.’

Female.—Cinnamon-brown; the markings as in the male,

but less distinct.

Expanse, g 52, ? 58 millim.

Four male specimens and one female from Moupin, Omei-

shan, and T’a-chien-lu, June and July.

Var. grisearia, nov.

Purplish grey, deeper on the secondaries and outer mar-

ginal area of primaries ; there are no purplish-brown striations ;

the transverse markings and discal spots are similar to those

of the type, but the outer line of primaries is olive-brown.

Two male specimens from Omei-shan, July.

Var. albomaculata, nov.

Primaries ochreous brown, suffused with olive-brown, con-

spicuously so beyond the transverse line : secondaries purplish

brown. Markings as in the type, but in addition there is a

series of silvery-white lunules on the outer margin of primaries

and a cloud of the same colour, interrupted by the nervules,

in the angle of transverse line.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

Dalima obliquarta, sp. n.

Apex of primaries acute; secondaries have an angular

projection above middle of outer margin. Pale reddish

brown ; first line of primaries rufous, undulated ; second line

indicated by a short rufous streak from costa and another on

inner margin ; third line rufous, running obliquely from apex

to middle of the inner margin, where it terminates very close

to the second line, a short outwardly oblique streak from the

costa approaches the upper portion of this line; there are

traces of a diffuse, dusky, submarginal band. Fringes darker.

jJrom China, Japan, and Corea, 217

Secondaries have two rufous lines and a diffuse submarginal

band as on primaries. Under surface orange, speckled with

fuscous grey; outer margins suffused with tuscous.

Expanse 52 millim.

One female specimen from Wa-ssu-kow, June.

Hab. Western China.

Dalima ochrearia, sp. 0.

The apex of primaries is acutely produced and the second-

aries have an angular projection above the middle of outer

margin. Pale ochreous brown, tinged with pink, especially

on the outer marginal areas of all the wings. Primaries have

three brown spots on costa; beyond the middle there is a

transverse yellowish line, sharply angled in the direction of

the apex of the wing, and then oblique to inner margin,

where it terminates slightly in advance of a dark quadrate

spot placed on the middle of the margin; this line is out-

wardly bordered with olivaceous. Secondaries have a trans-

verse yellowish line outwardly bordered with olivaceous and

an indistinct dusky line nearer the base of the wing. In

some specimens there are indications of a submarginal line on

each wing. Under surface orange, freckled with fuscous.

Expanse 50-52 millim.

Several examples of both sexes from Moupin; Chia-ting-fu;

Wa-shan; Pu-tsu-fong; Chang-yang: June and July.

The Chang-yang examples are tinged with olivaceous and

have indistinct traces of basal and median transverse lines.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Dalima acutaria, sp. n.

The primaries are produced at apex and there is a slight

projection on the outer margin of the secondaries below outer

angle. Brownish grey, more or less tinged with rufous.

Primaries have three short rufous-brown dashes on costa, from

the first of which there are indications of a silvery-grey-edged

transverse line to the inner margin, and from the third there

is a line projected in the direction of outer margin, which,

however, it does not reach, but turns sharply inwards and

runs obliquely to middle of the inner margin; beyond this

line, which is edged with yellowish, the wing is tinged with

fuliginous. Secondaries have two central rufous-brown lines,

the inner straight and the outer curved, the latter edged

inwardly with yellowish. Fringes rufous-brown. Under

surface orange, freckled with blackish ; marginal area of all

the wings suffused with dusky and limited inwards by a

218 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

blackish diffuse band. All the wings have a black discal

spot on both surfaces. Antenne of male serrate and

fasciculate.

Expanse 56-64 millim.

Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one from Omei-

shan, July.

The type described is rather browner in colour than the

other specimens; this is probably due to its finer condition.

Hab. Western China.

Dalima columbinaria, sp. n.

Grey, with a tinge of lilacine. Primaries have two short

transverse dashes on the costa and a transverse line beyond

the middle, which is sharply angled below the apex of the

wing, and then runs obliquely to the middle of the inner

margin, where it is inwardly edged with silvery grey ; discal

spot blackish: secondaries have two slightly curved blackish

or dark brown lines, the outer edged internally with silvery

grey. All the wings have an interrupted dusky submarginal

band-like shade. Fringes brown. Under surface orange,

freckled with blackish ; transverse markings of upper surface

indicated in blackish.

Expanse 54-56 millim.

One male specimen from Omei-shan and one from Moupin,

June and July.

Allied to D. vulpinaria, Moore.

Hab. Western China.

Dalima subferrugineata.

Drepanodes subferrugineata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 307,

pl. vi. figs. 2, 2 a.

Poujade records a female specimen taken by M. l’Abbé A.

David at Moupin.

Hab, Western China.

Genus AMBLYCHIA.

(Guen. Phal. i. p. 214 (1857).)

Amblychia angeronaria,

Amblychia angeronaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 215, pl. iv. fig. 9 (1857) ;

Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 242 (1895).

One female specimen from Wa-shan, May.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Assam; Ceylon (Hampson) ; Western

China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 219

Genus CEPPHIS.

(Hiibn.; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 118.)

Cepphis advenaria.

Geometra advenaria, Hiibn. Beitr. ii. pl. iii. fig. Q ; Geom. fig. 45; Esp.

pl. xvi. figs. 1-3.

Cepphis advenaria, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 294 ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 114.

Epione advenaria, Dup. Lép. vii. pl. cl. fig. 3; Guen. Phal. i. p. 97.

I captured specimens at Gensan in July and at Hakodate

in August.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Yesso ; Corea.

Cepphis (?) laterinata.

Numeria laterinata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 312, pl. vi.

fic. 13 (=W. lateritiarva, Pouj. Bull. Muséum, février 1895).

Poujade records a male specimen from Moupin. I have

two males from that locality taken in July, and one from

Huang-mnu-chang taken in August.

Hab. Western China.

Genus HYPERYTHRA.

(Guen. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 218 (1895).)

Hyperythra khasiana.

Calopyrrha khasiana, Swinh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 221

(1893).

Hyperythra pheniz, Swinh., Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, p. 219

(1895).

‘Two males from Omei-shan and a female from the province

of Kwei-chow, July.

The female has a slight olivaceous tint, but the males are

pinkish and yellow.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis; Nagas (Hampson) ; West-

ern China.

Genus ANTHYPERYTHRA.

(Warren, MS.; Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 485.)

Anthyperythra hermearia.

Anthyperythra hermearia, Swinh. Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond, 1891, p. 485,

pl. xix. fig. 9.

One male specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Distribution. Khadsis ; Western China.

220 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Lleterocera

Genus CoryPHA.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 270 (1860).)

Corypha incongruaria.

Corypha incongruaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 270 (1860) ; Bull.

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. p. 31, pl. xlviii. fig. 6 (1879).

I obtained specimens in Satsuma in May and at Tsuruga

in July, and my native collector took the species in the island

of Kiushiu and at Ningpo.

Mstribution. Japan; Kiushiu ; N. China.

Genus AUAXA.

(Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 271 (1860).)

Auaxa sulphurea.

Bizia sulphurea, Butl. Tl. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 47, pl. xxxv. fig. 10

(1878).

Several specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection. I took this species in Satsumain May, at Tsuruga

in June, and at Nagasaki and Gensan in July. I have

also received specimens from Chang-yang, Omei-shan, and

Moupin, June and July.

The basal line and discal spot of primaries are variable

characters in this species ; in some of my specimens both are

absent.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; Central and Western China.

Probably identical with Awaza cesadaria, Walk., from

China, the type of which I have not been able to discover.

Genus Bizta.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 261 (1860).) .

Bizia exaria.

Bizia exaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 261 (1860); Butl. Il. Typ.

Lep. Het. ii. p. 31, pl. xlviii. fig. 5 (1879).

Endropia mibuaria, Feld. Reise Noy. vy. pl. exxiii. fig. 31 (1875).

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. |

obtained the species at T'suruga and Gensan in July, and

Mr. Smith took it at Hakone in August. I have also received

specimens from Ichang, Chang-yang, Kiukiang, Omei-shan,

Chia-ting-fu, and the province of Kwei-chow, June and July.

Fairly constant in colour and markings, but varies in size,

From China, Japan, and Corea. 221

My smallest male specimen expands 44 millim. and largest

female 72 millim.; the latter is from Chang-yang.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; Western and Central

China.

Genus CoLoro!s.

(Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 288.)

Colotois pennaria.

Phal. Geometra pennaria, Linn. Faun, Suec. 324.

Geometra pennaria, Esp. pl. xviii. figs. 4-6; Hiibn. Geom. fig. 14.

Colotois pennaria, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 288; Meyrick, Trans. Ent.

Soc. 1892, p. 114.

Himera pennaria, Dup. Lép. vii. pl. exlvi. figs. 1,2; Guen. Phal. i.

p. 182.

There was one male specimen in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Europe ; Amur; Japan.

Genus ENNOMOS.

(Treit. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 114.)

Ennomos autumnaria.

Geometra autumnaria, Wernb. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1859, p. 361.

Geometra alniaria, Esp. Schmett. v. pl. ix. figs. 1-6; Hubn. Geom.

fig. 26.

Eugonia alniaria, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 291.

Ennomos alniaria, Treit. Schmett. vi. i. 79 ; Guen. Phal. i. p. 175.

Ennomos autumnaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 115.

A few examples from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s col-

lection.

Distribution. Europe; Ural; Amur; Japan, Yesso.

Genus CROCALLIS.

(Treit.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 231 (1895).)

Crocallis acutaria, sp. 0.

Primaries pale yellowish brown, sprinkled and _ suffused

with darker; a dark brown line inwardly edged with whitish

commences on costa near apex and terminates on inner margin

one third from outer angle; a black spot on outer margin in

each nervular interspace: secondaries pale brown, slightly

suffused with darker within the brownish central line, which

becomes indistinct towards costa. All the wings have a dark

discal spot, annular on primaries. Fringes brown, paler on

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 16

222 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

secondaries. Under surface whity brown, with dark markings

of upperside faintly reproduced.

Expanse 48 millim.

One example of each sex from Chang-yang, July.

This species is very like the paler forms of C. arida, which

also occurs in China, but the apex of primaries is acutely

produced, especially in the female, and the outer margin is

not scalloped between apex and the angular projection. The

transverse line, too, is oblique, not curved in the least, and

starts from a point on costa much nearer to the apex.

Hab. Central China.

Crocallis arida.

Niphonissa arida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 394 (1878)

fil. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 31, pl. xlviii. fig. 7 (1879).

Crocalls obliquaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 232

(1895).

There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection from

Yokohama and Oiwake. I have also received the species

from Kiushiu, taken by a native collector, and I met with it

at Oiwake and Nikko in September.

My collectors in Western China obtained it at Moupin,

Pu-tsu-fong, and Chow-pin-sa in June, but only single

specimens in each locality. The Moupin example agrees in

colour with the Japanese specimens, but the others are much

darker.

Distribution. Japan; W. China.

Crocallis (?) acuminarta, sp. n.

Ochreous brown. [rimaries traversed by two blackish

transverse lines, the first almost straight and the second

oblique, angled near costa and outwardly edged with whitish ;

there isa semihyaline spot on costa extending to angle of

second line and intersected by nervule; discal spot black :

secondaries have an incomplete waved central blackish band,

a faint discal spot, and a dusky cloud at anal angle. Under

surface light brown; primaries marked as above, but the

transverse lines are finer and the second is followed by some

blackish dots on the neuration, instead of being edged with

whitish : secondaries freckled with brownish grey ; transverse

band extends only to discal spot, and there are indications of

a submarginal line.

Expanse 40 millim.

One female specimen from Che-tou, July.

Hab, Western China.

From China, Japan, and Corea. 223

Genus PACHYLIGIA.

(Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 442 (1878).)

Pachyligia dolosa.

Pachyligia dolosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 442 (1878) ;

Il. Typ. Lep. Het. p. 50, pl. liii. fig. 5 (1879).

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Pachyligia modesta.

Pachyligia modesta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 4483 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 50, pl. liii. fig. 6 (1879).

Pa par rhors tristis, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 652, pl. xxxii.

g. 8.

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

There were two females of this species among Pryer’s

unidentified insects ; one of these I erroneously described as

a distinct species under the name Cymatophora tristis.

Some of the specimens are unicolorous, others have a

darker central band.

Hab. Japan.

Genus ZETHENIA.

(Motsch. Etud. Ent. p. 34 (1860).)

Zethenia rufescentaria.

Zethenia rufescentaria, Motsch. Etud. Ent. p. 35 (1860).

Zettienia rufescentaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 102.

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I captured examples of the type form at Gensan, and my

native collector obtained the species at Hakodate in June.

There are two distinct colour-forms of this species ; one is

of the typical brownish, the other is pale whitish grey, with

space between the inner and outer lines filled in with blackish.

I took specimens of this form, for which I propose the varietal

name grisearta, at Nagasaki in May and Fushiki in July.

There was one example of this form in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan, Yesso, Kiushiu, and Corea.

Zethenia contiguaria, sp. n.

Somewhat similarin appearance to Z. rufescentaria, Motsch.,

but darker in colour. ‘he first line of primaries is angulated

below the costa; the wavy second line is dotted with black on

the neuration as in Z. rufescentaria, but it is inwardly edged

16*

224 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

with whitish towards inner margin and is preceded and

followed by a diffuse fuscous-brown transverse band; discal

spot black: secondaries have a black discal spot and a wav

blackish transverse line, the latter preceded and followed by

fuscous-brown bands as on primaries. Underside paler,

markings very similar to those of upper surface.

Expanse 42-44 millim.

Several specimens from Ichang, Chang-yang, Moupin,

Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, and the province of Kwei-chow :

July.

Tab, Central and Western China.

Zethenia albonotaria.

Selenia albonotaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 73, pl. vi. fig. 16 (1864).

Zettienia albonotaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 102.

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I obtained the species at Nagasaki, Ningpo, and in Sat-

sumain Apriland May. Mynative collector captured examples

at Hakodate in June.

One of the specimens from Ningpo and one from Nagasaki

seem to agree with consociaria, Christ.

Distribution. E., Siberia; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; North

China.

Genus SELENIOPSIS.

(Warr. Novit. Zool. i. p. 462 (1894).)

Seleniopsis evanescens.

Endropra evanescens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 404.

Seleniopsis evanescens, Warr. Novit. Zool. i. p. 462.

There were specimens from Yokohama, Ohoyama, and

Nikko in Pryer’s collection. I captured the species at Hako-

date in August, and my native collector took it in the island

of Kiushiu.

Hab. Japan, Yesso, and Kiushiu.

Seleniopsis grisearia, sp. n.

Greyish white. Primaries powdered with darker grey ;

discoidal spot black, linear ; beyond this, on the costa, is an

almost white spot followed by a small blackish cloud: second-

aries powdered with darker grey on abdominal margin,

especially towards anal angle, where there are traces of two

dark transverse lines. Fringes dark grey, spotted with blackish

from China, Japan, and Corea. 225

at the ends of the nervules. Under surface brownish grey,

tinged with violet ; outer margin of primaries bordered with

violet-grey, costal area striated and powdered with brown,

discoidal and costal spots as above, but the latter is surrounded

with black ; secondaries are freckled with brownish and clouded

with violet-grey below the black linear discoidal spot ; above

the anal angle there is a short whitish diffuse line, edged

inwardly with violet-grey.

Exxpanse 88 millim.

One male specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Closely allied to S. evanescens, Butl., and perhaps only a

local form of that species.

Genus ANONYCHIA.

Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 412.)

( P

Anonychia grisea.

Nadagra grisea, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 172.

Onychia grisea, Swinhoe and Cotes, Moths of India, p. 574 (1887).

Anonychia grisea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 178 (1895).

I have specimens from Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong,

Wa-ssu-kow, taken in June and July.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas ; Sikkim; Khasis (Hamp-

son) ; Western China.

Anonychia latifasciaria, sp. n.

Allied to A. grisea, Butl. Primaries greyish, powdered

and freckled with brownish; the central band, which is inter-

sected by a blackish sinuous line, is broad and darker, espe-

cially towards the edges; the inner edge of the band is

curved about the middle; submarginal line diffuse, pale,

wavy: secondaries fuscous grey, with a blackish, central,

slightly curved line. Under surface fuscous grey; costa

yellowish, freckled with black; the primaries have a blackish

discal spot and a series of spots on the neuration beyond ;

secondaries are much freckled and have a discal spot and a

series of spots as on primaries. Iringes grey, darker at their

base and marked with blackish at extremities of the nervules.

Expanse 32 millim.

Occurs at Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Ni-tou; I have one

male specimen from each locality: July.

Hab. Western China.

226 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Anonychia preditaria, sp.n, (Pl. VI. fig. 4.)

_ Light brown. Basal half of primaries suffused with fuli-

inous and coarsely striated with blackish; there is a wavy

blackish subbasal line and a curved one beyond, the latter

increases in width towards costa, where it is almost black ;

limiting the basal half of the wing is a broad fuliginous

undulated band, the outer edge of which is outlined with

whitish and has an obtuse projection above its centre ; there

is a short transverse blackish streak from the costa before

apex, and the outer margin is suffused with fuliginous.

Secondaries have the basal two thirds suffused with blackish

and limited by a pale line, which has a small bidentate pro-

jection about the middle; beyond this there is a series of dusky

dots. All the wings have a blackish discal spot. Fringes

of the ground-colour, chequered with darker. Under surface

light brown, with a pinkish tint: primaries have a second

line and the broad band of upper surface reproduced.

Secondaries have the basal two-thirds limited by a series

of black dots, and striated and freckled with blackish.

Expanse 42 millim.

One example of each sex from Moupin, and two males from

Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to A. mendica, Butl.

Anonychia anomala.

Cidaria (?) anomala, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p, 425.

Butler states that this appears to be a tolerably common

species at Tokio. It was not represented in Pryer’s col-

lection, neither did I meet with it in any part of Japan that

I visited.

I have a specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June or

July, which seems to be referable to this species, but the

markings on primaries are more pronounced.

Distribution. Japan; Western China.

Anonychia mendica.

Cidaria mendica, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 446 (1879).

There were four specimens from Nikko and Ohoyama in

Pryer’s collection. I took one example at Hakodate in

August, and Mr. Smith one at Hakone in the same month.

I have also received a male from Chang-yang.

In the Chinese specimen the outer edge of central fascia is

bolder in outline.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Central China.

JSrom China, Japan, and Corea. 227

Genus EuRYMENE.

(Dup. Cat. Lép. Eur. p. 220 (1844).)

Eurymene dolabraria.

Phal. Geometra dolabraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 861.

Geometra dolabraria, Esp. pl. 15. figs. 1, 2; Hiibn. Geom. fig. 42.

Eurymene dolabraria, Dup. Lép. vii. pl. 148. fig. 5; Guen. Phal. i.

p- 145.

Metrocampa dolabraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 112.

There were four very typical specimens from Yesso in

Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Europe; Yesso.

Eurymene subpurpuraria, sp. n.

Pale brown. Primaries tinged with violet on the central

and basal areas; there are three more or less quadrate

marks on the costa, and there are some black dots on the

third median nervule, at end of cell, and on nervule above.

Secondaries have a blackish central band, but this is only

distinct towards abdominal margin; there are some black

dots as on primaries: all the wings have an indistinct

blackish discal spot. Fringes pale brown chequered with

slightly darker brown. Under surface: primaries buff,

clouded, except on apical area, with reddish brown, and suf-

fused with violet-grey; the costa is marked with reddish

brown and whitish ; secondaries clouded with brownish and

blackish, the latter confined to the anal and central areas; a

blackish discal spot on all the wings.

Expanse 50 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Genus PRIONIA.

(Hiibn. Zutr. iv. p. 40; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths,

iii. p. 175 (1895).)

Prionia paupera.

Osicerda paupera, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418.

A nice series in Pryer’s collection, taken at Gifu and

Oiwake.

Hab. Japan.

228 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Prionia rosearia.

Prionia rosearia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 56 (May 1891).

I obtained six specimens, including both sexes, in the

Snowy valley, Ningpo, April. :

The first of the central lines is not always clearly defined

in some specimens.

There is an un-named example of this species, labelled

‘‘ Chekiang,” in the National Collection.

Hab. North China.

Genus HETEROLOCHA.

(Led. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, iii. p. 207 (1853) ; Hampson,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 179 (1895).)

Heterolocha falconaria.

Aspilates faleonaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het., Suppl. v. P 1665 (1866).

Heterolocha faleonaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 179

(1895).

Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one female

from Che-tou, July.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas, Sikhim, Punjab (Hamp-

son); Western China.

Heterolocha latifasciaria, sp. n.

Closely allied to H. subroseata, but the outer margin of

secondaries is rounder in contour. ‘The oblique band of

primaries is marked towards costa with dusky spots, as in

H. falconaria, Walk., but there is no apical spot as in

H. apiciaria, and the band of secondaries is broader and

more distinctly purple towards abdominal margin. The

markings on under surface are purplish, with a slight grey

tinge.

Expanse 32-34 millim.

Two male specimens from Ichang and one female from

Chang-yang, June and July.

Hab, Central China.

FHeterolocha subroseata.

Heterolocha subroseata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i, p. 449 (1894).

A long series from Chang-yang, Moupin, Omei-shan, and

the Province of Kwei-chow, June and July.

Jn some specimens the upper surface is more or less irro-

rated with fuscous, especially on the outer marginal area.

Z from China, Japan, and Corea. 229

The markings are subject to modification as regards deve-

lopment: sometimes the basal patch of primaries is only

indicated by a fuscous spot on costa, and the oblique trans-

verse band is entirely absent; in these specimens, however,

the purple patch on inner margin remains. In other

examples the oblique band is well defined, but the marginal

patch is eliminated.

Expanse ranges from 31-41 millim.

Distribution. Japan (Warren); Central and Western

China.

Heterolocha stulta.

Hyperythra stulta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 870 (1879).

A fine series from Ohoyama and Oiwake in Pryer’s col-

lection.

Varies in the intensity and definition of markings.

Hab. Japan.

Heterolocha notata.

Heterolocha stulta, var. notata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 449 (1894).

Male.—Primaries straw-colour, irrorated, especially on the

costal and outer marginal areas, with fuscous; basal patch,

a band before the discal spot, and one beyond pinkish, the

latter attenuated towards costa, and followed by a pink-

tinged fuscous transverse cloud. Secondaries straw-colour,

paler towards costa and irrorated with fuscous ; beyond the

dusky discal spot there is a pinkish band, which does not

reach the costa; a transverse pink-tinged fuscous band

before outer margin. Under surface: primaries yellowish,

irrorated with pinkish grey, whitish on inner marginal area.

Secondaries whitish, irrorated with pinkish grey, yellowish

on costal area; the transverse markings of upperside are

reproduced but are not distinct.

Female.— Rather paler in colour.

Expanse 30-32 millim.

A number of male specimens from Chang-yang and Ichang,

chiefly from the first-named locality, whence four females

were also received, June.

Varies considerably in the intensity of the pinkish mark-

ings. In some examples these are very pronounced, whilst

in others they are, to a greater or lesser extent, obsolescent.

In one or two specimens the primaries are tinged with

brownish.

Distribution. Japan (Warren) ; Central China.

230 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Heterolocha fuscofasciaria, sp. n.

Whitish, irrorated with fuscous. Costal aréa of primaries

suffused with brownish, and the basal area with fuscous grey ;

annular discal spot and oblique band fuscous grey, the latter

commencing before the apex. Secondaries have a fuscous-

grey central band. Fringes agree in colour with the bands.

Under surface similar to above.

Expanse 26 millim.

One male specimen from Ichang, April.

Hab, Central China.

Nearly allied to H. notata.

Feterolocha aristonaria.

Hyperythra (?) aristonaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xx. p. 180 (1860).

a ae es niphonica, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 46, pl. xxxv.

e. 2 (1878).

There was a nice series of both forms in Pryer’s collection.

I have also received examples of the typical form from

Ichang and Chang-yang, and from the Province of Kwei-

chow.

At Nagasaki I took the species in May, and afterwards

met with it at Gensan in June, at Tsuruga in July, and at

Hakodate in August.

This species is closely allied to, if it is not identical with,

H, laminaria, Herr.-Sch., from Armenia.

Niphonica, Butl., cannot be specifically separated from

aristonaria, Walk. Some of the specimens from Japan have

the yellow colour of artstonaria, but the outer portion of all

the wings, beyond the second line, is grey, as in ntphontca ;

in other examples the marginal area is purplish red.

The males vary in size from 20 to 35 millim.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; North, Western, and

Central China,

Heterolocha rosearia, sp. 0.

Yellow. Primaries pale pinkish on basal area, there is a

tapered band of the same colour on the lower portion of

outer marginal area; the costa is finely dotted and marked

with black, and there is a pinkish apical spot edged

inwardly with blackish. Secondaries have an ill-defined

pale pinkish subbasal band, and the outer margin is broadly

bordered with pale pinkish, except at outer angle; both this

and the band on primaries inwardly edged with dusky.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 231

Under surface bright yellow: primaries have the inner

margin whitish ; a purplish-red dash at base of costa, a sub-

basal cloud, a spot at apex, and acloud on inner margin near

angle: secondaries have a subbasal band and a broad central

one; the latter, and also the cloud on inner margin of

primaries, suffused with greyish. All the wings have a

discal spot of the same colour as the other markings.

Expanse 26 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, July.

Hab. Central China.

Closely allied to H. aristonaria.

Heterolocha marginaria, sp. n.

Sordid yellow, irrorated with purplish fuscous, especially

on secondaries. Primaries have a pale purplish basal patch,

and a border on outer margin of the same colour, the latter

tapers towards apex and has a brownish circular patch on it

at inner margin; discal spot dusky, indistinct. Secondaries

have a purplish discal spot and central band. Under surface

yellow, irrorated and mottled with fuscous mixed with

purplish red: primaries have an outwardly diffuse oblique

band from apex, an annular discal spot, and an irregular-

shaped subbasal patch, all purplish red; secondaries have a

purplish-red discal spot and central band.

Expanse 34 millim.

One male specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Heterolocha quadraria, sp. n.

(PL. VI. fig. 8.)

Primaries olive-yellow, traversed by two blackish lines,

each commencing in a black, more or less quadrate, spot on

the costa, the first is almost straight and the second is twice

angled below costa, thence obliquely wavy and edged out-

wardly with whitish to inner margin, where it expands into

a blotch. Secondaries yellowish, freckled with violet-grey

and traversed by a band of the same colour; the abdominal

margin and anal angle are tinged with olive-yellow. Fringes

of primaries concolorous, except towards apex, where they

are dark; fringes of secondaries violet-grey, except at anal

angle, where they are yellowish green. Under surface

brownish: primaries suffused with fuscous ; costal and outer

marginal areas clouded with yellow; there are two diffuse

dusky bands, corresponding in position with the lines of

232 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

upper surface: secondaries clouded with ferruginous, except

on abdominal margin, and traversed by a dusky band. All

the wings have a blackish discal spot on both surfaces.

Head and thorax concolorous with primaries; puree

agrees with secondaries above.

Expanse 32 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June. ‘Three male

specimens, Chang-yang, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou: July.

McArthur took a specimen at Narkundah in April.

Distribution. Central and Western China; North - west

Himalayas.

Heterolocha patalata.

Heterolocha patalata, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. 132. figs. 9, 9a (1874) ;

Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ii. p. 180 (1895).

‘'wo male specimens received from ‘T'a-chien-lu, June.

Distribution. Rampur; Khdsis (Hampson); Western

China.

Heterolocha phenicoteniata.

Aspilates phenicoteniata, Koll. Hiig. Kasch. iv. p. 487 (1848).

Heterolocha phenico-teniata, Feld. Reis. Nov. e 1338. figs. 6, 6a

(1874); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. 179 (1895).

One example from Japan in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas (Hampson) ; Japan

(Pryer).

Heterolocha grata.

Epione grata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. pee (1879).

Gynopteryx lapidea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, ia

‘There were a number of specimens from Oiwake and Gifu

in Pryer’s collection, and amongst them examples of the

larger and rather purplish-grey form lapidea, Butl.

Hab. Japan.

Genus VENILIA.

(Dup.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 180 (1895).)

Venilia triangulum.

Caustoloma triangulum, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 32, pl. il. fig. 5

(1886).

Oberthiir does not refer to the sex of his type. I havea

from China, Japan, and Corea. 233

series from Ta-chien-lu, where the specimens were taken in

May and June. The sexes do not differ either in colour or

marking.

Hab. Western China.

Venilia Oberthurt.

P Caustoloma oberthiirt, Alph. Iris, viii. p. 201 (1895).

A nice series, including both sexes, from ‘T’a-chien-lu,

Pu-tsu-fong, and How-kow: June and July.

Hab. Western China and Thibet.

Venilia flavaria, sp. n.

(Pl. VI. fig. 12.)

Similar to V. tréangulum, Oberth., but the ground-colour

is darker yellow, especially on secondaries; the brown

marking on primaries is not continued along the inner

margin to base; the band on secondaries is more pronounced

and is continued as a short broadish streak along the abdo-

minal margin. ‘The dark costal border is uniformly straight,

and not inwardly expanded about the middle as in JV. tri-

angulum.

One example of each sex from Chow-pin-sa, and a male

from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Venilia lozonaria.

Caustoloma lozonaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 24, pl. iv. fig. 57.

A series received from Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, Omei-shan,

Ta-chien-lu: June, July, and August.

Hab. Western China.

Venilia (?) tnvenustaria, sp. n.

Whity brown, faintly striated with pale ferruginous on

both surfaces.

Expanse 30 millim.

One female specimen taken by myself at Gensan in June.

Hab. Corea.

Genus LOZOGRAMMA.

(Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 258 (1829).)

Lozogramma petraria.

Geometra petraria, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 113; Esp. v. pl. 49. fig. 1.

Lozogramma petraria, Steph. Ll. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 259.

234 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Panagra petraria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 132.

Pseudopanthera petraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 117.

Several specimens from Oiwake, Gifu, Nikko, and Yesso

in Pryer’s collection. A few examples were taken by my

native collector at Hakodate and in the island of Kiushiu in

June and July, and I have also received specimens from

Ichang, Chang-yang, and Chia-ting-fu, where they were taken

in June.

Distribution. Europe; Armenia; Amur; Japan; Yesso ;

Central and Western China.

Genus LOXASPILATES.

(Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 413.)

Loxaspilates obliquaria.

Aspilates obliquaria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 649.

Lovaspilates obliquaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 181

(1895).

Eusarca subfaleata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 312, pl. 7.

figs. 14, 14 a.

I received specimens of this exceedingly variable species

from Moupin, Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Ta-chien-lu, and

from How-kow. Poujade records a female specimen from

Moupin.

Distribution. Afghanistan; N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim

(Hampson) ; Western China ; Thibet.

Lowxaspilates straminearia, sp. n.

Primaries pale straw-colour, sparsely irrorated with brown-

ish ; there are indications of two brownish transverse lines

(one on each side of the blackish discal dot), most distinct

towards costa and inner margin; submarginal line wavy,

but indistinct, and marked with blackish above the middle ;

fringes of the ground-colour, preceded by a series of blackish

dots. Secondaries whitish, with a brownish patch rather

below the middle of abdominal margin, and a smaller one

near anal angle; fringes as on primaries. Under surface

pale straw-colour: primaries have the basal half of the costal

area suffused with fuscous and irrorated with the same colour

beyond; there is an oblique fuscous transverse line marked

with black on the costa, and the discal spot is blackish :

secondaries sparsely irrorated with fuscous; the discal spot

Srom China, Japan, and Corea, 235

is blackish and there are two fuscous bands beyond, both

becoming indistinct towards costa.

Expanse 36 millim.

One male specimen from the summit of Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Loxaspilates nigromacularia, sp. n.

Whitish, sparsely irrorated with blackish on primaries and

fuscous on secondaries. Primaries have two black trans-

verse lines: the first is biangulate, and the second inwardly

dentate and bordered outwardly with olivaceous brown;

there is a rather large black discal spot; the submarginal

line is indicated by a short black dash from costa, a >-shaped

mark just below, and a similar mark towards inner margin.

Secondaries have a blackish discal dot and dusky central

band, the latter becoming indistinct towards costa. Fringes

of the ground-colour, preceded on primaries by a series of

black lunules. Under surface whitish: primaries suffused

with fuliginous on basal two-thirds, markings of upper surface

reproduced in dusky.

Expanse 34 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Loxaspilates (?) trilinearia, sp. n.

Primaries brown, with three silvery-white transverse lines

each inwardly edged with dark brown; the first line is

slightly oblique, the second is curved and recurved, and the

third is biangulate; discal dot blackish. Secondaries

whitish, irrorated and lined with brownish on abdominal

margin, and suffused with the same colour towards outer

margin; discal dot blackish. Fringes brown, rather paler on

secondaries. Under surface whitish, sparingly irrorated with

brownish, and tinged with the same colour on costal and

outer marginal areas of primaries; all the wings have a

blackish discal dot; the transverse lines of primaries are

faintly reproduced and the secondaries have a dark brown

submarginal band.

Expanse 34 millim.

One female specimen from Wa-shan, June.

Hab. Western China.

[To be continued. }

236 Bibliographical Notices.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Pub-

lished under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in

Council. Edited by W. T. Branrorp.—Moths. Vol. IV. By

Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart.

Tun present volume completes Sir George Hampson’s revision of

Indian Moths, the Tortrices, Tineina, and Plume-moths being alone

excepted. It comprises an account of the species which represent

the large family Pyralide in India, Ceylon, and Burma ; and con-

cludes with an Appendix of addenda and corrigenda, bringing the

previous volumes up to,date.

At one time the family Pyralide was represented by a group of

so-called ‘‘ mother-of-pearl’ moths which constituted a mere fraction

of the supposed tribe Pyralites, whilst other groups, popularly known

as “ grass-moths” or ‘* honey-moths,” were separated as families of

the tribe Crambites. Now the whole of these insects are very

properly merged into one family, all those previously recognized

families which had been distinguished by good structural characters

taking their places as subfamilies. Of the more typical Pyralide

many are of remarkable beauty, whilst a great number are of con-

siderable interest on account of the almost endless modifications of

their various organs, together with the development, sometimes on one

part and sometimes on “another of their structure, of tufts or brushes

of hair, patches of thickened scales, or clear impressed patches, most

of these characters appearing to be confined chiefly, if not solely, to

the males. Now, although all these secondary sexual characters

are very entertaining to the student, they need examining with the

greatest attention, inasmuch as not a few of the species scarcely

differ one from the other excepting in the position or the colour of

some insignificant pencil of hair on a leg or wing; and, seeing that

Sir George Hampson has conscientiously and methodically studied

each family, genus, and species. not only in general structure, but

having a due regard to these peculiarities, it is a mystery how he

can have produced the present volume so quickly after the publica-

tion of Volume III.

It must be remembered that most of the Pyralide are very small

moths of somewhat complex structure, and, owing to the delicate

texture of their wings, it is frequently by no means easy to examine

the neuration ; the use of benzine, to render the wing temporarily

transparent, often causes it to fold or curl over in such a manner

as to make a study of the veins impossible. If the species be a

common one, a specimen (from no special locality) may be saecri-

ficed, the wings being cleared of scales and mounted ; but in the case

of the rarer species the most careful study through a platyscopic

lens is necessary.

Bibliographical Notices. 237

Perhaps I am mistaken, but it has struck me in running through

this volume that this very necessity for close examination into

minute details in working out the species of Pyralide has had what

most lepidopterists will consider a beneficent effect, in reducing the

long strings of synonyms which are met with continually in the

earlier volumes of the Moths. In Volume IV. they appear chiefly

in the boldly marked groups, such as Nymphula in the Hydro-

camping. However, in a work which will be an undoubted boon,

not only to all collectors in the East, but to all living lepidopterists,

it is hardly fair to criticize the author’s views respecting the limits

of species: if he concludes that the species of certain genera are

subject to unlimited variation combined with very extensive geogra-

phical distribution, he has, by his unwearied industry, earned a full

right to his opinions.

Taken as a whole, the four volumes of the Moths of India have,

without question, been worked out in so masterly a manner and

are so infinitely superior as text-books of families and genera to

anything previously produced, that they must necessarily give a

great impetus to the study of Heterocerous Lepidoptera.

A. G. Burien.

The Parasitic Diseases of Poultry. By Frep. V. Tuzopatp, M.A.,

F.E.S. London: Gurney & Jackson, 1896. Pp. xv & 120.

Tas little book should prove useful not only to poultry-rearers

but also to the scientist and veterinarian. It opens with an

introductory chapter on parasites and parasitism in general, at the

conclusion of which the author rightly insists on the importance

of cleanliness and healthy surroundings for poultry—items too

much neglected by the majority of poultry-keepers. For the

purpose of description, the Parasites are divided into Animal and

Vegetable; and the Animal Parasites are subdivided into (1)

Protozoan Parasites, (2) Insect Parasites (fleas, lice, &c.), (3) Mite

Parasites, and (4) Worm Parasites. These are again divided into

their natural groups, and under each group the symptoms and

appearances of the diseases, the parasites producing them, with their

life-histories and mode of distribution, and the means of prevention

and treatment, are fully dealt with. The last should be very

valuable, especially as it is the outcome of the author’s own

experience ; it would have been better, however, to have used the

term “ lime-washed” throughout, instead of, in most instances, the

somewhat loose one, ‘‘ whitewashed.”

Commencing with Diphtheritic Roup, the opinion is expressed

that though there may be three varieties of this affection, it is

generally protozoan in nature. Its extreme contagiousness is

certainly against this view, and such authorities as Cornil and

Babes and Léffler favour the bacterial theory of its origin. On

page 6 “Cornet ” is evidently a misprint for “ Cornil.”

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 17

238 Geological Society.

Passing to the Vegetable Parasites, the author does not seem to

be so much at home as with the Animal. They are divided in

rather a curious way, viz.: (1) the Dermatophy tes, or cutaneous

parasites, (2) the Perisporiacese or “ Moulds,” and (3) the Saccharo-

mycetes. An Aspergillus is described as ‘formed of thin colourless

filaments forming a matted layer or thallus, and a looser mass above,

the so-called aerial mycelium.” By the inoculation of the spores

of A. fumigatus it is stated that ‘tuberculosis of the liver and lungs

takes place.” Although the next sentence renders the author's

meaning clear, it is to be regretted that the term ‘ tuberculosis,”

which is now applied only to a specific disease, should be used in

an anatomical sense. The bacterial diseases are not described, as

the author considers that they should be separately dealt with.

Two appendices (one a complete list of the parasites attacking

Gallus domesticus, the other a bibliography) and a good index

complete the volume, which is illustrated with many capital wood-

cuts.

In spite of the blemishes mentioned above, the work supplies a

distinct want and will prove a useful guide to the recognition and

treatment of the parasitic diseases of poultry.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

December 2, 1896.—Dr. Henry Hicks, F.R.S.,

President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. ‘On the Affinities of the Echinothuride, and on Pedinothuria

and Hlikodiadema, two new Subgenera of Echinoidea.’ By J. W.

Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S.

The Author summarizes and discusses the literature bearing upon

the Echinothuride, and brings forward arguments to prove that the

family is a member of the order Diademoidea, and is derived from

the Pedinidse, members of which are found in earlier rocks than the

Corallian, which contains the oldest member of the Echinothuride,

namely, Pelanechinus. He maintains that the extreme flexibility

and loose articulation of the plates of the living genera Asthenosoma

and Phormosoma is due to the diminished calcification of the plates,

and that these recent genera are extremely specialized forms, and

not primitive,—the apparently primitive features of the family being

secondarily acquired, not primeval.

A description is given of forms belonging to two new genera,

described as Pedinothuria—a connecting-link between the Pedinide

and Echinothuride ; and Llikodiadema—which has a flexible test, is

Miscellaneous. 239

a modified form of Pseudodiadema, and has probably arisen from the

adoption of a deep-sea life resulting in diminished calcification of

the test.

2. ‘On Echinocystis and Paleodiscus, two Silurian Genera of

Echinoidea.’ By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S.

The Author gives a history of the genera Echinocystis, Salter,

and Paleocdiscus, Wyv. Thoms., redescribes their structures, and

discusses their affinities. He concludes that Echinocystis is an

echinid and not a cystid; and that Paleodiscus is an echinid and

not an asterid. In order to prevent confusion, he suggests the

name Scolocystis for a true cystid which was described by Hall as

Echinocystis, some years after the latter name had been applied by

Wyville Thomson to the fessil now concluded to be an echinid; and

also sugyests the name of Discocystis for the form named Echino-

discus by Worthen and Miller.

In discussing the affinities of Echinocystis, Wyv. Thoms., the two

latest diagnoses of the Cystoidea (those of Prof. von Zittel and Prof.

Haeckel) are considered, and it is contended that they do not enable

us to draw any sharp line of distinction between cystids and

echinids.

It is shown that the masticatory apparatus of Paleodiscus and

Echinocystis explain the origin of that structure in gnathostomate

echinids ; and furthermore, it is suggested that eiace ystis renders

probable the homology of the so- called ‘calycinal plates’ of the

Echinoidea with the plates of the valvular pyramid of the Cystoidea,

and not with the calyx-plates.

The Author gives synopses of the order Cystocidaroidea of Prof.

von Zittel, and of its two families, Palzeodiscide and Echinocystide.

MISCELLANEOUS.

To the Editors of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’

The Generic Name of the River Crayfish.

GeNnTLEMEN,—It is unnecessary for me to reply to the Rey. Mr.

Stebbing at any length.

(i.) Reference to vol. xi. of the Trans. Linn. Soc. will confirm the

accuracy of my remark as to Leach’s treatment of Astacus and

Nephrops. 1am surprised at Mr. Stebbing supposing that I cited

an anonymous article of uncertain date.

(ii.) Mr. Stebbing appears to be unaware of rule 2 of the rules

proposed by the British Association for zoological nomenclature.

What is there said of Brisson applies literally to Gronovius, and

the genera of the one author are as good as those of the other.

(iii.) Does not Mr. Stebbing know that 1758 has been well called

by the most eminent of the exponents of the zoological works of

240 Miscellaneous.

Linneus “ the zoological ab urbe condita of binominal chronology ” ?

and that before 1890. :

- (iv.) If Desmarest had not said that Leach’s Potamobius was a

river-crab one might have ascribed Potamobius apud Samouelle to

Leach ; but as it is, Samouelle must take the responsibility for his

ill-advised method of using Leach’s MSS.

(v.) Mr. Stebbing has no right to lead us to suppose that Pota-

mobius was not preoccupied ; he shows himself to be incapable of

recognizing the name when it is absolutely forced under his eyes,

for he says of Desmarest that he ‘“ would probably have accepted

Leach’s Potamobius had he ever heard of it,” and that after I had

quoted a sentence of Desmarest passing an opinion on the value of

that very name. Soentranced has Mr. Stebbing been by the details

of my autobiography, that he has missed the kernel of my argument.

(vi.) How one text-book can copy another either peacefully or

otherwise I know not; but, if Mr. Stebbing means to gibe at

Huxley, Milne-Edwards, Carus, Claus, Gegenbaur, Hertwig, and

Boas, he has been guilty of an offence of which I hope he has already

repented.

I am, Gentlemen,

Your obedient Servant,

F. Jerrrey Bet,

A Gigantic Cephalopod on the Florida Coast.

By A. E. VERRILL.

Mr. R. P. Whitfield has forwarded to the writer the following

letter from Dr. Webb to Mr. J. A. Allen, dated St. Augustine, Fla.,

Dec. 8th, 1896 :—

“You may be interested to know of the body of an immense

Cctopus thrown ashore some miles south of this city. Nothing but

the stumps of the tentacles remain, as it had evidently been dead

for some time before being washed ashore. As it is, however, the

body measures 18 feet in length by 10 feet in breadth. 1ts immense

size and condition will prevent all attempts at preservation. I

thought its size might interest you, as I do not know of the record

of one so large.”

The proportions given above indicate that this may have been a

squid-like form, and not an Octopus. The ‘ breadth” is’ evidently

that of the softened and collapsed body, and would represent aa

actual maximum diameter in life of at least 7 feet, and a probable

weight of 4 to 5 tons for the body and head. These dimensions are

decidedly larger than those of any of the well-authenticated New-

foundland specimens. It is, perhaps, a species of Architeuthis.

Professor Steenstrup recorded many years ago a species of this

genus (A. dux)*, taken in 1855 in the West-Indian seas ; but his

example was much smaller than the one here recorded.—Amer.

Journ. Sci., January 1897, p. 79.

* See Trans. Connecticut Acad. vol. y.; also Report U.S. Fish Com.

for 1879, p. 51, pl. xii. fig. 4.

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

(SIXTH SERIES. ]

No. 111. MARCH 1897.

XXIV.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An-

drews.—No. XVII. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D.,

F.R.S.

. On the Spawning of the Lesser Sand-eel (Ammodytes tobianus, L.).

. On the Eggs and Young of the Pollack (Gadus pollachius, L.).

. On the Life-history of the Lumpsucker ( Cyclopterus lumpus, L.).

. On the Eggs and Young of the Bimaculated Sucker (Lepadogaster

bimaculatus, Donov.).

. On the Life-history of the Short-spined Sea-Scorpion (Cottus

scorptus, L.).

On He CO HD

1. On the Spawning of the Lesser Sand-eel

(Ammodytes tobianus, L.).

Some years ago an account of the eggs and larve of the

sand-eels was given by the author in the ‘ Report of the

Fishery Board’*, and little fresh light has been thrown on

the oviposition since that date, though the able paper by

Mr. A. T. Masterman gave much information about the life-

history and the rate of growth f, as founded on a careful

examination of a most extensive and valuable series from

various parts of Scotland. His conclusions from the larval

and young forms also fit in with the subsequent remarks.

* Ninth, p. 331 (1891); also M‘Intosh and Prince, Trans. Roy. Soc.

Edinb. vol. xxxv. p. 858.

+ Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1895, p. 282.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 18

242 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

For many years we have been familiar with the appearance

in vast numbers of the larval and early post-larval sand-eels

in the bottom tow-nets in March; but, though it was clear

that deposition of the eggs from which these sprang could not

have been longer distant than a month or six weeks, still the

actually ripe adults had not been seen at the commencement

of the year. They had, on the other hand, been examined

and described in May, and even in the beginning of July.

This year the storm from the 8th to the 11th of January

tossed some sand-eels on shore, some of them with their

distended bodies firmly encircled by worn valves of the cockle

in which a hole bad been pierced, as if, in the extremities of

the situation, they had made an effort to plunge into anything.

All were examples of the lesser sand-eel, ranging from 6% to

74 inches, one of the smallest being a male with the abdomen

distended with nearly ripe milt, the male organs in this species

being as large proportionally as the ovaries in the female.

Some of the females also had the abdomen fully distended by

ripe ovaries. The ovaries had a pale greenish-yellow hue, the

individual eggs measuring about 838 millim., thus exceeding

in size those of the larger sand-eel given in the account

above alluded to. The oil-globule was abont *24 millim.,

also exceeding that of the larger species. As the specimens

had been dead for a day or two, the present appearances

cannot be regarded as perfectly normal.

The simultaneous ripening of the eggs in such an ovary

was well illustrated in this species, the surface of the organ

being minutely botryoidal from the projecting axis of the

eggs, which were arranged in a kind of mosaic. These eggs

were slightly cloudy and the oil-globule was faintly greenish.

This differs therefore from the perfectly fresh egg, which has

a dull golden or honey-colour (pinkish orange by transmitted

light). The larger sand-eel, again, has a greenish oil-globule,

so that such a tint seems to be prevalent in the genus. ‘The

tint of the oil-globule, however, in the lesser sand-eel must

undergo changes, since it is scarcely tinted in the larval fish

after it rests on the surface of the sand.

One female in the six examples procured had ovaries

almost spent, only a few ripe ova occurring towards the poste-

rior end of the organs. The lean lanky body externally was

diagnostic.

The difficulty with regard to the spawning of the lesser

sand-eel is thus removed, and in consonance with what was

supposed to be the explanation of the facts in 1891 *. They

* Ninth Ann. Rep. Scot. Fish. Board, p. 333.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 243

deposit their ova in the sand in December and January, and

probably somewhat later, so that a succession of larval forms

appears in March and April, and which, by-and-by assuming

the pelagic stage, become as they grow larger a very im-

pone element in the nourishment of the food-fishes of our

shores.

2. On the Eggs and Young of the Pollack

(Gadus pollachius, L.)

Some years ago* a few remarks were made on the spawning

period of this species. On the first occasion only preserved

ova were forwarded by the able assistant fishery officer at

Lerwick, Mr. Duthie, but the following season he sent a few

fresh ova in sea-water ; their condition, however, was unsatis-

factory. This energetic officer nevertheless has lost no oppor-

tunity of filling up the gap in regard to this and other species

requiring investigation. Since the foregoing remarks were

published Mr. Holt obtained two ripe females (in the spring

of 1891) off the west coast of Ireland, and, though no male

could be obtained, they were fertilized with the milt of a cod.

He found their diameter to be 1°13 millim. in the unfertilized

condition, a size they for the most part kept after formation

of the perivitelline space, though extremes ranged from 1:10

to 1:16 millim. Three days later they exhibited a very

translucent embryo, devoid of pigment and with no free caudal

region. He was unable to develop them further.

This year Mr. Duthie with difficulty procured a few fer-

tilized ova on the 2nd May, and forwarded them at once.

Unfortunately they were delayed in transmission, probably

by the dense mist, and they only reached the laboratory

about 5 P.M. on the 6th, the majority having succumbed.

They measured 1°1430 millim., a size agreeing with that of

the green cod and with some that were sent in solution in

1893. These had the tail becoming free from the yolk, but the

condition was not quite normal, and the exterior of the capsule

was covered with debris in all. The blastopore had closed

and the tail was just commencing to extend beyond the yolk.

The optic vesicles were distinct and the auditory vesicles

were indicated by a minute clear ovoid area. Kupffer’s

vesicle was present. Moreover, a series of black chromato-

phores occurred on the head and along the sides of the body

to the tail. The notochord appeared in the middle line, but

the muscle-plates were indistinct though probably present.

* Tenth Annual Report, p. 288 (1892), and Eleventh Annual Report,

p. 246 (1893).

18*

244 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

The yolk had considerably diminished. At the sides of the

embryo were groups of minute granules, the result in all

probability of abnormal conditions.

Next day—that is, on the 7th May, the fifth day after

fertilization—the ova were unhealthy and the development

irregular. The lenses were now visible, and a prominence

indicated the heart. The otocysts have two otoliths. ‘The

notochord is cellular, and the segmental tubes had formed.

Posteriorly several large vesicles were at the seat of Kupffer’s,

and the tail seemed to be deformed. The black pigment-

corpuscles were stellate in front of the ctocysts.

On the 8th May one of the embryos had escaped from the

capsule, the latter apparently being somewhat delicate; but

whether this was due to the abnormal conditions, viz. the

long journey and the great heat, is unknown. In this example

the heart pulsated and an opercular aperture appeared behind

it. The otocysts had moved forward, the pectoral folds

were more distinct, and the muscle-plates more numerous.

The notochord was multicolumnar. Kupffer’s vesicle had

various accessory vesicles connected with it by protoplasm.

The tail extended a little beyond the yolk, which bad a few

pale wrinkles in front, and its surface was dotted with minute

granules. In certain views finely branched processes pro-

jected from a black pigment-speck on the body to the surface of

the yolk, evidently uncoloured prolongations which afterwards

develop pigment. The black chromatophores on the head

and along the edges of the muscle-plates were distinct, and

some were slightly branched, especially on the head. In

jateral views the pectoral expansions were prominent. When

placed in pure sea-water after examination the embryo and its

yolk rose rapidly to the surface. On the same date an

embryo within the capsule was less advanced, and the heart

resented no movement.

Twenty-four hours later (9th May) the extruded embryo

still survived, and the changes undergone in this interval

were as follow :—Considerable diminution of the yolk had

occurred, but a rupture of the sac had taken place posteriorly.

‘The eyes were more clearly outlined, and pigment was develop-

ing in them, while the choroidal fissure was prominent. ‘The

otocysts were much larger and hadarim. The heart pulsated

and had endocardial papilla. The pericardial space was large.

The pectoral fins showed a thickened rim of epiblast. Kup-

ffer’s vesicle was still present. ‘The black chromatophores

were more distinct, though those of the embryo in the capsule

were more branched. Both specimens perished at this stage.

The pollack (lythe), though not uncommon, has thus been

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 245

a somewhat difficult fish to deal with in regard to its ova.

From information sent by Mr. Duthie they appear to come

inshore after spawning, and are by no means rare in June,

July, and August; but only an occasional fish is procured

offshore by the long liners. It is an active form, and gene-

rally struggles so severely when hooked that it is brought

up dead. Moreover, the egg-capsules seem to be easily

affected in confinement.

In all probability the larval pollack thus closely approaches

the larval green cod, the black pigment being even more

distinctly developed along the sides. In the post-larval stage

this pigment also probably collects into marked dorsal and

ventral bands, with a general dusting on the sides posteriorly

and a median line as in the cod and green cod.

Young pollack from 28 to 43 millim. long occur in numbers

near the margin of the rocks about the end of July, while

larger forms, ranging from 48 to 78 millim., are not un-

common in September. In October they reach the length

of 42 inches.

3. On the Life-history of the Lumpsucker

(Cyclopterus lumpus, Z.).

The eggs of this species are very abundant along the rocky

margins from February to the end of May, or even somewhat

later, one specimen having been procured on the 12th July,

1888. ‘The colour of the eggs varies from reddish to straw-

tint, and even greenish, while in a ripe ovary in the body of

the fish it ranges from a beautiful amethystine lustre, through

the various shades of dull yellow, to greenish. When the

eggs are partly immersed in a crevice of the rocks and partly

exposed, those on the latter surface are straw-tinted, while

those in the pocket in the rock are of a faint lilac hue. The

capsule is dense and minutely punctured, but presents no

special thickenings or superficial wrinkles, except where the

facets of attachment are situated. They are fixed together in

considerable masses on the rocks, the water percolating

readily through the interstices ; but the hatching in confined

tanks is somewhat uncertain, since decaying debris or the

death of a few leads to putrefaction of the whole.

In the majority of instances the exposed surfaces of the

masses of eggs present peculiar and smoothly rounded de-

pressions, as if portions of the eggs had been scooped out by

a predatory fish or mollusk. Such depressions are bowl-

shaped—that is, wider at the top or surface and gently nar-

rowing to the bottom. An attentive examination, however,

246 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

shows no mark of injury, such as would be caused by

the teeth of a fish or by the rasping “ tongue” of a shell-

fish. The eggs lie evenly together, and their capsules are

uninjured. In all probability, therefore, the depressions are

due to pressure applied by a blunt surface immediately after

deposition, when the mass is soft, and it may be by the snout

or other part of the male as he fertilizes them.

The eggs are chiefly to be found from low-water mark to

half-tide mark, often deposited in corners or in holes in rocks.

They generally are exposed to the wash of the sea, at St. An-

drews, for instance, facing the east.

In this condition they are eagerly eaten by the rooks,

starlings, and rats. ‘The food-fishes and others are also

extremely partial to them. Thus, at the end of April it

occasionally happens that codling caught off the rocks have

their stomachs distended with the eggs of the lumpsucker.

Even such small fishes as Yarrell’s blenny take the same

food.

The care which certain male bony fishes take of the eggs is

well known, while Dr. Giinther mentions only two cases in

which females do so. In this country the males of the river

bull-head, the lumpsucker, and the marine and freshwater

sticklebacks are familiar instances.

Most authors who have described Cyclopterus have observed

this feature in the male; indeed, it is sufficient under ordinary

circumstances to try to push him off guard with a stick to

bring it out clearly *. Various interpretations, however, have

been placed on the habit, some supposing that the mere fact

of the male being in the neighbourhood at deposition sufficed

to account for its subsequent appearance near the eggs; while

others, after Fabricius, bestowed considerable attention on

the description of the instinct. In regard to the remarks of

Fabricius, it is doubtful if the wolf-fish would be much incon-

venienced by the attacks of the lumpsucker. Even in its

postlarval condition the young wolf-fish makes an easy prey

of the young lumpsucker.

As soon as the eggs are hatched the males are released,

and the young spread themselves over the rock-pools in

the neighbourhood in hundreds. It is unlikely, however,

that they are dispersed by specially adhering to the body

of the male, though they quickly cling to anything and

even to each other, Their home for some time appears to be

the littoral region, and especially the rock-pools, and they

* Vide Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Aug. 1886, p. 81, “On the Paternal

Instincts of Cycloplerus,’ by W. C. M.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 247

are occasionally found in considerable numbers in August,

when the larger examples caught with a hand-net measured

about { inch. They adhere to the blades of the tangles and

other sea-weeds, and in the mazes of these find that safety

(from the ready application of their suckers) which would be

denied them in the open sea. They are also common in the

neighbouring waters inshore, being carried hither and thither

on the floating littoral sea-weeds, and thus frequently get

into the tow-nets.

In February and March only ova are obtained. In May

the newly hatched larve: are about 6 millim. in length or a

little longer. They are tadpole-like, with the remains of

yolk, while the marginal fin is continuous dorsally and ven-

trally. The caudal has only embryonic rays, and there is a

thickening (hypural) beneath the notochord in this region.

The short breast-fins show indications of true rays. In

Prof. Agassiz’s* youngest stage the caudal was already

partly separated from the dorsal and ventral embryonic fin,

and yet the presence of yolk is not mentioned, while the

length was only 4 millim. ‘The foregoing, therefore, though

larger, was less developed, as, indeed, his figure shows. He

fancifully likens the outline to that of the armoured fishes of

the Old Red Sandstone—e. g., Coccosteus. By the twelfth

day the fish has increased considerably in bulk and measures

6°75 millim. in spirit; and besides the disappearance of the

yolk and the increase of pigment, the dorsal has now been

transformed into two fins, a short crescentic first dorsal over

the vent, having six true rays, and a second dorsal with eleven

true rays, joined by a portion of the larval fin (which shows

no embryonic rays) to the caudal, the upper region of which

(the larval tail) has only embryonic rays to the notch T, ten

true rays occurring beneath. ‘The anal fin has ten rays and

is joined to the caudal by a strip of larval fin without rays.

In the figure of Professor Alex. Agassiz at this stage (e. g. his

fig. 3, pl. iv.) the second dorsal shows thirteen rays, the anal

fifteen, and no strip without rays intervenes between these

fins and the caudal. He likens it at this stage to the young

of Batrachus.

Professor A. Agassiz gives some excellent remarks con-

cerning the coloration of these young forms. “ In the youngest

stages ” (with true rays developing in the tail, or about the

twelfth or thirteenth day in Britain) “ the head, in a line

drawn nearly vertically below the base of the anterior dorsal,

is of a light chocolate-brown, with a darker brown band

* Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts and Sci. vol. xvii. July 1882, p. 286.

+ The notch is absent in Professor Agassiz’s figure (pl. iv. fig. 1).

248 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

extending from the nostrils above the eye to the base of the

anterior dorsal. A light blue band extends from the rear of

the eye to the top of the operculum and in front of the eye to

the nostrils. A blue spot of similar tint is found at the poste-

rior base of the dorsal and at the base of the caudal extremity

of the posterior dorsal. Therest of the body is straw-coloured.”

When the dorsal and anal fins are first outlined from the

marginal (Agassiz’s pl. iv. fig. 4) he found them “‘ usually of

a bright olive-green, darkest towards the dorsal side, with

the same blue band extending towards the operculum from

the rear of the orbit, with one or two round blue spots above

the level of the pectorals along the lateral line. Other speci-

mens were of a bluish neutral slate-tint, uniformly spotted

with darker pigment-cells, with the same blue band between

the eyes, above the nostrils, and behind the eyes. This was

also the colouring of the oldest of the young specimens caught

(from 20 to 34 millim.), resembling in general the bluish

colouring of the adult, only of a darker tint.

“ The intermediate stages varied greatly in colouring; some

were of a yellowish-brown, spotted with chocolate-coloured

patches, with light greenish bands behind the eyes, and five

roundish spots of the same colour along the lateral line, and

a similar number of larger spots along the base of the poste-

rior dorsal, extending in some specimens along the median

dorsal line of the body to the coloured band extending be-

tween the eyes. Other stages, with a similar arrangement of

elliptical spots of a bluish tint along the dorsal and lateral

lines, were of a reddish-brown colour, with pigment patches

of a darker greenish or of a brownish colour, the abdominal

region being of a lighter colour.”

In regard to the coloration of the British examples some

slight differences from the foregoing careful description of the

American forms occur. Thus at 12 millim., in June, the

general tint is olive-brown, with an opalescent ‘bluish bar

running from the operculum to the eye, and then forward

over the upper lip to the mouth, where those of opposite sides

almost meet. ‘lraces of the same hue occur on the cheeks

and on the pectorals. A cross-bar of the same beautiful tint

passes between the eyes, so that the whole forms an A, a pale

furrow in front being caused by the premaxillary fold. The

efiect of these bands in many is heightened by a border of

russet-brown. Others a little larger, again, have the body

dappled with sinuous brown bands, so that it is more or less

reticulated, and, in addition to the iridescent bluish bands just

mentioned, have dots on the cheeks, bold touches of the same

character along the sides and at the base of the pectorals, the

atti

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 249

effect being heightened by the orange tint of the inner surface

of the anterior rays. At 20 millim., when the lateral spines

are developing, the pre-, post-, and interocular bands are still

present, though the latter (often greenish) is less distinct.

Above 20 millim. the body (as at 25 millim.) becomes more

uniformly tinted, such as olive or bluish green, the ocular

belts being indistinct; but at the size just mentioned (25

millim.) the sides of a green example are somewhat silvery,

the first dorsal has a brown tip, and the orange tint remains

in the pectorals, thus contrasting with the generally paler hue

of the ventral surface.

It is interesting that in these small forms slight pressure

causes the sucker to adhere in the dead animals. It is, of

course, easily removed.

When 11 millim. long in spirit, in June, it conforms rather

to the 20 millim. stage of Agassiz, since the first dorsal is

long, fleshy at the base, and with crenations to represent rays

at the tip. The breast-fins have increased in size, though

they do not differ much in their relations to the posterior

border of the dorsal, since that has been carried considerably

backward by the elongation of the fin-rays. The second

dorsal and the anal are prominent, and the caudal has no

trace of the larval tail.

Little change ensues up to 17 millim., except the general

increase in bulk, the deepening of the first dorsal, and the

more evident crenations at the tip. When about 18 millim.,

however (in spirit), four rows of simple papille appear :—

(1) A line of minute and somewhat closely aryanged papille

along the dorsal ridge and extending from the posterior part

of the head to the base of the first dorsal; behind the latter

two rows occur, and they cease before the commencement of

the second dorsal. (2) A line of small papille extending

from the tubular nostril along each ocular ridge, and sloping

downward along the dorso-lateral region, but ceasing opposite

the first dorsal. (3) A series of five larger, but still simple

papilla, from a point above the base of the breast-fin to a

vertical line from the vent. (4) A similar number along

each ventral edge to the commencement of the anal fin. The

third line has the best marked papille.

It is interesting that in the American examples Professor A.

Agassiz found no trace of these papille in fishes 20 millim.

long; yet the anterior part of the body, he observes, had

assumed the somewhat angular outline characteristic of the

adult, though the body as a whole was longer. Indeed, he

found the spiny tubercles (of which the foregoing papille are

the precursors) developed only to a slight extent in young

250 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

forms measuring 34 millim. The British examples are thus

more precocious. Professor Agassiz also describes ‘ a last

row of somewhat smaller tubercles along the median line of

the abdomen behind the ventrals.” In all probability

“median” should be “ lateral,’ unless the American form

specifically differs.

As the fish increases in length the second and third rows

extend posteriorly and by-and-by become hispid with minute

spines; the third especially presenting large crescentic emin-

ences bristling with prominent spines, which, while occurring

over the tubercle generally, also form a pectinate ridge

distally.

In June the young lumpsuckers range from less than 10 to

23 millim., the smaller forms being more frequent at the

beginning, the larger towards the end of the month. In

those of 23 millim. the spiny tubercles are all better marked

than at 19 or 20 millim. Thus, the second and third rows

(lateral) extend to a line passing through the middle of the

second dorsal and theanal. In full development each process

in the row forms a multispinous tubercle. A row of small

spinous tubercles also occurs at the lower border of the oper-

cular region, one extending to the branchiostegal region. At

this stage (23 millim.) the second dorsal has 11, the breast-

fins 21, the anal 10, and the caudal 11 rays—these numbers

agreeing for the most part with the full number in the adult.

On the other hand, the young differs from the latter in the

greater proportional size of the eyes, the larger proportional

size and nature of the third and ventral tubercles, in the shape

and condition of the first dorsal fin, and in the arrangement

of the pigment. At this, as well as the previous stage,

minute leeches are occasionally found on the skin.

In July eggs were once obtained in a fully ripe condition

(viz. the 12th), but their deposition on the rocks would seem

to be rare at this period. Young postlarval forms of only

6°5 millim. are still found at the surface, e. g. of St. Andrews

Bay and the Forth, the majority, however, being between

11 and 30 millim. Many of an intermediate size are obtained

in rock-pools. At 30 millim. all the rows of spinous tubercles

are extremely prominent, the most conspicuous being four of

the third row. This and the second row extend almost to

the base of the caudal fin. Such a fish is much more rugose

than the adult, whose rows of flattened tubercles contrast with

the projecting ridges and their hispid tubercles in the young.

The first dorsal fin at this stage has a tendency to be adpressed,

so that its tip is guarded by the double row of spinous

tubercles on the dorsum. Further, the flattened abdominal

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 251

surface behind the ventrals shows minute soft papille scattered

over the surface, the precursors of the hispid processes of the

next stage. At this stage, therefore, the young lumpsucker

is armed at most points, a condition of great importance

during its more or less pelagic existence.

During August the captured specimens (in spirit) range

from 13°5 to 35 millim., most being above 20 millim. Large

numbers are procured in the salmon stake-nets off rocky

borders *, the young lumpsuckers adhering to sea-weeds

which are stranded on the ropes, while some are procured in

the ordinary bottom-nets. At 35 millim. the rows of hispid

tubercles are more pronounced than in the previous stage.

The first five of the third row are very large, the hardened

distal region being more or less conical, with a pectinate crest

of spines which have a slight inclination backwards. Hach

hardened tubercle moves freely on the softer skin around it.

The most evident change, however, and it is one which

appears at 31 or 32 millim., is the appearance of minute

spinous processes on the skin between the larger rows of

tubercles on the upper lateral regions and on the flattened

surface behind the ventral sucker, as well as all over the head,

the only area apparently free from them being the abdominal

wall between the prominent third row and the lateral ventral

series, the tip of the spines of which also present a slight

inclination backwards. The double row of spinous tubercles

behind the dorsal fin have increased in size, and form an

efficient protection to the tip of the former when adpressed ;

and probably this is important, since the projecting fin would

otherwise be readily seized by a predaceous fish. Three

spinose tubercles occur on the lower edge of the opercular

region. In contrast with the smooth flattened tubercles of

the adult, therefore, the young lumpsucker is remarkably well

armed.

Of the subsequent stages of this species the following may

be given, viz. 24 inches on June lst f, probably a small

example of the last year’s brood ; 54 inches in July ; 7 inches

in August ; and 6,), inches in December (covered with Caligz)

—all these indicating the growth of upwards of a year, the

latter example probably being about eighteen or nineteen

months old. The sexual differences at an early age have not

yet been fully worked out, and therefore it would be premature

to draw conclusions on the subject.

* For example, off the East Rocks at St. Andrews, from which many

interesting specimens have been presented by Mr. Turbyne.

+ Vide a useful table by Mr. J. R. Tosh, M.A., B.Sc., Twelfth Ann,

Rep. Fishery Board, pt. iii. p. 339.

252 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

4. On the Eggs and Young of the Bimaculated Sucker

(Lepadogaster bimaculatus, Donov.).

This fish is rather more characteristic of the southern and

western than the eastern shores, though it is by no means

rare on the latter or in the north of Scotland. The eggs are

deposited towards the end of June (being most common in

July and August) inside empty bivalve shells, such as Venus,

Pectunculus, Solen, and Pecten, and also along with L. Decan-

dolit, at Guernsey, in the interior of the hollow basal swellings

of the curled tangles, the adult fixing itself beside the eggs

by means of the sucker. ‘The eggs are stated by Mr. Holt to

have a long diameter of 1:37 millim. and a short one of 1°08,

while the height is °68 milllim. The preserved eggs have a

long diameter of 1:14 to 1°37 millim. and a short one of *914

to 1°2 millim., while the height is *64 millim. These latter

dimensions thus agree with those of Mr. Holt, taking the

contraction caused by spirit into consideration. ‘They are

placed quite separately in most cases, though not with regu-

larity, inside the shells, attached by a flattened surface of a

peculiar structure. On the irregular surface of the cavity of

the tangle they were somewhat close to each other; indeed,

two or three were occasionally lifted together by the basal

secretion, and they covered all the available surface. The

attached or flattened surface is coated by an adhesive secre-

tion, the micropyle, as Mr. Holt in his careful and accurate

description observes, being in the middle. He found the

aperture, however, closed, as was the case also in those

examined here, the disks or bosses of the cilia or long papillae

of attachment occurring over it. A fine fibrillar secretion

stretches over the whole of the attached surface, the fibres

radiating from the micropyle outward towards the marginal

fringe. The surface of the capsule (zona) in this region is

closely studded all over with distinct pustule-like disks or

bosses, from which cilia or processes project, the tip being

often bifurcate and ending in long filaments. These and the

fibrillar secretion just mentioned run into the fringe of fibres

at the margin of the egg. In some views, however, the

marginal fringe sprang from a series of large basal stems

united with the secretion at the margin of the egg.

On the other hand, the upper arch of the flattened egg

has its capsule so transparent that the ordinary punctures

could not be satisfactorily made out in the preserved

specimens, though such were formerly considered to be

present.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 253

From the observations of Mr. Anderson Smith *, who kept

the adults of L. Decandoliz in confinement till they deposited

eggs, which they did all at once, it appears that they hatch on

the twenty-eighth day. The circulation was noticed on the

thirteenth day. Mr. Holt correctly states that the embryos

are always horizontal in position; indeed, the shape of the

egg would render any other position difficult. In this con-

nexion it has also to be remembered that in the later stages

the embryos make considerable movements in the eggs.

Mr. Holt found different degrees of development in the eggs

of those he examined, and slight variations were also observed

in those above-mentioned. ‘The majority, however, in a

given case were nearly alike in this respect. The examina-

tion of the ovaries of an example of Lepadogaster Decandolit

captured in a hollow tangle at Guernsey shows that the mature

eggs are accompanied by others of various sizes, the larger

about half the size of the mature. ‘This species may differ in

some respects from the bimaculated sucker in regard to

spawning. Black pigment is well developed before hatching.

From the careful description of the larva, which measures

from 2°8 to 2°9 millim. on hatching, given by Mr. Holt, the

only difference in those examined (but whether L. bémacu-

latus or L. Decandolii is an open question, since the females

of both species occurred inside this remarkable hatching-

chamber) is the presence of scattered black chromatophores

over the dorsum of the head. The somewhat regular rows of

black specks along the sides of the body are characteristic

even at this early period.

The young of the bimaculated sucker appear in the bottom-

nets as post-larval forms in August and September, and they

range from 5 to 5°5 millim. They probably remain, on

emergence from the capsule, more or less in the shelter of

their original home until the yolk-sac is absorbed and sufli-

cient strength is gained for a free existence and the capture of

prey. At this stage the larval tail is still present superiorly,

with its embryonic rays, while nine true rays occur beneath.

The minute black specks appear on the top of the head and

under the jaw, with a few on the abdomen, besides the rows

along the sides. The prominence of the alimentary canal

inferiorly, with the vent posteriorly, is a feature at this stage.

A disk-like thickening occurs on the site of the sucker, but

the apparatus is little developed; yet even the indication of

it is comparatively early, since the pelvic fins are generally

late in appearing.

* Proc, Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ix. p. 148, pl. vii. (1886).

254 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

At 6°5 millim. the larval tail is still present. The rows of

closely arranged black specks go down to the ventral edge,

but the median ventral region is free. Two marked pigment-

lines exist ventrally on the lower jaw beneath the eye and at

the opercular region. .

At 10 millim. the lateral rows of chromatophores are still

more definitely arranged, forming about four complete longi-

tudinal rows on each side, besides minor specks, and the axis

of the mandible is more or less horizontal instead of being

upturned. The larval tail has almost disappeared, the only

trace being the slender tip of the notochord, which slants

upward to the dorsal edge of the fin, a true fin-ray occurring

immediately beneath ; but the marginal fin with embryonic

rays connects it with the dorsal, in which true rays are

developing. Rudimentary true rays also mark the first part

of the anal fin. The sucker appears to be nearly complete,

but is proportionally much smaller than in the adult, probably

because the habits are less sedentary. These characters

remain at 10°5 millim., except that there are now five short

true rays on the proximal side of the slender tip of the noto-

chord in the tail, and it is evidently rapidly disappearing.

Such stages are met with in September and October.

In December the young bimaculated suckers reach 15°5

millim., and then are met with in the stomachs of food-fishes.

Long before this stage all trace of the caudal notochord has

disappeared. ‘The tip of the snout is much more flattened and

the eyes proportionally larger and more prominent. The

sucker has also considerably increased in size.

In February the young are from 21 to 22 millim. in length

and more or less resemble the adult, though the tail is large

and shows two or three additional rays, that is about fifteen

instead of twelve. ‘The vent is now nearly median, whereas

in those of 10 millim. it was situated at the commencement

of the posterior third. It also presents symmetrical longi-

tudinal rugee which end in short papille around the aperture.

The rays in both dorsal and anal fins are six (Day gives

D. 5-7, A. 4-6). The anterior division of the sucker is

minutely papillose, so that its free margin seems to be

serrated, and the surface of the median area and two lateral

arms is covered for some distance with the same papille.

The surface of the larger posterior division is also minutely

papillose, but the margin has none of the larger papilla seen

in the anterior division. A thin serrate or crenate membrane

forms a broad border to the posterior half of its margin, and

at this stage it is, in some at any rate, quite free trom the

margin of the sucker. A broad diaphanous and striated flap

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 255

runs from this forward to the base of the pectoral, thus

resembling a miniature duplication of the former. The body

is now variegated with reddish in the males, pale patches

occurring along the dorsum. ‘The ventral surface seems to

be pale.

At 25 millim. the colours in a young male from St. An-

drews in June are even more brilliant, the bright red of the

eyes and the sides of the body being characteristic. The

anterior margin of the first division of the sucker is now flat-

tened out and the papille on the surface less distinct, whil&®

the marginal ones are flattened and more membranous. The

accessory flap on the posterior half of the second division is

united with the margin of the sucker (a feature, it may be,

characteristic of the sex), so that there is no differentiation

between them. The vent showed only longitudinal ruge

with the long median papilla posteriorly.

In July forms of 26 and 32 millim. were obtained, and they

seem to be the continuation of the former series. The chief

change is the increase of the fleshy folds of the lips superiorly

and inferiorly. ‘The latter form a semicircular flap on each

side, with a posterior continuation, the former having the

shape of a broad and continuous flap. In the females the

distinction between the margin of the posterior division of

the sucker and its broad accessory flap is present. The

papilla along the front margin of the anterior division are

also distinct in the same sex.

In August specimens of 22, 25, and 33 millim. from Loch-

maddy, North Uist, are in the collection. The smallest is

thus only the length of that from St. Andrews in February,

so that either the specimen had grown little or had been

hatched very late the previous season, unless we are to

suppose that very early deposition of ova occurs in the Outer

Hebrides. The former is the more probable.

Adults of 53 and 54 millim. for females and 48 millim. for

males are met with the same month, so that they would

appear to be at least in their second year. The chief sexual

distinctions externally appear to be, in the male, the greater

breadth and more membranous condition of the frilled border

in front of the anterior division of the sucker, thus giving a

larger surface. Similarly the broad frill behind the posterior

division of the apparatus is increased, and its folds have not

the regular and definite pattern seen in the female. More-

over the frill is indistinctly separated from the sucker proper.

The latter, in short, has no free rim, but runs into the frill.

The testes of the male are small and compact, like those of

the shanny.

256 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

On the other hand, the female presents a somewhat thicker

rim at the front margin of the anterior division of the suctorial

apparatus, and the whole of the horseshoe-shaped region is

much more papillose, even the folds between two of the rays

laterally being studded with papille. The semicircle formed

by the hind edge of the posterior division of the apparatus

stands freely out and is minutely papillose, while the marginal

fringe is composed of symmetrical lobes pointed at the tip

and with two accessory pinne at each side.

One of the chief sexual distinctions, however, is the great

development of the papille of the vent in the female. These

form long digitate processes inferiorly on each side, the lateral

being further united with the upper so as to form a broad

lobose frill. ‘They extend as far as the tip of the median

papilla and envelope it. A great contrast, therefore, exists

between this species and Lepadogaster Decandolii, tor the

females of the latter at the spawning-season show only a

series of short slender papillz at the vent, the posterior papilla

projecting almost as conspicuously as in the male of L. di-

maculatus.

After spawning the ovaries both of LZ. Decandolit and

L. bimaculatus present a uniform structure, the stroma of the

organ in each being filled with what appear to be collapsed

eges, with thick walls and a central slit-like region. At

first sight they appeared to resemble thick shrunken capsules

from which ova had issued, but that they are ova undergoing

change is more probable. The appearance differed from that

usually seen in Teleostean ovaries, in which a crop of minute

ova is almost always found under these conditions.

5. On the Life-history of the Short-spined Sea- Scorpion

(Cottus scorpius, L.).

The short-spined sea-scorpion was one of the fishes very

early examined in regard to spawning during the trawling

work of 1884 and the following year. Comparatively little

was known previously in regard to it. Thus Day, in his

‘British Fishes,’ states that “In Greenland, it has been

observed to deposit its eggs on the sea-weed in December and

January. Its eggs are very small, and in this country are

extruded during the spring in the sand or pools in the rocks,

The male is said to make a nest of sea-weeds and pebbles for

the reception of the spawn; while he is believed to watch

over, as well as protect, the young when hatched.” On the

other hand, Prof. Alex. Agassiz records the ova of certain

American Cott? as pelagic, a feature very different from those

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, 257

of our country, and probably requiring re-investigation. On

the east coast, as at St. Andrews, the eggs of this fish occur

abundantly in March attached to stones, tangle-roots, old

shoes, tin vessels, and, indeed, almost anything convenient.

They are found, again, somewhat earlier (February) at Gair-

loch and other parts on the west coast. The authors of the

‘ Scandinavian Fishes’ * broach the idea that the roe of this

fish may be fertilized before deposition, and suggest that the

serrations on the inside of the breast-fins may be useful to the

males for this purpose. There is no reason to suppose that

in Britain the eggs are so fertilized; on the contrary, it is

evident that they are not fertilized before deposition. As an

example, a female specimen whose abdomen was distended

had been isolated in a glass vessel, so that its movements

were somewhat limited ; and it is probable therefore that the

deposition may have been hastened. It had been observed

to be somewhat restless the previous day, and on the 1st March

it rested quietly on the bottom of the vessel, and in a few

seconds deposited a mass (as large as a duck’s egg) of faintly

pinkish eggs, keeping its breast-fins in active motion during

the process, and then it dashed through the water, sending

some of the eggs over the edge of the vessel. ‘The mass of

eggs was at first quite soft, though cohering together by a

secretion; but they soon hardened, the capsules of the eggs

adhering by facets to each other as in the lumpsucker, so that

the egg-mass in such a case resembles a spongy structure into

which water freely enters, and is retained in considerable

quantity, even though the eggs are uncovered by the tide, a

provision of some importance. They vary in colour from

that first mentioned to roseate, orange, straw-colour, and deep

red, and have a diameter of about 1°5 millim. to 2 millim.

(Holt). The capsule is thick, tough, and resistant, and shows

the facets or processes by which it adheres to surrounding

egos. It is minutely punctured under a high power, the

punctures having as a rule a more regular (linear) arrange-

ment than in the lumpsucker. Moreover, larger dots occur

at intervals all over the surface, resembling those seen in the

lumpsucker’s eggs removed from the stomach of young cod.

The yolk internally has several colourless oil-globules, from

three to nine, as mentioned by Mr. Holt, and they vary in

size from ‘015 millim. downward. The yolk itself is tinted

pale brownish or faintly reddish brown. Mr. Holt, who

carried on special observations on the eggs of this species at

St. Andrews, could not make out the passage of the oil-

globules through the yolk, as had been described by one of us

* Page 186.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 19

258 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the

in the gurnard ; but, so far as observed in 1884, there was no

reason to doubt that the oil-globules followed the same move-

ments as in other forms. In the developing embryo the oil-

globules coalesce, so that but a single large globule remains.

In the tanks of the laboratory the eggs are readily eaten by

other specimens of the same species.

The development of this form is somewhat slow, especially

in cold seasons, so that masses of eggs with advanced embryos

are often found in April, and even in May. Mr. Holt found

the larval fishes on emerging from the egg 7:5 millim. in

Jength, and this accords with our own experience. The yolk

forms a comparatively small prominence ventrally, and the

large oil-globule lies at its front inferiorly. ‘The head is

large and broad; the profile of the snout abrupt; the eyes

large and fully pigmented; and the ear-capsules, of about

the same size as the eyes, lie close behind them. The mouth

is open, but the lower jaw is at first immovable” *. The

internal organs are well developed. The tail in May shows

only embryonic rays. ‘The breast-fins are large and fan-

shaped. ‘The heart and blood-vessels are in full activity, the

returning blood streaming over the yolk, and finally entering

the heart.

The coloration consists of a series of distinct black chroma-

tophores over the head and a few about the base of the breast-

fin. ‘They form a broad band on each side of the abdomen

over the yolk, and extend from the breast-fins to the vent.

“Pigment of a bright yellow colour by reflected, and orange

by transmitted, light occurs also at the base of the breast-

fins, on the top of the head, and on the abdominal roof.”

‘The eyes are black, with a metallic lustre. “In the post-

anal region the only pigment is a ventral line of black

chromatophores, sometimes very small or absent in the ante-

rior region, and ceasing before reaching the tail.”

On the 10th October on one occasion a larval form re-

sembling a sea-scorpion was captured in the tow-net. In

general outline it resembled that tigured in the ‘ Researches,’

with the vessels coursing over the yolk-sac. The oil-globule

remained at the anterior part of the yolk-sac. Small specks

ot black pigment occurred along the sides of the body, one

set forming a row near the upper-lateral region. No distinct

coloration was visible on the pectorals. ‘The eyes were

iridescent greenish, like the inner surface of Haliotis.

Hitherto it has been unusual to get larve at this season of

the year, so that the deposition of such eggs must have been

antedated by some months on this occasion, if the interpre-

tation of the nature of the larva be correct.

* E. W. L. Holt, Sc. Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soe. v. 2, p. 21 &c.

Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 259

Swarms of the early postlarval sea-scorpions, about 7 to

7°5 millim. (in spirit), are occasionally captured in the surface

tow-nets, as in the Forth, e. g. in March and April—indeed,

just after the absorption of the yolk. Such pelagic forms

have only embryonic rays in the tail-fin. The body and tail

are translucent, whilst the head and abdomen have a pale

greenish hue with black chromatophores, and the eyes have

a silvery lustre. A line of black pigment-specks runs along

the ventral edge of the muscle-plates behind the vent almost

to the tail.

Mr. Holt observed that the lower jaw is movable two days

after hatching and that the vent is open. In our examples a

thickening below the axis of the tail occurred. When six

days old the length is 8-4 millim. and the yolk has diminished,

while the oil-globule has been elevated to the gullet.

The young forms were kept in the tanks till the seventeenth

day, but development proceeded slowly under the somewhat

unfavourable circumstances. On the seventh day and during

the two or three subsequent days the pigment made great

progress, extending behind the vent, and passing from the

dorsum down the sides. On the tenth day the yolk had

disappeared, but the embryonic fin-rays were present only in

the tail. The absence of food would, as Mr. Holt suggests,

suffice to explain the slow progress, but not altogether, since

in the open sea specimens of 9°5 millim. are occasionally pro-

cured in a similar condition, viz. having a membranous dorsal

and anal, and only embryonic rays in the tail. Those in

confinement, however, differed in having no trace of the

ventral fins, and the thickening beneath the tail was better

marked in the free forms, while spines on the gill-cover were

also present.

In specimens of 7 millim. (in spirit) captured in the

bottom-net in the bay, the head has much increased in size,

the fish is thick-set, and the gill-cover has minute spines.

Embryonic rays are well developed in the tail, and a thick-

ening occurs beneath the notochord. The black pigment

has largely extended along the dorsum to a line behind the

vent, and it is more abundant on the head. Such a form

contrasts with the slender and ill-nourished specimens reared

in the tanks, for in the latter the abdomen was shrunken and

the end of the gut distended, as if the vent were closed. The

breast-fins, however, were large.

At the end of April and beginning of May pelagic forms of

from 9°5 to 10 millim. are not uncommon at the surface, e. g.

off the Isle of May. ‘The body has now considerably in-

creased in bulk, a series of sharp spines project from the gill-

cover and two on each side of the occiput. The larval tail is

260 Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.

present, but it is bent upward by the development of the true

rays inferiorly. ‘The ventral fins appear as minute processes.

At 11 millim. many are still pelagic (17th May), and show

the three anterior gill-spines—the occipital, superciliary, and

nasal spines. The ventral fins are minute. The pigment

approaches that of the adult stage, only it is not so largely

developed. The larval tail is at the upper edge of the organ,

and the marginal fin is continuous and has only embryonic

rays.

They still occur as pelagic fishes in the tow-nets at 14 to

18 millim. The head and body are now larger and more

deeply pigmented, the former being entirely covered, the

pigment continuous with the dorsal and passing downwards

to the cheeks and chin. A bold bar in many exists at the

base of the breast-fins, another across the region of the first

dorsal fin, and one at the second dorsal, the latter, moreover,

extending downward on each side to the ventral edge. The

pigment on the two latter bars in some is specially dense,

though in others the tint is more uniform dorsally. The head

is Cottoid in appearance, the superciliary ridge and the

occipital tubercles with their spines being conspicuous. ‘Three

of the spines on the gill-cover are large, the fourth at the

inferior edge being small. The boldness in the demarcation

of the pigment gives the fishes a piebald aspect in spirit.

The larval tail is represented in the smaller forms by the

upturned notochord. ‘True rays now occur in all the fins.

The voracity of these young forms is remarkable. One of

16 millim., for instance, in captivity swallowed a young

flounder not much shorter than itself, just as the larger

examples cleared the young gunnels out of the tanks.

At 22 millim. (27th May, estuary of the Eden) the bar of

pigment behind the vent has sent a process backward to the

tail, but it goes no further than the basal region. Symme-

trical white spots—one dorsal and two ventral—occur in this

prolongation. ‘The occipital and supraorbital tubercles are

Jess prominent, but the supranasal are distinct. A large

spine occurs on the gill-cover. ‘The upper spine on the gill-

cover (preoperculum) is largest. ‘The first dorsal fin has 9

rays, the second 15, the variegated pectoral 16, ventral 3,

anal fin 13. The caudal has 12 long rays besides 4 or 5

shorter at each edge. The chief difference, therefore, between

this and the adult is the increase in the caudal, but the short

basal rays probably disappear during growth.

In June they reach 23 to 24 millim. and in July 38 millim.,

with adult characters, the first dorsal having 9 rays, the

second 16 rays, and the anal still constant at 13.

In September specimens 54, 65, and 85 millim. occur, the

On new Hymenoptera from Central America. 261

first being considered by Mr. Tosh * as the young of the

season at five and a half months. It would be difficult to

separate that at 65 millim. from the same series, but one at

85 is considerably older, probably by a year (or, as Mr. Tosh

puts it, one year and three months). ‘he usual arrangement

of the spines on the gill-cover in such forms is as follows :—

A spine points downwards at the ventral edge of the preoper-

culum, two short spines project above, then the upper long

spine, above which is the opercular spine. Two short spines

occur on the suboperculum.

Those of 57 and 74 millim. in February represent speci-

mens about a year old, while those of 98 millim. are in their

second year or approaching it. One of these (98 millim.)

had almost ripe eggs, so that the remark in the new edition

of the ‘Scandinavian Fishes,’ that it does not propagate its

species until about 150 millim. long, is not applicable to our

country.

XXV.—New Species of Hymenoptera from Central America.

By P. CAMERON, F.E.S.

Durine the course of publication of my work on the Hymeno-

ptera of Central America (Biol. Centr.-Am., Hymen. vols. 1.,

ii.) the following new species have come to hand, too late to

be inserted in their proper places. As it will be some time

before the Supplement of the ‘ Biologia’ can be commenced,

it is considered advisable to publish the following preliminary

descriptions.

Fam, Cynipide.

ANDRICUS.

Andricus, Hartig, in Germar’s Zeitschr. ii. p. 185.

Aphilothriz, Foerster, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 335,

This is a dimorphic genus, Andricus being the spring

bisexual and ApAzlothrix the autumnal agamic (unisexual)

form.

Andricus (Aphilothrix) aztecus, sp. n.

Aphilothrix (2) aztecus, Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Am., Hymen. i, t. xx.

fig. 23.

Ferrugineus ; alis hyalinis, nervis pallide flavis,

Long. fere4 millim. 9.

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

* Twelfth Ann. Report Scot. Fish. Board, part iii. p. 333.

262 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

Head and thorax closely, finely, rugosely punctured, the

mesonotum finely transversely striated ; a longitudinal furrow

outside the parapsidal one, reaching to the apex, but not to

the base of the mesonotum ; the scutellum is more strongly

punctured than the mesonotum ; the sternum and the lower

part of the mesopleure black. Antenne entirely ferruginous.

The tips of the mandibles black. Abdomen of a lighter tint

than the thorax, shining. The legs have the tarsi lighter

coloured than the tibie or femora.

I believe this is a true Andricus (Aphilothrix). The third

joint of the antenne is hardly one third longer than the

fourth ; the parapsidal furrows are distinct and complete ;

the fovee at the base of the scutellum are broad, not very

acutely separated; the metanotal furrows are straight and

parallel. The radial cellule is entirely open at the fore

margin, the areolet obsolete. The claws have only one tooth.

Fam. Chalcidide.

Subfam. Cwarciprnm.

Smicra ardens, sp. n.

Long. fere 6 millim.

Hab, Mexico, Orizaba (F. D. Godman and H. H. Smith),

Antenne deep black, with a bright clear yellow line on the

underside of the flagellum, which is stout and thickly covered

with short black microscopic hair. Head lemon-yellow, the

occiput for the greater part black; the centre of the vertex

black, and from this runs a narrow black line to the bottom of

the occiput ; on the top and in front the head is thickly

covered with black hair. Thorax lemon-yellow, covered

rather thickly with black hair, the hair being longest on the

scutellum. The mesonotum in the centre is transversely

striolated, the sides coarsely punctured; at the base is a

black transverse line, narrowed at the sides; from this runs

to the scutellum a broad black line, narrowed at the base,

dilated towards the apex, which has also a transverse line in

front of the scutellum ; down the centre of the scutellum is a

black line, narrowed at the apex. The mesopleure and the

sternum are for the greater part black, the former having an

irregular yellow mark under the tegule in front and a smaller

one obliquely under it over the sternum; the metapleure are

yellow, bordered all round with black. The apex of the

scutellum is margined, narrowed to a blunt rounded point at

the tip. The median segment is short, not much longer

Hymenoptera from Central America. 263

than the petiole, irregularly reticulated. The abdomen is

nearly as long as the head and thorax united; the apical

segment entirely, the base, sides, and apex of the second

segment, and the apices of the other segments black. The

legs are of a paler, more lemon-tinted yellow than the thorax ;

there is a black line, dilated at the apex, down the centre of

the coxe ; the hind trochanters, a small mark near the centre

of the hind coxe above, a large irregular mark at the base, a

smaller one at its apex, both being united by a curved line

along the lower side, a short line on the top of the middle

femora, and a mark at the base of the hind tibiz black; a

large irregular mark on the inner side of the hind coxe at

the foot, and a smaller, narrower, more elongate one above it

black. There are sixteen femoral teeth of moderate size,

blunt, and becoming smaller towards the apex. In the wing

at the cubitus there is a small fuscous cloud.

Smicra divinatrix, sp. n.

Coccinea, flagello antennarum nigro ; alis fere hyalinis,

Long. 7 millim. @.

Hab. Honduras, Ruatan Island (Gawmer).

Head and thorax covered with black pubescence, the

pleuree with the pubescence shorter and paler. Flagellum of

the antenne deep black, covered with short, close, blackish

pubescence. Head uniformly coloured, except that the lower

part of the cheeks is paler, the tips of the mandibles black,

the vertex closely punctured ; the front transversely striated.

Prothorax sharply margined in front, the pronotum (especially

at the sides) longitudinally striated. Mesonotum transversely

striolated, the lateral lobes only on the inner side; the outer

side with scattered punctures. Scutellum strongly and

closely punctured, except behind. ‘The median segment

strongly reticulated. ‘The propleuree impunctate, shining ;

the mesopleurze striolated in front, the top and bottom punc-

tured. ‘lhe petiole short and thick, hardly half the length of

the hind coxe. Abdomen shining, the sides sparsely haired,

the ovipositor deep black. The legs coloured like the body,

shining, sparsely covered with pale hair; the tips of the tarsi

blackish ; the hind femora with nineteen short black teeth.

Wings with a smoky tint; the nervures fuscous ; a small

fuscous tint below the stigmal branch.

264 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

Smicra fasciola, sp. n.

Coccinea; flagello antennarum lineisque mesonoti nigris; alis

hyalinis ; femoribus posticis multidentatis.

Long. 4-5 millim. 9.

Hab. Mexico, Northern Sonora (Morrison).

Antennal flagellum deep black, covered with a close pale

pubescence; the scape pale ferruginous, lined with black

above. Head closely covered with blackish pubescence; the

lower part of the occiput and a broad line on the lower part

of the front black; face shining, the sides obscurely punc-

tured; the front obliquely striated from the ocelli to the

eyes; the vertex punctured, but not strongly; the teeth of

the mandibles black. Pronotum coarsely, rugosely punc-

tured; mesonotum not quite so coarsely punctured, the

middle lobe strongly transversely striolated, covered with

short black hair; the scutellum still more strongly punctured,

its apex roundedly margined, covered with much longer hair

than the mesonotum ; a transverse line bordering the base of

the mesonotum. ‘lhe edges of tiie middle lobe of the meso-

notum, a broader stripe down its centre, a small mark on

the centre of the lateral lobe and a line down the centre of

the scutellum, the base and sides of the median segment, a

broad line down its centre, a line on the mesopleura, be-

coming gradually wider towards the bottom, a mark at the

base of the metapleure, a line down the hinder coxe, and the

coxal teeth deep black, The petiole short, not much longer

than broad, black above ; the dorsum of the abdomen more or

less black; the apex of the ovipositor black. Wings almost

hyaline ; the nervures fuscous.

Allied to S. flammeola, Cresson.

Smicra armillata, sp. n.

Nigra, punctata, pedibus abdomineque rufo-maculatis ; alis hyalinis.

Long. fere5 millim. <6.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (Ff. D. Godman and H. H. Smith).

Antenne a little longer than the head and thorax united ;

stout, covered with a pale microscopic down; the scape

keeled broadly beneath, especially towards the apex. Head

coarsely punctured, not very deeply or broadly excavated in

the front, covered with short white hair. Mesothorax coarsely

punctured, without longitudinal furrows; the pronotum as

closely but not so strongly punctured. The scutellum is as

strongly punctured as the mesonotum, rounded and stoutly

flymenoptera from Central America, 265

margined behind. The median segment is strongly rugosely

punctured ; in its centre are two keels near each other at the

base, then near the middle curving towards the sides. The

pleurz are strongly and coarsely punctured, especially the

metapleure. The abdomen is a little shorter than the thorax ;

the petiole is about three fourths the length of the abdomen,

which is shining, impunctate, ferruginous, darker towards the

apex. The apical half of the fore femora and the fore tibie

and tarsi testaceous; the middle tibiw are infuscated; the

hind legs are black, the femora broadly ferruginous at the

base on the ner side, the tarsi pale testaceous. The wings

are hyaline, iridescent, slightly suffused with fuscous; the

nervures deep black.

In the large number of teeth (eighteen) on the hind femora

and in general coloration this species agrees with S. petioli-

ventris, Cam., from the Pacific slope of Guatemala; but it

is much larger, the petiole is longer and narrower, the thorax

is without markings, and the abdomen is ferruginous.

Subfam. Perraupr 2.

PERILAMPUS, Latr.

There are six described species of this genus from North

America and one from the West Indies. The genus is mode-

rately represented in Kurope. Nothing seems to be known

of the habits of the species.

Perilampus mexicanus, sp. n.

Nigro-cupreus, albo-pilosus, abdomine czruleo, geniculis, apice

tibiarum coxisque flavis ; alis hyalinis, nervis flavis. ¢.

Long. 4 millim,

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith).

Antenne stout, black, the tip testaceous; the scape blue,

bare, furrowed beneath, especially towards the apex; the

flagellum covered with a close white pubescence. ‘The face

for the greater part black; the part immediately below the

antenne bare, blue, the rest densely covered with white hair;

the vertex green, with golden or coppery tints, finely punc-

tured; the tips of the mandibles testaceous ; the vertex and

the sides of the excavated face margined. Thorax above

coarsely rugosely punctured, reticulate at the sides and in

front, black, with green and coppery tints, densely covered

with white hair; the outer edge of the mesonotum smooth

and impunctate; the scutellum is more coarsely punctured

266 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

than the mesonotum, the apex margined, rounded; the meso-

pleure shining, impunctate, the edges with large deep punec-

tures; the propleure rugosely punctured. ‘The abdomen

blue, shining, impunctate, bearing white hair. Legs green,

covered with short white hair; the extreme apex of the

hinder tibize, the apical third of the middle tibia, the greater

part of the anterior tibiz, all the knees, and the tarsi yellowish,

the tarsi of a paler yellow than the tibie.

Perilampus antennatus, sp. n.

Long. 2°5 millim.

Hab, Mexico, Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith).

A smaller species than P. mexicanus, from which it differs

in having the flagellum of the antennz entirely testaceous

beneath, the body uniformly coloured (wanting the green and

coppery reflections), the scutellum larger and more pointed,

and the legs darker in colour.

Antenne moderately stout ; the scape dark blue, shining,

almost bare; the flagellum covered with a pale pile, testa-

ceous beneath, black above. Head black, finely punctured

above, and with a close short pile; the face shining; the

central part broadly triangularly dilated, the base of the

triangle raised and separated by a furrow from the rest; the

tips of the mandibles testaceous. The thorax above is

closely punctured, the lateral lobes of the mesonotum only

slightly punctured and more shining than the rest. The

scutellum is large, coarsely punctured; the apex margined,

projecting a little over the apex of the median segment. ‘The

propleuree with large widely separated punctures in front ;

the mesopleure excavated in front, shining, the edges

with large deep punctures. The abdomen short, shining,

very dark blue. The legs are black, covered with long

white hair; the knees, the apex of the four hinder tibia,

the fore tibiz in front, and the tarsi testaceous, the extreme

tips of the tarsi blackish. The wings are clear hyaline, the

nervures testaceous,

Fam. Trigonalide.

TRIGONALYS, Westw.

It is evident that this genus will prove to be numerously

represented in Central America. I have called the family

Trigonalide ; but Foerster, it may be remarked, has named

it Diplomorpha, distinguishing it from his Hutrichocera

(= Stephanus) by the scape of the antenne not being filiform

Hymenoptera from Central America. 267

and by having the first abdominal segment not petiolate

(cf. § Ueber den systematischen Werth des Fliigelgeiders bei

den Hymenopteren,’ p. 23).

From Smith finding Zrigonalys bipustulata in a nest of

Polistes lanio, it is probable that the genus is parasitic in

wasp nests (cf. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. i. (n. s.)

. 176).

; The six species here described may be separated as

follows :—

1 (2). Scutellum pyramidal, bifid at the top .......... scutellaris.

2 (1). Scutellum Hat, not divided at the top.

3 (4). Body yellow, marked with black; second cubital

cellule’ petiolate Teese fol 8. BS Tha oat ale maculifrons.

4 (9). Body black, marked with yellow; second cubital

cellule not petiolate.

5 (6). Abdomen fulvous, banded with black .......... apicipennis.

6 (5). Abdomen black, narrowly banded with yellow .. flavonotata,

7 (8). Thorax with many yellow marks; the wings not

smoky in frent.

8 (7). Thorax with few yellow marks ; the wings broadly

PERE S Ni 1M TOA ak a a Bats Cos, Ba vie: aaa Sasciatipennis.

9 (4). Body black, the petiole white ; wings violaceous. , Championi.

Trigonalys sgutellaris, sp. n.

Nigra, postscutello maculisque 2 metanoti, tibiis tarsisque flavis ;

alis fulvo-hyalinis. <6.

Long. 10 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8000 feet (1. H.

Smith).

Antenne entirely black, covered with a short black micro-

scopic down; the third joint distinctly shorter than the

fourth. Head impunctate, shining, densely covered, and the

mandibles alse, with long dark fulvous hair, the mandibles

entirely black. Thorax densely covered with long dark

fulvous hair, above coarsely rugosely punctured; postscu-

tellum pyramidal, yellow, depressed in the centre above,

making it bidentate ; the teeth blunt, rounded at the top; at

its sides the thorax is crenulated. The median segment

coarsely reticulated, the apex in the middle coarsely trans-

versely striolated, its extreme apex being also crenulated

behind the reticulated part; the pleure irregularly reticu-

lated, the base of the propleure and the apex of the meso-

pleuree smooth, the metapleure more strongly reticulated than

the mesopleure. Abdomen shining, impunctate; the base

of the third and sixth segments transversely, and of the

fourth and fifth segments more broadly, at the sides yellow ;

268 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

the seventh segment fulvous, blackish in the centre, and with

two small yellow marks; the ventral segments entirely black,

shining, shortly and sparsely haired.

In the above described example the neuration of the wings

is irregular; the stigma is black; the nervures are fuscous ;

the basal abscissa of the radius is oblique, straight; the first

transverse cubital nervure is curved. In one wing there are

two transverse cubital nervures between this latter and the

normal first and third, and in the other one beyond the usual

number, the position being irregular in both, the size of the

cellules, too, showing a difference.

A second specimen from Omilteme is probably a variety of

the same species. It is a little smaller; the scutellum is not

so sharply peaked and hardly bifid; there is no mark on the

median segment and no yellow lines on the abdominal

segments. ‘lhe alar neuration appears to be fairly normal;

the first transverse cubital nervure is obliquely curved and

is almost (in one wing quite) united to the second and to the

apex of the basal abscissa of the radius; the second nervure

is slightly oblique, the third almost straight; the first re-

current nervure is received quite close to the first transverse

cubital, the second shortly before the middle of the cellule.

Trigonalys maculifrons, sp. n.

Flava, nigro-maculata; alis hyalinis, anticis fumatis, nervis

fulvis. 9.

Long. 11 millim.

flab. Mexico, 'Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith).

Antenne rufous, the base of the flagellum blackish; the

scape black above; the third and fourth joints about equal,

Head lemon-yellow ; the upper part thickly covered with

short fuscous hair, the oral region and the mandibles with

longer white hair; the teeth of the mandibles, a line from the

end of the vertex to the antennal tubercles, becoming gradu-

ally wider to the apex, dilated at the sides, and enclosing a

yellow mark, broader than long, below the ocelli, a somewhat

oval mark on the occiput, from which (but not touching it) a

broad line runs to the eye, which it joins, and behind the top

of the eye a somewhat triangular mark, black. ‘The meso-

notum is coarsely punctured, thickly covered with short

fuscous hair; the parapsidal furrows are distinct; on the

outer side of these is a black line reaching to the scutellum,

and there is an equally broad line (but narrowed at the base)

down the centre ; the scutellum is bordered at the base and

sides with black, and in the apex in the centre is a black

Hymenoptera from Central America. 269

mark, triangularly pointed at the base and the apex, the

extreme apex being bordered with black. The median seg-

ment has a broad black line, slightly and gradually narrowed

towards the apex, and at the sides is a shorter and narrower

black line inside the spiracles, which does not reach the apex.

The propleure are coarsely punctured, except on the lower

part and close to the tegule, the punctures on the lower part

running into reticulations; the oblique furrow on the meso-

pleure is deep, moderately wide, but becoming narrowed

towards the apex. Petiole shining, impunctate, depressed

and black in the centre at the base. The second to the fifth

segments broadly black at the base, the black on the second

segment dilated in the middle and extending along the sides

to the apex as a narrow line. The ventral segments are

narrowly edged with black at the apex. Legs yellow, the

femora lined with black above, the hinder coxe black on the

lower side, the middle trochanters blackish. The second

cubital cellule is shorter than the third, oblique, shortly petio-

lated above; the third cubital cellule becomes wider towards

the apex ; the first recurrent nervure is interstitial, the second

received shortly before the middle of the cellule. The base

of the fore wing to the transverse basal nervure and the apex

to the middle of the cubital cellules suffused with fulvous.

This species bears a great resemblance toa wasp (Polistes),

which fact is of interest in connexion with their supposed

habits.

Trigonalys apicipennis, sp. n.

Nigra, dense fulvo pilosa, abdominis apice late fulvo, tibiis tarsisque

posticis testaceis ; alis fulyo-hyalinis, apice fumatis. 9.

Long. 8 millim,

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (H. H. Smith).

Antenne as long as the thorax, the middle thickened, the

apical part gradually and sharply narrowed; almost bare,

the third and fourth joints testaceous ; black at the apex ;

the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth. Head closely

punctured on the front and vertex; densely covered, the

mandibles (except the teeth) and clypeus included, with long

fulvous hair; the clypeus shining, impunctate. Thorax

covered with fulvous hair, closely punctured ; the mesonotum

almost transverse at the base, depressed in the middle at the

base, and with a narrow indistinct furrow down the sides;

the scutellum rugosely punctured, thickly covered with long

fulvous hair, the sides at the apex with two narrow keels ;

270 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

the pro- and mesopleure strongly punctured, the former exca-

vated in the centre, the latter with a broad shallow oblique

furrow in the middle; the metapleure with an oblique crenu-

lated depression down the centre, the apex coarsely punc-

tured. Petiole flat above, impunctate, covered with long

white hair, the sides above and at the apex rufo-testaceous ;

the other abdominal segments covered closely with white

hair, the apex of the second and third segments broadly, and

the other segments entirely, rufo-fulvous; beneath, the

petiole and the second segment are rufo-fulvous at the apex.

Legs covered with white hair; the fore tibiee and tarsi in

front, the middle tibiz in the centre in front, the basal joint

of the middle tarsi entirely, the hinder tibie, except a

black line in the centre behind, and the metatarsus, except

at the extreme apex, yellowish testaceous. The wing-

nervures are fulvous, the stigma black ; the first transverse

cubital nervure is broadly curved and narrowed towards the

second, the second and third nervures are straight, oblique.

The second cubital cellule is much narrowed at the top, being

there not much more than the distance bounded by the re-

current and the first transverse cubital nervures ; the first

recurrent nervure is received quite close to the base of the

cellule, the second shortly before the middle and is largely

bullated at the top, the three transverse cubital nervures

being also shortly bullated near the bottom ; the tegule and

the tubercle beneath them are yellowish.

Trigonalys flavonotata, sp. n.

Nigra, thorace flavo-maculato ; pedibus flavis, femoribus late nigris ;

alis hyalinis, antice fumatis. <¢.

Long. 10 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Xucumanatlan in Guerrero, 7000 feet

(H. H. Smith). |

Antenne as long as the bead, thorax, and petiole, thick-

ened towards the middle; the second joint and the base of the

third testaceous. Head shining, impunctate, densely covered

with long fuscous hair; the clypeus depressed at the apex ;

the mandibles covered with long white hair, piceous before

the teeth. Thorax densely covered with fuscous hair; the

mcsonotum with the parapsidal furrows moderately distinct,

converging towards the apex; the sides of the pronotum

closely obliquely striated, with an impunctate space at the

base, the apex with a yellow mark, broad at the tegule,

narrow in front. The mesonotum rather coarsely punctured ;

Hymenoptera from Central America. 271

a yellow elongated line at the base of the furrow and a shorter

broader one at the apex; towards the apex are two straight

shining lines. Scutellum coarsely rugosely punctured ; there

are two yellow marks on its base, and at the sides of these is

an oblique yellow mark close to the wings; at the sides of

the scutellum the mesonotum is shining, impunctate, and

marked with oblique keels ; at the apex of the scutellum the

punctuation runs into reticulations; at the sides of the scu-

tellum there are also short oblique keels reaching from the

wings to the apex of the scutellum, and with a short yellow

mark near the wings. The median segment stoutly trans-

versely striolated; at the base in the centre are two small

yellow marks, and at the apex laterally are two large yellow

marks. Mesopleure coarsely punctured, the punctures

running into reticulations at the apex, densely covered with

white hair; the metapleure excavated at the base, shining,

impunctate, the apical part punctured coarsely, the apex

crenulated. Abdomen shining, impunctate; all the segments

edged with yellow. The ventral segments without yellow,

shining; the first segment at the base crenulated, the apex of

the second and third segments projecting into two triangular

teeth; there is a smaller projection on the fourth segment.

Legs sparsely covered with pale hair; the coxe pale yellow,

the hinder pair black at the base; the trochanters yellow, the

front pair marked with black beneath ; the four front femora

are almost entirely black; the hinder pair black, yellow at

the base and apex. The radial nervure is curved and is

received shortly before the second transverse cubital nervure ;

the first transverse cubital nervure is sharply elbowed below

the middle, the second slightly oblique, the third straight ;

the first recurrent nervure is received in the basal fourth of

the cellule, the second before the middle; the second and

third cubital cellules at the bottom are about equal.

Trigonalys fasciatipennis, sp. n.

Nigra, capite et thorace albo-maculatis, femoribus posterioribus

brunneis ; alis hyalinis, anticis fumatis.

Long., 2 fere 10, ¢ 6 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz [9], Venta de Zopi-

lote in Guerrero [ ¢] (H. H. Smith).

Antenne slender, reaching to the middle of the abdomen,

brownish beneath in the middle; the apex of the scape

yellow. Head closely punctured, covered with a short

white pubescence; the orbits of the eyes to near the top,

272 Mr, P. Cameron on new Spectes of

a mark on the edge behind on the level of the top of

the eyes, the antennal tubercles, the sides of the clypeus,

and the mandibles before the teeth yellow. Thorax above

rather strongly punctured; the parapsidal furrows deep,

crenulated ; the scutellum flat, closely punctured; the

median segment rather strongly punctured, the punctures

running into reticulations at the base, where there is a

narrow shallow longitudinal furrow. ‘The pro- and meso-

pleure closely punctured, the apex of the former almost

striolated; the metapleure above reticulated, slightly exca-

vated, crenulated. A spot on either side of the base of the

mesonotum, two marks on the scutellum, one close to

the wings, the postscutellum and two marks on either side

of it, two large marks on the sides of the median segment

(somewhat oblique and broadest at the apex), the edge of the

pronotum, a large mark on the propleura, a large mark

incised at the apex, and a small mark over the middle coxe,

and two marks on the metapleure, yellow. Abdomen as

long as the thorax, shagreened, covered with a close pubes-

cence; the petiole deeply excavated at the base and also at

the apex in the middle, shining, black, the apex pale yellow ;

the other segments marked with pale yellow at the apices.

The apex of the petiole beneath and of the second ventral

segment yellow, the latter with the yellow dilated in the

middle. ‘The fore wings banded with fuscous from base

to apex in front, the band broadest near the centre of the

cubital cellules; the basal abscissa of the radius is curved

and united to the second transverse cubital nervure; the

second cubital cellule is longer and narrower than the third ;

the first recurrent nervure is received close to the first trans-

verse cubital cellule, the second near the apical third of the

cellule. ‘The four front trochanters are black, yellow at the

apex; the hinder pair and the base of the hind femora

yellow.

The male is much smaller (only 6 millim. long) ; it has the

thorax less strongly punctured; the yellow marks on the

scutellum are united and longer; the two yellow marks on

the median segment are larger and extend to the extreme

base and apex, and are not so oblique; there is no mark on

the mesopleure ; the stigma is paler; the legs are darker

coloured, wanting the rufous tinge; all the abdominal seg-

ments are yellow at the apex, and the mesonotum is not

nearly so strongly punctured.

Hymenoptera from Central America, 273

Trigonalys Championt, sp. n.

Trigonalys Championi, Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Am., Hymen. i. t. xx.

fig. 24.

Nigra, ore, coxis, trochanteribus, basi femorum, segmento mediali

petiolique albis ; alis violaceis.

Long. 11 millim. ¢.

Hab, Guatemala, Panima in Vera Paz (Champion).

Antenne as long as the head, thorax, and petiole united,

moderately stout, entirely black, covered with a short pale

down ; the third joint as long as the fourth. Head densely

covered with white hair; the front strongly punctured ; the

antennal tubercles, the clypeus, and the base of the mandibles

yellowish white, the edge of the mandibles and the mandi-

bular teeth black ; the apex of the clypeus incurved. Thorax

above thickly covered with fuscous hair, coarsely rugosely

punctured, the punctures running into reticulations on the

median segment; the median segment with the punctures

more widely separated and with a wide and deep furrow at

the base ; the pleuree densely covered with fuscous hair, the

mesopleure closely punctured, the propleure more strongly

punctured and with a pale yellow pear-shaped mark in front;

the metapleure closely punctured, more strongly in the middle,

its apex broadly pale yellow, the part in front of the stigma

being black. The petiole is entirely pale lemon-yellow,

shining, impunctate, sparsely covered with long white hair;

the other abdominal segments are entirely black, strongly

punctured, covered with short black pubescence, the apex

with the pubescence longer and white; the ventral segments

are covered with long soft white hair. Legs covered with

white hair. The fore wings are entirely deep violaceous ;

the hinder pair clear hyaline, with the apex broadly viola-

ceous.

Fam. Proctotrupide.

Subfam. Berayrivz.

Epyris orizabe, sp. n.

Long. 7-8 millim. 6.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (H. H. Smith and F. D. Godman).

Very nearly related to L. rugifrons, Cam., from the Pacific

slope of Guatemala, but smaller, less robust, the head coarsely

punctured behind the ocelli (in 2. rugifrons there is an im-

pmnctate space behind them), the middle lobe of the meso-

Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 20

274 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

notum with some large deep punctures, and the head, thorax,

and abdomen much less pilose. ;

Antenne stout, densely covered with white pubescence, a

little longer than the head and thorax united, the third joint,

if anything, longer than the fourth. Head covered with long

soft pale hair; coarsely punctured all over. Prothorax

shorter than the head, coarsely punctured; the apex depressed,

very finely punctured. The mesonotum with wide furrows,

the lateral lobes coarsely punctured; the median lobe with

much fewer punctures, there being very few at the base.

The scutellum has some widely separated punctures on the

basal half. The median segment has in the centre three

central and four shorter lateral longitudinal keels; the apex

above is reticulated irregularly, the apex itself being semi-

perpendicular and reticulated, the reticulations running into

punctures. The propleure striolated behind, shining; the

mesopleure coarsely punctured ; the metapleure striolated.

The abdomen is as long as the thorax, smooth, impunctate ;

the apical segments bear white hair; the last segment with

the apical half pale. The legs are entirely black and covered

with white hair. The wings are suffused with a fuscous

tint; the costa and stigma are black; the nervures at the

base pale fuscous, at the apex they are almost obliterated ;

the first transverse cubital nervure is very pale, the others

and the recurrent nervures are indicated in white, but very

indistinctly.

Epyris palliditarsis, sp. n.

Niger, longe albo-hirtus ; tarsis posterioribus albis. 6.

Long. 11 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (//. H. Smith).

Head densely covered with long soft white hair, strongly

rugosely punctured, the punctures on the front running into

reticulations. Antenne a little longer than the head and

thorax united, distinctly tapering towards the apex, densely

covered with short white hair; the third joint slightly longer

than the fourth. Thorax shining; the pro- and mesothorax

densely covered with long white hair; the central part of the

mesonotum with the punctures large and widely separated,

especially towards the apex, those on thie sides smaller and

closer together. Scutellum rather strongly punctured, except

in the middle towards the apex. ‘The median segment has

the basal half longitudinally striated, the striations widely

separated, especially towards the middle, where there is a

clear space with only an interrupted longitudinal keel; the

Leas = — oy sare

Hymenoptera from Central America. 275

apical part is irregularly transversely striolated, the apex is

very slightly obliquely sloped and is finely and closely trans-

versely striated. The mesopleure coarsely punctured, except:

immediately under the wings ; the metapleure are irregularly

reticulated. ‘The abdomen is shining, the four or five apical

segments densely covered with long white hair, especially at

their apices. The legs are densely covered with long white

hair; the two anterior tarsi are entirely black; the posterior.

tarsi white, black towards the apex. ‘The lower part of the

wings and the apical part from the base of the stigma are

suffused with fuscous.

Allied to Z. rugifrons and £. orizabe.

Epyris scutellaris, sp. n.

Niger, capite viridi, scutello rufo; alis hyalinis, fusco-maculatis.

Long. 8 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Tierra Colorada in Guerrero, 2000 feet.

(H. H. Smith).

The head, except at the oral region, where it is black,

metallic green, running into bluish shades on the vertex,

thickly covered with white hair, strongly and closely punctured.

The mandibles are pale testaceous towards the apex. The -

antenne are black, densely covered with white hair; the third

joint is distinctly longer than the fourth. ‘The prothorax is,

if anything, longer than broad, closely punctured, densely

covered with white hair and with a not very distinct furrow

down the centre. The mesonotum densely covered with white

hair ; the central furrows are deep, the lateral furrows

narrower and less distinct, and the mesonotum outside them

is dull rufous. ‘The scutellum is impunctate, shining, rufous.

The sides of the median segment project into stout teeth; at

the apex above there is a semicircular area, into which run

from the side of the segment a central and a lateral keel ; the

sides have some irregular keels, the apex is slightly oblique

and is transversely striated, with a central longitudinal keel.

The abdomen is shorter than the thorax, shining, covered,

especially at the sides and beneath, with white hair. The

legs are covered with white hair; the trochanters are pale

testaceous. ‘The basal and the radial nervures are black, the

others pale testaceous; the fuscous cloud extends from the

basal nervure to the middle of the radial cellule.

A prominent feature in this distinct species is the stout

projecting teeth on the median segment. . scutedlaris should

be placed near L, erythropoda, Cam., from Panama.

20*

276 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Reptiles and Batrachians

Epyris montezuma, sp. n.

Niger, antennis pedibusque testaceis; alis hyalinis, stigmate

nervisque pallidis. 9.

Long. fere 4 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Orizaba (F. D. Godman and H. H. Smith).

Allied to E. guatemalensis, Cam., but easily separated from

it by the absence of the furrows on the mesonotum and by

the deep transverse depression at the base of the scutellum.

Antenne stout, as long as the thorax, testaceous, infuscated

towards the tip; the scape curved, dilated towards the apex,

as long as the following three joints united, these being of

nearly equal length. Head shining, faintly punctured,

sparsely haired ; the mandibles testaceous. The extreme base

of the pronotum depressed, testaceous ; the rest aciculated and

with a few shallow punctures. The mesonotum much shorter

than the pronotum, aciculated ; in front of the scutellum is a

wide, deep, somewhat curved furrow. The median segment

is longer than the mesothorax; above finely and closely

rugosely punctured, almost transversely striated towards the

apex ; there is a central keel reaching towards the apex and a

shorter lateral one; the apex is almost perpendicular and

finely transversely striated. ‘The abdomen is shining, pilose

at the apex, the apical segments rufous ; the basal segment is

gradually dilated towards the apex. Legs testaceous, the

femora more or less infuscated. Wings hyaline, the nervures

pallid yellow; the cubital and transverse cubital nervures

obliterated entirely ; the tegule are pallid yellow.

[To be continued. ]

XXVI.—A List of Reptiles and Batrachians from the Congo

Free State, with Descriptions of Two new Snakes. By

G. A. BouULENGER, F.R.S.

At the request of the Secretary of the Department of the

Interior, Congo Free State, I have undertaken to name a

collection of Reptiles and Batrachians formed in the State

within the last few years, and which will be exhibited at the

International Exhibition to be held this year in Brussels.

At the same time I accepted to look over the specimens from

the same region which are the property of the Brussels

University, where they are being arranged by the Curator of

the Collection, my friend M. L. De Pauw.

from the Congo Free State. 277

I give a list of the species of which I have identified

examples, with an indication of the localities. The latter

are thirteen in number, viz. :—

A. West Africa.

. Zambi-Banana, mouth of the Congo.

Zambi, Lower Congo.

Bongo-Congo, Lower Congo.

Boma.

. Leopoldville.

. Stanley Pool.

> OR 92 bo ps

B. Central Africa south of the Equator.

. Kuango River.

. Kassai River.

. Chuapa River.

. Lomami River.

. Nyangwe, Lualaba River.

RePoweoasl

C. Central Africa north of the Equator.

12. Aruwimi.

13. Zongo, Ubangi Rapids.

REPTILIA.

EXMYDOSAURIA.

1. Crocodilus niloticus, Laur.—Kuango.

LACERTILIA.

2. Hemidactylus mabouia, Mor.—Zambi-Banana; Nyangwe.

3. Zonurus cordylus, L.—Aruwimi.

First record north of Angola.

4. Varanus niloticus, L.—Kassai.

5. Monopeltis Guenther, Blgry.—Kuango.

6. Ichnotropis capensis, Smith.— Kuango.

First record north of Angola.

7. Mabuia maculilabris, Gray.— Kassai.

8. Lygosoma Fernand, Burt.—Nyangwe.

First record south of the Gaboon.

9. Ablepharus cabinde, Bocage.—Bongo-Congo.

10. Heylinia Currort, Gray.—Zambi.

278 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Reptiles and Batrachians

RHIPTOGLOSSA.

11. Chameleon gracilis, Hallow.—Stanley Peol.

12. Chameleon dilepis, Leach.—Bongo-Congo.

OPHIDLIA. -

13. Typhlops punctatus, Leach.— Boma; Zongo.

14. Python sebe, Gm.—Zongo.

15. Tropidonotus olivaceus, Ptrs——Zambi-Banana; Zambi ;

Boma; Kassai.

16. Bothrophthalmus lineatus, Ptrs—Nyangwe; Kuango;

Kassai.

Black, with five yellow or red longitudinal lines, which

are narrower than the interspaces.

17. Boodon lineatus, D. & B.—Zambi; Kassai; Aruwimi;

Zongo.

18. Lycophidium capense, Smith.—Kuango ; Lomami.

19. Chlorophis heterolepidotus, Gthr.—Zambi.

20. Chlorophis trregularis, Leach. — Zambi; Nyangwe ;

Zongo.

21. Philothamnus semivariegatus, Smith.—Kassai.

22. Philothamnus dorsalis, Bocage.—Zambi-Banana; Zambi.

One of the specimens is melanotic:—Uniform black, except

the snout, which is of a pale brown, and the throat, which is

white. Another has dark brown bars across the neck.

23. Gastropyxis smaragdina, Schl.—Kassai.

24. Hapsidophrys lineata, Fisch.—lKassai.

25. Thrasops flavigularis, Hallow.—Kuango.

26. Prosymna Bocagit, sp. n.

Snout obtusely pointed, very prominent, and slightly turned

up at the end. Rostral very large, with angular horizontal

edge; a single internasal and a single prefrontal; frontal

large, more than half the width of the head, a little longer

ee ee

from the Congo Free State. ~ 279

than the parietals, its antero-lateral angles reaching the eyes ;

loreal longer than deep; a very small preocular; prefrontal

entering the eye; one postocular ; temporals 1+2; six upper

labials, third and fourth entering the eye; only cne pair of

well-developed chin-shields. Scales smooth, in 15 rows.

Ventrals 167; anal entire; subcaudals 19. Blackish brown

above and beneath, the ventrals and subcaudals edged with

pale brown.

Total length 340 millim. ; tail 28.

A single female specimen from Zongo, Ubangi Rapids.

This species, which I have the pleasure of naming in

honour of Prof. Barboza du Boeage, to whom we are in-

debted for much of our knowledge of the reptiles of West

Africa, is closely allied to P. ambigua, from which it differs

in the more prominent, slightly turned up snout, the minute

preocular, which allows the prefrontal to border the eye,

and the single postocular.

27. Scaphiophis albopunctatus, Ptrs.—Kuango; Kassai.

Two young specimens. 25 or 27 scales across the neck,

21 across the middle of the body; ventrals 202, 198;

subcaudals 55, 51.

28. Grayia Smythii, Leach.—Aruwimi.

29. Dasypeltis scabra, L.—Zambi; Kassai; Zongo.

Sc. 21-23 ; V. 199-232 ; C. 65-81. Some specimens are

uniform pale brown; others have the dark markings more or

less distinct, but always small.

30. Leptodira hitambeia, Laur.—Zambi; Bongo-Congo;

Boma; Kuango; Lomami; Zongo.

31. Dromophis lineatus, D. & B.—Chuapa.

First record south of the Equator.

32. Psammophis sibilans, L.—Zambi; Boma.

33. Thelotornis Kirtlandit, Hallow.—Kassai.

34, Xenocalamus Mechovii, Ptrs—Kuango.

‘The specimen measures 520 millim.; tail 55. Two minute

postoculars. V. 227; C. 34. |

35. Aparallactus ubangensis, sp. n.

Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral

border. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above;

internasals shorter than the preefrontals ; frontal a little longer

than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the

snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal divided, in contact

280 Reptiles and Batrachians from the Congo Free State.

with the preocular; one postocular ; no anterior temporal ;

seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth

and sixth largest and in contact with the parietal; first lower

labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial ; ante-

rior chin-shields larger than the posterior and in contact with

four lower labials. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 163; anal

entire ; subcaudals 38. Dark brown above, with a yellow

nuchal collar ; orange beneath, with a few brown dots scat-

tered on the posterior part of the belly; subcaudals dark

brown, with orange posterior border.

Total length 390 millim. ; tail 55.

A single female specimen from Zongo, Ubangi Rapids.

36. Elapechis Guenthert, Bocage.—Kuango.

37. Nata melanoleuca, Hallow.—Zongo.

38. Naia nigricollis, Reinh.—Stanley Pool; Kuango.

39. Dendraspis Jamesonii, 'Traill—Zambi-Banana; Boma.

40. Dendraspis angusticeps, Smith.—Boma.

41, Causus rhombeatus, Licht.—Zambi-Banana; Zambi;

Boma; Stanley Pool ; Kuango; Kassai; Zongo.

42. Bitis artietans, Merr.—Leopoldville.

43. Atheris squamiger, Hallow.—Stanley Pool; Zongo.

Two specimens, with 7 or 8 keeled scales across the inter-

ocular region. The specimen from Stanley Pool is uniform

bright yellow, with a single series of scales between the eye

and the labials, 21 series of scales, 143 ventrals, and 52 sub-

caudals ; that from Zongo is dark green, with small yellow

spots ; one series of suboculars on the right side, two series

(one of which is incomplete) on the left side; 23 series of

scales, 163 ventrals, and 56 subcaudals,

44, Atractaspis trregularis, Reinh.—Zambi.

Sc. 27; V. 229; C. 25 pairs,

—

On a new Snake from German East Africa. 281

BATRACHIA.

1. Rappia tristis, Bocage.—Zambi.

Known from a single specimen from Angola.

2. Rappia marmorata, Rapp.—Zambi.

3. Bufo regularis, Reuss.—Zambi.

I seize this opportunity to point out that the three species

recently described by Mocquard (C. R. Congr. Intern. Zool.

Leyde, pp. 232-234) from the Upper Ubangi in the French

Congo are not new.

Mabuia Viancini, Mocq.,= M. Buettner’, Matschie ; Rana

oubanghiensis, Mocq.,=f. galamensis, D. & B.; and, as

recognized by the author himself, Nata yakome, Mocq.,=

NV. Goldit, Blgr.

XX VII.—Description of a new Snake from Usambara,

German East Africa. By G. A. BoULENGER, F.R.S.

Leptodira Wernert.

Body feebly compressed. Rostral once and two thirds as

broad as deep, scarcely visible from above ; internasals much

shorter than the pretrontals; frontal once and a half as long

as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,

shorter than the parietals ; loreal deeper than long; one pra-

ocular, not reaching the frontal; two or three postoculars ;

temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth

entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the ante-

rior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior.

Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 225; anal entire; subcaudals

101. Pale grey-brown above, uniform on the head and on

the anterior part of the body, the rest of the body and the

tail with darker spots more or less confluent into closely-set

cross-bands ; upper lip yellowish white; ventrals yellowish

white, mostly edged with dark brown on the sides; sub-

caudals brown.

Total length 370 millim.; tail 85.

A single specimen, presented to the British Museum by

Dr. F. Werner.

282 Ona new Species of the Genus Peecilopsaltria.

XX VIII.— Description of a new Species of the Genus Peecilo-

psaltria belonging to the Family Cicadide. By W. L.

DISTANT.

Herr Anton HAnpiirscw having lately submitted to me

for determination the Cicadide from Africa and Madagascar

contained in the “ Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum ”’ of Vienna,

I have found the following species from Madagascar requires

description and to be added to the nomenclature.

This museum has acquired the collection of the late

Dr. Signoret, which includes many of Stal’s types and deter-

minations. It must be remembered, however, that to many

of these specimens are attached MS. names; for my late

friend Dr. Signoret combined an enthusiasm for his study

beyond the time he could devote to it—which was not incon-

siderable—with the result that many species which he decided

were undescribed had MS. names affixed in his collection, but

received no publication at the time, for he preferred writing

on a group at some subsequent period.

Pectlopsaltria Handlirschi, sp. n.

Body above castaneous. Head with a triangular central

mark to front, lateral transverse strie to face, area of the

ocelli (from which emerge two fascie, of which the first

reaches the anterior lateral margin and the second is recurved

to eyes) black. Pronotum with the anterior margin, two

central lineate fascia, and the incisures black. Mesonotum

with four obconical spots starting from anterior margin, of

which the two central are smallest, and between the apices of

which is a central triangular spot, and the anterior margins

of the cruciform elevation black. Abdomen with the lateral

areas of the three basal and the whole of the remaining

segments black. Body beneath and legs pale castaneous.

‘egmina brownish ochraceous, the apical areas and

margin more or less purplish brown and mottled with greyish ;

a distinct greyish-white submarginal spot in upper ulnar

area. Wings brownish ochraceous, with rather more than

basal third darkly infuscated.

The rostrum reaches the posterior coxe.

Long., excl. tegm., ¢ 39 millim.; exp. tegm. 104 millim.

Hab. Madagascar (Schneider, 1880).

The description is based on one female specimen, and the

type is in the Vienna Museum. By the internal fuscous

area to the wings it is allied to P. Brancsiki, Dist., but the

remaining totally different coloration will alone serve to

distinguish it from that species.

Se Se ee

On some new Oriental Opiliones. 283

XXIX.—Descriptions of some new Oriental Opiliones recently

received by the British Museum. By R. I. Pocock.

Suborder PLAGIOSTETHYI, Simon.

Family Phalangiide.

Genus GAGRELLA, Stoliczka.

Gagrella insculpta, sp. n.

Closely allied to G. scrobiculata, Thorell (Ann. Mus. Genov.

xxx. p. 117), from Borneo, but apparently differing in the

following particulars :—The colour of the trunk is black, but

there are some bright yellow spots near the sides of the cara-

pace, one on each side of the tergal shield of the abdomen,

and one on the anterior surface of the distal end of the fourth

coxa (these spots do not appear to be present in scrobiculata).

Mandibles yellow, spotted with brown in front in one speci-

men, but not nigro-piceous as in scrobiculata.

Legs black ; tarsi testaceous; the adjacent extremities of

the tibize and protarsi bright yellow. Sternal area of abdomen

with a wide flavous stripe on each side of it.

The sculpturing of the trunk appears to resemble that of

scrobiculata, except that the free abdominal terga are exceed-

ingly finely punctulate and not very finely ¢ granular.

The supramandibular eee are not acuminate and

narrow, but stout, with the apex digitate, each digitiform

process armed apically with small tubercles ; immediately

behind them on the carapace there is a low smooth eminence.

Length of trunk 8°5 millim., width 5.

Loc. Baram, Borneo. Several specimens obtained by

Mr. Charles Hose.

Suborder MECOSTETHI, Simon.

Fam. Oncopodide, Thor.

Genus Pexitnus, Thor.

(Ann, Mus. Genoy. xxx. p. 757 (1890).)

Pelitnus annulipes, sp. n.

Colour of upperside of trunk and of lower side of abdomen

a deep brownish black ; coxee fusco-ferruginous ; 3 legs brunneo-

fuscous, with the tarsi, trochanters, and apices “of femora,

patella, and tibize orange- yellow.

284 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

Trunk smooth though not polished, piriform; width of

abdomen a little more than two thirds length of trunk (5:7).

Carapace convex transversely, about twice as wide as long,

widely and transversely truncate anteriorly, its anterior lateral

angles rounded, its sides nearly parallel, the interocular area

elevated into an erect triangularly spiniform tooth, at the

base of which on each side the eye is situated; the area in

front of the tubercle nearly vertical, that behind it horizontal

in the middle, strongly sloped away at the sides, where there

is a distinct tubercle, and just above and behind it a deep pit

leading apparently into a tunnel which passes beneath a kind

of bridge formed by the union of the middle of the dorsal

surface of the carapace and the corresponding area of the first

segment of the abdomen; the middle of the upper surface of

this bridge marked with a deep pit, which evidently corre-

sponds to the shallow but wide sulcus which longitudinally

divides the anterior abdominal tergal ridges, but dies out on

the posterior ones ; these ridges are nine in number, counting

that in the first that forms the hinder half of the bridge ;

none of the terga are free and all the sterna are similarly

fused, being represented by transverse ridges, and the original

sutures between them by grooves.

Mandibles only moderately strong, the basal segment

distally expanded and terminating above in a bluntly rounded

prominence, its upper edge longitudinally straight, the forceps

weak, the digits scarcely sinuate; when extended these

appendages reach only to the end of the femur of the palp.

Palpi reaching just past the tibia of the first leg, bearing a

Single cylindrical process on the under surface of the maxilla,

trochanter, and base of femur.

Legs longish ; the coxe sending out in front and behind a

buttress to support the narrowed base of the trochanter; this

buttress on the posterior face of the second coxa is double,

and bears, in addition, a tubercle, while on the upper surface

of the segment there is a pair of large tubercles beneath the

edge of the carapace, and the inner angle of this segment is

armed with a forwardly directed angular tooth projecting

partially beneath the coxa of the first leg, upon which close

to the lip-like maxillary plate there is a low rounded promi-

nence; the rest of the coxe and of the segments of the legs

are without special processes. The coxo-sternal area between

the genital plate and the mouth-parts longitudinally depressed

and forming a deep wide channel.

Genital plate triangularly heart-shaped, about as wide at

the base as it is long.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length of trunk 7;

new Oriental Opiliones. 285

width of abdomen 5, of carapace 2°5; length of first leg (ex-

cluding coxa) 9°5, of second 15, of third 10°5, of fourth 15.

Loc. Baram, Borneo. One specimen obtained by Mr. C.

Hose.

The only other known species of this genus is P. armillatus,

Thor. (/oc. ctt.), from Ajer Mantjur in Sumatra, which is

based upon a small example 2 millim. long and evidently

not adult. But it certainly differs from the species here

described in having the abdomen as wide as the trunk is long

and more than half the length of the fourth leg. The palpi,

moreover, are said to be unarmed, no processes being described

as present upon the lower side of its basal segments.

So far as | can judge of the characters of Gnomulus from

the description of the two known species published by

Dr. Thorell—namely G. rostratus (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx.

p- 378), from Pinang, and G. swmatranus (loc. cit. p. 759),

from Mount Singalang—the genus Pelitnus only differs from

it in possessing a triangularly spiniform erect interocular

tubercle. ‘The two differ from the following genus Oncopus

in having the anterior two pairs of tarsi two-jointed and the

posterior two pairs three-jointed. In Oncopus all the tarsi

are composed of a single segment.

Genus Oncopus, Thor.

(Ann. Mus. Genoy. ix. p. 154 (1876).)

Oncopus Hose, sp. n.

Nearly allied to O. Dorie, Thorell, from Sarawak (Ann.

Mus. Genoy. ix. p. 138, 1876-77), but differing apparently

in the following particulars :—

The body is narrower as compared with its length, the

width of the abdominal region being considerably less than

two thirds the length of the dorsal surface.

On the abdomen there are only two distinct pairs of tubercles,

both of which appear to be relatively smaller and a little

closer together than those in O. Dorie. The third pair of

tubercles from the end depicted in the drawing of O. Dorie are

only just visible in O. Hosez.

The genital plate is distinctly longer than wide, and from

the inner angle of the coxa of the legs of the third paira

slender spiniform process runs forward, underlying the

maxillary process of the coxa of the legs of the second pair.

Palpi extending nearly to the apex of the protarsus of the

first legs ; femur has no processes below (in Dorte there are

said to be two processes, one at the base and the other in the

286 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

distal half), and I can see nothing of the nature of a blunt

bifid spine or process arising from the lower side of the

maxille, there being at most a low and undivided prominence

here. Moreover, on the coxe of the first leg there are

distinctly four processes visible below, one a largish conical

eminence situated in the middle of its lower surface, a second

small blunt tooth-like one on its anterior surface just below

Fig. 1.— Oncopus Hosei ; head and mandible.

Fig. 1 a.— Ditto ; coxee of second and third legs.

Fig. 2.—Oncopus alticeps ; head and mandible.

Fig. 2 a.—Ditto ; coxal area of carapace.

the maxilla, and the other two on its distal margin. All the

trochanters are without tubercles, but there is a distinct

process at the base of the upperside of the femur of the

second leg.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length of trunk 9°3 ;

length of carapace 3, width 38; width of abdomen 5; length

of first leg (excluding coxa) 9, of second 13, of third 9, of

fourth 13°5.

Loc. Baram, Borneo. <A single specimen obtained by

Mr. C. Hose.

From the other known species of Oncopus, namely O. Fee,

Thorell (Ann. Mus. Genov, xxx. p. 875, 1890), from Pinang,

and O. truncatus, id. (tom. cit. p. 764), from Singapore, this

new species seems to differ in the same respects as those

pointed out by Thorell as distinctive of O. Doria.

new Oriental Opiliones. 287

Oncopus alticeps, sp. n.

Colour deep blackish brown, carapace and mandibles paler ;

extremities of the leg-segments and the entire tarsus pale.

Carapace very high, abruptly elevated behind at its junction

with the abdomen, strongly rounded from side to side, without

any broad elevated interocular prominence such as is seen in

O. Hoset.

Mandibles very strong, the basal segment suddenly raised

at the base and projecting forwards to a point nearly on a

level with the tip of the femur of the palp, which curves

round it, armed externally below with a spiniform tooth,

only a small portion of the second segment visible from

above.

The pa/p with the tarsus stouter than in Hose?, the claw

thick, short, tarsiform, and forming a small pincer with a

short process from the apex of the tarsus.

Legs asin Hosei; the coxe of the second, however, on

each side of the middle line are thickened and raised into a

warty eminence, which projects forwards and terminates in a

black bilobed maxillary process, and there are no forwardly-

directed processes on the inner extremities of the coxe of the

third legs.

Genital plate broader as compared with its length than in

Hoset.

Abdomen as in Hosez, but as broad as long, with three

pairs of distinct tubercles, the posterior being much the

longest; the five smooth transverse ridges on the lower

suiface not so thick as in Hose.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length of trunk 9°5 ;

width of abdomen 6, length up to the lateral pit 7, to poste-

rior border of head 6.

Loc. Pinang Hill (2260 feet alt.). A single specimen

obtained by Mr. Stanley Flower, of the Royal Museum,

Bangkok, Siam.

The annexed table will serve to show the distinctive

characters of this and the other species of the genus known

LO me -—

a. The carapace very high and convex, its posterior

portion abruptly elevated above the level of the

abdomen; -the basal segment of the mandible

very long, reaching nearly to the extremity of the

femur of the palp, only a small portion of the

second segment visible from above; maxillary

process of second leg very large and thick ...... alticeps, sp. 0.

6. Carapace low, posteriorly but little orno higher than

the adjacent area of the abdomen; mandibles

288 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

much smaller, almost as much of the second seg-

ment visible from above as of the first, the latter

not extending beyond the middle of the femur of

palp; maxillary process of second leg relatively

small.

a‘, The anterior portion of the carapace produced

forwards and upwards into a blunt interocular

beak ; the last tergite of the abdomen with two

large tubercles; coxa of third leg furnished at

the base with a forwardly-directed spiniform

DIOCESES eminem 65S 3 64050” ve «eee Hosei, sp. n.

b!. The anterior portion of the carapace low, with at

most a small prominence ; last tergite of abdo-

men without tubercles; coxa of third leg

without basal spiniform process...........+4. truncatus, Thor.

The type of the genus, O. Dorie, and the remaining

species, O. Few, which seem to be closely allied, will fall,

apparently, alongside of //ose¢ under section a’ of the above

table ; but there is no mention in the description of either of

them of the presence of a spiniform process on the coxa of

the third leg. O. Fee is said to differ from O. Dorie in having

the dorsal part of the abdominal region longer, namely, more

than three times as long as the carapace instead of two anda

half times, the femur of the palp having only one tubercle

below at the base instead of two, &c. In Hose? there is no

tubercle in this position.

Of the Singapore species O. truncatus the British Museum

has from time to time received a number of specimens from

Mr. H. N. Ridley.

Suborder ANEPIGNATHI, Thorell.

(Ann. Mus. Genoy. 1882, p. 22.)

Family Sironide, Simon.

Genus Petraus, Thor,

(Ann. Mus. Genoy. vill. p. 469 (1876).)

This genus was founded by Thorell for the reception of

the species from Ceylon described by Cambridge as Cyph-

ophthalmus cimiciformis (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi.

pp. 388-389, pl. xii. fig. 83,1875). The characters upon which

it was based and distinguished from Siro (Cyphopthalmus) were

the alleged presence of a fourth segment on the mandibles

and the bifurcation of the last dorsal plate of the abdomen.

In the species of this genus, however, that I have seen

there is no fourth segment on the mandible and the bifurca-

tion of the abdominal segment may be almost absent, varying

within the limits of the same species. Apart from this

new Oriental Opiliones. 289

character, however, the genus may be distinguished from

Siro by having the tarsi composed of a single segment,

whereas in Siro the proximal end of the tarsus is, according

to Simon (‘ Arachnides de France,’ vii. p. 144, pl. xxii.

figs. 10-13), separated off. Also in Siro the eyes appear to

be marginal as in Stylocellus, whereas in Pettalus the two

tubercles are nearly as far from the margins as they are from

each other. Jiopsalis, Thor. (Ann. Mus. Genov. xxx. p. 381,

1890), will probably prove synonymous with Pettalus.

Some facts connected with the structure of the stomotheca

and sternal surface of the carapace are perhaps worth re-

cording. The mazille lie vertically between the coxe of

the first pair of legs, their lip-like apices just appearing at

the hinder end of the stomotheca; these lips, which are

defined by a suture, are the maxillary lobes. The posterior

ends of the first coxe close the stomotheca behind, since they

just meet in the middle line; and lying alongside of their inner

edges is a narrow sclerite, ending below in a lip-like piece,

which appears to represent the maxillary lobe of this coxa.

The cove of the second pair end in long processes, which

meet in the middle line behind those of the first and separate

them from a large pentagonal plate lying between the coxe

of the third and fourth appendages. ‘This plate is furnished

with a pair of conical elevations, and in the middle line behind

them there is a small crescentic genital aperture.

Pettalus brevicauda, sp. n.

Colour (in alcohol) a uniform yellowish brown.

Body oval, short, not much longer than broad, broadest at

the posterior border of the carapace, covered above and below

with somewhat coarse granulation.

Carapace with its posterior border mesially convex above,

lightly concave at the side; ocular tubercles conical, broad

and circular at the base; the margin just above the base of

the mandibles prominent. Upper surface of abdomen com-

posed of eight distinct plates, separated by grooves, the

grooves scarcely granular, the granules along the anterior and

posterior edge of the plates coarser than the rest; the last

segment much smoother, marked with a deep longitudinal

groove and a deep posterior notch; beneath the bilobed plate,

and separating it from the circular anal plate, there is a

crescentic tergite, the sternite of which is a narrow plate

immediately in front of the anal sclerite. Rim of stigmata

forming nearly a complete circle.

Appendages.— Mandibles with basal segment cylindrical,

Ann. & Mag. \. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 21

290 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some

about four times as long as wide, with a transverse crest at

its proximal end above and a strong prominence below,

granular throughout and about two

thirds the length of the second segment,

which is smooth and polished. Palpi

about equal to the mandibles in length,

the tibia one third longerthan the tarsus;

finely granular above and below; the

tibiz longer than the patellw, the pro-

tarsi nearly half the length of the tarsi;

lower surface of first tarsus distally

finely scopulate, much swollen in the

middle of its length; tarsus of fourth

with a rounded tubercular knob on its

posterior (inner) surface at the proximal

end, and from this a short tooth-like

process projects forwards and upwards.

Length 3°8 millim., width 2°5.

Loc. Punduloya, Ceylon (£. £.

Green).

Differs from Pettalus cimiciformis

(Cambridge) in its relatively weakly

lobate “ tail”? and much smaller pro-

cess on the fourth tarsus. A second

smallerspecimen, obtained by Mr. Green,

has no process on the fourth tarsus, and Fig. 3.—Coxal area of

the last tergite scarcely lobate and not _Stylocellus lionotus.

grooved. ‘This specimen is probably arms phe

either young or a different sex from the je 4¢—Last tergite of

type. Pettalus brevicauda.

Genus STYLOCELLUS, Westw.

Stylocellus, Westw. Thesaurus Ent. Oxon. p. 200, pl. xxvii. fig. 7 (1874).

Leptopsalis, Thor. Ann. Mus, Genoy. xviil. p. 23 (1883),

Judging from the species of this genus that I have had

an opportunity to examine, the sternal region of the cepha-

lothorax differs in some important and puzzling particulars

from the same area in Pettalus. The stomotheca is closed

behind by the coxe of the second pair of legs, which, like

those of the first pair, have their inner edges strongly

elevated. Moreover, the coxe of the legs of the fourth pair

apparently meet each other in the middle line in front of the

large transversely reniform genital aperture, and separate it

from a small sternal plate, which is wedged in between the

coxe and second pair of legs. The genital aperture is bounded

new Orvental Opiliones. 291

behind by a semilunar genital plate, which is fused behind

with the first abdominal sternite. I say that the coxe appa-

rently meet each other in front of the genital aperture, because

there appears to be no distinct suture, only integumental folds,

between their main portions and their inwardly-directed pro-

cesses. From a comparison of the figures of the coxal areas

of S. lonotus and Pettalus brachyurus it seems that the

maxillary lobes of the legs of the first pair in the former are

not represented in the latter, where the maxillary lobes of

the palpus appear to be the only organs that can be called

lips, and that the pentagonal plate with its two elevations

that lies in Pettalus between the coxe of the second, third,

and fourth pairs of legs and before the genital aperture is

represented in Stylocellus by the minute sternal plate and by

the inwardly-directed pregenital coxal lobes of the fourth

legs. But whether in the case of the Stylocellus the coxe

have grown inwards and obliterated the sternal area of Pet-

talus, or whether they have merely fused with it, I cannot at

present say. In Siro (cf. Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii.

1882, p. 24, in note) there is a largish sternal plate lying longi-

tudinally between the coxe of the first, second, and third pairs

of legs at the sides, the genital aperture behind, and the apex

of the stomotheca in front. Stvro, therefore, 1s in some respects

intermediate between Pettalus and Stylocellus.

Stylocellus Wionotus, sp. n.

Colour of trunk black, of appendages very deep ferruginous.

Upper surface of trunk and lower surface of abdomen

smooth ; coxe mesially granular below, the first more thickly

so than the others.

Body about twice as long as wide.

The sessile eyes situated some distance—?. e. by a space

that slightly excels their diameter—in front of the ocular

tubercle.

Mandibles nearly as long as the palpi; basal segment

thickly granular below and bearing two tubercles, one at the

base, the other in the middle of their length, towards the

outside of the lower surface; the second segment granular

above at the base, smooth and polished elsewhere.

The legs and other organs apparently as in S. sumatranus,

Westw. (Thes. Ent. Oxon. p. 200, 1874).

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 6; width 3;

height 2°25; length of first leg 9, of second 6°3, of third 6°5,

of fourth 8°8.

7S se

292 Mr. A. 8. Woodward on the

Loc. Sandakan, N. Borneo. A single specimen obtained

by Mr. Douglas Cator.

This species may be at once recognized from S. sumatranus

(=8. Beccariz, Thorell, Ann. Mus. Genoyv. xviii. p. 25, 1882)

from Sumatra and from &. javanus (Thorell, loc. cit. p. 30)

from Java by having the upper surface of the trunk smooth

and not densely granular.

XXX.—A Contribution tothe Osteology of the Mesozoic Amioid

Fishes Caturus and Osteorachis. By A. Smita Woop-

WARD, F.L.S.

[Plates VIII.—XI.]

TuE well-known Leeds Collection from the Oxford Clay ot

Peterborough has already furnished many important illustra-

tions of the osteology of the Mesozoic fishes. Several more

examples, however, still remain to be utilized, and the present

contribution to our knowledge of the early Amioids is chiefly

based on a fine series of new specimens of Caturus and one of

Osteorachis in this collection. ‘The description of these is

followed by a brief note on a unique example of the Liassic

Osteorachis macrocephalus, which has hitherto been imper-

fectly known, but can now be elucidated with greater precision.

The whole series of observations shows more clearly than

ever how extraordinarily similar are certain Mesozoic rhombic-

scaled notochordal genera to the existing Amza, even in some

of the minute features of osteology.

I.— Carvervs, SP. IND., FROM THE OXFORD CLAY OF

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE AND WILTSHIRE.

There is still so much uncertainty as to the distinction of

the various species of Caturus known even by whole skeletons

that it seems inadvisable at present to give any specific names

to the comparatively fragmentary examples of this genus fiom

the English Oxford Clay. ‘Their great interest consists not

in their precise systematic relationships, but in their naturally

dissected condition, which adds so much to our knowledge of

the osteology ot the fish. It must suffice to remark that most

of the specimens belong to a species closely related to, if not

identical with, the typical Caturus furcatus of the Bavarian

Lithographic Stone; while some have comparatively larger

and tewer teeth. All these fossils have now been acquired

Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 293

by the British Museum, and the numbers in brackets always

refer to the Register of the Department of Geology.

Cranium.

The chondrocranium exhibits extensive ossifications, but

was not sufficiently resistant to withstand complete collapse in

the soft clay. The basioccipital is deeply excavated on its

posterior face by a conical fossa for the notochord, and the

inferior aspect of the bone (no. P. 6901) is marked by a

longitudinal groove, though this is not covered by the para-

sphenoid and there is apparently no basicranial canal. There

are robust ossifications in the postfrontal and prefrontal

(lateral ethmoidal) regions, but cartilage must have persisted

in the mesethmoid, which can only have been small. In the

lateral wall of the cranium, immediately in front of the post-

frontal, there appears a very large ossification, longer than

deep, which is probably to be identified with the alisphenoid

(no. P. 6906) ; a smaller, nearly quadrate ossification adjoins

this behind, and seems to correspond with the pro-otic of

Amia (seen in same specimen); and a third bone, occurring

still further back, quite at the angle of the occiput (seen in

no. P. 6901), agrees well with the opisthotic of the same

genus. The latter element is shown to be pierced by a large

oval foramen, evidently for the exit of the vagus nerve.

z\ great parasphenoid sheaths most of the base of the

cranium, forked posteriorly and not quite reaching the

occiput, comparatively broad in advance of the basiptery-

goid processes, and provided in this region with an elongated

lenticular patch of very minute teeth. Hach basiptery-

goid process was evidently much elongated, reaching the

postfrontal above. The parasphenoid extends as far for-

wards as the prefrontal region, there expanding a little and

meeting the pair of large vomers. These two bones meet

throughout their length, but are not fused in the median

line, and each is about three times as long as broad, bearing

a few teeth only at its anterior end. The bases of about four

of these vomerine teeth are shown in no. P. 6901. The

membrane-bones of the cranial roof form a continuous flat-

tened shield, and in large individuals its principal elements

sometimes appear to be fused together. The occipital border

is straight (Pl. VIII. fig. 1, occ.), formed, as usual, by the

parietals and squamosals. ‘lhe parietals ( pa.) are shown, in

nos. 29049, P. 6908 ¢, to be relatively small, with the wavy

suture between them not quite mesially placed, and each sends

forwards at its outer margin a long pointed process inters

294 Mr. A. 8. Woodward on tite

digitating with the frontal (seen also in no. P. 6904). The’

squamosals (sq.), though considerably crushed and fractured

in the specimen figured, are observed to be much larger than

the parietals and extend further forwards. The frontals

(fr.) are relatively enormous, uniting in an irregular, often

interdigitating mesial suture, the outer surface especially

rugose in their anterior half, and irregularly marked with

rows of pittings which appear to be connected with the

sensory canal-system. It is not quite clear whether the

ossified postfrontal appears behind, but the prefrontal is ex-

posed in front (Pl. VIII. fig. 2, pr.f.), and between these

two elements the frontal is bordered by an irregular series of

supraorbital plates (Pl. VIIL. figs. 1, 2, sp.o.), which are

continued extensively down upon the cheek as a patch of

antero-posteriorly elongated tessere (Pl. VIII. fig. 2, #.).

This arrangement can also be seen in the typical species,

Caturus furcatus, from the Bavarian Lithographic Stone (e. g.

specimen in Brit. Mus., no. P. 908). The nasal bones

(Pl. VIII. figs. 1, 2, na., and Pl. IX. figs. 4, 4a) are small,

antero-posteriorly elongated, externally tuberculated, and

exhibit the usual little lateral process in the anterior half of

their outer margin. One specimen (PI. VIII. fig. 2) suggests

that a very small, transversely elongated, bilaterally symme-

trical membrane-bone (a) also covered the rostral end of the

mesethmoid; but this little element is crushed and fractured.

Facial Bones, Jaws, and Hyoid Apparatus.

The cheek is completely covered with thin plates. Imme-

diately in front of the preoperculum are two very large

plates of the suborbital (postorbital) series (Pl. VIII. fig. 3,

s.o.). ‘Two circumorbitals (c.o.), the lower broad and the

upper narrow, separate these from the orbit, and there is a

small series beneath the eye. ‘There is also at least one

antorbital plate (Pl. VIII. fig, 8, a.o.). The supraorbitals

have already been described, and it only remains to add that

portions of an ossified sclerotic can often be observed within

the cavity of the orbit (Pl. VIII. fig. 3, sel). The hyo-

mandibular (Pl. 1X. fig. 1, hm.) is large, much laterally

compressed and expanded, with a considerable process (p.)

for the support of the operculum. ‘The quadrate (Pl. 1X.

fig. 1, qu.) is triangular, meeting the front half of the lower

margin of the hyomandibular, and doubtless bordered behind

by an ossified symplectic, which has not yet been seen. ‘The

articular head of the quadrate is especially robust, with a

concave facette for the articulation of the mandible. The

Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 995

pterygoid bones are too imperfect for description; but the

entopterygoid is clearly thin, expanded, and laminar, with

fine granulations on its oral face (Pl. IX. fig. 1 a, enpt.).

Another stouter bone, which is deepened in front and bears

a series of large teeth on its outer inferior margin, may be.

the ectopterygoid (Pl. IX. fig. 1, ecp#.). The palatine on its

inner face appears as a small lamina of bone below the ento-

pterygoid, and on its oral margin, which is apposed to the

maxilla, there is a single series of large teeth (Pl. VILLI.

fig. 4a, pl.) ; but viewed from without (Pl. VIII. fig. 4, p/.)

this element is shown to be in reality of robust proportions,

interposed as usual between the maxilla and prefrontal. The

maxilla (Pl. VIII. figs. 3, 4, mz.) is much elongated, some-

what deepened behind, thickened in front, and bearing a long

inwardly and anteriorly directed process immediately in

advance of its palatine articulation. Its oral border forms

an irregular concave arch, and bears a single series of teeth,

which are smallest behind; the hinder portion of its upper

border exhibits a facette (Pl. VIII. fig. 4, 4), which is over-

lapped by an elongated supramaxillary plate (Pl. VILLI.

fig. 3, s.mzx.). The premaxilla (Pl. VIIL. fig. 3, pmz.)

exhibits an extended oral border, with a series of teeth larger

than those of the maxilla; the nature and limits of its

ascending process cannot be satisfactorily observed. The

mandible-- (Pl. VIII) fig. 3; Pl. 1X. figs. 1) 1a) is very

narrow at the symphysis, hasa nearly straight inferior border,

and gradually rises into a high coronoid region near its hinder

end ; it comprises four, perhaps five, distinct elements. ‘The

long dentary (Pl. VIII. fig. 3; Pl. LX. figs. 1, 1a, d) occu-

pies the greater portion of the outer aspect, meets its fellow

of the opposite side at the symphysis, rises behind into the

coronoid, and bears a single series of relatively large teeth.

The splenial (Pl. LX. fig. 1 a, spl.) extends about as far as

the dentary on the inner side of the ramus, and is much

thickened where it enters the symphysis; its teeth are all

very small, and for at least the anterior half of the bone they

are arranged in a single series, while beyond they appear to

be clustered. The angular element (ag.) is large, forming

the greater part of the coronoid region, and immediately above

it is an elongated coronoid bone (cor.) completing the eleva-

tion. The articular (a7.) exhibits a convex facette at the

extreme hinder end of the mandibular ramus, but whether or

not this element is fused with the angular is as yet undeter-

mined. The epihyal (Pl. 1X. figs. 1, 1a, ep.d.) is small and

triangular in form, with a robust facette near the hinder end

of its upturned margin ; its extreme length is scarcely more

296 On the Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis.

than one third that of the ceratohyal (c.hy.), which shows no

evidence of twisting, is twice as deep behind as in front, and

is thickened at the anterior extremity for articulation with

the hypohyal. The hypohyal (Pl. IX. fig. 2) is especially

robust, narrowed and turned inwards at its anterior end.

Opercular, Branchiostegal, and Branchial Apparatus.

The gill-covers form a complete series of plates. The

preoperculum is large and much expanded at its angle, where

the exposed surface is rugose, and one specimen (Pl. IX.

fig. 1, p.op.) exhibits a facette-like excavation of its lower

extremity, as if it articulated with the inferior prominence at

the hinder end of the mandible. The operculum, suboper-

culum, and interoperculum are large, and do not merit special

description ; the suboperculum has a large ascending process

at its antero-superior angle (no. 29049). The branchiostegal

rays (Pl. VIII. fig. 3, dr.), slightly over twenty in number,

are all broad, but the uppermost especially so, and their free

ends are sometimes (e.g. no. P. 6904) shown to be pectinated.

In advance of the branchiostegal rays there is a very large

gular plate (Pl. VIII. fig. 3, gu.) extending between the

mandibular rami for more than half theirlength. A detached

example (Pl. IX. fig. 3), wanting its hinder portion, exhibits

a slight longitudinal median keel in its anterior half.

The branchial arches are only known by fragments

(Pl. VIII. fig. 5), which display the ordinary channelled bone,

mixed with small tooth-like gill-rakers (g.7.) and slender

calcified gill-filaments (fil.). One specimen (PI. IX. fig. 1,

gr.) shows that some of the gill-rakers at least were fixed on

the edge of little plates of bone, resembling those on the gill-

arches of the modern Amia.

Axial Skeleton of Trunk.

The examples of Caturus from the Oxford Clay of Peter-

borough do not afford any additional information as to the

axial skeleton of the trunk. The complete skeletons from

the Lithographic Stone of Bavaria and France have already

proved that the notochord was persistent and that the ossifica-

tions in its sheath were confined to separate hypocentra and

pleurocentra. A detached abdominal hypocentrum from

Peterborough, however, shown from three points of view in

Pl. 1X. figs. 5, 5a, 56, is interesting for comparison, and

bears the characteristic small lateral processes for the support

of the ribs. Whether any vertebral element was fused with

the basioccipital remains unknown.

On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, ce. 297

Appendicular Skeleton.

Resting upon the rim of chondrocranium which projects

behind the occipital border of the cranial shield is a single

pair of large supratemporal plates, each tapering towards the

middle line, and from beneath this shield there emerges

behind a pair of still larger post-temporal plates marked with

small pittings, apparently of the sensory canal-system, near

its outer border (Brit. Mus. no. P.6908a). There is nothing

worthy of remark in the imperfectly known pectoral arch

which these elements support, and the number of the pectoral

basals still remains to be discovered. ‘There are, however,

several good portions of pectoral fins, and when viewed from

below these exhibit the slightly lobate form of the appendage

(e.g. no. P. 6908c). The slender anterior fulcra seem to

have fused with the foremost ray, and this is hence remark-

ably stout; at its upper end it exhibits a very large concave

articular facette. The hindermost rays of the fin are short

and excessively delicate. The .pelvic bones are separate,

contracted mesially, and expanded at each end, and the small

pelvic fin is fringed with conspicuous slender biserial fulcra.

The fulcra on the median fins are also large, slender, and

biserial, and the tips of a few of the gradually lengthening

anterior rays of these fins are successively lost in the fulcral

series (no. P. 6909). At the base of these fins, it may be

added, the few fulcral scales are simple, not subdivided into

two halves.

Squamation.

The scales are very thin over the whole of the trunk and

only appear thickened on the atrophied upper caudal lobe

(no. P. 6909). Their exposed face is distinctly rhombic and

often punctate or partly striated, but chiefly marked by the

concentric lines of growth.

[To be continued. |

XXXI.—On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and

Corea. By Joun Henry Leccu, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.

[Continued from p. 235.]

Genus RuMIA.

(Dup.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p, 183 (1895).)

Rumia tridentifera.

Rumia tridentifera, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 30 (1887); Hampson, Fauna

Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 184 (1895).

Five male specimens and one female received from Ta-

chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and How-kow: June, July, and August.

298 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidopiera Heterocera

In one example from Pu-tsu-fong the large spot is only

outlined in black, the interior being brownish ; in a specimen

from How-kow this spot is entirely reddish brown and

rather less in size than in the specimens from Western China.

_ Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson); Western China and

Thibet.

Rumia trimacularia, sp.n. (PI. VI. fig. 9.)

Male.—Pale yellow. Primaries have a reddish patch at

the base, an oblong one on costa extending to median ner-

vure and enclosing a lunule, and a square one at apex; there

are two indistinct wavy transverse lines, the first com-

mencing in a reddish dot on costa, and the second from inner

edge of the apical patch. Secondaries have a blackish

central spot and narrow wavy band. Under surface yellow:

inner margin of primaries whitish and the costa tinged with

pinkish; there are two blackish transverse lines, but the

first one is nearer the base of the wing than on upperside ;

discal spot large, blackish} apical spot reddish, but faint:

secondaries have a blackish central spot and submarginal

line. ‘The central band of secondaries shows through on the

under surface, and the basal line on under surface of primaries

and the submarginal of secondaries are each more distinct than

on the upper surface.

Expanse 50-56 millim.

Female deeper yellow, apical patch of primaries absent.

Six male specimens and five females received from Moupin,

Che-tou, Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-ssu-kow, T'a-chien-lu, and How-

kow: July.

Hab. Western China and Thibet.

Rumia tnornataria, sp. nu.

Sulphur-yellow. Primaries have an annulation at end

of cell and two transverse lines on outer marginal area.

Secondaries have a discal dot, a central band, and line

beyond. All these markings, with the exception of the central

band on primaries, are shadowy and indistinct. The costa

of primaries is narrowly tinged with pink, and the fringes

are slightly tinted with the same colour. Under surtace :

primaries have a subbasal line, annulation at end of cell,

and asubmarginal line, all rather clearer than above : second-

aries have a central and a submarginal line, but neither are

very distinct.

Expanse 50 millim.

One female specimen from Che-tou, July.

Hab. Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 299

Rumia sulphurea.

Rumia sulphurea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 123 (1830);

Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 54, pl. cxiv. fig. 6 (1836) ; Alph. Rom. sur

Lép. vi. p. 51 (1892).

Alphéraky records one female specimen from the Province

of Szechuen, taken in August.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson); Western China (A/phé-

raky).

Genus CorYMIca.

(Walk.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 185 (1895).)

Corymica specularia,

Caprilia specularia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1867, p. 649,

pl. xxxili. fig. 11.

Thiopsyche Pryert, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 393 (1878) ;

Il. ‘Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 29, pl. xlviii. fig. 2 (1879).

Corymica vitrigera, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vii. p. 101, pl. exxxv.

fig. 14 (1889).

Corymica specularia, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 186

(1895).

Appears to be common in Central and Southern Japan ; it

also occurs at Gensan in Corea and at Chia-ting-fu, Moupin,

and Omei-shan in Western China, and Chang-yang in Central

China.

Varies a good deal in depth of colour and also in definition

of marking.

The Chia-ting-fu specimen agrees with C. vitrigera,

Butl., which Hampson considers synonymous with C. specu-

laria.

Iistribution. Dharmsala; Sikhin; Nilgiris; Ceylon

(Hampson) ; Japan; China.

Corymica gensanaria,

Corymica gensanaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 56 (May 1896).

One female specimen from Gensan, taken in July.

Hab. Corea.

Genus ILICRINIA.

(Hiibn. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 186 (1895).)

Llicrinia cordiaria,

Geometra cordiaria, Hiibn. Geom. pl. viii. fig. 41, pl. Lxvi. fig, 342.

Eilicrinia cordiaria, Hiibn. Verz. Schm. p. 237; Meyrick, Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 111.

Eilicrinia nuptaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 80, pl. vii. fig. 5.

Ilicrimia cordiaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 186.

300 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

There were several examples of the nuptarza or pale yellow

form of this species in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. South Europe; Syria; Kirghistan ; Amur ;

Japan; Yesso; Kulu.

Llicrinia flava.

Noreta flava, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 233, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1887).

Ilicrinia flava, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 187 (1895).

There is a specimen in the National Collection from Che-

kiang.

Distribution. Eastern China; Sikhim; Khéasis ; Ndgas.

Genus SPILOPERA.

(Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lona. 1893, p. 402.)

Spilopera debilis.

Heterolocha debilis, Butl. Dl. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 47, pl. xxxv. fig. 9

(1878).

Spilopera debilis, Warr. Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 402.

‘There was a seriesin Pryer’s collection. I took the species

at Gensan in July, and | have received it from Hakodate.

Pratt met with it at Chang-yang in June and July.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; Central China,

Spilopera gracilis.

Endropia gracilis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 871 (1879).

Paraclipsis gracilis, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 468 (1894),

Spilopera gracilis, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 190 (1895).

Several specimens in Pryer’s collection. 1 took examples

at ‘I'suruga and Gensan in July.

Hampson considers S. umbrata, Warr., to be synonymous

with S. gracilis, Butl.

Distribution. Central and Southern Japan; Corea ;

Khdasis ; Assam. ;

Spilopera obliquilinea.

Epione obliquilinea, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 229 (1887).

Spilopera obliquilinea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 192

(1895).

Five male specimens from Ichang and a female from

Moupin, June and July.

Distribution. Eastern Himalayas; Central and Western

China.

Spilopera angularia, sp. n.

Yellowish buff, suffused with brownish; outer marginal

from China, Japan, and Corea. 301

area of all the wings tinged with rosy ; a blackish-brown line

commencing one fifth from apex of primaries is acutely angu-

lated below apex and traverses both wings, terminating on

middle of the abdominal margin; this line is inwardly shaded

with olive-brown and followed at its termination by a blackish

patch ; there is a brown annular discal spot on primaries.

Fringes brown. Under surface yellow, freckled with violet-

grey ; outer marginal area of all the wings clouded with rosy

and limited by a violet-grey band; discal spot on primaries

as above.

Expanse 31 millim.

Two male specimens from Kia-ting-fu, June.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to Spilopera obliquilinea, Moore.

- Spilopera crenularia, sp. n.

Apex of primaries pointed, outer margin below apex

crenulate to obtuse angle at end of third median nervule ; outer

margin. of secondaries crenulate, angled about the centre. Pale

ochreous, powdered with darker on outer marginal area.

Primaries have two transverse rufous lines, the first is angu-

lated below the costa, the second is parallel with outer

margin and is followed on apical area by an almost square

reddish patch with a rosy centre. Secondaries have an

oblique rufous central line and an undulated dusky one

beyond, but the latter is not clearly defined. [Fringes pale

brown, marked with darker. Under surface similar to above,

but the outer line on primaries is broader and the outer one

on secondaries more distinct.

Expanse 52 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, August.

Hab. Central China.

Spilopera (?) roseimarginaria, sp. n.

Pale ochreous, clouded with pinkish, especially on costal

and basal area of primaries; the basal area of primaries is

limited by a diffuse fuscous band, which is angulated below

costa ; median band also fuscous and diffuse ; outer marginal

area greenish fuscous, tinged with rosy, mottled with

blackish, and limited by a fuscous line obliquely angled below

costa. Secondaries have a blackish discal dot and an inter-

rupted diffuse central band; outer marginal area rosy,

limited by a fuscous line, which is slightly incurved below

costa. Fringes fuscous brown. Under surface ratiier more

302 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

yellow, and the outer area of secondaries is not rosy, but

yellow, suffused inwardly with fuscous.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang and an example of

each sex from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Spilopera? divaricata.

Agathia? divaricata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 250, pl. viii. fig. 15 (1887).

Spilopera? divaricata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ili. p. 192

(1895).

One male specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Distribution. Khésis; Western China.

Genus CRYPSICOMETA.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 463 (1894).)

Crypsicometa incertaria.

Phasiane incertaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 49 (May 1891).

Phasiane incertaria, var. suffusa, Leech, 1. ¢.

Crypsicometa incertaria, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 463 (1894).

Several specimens of the type form from Yokohama (?) and

Gifu in Pryer’s collection, as well as an example of suffusa

from each locality. Two examples of the var. suffusa were

taken by my native collector in Kiushiu, and I received one

female specimen of that form from Moupin, taken in July.

Distribution. Japan; Kiushiu; Western China.

Genus NADAGARA. ;

(Walk. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p, 193 (1895).)

Nadagara albovenaria, sp. n.

Pale brown, striated and freckled with blackish; neuration

whitish. Primaries have two whitish lines, both oblique;

the first is angled below the costa and outwardly edged with

dark brown ; the second is inwardly edged with blackish and

receded by a dark brown suffusion ; there is a short oblique

blackish dash from apex; discal spot black. Secondaries

have a black discal spot and a whitish slightly curved line

inwardly edged as on primaries. Fringes pale brown, tra-

versed by a line of dark brown, chequered with dark brown

on the primaries, except below apex, where there isa blackish

spot, and preceded by a dark brown line. Under surface

whitish brown, irrorated with fuscous, except on abdominal

from China, Japan, and Corea. 303

margin of secondaries; discal spot and outer line as on upper

surface.

Expanse 40 millim.

One example of each sex in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Allied to N. vigaia, Walk.

Genus RHYNCHOBAPTA.

(Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 194 (1895).)

Rhynchobapta cervinaria.

Noreia cervinaria, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 253 (1887).

Rhynchobapta cervinaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 194

(1895).

Lozogramma (?) bilineata, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 48 (May 1891).

There were several specimens from Gifu in Pryer’s collec-

tion. I have also received examples from Ichang and Chang-

yang and from Omei-shan.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khasis (Hampson) ; Japan ; Central

and Western China.

Thynchobapta punctilinearia.

Nadagra punctilinearia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 55 (May 1891).

I obtained some specimens, including both sexes, at Naga-

saki in May, and my native collector also met with examples

in the island of Kiushiu.

Hab, Kiushiu.

Rhynchobapta flaviceps.

Nadagara flaviceps, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1881, p. 419.

sci adel Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 195

JO),

I obtained this species at Fushiki and T'suruga in July and

at Nikko in September. Mr. Manley sent me specimens

from Yokohama, and I have received examples from Kiushiu,

where they were taken by a native collector.

It also occurs in June at Ichang and at Omei-shan in

July, but I have only one example from each of these

localities.

Distribution. Khiasis (Hampson); Japan; Central and

Western China.

ERhynchobapta flavicostaria, sp. n.

Leaden grey, without traces of transverse bands; all the

wings have a black discal spot; costa of primaries yellow;

304 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

fringes yellow. Under surface as above, but fainter in

colour.

Expanse 27 millim.

One female specimen from Ichang, June.

Hab. Central China.

Genus LUXIARIA.

(Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 195 (1895).)

Luxtaria contigaria.

Acidalia? contigaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxii. p. 754 (1861).

Acidalia inexactata, Walk. op. cit. xxiii. p. 770.

Acidalia tephrosaria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 643.

Luxiaria fasciosa, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 254 (1887).

sora contigaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 195

dvd).

Bihia eta Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 405 (1878); Tl.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 45, pl. lil. fig. 4 (1879).

This species appears to be common in Western China, and

all the forms enumerated above are represented. ‘There was

a series of the fasciosa (amasa) form from Ohoyama in Pryer’s

collection ; I obtained specimens of the same form at Tsuruga

and Gensan in July, and my collectors at Chang-yang and

in the island of Kiushiu.

Distribution. Dharmsdla; Sikhim; Khésis; Mahablesh-

war; Nilgiris; Ceylon; Sumatra; Borneo (Lampson) ;

Japan; Kiushiu; Corea; Central and Western China.

Luxiaria consimilaria, sp. n.

Whitish, irrorated with greyish brown, most densely on

costal area of primaries; there are three transverse pale

pinkish-brown bands on primaries, but the first two are

obscure, the third is fairly broad and extends from the apex

to middle of the inner margin; this band is preceded by a

series of black dots originating on the costa about one fourth

from apex ; there are also indications of a wavy submarginal

line. Secondaries have three transverse bands ; the first of

these appears to be a continuation of the third on primaries ;

the second is fairly broad and is edged inwardly by a wavy

blackish line; submarginal line obscure. Fringes whity

brown, preceded by a thin blackish line, which is dotted with

black at the extremities of the nervules. Under surface

whitish, freckled with greyish brown on primaries, especially

on costal and basal areas; all the wings have two transverse

dusky bands and a blackish discal spot.

kLxpanse 35 millim,

Srom China, Japan, and Corea. 305

One male specimen from Moupin and one male and two

females from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Closely allied to LZ. obliquata, Moore. Perhaps only a

local form of that species.

Genus KRANANDA,

(Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 648.)

Krananda semihyalina.

Krananda semihyalina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 648;

Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 199 (1895).

I met with this species at Nagasakiin May, and there were

a few specimens in Pryer’s collection from Central Japan.

Distribution. Dalhousie; Sikhim; Khédsis (Hampson) ;

Japan; Kiushiu.

Krananda lucidaria, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 10.)

Basal two thirds of primaries and half of secondaries

diaphanous, clouded with brownish; outer third of primaries

and half of secondaries clouded with purplish brown, except

on the outer margin of the latter.

Primaries have a velvety black subbasal band transversely

intersected by a pale sinuous line; on the inner margin

towards the boundary of the diaphanous area there isa slightly

oblique velvety-black bar, this is twice interrupted ; there are

some pale brown marks on costa before apex and on outer

margin below apex ; submarginal band sinuous, pale brown,

bordered inwardly with dusky, but suffused below the costal

portion. Secondaries irrorated with blackish; a brown cloud

represents a diffuse oblique band terminating in a_ black

mark just before abdominal margin ; discal spot black; sub-

marginal band pale, but not clearly defined. Under surface :

basal portion of the wings whity brown, outer portion (except

at apex of primaries and upper angle of secondaries) ferrugi-

nous brown, merging into ochreous on outer margin of second-

aries; primaries have a ferruginous-brown crescent in the

cell, which meets an elbowed transverse line of the same

colour; secondaries have a slightly curved subbasal band, also

ferruginous brown.

Expanse 58 millim.

One female specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

“Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 22

306 Mr J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Krananda latimarginaria.

Krananda latimarginaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 56 (May 1891).

_ Trigonoptila latimarginaria, Warren, Novit. Zool. 1, p. 441 (1894).

There were specimens in Pryer’s collection. I have also

received the species from Nikko and Gensan, July.

Distribution. Japan ; Corea.

Krananda oliveomarginata.

Krananda oliveomarginata, Swinh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv.

p. 189

One specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Distribution. Khasis; Western China.

Genus ZANCLOPERA.

(Warren, Noyit. Zool. i. p. 441 (1894).)

Zanclopera straminearia, sp. n.

Pale stramineous. Primaries have the base and costa

tinged with pale ferruginous, and there is a transverse band

of the same colour beyond the middle with some black dots

inside it towards inner margin; this band is continued on the

secondaries. Under surface similar to above, but all the

wings have a black discal dot, and the transverse bands have

black dots on them.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, June.

Hab. Central China.

Genus MAcARIA.

(Curtis; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 201 (1895).)

Macaria hebesata.

Macaria hebesata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 931; Butl. Ill. Typ.

Lep. Het. iii. pl. li. fig. 1.

Macaria sinicaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1650,

Macaria proditaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 81, pl. vii. fig. 7.

Macaria maligna, Butl. 1. ¢, pl. lil. fig. 3.

Macaria irrorata, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 440.

I have an extensive series of this very variable species,

which was common in most of the localities in Japan that 1

visited, with the exception of the island of Yesso, where I

did not see a specimen. Pryer, who had a fine series, seems

to have considered that drrorata was distinct from. sinicaria,

but in his ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Japan’ he states,

from China, Japan, and Corea. 307

when referring to s¢nicaria, ‘‘hebesata I believe to be the

male, maligna the female.” I must confess, however, that I

cannot satisfactorily separate the specimens in my series into

even two species. The series comprises examples agreeing

respectively with each of the named forms, and all these are

connected by intergrades ; so that it is not possible to parcel

them out into well-defined groups of varieties. It seems

most probable that hebesata is the Asiatic representative of

the European estimaria.

Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103) places

proditaria, Brem., in Opisthograptis.

Distribution, China; Japan; Corea; Amur; E. Siberia ;

N. India.

Macaria pervolgata.

Macaria pervolgata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 930 (1861) ; Hamp-

son, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 205 (1895),

Two female specimens from Chang-yang, June and August.

One male example from Chia-ting-fu, July, and three females

from the island of Kiushiu. In one female from Chang-yang

the ground-colour is suffused with pale brownish, the discal

spot is very minute, and there are no black spots beyond

the outer line of secondaries.

Distribution. Bengal; Poona (Hampson) ; Central and

Western China; Kiushiu.

Macaria defixaria.

Macaria defixaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 932 (1861).

Macaria zachera, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 405 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 45, pl. hii. fig. 2 (1879).

A common species in Central and Southern Japan. I have

received it from Gensan and Ningpo. It also appears to be

common in Central and Western China, July.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Eastern, Central, and Western

China.

Macaria intermediaria, sp. n.

Allied to M. defixaria, Walk., but the ground-colour is more

suffused with brownish and the angulation of secondaries is

less pronounced ; the angle of third line of primaries is further

from outer margin, and below the angle the line is less

oblique. On the under surface the outer lines on both wings

are more broadly suffused with ochreous. The black spots

beyond the centre of transverse band are somewhat similar to

the same character in /. defixaria.

Expanse, d 34, 2 39 milim.

22%

308 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

One example of each sex from Wa-shan and two females

from Chia-ting-fu, July.

Hab. Western China.

Macaria cacularia.

Macaria cacularia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 24, pl. iii. fig. 32

(1891).

Occurs at Chia-kou-ho, Chia-ting-fu, Huang-mu-chang :

July. I received specimens from each locality.

Hab. Western China.

Macaria monticolaria, sp. n.

Violet-grey. Primaries have three transverse lines; the

first and second are elbowed below costa and near together,

but not well defined; the third has an upward angulation

below costa, bordered below the angle by a dusky shade and

on the costa by a diffuse bracket-shaped mark. Secondaries

have two transverse lines; the first is faint, but the second is

double and well developed; beyond the outermost there is a

deep black spot and some scales of the same colour indicating

a second spot. All the wings have a faint blackish discal

dot. Fringes pale, marked with darker at the extremities of

the nervules and shaded with darker towards costa of

primaries. Under surface whitish, coarsely speckled with

dark brown: there are two dark, almost blackish lines on

each wing; the first is oblique, wavy, and the second oblique

and curved towards costa of secondaries ; beyond the second

line the outer margin is dark brown marked with ochreous,

and there are patches of the ground-colour at apex and

towards inner angle of primaries, and between the anal angle

and the middle ot outer margin of secondaries.

Expanse 36 millim.

One male specimen from the summit of Omei-shan, July.

Hab, Western China.

Allied to MZ. intermediaria.

Macaria elongaria, sp. n. (Pl. VI. fig. 14.)

Apex of primaries obtusely produced; outer margin of

secondaries crenulate, with asmall angular projection about

the middle.

Whitish grey, powdered and clouded with brownish.

Primaries have three transverse oblique brown lines, com-

mencing as spots of tle same colour on the costa ; the first is

elbowed below costa, the second has a slightly darker discal

spot on it; the third is followed on the costa, below which it

from China, Japan, and Corea. 309.

is elbowed, by a rufous patch, and has a series of blackish

marks, intersected by a thin white line, on its outer edge

between the inner margin and the third median nervule ;

there is a brownish cloud below apex. Secondaries have

two brown lines; the first is oblique, the second double,

curved, slightly wavy, and enclosing a pale line; there are

a series of black specks indicating a submarginal line, and

the discal spot is black. Fringes pale at their base, darker

outwardly, and preceded by a brown line. Under surface

whitish, freckled with brownish, and tinged with ochreous on

costa of both wings; brown transverse lines, except the first

of primaries, which is absent, darker and broader than above ;

the outer one on each wing is followed by an outwardly

diffuse band, which does not reach the inner margin in either

case, and there are no black marks on that of primaries; the

apical area beyond the outer line is brown, tipped with

whitish ; discal spot black.

Expanse 44 millim.

One male specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

On the under surface the markings approach those of

M, intermediaria.

Macaria proximaria.

Parasemia Pryeri, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 417 (nom.

przoc.).

‘There was a fine series from Central Japan in Pryer’s

collection. I met with the species at Nagasaki in May and

at Gensan in June. It also occurs in Central and Western

China in June and July.

Distribution. Japan; Kiushiu; Corea; Central and

Western China.

Macaria shanghaisaria.

Macaria shanghaisaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. v, 926 (1861).

Semiothisa (Macaria) graphata, Hedem. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi.

p. 51, pl. x. fig. 4 (1881).

There were a few specimens in Pryer’s collection. I cap-

tured the species at Tsuruga in July and at Hakodate in

August.

This species seems far more closely allied to J. alternata

than to M. notata, with which latter Hedemann compares his

graphata. I am inclined to think that it may be a local

form of the first-named, which occurs in Amurland.

Distribution. N. China; Japan; Yesso; Amur.

510 My. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Graphata, Hedem., is included in the genus Opisthograptis,

Hiibn., by Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103).

Macaria Pryeri.

Macaria Pryeri, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 437 (1879).

There were specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in

Pryer’s collection, and my native collector obtained a specimen

in the island of Kiushiu.

Hab. Japan and Kiushiu.

Macaria intersectaria, sp. 0.

Very near to MW. temeraria, Swinh., but the second and

third transverse lines of primaries are not sinuous; the latter

is double, enclosing a pale buff line, obtusely angled below

costa, and has a small black mark, intersected by the vena-

tion, above the middle; between the first and second lines

there is a dusky diffuse band, which is continued on the

secondaries ; the submarginal white line commences at apex

and terminates just above inner angle; it is slightly incurved

about the middle, and there is a whitish patch in this curve.

On the secondaries the white submarginal line terminates just

before anal angle; there is a dusky band on central area,

tapering towards costa and marked with black dots on the

neuration. Under surface very similar to that of JZ. teme-

rarva, but the transverse lines are not wavy.

Eixpanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

Macaria temeraria.

Macaria temeraria, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p, 492;

Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 207 (1895). |

I took specimens at Ning-po in April and at Nagasaki in

June, and I have received the species from Chang-yang,

where it was taken in July.

Distribution. Simla; Khdsias; Négas (Hampson); Kiu-

shiu; Eastern and Central China.

Macaria ornataria, sp. n.

Pale brownish grey. Primaries have two interrupted

dusky transverse lines before the middle, each originating in

a brown spot on the costa; beyond the middle is a blackish

fascia extending from costa to just below first median nervule,

interrupted by the venation and separated by a line of the

from China, Japan, and Corea. SUE

ground-colour from a similarly interrupted blackish patch on

its lower outer edge ; between this fascia and the apex of the

wing there is a brown spot on the costa. Secondaries have

a dusky oblique line, which appears to be a continuation of

the second one of primaries; beyond the blackish discal dot

there is a blackish patch, interrupted by the median nervules

and transversely by a slightly wavy line, which is dusky

above and below the patch, but appears to be of the ground-

colour in passing through it. Fringes pale at their base,

darker outwardly, and preceded by a dusky lunulated line.

Under surface fuscous, variegated with silvery white and

suffused with ferruginous on apical area of primaries and sub-

marginal area of secondaries; the basal area of each wing

is also irrorated with silvery white.

Expanse 28 millim.

Two male specimens and two females from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Genus OPISTHOGRAPTIS.

(Hiibn. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 102 (part.).)

Opisthograptis semilutata.

Eubolia semilutata, Led. Sib. Schmett. p. 29, pl. vi. fig. 5.

Opisthograptis semilutata, Meyrick, Traus. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103.

Sey dictynna, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 45, pl. xxxv. fig. 7

‘ .

eibaeky Fentoni, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 412.

Occurs throughout Japan, and I met with it at Gensan and

at Ningpo. I have also received it from Chang-yang.

Distribution, Siberia; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; Corea ;

Central China.

This species is exceedingly variable in colour, which ranges

from bright ochreous through brownish grey to bright reddish

brown; the markings, however, are fairly constant.

Opisthograptis corearia.

Halia corearia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 50 (May 1891).

I took two male specimens and one female in June and one

example of each sex in July at Gensan. I have also two

males from Ichang. One of the male specimens from Gensan

is of a uniform brown colour on the upper surface, except

towards apex, where the ochreous yellow of the type form is

exhibited,

Distribution. Corea; Central China.

ole Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus STRENIA.

(Dup. Lép. i. p. 112.)

Strenta clathrata.

Phal. Geometra clathrata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 524; Clerck, Icon.

pl. ii. fig. 11.

Geometra clathraria, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 152.

Chiasnua clathrata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 295. i.

Strenia clathrata, Dup. Lép. viii. pl. cevii. fig. 1; Guen, Phal. ii.

212,

Opisthograptis clathrata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103.

I captured specimens at Hakodate, June and July, and at

Nemoro in August; there were also a few examples in

Pryer’s collection from Yesso.

Distribution. Europe; Armenia; Altai; Amur; Japan;

Yesso.

Genus TEPHRINA.

(Dup. Cat. Lép. Eur. p. 246 (1844); Hampson, Fauna Brit.

Ind., Moths, iii. p. 219 (1895).)

Tephrina verecundaria, sp. n.

Brownish grey, with a slight violet tinge, irrorated with

fuscous. Basal area of primaries rather darker, limited by a

fuscous line, which is slightly angulated below costa; discal spot

black ; transverse line beyond the middle dark brown, curved

below costa; the space between this line and the dusky waved

submarginal line, which is only distinct towards costa, is filled

in with darker. Secondaries have a black discal spot and

dark brown central line, the latter bordered outwardly with

darker. Fringes of the ground-colour, preceded on the

primaries by a black dotted line and on secondaries by a

series of black lunules. Under surface whity brown, mottled

with fuscous on basal two thirds of primaries and half of

secondaries, and ochreous yellow on outer marginal area; the

latter is limited by a fuscous line and traversed by a diffuse

fuscous band ; discal spot black on all the wings.

Expanse 29 millim.

Two female specimens from Chow-pin-sa, May and June.

This species superficially resembles Macaria hebesata, Walk.,

except that the transverse lines are not angulated.

Hab. Western China.

Tephrina arenacearva.

Geometra arenacearia, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 114.

Tephrina arenacearia, Guen. Phal, ii. p. 105.

‘: ofa

from China, Japan, and Corea. 313

Eubolia flavidaria, Eversm. Bull. Mosc. 1852, p. 162.

Tephrina flavidaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 104.

Diastictis arenacearia, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103.

There were specimens of the typical form in Pryer’s collec-

tion, and I took examples of the flavidaria form at Gensan in

July.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Corea; Japan.

Tephrina capulata.

Lozogramma capulata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 441

(1879).

There was a series from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection, and I obtained specimens in Satsuma in May.

Hab. Japan; Kiushiu.

Tephrina brunneata.

Geometra brunneata, Thnb. Diss. Ent. i. p. 9 (1784).

Geometra pinetaria, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 130, 2 (post 1797).

Fidonia yinetaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 157.

Diastictis brunneata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103.

There were specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Europe ; Altai; Amur; Japan.

Tephrina fuscaria.

Halia fuscaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 50 (May 1891).

Three specimens of each sex, from Oiwake and Yokohama,

in Pryer’s collection. One female from Ichang, August.

Distribution. Japan ; Central China.

Tephrina adzearia.

Halia adzearia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 33, pl. iv. fig. 62

(1893).

I received one male specimen from Moupin, taken in June,

and a female from Che-tou, taken in July.

Oberthiir records the species from Ta-chien-lu.

Hab. Western China.

Tephrina (?) flavescens.

? Eubolia flavescens, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 68, pl. iii. fig. 6,

(1892):

Alphéraky records one example of each sex, taken in

‘September at Termine-Bachine, North-western China.

314 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus HYPOSIDRA.

(Guen.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 212 (1895).)

Hyposidra aquilaria.

Lagyra aquilaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1485.

Hyposidra aquilaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p, 214

(1895).

Hyposidra Davidaria, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p, 307, pl. vi.

ig, 1,

to)

I have specimens from Chang-yang, Ichang, Chia-ting-fu,

Moupin, Omei-shan: June and July.

Distribution. Sikhim; Shillong; N. China (Hampson) ;

Centrai and Western China.

[I received a series of Hyposidra talaca, Walk., from the

Loo-choo Islands. ]

Hyposidra faleigera.

Lagyra falcigera, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 45, pl. xxxyv. fig. 4

(i878).

Three female specimens in Pryer’s collection from Yesso.

Hab. Yesso.

Genus PoGoNITIS.

(Christoph. Bull. Mose. lv. p. 60 (1881).)

Pogonitis cumulata.

Pogonitis cumulata, Christ. Bull. Mose. ly. 2, p. 61 (1881),

Deilinia cumulata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 110.

A fine series from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Amur; Japan. .

Genus DILIniA.

(Hiibn.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 216 (1895).)

Dilinia exanthemata.

Phalena exanthemata, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 218.

Geometra exanthemaria, Esp. v. pl. xxxiil. figs. 5, 4.

Deilinia exanthemata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 110.

Cabera exanthemaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 55,

I took one typical female specimen at Hakodate in August.

Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 56) records a very

damaged female specimen from Ou-pin, Western China;

possibly this is referable to the Chinese form of D. Schafferi,

which I have described as var. sinicarta,

Distribution. Europe ; Armenia; Amur; Yesso.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 315

Dilinia Schefferi.

Cabera Schefferi, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 80, pl. vii. fig. 4 (1864).

I obtained specimens at Gensan in June.

This species can be readily separated from its allies by the

distinct yellow bands, which are not in the least serrated.

Var. sinicaria.

Pale ochreous white, irrorated with brownish. Primaries

have three rather broad, wavy, ochreous transverse lines,

the first two elbowed below costa, and the third angled.

Secondaries have two wavy ochreous lines. Fringes of the

ground-colour. Under surface paler than above; all the

wings have a dusky discal dot and indications of a transverse

line beyond.

Expanse 36 millim.

A good series received from Ta-chien-lu and Ni-tou, June.

Distribution. Amur; Corea; Western China.

Dilinia purus.

Thysanochilus purus, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 404 (1878) ;

il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 44, pl. li. fig. 12 (1879).

There was a good series from Yokohama in Pryer’s collec-

tion. I took the species at Gensan and Mr, Smith at Hakone

in June.

Distribution. Corea; Japan.

Dilinia conspersaria, sp. n.

White. All the wings have black discal and marginal

spots. Primaries have three, and secondaries two, brownish

macular bands. Under surface white, with black discal and

marginal spots and a brownish macular submarginal band ;

the costal area of primaries is suffused with fuscous, especially

towards the base.

Expanse, ¢ 38, ? 43 millim.

Two male specimens and six females from Oiwake in

Pryer’s collection.

The species varies in the intensity of the markings.

Hab. Japan.

Dilinia tinagmaria.

Cabera tinagmaria, Guen, Phal. ii. p.56 (1857).

A number of specimens were received from Omei-shan and

Moupin and one example from Chia-ting-fu, July. I took

316 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

the species at Ningpo in April and at Tsuruga in July; my

native collector met with it in June and July at Ningpo, and

also obtained specimens in the island of Kiushiu. Guenée’s

type was from North China. Pryer does not seem to have

met with this species.

Distribution. North and Western China ; Japan; Kiushiu.

Dilinia griseo-limbata.

Phasiane griseo-limbata, Oberth. Diagn. Lép. Ask. p. 1 (Aug. 1879) ;

Ktud. d’Entom. vy. p. 50, pl. iv. fig. 14 (1880).

Nematocampa straminea, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. (5) i. p. 370

(Sept. 1879).

Stegania griseo-limbata, Hedem. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 245, pl. x.

fig. 2 (1881).

Stegania ustulataria, Christ. Bull. Mose. ly. (2) p. 63 (1881).

Deilinia straminea, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 110,

There were specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in

Pryer’s collection. I obtained the species at Hakodate in

August.

Distribution. Askold; Amur; Japan; Yesso.

Dilinia capitata.

Pachydia capitata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 1019 (1861).

Tacparia ? morosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 403.

Dilinia capitata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 217 (1895).

There were two specimens in Pryer’s collection, and I

received one from Mr. Manley taken at Yokohama.

Distribution. Throughout India and Ceylon (Hampson) ;

Japan.

Dilinia fasciata.

Bargosa fasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1867, p. 634, pl. xxxii.

fig. 8.

Bargosa rivulosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1881, p. 410.

Dilinia fasciata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 217 (1895).

Butler’s type was from Tokio. I did not obtain this

species in Japan, and there were no specimens of it in Pryer’s

collection.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Khésis ; Japan (/Zampson).

Dilinia rufofasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries pale ochreous brown; basal area tinged and

clouded with rufous ; before the black discal dot there is an

obscure curved and recurved rufous transverse line, and

beyond the dot a diffuse rufous transverse band, becoming

obsolete towards costa and reduced towards inner margin ;

—_ ——_ — —

from China, Japan, and Corea. 317

on the outer margin there is a series of faint brownish spots.

Secondaries ochreous brown; outer margin bordered with

paler, the inner edge of the border wavy; discal dot black.

Under surface pale ochreous brown; primaries have a dusky

band beyond the middle.

Expanse 32 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, July.

Hab, Central China.

Dilinia albifrontaria.

.' Phasiane albifrontaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 49 (May 1891).

Several specimens from Gifu in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Allied to D. veaillaria, Guen.

Genus T'YCOONIA.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 459 (1894).)

Tycoonta obliqua.

Tycoonia obliqua, Warren, Noyit. Zool. i. p. 489.

I have not been able to see the type of this species.

Hab. Japan.

Genus HYPEPHYRA.

(Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vii. p. 101 (1889).)

Hypephyra terrosa.

Hypephyra terrosa, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vii. p. 100, pl. exxxy

tig. 17 (1889).

Five male specimens were received from Chang-yang, one

female from Omei-shan, one male from Yokohama and one

from the island of Kiushiu.

Distribution. Simla; Dharmsala (Hampson); Japan;

Kiushiu ; Western and Central China.

FHypephyra Pryeraria.

Tacparia Pryeraria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 56 (May 1891).

Three male specimens and two females from Gifu in Pryer’s

collection.

Hab. Japan.

318 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus CROCOTA.

(Hiibn. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 118; (part)

Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 220 (1895).)

Crocota mundataria.

Phal. Geometra mundataria, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 243, pl. ecee. fig. H.

Geometra mundataria, Hiibn. Geom. figs. 375, 538.

Aspilates mundataria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 186; Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi.

p. 70 (1892).

Aspilates tonghata, Feld. Reise Noy., Lep. v. pl. exxix. fig. 12,

Crocota mundataria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 119.

There were specimens from Fujisan in Pryer’s collection,

and I cbtained the species at Oiwake in June and July and

at Gensan in June. Specimens have been received from

Chang-yang and Kiukiang, taken in June; Alphéraky notes

the species from the Itel-got, a tributary of the Yellow River,

N.W. China, taken in August.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Armenia; Siberia; Amur;

Corea ; Japan; Central and North-western China.

Crocota formosaria.

Aspilates formosaria, Eversm. Bull. Mosc. 1837, p. 54, 1844, iii. pl. xv.

figs. 3a, b; Guen. Phal, ii. p. 185.

Crocota formosaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 119.

Aspilates gloriosaria, Boisd. Ind. Gen. p. 188.

Some examples from Oiwake and Yokohama in Pryer’s

collection. I obtained specimens at Fusan in June and at

Gensan and Nagahama in July; and my native collector took

the species at Hakodate in June. One specimen was received

from Chang-yang.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Corea; Japan; Yesso;

Central China.

Crocota curvaria.

Aspilates curvaria, Evers. Bull. Mosc. 1852, i. p. 167; Alph. Rom, sur

Lép. vi. p. 70, pl. ili. figs. 5 a, b, ce, ¢ Q (1892).

One female is recorded by Alphéraky from the province of

Chan-si, taken in June.

Distribution. Siberia ; North-west China.

Crocota sordida,

Cleogene sordida, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418.

Butler describes this species from Tokio.

Hab, Japan.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 319

Crocota (?) punctaria, sp. n.

Pale ochreous brown, irrorated and mottled with dark

greyish brown; there is a fuscous discal spot and a trans-

verse series of fuscous spots placed on the inner edge of a

dusky band on outer marginal area. Secondaries whitish

brown, with a blackish discal spot and a transverse series of

blackish spots beyond the middle, the third and fifth larger

than the others. Fringes greyish. Under surface as above,

but the primaries are suffused with fuscous and the second-

aries are irrorated with fuscous and tinged with ochreous on

the costa and outer margins.

Expanse 50 millim.

One male specimen from How-kow, July.

Hab. Thibet.

Crocota (?) geholaria.

Aspilates geholaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 18, pl. ix. fig. 3

(1881).

I am unacquainted with this species, but, judging from the

figure, which represents a female, it does not appear to be

rightly placed in Aspilates, 'Treit.,= Crocota, Hiibn.

Oberthiir records it from the Géhol Mountains and also

from the mountains to the north of Pekin.

Genus DISCOREBA.

(Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 394 (1878).)

Discoreba simplex.

Discoreba simplex, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 394 (1878) ;

Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 30, pl. xlviii. fig. 4 (1879).

Aspilates violentarva, Christ. Bull. Mose. ly. (2) p. 82 (1881).

There were specimens of the typical form from Yokohama

and Gifu in Pryer’s collection.

Var. punctaria.

In both sexes of this form the transverse band of primaries

is replaced by an oblique series of dots on the neuration. The

ground-colour of the male is browner, and the primaries of the

female are thickly dusted with blackish.

There were examples of this form in Pryer’s collection, one

of which was from Gifu.

Distribution. Japan; Amur.

320 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus HYBERNIA.

(Latr. ; Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 120.)

Hybernia leucophearia.

Geometra leucophearia, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101; Hin, Geom.

fig. 195.

Hybernia leucophearia, Dup. Lép. vii. pl. 156. figs. 4,5; Guen. Phal.

ii. p. 251.

Hybernia dira, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 50, pl. liii. fig. 7

(1879).

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Dira, Butl., is an unusually large specimen of H. leuco-

phearia. Ihave but one example in my series of the species

which equals the type of dia in expanse, although several

agree with the said type in other characters. The large

specimen referred to was in Pryer’s collection, and there was

also a specimen which hardly expands one inch in the same

collection.

The specimens from Japan exhibit considerable variation,

but only one of the forms is peculiar ; and as I have not seen

an exact counterpart of it from Europe, I append the following

description :—

Var. nigrilinearia.

Primaries pale ochreous grey ; second line deeply indented

below the middle; space between this line and the curved

basal line thickly sprinkled with black scales, forming a dark

median fascia, in the central portion of which is placed a pale

oval patch ; median nervure conspicuously black ; before the

apex is a blackish, oblique, abbreviated fascia. Secondaries

normal,

Distribution. Europe ; Japan.

Hybernia bela.

Lozogramma bela, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 406 (1878) ;

Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 46, pl. li, fig. 5 (1879).

Several male specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s col-

lection.

Pryer, referring to this species in his ‘Catalogue of the

Lepidoptera of Japan,’ p. 73, says “the female is semi-

apterous, like Hybernia progemmaria.”

Hab, Japan.

Hybernia verecundaria, sp. n.

White, finely irrorated with fuscous, especially on pri-

from China, Japan, and Corea, 321

maries. There are three transverse blackish lines on pri-

maries—the first is slightly curved, the second serrated and

curved to just above inner margin, where it is obtusely angled,

the third is interrupted and merges into the dusky submarginal

line at fourth vein; there is a blackish transverse dash on

costa just beyond the first line and a dusky dot below it at

the origin of second vein. Secondaries have a blackish trans-

verse wavy line just beyond the middle ; this does not extend

to the costa, and on the inner margin is preceded by one and

followed by two blackish marks. Fringes of the ground-

colour preceded by blackish dots. Under surface whitish,

suffused with fuscous, especially on the primaries; all the

wings have a dusky discal mark, and the transverse lines of

upper surface are faintly indicated.

Expanse 42 millim.

One male specimen in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Genus APOCHEIMA.

(Hiibn. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 121.)

A pocheima lefuaria.

Biston lefuarius, Erschoff, Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. viii. p. 317 (1872) ;

Hedem. xvi. p. 246, pl. xiii. fig. 15 (1881).

Nyssiodes olgaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 44, pl. iv. fig. 12

(1880).

Ereuxa maturaria, Christ. teste Hedem. Horze Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi.

p- 247.

Eremia maturaria, Christ. Bull. Mosc. ly. (2) p. 64 (1881) ; Stett. ent.

Zeit. liv. p. 55 (1893).

Apocheima lefuaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 121,

There were some nice specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s

coliection. Mr. Andrews and my native collector took

examples at Hakodate in June, and I received a male

specimen from Chung-king.

Distribution. Amur; Askold; Japan; Yesso; Western

China.

Genus PHIGALIA.

(Duponchel, Lép. iv. p. 296.)

Phigalia sinuosaria, sp. n.

Resembles P. pedaria from Europe, but the transverse

markings of primaries are more wavy, the subbasal being

angled below the middle and the submarginal nearer the

margin of the wing ; the central line of secondaries is serrated

and always beyond the discal spot, and the outer line is evenly

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 23

322 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

curved. Larger than P. pedaria, and the thorax is far less

robust.

Expanse 48-58 millim.

Four male specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Hab, Japan.

Genus ZAMACRA.

(Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 121.)

Zamacra albofasciaria.

Apocheima albofasciaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 48 (May 1891).

Three male specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s col-

lection.

Hab. Japan.

The genus Zamacra was founded by Meyrick (Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 121) for flabellaria, Heeg., previously

placed in Apochetma, Hiibn.

Genus BIsTon.

(Leach ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 245 (1895).)

Biston emarginaria, sp.n. (PI. VII. fig. 8.)

Outer margins of all the wings with two deep indentations.

Female.-—Primaries white, sparingly freckled with black ;

the basal area limited by an angulated black line and clouded

with brown ; outer marginal area brown, limited inwardly by

a sinuous black line and intersected by an indistinct dusky-

bordered whitish line, which terminates in a whitish patch at

inner angle. Secondaries have the basal two-thirds sparingly

freckled with black; the outer third is brown, bounded in-

wardly by a rather wavy black line and containing two white

patches ; the lower, placed at anal angle, is marked with

black. Under surface similar to upperside, but there is no

brown on basal area of primaries. Fringes: of primaries

blackish from costa to second indentation, thence white

chequered with black; of secondaries white, marked with

brown at the angle. Antenne white marked with black,

simple. Head and thorax creamy, the latter sprinkled with

black. Abdomen pale brown, marked with white and dotted

with black.

Expanse 65 millim.

One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab, Western China.

Biston robustum.

Biston robustum, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 871 (1879),

A very fine series from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 323

In one example of the male the ground-colour is decidedly

greyish,

Var. parva, nov.

Much smaller than the type; the inner line of primaries is

less acutely angled below costa, and the outer line rather more

sharply angled. The male has the pectination of antenne

shorter, and is without brown or ochreous in the composition

of its colouring and agrees almost exactly with the female,

which is typical except as regards the minor points of difference

referred to.

Expanse, ¢ 56, 2 64 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, one female from

Che-tou, and another from Ta-chien-lu: July.

Distribution. Japan; Western China.

Biston regalis.

Amphidasys regalis, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 234 (1887).

Biston regalis, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 245 (1895),

One male specimen from Ichang taken in June.

There is an example from Hakodate in the National Col-

lection, and this, hike the specimen from Central China

referred to above, has the basal, medial, and apical areas

whiter than in the Indian form.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Khdsis (Hampson) ;

Yesso; Central China.

Biston tendinosaria.

Amphidasys tendinosaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 73, pl. vi. fig. 17

(1864).

Pithonosema tendinosaria, Warr. Noyit. Zool. i. p. 428 (1894).

There were specimens from Yokohama, Oiwake, Nikko, and

Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

I took the species at Gensan in June and at Fushiki in

July, and it has also been obtained at Tokio.

Liistribution. Amur; Corea; Japan; Yesso.

[| Biston fasciaria, Motsch. Bull. Mose. xxxix. p. 197.—

I am unable to identify this species. ]

Biston serratilinearia, sp. n.

Whitish brown, powdered with grey. Basal area of pri-

maries rusty brown, bordered with darker; outer line black,

serrated, followed by a diffuse rusty-brown band; sub-

marginal line of the ground-colour; discal spot blackish, with

23*

324 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

a dark brown cloud above it on the costa. Secondaries have

a dusky transverse central shade (sometimes present also on

the primaries), and beyond this there is a black serrated line

followed by a band as on primaries ; submarginal line of the

ground-colour; discal spot blackish. Fringes concolorous

with the wings, preceded by an interrupted line. Under

surface whitish grey, a blackish discal spot and dark central

line on each wing.

Expanse, ¢ 64-74, 2 83 millim.

One male specimen and two females from Moupin and

a male from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to B. recursaria, Walk., but distinguished by the

form of the transverse lines, and also by the rusty-brown

markings.

Biston recursaria.

Boarmia recursaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi. p. 374 (1860).

Agaisien superans, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. 11. p. 48, pl. xxxv. fig. 3

10).

Bee Dare, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 246

(1895.)

Several specimens in Pryer’s collection.

I captured examples at Nagasaki in May and at Shimonoseki

in July. My collectors in Western China obtained one female

specimen at Ta-chien-lu and another at Wa-shan, both in

June.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis; Bassein; Burma; Java

(Hampson) ; Japan; Kiushiu; Western China,

Biston invenustaria.

Amphidasys invenustaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 43 (May 1891).

Allied to B. recursaria, Walk.

Several specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s colléction.

Var. stinicaria, nov.

Differs from the type in having the transverse lines blacker

and the bands browner; between the second and submarginal

lines there are some brownish clouds.

In one female specimen the black lines are absent.

My collectors obtained examples of this form at Wa-shan,

Pu-tsu-fong, Ni-tou, Chia-ting-fu, Chia-kou-ho, Chang-

yang.

: Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China.

Srom China, Japan, and Corea. 325

Liston suppressaria.

Amphidasys suppressarta, Guen. Phal. i. p. 210 (1857).

Buzura multipunctaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1531 (1862).

Buzura strigaria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. pl. elxxxviii. figs. 1, 1a, b, ¢

(larva) (1887).

Biston suppressaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 247

(1895).

Two male specimens and one female from Omei-shan, and

one female from Wa-shan: June.

The female example from Omei-shan is more heavily pow-

dered with black than the other specimens, and consequently

looks much darker.

There is a specimen from Japan in the National Collection

at South Kensington.

Distribution. Kangra; Sikhim; Assam; Calcutta ;

Ceylon; Japan (Hampson) ; Western China.

Biston thibetaria.

Amphidasys thibetaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xi, p. 32, pl. v. fig. 30

(1886).

Specimens have been received from Chang-yang, Ichang,

Ta-chien-lu, Ni-tou, and Chia-ting-fu: June and July.

Oberthiir’s type was taken by M. Biet at Chapa.

Distribution. Central and Western China.

Genus MEGABISTON.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 429 (1894).)

Megabiston plumosaria.

Biston plumosaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 45 (May 1891).

Megabiston plumosaria, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 429 (1894).

‘There was a fine series from Yokohama in Pryer’s col-

lection.

Hab. Japan.

Genus MEGAMETOPON.

(Alphéraky, Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 58 (1892).)

Megametopon piperatum.

Megametopon piperatum, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 58, pl. iii. fig. 3, 3

(1892).

Alphéraky records this species from Tchin-Tassy, ii the

Province of Kan-sou: July.

Genus ELPuHos.

(Guen. Phal. i. p. 285 (1857).}

Elphos insueta.

Elphos insueta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 48, pl. xxxvi. fig. 2

(1878).

326 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

A few specimens from Ohoyama, Oiwake, and Fujisan in

Pryer’s collection.

Mr. Smith took one example at Hakone in August, and my

collectors one at Moupin in July.

The Chinese specimen differs from Japanese examples in

the much fainter colour of the yellow markings.

Distribution. Japan and Western China.

Genus XANDRAMES.

(Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 654.)

Xandrames sericea.

Xandrames sericea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 409.

Xandrames latiferaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 250

(1895).

Several specimens from Fujisan and Nikko, confounded

with X. latiferarta, in Pryer’s collection.

My native collector captured some specimens at Hakodate

in June or July. I have also received the species from

Chang-yang, Moupin, Chia-ting-fu, and T'a-chien-lu: June

and July.

I cannot agree with Hampson in regarding X. sericea, Butl.,

as synonymous with X. latiferaria, Walk. ‘The two insects

appear to me to be very distinct, especially as regards the

markings of secondaries. Hampson’s figure represents

X. sericea, and not X. latiferaria; the latter is well figured

by Butler (Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlix. fig. 11).

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Central and Western China.

Xandrames latiferaria,

Pachyodes ? latiferaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi, p. 445 (1860),

Elphos latiferaria, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 36, pl. xlix. fig. 11

(1879).

One male specimen from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

I captured a male at Hakodate in August, and I have

specimens from Omei-shan, where they were taken in July

and August, and others from Kiukiang.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso ; Central and Western China.

Xandrames xanthomelanaria.

Xandrames xanthomelanaria, Pouj, Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr, 1895, p. 309,

pl. vi. fig. 6.

Poujade records a male specimen from Moupin. I have an

example of the same sex from Omei-shan, and one from

Chia-kou-ho, taken in July.

HTab. Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 327

This species is allied to X. sericea, Butl., and X. latiferaria,

Walk., most nearly perhaps to the former. It is, however,

at once separated from either by the shape of the fascia on

primaries and yellow border on secondaries.

Xandrames agitata.

Boarmia agitata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 396 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 33, pl. xlviii. fig. 9 (1879).

Duliophyle agitata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 432 (1894).

Some specimens from Ohoyama and Nikko in Pryer’s

collection.

Mr. Smith took the species at Hakone in August, and

there are specimens in the National Museum from Tokio,

Yokohama, and Chiuzenji.

Hab. Japan.

Xandrames angustaria, sp. n.

Primaries ochreous, mottled and striated with dark brown;

there is a fuliginous patch at the base; a subbasal band and

a broad central fascia of the same colour, the latter interrupted

in the middle and bordered outwardly on the costa by a patch

of the ground-colour enclosing a dark irregular bar; sub-

marginal line interrupted, preceded by some dark clouds below

costa. Secondaries fuscous, finely striated with cupreous

brown ; there is a dusky discal dot and central line. Fringes

of the ground-colour marked with fuliginous. Under surface

fuscous, paler along costa of primaries; there is an irregular-

shaped pale fascia beyond the middle of the wing enclosing a

dark patch below costa; discal dot black.

Expanse 54 millim.

One specimen from Omei-shan, June.

Hab. Western China,

Genus GNOPHOS.

(Treitschke, Eur, Schmett. vi. p. 160 (1827).)

Gnophos muscosaria,

Gnophos muscosaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het, xxxv. p. 1596 (1866).

Gnophus muscosarius, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 251

(1895).

One female specimen from Moupin taken in July.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim (Hampson) ;

Western China.

Gnophos approximaria, sp. n.

Greyish, powdered and marked with dark brown. Pri-

maries have four transverse wavy lines and a transverse basal

528 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

shade: the first line is slightly indented below costa; the

second is placed a little beyond the black discal spot and is

closely followed by the third; this last is edged outwardly

with whitish, and is nearer to the second on the inner margin

than on the costa; the fourth (submarginal) is pale, preceded

by a dark brown cloud towards costa and also towards inner

margin. Secondaries have two wavy lines hardly traceable

towards costa but terminating near together on the middle of

abdominal margin ; there is a short diffuse bar near anal angle.

Fringes brownish, preceded by a black line. Under surface

brownish grey; all the wings have a blackish discal spot and

indistinct wavy central line.

Expanse, ¢ 50, 2 50-56 millim.

One male specimen and five females from Pu-tsu-fong,

July.

ae the male is not in good condition, I have described

a female as the type; but the sexes do not appear to differ in

markings.

Hab. Western China.

Gnophos pullata.

Gnophos pullata, Treit. Schm. vi. p. 179 (1827).

Pseudopanthera pullata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 117.

One male specimen, taken at How-kow in July, appears to

be referable to this species.

The wings are dark grey, tinged with brownish as far as

the second line on primaries and the central line on second-

aries. The under surface is also darker, In some respects

this specimen seems to agree with var. confertata, Staud.

(Cat. p. 167) =var. a, Guen., from Styria.

Gnophos minutaria, sp. n.

Male.-—Basal two-thirds of all the wings ochreous grey,

irrorated with dark grey and limited by a serrated dark grey

line which is followed by a whitish band; outer marginal

area ochreous grey, clouded with dark grey and traversed by

a whitish band; discal spot whitish, surrounded with dark

grey. Fringes whitish grey, preceded by an interrupted black

line. Under surface pale greyish; primaries suffused with

fuscous, traversed by an ill-defined pale band; secondaries

have a curved dusky band.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the dark grey clouding

is less distinct.

Expanse, ¢ 24, 9 30 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong and one female from

Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China,

from China, Japan, and Corea. 329

Very similar to G. variegata, Dup., on upper surface, but

on the underside there is no heavy black marking on the

outer margins.

Gnophos lentiginosaria, sp. n.

Male.—All the wings white, heavily freckled and clouded

with fuliginous grey. The primaries have a blackish patch

on the costa extending to and enclosing the black discal spot ;

a smaller spot of the same colour lies between this patch and

the base of the wing and a larger one beyond it, from which

an interrupted narrow blackish band proceeds across the wing

to the inner margin ; just beyond this line is a large rather

round blackish spot. Secondaries have a blackish discal spot.

Fringes fuliginous grey, marked with white but hardly

chequered, and preceded by a blackish line. Under surface of

all the wings white; primaries are fuliginous grey on basal

area, and a broad streak of the same colour extends to a break

in the fuliginous-grey border of outer margin; the costa is

narrowly ochreous and has three blackish spots on it, the

second of these extends to the discal spot, and the third gives

rise to a narrow blackish band, which crosses the wing almost

to the submedian nervure: secondaries have the costa nar-

rowly striated with dark grey, a blackish discal spot, and six

or seven blackish spots forming a curved series from costa to

inner margin. Antenne simple. Head blackish. Thorax

corresponds with the wings. Abdomen above greyish, marked

with ochreous on the segmental divisions; entirely ochreous

beneath; the legs also are greyish above and ochreous

beneath.

Female.—Rather more ample in the wing, but colour and

marking similar to the male.

Expanse 47-52 millim.

A nice series, comprising specimens from Ta-chien-lu,

Pu-tsu-fong, Ni-tou, Moupin, and Omei-shan, the majority

from the last-named locality: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Gnophos accipttraria.

Gnophos accipitraria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 300 (1857).

Gnophus accipitrarius, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 252

(1895).

One female specimen from Omei-shan and one from Moupin,

May.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Shillong; Sibségar, Assam

(Hampson) ; Western China.

330 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Gnophos lichenea.

Gnophos lichenea, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 33, pl. v. fig. 33

(1886).

Gnophus licheneus, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 253

(1895). ;

I have a long series, comprising both sexes, from Pu-tsu-

fong, Moupin, Omei-shan, and Chang-yang: July.

Oberthiir received the species from ‘l'4-tsien-Lod.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson); Western and Central

China.

Gnophos theuropides.

Gnophos theuropides, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xv. p. 22, pl. iii. fig. 28

(1891).

Nine male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one example of

the same sex from Moupin: June and July.

Oberthiir records specimens from TA-tsien-Lof, captured

by Mer. Biet.

Hab. Western China.

Gnophos incolaria, sp. n.

Male.—Whitish grey. Basal half of primaries and the

outer marginal area darker, the former traversed by an

indistinct band of the paler ground-colour, in which there are

some darker marks, and the latter intersected by a wavy line

of the ground-colour; the whitish-grey area between these

dark portions is clouded on the costa and inner margin, and

is traversed by a wavy black line. Secondaries have the

outer marginal area dark grey intersected by a paler wavy

line and limited by a wavy black line; the remainder of

the wing is sprinkled with dark grey scales; discal spots

black. Fringes rather brownish grey. Under surface white,

with black discal spots; basal area of primaries sprinkled

with greyish, and the whole of the outer marginal area, except

the apex, of primaries is dark grey ; the secondaries have a

dark grey submarginal band, and the lower two-thirds of the

area beyond is sprinkled with dark-grey scales ; fringes white,

marked with brownish grey at the extremities of the nervules.

Antenne bipectinated.

Expanse 50 millim.

Two male specimens from Kwei-chow, June.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to G. eolaria, Guen.

Gnophos eolaria.

Gnophos eolaria, Guen, Phal. i. p. 294.

Gnophus eolarius, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p, 253

(1895).

from China, Japan, and Corea. 331

Two male specimens from Kwei-chow and one example of

each sex from How-kow, July.

One of the examples from Kwei-chow is whitish grey,

suffused with ochreous brown ; the other is greyish, irrorated

with pale brownish on the basal area of all the wings. The

How-kow male is brownish grey, and the female is similar

but more brownish on submarginal area.

Distribution. Himalayas; Punjaub; Khdsis (Hampson) ;

Western China; Thibet.

Gnophos mandarinaria, sp. n.

Whitish, striated and mottled with grey and tinged with

ochreous on lower half of primaries and submarginal area of

secondaries ; a black discal spot on all the wings. ‘The first

line on primaries, which is slightly curved and rather wavy,

commences as a spot on the costa and is marked with black on

the nervures; the second line is serrated, slightly curved,

and marked with black on the nervules; between these

lines, but nearer the second, there is a dark fascia-

like shade; submarginal line whitish, with a grey cloud

before it at the costa, another just below, and a third

on inner margin. Secondaries have a dark grey serrated

central line, edged externally with whitish and preceded bya

dusky shade; submarginal line as on primaries. Fringes

grey, preceded by a series of black spots placed on a black

line. Under surface of primaries brownish fuscous, paler on

the margins, and of secondaries ashy ; all the wings have a

small discal spot and indications of a central line.

Expanse 44-50 millim.

Three male specimens from Wa-shan, June.

Hab. Western China.

This species is allied to G. seroténarta, Hiibn. It varies

in the intensity of the grey mottling.

Gnophos punctivenaria, sp. n.

Male.—Whitish, powdered with brownish grey. The first

and second transverse lines on primaries are greyish, their

course indicated by black dots on the nervures and nervules

respectively ; the second line is preceded and followed by an

olive-brown band which together with the dotted transverse

line give the appearance of a fascia; the submarginal line is

pale but indistinct, and is preceded by some olive-brown cloud-

like patches. Secondaries have a serrated black central line

becoming indistinct towards costa, preceded by an olive-brown

shade; beyond there is an inwardly olive-brown bordered pale

submarginal line; all the wings have a black discal spot.

332 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Fringes brownish grey, preceded by a series of black elongated

spots. Under surface of primaries fuscous with paler margins,

and of secondaries greyish ; blackish discal spot on ail the

wings, and the second line of primaries is indicated on the

nervules. Antenne more than half the length of primaries,

bipectinated.

Female.—Rather browner, and the submarginal line on all

the wings appears more distinct.

Expanse, ¢d 52, 2 46 millim.

I have specimens trom Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, Wa-shan,

Pu-tsu-fong, and Che-tou, taken in May and June.

flab. Western China.

This species is subject to variation in tint and in the

definition of the markings. Some examples are greyer than

the specimens I have selected as types, and in others the

markings are somewhat confused, but the black dots on the

neuration appear to be a constant character.

Gnophos lilliputata.

Gnophos lilliputata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 308, pl. vi.

figs. 7, 7 a.

One example of each sex recorded from Moupin by Poujade.

Hab. Western China.

Grnophos (?) thibetaria.

Gnophos thibetaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, ix. p. 21, pl. i. fig. 3

(1884).

Oberthiir refers to the type as a very fresh female

specimen which was taken by Mgr. Biet at Taé-tsien-Loa.

The figure of this species does not seem to exhibit the

characters of a Gnophos.

Gnophos gnophosaria.

Psodos gnophosaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 28, pl. iii. fig. 45

(1893).

Judging from the figure, I should say that this species is

referable to Gnophos, and appears to be a close ally of G. ob-

scurartia, Hiibn., if it is not really a form of that species,

from which it only appears to differ in the more pronounced

character of the transverse line on under surface of the

wings.

Hab. Western China.

Gnophos (?) creperaria.

Gnophos creperaria, Ersch. Hor, Soc. Ent. Ross. xii, p. 387 (1876) ;

Hedem. op. cit. xvi. p. 247, pl. xiii, fig. 3 (1881).

Gnophos ? creperaria, Alph. Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 63 (1892).

from China, Japan, and Corea. 333

Alphéraky records a specimen, taken in September, at Youi-

line-tchouan in the Province of Kan-sou, Western China,

which he considers to be the female of G. creperaria, Ersch.

Greser also records the species from Amurland.

Distribution. Siberia; Amur; Western China.

Gnophos fumosa.

Catascia fumosa, Warren, Novit. Zool. ii. p. 129 (1895).

Hab. Japan.

I have been unable to examine the type of this species.

Gnophos (?) exculta.

Tephrosia exculta, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 408.

There were two female specimens from Yokohama and

Oiwake in Pryer’s collection. I have received two examples

of each sex from Ta-chien-lu, and a female from Ni-tou:

June and July.

Var. brunnearia, var. nov.

This form, of which I have only a male example from

Omei-shan, differs from the type in its smaller size, pale

brown ground-colour, and blackish blotch above outer angle

of primaries; the indented marginal line of primaries is

absent.

Distribution. Japan; Western China.

Genus BYLAZORA.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1549 (1862).)

Bylazora nigropunctaria, sp. n.

Primaries olive-green, marked with black at the base and

on the neuration; there is a transverse line before the middle

and one beyond the middle, each represented by black dots

on the nervures and nervules, the dots in the first series are

edged inwardly and those in the second series outwardly with

whitish ; submarginal line whitish, angled towards costa and

curved towards inner margin, and followed by an interrupted

and irregular black band; discal spot black, oval, enclosing

a line of the ground-colour; fringes of the ground-colour,

preceded by a series of whitish-edged black lunules. Second-

aries whitish, freckled with fuscous grey ; fringes brownish

grey, preceded by a series of pale-edged blackish lunules.

Under surface pale whity brown, freckled with fuscous ; all

the wings have a blackish discal mark and a transverse series

334 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

of blackish dots beyond ; primaries are suffused with fuscous

on the disc, and have an interrupted blackish submarginal

band.

Expanse 42 millim.

One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to B. pilicostata, Walk.

Genus OPHTHALMODES.

(Guen, Phal. i. p. 283 (1857).)

Ophthalmodes ocellata.

Boarmia ocellata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1889, p. 143, pl. ix.

fie. 11.

Diastictis saturniaria, Grees.; Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892,

p. 104.

Seven fine specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

I received specimens from Kiukiang, Ichang, Chang-yang,

Moupin, Omei-shan, Wa-shan, and the Province of Kwei-

chow: May, June, and July. In the National Collection

there is a specimen labelled from Ningpo.

The Japanese specimens are rather whiter in ground-

colour than the Chinese.

Distribution. Japan; Central, Western, and North-eastern

China. ;

Meyrick appears to consider ocellata to be synonymous

with saturniaria, Gres., but from the description alone of

the latter it is rather difficult to decide upon this point.

Ophthalmodes herbidaria.

Ophthalmodes herbidaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 2883 (1857); Moore, Lep.

Ceyl. iii. p. 417, pl. exci. fig. 4, 2 (1887).

Ophthalmodes diurnaria, Guen, . ¢. p. 284.

Boarmia pertusaria, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. exxv. fig. 17, g (1874).

I have specimens from Chang-yang, Omei-shan, and the

Province of Kwei-chow : July.

Distribution. N.W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Ceylon

(Lampson) ; Central and Western China.

Ophthalmodes cordularia.

Ophthalmodes cordularia, Swinh. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 155

(1893) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 256 (1895).

One specimen from the Province of Kwei-chow, taken in

July. ‘This agrees with O. cordularia, Swinh., but, except

that it has black palpi, is almost identical with O. herbidaria,

Guen. ede

Distribution. Sikhim ; Khésis (Z/ampson) ; Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea.

Ophthalmodes sene.

Boarmia senex, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 396 (1878); IL.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 34, pl. xlix. fiz. 3 oe

Boarmia hedemannt, Christ. Bull. Mose. ly, (2) p. 79 (1881).

Diastictis senex, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103.

Some nice specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I captured the species at Gensan in July, and it was

obtained by my collectors at Chang-yang and most of the

localities in Western China that they visited.

The species seems to vary a good deal in size and also in

the ground-colour, but this last may probably be due to

condition.

Distribution. Amur; Corea; Japan; Central and Western

China.

Ophthalmodes subpicaria, sp. n.

White, sparingly dusted with brownish, especially along

the nervures and inner margins. Primaries have four equi-

distant brownish spots on costa ; the fourth near apex and

limiting, at that point, a broad greyish band on outer

margin, which is interrupted about the middle, clouded with

brownish above and below the interruption, and intersected

by a whitish wavy line commencing in external edge of

fourth costal spot, and terminating at inner angle. Second-

aries have a dusky central spot, a curved series beyond, each

spot placed on a nervule (a similar series of spots is present

on primaries, but not so well defined) ; the outer margin is

clouded with brownish towards both angles. Fringes brown-

ish, faintly chequered with grey, and preceded by an inter-

rupted black line. Under surface: primaries white, clouded

with blackish on the costal portion of basal area and before

apex ; there is also a lesser cloud on the outer margin just

above anal angle; discal spot black and conspicuous, showing

through on upper surface; costa marked with black and

dusky: secondaries have two black spots on costa, with some

streaks of the same colour between them and towards the

base of the wing; submarginal band blackish, interrupted

about the middle and terminating before inner margin.

Antenne blackish ; bipectinated in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 68, 2 72 millim.

One example of each sex from Omei-shan, and one male

from Chang-yang: June.

Hab. Central and Western China.

336 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus BUPALUS.

(Leach ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 107.)

Bupalus mirandus.

Bupalus mirandus, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1881, p. 599.-

Butler’s type from Yokohama isa male. ‘The female is

ferruginous brown in colour, and the white markings are not

quite so broad as in the male.

There was an example of each sex in Pryer’s collection.

Hab, Japan.

Bupalus (?) davidaria.

Fidonia davidaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 18, pl. ix. fig. 4

(1881).

Oberthiir’s type is a female taken in the north of China by

M. Abbé Armand David. I have not seen an example of

the species,

Genus NARRAGA.

(Walk. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 107.)

Narraga fasciolaria.

Fidonia fasciolaria, Rott. var., Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 64 (1892).

Narraga fasciolaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 107.

Alphéraky records one female example of a form of this

species from the Province of Chan-si, North-western China.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Ural; Amur; North-

western China.

Genus SELIDOSEMA.

(Hiubn. Verz. Schmett. p. 299.)

Selidosema catoteniaria.

Selidosema catoteniaria, Pouj. Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr, 1895, p. 313, pl. vii,

figs. 15, 15 a,

Poujade’s type was from Moupin; I received specimens

from that locality and also from Ta-chien-lu and Chang-yang,

taken in June.

Var. restrictaria.

In this form the patches do not extend to the margins and

the band on the secondaries is considerably restricted in

width.

A male specimen from Wa-shan and a female trom Chang-

yang, June.

Hab. Central and Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 337

Selidosema sordida.

Selidosema sordida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 406 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 46, pl. lit. fig. 7 (1879).

A fine series from Ohoyama, Nikko, and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection. My native collector obtained the species at

Hakodate in June.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Genus TEPHROSIA.

(Boisd. Ind. p. 198 (1840).)

Tephrosia luridata.

Geometra luridata, Bork. vy. p. 235 (1794); Zell. Stett. ent. Zeit.

1853, p. 414.

Geometra extersartia, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 159 (post 1797).

Tephrosia extersaria, Boisd. Ind. p. 198 (1829).

Ectropis luridata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 104,

There were a few specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection.

My native collector took the species at Hakodate in June.

Japanese specimens are rather smaller than European

examples ; they are also more thickly powdered with brown-

ish, and the pale spot on outer marginal area of primaries is

of less size.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan.

Tephrosia costipunctaria,

Tephrosia costipunctaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 47 (May 1891).

There were three specimens of each sex from Oiwake in

Pryer’s collection.

Allied to 7. luridata and also to T. punctularia from

Europe, but it is not likely to be confused with either of

those species.

Hab. Japan.

Tephrosia biundularia.

Geometra biundularia, Bork. Eur. Schmett. v. p. 162 (1794).

Geometra crepuscularia, Hiibn. Geom. pl. xxx. fig. 158,

Tephrosia crepuscularia, Guen. Phal. i. p. 268,

Ectropis biundularia, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond, 1892, p. 104.

Boarmia crepuscularia, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 260

1895).

Pes nikkonis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1881, p. 406.

Tephrosia excellens, Butl, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. p. 275

(1884).

There were several specimens from Nikko and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection. I took the species at Ningpo in April ;

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 24

338 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

at Nagasaki and in Satsuma in May; at Nagasaki, Tsuruga,

and Gensan in July; at Hakodate in August. My native

collector met with it in the island of Kiushiu.

I have also received a number of specimens from the

various localities visited by my collectors in Central and

Western China.

This species varies considerably in size both in China and

Japan. The smallest specimen is only 26 millim. in expanse,

whilst the largest measures 58 millim.

Nikkonis, Butl., is a strongly-marked example of the type

form, and although rather larger is not otherwise different

in any material respect from specimens I have seen from

Scotland.

Excellens, Butl., is an unusually large form of the species;

I have examples of it from Japan and Yesso.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Corea; Japan; Central and

Western China. N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim and Khisis

(Hampson).

Tephrosia grisescens.

Ectropis grisescens, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 484 (1894).

Probably a form of 7. btundularia.

The types are from China and Japan.

Tephrosia pongaria.

Tephrosia pongaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 27, pl. iv. fig. 53

(1893),

Recorded by Oberthiir from Té-tsien-Lot (Ta-chien-lu).

I received two specimens from Moupin, where they were

captured in June.

Hab. Western China,

Tephrosia punctularia.

Geometra punctulata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 317.

Boarmia punctulata, Dup. vii. pl. clxiii. fig. 5.

Tephrosia punctulata, Guen. Phal. i. p. 269.

Ectrepis punctularia,. Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soe, Lond. 1892, p. 104.

Tephrosia ignobilis, Butl, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 897 (1878);

Hl. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 35, pl. xlix. fig. 6 (1879).

There were specimens from Gifu and Yesso in Pryer’s

collection.

I obtained the species at Ningpo in April, and at Yokohama

and Nagahama in June.

T. ignobilis, Butl., cannot be specifically separated from

T. punctularia. ‘The figure given in ‘ Illustrations’ is not

ood.

Distribution. Europe; Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso;

North-eastern China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 339

Tephrosia pygmearta, sp. n.

Whitish, striated with yellow on outer half of all the wings.

Primaries clouded with blackish on basal area; subbasal band

represented by an upright blackish dash on inner margin, a

cloud on costa; beyond the black discal spot there is a

curved and recurved blackish band, followed by a curved

series of blackish dots, which coalesce with the band towards

inner margin ; submarginal band blackish, twice interrupted

and separated from an interrupted marginal band by a trans-

verse line of the ground-colour.. Secondaries clouded and

spotted with blackish on basal area; submarginal'and mar-

ginal bands as on primaries. Fringes yellow chequered

with black. Under surface similar to above.

Expanse 20-24 millim.

Two male specimens from Chang-yang, June and July.

Hab, Central China.

Tephrosia brunnearia, sp. n.

Male.—Grey-brown, powdered with dark brown. Trans-

verse lines of primaries dark brown and rather wavy; the

inner is slightly elbowed below costa and thence oblique to

Inner margin; the outer is elbowed below costa and thence

oblique to just above the inner margin, where it is slightly.

angled ; between these lines there is a curved black discal

spot and a dusky central Jine, the upper portion of the latter

touches the extremities of the curved spot, forming together

an annulated mark; beyond the second line the wing is

clouded with dark brown and traversed by a whitish line.

Secondaries have a slightly curved wavy brown outer line

and an oblique brown band between it and the base of the

wing; the area beyond the outer line is clouded with brown

and intersected by a whitish line. Fringes agree in colour

with the wings, but are rather darker at the ends of the

nervules. Under surface ochreous, slightly powdered with

brown scales, whitish along inner margin ot primaries ; lines

brown as above, but faint; discal spot of primaries large,

blackish ; some dusky clouds on the outer marginal area of

the wing. Antenne finely ciliated.

Female less powdered with dark brown; transverse lines

more distinct.

Expanse, ¢ 34, 2 32 millim.

A long series from Ichang and Chang-yang: June, July,

and August. One male specimen from Moupin and one

from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

24*

340 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Tephrosta noctivolens.

Tephrosia noctivolens, Butl. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1881, p- 598,

A fine series in Pryer’s collection. The specimens are

from Oiwake and Gifu, but chiefly from the former locality.

Fenton obtained it at Tokio.

Hab. Japan.

Tephrosia (2) tindzinaria.

Tephrosia tindzinaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii, p. 26, pl. v. fig. 75

(1893).

Recorded by Oberthiir from Té-tsien-Loa (T'a-chien-lu).

My collectors did not obtain this species, which, judging

from the figure, is probably referable to Cidaria.

Hab. Western China.

Tephrosia (?) tamaria,

Tephrosia tamaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 26, pl. v. fig. 78

(1893).

Oberthiir describes this species from specimens received by

him from Té-tsien-Loi (Ta-chien-lu).

I have not seen an example, but from the figure I should

consider that it is probably referable to Cidaria.

Hab. Western China.

Genus BoARMIA.

(Treitschke, Eur, Schmett. v. p. 483 (1825).)

Boarmia farracearia, sp. n.

Slaty grey, mottled and powdered with whitish; the most

conspicuous of these pale marks on the primaries are a large

patch on the costa enclosing the discal spot, one at apex, and

a third about the middle of the outer margin ; all these mark-

ings are more or less powdered with grey; there are three

dark transverse lines or bands, but these are not well defined;

submarginal line white and sharply serrated. Secondaries

have two indistinct blackish transverse bands and a black

discal spot; submarginal line as on primaries. Fringes

white and dark grey, spotted with black at their base.

Under surface whitish: primaries have the costa dusky and

a deep blackish band on outer margin, spotted with whitish

at apex and on the middle; secondaries have a broad blackish

antemarginal band; all the wings have a black discal spot

and central line.

Expanse 42-46 millim.

from China, Japan, and Corea. d41

Five female specimens and one male from Wa-shan, 'l'a-

chien-lu, Chow-pin-sa, and Chia-ting-fu; and one example

of each sex from Moupin: June and July.

These eight specimens exhibit a good deal of variation in

the amount of white: one example might be described as

having the primaries whitish, with dark grey basal patch

and broad submarginal band; this specimen, however, is

rather worn. In two others the primaries are shorter and

the outer margin rounder than in the type.

Var. fuliginaria.

Entirely suffused with fuliginous; submarginal line pale

and conspicuous.

One male specimen from Ichang, June.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Boarmia duplexa.

Cleora duplexa, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 259 (1887).

Boarmia duplex, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 258 (1895).

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, and a female from

Omei-shan: July.

Distribution. Nepal; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western China.

Boarmia nigrilinearia, sp. n.

Primaries ochreous grey, tinged with violaceous and irro-

rated with blackish ; first line black, curved, preceded by a

transverse blackish shade; second line black, sinuous, followed

by a cupreous band-like shade; submarginal line blackish,

wavy, most distinct towards costa ; discal dot black. Second-

aries grey, suffused and mottled with fuscous on discal area,

the abdominal margin irrorated with blackish and marked with

ochreous towards anal angle; central line blackish but rather

obscure. Fringes grey, marked with fuscous, and preceded

by an interrupted blackish line. Under surface grey, suffused

and irrorated, especially on secondaries, with fuscous; all

the wings have a dusky discal dot and central line; primaries

have traces of a submarginal line most distinct towards the

costa.

Expanse 34 millim.

One male specimen from Kia-ting-fu, June.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia lenticularia, sp. n.

Primaries whitish, dusted with black and clouded with

olivaceous; there is a black spot at the base; first transverse

342° Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

line slightly indented; second line dentate, curved from

below costa to above inner margin; submarginal line black,

interrupted and indistinct ; discal spot elongate. Secondaries

whitish, freckled with brownish; discal spot black; central

line blackish, interrupted. Under surface whitish, freckled

with brown; the transverse markings of upper surface

faintly reproduced on all the wings.

* Expanse 34 millim.

One female specimen from Wa-ssu-kow, June.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia recurvaria, sp. n.

Primaries brown, rather reddish on inner marginal area,

and clouded with black at the base; there are two black

transverse lines: the first is elbowed below costa and then

runs almost straight to inner margin, the second commences

in a spot on costa above the elongate black discal spot and is

then curved and recurved to inner margin; submarginal

line brownish black, indented below costa, interrupted below

the middle, and outwardly edged with pale brown ; the space

between first and second lines is rather tinged with grey, and

its upper portion sprinkled with black scales; the outer mar-

ginal area is also sprinkled with black scales. Secondaries

pale brown, freckled with fuscous, except on the upper

portion of the outer marginal area; discal spot and central

line black, from the middle of the former there is a short

downward streak which gives the idea of a line running

in the direction of the anal angle. Fringes concolorous with

the wings, and preceded by a blackish line. Under surface

pale brown, basal and outer third of primaries darker, discal

spot black ; secondaries freckled with fuscous as above; spot

and line also as above. Antenne ciliated.

Expanse 42 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia decoraria, sp. 0.

White, sparingly powdered with brown, more thickly on

basal area, which is limited by a double blackish line in-

dented below costa and above inner margin; there are

indications of a central band most conspicuous on the costa ;

outer marginal area, limited by a curved and recurved blackish

wavy line, has two brownish clouds on apical portion; sub-

marginal line blackish, much interrupted and inwardly

bordered with brownish. Secondaries have a blackish discal

from China, Japan, and Corea. 343

dot, and the outer marginal area is marked similar to that of

primaries. Fringes whitish, marked with brownish, and

preceded by an interrupted black line. Under surface

whitish, powdered with fuscous ; all the wings have a black

discal dot, an ill-defined dusky central shade, and a series of

blackish dots beyond.

Expanse 25 millim.

A female specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia tripartaria, sp. n.

Primaries brownish, with a broad whitish central band:

first line curved ; second line sinuous—these lines are black

and there is blackish suffusion beyond the middle of the

central band; there is a small blackish cloud on middle of

costa. Secondaries greyish white, with a brownish, oblique,

central line. Fringes brown and grey. Under surface

greyish, freckled with darker: all the wings have dusky

central lines. Antenne finely ciliated.

Expanse 40 millim.

Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

flab. Western China.

This species superficially resembles Boarmia grisea, Butl.

Boarmia lutearia.

Fidonia lutearia, Leech, Entom., Supp]. p. 50 (May 1891).

Three specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Hab, Japan,

Boarmia petrosa.

Tephrosia petrosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p, 372 (1879).

Several specimens from Oiwake and one from Gifu in

Pryer’s collection.

I obtained the species at Tsuruga in July. Pryer also

records it from Ohoyama and Nikko, and there is an ex-

ample from Hakodate in the National Collection at South

Kensington.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Boarmia opertaria, sp. n.

Primaries greyish, freckled with blackish ; basal and outer

marginal thirds brownish, each limited by a blackish line ;

there is a central, blackish, transverse shade with the black

discal spot upon it, this terminates on inner margin near to

the limiting line of outer third; submarginal band of the

344 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

ground-colour, indistinct towards inner margin, and inwardly

edged with fuliginous. Secondaries brownish, freckled and

striated with blackish ; the blackish discal spot is preceded

by a blackish transverse band, and followed by a series of

blackish dots representing a central line; submarginal line

as on primaries but more obscure. Fringes pale brown, pre-

ceded by a black lunulated line. Under surface greyish

brown, suffused on the disc with fuliginous; all the wings

have two blackish transverse lines, with the discal spot upon

the first one; costa of primaries pale ochreous brown, striated

with blackish. Antenne fasciculate.

Expanse 36 millim.

One male specimen in Pryer’s collection, and I received

one from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia tristaria, sp. n.

Brownish grey. Primaries have fuliginous-brown sub-

basal, central, and outer bands, the two latter approximating

on inner margin: all these markings are repeated on second-

aries. The submarginal line is whitish on all the wings,

but not so well defined as in B. mwsta. Under surface pale

ochreous brown powdered with darker, and suffused with the

darker colour on primaries; discal spot black; outer line

only reproduced. Antenne fasciculate.

Expanse 44 millim.

Two male specimens from Kiukiang, June.

Hab, Central China.

This species agrees with B. mesta in the style of marking,

but the ground-colour is darker and without any tinge of

purple. ‘Theantenne also are fasciculated and not bipectinated

as in B.mesta. It belongs to the Prochina section of

Boarmia, Hampson, as also does B. opertaria.

Boarmia charon.

Tephrosia charon, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 397 (1878);

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 35, pl. xlix. fig. 4 (1879).

A few specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection. I captured examples at Nagasaki in May.

One female specimen from Chang-yang, June.

Distribution, Japan; Kiushiu; Central China.

Boarmia conjunctaria, sp. 0.

Male.—Pale brown, heavily clouded and suffused with

dark and rufous brown. Primaries have two black, wavy,

from China, Japan, and Corea. 345

transverse lines and a dusky central transverse shade, the

latter connected with second line just above inner margin ;

interrupted submarginal band of the ground-colour, bordered

inwardly with fuliginous. Secondaries have a_ blackish

subbasal band and an indistinct blackish central line; sub-

marginal band as on primaries, but more deeply bordered

with fuliginous. Fringes dark brown, paler at their base,

and preceded by a lunulated black line. Under surface

greyish brown; all the wings have a blackish discal dot

and a series of short streaks indicating a transverse line

beyond ; outer margin of primaries bordered with fuliginous,

especially towards apex. Antenne fasciculate.

Female rather darker.

Expanse 42-44 millim.

One example of each sex from Ta-chien-lu, June.

Hab. Western China.

Superficially resembles B. displicens, Walk.; this and the

preceding species belong to the subsection Paradarisa of

Hampson’s genus Boarmia.

Boarmia dilectaria, sp. n.

Whity brown, heavily powdered and clouded with rufous

brown, and finely striated with blackish. Primaries have

the basal patch darker brown, limited by a double, wavy,

blackish line originating in a dark quadrate spot on the

costa; discal spot black, surmounted by a blackish spot

on the costa; beyond there is a blackish transverse line,

which is angulated below costa and again above inner

margin; submarginal band represented by a dark cloud on

costa, with one below it and an upright elongate patch from

inner margin. Secondaries have a black discal spot ; serrated

blackish central line; submarginal band interrupted above

the middle and indistinct towards costa. Fringes of the

ground-colour, chequered with blackish, and preceded by a

black lunular line. Under surface ochreous brown; mark-

ings of upper surface faintly indicated. Body dark brown.

Antenne fasciculated.

Expanse 50 millim.

One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, June.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia boarmiaria.

Hypochroma boarmiaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 282 (1857).

Boarmia inconclusa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi. p. 382 (1860).

Boarmia boarmiaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 261

(1895).

One specimen from Kagoshima, in the province of Satsuma,

in Pryer’s collection.

346 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Distribution. Formosa; Sikhim; Assam; Négas; Ceylon

(Hampson) ; Kiushiu.

Boarmia parvularia.

Tephrosia parvularia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 47 (May 1891).

Two specimens of each sex from Gifu in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

This species is allied to B. dtnceptaria, Walk., which

Hampson places in the Psdlalcts section of Boarmia.

Boarmia Rybakowt.

Boarmia Rybakowi, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 61, pl. iii. fig. 4, fo

(1892),

Alphéraky records this species from Ou-pin, province of

Kan-sou, July.

Boarmia selenaria.

Geometra selenaria, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 163.

en oe cretacea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p, 375

79).

Bari selenaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 264

95).

Ae aren Meyrick, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 106,

There were four male and three female specimens in Pryer’s

collection.

I met with the species at Nagahama in June, and at

Fushiki and Gensan in July.

I have also received the species from Ichang, Omei-shan,

Ta-chien-lu, Chow-pin-sa, Chia-ting-fu: June and July,

Alphéraky (Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 60) records it from the

province of Kan-sou, taken in September.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Nepal; Khédsis ; Congo;

S. Africa (Hampson); Europe; Altai; Amur; Corea;

Japan; Central and Western China.

Boarmia sordida,

Ascotis sordida, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 435 (1894).

Probably a small form of B. selenaria.

Hab, Corea.

Boarmia stipitaria.

Boarmia stipitaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, v. p. 45, pl. iv. fig. 6, d

(1880); Greeser, Berl. ent. Zeit, 1888, p. 400,

Six male specimens and one female, from Oiwake and

Yesso, in Pryer’s collection. I captured one male example at

Gensan in June.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 347

The wings of this species are white, as Oberthiir correctly

describes them; but his figure represents a brownish-tinged

insect.

Distribution. Askold; Amur; Japan ; Corea.

Boarmia glabraria.

Geometra glabraria, Hiibn. Geom. figs. 162, 339.

Cleora glabraria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 233.

Selidosema glabraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 106.

There was one specimen in Pryer’s collection, and I took

two examples at Shikotan (Kurile Islands) in August. I

have one female from the province of Kwei-chow, taken in

July; this specimen has a rather broad border on outer

margin of primaries.

G Distribution. Europe; Japan; Kurile Islands; Western

hina.

Boarmia repandaria.

Phal. Geometra repandata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 866.

Boarmia repandaria, Treit., Guen. Phal. i. p. 238 (1857).

Selidosema repandata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 106.

Boarmia perspicuata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 630.

Boarmia trikotaria, Feld. Reis. Nov. vy. pl. exxvi. fig. 10 (1874).

Boarmia tterata, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 389.

Alcis nudipennis, Warr. Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 320.

Boarmia repandata, var. nobilis, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 61 (1892).

Appears to be a common species in Central and Western

China.

Some of the specimens are not separable in any way from

more or less typical European examples. The majority,

however, although modifications of the form, are referable to

trikotaria, Feld. There are also specimens agreeing with

iterata, Butl., on the one hand, and with nudipennis, Warr.,

on the other, and the connecting-links between these two

forms are represented.

One specimen of the dterata form was taken by my native

collector at Ningpo.

Var. obsoletaria, nov.

Pale brownish grey; markings, with the exception of

discal dots and obscure dark transverse lines, obsolete.

Four male specimens from How-kow, Thibet: July.

Distribution. Europe; Armenia; Altai; Siberia; Amur ;

N.W. India; Central, Western, and North-eastern China ;

Thibet.

348 On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China &e.

Boarmia picata.

Boarmia picata, Butl. Trans. Ent, Soc. 1881, p. 408:

Three specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection;

Butler’s type was from Tokio. :

I am inclined to think that B. pieata, Butl., is only a form

of B. repandata, but should like to see a larger number of

specimens before giving a definite opinion.

The markings are, as regards colour, similar to those of

B. repandata, var. conversaria, but they are transposed.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia columbinaria, sp. n.

Basal half of primaries dark grey, its external edge clearly

defined, dentated and marked with black on the costa and

inner margin; beyond there is a large white patch, the costal

portion of which increases in width as it approaches the inner

margin; a wavy white line traverses this pale band from the

white patch to ner margin, where it is most distinct; the

outer marginal area is not quite so dark as the basal half of

the wing, and about its middle there is an almost square

pale patch ; submarginal line whitish, bordered inwardly with

dark grey. Secondaries have the basal third dark grey,

clearly defined; outer third not so dark as the basal; the

intermediate area is whitish, dusted with grey, most densely

towards the outer area, and traversed by a narrow inter-

rupted blackish band. Fringes pale grey, variegated with

darker and preceded by a lunulated blackish line. Under

surface fuliginous grey, with pale patches on central area,

apex, and middle of outer margin of primaries ; the basal two

thirds of secondaries also pale. Antenne bipectinated.

Expanse 48 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, June.

Hab. Central China.

Boarmia secundaria,

Geometra secundaria, Hiibn. Geom, pl. xxix. fig. 156.

Boarmia secundaria, Dup. Lép. iv. pl. clxii. fig. 2; Guen. Phal. i.

. 237.

Selidosema secundaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 106.

Four specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection seem to be referable to this species. The trans-

verse markings, however, are not so distinct, and the second

line of primaries is less serrated.

This form may be known as var. simpliciaria.

Distribution. Europe; Japan.

On a new Mouse from Damaraland. 349

Boarmia cinctaria.

Geometra cinctaria, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101; Hibn. Geom. fig. 166.

Boarmia cinctaria, Treit. Schmett. vi. 1, p. 188; Dup. Lép. vii.

pl. clix. figs. 2, 3.

Selidosema cinctaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 105.

Boarmia insolita, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 396 (1878) ;

Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 34, pl. xlix. fig. 5 (1879).

There was a fine series from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s

collection. My native collector took specimens at Hakodate

in June.

Some of the specimens are identical with European examples,

but others are of the pale form which Butler has described as

insolita, a variety of B. cinctaria, which, according to

Greser, also occurs in Amurland.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Eastern Siberia; Amur;

Japan; Yesso.

[To be continued. ]

XXXII.—On a new Mouse from Damaraland.

By W. E. DE WINTON.

In a paper on a small collection of rodents made by Mr. C. J.

Andersson in Damaraland, Mr. Oldfield Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1882,

p- 266) refers four specimens of a mouse to Mus sdlaceus,

Wagn. This determination was found to be wrong by

Mr. Thomas himself on visiting the Munich Museum some

years later, when he was able to examine Wagner’s type.

As I have lately been working at the rodents of South Africa,

Mr. Thomas very kindly asked me to look at these mice,

giving me the benefit of his valuable notes and drawings of

the skull of Mus stlaceus made on the spot. I find the

Damaraland mice belong to an undescribed species of a group

of which I believe the form hitherto known is Mus nigricauda

from the same locality and described in the paper referred

to above.

The species may be known as

Mus damarensis, sp. n.

Size somewhat larger than Mus sylvaticus. Fur long and

soft, of that peculiar colour usually associated with desert-

living species. Colour above reddish fawn or isabelline,

sparingly sprinkled with very fine darker hairs, the colour

richest along the dorsal line, fading gradually imto grey on

the sides and cheeks, all the lower parts with the feet and

hands pure white, the hairs being white to their bases. ars

350 Geological Society.

very large, covered inside and out with short reddish hairs.

Whiskers long and numerous. Tail long, about equal in

length to the head and bedy; the proximal half having short

hairs of the same colour as the back; on the distal portion the

fine silky hairs gradually lengthen till it may be called-bushy ;

these longer hairs are almost liver-colour throughout. The

scales, which are almost entirely concealed by the hair

throughout the length of the tail, are exceedingly fine, about

twenty to the centimetre. The feet are thick in the digital

portion, the pads very large and rounded, entirely covering

the fore part of the foot. The claws of both fore and hind

feet are very small and curved, almost concealed by the

hairs.

The actual locality of the type (B. M. no. 97, 2. 18. 1) is

unknown, but one of the specimens is endorsed “ Otjimbinque,

Damaraland.”

Measurements (taken from the skin) :—

Head and body 135 millim.; tail 135*; ear (relaxed)

20:5; hind foot (relaxed) 24.

The skull is chiefly remarkable in having extremely wide

open infraorbital openings and very short snout. ‘The supra-

orbital ridges are well developed, but not beaded. The teeth

are rather broad. The palate narrow and furrowed; the

foramina extend back about half the length of ™1, the back

of the palate is even with the back of the molars.

Measurements :—Skull 31 millim.; br. 16; constr. 4°5;

nasals 10°5 x 2°5; interpar. 4°5x9°5; hens. to back of pal.

13:1; pal. foram. 7°5; ™% 5:35 diastema 7°55; br. outside

ms.1 6, inside 2°5; mandible, length (bone only) 17, to tips of

incisors 20, height 9-2.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

January 6, 1897.—Dr. Henry Hicks, F.R.S.,

President, in the Chair.

The following communication was read :—

J. ‘On the Structure of the Skull of a Pliosaur” By C. W.

Andrews, Esq., B.Sc., F.G.S.

The paper deals with a specimen of the Plesiosaurian known as

Pliosaurus ferov, Sauvage, obtained by Mr. A. N. Leeds from the

Oxford Clay near Peterborough, and now in the British Museum,

* The tail of the type specimen being broken, this measurement is

taken from another specimen (B. M. no, 81. 8. 3. 11) from the same locality

of about the same size.

Geological Society. 351

and perhaps the finest Pliosaur skull known. It bears a great

similarity to Peloneustes philarchus, but there are a number of

differences which tend to show that the subject of the present

communication is not the skull of an old individual of Peloneustes.

Although the teeth of the fossil here described agree precisely with

those described by Sauvage from the same horizon at Boulogne

under the name Liopleurodon ferox, they differ considerably from

those of the Kimeridge Clay upon which Owen founded the genus

Plosaurus; they, however, show a distinct tendency towards the

typical form, and since the skull and skeleton of the Oxfordian and

Kimeridgian forms are, so far as known, closely similar, the Author

prefers for the present to follow the British Museum Catalogue in

referring them both to one genus, Pliosaurus.

The Author gives a detailed description of the skull which forms

the subject of the paper.

February 3, 1897.—Dr. Henry Hicks, F.R.S.,

President, in the Chair.

The following communication was read :—

1. ‘The Subgenera Petalograptus and Cephalograptus.’ By

Miss G. L. Elles.

The forms referred to in the paper are accepted as subgenera

of Diplograptus, as defined by Lapworth. The two subgenera

have frequently been much confused, but examination of specimens

preserved in relief shows that they have very distinctive characters,

especially at the proximal ends. The Author gives diagnoses of

the two subgenera, and detailed descriptions “of the following

forms :—Petalograptus folium, His.; P. palmeus, Barr., and varieties

latus, Barr., tenuis, Barr., ovato-elong gatus, Kurck; P. ovatus, Barr. ;

aI Sp.. 5 Cephalograptus cometa, Gein. ; and C. n. sp.

She concludes that Petalograptus has been derived from Ortho-

gruptus foliaceus, O. truncatus having been a step onthe way. The

latter form has an almost horizontal eqnieckine-canal, so that the first

of the second series of hydrothecz arises at nearly the same level as

the first of the primordial series; whilst, if the connecting-canal

became more oblique and the thecz more concavely curved, a form

identical with P. palmeus would be the result. Further changes

would give rise to P. n. sp., and subsequently to P. folium. W ee

the first. theca of the second series arises so late that the sicula is

entirely free on the side remote from that on which the first of the

primordial series arises, an important stage is reached, and the form

becomes a Cephalograptus. Such a form is furnished by C. n. sp.,

which is in some respects intermediate between Petalograptus and

Cephalograptus. The extreme form is reached in C. cometa, in

which the first hydrotheca of the second series is still later, the

hydrothece are still longer than those of earlier forms and almost

parallel to the long axis of the rhabdosoma. The other known

forms of Petalograptus may have been derived from P. palmeus.

352 Miscellaneous.

Tt seems exceedingly likely that the Petalograpti had a Phyllo-

graptus as a remote ancestor, but the evidence for this is not yet

complete, nor can the Author state whether Cephalograptus had a

further stage in a form of Dimorphograptus.

MISCELLANEOUS.

What are the Names of the Crayfish and Lobster?

By R. I. Pocock.

Tur hope of being able to supply an answer to the above question

gives me the courage at this juncture to intervene in the discussion

concerning Astacus and Potamobius started in the ‘ Annals’ of last

December by Prof. Bell; for, in spite of all that has been written

on the subject, it may be doubted whether those who are not

specially conversant with the questions of nomenclature that have »

been raised are any more enlightened as to the correct names of

these now famous crustaceans than they were before the contro-

versy began.

It seems to me, however, that the question may be set at rest by

the application of a principle in nomenclature which is becoming

widely accepted amongst systematic zoologists, and will doubtless be

universally admitted when our views are a little more coherent and

advanced than they are at the present time. It is one of the

principles for selecting the type species of a genus when no type

has been designated by its author, and may be stated as follows :—

When the name of a genus is the same as that of one of its compo-

nent species, that species is the type of the genus.

If this principle be applied to the case of the lobster and the

crayfish, it will be found that the name Astacus must be attached to

the latter, for in both the tenth and twelfth editions of the

‘Systema’ Linneeus called the Swedish crayfish Cancer astacus ;

and since Astacus was subsequently used by both Gronovius and

Fabricius as a generic term for a group comprising amongst other

species the Cancer astacus of Linnzeus, the latter is ipso facto the

type of the genus Astacus. Therefore the name of the Swedish

crayfish is Astacus astacus (Linn.). With Astacus thus fixed

definitely on to the crayfish, Homarus will, it seems, without let or

hindrance, resume its place for the lobster, with the specific name

gammarus which Linnzus assigned to it.

This appears to me to be asensible and simple solution of this and

other similar cases. In the present instance it does away with

difficulties arising in connexion with the subsequent actions of

Leach, White, Milne-Edwards, and others, and is independent of the

selection of the tenth or twelfth edition of the ‘Systema’ as the

starting-point in systematic zoology.

In conclusion, there is one little point about which it may perhaps

be permitted to me to put Mr. Stebbing right. From some words

that appear in his contribution to the present discussion it is to be

inferred, though perbaps wrongly, that he considers a semi-official

system of nomenclature to be in vogue at the Natural History

Miscellaneous. 353

Museum, and agreement on this point to exist amongst the members

of the staff. Happily nothing could be further from the truth.

There may be some subjects about which unanimity could be

found, but nomenclature is certainly not one of them.

The Lobster and the Crayfish: a Reply.

By the Rev. Tuomas R. R. Srespine, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS.

Pallas, in his ‘ Spicilegia Zoologica,’ fasc. ix. p. 81, speaks of a

erayfish as Astacus dauuricus. Since this was in 1772, Dr. Arnold

Ortmann, in a courteous letter, asks what bearing this may be

thought to have on the claim of Fabricius in 1775 to rank as the

first Linnean authority for <Astacus. Dr. Ortmann indicates in

advance his acceptance of the appropriate answer. Pallas is neither

defining a genus nor even instituting a new species, for he speaks of

Astacus dauuricus as a variety of the common crayfish, and proceeds

to give a “Descriptio Cancri dauurici,” in which he says that

“Forma atque proportione Astaco nostrati minori persimilis est.”

It is evident that he is using Astacus only as a customary designa-

tion for a subdivision of the still-maintained genus Cancer, and by

his reference to a minor Astacus he implies a major species, which

would have had preference as type if at that time any question

had arisen as to the proper type species of Astacus. In his index

dauuricus becomes dauricus, but under neither spelling can it become

the type of a genus which by the very terms of the description

possessed an earlier species.

From Pallas I must return to Professor Bell and endeavour to

deal in orderly method with the six points of his crushing reply.

(i.) In regard to the date of Nephrops, he is surprised at my

supposing that he referred to Leach’s article ‘‘ Crustaceology,”

instead of to Leach’s paper in vol. xi. of the Linnean ‘ Transactions.’

Yet what else could or can be supposed, since he himself gave the

date 1814, which applies to the former and does not apply to the

latter? To be sure the ‘“Crustaceology ” is unsigned, and an

edition of it may have appeared in 1813, but, seeing that Leach

claimed it as his own on the very first day of January, 1815, it is

rather my turn to be surprised that Professor Bell should refer to

it as “ an anonymous article of uncertain date.”

(ii.) That the genera of Gronovius “ are as good as those of”

Brisson may or may not be true, but that the particular genus

Astacus was instituted by Gronovius, or was so defined or so used

by Gronovius as to give him any title to be the authority for it, may

be with confidence denied, Besides, the whole question turns on

the choice of a type species, and the Gronovian species are admittedly

out of court.

(iii.) That 1758 has long been held by many naturalists to be

“ the zoological ab urbe condita of binominal chronology ” I was not

unaware ; but in 1890 the authorities of the British Museum had

not yet endorsed that excellent opinion. To the question whether

I know “ that 1758 has been well called” by the terms of the above

quotation, my answer would be in the negative, for, though the

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 25

354 Miscellaneous.

sentiment is sound, it is not well but ill expressed. There was no

need for a confusion of languages in the macaronic style, nor for

comparing the definite and well-known year 1758 with the disputed

and uncertain date of the foundation of Rome. But I fear that

Professor Bell only asked the question mischievously, to lure me

into ‘‘ gibing,” as he calls it, at some fearfully eminent person.

(iv., v.) It seems essential once more emphatically to explain

that Desmarest never mentions Potamobius at all, though Professor

Bell, misquoting himself as well as Desmarest, insists that he does.

In his first paper the professor accurately cited Desmarest’s sugges-

tion that Potamobia of Leach might be the same as the river-crab

Thelphusa. Now he persuades himself that Desmarest definitely

said that “ Leach’s Potamobius was a river-crab.” Leach, in 1818,

applied a French name—Potamobie—to some genus of crustaceans,

but without a single word of description ; so that, had the name

been valid in form, it would still have ‘been absolutely without any

scientific importance. In 1823 Desmarest Latinizes the name into

Potamobia, and hazards a guess at the application intended. Mean-

while, in 1819, through Samouelle’s ‘Compendium,’ and very obviously

without the knowledge of Desmarest, Leach had assigned the cray-

fish to a properly constituted genus Potamobius. Now, lastly, in

1897 Professor Bell apparently wishes us to believe that Potamobius

was somehow preoccupied in 1819, because Desmarest made a

casual allusion to a wholly indefinite Potamobia in 1823!

(vi.) From the solemn severity of tone in his closing paragraph

it seems as if Professor Bell imagined that his reputation as a

naturalist was involved in this discussion. He should not harbour

such a thought. The controversy has been, not about nature, but

about names. From Leach’s ‘ Malacostraea Podophthalmata Bri-

tannic,’ as completed in recent times by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, it will

be seen that I have been fighting on the side of a long line of

authorities of the British Museum. Professor Bell, out of charity

or out of friendship, should allow this to weigh in the balance

against the sad offence—of which he hopes (perhaps against hope)

that I have by this time repented,—the unwitting offence of gibing

at men of renown, living and dead, infallible, authors of text-books.

Nocturnal protective Coloration in Mammals, Birds, Fishes, Insects,

&c., as developed by Natural Selection*. By A. E. Verrr1,

Much has been written in respect to the imitative and protective

colours of these groups, as seen by daylight, and the bearing of

these facts on natural selection is well known. Very little attention

has been paid to their colours, as seen by twilight, moonlight, and

starlight. Yet it is evident that protection is more needed during

the night than in the daytime by a very large number of species.

This is the case with those that move about in search of their food

at night, as is the habit of numerous forms of small mammals, such

as rodents (rats, mice, arvicole, &c.), insectivores (moles, shrews,

&c.), many herbivores, various marsupials, and members of other

* Abstract of a paper read before the Morphological Society, Dec. 30,

1896.

Miscellaneous. 355

orders. Many carnivorous species, which seek their prey at night,

will also find advantages in such protective colours, for thus they

will more easily escape the notice of their prey. Hence many

nocturnal carnivores are black or nearly so, as the mink, fishes,

some bears, &c. The same principles will apply to birds, reptiles,

fishes, and to insects, both in their larval and adult states, for many

members of all these groups are very active at night and hide away

in holes or beneath dense herbage by day. Moreover, large numbers

of birds, fishes, and insects, that are active by day, rest in exposed

situations at night, and are thus liable to be destroyed by nocturnal

enemies. Most small birds roost in trees, bushes, or reeds, and

therefore need protection while sleeping. Most small fishes, that

are quiet at night, rest among sea-weeds, grasses, and stones, or

else directly upon the bottom, exposed to the attacks of many

nocturnal carnivorous species. The struggle for existence is severe

among such species. It is to be expected, therefore, that instances

of nocturnal protective coloration will become numerous when

looked for. The chief object of the present paper is to call the

attention of more observers to this subject.

In many cases the same colours are equally protective in daylight

and at night. This is the case with the green colours, so often

seen in the plumage of birds that live among foliage, and with the

various shades of brown and grey,—common colours of birds, and

mammals that live on the ground, among rocks or dead leaves, and

ot those that live on or among tree-trunks. The same applies to

the white colours of mammals and birds in winter and in the arctic

regions. But there are many colours that are not in the least pro-

tective by day, yet are eminently so by night. In general, the

black and very dark colours, common in mammals, birds, and insects,

are protective at night and not by day. One of the most obvious

effects of moonlight is to give very strong or black shadows, in

which black or dark animals become invisible, or nearly so. This

invisibility is often increased by sharply contrasted stripes or

patches of white or light yellow, which look like patches of moon-

light falling across a dark shadow, and thus serve to break up the

outlines of bird or beast that might otherwise be recognized.

Transverse black or dark brown bands on fishes that rest among eel-

grass or sea-weeds tend to render the outlines of the fish indistinct,

because they look like the shadows and shaded surfaces of the

weeds. Black fins and tails have a similar effect in concealing or

destroying the outline of fishes. The striped colours of the tiger

have the same effect when it lives among the stalks of reeds, etc.,

and are probably much more effective in twilight or moonlight than

by day. The same is true of the spotted pattern of the leopard,

panther, and jaguar.

A great number of small nocturnal mammals, belonging to diverse

groups, have dark grey and greyish-brown colours (mouse-colours),

which are highly protective at night, but are usually not at all so

in the daytime, for such colours are conspicuous among the green

herbage which they frequent and on which most of them feed.

Moreover, nearly all such mammals hide away in holes in the day-

356 Miscellaneous.

time. I have noticed that our common meadow-mouse (Arvicola),

which is very dark grey, is scarcely to be seen even in a moonlight

night in localities where it is very abundant among grass, and when

large numbers are so near that the sound made by their teeth in

feeding is very evident. Among insects there are multitudes of

instances of colours that are evidently nocturnally protective and

which can be explained only on the basis of natural selegtion,

favouring the variations in colour that are in this way most useful.

Such colours may or may not be more or less protective in the

daytime. Frequently they appear to be just the opposite of pro-

tective in the daytime. Thus many butterflies have bright colours

that are very conspicuous by daylight and which do not in any way

match their customary surroundings. This applies to those species

that are black or dark blue, striped or blotched with white, yellow,

or orange, and to many species that are spotted or striped with red,

orange, and black on the upper surface of the wings, and often also

beneath, so that they are conspicuous whether flying or at rest.

Their active habits and acute senses probably give them fair pro-

tection by day. At night, when resting with the wings folded, the

colours of the underside of the wings usually blend very perfectly

with those of the flowers on which they roost. Many of our species

of Argynnis and allied genera are marked with red, orange, and

brown, while there are bright silvery patches on the underside of

the wings, which are exposed when at rest. I have observed that

these butterflies become very inconspicuous in the moonlight, when

sleeping on the goldenrod and other favourite flowers, and that their

silvery spots imitate very closely the dew-drops that surround

them.

Numerous nocturnal insects that live on the ground are black or

dark brown, which are colours that are protective only at night.

This is true of most ground-beetles, many crickets, cockroaches,

ants, &c. Many of these insects hide away in the daytime, so that

no protective colours are then needed. But many insects that are

exposed both during the day and at night have acquired green or

yellowish colours that are protective at all times, when living among

foliage. Green grasshoppers, katydids, &c. are examples.

In general, patches, stripes, or spots of strongly contrasted dark

and light colours are more likely to be of use by moonlight than by

daylight, whether on birds or insects. Reptiles are to a large

extent diurnal in their habits and many kinds hide in holes and

crevices when at rest, so that our native species of this group

appear to afford few good instances of evident nocturnal protective

colours, though many may occur when the habits of tropical species

become better known. Among nocturnal amphibians protective

colours are common, and in many cases they appear to be exclusively

for nocturnal protection. Our native nearly black species of

salamanders (Amblystoma punctatum and A, opacum) have con-

spicuous spots or blotches of white or light yellow. It is evident

that these colours have been acquired by natural selection in conse-

quence of the nocturnal protection that they afford.—Amer. Journ.

Sct., February 1897, pp. 132-134.

ATT) TS 7 ;

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THE ANNALS

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

[SIXTH SERIES.]

No. 112. APRIL 1897.

XXXIII.—Report upon the Scorpiones and Pedipalpi obtained

on the Lower Amazons by Messrs. E. E. Austen and F. Pickard

Cambridge during the trip of Mr. Siemens’s Steamship

‘Faraday. By R. 1. Pocock.

THouGH all the species of Pedipalpi brought back by

Messrs. Austen and Cambridge prove referable to previously

known species, they are nevertheless of considerable interest

as desiderata to the collection of the British Museum and as

serving to fill important gaps in our knowledge on points of

geographical distribution, constancy of structural features, &c.

Of the species of Scorpions, all but one—namely, Brotheas

Gervaisti—appear to be undescribed. The discovery, how-

ever, even of this form is of value, since the species was

established upon two specimens of which the locality was

unknown. ‘lhe other species are nearly allied to forms that

occur in the north and north-western countries of South

America (Guiana, Colombia, &c.); but it is interesting to

note that no member of the family Bothriuride nor of the

genera Centrurus, Hadruroides, Caraboctonus, Chactas, Opis-

thacanthus, Diplocentrus, &c., which occur in other parts of

the continent, seem to be represented on the Lower Amazons.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 26

358 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorpiones and

Order PEDIPALPI.

Family Tarantulide.

Subfamily Apwerrm#, nom. nov.

(= Tarantuline, Simon; Neophrynine, Kraepelin.)

Genus ADMETUS, C. Koch.

Admetus, C. Koch, Uebersicht des Arachnidensystem, 1850, p. 81;

Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1892, p: 51.

Neophrynus, Kraepelin, Abh. Hamburg. Anst. xiil. pp. 21 & 23 (1895).

The genus Admetus was established by C. Koch for the

following species of Phrynus :—pumilio, Perty, fusc’manus,

C. K., marginemaculatus, C. K., and palmatus, Herbst; and

since none of these species have any other generic name older

than Admetus by which the group could be designated in

accordance with accepted rules of nomenclature, Admetus,

being unpreoccupied, must be reserved for one of the species

mentioned ; and since Simon, in 1895, distinctly selected

zamatus, Herbst, as its type, and correctly diagnosed the

genus, it is not easy to see Kraepelin’s reasons for proposing

the new name Neophrynus for the same section upon dis-

covering that the names 7arantula and Phrynus, by which it

had been previously (though erroneously) known by Karsch,

Thorell, and myself, had to be used in a totally different

sense. ‘Lhe tact that pumilio, one of the species referred by

Koch to Admetus, is not congenerie with the others, does not

interfere with Simon’s right to apply Admetus to one of the

latter, nor confer upon Kraepelin the power of disregarding

the name as unusable.

Thus compelled to adopt Admetus, I venture to propose

the new name Admetine for the subfamily embracing the

three genera, Admetus, Koch, Heterophrynus, Poc., and

Phrynopsis, Poe. .

Admetus santarensis (Poc.).

Tarantula santarensis, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 284

(1894).

Many specimens were taken at Santarem, one in a house, a

few in the forest, and many from a termite’s nest upon the

campos. ‘The species was based upon a single female example

brought from Santarem by Mr. Wickham.

This species differs from the forms that I have named

barbadensis, pulchripes, and Gervaisti in possessing six long

spines upon the trochanter of the chela instead of five.

Pedipalpt from the Lower Amazons. 559

The young are much more variegated in colour than the

adults, the terga of the abdomen being ornamented with a

pair of pale spots, which converge and become united upon

the seventh segment.

Genus HETEROPHRYNUS, Poe.

Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler).

tee longicornis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 128

73).

nails longicornis, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv.

p. 287 (1894).

Several specimens of this species were obtained under tiles

and bricks at Pard, others in termites’ nests in the forest at

Santarem, and one at Monte Alegre. It has been previously

recorded from the two first-mentioned localities.

The only comment that it seems necessary to make in

connexion with these specimens is that the shortness of the

chela or palp in the male, which I pointed out as distinctive

of this form as compared with chiracanthus and Batesi,

though regarded as of no importance by Dr. Kraepelin, seems

to be a perfectly constant, and therefore important, character.

In Batesti and chiracanthus the femur of the chela is about

twice the width of the carapace in length, whereas in /ongi-

cornis the length of the chela only just exceeds the width of

the carapace in the adult and is much less than the length of

the femur of the second leg, instead of being approximately

equal to it or greater than it, as in chtracanthus or Batesiv.

It is true that the chele are much shorter in the young than

in the adult, but that the shortness of the organ in longicornis

is not attributable to youth seems proved by the circumstance

that it obtains in the largest specimens examined—specimens

with the carapace attaining a width of 16-18 millim., the

femur of the palp being but 19-20 millim., whereas in

examples of Gatesd? with the carapace 12°5 millim. in width

the femur of the appendage in question measures 25 millim.

In an ovigerous female ot /ongicornis from Pard, with the

carapace 15 millim. wide, the femur of the chela measures

14°5 millim.

Family Thelyphonide.

Genus 'THELYPHONELLUS, Poe.

Thelyphonellus amazonicus (Butler),

Thelyphonus amazonicus, Butler, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x. p. 201,

pl. xiii. fig. 2 (1872).

Thelyphonellus amazonicus, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv,

p. 133 1894),

26%

360 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorpiones and

Specimens obtained in the forest at Santarem and at

Parintins under leaves and rotten wood.

The type of this species was obtained by H. W. Bates

at Altar do Chad, Santarem.

Order SCORPIONES.

Family Buthida.

Genus Isomerrus, Hempr. & Ehrenb.

Isometrus maculatus (De Geer).

A specimen of this ubiquitous species was taken on the

vessel at Pard.

Genus Tiryus, C. Koch.

Tityus Cambridget, sp.n. (Figs. 1, 1 a, p. 362.)

? .—Colour of upperside a uniform black or reddish black

throughout, paler below; pectines testaceous; a triangular

smooth testaceons area on the middle of the hinder border of

the third sternite.

Sculpturing, granulation, &c. as in the Bogoté form

forcipula, Gervais (=americanus, Thorell, Kraepelin, &c.),

but not so coarse.

Tail parallel-sided, segments 2 and 4 of equal width, the

fourth twice as long as wide ; the inferior crests on segments

2-4 not confluent, the median lateral crest of the second

only visible on the posterior fourth of the segment, or, at

most, represented in front by minute granules; tail about 54

times the length of the carapace; the hand and digit a little

less in length than the first two segments and half the third,

and twice the length of the carapace; width of the fourth

segment equal to half its length, width of the fifth a little less

than half its length.

Hand as wide as the brachium, the latter only a little

longer than the carapace and less than three times as long as

broad; hand-back two thirds the length of the carapace and

half the length of the movable digit, which has 15 rows of

teeth.

Pectinal teeth 22; base of shaft lobate.

3.—Tail feebly incrassate posteriorly as in the female,

about 64 times the length of the carapace ; the finger and

hand as long as its first two segments and half the third, and

2} times the length of the carapace ; filth caudal segment

nearly three times as long as wide.

Chela long and slender. Carapace about $ the length of

Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 361

the brachium, which is at least four times as long as broad ;

hand long and slender, externally concave, its width equal

to that of the brachium and about one third the length of

the hand-back, which is a little Jess than the length of the

carapace and more than half the length of the movable digit ;

digits in contact only feebly lobate basally.

Pectinal teeth 21-22.

Measurements in millimetres.— 3 . Total length 72; length

of carapace 7°8, of tail 43, length of its fourth segment 7:5,

width 3°8; width of vesicle 2°8, of brachium and hand 2°8;

length of brachium 8°5, of hand-back 5, of movable digit 10-2.

3- Total length 80; length of carapace 7:6, of tail 52,

length of fourth segment 9°5, width 3°5; width of vesicle 3,

of brachium and hand 2°5; length of brachium 11, of hand-

back 7, of movable digit 12.

Loc. Par& (type, two males and a female).

Apart from finer granulation &c., this, species may be

distinguished from TZ. forcipula, Gervais, by the following

features :—

In the female of forcipula (co-typical example) the tail is

very distinctly incrassate, the tourth and fifth segments being

distinctly wider than the first, and their width about ? their

length; the crests are much stronger and the median lateral

on the second is complete, though weaker forwards. Still

more striking are the differential characters of the male: as L

have already pointed out (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., June

1889, pp. 54-56), the male of forcipu/a has the tail of normal

length, but enormously thickened posteriorly, the width of

the fourth segment being almost equal to its length; again,

the chele are not elongate, but the hand is enormously

thickened, nearly twice the width of the brachium, the digits

being widely separated, sinuate and lobate.

In its sexual features Cambridget resembles androcottoides

of Karsch, but, apart from the differential feature presented

by the distinctness of the inferior caudal keels, the hand of

the male has a different form, as also has the vesicle of the

tail.

Tityus metuendus, sp.n. (Figs. 2, 2a, p. 362.)

? .—Very like that of 7. Cambridge?, but the tail thicker,

the width ot the fourth segment considerably more than half

its length; the granulations of the tail also much less distinct.

Hand distinctly wider than the brachium and much less

strongly crested than in Cambridget.

Pectinal teeth 19.

362 Mr. R. 1. Pocock on Seorpiones and

¢-—Strikingly different from male of Cambridge and

approaching that of forcipula in the nature of its sexual

characters. ‘l'ail incrassate to the middle of the fifth segment ;

width of the fourth and fifth considerably more than half

their length, the whole tail about 6} times the length of the

carapace; the finger and hand as long as the first two

segments and one third of the third, and only a little more

than twice the length of the carapace; vesicle granular below

and about equal to the brachium in width,

ceececere

(

MCSE C CLEC EKEE

Fig. 1.—Hand and forearm of Tityus Cambridge ¢.

Fig. 1 a.—Posterior end of tail of ditto.

Fig. 2.—Hand and forearm of 7. metuendus ¢.

Fig. 2a.—Posterior end of tail of ditto.

Fig. 3.—Vesicle of 7. silvestris,

Fig. 3a.—Ditto of 7. paraguayensis, Kraep.

Chela moderately elongate; brachium not four times as

long as wide; hand much expanded, much wider than

brachium, its width about two thirds the length of the hand-

back; the movable digit strongly lobate at the base, the

immovable sinuate, leaving a narrow space between them

when closed.

Pectinal teeth 20-21,

Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 353

Measurements in millimetres.— ¢ . Total length 77; length

of carapace 8, of tail 46, width of its first and fourth seg-

ments 5, length of fourth 8; width of vesicle 3, of brachium

3°3, of hand 4; length of brachium 9, of hand-back 5:1, of

movable digit 10°8.

3. Total length 97; length of carapace 9:5, of tail 61,

width of first segment 5, length 7°7, width of fourth 6:3,

length 11; width of vesicle 3-8, of brachium 3°6, of hand 5:8 ;

length of brachium 11-5, of hand-back 8, of movable digit 13.

Loc. of type (g¢). Above Iquitos, on the Marafion or

Amazons.

The Museum has two males and three females of this form

from the above locality, and Mr. Cambridge procured one

male specimen at Parintins, up the river above Santarem.

This example has the chele rather more slender than in the

two males trom Iquitos; but since these two are not quite

alike in the structure of the appendage, it would be incautious

to attach a new name to the Parintins specimen without

further material wherewith to test the constancy of the differ

ences. he distinctions between this form and foredpula

will be further discussed in a future paper.

Tityus silvestris, sp. nu. (Fig. 3, p. 362.)

Belonging to the columbianus group of species and approach-

ing most closely to the Demerara form 7. Quelchii, Poe.

(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 314, pl. xiv. tig. 1, 1893),

and to the Paraguayan form 7. paraguayensis, Kraepelin

(Jahrb. Hamburg. Anstalten, xii. p. 19, 1895), of which the

British Museum has examples collected at Assuncion by

Dr. Bohls.

The dorsal and sternal surfaces of the trunk densely spotted

black and yellow; there is, however, a conspicuous bright

yellow T-shaped mark on the fore part of the carapace, a

similar mark being much less conspicuous in paruguayensis

and not noticeable in Quelchi?, which is of a much more

uniform tint and less distinctly mottled.

In silvestris, moreover, not only are the maxillary lobes

infuscate throughout their length, but the dark pigment, in

addition, spreads on to the coxe of the second, third, and

sometimes also of the fourth leg, whereas in the specimens of

the other two species that I have seen the maxillary lobes are

infuscate only at the tip, there being, however, in paraguay-

ensis also a single spot upon the coxee of the second leg.

In structural features Quelchii has better developed granu-

lation and stronger keels, the sculpturing of paraguayensts

564 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorpiones and

being finer than in szlvestris, as is particularly noticeable on

the superior caudal crests. And, lastly, in s¢/vestris the vesicle

is higher than in the other species, the tooth beneath the

aculeus being very high, with a blunt and obliquely truncate

apex.

Pectinal teeth 14-16 (in a young specimen 12-13). The

single male example has 15. Rows of teeth on digit 14 (not

including small apical rows) ; 15-16 along the outer row.

(In Quelchii there are 13-14 rows of teeth, and not 11-12 as

erroneously stated in the original diagnosis.)

The sexual characters are the same as in paraguayensis,

but the fourth and fifth segments are much less strongly

elevated.

?. Total length of body and tai! 34 millim., of tail 19°5;

width of first segment 2, of fifth 1:5; width of brachium and

hand 1°8.

3. Total length 30°5, of tail 19, width of its first and

fifth segments 2; width of brachium 1:5, of hand 2.

Loc. Santarem. Several specimens collected in the forest

by Mr. F. O. P. Cambridge.

Note.—In addition to the specimens of Z7tyus here recorded,

other examples belonging to the americanus type were col-

lected at Parand Buyassu and in the forest at Santarem ; but

since only females were obtained, I have refrained from defi-

uitely attaching names to them, seeing that they are not

structurally identical with the females either of Cambridget

or of metuendus.

Family Iuride.

Subfamily Cxacrry,

Genus BroreocHactas, Poe.

Broteochactas parvulus, sp. n.

9 .— Colour a tolerably uniform blackish brown, redder on

chela and vesicle; legs fulvous, with femur and _ patella

externally infuscate ; lower surface fulvo-fuscous ; pectines

testaceous.

Carapace with its anterior border very slightly emarginate ;

the interocular area and the dorsal portion of the area behind

the median eyes smooth; lateral portions closely and finely

granular, with a few larger granules intermixed.

~ Terga shining, nearly smooth, finely granular laterally and

mesially, with a few larger granules intermixed, the last

more coarsely granular, but without distinct crests.

Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 365

Sterna entirely smooth and polished; a few large punc-

tures here and there.

Tail a little more than three times as long as carapace,

posteriorly narrowed ; lower surfaces of segments 1-3 smooth,

polished, keelless, but furnished with long bristles; the supe-

rior and superior lateral keel distinct and weakly granular,

terminating on the second segment in an angular tooth ; fourth

segment like the third, but sparsely g granular below, upperside

of these segments sparsely eranular ; upperside of fifth

without granules except on the side margins; the sides

granular, the lower surface coarsely but not closely granular,

lateral keels granular; vesicle coarsely granular below,

hairy, smooth at base of aculeus.

Chela with humerus granular above on its anterior and

posterior keel; brachium smooth, not keeled, hairy ; hand

smooth, polished and punctured above except towards the

inner edge and tle base of the immovable digit, where there

is coarse granulation, the inner edge with a distinct basal

tooth ; hand-back and lower surface quite smooth, immovable

digit stout, punctured, rugose.

Legs smooth except for the femora of third and fourth,

which are finely granular externally.

Pectinal teeth 6-7.

6 -—Like the female, but with the carapace, terga, the sides

of the caudal segment, including also the lower surface of the

third and fourth, and the lateral portions of the sterna finely

shagreened with granules.

Pectines \ar ger, 8-9 teeth, im which the sensory area extends

up to the base; upper surface of hand not so smooth as in

the female, but only very finely shagreened externally.

Measur AVE in millimetres.— 9. Total length 27 ; length

of carapace 3°5, of tail 13, width of its first segment 2,

3. Total length 24; length of carapace 3:5, of tail 13°8.

Loc. Santarem. Several specimens taken in the forest

beneath rotten wood by Mr. Cambridge.

The three known species of this genus may be recognized

by the following table :—

Female.

a, Carapace and terga and external surfaces of fe-

mora of legs smooth, without granules; hand

and brachium also almost entirely smooth, as

well as the sides of the fifth caudal segment... Gollmert (Karsch)

(=nitidus, Poc.). (Ve-

nezuela and Trinidad.)

6, Carapace, external surface of femora of third

and fourth legs, sides of fifth caudal segment,

366 Mr. R. I. Pocock on Scorp/ones and

and at least the inner portion of the upper

surface of the hand distinctly granular.

a', Upper and outer surfaces of brachium and

hand covered with a reticulated pattern of

granules ; lower surface of hand and crest

of hand-back also granular: length of

adult ‘about 60 mualliia: 3)... “Ae aa . delicatus (Karsch).

(Guiana. )

é'. Brachium, lower surface of hand and keel of

hand, and area of hand adjacent to it

smooth: adult less than 50 millim....... pérvulus, sp.n. (San-

tarem.)

Male.

a, Carapace and terga more closely and coarsely

granular; sterna distinctly granular at the

sides, the anterior ones more so than the

posterior; lower surface of hand and upper

surface externally smooth ................ parvulus, sp. n.

4. Carapace and terga less closely granular; sterna

almost entirely smooth; hand distinetly

granular above and below.

a’, External portion of upper surface of hand

and crest of hand-back only very finely

granular: less than 40 millim. .......... Gollmeri (Karsch).

4, External portion of upper surface of hand

and keel of hand-back coarsely granular :

over 40 millim. in length .............. delicatus, Karsch,

Genus Brorueas, C. Koch.

Brotheas Gervaisii, Poe.

Brotheas Gervaisii, Poc. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 78 (1893).

A single female specimen obtained at Gurupa.

This example differs from the type in certain characters,

which, in the absence of more material, can hardly be regarded

as of specific :importance. For example, the intercarinal

spaces of the tail are a little less granular and the carapace

and terga a little more so than in the typical female of

Gervaisti, Poc. Again, the vesicle is very much narrower

than the fifth caudal segment, whereas in Gervaisii it is

nearly as wide. These are characters, however, which

appear to be subject to variation with age, for small examples

ot Herbst’i taken in Demerara by Mr. W. L. Sclater are far

more granular than adults captured by the same collector in

the same locality, and they have the vesicle noticeably

narrower. Consequently the distinctive features of this

Gurupa specimen may be provisionally attributed to imma-

turity. ‘The discovery of the specimen is, however, of great

interest, inasmuch as no locality was previously known for

the species.

Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons. 367

In connexion with Prof. Kraepelin’s latest utterances upon

the subject of the genus Brotheas, the following observations

may be made (see JB. Hamburg. Anst. xi. no. 1, p. 173,

1894) :—

In the first place, this author reserves the name maurus,

Herbst, for the type of the genus, on the grounds that the

species identified as Scorpio maurus by Herbst is generically

distinct from the Scorpio maurus of Linné. He therefore

admits in his system both Heterometrus maurus (Linn.) (=the

true Scorpio maurus, Linn.) and Broteas maurus (Herbst)

(= Scorpio maurus, Linn., Herbst). This, however, is not

the practice that is usually followed in such matters. Nor

has Kraepelin himself applied this principle of nomenclature

in analogous cases: if he had done so, consistency would

have compelled him to adopt such names as Parabuthus

australis (Herbst), Androctonus australis (Linn.), Centrurus.

australis (De Geer) ; or, again, Tarantula rentformis (Linn.),

Neophrynus reniformis (Fabr.), and Heterophrynus reniformis

(Pallas).

In the second place, if maurus be retained as the specific

name of the type species of Brotheas, De Geer, and not

Herbst, should be cited as its author, the former in 1778

being the first to start the error, which was subsequently

handed on by Herbst and C. Koch. This, however, is a

matter of but little importance, seeing that the name maurus

cannot be retained for the species. For this I adopt the

name Herbsti’, proposed by Thorell (Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

(6) xvii. p. 14, 1876). It is to be observed, however, that

‘Thorell primarily gave the name ferbstii to the species

wrongly identified as maurus by De Geer and later writers,

without regard to the possibility of more than one species

being involved. But the type of Brotheas, C. Koch, must

presumably be the species upon which C. Koch establishes.

the genus. ‘l'herefore it seems that it is to this species that

the name Herbstiz must be atfixed. ‘The fact that the species

came from Cayenne renders it probable that my identification

of certain specimens from Demerara in the British Museum

as Herbstii is correct, and at the same time throws doubt

upon the identity of Simon’s /erbst7i from La Plata (see Aun.

Soc. Ent. Fr. 1877, p. 241). Finally, it may be added that

the description of Simon’s species paraensis (Ann. Soc. Ent.

Fr. 1880, p. 881) does not apply to the females of the

Demerara specimens mentioned above, so that if the latter

are correctly named, as [ venture to think probable, it is

impossible to follow Kraepelin in regarding paraensis as a

synonym of Herbstit.

368 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

The females of the two species known to me in nature may

be recognized as follows :—

a. Lower surface of first caudal segment coarsely x

granular, its median keels granular ........ Herbstit, Thor.

; (Guiana.)

b. Lower surface of first caudal segment smooth,

punctured, without granules, its keels obso- ie.

Obes soe antec Be AY Sone Gervaisti,Poc. (Ama-

ZOnS. )

B. paraensis, Sim., from Paré, based probably upon a

female, differs from the above in having the carapace entirely

devoid of granules; while B. granulatus, on the contrary,

from Cayenne, the type of which is doubtless a male, is not

from the description distinguishable from the iales identified

as Herbstit in the Museum collection.

XXXIV.—New Species of Hymenoptera from Central

America. By P. CAMERON, F.K.S.

{Concluded from p. 276.}

Fam. Sphegide.

PopIuM.

Podium crassipes, sp. n.

Nigrum ; alis fuliginosis. o.

Long. 40 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Omealea, near Orizaba (JZ. Trajillo).

Antenne reaching to the scutellum, bare, pruinose. Head

below the ocelli with widely separated punctures; the front

thickly covered with long black hair; the vertex glabrous; a

narrow thin furrow leading to the ocelli, uniting to a short,

shallow, narrow transverse one behind them; there is a

narrow longitudinal keel above the ocelli. The antenne are

inserted immediately over the clypeus, which at the apex

projects, is roundly concave, and is roundly and rather

deeply incised, and bears a few shallow punctures. The eyes

reach to the base of the mandibles and converge slightly

above. ‘The prothorax is elongate, being nearly as long as

the mesonotum; the anterior is separated from the longer

posterior portion by a deep transverse furrow, its centre being

raised behind; the anterior region is punctured and bears

long black hairs, the punctureless part of the posterior portion

Hymenoptera from Central America, 369

being almost glabrous. The anterior part of the mesonotum

is covered with long black hairs and with distinctly separated

punctures, the sides, too, towards the apex being longitu-

dinally depressed. The median segment is as long as the

pro- and mesothorax united; above, it is thickly covered

with long black hair, closely transversely striated, a broad

and deep depression down its centre, and there is another

broad depression at its sides at the base and a narrower one

in the middle at the sides. The pleure are covered with long

black hairs. The propleure have a broad deep oblique

depression in the centre, behind which they are rather

strongly punctured, in front of it with only a few punctures.

The mesopleure bear distinctly separated punctures, except

on the sides of the oblique depression in the centre, above

which they are obscurely longitudinally striated. The meta-

pleure are impunctate. The mesosternum is covered with

long black hairs and with distinctly separated punctures ;

there is a deep longitudinal channel down its centre, at the

end of which it becomes depressed, rising again towards the

mesocoxe#, the space between being hollowed and at the sides

longitudinally crenulated, the part between the coxe being

slightly punctured at the sides and broadly furrowed down

the centre, the sides of the furrow towards the apex having a

few longitudinal keels. The petiole is longer than the hind

coxe and the second abdominal segment; the other abdominal

segments shining, glabrous, the second segment depressed at the

base in the centre. ‘The third to the sixth ventral segments

are alutaceous. Wings deep dark violaceous, the nervures

black; the first recurrent nervure is received at half the

distance from the base that the second is from the apex. The

legs are almost glabrous; the tarsi spinose; the hind tibie

spinose on the inner side, and with six irregular somewhat

oval depressions on the outer side. ‘The hind trochanters are

twice the length of the coxe. The hinder femora are

broadly dilated towards the apex ; the apex on the outer side

is somewhat hollowed and depressed above, the top of the

depression being distinctly margined, the middle above at the

apex having five stout curved keels, in front of which are

a few narrower oblique keels; beneath near the apex the

centre is raised and the sides in the middle at the apex project

into two stout teeth, between which the tibie fit when bent

downwards.

P. crassipes may be known from the other species of

Podium described by me by the longer bipartite prothorax,

the longer hind trochanters, and the longer clavate hinder

femora. ‘The hind claws lave two teeth at the base. The

hind tarsi are twice the length of the tibie.

370 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

SpHEX, Fabr.

Sphex (Priononyx) laerma, sp. n.

Long. 28 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Rio Papagaio in Guerrero, 1200 feet (H. H.

Smith).

Agrees in coloration with S. Thome, Fabr., except that the

wings are deep dark violaceous ; differing otherwise in being

much longer, in the thorax wanting the thick pale pubescence,

and in the scutellum being broadly furrowed down the

middle.

Eyes parallel. The hinder ocelli separated from each other

by about the same distance they are from the eyes. Cheeks

and clypeus covered with silvery pubescence; the vertex

sparsely clothed with moderately long black hair, below the

antenne with longer black hair. Apex of the clypeus

transverse and with a small indentation in the centre; the

sides broadly rounded. Behind the ocelli is a shallow curved

furrow, behind which at the sides is a small roundish depres-

sion; there is a shallow longitudinal furrow between the

ocelli and at the sides of the hinder pair, the front one being

surrounded by a furrow. The scape of the antenne is sparsely

covered with long black hair; the flagellum pruinose. The

pronotum is depressed near the base, the depression being

shining and impunctate; the apex is finely transversely

shagreened and slightly longitudinally depressed in the

middle ; the pleura alutaceous, except a shining spot on the

lower part at the apex; the base longitudinally striated; at

the apex is a curved narrow fringe of pale golden pubescence.

Mesonotum opaque, covered with short pale hair; closely

longitudinally striated, furrowed down the middle, the furrow

at the base wide. Scutellum wide, raised, the middle de-

pressed broadly ; shagreened, the sides shining, impunctate,

Median segmeut alutaceous, covered closely with pale soft

hair; closely transversely striolated, the apex before the

depression broadly furrowed. ‘The mesopleure closely and

rather strongly, the metapleure obliquely, striated. The

petiole is black and is as long as the hinder cox, covered

with Jong pale soft hair. The rest of the abdomen is shining

rufous ; a black triangular mark on the second segment, the

narrowed part at its base ; the third segment is broadly black

at the base. Wings uniformly dark violaceous ; the first

and second transverse cubital nervures oblique, both bullated

at the lower part, the third curved and much narrowed

towards the second at the top, the space between them there

Hymenoptera from Central America. Sua

being about the same as that bounded by the first recurrent

and first transverse cubital nervures. The fore femora have

a line of coarse deep punctures on the lower side; the tibiz

and tarsi are strongly spinose; the hind claws bear four

stout blunt teeth, closely pressed together.

This species approaches the North-American Sphew bifove-

atus, 'Taschenberg, but, ¢nter alia, is readily separated by

the dark violaceous wings, ‘i'aschenberg’s insect having

them ‘ subbyalinis.”

Fam. Bembicide.

BeEMBIDULA, Burm.

Bembidula affinis, sp. n.

Long. fere 11 millim. 9.

Hab. Mexico, Dos Arroyos in Guerrero (H. H. Smith).

Allied to B. capnoptera, Handl., but smaller, the markings

of a paler yellow, and the labrum entirely black.

Antenne black, the scape yellow beneath ; covered with a

pale down, which is thicker towards the apex of the flagellum ;

the clypeus is yellow, except round the apex ; the inner orbits

yellow to a little above the middle of the eyes, the outer orbits

more narrowly lined with yellow, except at the top and apex.

The labrum, front, and vertex rather thickly covered with

silvery-white hair. Thorax thickly covered with short

silvery pubescence, which becomes golden in hue towards the

base of the mesonotum; two short marks at the base of the

mesonotum, a broad line from near the base of the tegule to

the base of the scutellum, two broad marks at the side of the

scutellum, but not reaching its apex, the postscutellum, an

interrupted line (broad at the apex) along the side of the

median segment, a line on the mesopleure under the tegule,

and the apex of the median segment at the sides, broadly,

lemon-yellow. The mesopleuree are obscurely punctured,

thickly covered with white hair; the metapleure more

shining and deeply excavated. ‘The abdominal segments are

broadly banded with lemon-yellow at the apex, the bands

being distinctly interrupted in the middle; the apical segment

above with some large distinctly separated punctures ; beneath

bluntly keeled down the middle. Legs: the coxe, tro-

chanters, and femora to near the apex black, for the rest

yellow, except the tarsi, which have a rutous tinge, especially

towards the apex, the base being clear yellow. ‘The wings

have a faint fulvous tinge.

372 Mr. P. Cameron on new Speeivs of

Fam. Pompilide.

PSEUDAGENIA, Kohl.

Pseudagenia tarsalis, sp. n.

Nigra, tarsis rufis; alis lacteis, fusco-bifasciatis. 9.

Long. fere 12 millim.

Hab. Guatemala, Purula in Vera Paz (Champion).

Antenne stout, pruinose; the third and fourth joints for

the greater part rufous. Head covered with a fulvous micro-

scopic pile ; the eyes almost parallel, only very slightly con-

verging above; the hinder ocelli separated from the eyes by

about the same distance they are from each other; the tips

of the mandibles piceous. ‘Thorax densely pruinose, silvery,

inclining to golden on the mesonotum. ‘The apex of the

median segment irregularly transversely striolated. The

apex of the mesopleure crenulated, and there is an indistinct

oblique furrow across its middle. Abdomen shining, pruinose.

The first cloud in the fore wings extends equally across the

transverse basal nervure, the second and wider cloud ex-

tending from the first cubital to the third transverse cubital

nervure ; the first and second transverse cubital nervures are

oblique, straight, the third roundly curved in the middle and

narrowed towards the second at the top; the first recurrent

nervure is oblique and received shortly before the middle of

the cellule, the second curved and recurved distinetly in front

of the middle of the cellule.

Agrees closely with P. Championi, Cam., from Panama;

but the wings at the apex are not fulvous, the basal cloud is

much wider, the third cubital cellule is hardly narrowed at

the top (while it is very much narrowed in P, Championt),

and the tarsi are rufous.

Sauius, Fabr.

Salius incomptus, sp. n.

Niger, longe nigro-hirtus; medio antennarum date rufo; tarsis

posticis late flavis ; alis flavis, fusco-bifasciatis. o¢.

Long. 9 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Omilteme in Guerrero, 8000 feet (77. ZH.

Smith).

Antenne somewhat shorter than the body; the basal three

and the apical four joints black, the others orange-yellow ;

the scape covered with longish black hair, the flagellum with

a microscopic down. Head densely covered with long thick

Hymenoptera from Central America. 373

black hair; the inner orbits above the antenne and the entire

face below them yellow; the apex of the clypeus waved, the

centre dilated; the mandibles and palpi entirely black.

Thorax densely covered with long black hair. The median

segment gradually rounded and obscurely transversely striated;

at the base in the centre is a short, wide, deep longitudinal

furrow united to a longer narrower transverse one. The

propleure are slightly hollowed; immediately over the cox

is a sharp, distinct, oblique keel, which towards the middle

of the coxe bends more obliquely downwards, and from this

bend a narrow curved keel runs up towards the tegule, but

not reaching them. At the base of the metapleure shortly

below the middle is a moderately large fovea. Abdomen as

long as the head and thorax united, densely covered with

black hairs, especially towards the apex. Legs long, sparsely

haired ; the front knees and tibiez and the hinder tarsi, except

the apical joint, orange-yellow. ‘The first cloud in the wings

extends from the base of the first recurrent to shortly beyond

the second recurrent nervure ; the apical cloud commences at

the end of the radial nervure ; the nervures are orange, except

in the clouded parts; the second cubital cellule at the top and

- bottom is a little shorter than the third ; the recurrent nervures

are both received shortly before the middle of the cellule.

The hind wings are clouded at the apex.

Allied to S. omiltemius.

Salius imitatriz, sp. n.

Niger, basi antennarum pedibusque anterioribus rufis; alis hyalinis,

fusco-bifasciatis. 9.

Long. 9 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Cuernavaca in Morelos (H. H. Smith).

Almost identical in coloration with Pseudagenia isthmica,

Cam., from Chiriqui. Antennz covered with a microscopic

down; the basal three joints rufous. ‘The head from a little

above the antenne covered with a pale golden pile; the

mandibles pale at the base, piceous before the teeth, which

are black ; ashallow furrow leads down from near the ocelli ;

the hinder ocelli are separated from each other by a slightly

greater distance than they are from the eyes, which converge

a little at the top. Thorax covered with a pale golden down;

the collar white on either side above. Abdomen pruinose,

the apex densely covered with rather long pale yellowish

hairs. The four front femora have the basal halt black and

the apical half reddish ; the fore tibiz, the two basal joints of

the fore tarsi, the middle tibiez broadly at the base, and the

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 27

O74. Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

two basal joints of the middle tarsi, rufous; the front calcaria

rufous, the four hinder calearia black. ‘The first cloud in the

fore wings is at the transverse basal nervure; the second

cloud is enclosed by the first and third transverse cubital

nervures ; the second and third cubital cellules at the top

are as wide as the space bounded by the recurrent and the

transverse cubital nervures.

In my arrangement of the species in the ‘ Biologia Cen-

trali-Americana,’ Hymen. ii. p. 182, S. dmitatrix should

follow S. nivalis, Cam.

Pompiuus, Fabr.

Pompilus ceres, sp. n.

Niger, abdomine albosex-maculato; alis fumatis, albo-trifasciatis. 9.

Long. 18 millim.

fab, Panama (Boucard).

Antenne short, stout, covered with greyish pubescence.

Head elongate in front, covered with a golden pubescence

and with longish black hair; the eyes sinuate at the top,

only very slightly converging at the bottom. Pronotum more

than twice the length of the head, densely covered with long

black hair. The mesonotum covered with long black hair,

its base and the scutellum with pale golden pubescence; the

apex of the scutellum with a distinct bordering keel, behind

which it is covered with dense silvery pubescence at the sides,

the central part being raised. ‘The median segment velvety ;

the centre indistinctly keeled ; the apex oblique, its sides and

apex bearing velvety pubescence. ‘The pleure are covered

with a silvery pile. ‘The legs covered with a black pile; the

four hinder calearia white. Abdomen a little, but distinctly,

longer than the head and thorax united ; the apex of the first

and second segments incised in the middle; the white marks

on the second to the fourth segments become successively

smaller, and there is a large oval white mark on the top of

the apical segment; the ventral segments axe pruinose, the

apical ones sparsely covered with long black hair. ‘The wings

are short, not reaching to the apex of the fifth abdominal

segment. ‘They are dark fuscous ; there is an elongate white

cloud under the costa, shortly in front of the transverse basal

nervure, a broad band going completely across in front of and

enclosing the lower part of the first transverse cubital nervure,

and the extreme apex is also hyaline, but not so white as the

other two clouds; both the transverse cubital nervures are

curved and approach each other at the top; the first recurrent

Hymenoptera from Central America. 375-

nervure is received at a slightly greater distance from the base

than the second is from the apex of the cellule.

A very distinct species. It belongs to my first section of

the genus, near P. tmpudicus, Cam.

Pompilus rinconensis, sp. n.

Long. 18 millim. 9.

Hab. Rincon in Guerrero (1. H. Smith).

Agrees closely with P. ¢mpudicus, Cam., from Panama,

but it is much larger; the pile on the thorax is not orange,

the head only hairy at the top, and the hinder ocelli are

separated by a greater distance from the eyes.

Black: the prothorax, the base of the mesonotum, and

the third and fourth abdominal segments covered densely

with orange pubescence; the top and sides of the median

segment, the sides and apex of the basal abdominal, and the

first to the fourth ventral segments, the sternum, and the

legs, densely covered with a greyish pruinose pubescence.

The wings smoky, with a cloud before the transverse basal

nervure, one in front of it, and the apex milky hyaline.

Antenne short, black ; the apex of the scape, the second

joint, and the base of the third rufous; the flagellum covered

with a microscopic down. Head shining, impunctate; the

vertex behind the ocelli densely covered with golden pubes-

cence ; the hinder ocelli separated by a much greater distance

from the eyes than they are from each other. The black

central part of the thorax has a slight violaceous tinge. The

sternum, the sides of the pleuree above it, and the metapleurz

densely covered with a greyish pile. The apex of the median

segment black, slightly excavated, the sides with some stout

transverse striolations. The first and third transverse cubital

nervures are roundly curved, the second straight and hardly

oblique; the first recurrent nervure is received in the apical

third, the second almost in the centre of the cellule.

A second specimen, from Iguala in Guerrero (/7ége), no

doubt belongs to the same species; it has the pile on the

thorax and head deep orange, this being also the case with

that on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments, the sides of

the pleurze entirely covered with a grey pubescence, and,

apparently, the abdomen is a little longer compared to the

length of the thorax ; it is also smaller.

Pompilus idris, sp. n.

Long. 8 millim. 9.

Hab. Mexico, Atoyac in Vera Cruz (ZZ. HL. Smith).

27%

376 Mr. P. Cameron on new Species of

Black ; two large marks on the side of the second abdo-

minal segment and the fourth and fifth entirely dull orange-

yellow ; the wings smoky, the base, apex, and a cloud behind

the stigma whitish hyaline.

Antenne short, thick, covered with an obscure microscopic

pile, the base and apex of the scape piceous beneath. The

apical half of the mandibles piceous. Above the antennz

the head is densely covered with golden pubescence, barer in

the middle, but this may be owing to it having been rubbed

off. The eyes curved, slightly converging towards the bottom.

The hinder ocelli are separated from each other by the same

distance they are from the eyes. The yellow-golden pile on

the mesonotum extends to the base of the scutellum; in front

the mesonotum is much barer, probably through being rubbed.

The scutellum is covered with a dull brownish down. ‘The

median segment is clothed with a short pale golden pubes-

cence, especially on the middle above; behind, it is hollowed

slightly and in the middle is not so thickly haired as on the

sides. ‘lhe pro- and metapleure are covered closely with a

short, the mesopleure with a still shorter, pale golden pubes-

cence. Abdomen shining, pruinose; the marks on the second

segment are at the base at the sides and extend to the

middle; the fourth and fifth segments are only orange-yellow

above ; the base of the sixth segment is orange in the middle.

The femora and tibiz are densely pruinose, appearing greyish ;

the tarsi are bare. The recurrent nervures curve towards

each other above, the first having a broader curve; the third

transverse cubital nervure is obliterated entirely, but both the

recurrent nervures are present, the first being received shortly

before the middle of the cellule.

Near P. pictus, Kohl.

Fam. Mutillide.

SPHZROPHTHALMA, Blake.

Spherophthalma posticata, sp. n.

Long. 11 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Chilpancingo in Guerrero (//ége).

Allied to S. pallene, Cam., from Durango, but differing

from it in having the black on the anterior part of the abdo-

men not continuous at the base, the black being triangularly

narrowed in front and produced into a sharp point (instead of

being incised) at the apex. ‘The shape of the abdominal

black mark is very like that of S. toluca, Blake, but that

species differs from the present insect in many other respects.

Hymenoptera from Central America. od

Head a little narrower than the mesothorax, densely

covered all over with long pale fulvous hair; black, below

the eye largely rufous ; the mandibles black, sparsely covered

with pale hair. The thorax above broadly black, the black

at the apex rounded. The median segment with an oblique

slope ; the pleure black, coarsely punctured, sparsely covered

with long pale fulvous hair. The basal segment of the

abdomen black, covered with long pale hair. ‘The base of the

second segment is black, with two pale orange marks, one on

either side, the black band between them being broadly trian-

gular in the middle; at the apex in the middle the black also

projects a little; the apex of the second segment is broadly

black at the side, the extreme apex in the middle being only

narrowly banded with black; the third segment is broadly

black at the sides. The ventral segments are covered

densely with pale hair; the apices of the segments narrowly

black. Legs black, densely covered with long white hairs.

Spherophthalma latebalteata, sp. n.

Ochracea, abdominis basi medioque late nigro-balteatis ; pedibus

nigris, longe albo-pilosis.

Long. 12 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Cordova and Jalapa in Vera Cruz (Hége).

Head distinctly narrower than the mesothorax, densely

covered with long fulvous hair; the part behind the head

roundly narrowed; the mandibles black, slightly rufous

towards the middle; the antennal tubercles rufous at the

apex. The antenne black; the scape bearing long silvery

hair, the flagellum with an obscure pale down. ‘The thorax

obliquely narrowed from the middle; above thickly covered

with reddish-fulvous hair; the apex oblique, bearing large

round deep punctures, and sparsely covered with long

whitish hairs; the mesopleure coarsely punctured, sparsely

covered with long whitish hair. The base of the abdomen

bears long whitish hairs; the second segment with pale

fulvous hair, the base broadly black, the base of the fulvous

part roundly incised; the third and fourth segments covered

all over with pale fulvous hair; the pygidial area black, the

base and sides bearing long pale fulvous hair, longitudinally

striolated. ‘The ventral segments black, fringed with long

pale fulvous hair, their apical half strongly punctiired, the

rest finely transversely striolated. Legs covered with long

pale hairs ; the spines black.

Agrees closely with S. connectens, Cam., from Chihuahua,

but larger and stouter, the abdomen more abruptly narrowed,

378 On new Hymenoptera from Central America.

more broadly black at the base, and with a broad black band

towards the apex, S. connectens having only the base black ;

the legs, too, are more strongly haired.

Spherophthalma chiron, sp. n.

Long. 18-20 millim.

Hab. Mexico, Venta de Zopilote (H. H. Smith), Acapulco

in Guerrero (/ége).

This species has the general coloration of S. artadne, Blake,

but it is much larger. From S. Cressoni, Blake, it may be

known by the central black mark on the base of the abdomen

being completely separated from the smaller lateral black

marks. In general coloration it agrees, too, with S. ravula,

Cam., but the head in that species is quite differently formed.

Head distinctly narrower than the thorax, covered with

pale golden pubescence, except on the oral region; the

mandibles black. Antenne black; the flagellum covered

with a pale pile. ‘Thorax narrowed abruptly behind and

rounded in front; black, a broad band of pale golden in the

middle above; the mesopleuree covered with short silvery

pubescence. The petiole covered with pale hairs. The

second abdominal segment fulvous in the centre; extending

from the base to near the middle is a black mark, longer than

broad, gradually and slightly dilated to the apex, which is

rounded ; the sides of the segment black to the apex, and in

their centre is a large black mark, rounded at the base, the

apex more oblique; the third and fourth dorsal segments

black, the black being at the base slightly oblique from the

centre ; the penultimate segment black at the sides; the pygi-

dium black. The third to the fifth ventral segments densely

covered with pale silvery hair; the last segments black.

Legs densely covered with silvery hair.

Spherophthalma myrmiciformis, sp. 0.

Pallide aureo-pilosa, antennis pedibusque nigris. 9°.

Long. fere 12 millim.

Hab. Panama, Bugaba (Champion).

This species bears a great resemblance to the not uncommon

Central-American ant Camponotus sericeiventris, amongst

specimens of which it was placed in the box when received

by me; but I know not if they are found together in nature.

The entire body covered with a silky depressed pale golden

pubescence, shining; the head rather closely covered with

On the Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 379

moderately long black hairs, the thorax and abdomen with

longer and more sparsely distributed hairs. Antenne black,

thick ; the scape covered with long black hairs, the flagellum

with a microscopic down. Head large, wider than the thorax,

developed behind the eyes to rather more than twice the length

of the eyes; the mandibles sericeous and bearing some long

black hairs. There is a black transverse band on the base

of the mesonotum, one down the centre of the median seg-

ment and a narrower one down each of its sides. Abdomen

not much longer than the thorax ; its petiole short, obliquely

raised from the bottom to the top. The ventral segments

clothed, like the dorsal, with pale golden pubescence. Legs

entirely black, sparsely clothed with longish black hairs.

S. myrmiciformis belongs to the group of S. ocyroe.

XXXV.—A Contribution to the Osteology of the Mesozoic

Amioid Fishes Caturus and Osteorachis. By A. SMITH

Woopwarb, F.L.S.

[Concluded from p. 297.}

II.— Osrroracuis Leepst, SP. N., FROM THE OXFORD CLAY

OF PETERBOROUGH.

The unique specimen of Osteorachis in the Leeds Collec-

tion (Brit. Mus. no. P. 8388) comprises the hinder portion of

the skull, fragments of the jaws, opercular apparatus, and

pectoral arch, and part of the vertebral column, all undoubt-

edly belonging to one and the same individual. It is of

interest not only on account of its gigantic size, but also as

being the first known example of the genus of Upper Jurassic

age. As its teeth are relatively larger and stouter than those

of the typical species (O. macrocephalus) from the Lower

Lias, while their enamelled apex seems to be shorter, the

species it represents is evidently new, and may be named

O. Leedsi, in honour of its discoverer. In the anterior half

of the dentary in the Oxfordian fossil the length occupied by

the bases of three consecutive teeth at least equals, and usually

exceeds, the depth of the bone bearing them; whereas in

O. macrocephalus the corresponding length is always less

than the depth of the bone.

The following are some of the principal measurements

obtainable :—

380 Mr. A. S. Woodward on the

‘Width Of ocetpitt: \. lon) ciety Sais oh mee me OO 0:20

Length from occiput to orbital rim........ 103, OLS

Maximum depth of hyomandibular............ 0:23

Width of upper end of ditto, about............ 0:09

Length of post-temporal ..............s0008 0:16

Depth) of supraclaviele. «51 <..«ya'o0n steele ae 0-20

Maximum width of ditto .... 3 Sc us- + <a pemenee 0:05

Cranium.

The cranium has lost the rostral region, and the floor of

the brain-case with the parasphenoid is broken into three

pieces separate from the main mass. The hinder portion of

the cranial roof is well-preserved and shown of two fifths the

natural size in Pl. X. fig. 1. The right post-temporal (p.t.)

and some of the vertebral elements (h.c., pl.c., n.) are crushed

upon the occiput, which is thus a little obscured; but the

characteristic narrow projecting portion of chondrocranium

beyond the roofing membrane-bones is conspicuous. ‘The

parietals (pa.) are remarkably unsymmetrical, that of the

right side being twice as broad as that of the left, and the

former exhibiting only a small antero-lateral point, while the

latter extends far forwards into the frontal by its corresponding

process. Except on their overlapped hinder border these

bones are entirely covered by a fine rugosity and tubercula-

tion, but without any traces of enamel. ‘The relatively large

frontals (/r.) are approximately equal in maximum width,

but that of the mght side is narrowed behind, and their

median suture is extremely wavy, with one large acute loba-

tion just behind the interorbital region, and numerous small

interdigitations in front, where the fossil is fragmentary and

then terminates. Posteriorly the ornamentation is a little

more sparse than that of the parietals, anteriorly it becomes

much coarser, and there is a tendency to radiation towards

the margin of the bone. The squamosals (sq.) are relatively

large and form a symmetrical pair, each gradually tapering

forwards as far as the exposed portion of the postfrontal

(pt.f.), and then rapidly terminating in an anterior acute

point. They are ornamented like the frontals, and exhibit

a conspicuous narrow smooth area, widest behind and tapering

forwards, close to the inner margin of the element. The

postfrontal ( pt.f.) is only exposed for a very small space on

each side, and appearances suggest that the cartilaginous

element itself is shown without any investing membrane-

bone. There are no marks of regularly disposed sensory

canals on any part of the roof.

The chondrocranium itself is imperfectly ossified, but when

Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 381

viewed from below in the fossil (Pl. X. fig. 1 a) some of its

characteristic features can be distinguished. The opisthotic

(op.o.) is a well-formed bone, with the usual large oval

foramen for the exit of the vagus nerve, and in front it

clearly articulates by a wavy suture with the equally well

ossified pro-otic (pr.o.), which is broken away anteriorly.

The postfrontal or sphenotie (pt.f) is also massive and

distinct, with a very well-defined hinder border for union

with the rest of the upper part of the otic capsule, which

seems to have remained unossified, as in Ama. There may

have been a granular calcification of the cartilage here, but

nothing more. ‘The ossifications and calcifications in the

interorbital region of the chondrocranium are almost entirely

broken away, but there are just traces of the interorbital

septum (s.), showing the anterior production of the cerebral

cavity for the passage of the olfactory nerves. On the left

side of the fossil there are also indications of a robust pre-

frontal or ecto-ethmoidal ossification.

The imperfect separated basicranial axis cannot be fitted to

the rest of the fossil, and the sutures between its component

elements are not distinguishable. The robust parasphenoid

is, indeed, firmly fused at least with the basioccipital. This

basal membrane-bone exhibits a slight cleft behind and is

expanded in front in the usual manner for squamous union

with the vomers ; it does not bear teeth, but there is an irre-

gular bony excrescence a little behind the middle, where

small teeth usually occur in allied fishes. The upper or

cerebral aspect of the specimen is interesting on account of

the configuration of the basioccipital. ‘This bone is not

curved upwards at the sides, but agrees exactly with the

corresponding element of Amza in displaying a conspicuous

median ridge, which looks like a distinct bone thrust into a

cleft.

Jaws, Facial and Opercular Bones.

The hyomandibular is preserved on both sides, and one

specimen is shown of two fifths the natural size from the

inner aspect in Pl. XI. fig. 1. The bone is slightly more

than twice as deep as its maximum width measured at the

process (p.) for the support of the operculum; it is much

laterally compressed, strengthened by a median longitudinal

thickening, and by another extending from this along the

base of the opercular process. ‘The upper end was evidently

capped with cartilage; the anterior margin, completely

preserved in the fossil, is gently excavated, and below the

opercular process behind there seems to have been an ex-

382 Mr. A. S. Woodward on the

tremely delicate wing of bone probably of the form indicated

by the dotted line in the figure. It is also interesting to

note that the bone is pierced by a short vertical canal exactly

as in Amia, the upper opening (/.) being on the inner, the

lower opening on the outer face. The quadrate of the left

side is nearly complete and is remarkable for the very large

size of the articulation for the mandible, which is much

elongated antero-posteriorly. The hinder margin is a little

curved outwards and thickened, and remains of a tuberculated

external plate are crushed upon this prominence. Of the

pterygo-palatine arcade only fragments are preserved ; but it

may be said that these laminar bones bear clustered patches

of teeth, which are small near the margin of the jaw and

become merely minute tubercles or granulations beyond.

One piece of bone, which seems to have been palatine, bears

an irregular cluster of teeth as large as those of the splenial.

The imperfect right maxilla (Pl. XI. fig. 2) shows that this

element is very long and narrow, the dentigerous border

being somewhat concavely arched and furnished with a single

close series of large teeth, which are largest in the middle of

the bone, and all seem to be approximately circular in trans-

verse section. ‘The outer face is very coarsely rugose and

seems to have formed a little parapet outside the bases of the

teeth, as indicated by a fragment behind, which is acciden-

tally ‘overlain by another piece of bone (2). There is some

indication of a surface of overlap for the supramaxilla. The

mandible is also remarkably long and slender, but is known

only by the portion of the left ramus shown of two fifths the

natural size from the outer and superior aspects in Pl. XI.

figs. 3, 3a. The dentary (d.) bears a single close series of

teeth still larger than those of the maxilla, but they are

unfortunately only indicated by their bases, which are ovoid

in shape, with the long axis coincident with that of the jaw.

The outer face of the bone is coarsely and irregularly rugose,

and its lower portion is a thin vertical lamina with an acute

inferior border. The splenial (sp/.) is comparatively robust

and forms a broad ledge on which small teeth are irregularly

clustered, but it is broken in front, and its precise extent is

unknown.

Very few traces of the cheek-plates remain, and nothing

is known of their arrangement. Like the other external

bones, all are destitute of “enamel on the tubercular or rugose

ornament. A fragment of the anterior border of the left

operculum is almost smooth, though with irregular surface.

Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 383

Dentition.

The teeth are all simple hollow cones, and the internal

cavity in the fossil is usually filled with calcite. They are

rounded in section, without any longitudinal keels, and the

slender apical portion alone is enamelled. ‘The apex is more

or less curved and usually marked only with very delicate

striz, though one splenial tooth is crimped in the lower part

of the enamel. The smooth brown base seems to have had a

relatively thin wall in the larger teeth, judging from fractures

by crushing, and one of the supposed palatine teeth shows a

natural indent of its outer face at the attached end. All the

teeth are fixed in shallow depressions and fused with the

supporting bone, and the only complete tooth of the maxillary

series seems to be worn (during the life of the animal) at the

apex. No successional teeth are observable.

Axial Skeleton of Trunk.

The vertebral column is represented by 12 of the pleuro-

centra, 15 of the hypocentra, and a few fragments of the

arches. As already mentioned, one pleurocentrum (pi.c.),

one hypocentrum (f.c.), and one neural-arch-shaped fragment

(n.) are crushed in the matrix at the occiput; the others are

all detached. A typical pleurocentrum is shown of two thirds

the natural size in end view and from the superior and lateral

aspects in Pl. XI. figs. 4, 4a, 46.

All the specimens are crushed and some much distorted,

but that here represented seems to retain approximately its

original form. It is not quite bilaterally symmetrical, one

side being longer than the other, and in this respect it differs

from the remainder of the series, which have a more regular

ficure. In end view five distinct facettes are observed. Be-

tween the two branches of the bone there is the smooth

saddle-shaped surface (not.) which would be directly in

contact with the persistent notochord; above this is a pair of

small ovoid facettes of finely granulated aspect (n.a.), to

support the basal segment of the neural arch, and each diver-

gent branch bears a great rugose flattened surface, which

would be apposed to the corresponding surface of the hypo-

centrum. When viewed from above (fig. 4a) the pair of

facettes for the support of the neural arch is seen to occur on

both ends of the bone, with a small intervening space, this

indicating that the arches alternated with the vertebral bodies

asin Amia. It is also noteworthy that a conspicuous little

boss of variable development projects trom the restricted area

between each pair of these neural tacettes. Inside view (fig. 46)

384 Mr. A. S. Woodward on the

the pleurocentrum appears as a very short bone tapering to

its pointed lower end. The hypocentra are larger and more

massive than the pleurocentra. A typical example from theab-

dominal region is shown of two thirds the natural size from the

anterior, inferior, and lateral aspects in Pl. XL. figs. 5, 5 a, 5d.

The smooth saddle-shaped surtace (not.) originally in contact

with the persistent notochord is again conspicuous, and the

great rugose surface on each branch of the bone resembles that

of the pleurocentrum which it meets. The stout lower portion

of the element is often a little distorted by crushing during

fossilization, but it always exhibits a pair of small rounded

depressions (#) in front and behind, as if they were facettes

for some relatively small intercalated parts which have disap-

peared. When viewed from below (fig. 5) a the hypocentrum

is seen to be flattened in the middle of the inferior face and

marked with a slit-like pair of longitudinal depressions, while

between this flattening and the transverse processes (#.) the

surface of the bone exhibits a slight concavity. ‘The processes,

seen also in side view (fig. 50, tr.), are very short and stout,

and there is always a small irregular bony boss (y) at their

base antero-inferiorly ; in the specimen figured they are placed

on the hinder half of the bone, the disposition of parts doubt-

less indicating that it belongs to the posterior abdominal

region. ‘The end of the lateral branch of the hypocentrum is

rather truncated than pointed (fig.5 6). Two detached hypo-

centra are exceptional in being much stouter in every way

than the others, and are remarkable as exhibiting a pair of

deep depressions in place of the usual transverse processes.

Comparison with the partially obscured example crushed

upon the back of the skull suggests that these belong to the

most anterior part of the vertebral column.

Among the remains of vertebral arches the only satisfactory

specimens are some detached bases of theneural elements. One

of these, imperfect at its upper end, is shown of two thirds the

natural size from the anterior and externo-lateral aspects in

Pl. XI. figs. 6, 6a, and the first figure is rendered more

instructive by an outline restoration of its fellow of the oppo-

site side. ‘lhe specimen obviously belongs to the abdominal

region. The bone is comparatively massive at the proximal

end, and shows very clearly the facettes (c) for articulation

with two contiguous pleurocentra, It meets its fellow of the

opposite side in another considerable articulation (a) above

the neural canal (n.c.), which is shown to have been re-

markably small, and there seems to have been even another

slight meeting below this canal. On the outer side of its

base the bone bears a prominent little boss (p.), which is

directed upwards and almost pointed.

Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 385

Appendicular Skeleton.

Of the appendicular skeleton scarcely any parts are pre-

served, but the right post-temporal and supraclavicle are

worthy of note. The post-temporal (Pl. X. fig. 1, p.¢.) agrees

in general characters with that of Am/a, exhibiting the down-

ward and forwardly directed process near the outer margin ;

but its hinder portion is relatively longer and narrower, with

an almost spatulate end. There is an irregular rugose and

tubercular ornament on its middle region. The supraclavicle

is truncated above, with a concave faceite about half its width.

It is a gently arched laminar bone, about four times as deep

as its maximum width, which is at the upper end. ‘There is

an irregular coarse rugosity on its exposed hinder half.

II].— OsrroraAcuis MACROCEPHALUS, FROM THE LOWER LIAS

or Lyme Reais.

The foregoing and other recent observations necessitate a

few supplementary remarks on the fine example of Ostzo-

rachis trom the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis originally

described by Davis under the name of Heterolepidotus grandis*.

This specimen has lately been acquired by the British Museum,

and its reference to the genus now under consideration can

thus be verified by direct comparison with the type specimens.

‘The imperfect cranium in this unique fossil (Brit. Mus.

no. P. 7797) is exposed from above, but the rostral end is

wanting and the anterior half of the frontals is shown only in

impression. ‘The whole is much fractured, and is merely of

interest as displaying the prominent tubercular ornament in

the hinder region and the extremely wavy suture between

the frontals where they begin to become smooth. The

squamosal is lost on the right side, so that the original figure

of Davis does not indicate the total width of the occiput.

The jaws and tacial bones are entirely wanting, and the

appearances described by Davis as “lower jaws 5 inches in

length” are better explained as a portion of clavicle crushed

upon the branchial apparatus. Nearly all the remains below

the skull, indeed, may be ascribed to the hyoid and branchial

arches. The branchial bars are delicate and covered with the

scattered gill-rakers in the form of minute enamelled denticles.

These are especially interesting as being often clustered on

* J. W. Davis, “On Heterolepidotus grandis, a Fossil Fish from the

Lias,” Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xviii. pp. 293-298, pl. vii. (1885).

See also A.S. Woodward, ‘On the Liassic Fish, Osteorachis macrv-

cephalus,” Geol. Mag. [4] vol. ii. pp. 204-206, pl. vii. fig. 10 (1895).

386 Mr. A. S. Woodward on the

little triangular plates of bone, much like those of Caturus

and Amza. In the description by Davis they are erroneously

ascribed to the jaws. Just below and behind the head

(scarcely indicated in Davis’s figure) there is a fragment of

the vertebral column clearly segmented into wedge-shaped

pleurocentra and hypocentra, and one of the latter displays

the short transverse process for the rib. ‘The remainder of

the axis is obscured by pyrites as far as the middle of the

tail, where the overlapping scales and crushing are also

detrimental to precise observation ; but the pleurocentral and

hypocentral ossifications in the hinder half of the tail are

either comparatively feeble or absent. ‘The upper caudal

lobe is atrophied as much as usual in the Protospondylic

fishes, and the caudal fin is quite normal. ‘The supposed

“second series of intermediate bones to which the fin-rays

are attached ” (Davis) are merely the short unjointed bases of

the rays themselves. ‘The fulcra on the upper caudal lobe

are also quite normal, the “five prong-like rootlets” depending

upon an error of interpretation. The well-preserved dorsal

fin seems to exhibit “ smaller intermediate” rays between its

principal rays as the result of a little distortion by crushing ;

the right and left halves of the rays in question are evidently

somewhat displaced, and that of the right side becomes ex-

posed in posterior view just behind its fellow of the left side.

‘This often happens in fossilized fishes. ‘The well-preserved

pelvic fin is interesting as showing for the first time in Osteo-

rachis the biserial character of its slender fulcra. ‘There are

remains of large finely ornamented post-clavicular plates, and

the characteristic squamation is very well preserved over the

greater part of the trunk.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PxiaTE VIII.

Fig. 1. Caturus, sp.; cranial roof, two thirds nat. size.—Oxford Clay ;

Christian Malford, Wiltshire. [B. M. no, 29049.]

Fig. 2. Caturus, sp.; anterior end of cranium, two thirds nat. size.—

Oxford Clay; Peterborough. [B. M. no. P. etal

Fig. 3. Caturus, sp.; head, right lateral aspect, two thirds nat. size.—

Ibid. [(B. M. no. P. 6907.)

Figs. 4, 4a. Caturus, sp.; right maxilla and palatine, outer and inferior

aspects, two thirds nat. size—Ibid. |B. M. no. P. 6910.)

Fig. 5. Caturus, sp.; portion of gill-arches, two thirds nat. size.—Ibid.

(B. M. no. P. 6906.)

a.o., antorbital; a.p., articular process of maxilla; ay., angular; dr.,

branchiostegal rays; c.o., circumorbital; d., dentary ; 7r., fron-

tal; gu., gular plate; m2., maxilla; na., nasal; oce., occipital

border; pa., parietal; pl., palatine; pmw., premaxilla; s.mz.,

Osteology of Caturus and Osteorachis. 387

supramaxilla; s.0., suborbitals; scl., sclerotic; sp.o., supra-

orbitals ; sg., squamosal ; ¢., bony tessere ; 2, dermal bone on

ethmoid.

Peatc TX,

Figs. 1, 1a. Caturus, sp.; suspensorium, mandibular, and hyoid arches,

outer and inner aspect, two thirds nat. size—Oxtord Clay ;

Peterborough. [B. M. no. P. 6901.]

Fig. 2. Hypohyal of same specimen.

Fig. 3. Gular plate of same specimen, imperfect behind.

Figs. 4, 4a, Nasal bones of same specimen, outer and inner aspects,

Figs. 5, 5a,56. Caturus, sp.; hypocentrum, anterior, lateral, and inferior

aspects, nat. size.—Ihbid.

ag., angular; ay., articulation of mandible; ¢.y., ceratohyal; ¢.0., cireum-

orbital ; cor., coronoid; d., dentary ; ecpt., ectopterygoid ; enpt.,

entopterygoid ; ep.hy., epihyal; g.r., gill-rakers; hm., byoman-

dibular; /.f., lower articular facette; p., process of hyoman-

dibular for operculum; p.op., preoperculum; quw., quadrate ;

spl., splenial.

PLATE X.

Figs. 1, 1a. Osteorachis Leedsi, sp. n.; hinder portion of cranium

superior and inferior aspects, two fifths nat. size.— Oxford,

Clay; Peterborough. [B. M. no. P. 8388.]

fr., frontal; f.c., hypocentrum ; n., neural arch; op.o., opisthotic; p.t.,

post-temporal ; pa., parietal; p/.c., pleurocentrum ; pr.o., pro-

otic; ptf, postirontal ; s., interorbital septum ; sq., squamosal.,

PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Osteorachis Leedsi, sp. n. ; hyomandibular of type specimen, inner

aspect, two fifths nat. size. f, foramen; p., process for support

of operculum.

Fig. 2. Right maxilla of same specimen, outer aspect, two fifths nat. size.

z, bone-fragment.

Figs. 3, 3a. Portion of left mandibular ramus of same specimen, outer

and oral aspects, two fifths nat. size. d.,dentary ; sp/., splenial.

Figs. 4,4 a, 46. Pleurocentrum of same specimen, anterior, superior, and

lateral aspects, two thirds nat. size. mot., surface for notochord ;

n.a., facette for neural arch.

Figs. 5,5a,5). Hypocentrum of same specimen, anterior, inferior, and

lateral aspects, two thirds nat. size. nct., surface for notochord ;

ir., transverse process ; x, depression ; y, bony prominence.

Fugs.6, 6a. Right half of neural arch of same specimen, anterior and

externo-lateral aspects, two thirds nat. size, the left half restored

in outline in fig. 6. a, median articulation; c, facettes for

pleurocentra; n.c., neural canal; p., prominence.

The numbers in square brackets refer to the Register of the Department

of Geology in the British Museum, where the original specimens are

preserved.

388 On a new Dormouse from Mashunaland.

XXXVI.—On a new Dormouse from Mashunaland.

By OLpFIELD T'HOMAS.

Mr. J. FFOLLIOTT DARLING, whose large collection of smail

mammals from Mazoe, Mashunaland, has just been described

by Mr. de Winton *, has, now that the war is over, recom-

menced work at Enkeldorn, halfway between Salisbury and

Buluwayo, whence he has sent to the National Museum a

further small consignment of mammals. Among these there

is one example of Herpestes caffer, one of Georychus Darlingt,

and one of. a dormouse which is clearly not the species he

sent from Mazoe, but a much larger and quite distinct one,

and which appears to be new. It may be called

Graphiurus platyops, sp. n.

Allied and fairly similar in external appearance to G.

murinus, but rather larger and with a more bushy tail, of

which the hairs are 25 to 28 millim. in length, and are brown,

broadly tipped with white. In other external characters,

colour, size and shape of ears, and character of fur, specimens

of G. murinus may be found quite to match the new form.

Skull distinguished from that of G. murinus, as from that

of every other known dormouse, by its remarkable flatness

and breadth, which give it a most peculiar aspect. 'The

flattening is most marked in the face, so that the vertical

height from the palate to the nasion, measured with sliding

calipers, is only 5°2 millim., as against 6°0 millim. in the

smaller G. murinus. This difference of nearly a millimetre

in height, combined with a greater breadth both of brain-case

and zygomatic spread, makes a very material difference in

the general aspect.

Looked at from above the muzzle appears broad and heavy,

especially across the lacrymal region; nasals long; inter-

orbital region narrow; brain-case broad and depressed ; ante-

orbital foramina widely open, molars small; palate ending

opposite the back of ™-%. Bulle low and flattened.

Dimensions of the type (an adult male), measured by the

collector in the flesh :—

Head and body 106 millim.; tail 69; hind foot 233;

ear 14°2.

Skull: basal length 26°63; basilar length from henselion

24-2; zygomatic breadth 17; nasals 13 x 3°6; interorbital

* P. Z. S. 1896, pp. 798-808.

Mrs. M. K. Thomas on Deridea, Westwood. 389

breadth 4-2; breadth of brain-case behind zygomata 14;

interparietal 8°8x 3:2; palate length from henselion 10;

diastema 7°7; length of upper molar series 3:1.

Hab. Enkeldorn, Mashunaland.

Type: B.M. no. 97. 2. 16. 2. Collected by J. ffolliott

Darling, Oct. 10, 1896, and presented by him to the British

Museum.

XXX VII.—Note on Deridea, Westwood (Lyttide), with the

Description of a new Species. By Mrs. M. K. THomas.

Derive was described by Westwood as a new genus, which

he referred with doubt to the family Helopide, probably

through a mistaken conclusion that the claws were simple.

Fairmaire *, in remarking on this, discusses the position that

ought to be assigned to the genus, and observes that at the

first glance it approaches Nemognatha, but differs by the

claws of the tarsi being simple, and considers therefore it

should be placed at the end of the Cantharidz, leading up to

the Gidemeride.

This is, however, an error on his part, as the claws really

are divided, although not pectinated, as in Nemognatha.

Furthermore, from a supposed resemblance to an insect he

terms Leptura tenuicollis, Fabr. (placed by Schénherr among

the Zonitide), he throws doubt on the validity of Deridea

curculionoides as a species. It is, however, quite different to

the specimen labelled (and apparently correctly) Zonitis

tenuicollis in Mr. Bates’s collection.

Deridea notata, sp. n.

Head glabrous, anteriorly black, posteriorly dark rufous-

coloured.

Antenne black, delicate, slender, not very long. The first

joint long, the second very short, the third equal to the first,

the remainder gradually diminishing in length.

Prothoraz bright rufous-coloured, elongated, widening

posteriorly, glabrous, thinly punctured; no median line ;

slightly pubescent, with sparse white or pale yellowish hairs.

Elytra finely punctured, shining, with pale yellow or white

pubescence ; nerves marked, entirely rufous-coloured, with

the exception of the posterior half of each elytron, along the

outer edge of which there is a narrow black band.

* Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1891, p. 266.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 28

390 Mr. W. L. Distant on

Underside and legs black, shining, pubescent, the abdo-

minal segments bright rufous. Legs pubescent, rufous ;

knees, trochanters, and tarsi infuscated ; claws reddish, divided,

but not pectinated.

Length 10, breadth 4 millim. :

Hab. WUahej, near Aden. Collected and presented by

Col. J. W. Yerbury.

This species differs from Deridea curculionoides chiefly in

its colouring (which is almost entirely rufous), in having no

median line down its prothorax, and in not being so glabrous,

but more pubescent.

There is a second specimen from the same locality in the

collection differing slightly from the type in the colouring of

the head and underside, which is entirely rufous, without

any black at all.

XXXVIII.—On a Collection of Heterocera made in the

Transvaal. By W. L. Distant.

Fam. Saturniide.

I obtained a very fair collection of these fine moths during

my last three years’ sojourn in the Transvaal, and my success

was principally owing to the electric lamps which now light

Pretoria, and did not do so when I first visited the country.

In fact, I think I may state that all my specimens of Satur-

niide were taken at light. These huge moths strike against

the glass and fall to the ground, when they may be picked up;

a net is seldom required, and specimens may often be taken

in the early morning which have not sufficiently recovered

from the collision of the previous night.

In the following enumeration I have only referred to the

specimens obtained in the ‘Transvaal, and have added notes

on variation and described two new species. Where not

otherwise specified, the captures were my own.

Species obtained in the Transvaal.

Epiphora mythimnia, Westw. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall and J. R.

Harrison).

Bunea angasana, Westw. Pretoria.

Gonimbrasia pygela, Druce. Pretoria.

Antherea arabella, Auriv. Pretoria, Middelburg.

arata, Westw. Barberton (J. R. Harrison).

cytherea, Fabr. Pretoria.

belina, Westw. Pretoria.

Heterocera from the Transvaal. 391

Antherea menippe, Westw. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall).

—— tyrrhea, Cram. Pretoria.

bracteata, sp.n. Pretoria.

Gynanisa maia, Klug. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria, Lydenburg.

Cirina forda, Westw. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

similis, sp. n. Pretoria.

Heniocha flarida, Butl. Pretoria.

—— dyops, Maass. & Weym. Pretoria.

Variation.

So great is the variation of markings in these moths that,

had I not possessed a reasonable series, I must have inevitably

either failed to identify some of the species, or have been

led to describe them as new. This variation consists prin-

cipally in the relative position of the transverse fascie to the

anterior wings (Antherwa) and the position of the ocellated

spot to the posterior wings (Bunea and Antherea). The

first is so strikingly dissimilar that had I not the same varia-

tion in two different species, I should have considered it of a

specific and not varietal character. It is also probably not a

case of seasonal dimorphism.

Bunea angasana.

Saturnia angasana, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1849, p. 52. n. 19;

Ang. Kaff, Ill. t. xxx. fig. 16 (1849).

This species is not unreasonably considered by Mr. Roth-

schild (Nov. Zool. vol. ii. p. 39) to be an aberration of

B. caffraria, Stoll. It is, however, in my experience the

only form in the Transvaal, where I have never met with

B. caffraria, which is common enough in the Cape Colony

and Natal. There can be no doubt as to the close alliance

of the two species(?), and breeding must decide the point.

All my specimens of B. angasana are also larger than

B. caffraria. In both forms or species (?) the usual position

of the ocellated spot on the posterior wings is in more or less

connexion with the outer transverse fascia. In one of my

specimens of &. angasana the spot holds a discal or central

position.

Gonimbrasia pygela.

Bunea pygela, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 409, t. xxxviii.

fig. 1.

Mr. Druce’s description and figure are evidently taken from

a somewhat rubbed specimen. In fresh examples the whole

surface of the anterior wings is bright pinkish brown, save

the outer margins, which are indistinctly violaceous. The

28*

392 Mr. W. L. Distant on

posterior wings are very bright orange-yellow, the outer

margin pale violaceous, with the fringe pink. .

Antherea menippe.

Saturnia menippe, Westw. Proc. Zool,.Soc. Lond. 1849, p. 43. n. 6,

t. ix. fig. 2.

Mr. Rothschild (7. c. p. 43) has described a form of this

species from Taveta as A. (N.) menippe fumosa, subsp. nov., in

which the colour is ‘‘ smoky brown all over, instead of dull

crimson.” In Barberton specimens taken at the same time

the outer margins of the wings are either pale ochraceous or

smoky brown.

Antherea belina.

5 ale belina, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1849, p. 41. n. 4, t. viii.

g. 2.

This species is evidently of a most variable character.

Mr. Rothschild (7. c. p. 42) has included the form A. (N.)

Huebneri, Kirby, as a synonym, and I should have considered

the large male, I now describe as a variety, rather as possessing

all the characters of a distinct species, had not a similar

aberration occurred with A. cytherea.

Var. a (¢).—Larger than the ordinary form, of which I

obtained examples at Pretoria. Anterior wings with the

transverse fasciee much wider apart. Posterior wings with

the ocellated spot on disk, and somewhat widely separated

from the submarginal fascia.

This cannot be considered a seasonal form, having been

taken at Pretoria in November, and the normal form of the

species on the 30th October.

Antherea cytherea.

Bombyx cytherea, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 557. n. 5 (1775).

This variable species, not included in Mr. Rothschild’s list

of species of the genus (Nudaurelia, Rothsch.), is well known

to vary greatly in hue, as a long series now before me amply

testifies. From Pretoria I obtained normal specimens, but

also a very large male exhibiting the aberration described in

the last species.

Var. a (g).—Much larger in size than ordinary forms of

the same sex. Anterior wings with the transverse fascia

very much wider apart. Posterior wings with the ocellated

spot more removed from the submarginal transverse fascia.

Taken with typical forms in February at Pretoria.

Heterocera from the Transvaal. 393

Antherea bracteata, sp. n.

Wings, body above and beneath, and legs bright golden

yellow ; antennz brownish ochraceous, with the apical joints

(excluding extreme apex) blackish.

Anterior wings at about one fourth from base crossed by a

single waved, transverse, plumbeous fascia, a similarly

coloured but more pronounced transverse fascia at about one

third from outer margin, and faint indications of a similar

submarginal fascia. At end of cell are faint indications of a

bright ocellated spot beneath.

Posterior wings with a large ocellated spot at end of cell,

plumbeous, with a small grey centre and a bright black outer

margin, and with two plumbeous outer transverse fasciaa—

one submarginal and the other at about one fourth from

margin.

Wings beneath with the fascie almost obliterated ; ante-

rior wings with a bright black ocellated spot centred with

greyish at end of cell, and posterior wings with the spot

above almost obliterated beneath.

Exp., ¢ 135 millim.

Hab. ‘Transvaal, Pretoria (Distant).

This species, which seems to be nearest to A. (Nudaurelia)

aurantiaca, Rothsch., is not only very distinct in coloration

and markings, but has the peculiarity in the ocellated spots,

that in the anterior wings they are very distinct beneath and

almost obliterated above, while in the posterior wings the

process is reversed, being brightly pronounced above and very

indistinct beneath.

Cirina similis, sp. n.

Closely allied to C. forda, Westw., but differing structurally

by the larger size of both sexes, and by the females showing

no angulation on the posterior margin of the hind wings,

which is plainly seen in C. forda ?. Other differences are

found in the ocellated spot of the posterior wings being much

more discal and therefore less contiguous to the . transverse

fascia.

Exp., ¢ 117, ? 110-128 millim.

Hab. Transvaal, Pretoria (Distant).

I took both this species and C. forda in Pretoria, and,

allowing for all the undoubted variation in Saturniide, am

compelled to separate them specifically.

The British Museum possesses a female specimen from

Gambia.

394 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on new Hymenoptera

FHleniocha dyops.

Saturnia dyops, Maass. & Weym. Beitr. Schmett. i. fig. 21 (1872).

I acquired a fair series of specimens of this species at

Pretoria, and found it to be very variable in markings. One

specimen agrees with the typical figure in having the ocellated

spot of the anterior wings connected with the transverse fascia ;

in all other specimens they are more or less widely separated.

The discal spot to the posterior wings is sometimes very

distinct, or absent on one wing, or totally wanting on both ;

the inner transverse fascia to the same wings is either com-

plete or sometimes abbreviated.

I have not seen the type of H. marnois, Rogenh., but from

the description think it is but a varietal form of H. dyops ;

and as Mr. Rothschild is inclined to unite Rogenhofer’s

species with H. bioculata, Auriv., there must, if my surmise

is correct, be considerable synonymy among the species of the

genus.

XXXIX.— Contributions from the New Mexico Biological

Station.—V. Some new Hymenoptera from the Mesilla

Valley, New Mexico. By T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Apidz.

Centris cesalpinia, sp. n.

? .—Length 15-18 millim.

Black ; head and thorax with pale ochraceous pubescence,

short and very dense on thorax, clypeus and sides of front

bare. Eyes, clypeus, labrum, and basal three fifths of

mandibles crimson. Clypeus shining, very sparsely pune-

tured. Mandibles truncate at tips and with four denticles,

alternating large and small, on inner side. Some very long

hairs spring from near the base of the mandibles beneath.

Antenne black, the end of the scape slightly tinged with

rufous. Front very broad, inner orbits parallel. Tegule

whitish. Wings smoky hyaline, nervures and stigma fus-

cous, third submarginal cell narrowed more than half to

marginal, no distinct stump of a nervure springing from lower

outer corner of third submarginal. Legs black or dark

piceous, with black pubescence, and more or less pale

brownish pubescence on the four anterior legs; hind tibiz

and basal joint of tarsi broadly dilated, with dense black

hairs. Claws large, rufous at base, seeming to be entire, but

rom the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. 395

when seen from above a small denticle is visible on the inner

side. Abdomen almost bare, what little pubescence there is

is black, except some pale pubescence at base of first segment.

Apex witb very dark blackish-brown hairs. Pygidium

rufescent at base, narrow at end, longitudinally sulcate on

each side.

¢ .—Length 16 millim.

Eyes olive-green; clypeus and labrum bright lemon-

yellow ; scape wholly dark; mandibles dark reddish brown,

with black tips; claw-jomts rufous; legs with more pale

pubescence ; hind femora broad, the pubescence without pale,

except at end. Apex of abdomen with pale hairs.

Var. nov. rhodopus.

? .—Length 12-134 millim.

Scape rufous in front ; mandibles sharp at tip; femora and

tibia rufous. Segments 2 and 3 of abdomen with narrow

lateral pale hair-bands on hind margin.

6 -—Length 113-123 millim.

Scape yellow in front. Mandibles more or less yellow

without. A small yellow spot on each side between clypeus

and orbital margin. Legs more or less rufous. Hind

femora with the long hairs on outer side white, strongly

contrasting with the spreading black hairs of the first tarsal

joint. First segment of abdomen covered with pale almost

silvery pubescence. Segments 2 to 4 with lateral apical

white bands, that on 2 becoming very broad at the side.

Wings clear.

Hab. Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. A typical female was

taken by the late Mr. S. Steel at Las Cruces, May 17, some

years ago. This year, on May 18, I caught on the College

Farm, at flowers of Casalpinia falcaria,3 2,1 @ of the

type, and 2 9, 2 ¢ of the var. rhodopus. It is probable

that the var. rhodopus represents a distinct species.

Centris Hoffmanseggia, sp. n.

¢ .—Length 12 millim.

Black, with white pubescence, that on thorax above tinged

with ochraceous. Eyes greyish, front narrow, hardly as

broad as an eye, scape wholly black; clypeus, a line above

transversely, labrum, and basal portion of mandibles yellowish

white. Mandibles rufous at the junction of the white with

the black ends; a strong inner denticle. Clypeus bare, with

sparse shallow punctures. Pubescence of thorax dense.

Tegule reddish testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures and

396 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on new Hymenopiera

stigma piceous. ‘Third submarginal narrowed about one

half to marginal. A dark shade looking like a stump of a

nervure at lower outer corner of third submarginal. Pubes-

cence of legs wholly pale, hind legs not dilated, the white

hairs long on outer side, but not forming a broad dense mat,

as in other species. Claw-joints and basal half of claws

rufous. Claws deeply bifid. Abdomen with short greyish-

white pubescence, tolerably dense on first two segments, sparse

on the others, giving way to fuscous on 4 and 5, but the

hind margins with narrow thin white hair-bands. Apex

with white hairs.

9 .—Length 12-14 millim.

Very much like the female of cesalpinie, with the same

broad black brush of hairs on the hind legs, the same black

abdomen, &c. ‘The thoracic pubescence averages paler than

in casalpinie. Eyes grey. Clypeus and labrum dull

orange-yellow, the upper corners of the clypeus more or less

black, frequently the whole upper margin of the clypeus

broadly black. Scape wholly black. Mandibles rufous, with

black ends and base. Pubescence of abdomen very sparse

and black, first segment sometimes with pale pubescence, but

never the second. Claws small, with a little tooth within.

Wings smoky hyaline. Front broad, inner orbits parallel.

Hab. College Farm, Mesilla Valley, N. M., at flowers of

Cesalpinia falcaria, May 18, 1896, 1 6,7 ¢.

I had at various times swept over the flowers of Cesalpinia

(Hofimanseggia) falcaria, var. stricta (Benth.), without getting

any bees, and had wondered why this was. But on May 18

I observed that they were indeed visited by bees of the genus

Centris, which were much too agile to be caught by sweeping.

The C. ceesalpinia, in its typical female, was especially hard

to catch, hovering over the flowers with a curious swinging

motion, darting away at the least alarm. It was interesting

to find several species of Cenéris, a neotropical genus with

only one hitherto recorded U.S. species, at flowers of Casal-

pinia, a typically tropical genus of plants.

When 1 came to arrange all the specimens of Centris

caught in the Mesilla Valley, 1 found 1 had four different

males and four different females, presumably belonging to

one another. ‘he females are much alike, but the males

present wider differences; and while | think I have the sexes

properly associated, it must be admitted that there is a certain

probability of error. Three of the forms—cesalpinie, rhodo-

pus, and Hoffmanseggia—are described above. ‘The fourth is

C. lanosa, Cresson, originally described in 1872 from three

males caught by Belfrage in Texas. Cresson’s description is

from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. 397

inadequate, but I have a male from Las Cruces collected by

Prof. C. H. T. Townsend, and identified as /anosa by Mr. Fox.

I also have a male of the same collected by Mr. Alfred Holt

on the College Farm, May 2, 1895. I associate with these

male danosa tour females—one on Cesalpinia falcaria, May 18,

1896 (Ckil.), two on mesquite, May 13, 1895 (Alfred Holt),

and one caught on May 17 by the late Mr. S. Steel, all from

the Mesilla Valley.

The following notes on danosa will be found useful :—

Centris lanosa, Cr.

$ .—This resembles the male of cesalpinie, var. rhodopus,

in size, general structure, and appearance, and differs at a

glance trom the male of Hoffmanseggie ; but it is distin-

guished at once from cesalpinie or its var. rhodopus by its

narrow front, in which character it is like the male of Hof-

manseggie. ‘lle clypeus is yellow and the eyes are green,

as in rhodopus, but the clypeus is necessarily narrower, owing

to the shape of the face. The first segment of the abdomen

is covered with pale hairs, but the other segments show no

pale hair-bands. The hairs at the tip of the abdomen are

dark or, at most, slightly pallid, not conspicuously pale as in

cesalpinie and rhodopus. The scape in my examples is

dark, though Cresson’s description reads otherwise.

@ .—I had mixed what I now consider to be female lanosa

with female Hoffmanseggie, and probably would not have

separated them but for the necessity of tinding females for

the very different males of these species. The female lanosa,

however, average decidedly larger than the Hoffmanseggie,

and the second abdominal segment, as well as the first, is

delicately pruinose. ‘The claws also are noticeably larger and

the black upper margin of the clypeus is broader, so that the

yellow or orange is reduced to the shape of a half-circle.

The following tables may be found convenient :—

Females.

ig OCHe EREMISON?. ics. ¢ saiesis ae « 3. «aie Aeiealata gies 1

Clypeus yellow or orange, its upper border more

PRPS CBAD A eras cain Ae * «9's aie 4 wala ste ea 2.

1, Length over 14 millim. ; legs black ...... cesalpinie, Ckll.

Length under 14 millim.; femora and tibize

TORE EIB fig cass ohn 6.5 913.976 « «kids alee Ee rhodopus, Ckll,

2. Second abdominal segment pubescent ...... lanosa, Cr.

Second abdominal segment bare .......... Hoffmanseggia, Ckll.

Males.

URIS NOHO city sis hy os haie's so sss 42 na cinerea J

398 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on new Hymenoptera

1. Length over 14 millim.; scape without

WELL OW,. sina se i's obs $1 RE ee oe cesalpinia, Cll.

Length under 14 millim.; scape yellow in

ITOUY © 550 5s,0 one ee ae ee rhodopus, Cxll.

2, Abdomen with narrow hair-bands; clypeus

yellowish: whiter si) JN ive .. Hoffmanseggia, Cx.

Abdomen without hair-bands; clypeus

lomon-yellow 55. gainjaiaie se & «tts ele ties lanosa, Cr.

Mr. Fox has suggesed (Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1893, p. 22)

that lanosa is very likely identical with mexicana, Smith.

C. mexicana was described from a female, which is at all

events quite different from that which I have here referred to

lanosa. I am much indebted to Mr. L. O. Howard for

sending me copies of a number cf descriptions of Centris

to which I had not access.

Perdita perpulchra, Ckll., 1896.

This species was described from the female only. The

male is new. It is slightly smaller than the female, and the

light markings are all lemon-yellow. The face is all yellow

beneath the level of the antenne, except the usual clypeal

dots and a little black round the dog-ear marks; supra-

clypeal mark much broader than long, extending only as far

as lower level of antennal sockets, while the lateral marks

end broadly at the higher level. Cheeks unarmed. Eyes

sage-green. Scape wholly yellow. Prothorax with less

pale colour, but the hind margin continuously yellow. Meta-

thorax bluer. Hind femora black above, except terminal

fourth. First segment of abdomen with more black ; bands

on remaining segments reduced, more or less broken into

spots. Apex yellow, inclining to orange. Venter yellow,

with a series of transverse black patches.

Hab. College Campus, Mesilla Valley, N. M.,. on Verbe-

sina encelioides, Sept. 16, 1895 (Miss MacGilmore).

In my key to the species of Perdita (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Philad. 1896, p. 48) this will fall in with spheralcee g,

from which it is readily distinguished thus :—

Stigma margined with brown; venter of abdomen im-

mutilate m middle |, swiss aks + «saemaey este ee etme = spheraleee ¢.

Stigma pale orange, not margined with brown; venter

with a series of large black patches down the middle. perpulchra ¢.

Perdita erigeronis, sp. n.

¢ .—Length 43 millim.

Head tolerably large, cheeks unarmed, bearded with white

from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. 399

hairs; colour of head dark green, face below antenne wholly

bright lemon-yellow, the yellow sending a short rather broad

projection upwards in the median line, and laterally extending

to the same level on the orbital margin, just to the lower end

of the anteorbital pit, broadly, obliquely truncate as in affinis.

A small projection passes from the lateral marks over the

bases of the antenne. Cheeks dark, but a narrow yellow

stripe passes halfway up the orbital margin. Vertex very

distinctly granular. Scape yellow, with a black stripe above ;

funicle yellow below, black above; flagellum dark brown,

more or less yellow beneath. Thorax dark green, minutely

sculptured and rather dull; metathorax dark blue. The

metathorax may be also green, but then of a bluer green

than the mesothorax. ‘The pleura may become bluish.

Mesothorax with sparse punctures, parapsidal grooves

distinct. Pubescence of thorax sparse, tinged with ochreous

on dorsum. Legs black; knees, stripe on anterior femora,

anterior and middle tibize and tarsi in front yellow. ‘Tubercles

and two patches on hind border of prothorax yellow. Pleura

wholly dark. Wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and

stigma dark sepia-brown; stigma hyaline in middle, third

discoidal cell distinct ; marginal cell appendiculate, its post-

stigmatal portion about as long as the substigmatal; second

submarginal narrowed about half to marginal. Abdomen

piceous, with bright yellow clean-cut bands, interrupted in

the middle, on the first three segments. The degree of

interruption is variable and the band on the third segment

may be reduced to two narrow stripes. Extreme tip of

abdomen orange-brown. Venter dark.

Hab. Three males on flowers of Erigeron divergens (det.

E. O. Wooton) at the Woodlands Orchard, Mesilla, N. M.,

May 9, 1896.

This greatly resembles the male of P. afinis, but is smaller

and undoubtedly distinct. I am now persuaded that what I

considered to be the male of P. rectangulata really belongs

to affinis. P. erigeronis also resembles P. fallax, but that

has white abdominal marks. It is, moreover, a vernal species,

while fallax, affinis, and other allied forms are autumnal.

On the Hrigeron, at the same place and time, I took one

Augochlora pura, Say, ?, and an Halictus.

Podalirius Lesquerelle, sp. n.

3 -—Length about 14 millim. ; width of abdomen 5 millim.;

length of anterior wing 84 millim.

Stoutly built, black, the pubescence short, close, delicate

400 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on new Hymenoptera

grey, tinged with ochraceous on the metathorax, white on

the face and underside of body. Clypeus except its lower

margin, labrum except its lower margin, and lateral face-

marks primrose-yellow. Lateral marks triangular, rapidiy

narrowing above on orbital margin. Anterior edge of. labrum

with a small round notch. Pubescence of face dense. Man-

dibles wholly black, with a large denticle on the inner side.

Antenne black, scape chrome-yellow in front, first joint of

flagellum very long. Eyes olive-green. Thorax densely

pubescent, scattered black hairs mixed with the pale ones, as

is also the case on vertex. ‘Tibiz and tarsi grey pubescent

on outer side; hind femora with long hairs, black and white

intermixed. Last joint of middle tarsus with a very broad

brush of black hairs on each side, the outline of the two

brushes together making about a circle. Claws rufous, with

black ends, deeply cleft. Tegule piceous; wings hyaline,

marginal cell appendiculate. Abdomen with the first segment

densely pubescent, the others with only short bristles, which

do not conceal the surface. Hind margins of second and

following segments narrowly testaceous. Apex truncate,

very broadly and shallowly emarginate. Ventral segments

with thin bands of white hairs.

Hab. Little Mountain, Mesilla Valley, N. M., three on

flowers of Lesquerella Fendleri, April 1, 1895 (Jessie Casad) ;

College Farm, Mesilla Valley, one on Lycium, April 16,

1895 (Jessie Casad).

Of the species found in the Mesilla Valley this most

resembles 4. (P.) urbana, Cr., which I have taken on Solanum

at Las Cruces, July 13, the specimen having been determined

by Mr. Fox. It is distinguished at once from urbana, how-

ever, by the black brush on the middle tarsi. It agrees with

nothing in Dours’s monograph, but is evidently close to

Anthophora Crotchit, Cresson, from which it differs by its

dark mandibles, colour of pubescence, &e. .

Alcidamea biscutelle, sp. n.

é.—Length about 13 millim.

Rather stoutly built; in size, colour, pubescence, and

general appearance much like Andrena electrina, which

occurs in the same vicinity. Black, pubescent, the pubes-

cence white, becoming mouse-grey on dorsum. Head some-

what broader than long, face covered with long silky white

hairs, which radiate from the centre; vertex sparsely hairy

in middle, bare at sides, shining, strongly punctured; man-

dibles black ; antenne black, scape gradually broadening to

from the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. 401

the end, flagellum not so stout proportionately as in A. pro-

ducta, last joint coming to a curved point, all the joints flat-

tened. Cheeks and occiput quite hairy, occipital hairs

greyish. Dorsum of thorax with erect, rather thin grey

pubescence; mesothorax and scutellum shining, strongly

punctured. Metathorax smooth and shining at base; pleura

with long white hairs. Legs black, with white hairs. Claws

rufous, with black tips, which are bifid, the inner denticle

being shortest. Tegule shining piceous; extreme base of

wings rufescent. Wings hyaline, marginal cell and outer

margin broadly smoky. Nervures and stigma piceous,

second submarginal cell very long. Marginal cell more

pointed than in A. producta. Abdomen strongly punctured,

black, with thin greyish-white pubescence, hind margins of

segments with narrow continuous white hair-bands. Hind

margin of fifth ventral segment excavated roundly, with a

broad conspicuous brush of appressed tawny hairs, ‘Tip of

abdomen strongly tridentate, the teeth widely separated, the

middle one longest and narrowest, the lateral ones obliquely

truncate. The lateral teeth are much more developed than in

A. producta.

Hab. Close to the Agricultural College, Mesilla Valley,

N. M., on Biscutella Wislizenit, April 20, 1896 (Prof. E. O.

Wooton).

A very distinct species, much larger than A. producta,

which it most nearly resembles in the apex of the abdomen.

Chrysidide.

Chrysis bigelovice, sp. n.

Length about 5 millim.

Deep blue, with green reflections ; occiput, anterior margin

of mesothorax, postscutellum, metathorax, and margins of

abdominal segments more or less purple. Punctures large

and close, somewhat smaller on abdomen than on thorax.

Basin of face minutely punctured ; sides of face and a trans-

verse patch above the antenne with glittering white pubes-

cence. A transverse carina on front, somewhat angled in the

middle. No tubercles on vertex. Scape and funicle green ;

flagellum piceous, the first three joints white beneath, with

short silvery pubescence. Parapsidal grooves strongly

curved. Lateral tooth of metathorax long. 'Tegule with an

elongate white patch. Wings hyaline, nervures piceous.

Knees, bases of tibia, and tarsi more or less white, nearly

the basal half of hind tibie white, terminal joints of tarsi

402 On new Hymenoptera from the Mesilla Valley.

fuscous. Abdomen with only the faintest indication of a

median ridge on second segment; covered bases of segments

black. Margin of third segment strongly bidentate, the

notch between the teeth broad and deep, the teeth large, the

margin beyond them gently curved, nearly straight, not

angled, narrowly white. Pits about sixteen in number.

Hab. Las Cruces, New Mexico, on Bigelovia Wrighiit,

Sept. 23, 1895.

Structurally this is almost exactly like C. mesille, but it

shows none of the crimson colour of that insect, and the para-

psidal grooves of mesille are almost straight. It resembles

also C. perpulchra, Cr., but that has the basin of face cross-

striated, and C. quadrituberculata, Cam., but that has

tubercles on the vertex.

Pemphredonide.

Ammoplanus salicis, sp. n.

2? .—Length about 43 millim.

Shining black, naked, with brilliant silvery pubescence on

face and cheeks and very sparse short pubescence on pleura

and abdomen. Head large, quadrate, broader than long.

Eyes converging below, front rather sparsely punctured,

median groove very distinct, scape yellow in front, funicle

yellow at extreme apex, flagellum piceous black. Anterior

median edge of clypeus broadly truncate, the truncation with

a notch on each side. Mandibles black at extreme base,

rufous at tips, otherwise white, with a conspicuous denticle on

the inner side, perhaps a little nearer to the base than the

apex. Mesothorax rather sparsely punctured, scutellum

obscurely punctured, tubercles with a yellow spot, basal

middle of metathorax smooth. Knees, anterior and middle

tibiz except a black stripe behind, basal two fifths of hind

tibia, and basal joints of tarsi cream-colour or very pale

yellow. Ends of tarsi rufescent. Tegule dark testaceous.

Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma black. Marginal cell

about or nearly as long as first (and only) submarginal, but

not so broad, its apex broadly truncate. Recurrent nervure

joining marginal cell at its middle. Abdomen rather small,

punctures minute and scattered, first segment smooth. Py-

gidium with strong sparse punctures.

Hab. Las Cruces, New Mexico, on Salix, May 2, 1896.

The silvery hairs of the face are broad and flattened,

representing the first advance towards plumosity. A smaller

species of Ammoplanus is found at Santa Fé.

On new Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 403

Chalcidide.

Spilochaleis mesille, sp. n.

2 .—Length about 7 millim. or slightly over.

Head and thorax bright yellow, marked with black and a

little rufous; first four legs yellow; abdomen (except the

yellow petiole) and hind legs bright orange-rufous. Head

with obscure shallow punctures ; thorax with large punctures,

largest and closest on scutellum, which becomes almost sub-

cancellate; mesonotum transversely striate, the strize much

stronger and amounting to grooves in the middle; scutellum

unarmed ; abdomen smooth and shining, hind femora duller

but smooth; petiole short, not half length of hind coxe;

hind femora with 16 minute teeth. Abdomen rather long,

pointed, exclusive of petiole about as long as head and thorax.

Antenne black, funicle rufescent, scape yellow in front;

occiput black, sending a black line forward between the ocelli

to enlarge to a broad black frontal band, extending down to

the antennal sockets. Mandibles bifid at apex, which is

black. Thorax with a black median band running its whole

length antero-posteriorly, pinched at hind margin of pro-

notum; on pronotum a little and on mesonotum in front

broadly bordered with rufous. ‘Thoracic sutures narrowly

black ; sides of metanotum with an elongate patch, black in

front, rufous behind; anterior part of pleura black; middle

coxe marked with piceous; hind coxee with a broad black

stripe on outer side; femoral teeth darkened, but no marks

on hind femora; abdomen immaculate, ovipositor slightly

projecting, black.

Hab. Las Cruces, N. M., near to the Agricultural College,

on Bahia or some similar Composite, Oct. 5, 1895.

A very pretty species.

XL.—Descriptions of further new Species of Butterflies from

the Pacific Islands. By H. Grose Smitu, B.A., F.G.S.,

F.Z.S.

Delias callistrate.

Male.—Upperside. Anterior wings white, with the apex

broadly greyish black, the black apical area extending from

the costa at one third from the apex, thence narrowing across

the disk to a little below the lowest median nervule on the

outer margin, base and costal margin narrowly grey; near

404 Mr. H. Grose Smith on new

the apex are two rather large white patches, with an indica-

tion of a smaller patch above and another below them. Pos-

terior wings with a marginal black band extending from the

anal angle to the lowest subcostal nervule.

Underside. Anterior wings white, with the costal and

apical areas more broadly black;; in the black apical area

are situate five spots, of which the three uppermost are yellow,

the two nearest the costa are oval, the second being the largest,

the third is more conical, the two lowest spots are nearer the

margin and whiter and smaller. Posterior wings bright yellow,

inclining to orange towards the anal angle, with the marginal

black band wider than on the upperside, in which are situate

five yellow subconical spots, the spot nearest the anal angle

almost obsolete and the spot nearest the apex merging into

the yellow area.

Female.— Upperside. Both wings white, with the black

costal and marginal bands much wider than in the male, and

on the anterior wings extending broadly along the outer

margin to the inner margin at about one fourth from the

outer angle; the white subapical patches on the anterior

wings as in the male.

Underside nearly as in the male, but all the spots are

yellow, with an additional spot in the black apical area of the

anterior wings, and on the posterior wings the yellow area

is shaded with white and the yellow spots are larger and more

conical.

Expanse of wings 24 inches.

Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek).

In the collections of the Hon. Walter Rothschild and

Mr. Grose Smith (types male and female).

Nearest to Delias Georgiana, Grose Smith, D. Jobiana,

Oberth., and D. sacha, Grose Smith.

Delias caliban.

Male.— Upperside does not differ from D. ladas, Grose

Smith.

Underside. Anterior wings differ from those of D. /adas in

the black area being more extended, only the basal two thirds

of the cell and the space below it to the inner margin being

white, the white area extending obliquely: over the lower part

of the disk, but ceasing on the inner margin before the outer

angle. Posterior wings black, with the basal third densely

irrorated with yellow scales from the costal margin at one third

from the base, thence transversely across the cell to the inner

margin a little above the anal angle; the yellow subapical

Butterflies from the Pacific Islands. 405

spots on both wings are almost identical with those on the

underside of D. ladas.

Expanse of wings 22 inches.

Hab. Fergusson Island (Meek).

In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

D. caliban is a much larger insect than D. ladas; the

irrorated yellow basal area on the underside of the posterior

wings is a very distinct feature, apart from other differences.

. Two examples were in the collection.

Delias maga.

Male.— Upperside. Anterior wings white, with costal

margin narrowly and apical third very broadly black, the

black area extending obliquely across the disk and narrowing

to below the lowest median nervule, thence becoming linear

to a little below the submedian nervure; two small clusters

of white scales a little before the apex. Posterior wings with

a black outer marginal band nearly three times as broad as

in D. mysis, Fabr., and other allied species or varieties.

Underside. Anterior wings with the black area as on the

upperside, in which a little before the apex is a row of five

spots, of which the three upper spots are the largest, situate

obliquely and coloured yellow; the two lower spots are

white and smaller and narrower; base tinged with yellow.

Posterior wings with a very broad marginal black band,

sinuate on its inner edge, and extending over the outer third,

in which is a row of seven contiguous red spots or lunules,

rather narrower than in J. mysis and D. lara, de Haan,

which traverses the black band at about one third from the

outer margin ; the basal half of the wings bright yellow, the

yellow area extending over the whole of the cell and below it

until reaching the black band.

Expanse of wings 23 inches.

Hab. Sud-Est, British New Guinea (Woodford).

In Mr. Grose Smith’s collection.

Closely allied to D. mysis, D. lara, and D. cruentata, Butl.,

but distinguished by the much broader black areas on both

sides of the wings.

Huphina leucophora.

Male.—Upperside. Both wings creamy white, with broad

black outer marginal bands. Anterior wings with the base

and costal margin dusted with grey scales; the apical third

and outer marginal area broadly black, having its inner edge

irregularly indented between the veins and being narrowest

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 29

406 On new Butterflies from the Pacific Islands.

at the outer angle ; in the middle of the black area is a row

of six white spots between the veins, the spot nearest the

costa linear, the second (which is the largest of the series)

and the third each bordered on the inner side by an elongate

streak of white scales; the three lowest spots are smaller.

The posterior wings are broadly’ bordered with black, in

which, between the lowest subcostal and discoidal nervules,

is a small patch of white scales near the inner edge of the

black border.

Underside. Anterior wings as on the upperside, but the

costal area is rather broadly brownish black and the base

tinged with yellow; the row of white spots of the upperside

is represented by the same number of spots, but they are

more uniform in size, and the three upper spots are yellow.

Posterior wings bright lemon-yellow, with a brownish-black

outer marginal band, broader than on the upperside, in the

middle of which is a series of indistinct yellow streaks or

spots; the inner edge of the black band is very irregularly

defined.

Female.— Upperside. Both wings purer white than in the

male, with the dark marginal areas broader and browner.

Anterior wings with the costa and basal third densely irro-

rated with grey scales, and three subapical white spots, of

which the middle spot is the largest and the uppermost nearly

obsolete. Posterior wings with the white area more or less

densely irrorated with grey scales, and a small cluster of

white scales above the discoidal nervule in the dark area.

Underside. Anterior wings with the series of yellow spots

before the apex larger, and the three lowest spots nearly

obsolete. Posterior wings pale yellow, with the veins crossing

the pale area white, and two yellow spots situate before the

apex in the dark area.

Expanse of wings 2} inches.

Hab. Kiriwini Island, Trobriands (Meek).

In the collections of Mr. Grose Smith and others.

Nearest to H. scyllara, Macleay, H. lanassa, Boisd., and

H. pallida, Grose Smith.

Hypolimnas pallas.

Male.— Upperside. Both wings brown. Anterior wings

crossed obliquely halfway between the end of the cell and

the apex by an obscure ferruginous band, commencing on the

costa and becoming obsolete between the two upper median

nervules some distance before reaching the outer margin; a

subapical oval white spot, bordered inwardly by an elongate

Col. C. Swinhoe on new Hastern Lepidoptera. 407

ferruginous streak extending nearly to the oblique ferru-

ginous band. Posterior wings with a broad fulvous sub-

marginal band across the disk, in which between the veins is

a row of black spots, some of which are centred by a minute

white spot.

Underside paler brown. Anterior wings with three spots

edged with black in the cell at its upperside, and an irregular

brownish-white streak a little beyond the end of the cell,

followed by an irregular triangular broad band of brownish

white, placed obliquely, the base of the triangle resting on

the costa and the apex, which is elongated outwardly, termi-

nating on the upper median nervule ; a pale brownish-white

patch a little before the apex; a row of seven black spots

centred with white crosses the disk beyond its middle, outside

which are two submarginal sinuate pale brown lines. _Poste-

rior wings closely resemble those of H. formosa, Her.-Schiiff.,

but the pale band, which crosses the disk of that species in

which the spots are situate, is more obscure.

Expanse of wings 34 inches.

Hab. New Hebrides.

In Mr. Grose Smith’s collection.

Nearest to H. formosa, but a much larger insect, and the

wings are more elongate.

XLI.—New Eastern Lepidoptera.

By Col. C. Swinuog, M.A., F.L.S.

Fam. Nymphalidae.

Neptis xenia, sp. n.

9. Upperside bright brownish black, markings ferrugi-

nous, both of the colour and shade in N. ananta, Moore.

Fore wing with the discoidal band narrower, its extremity

pointed, indistinctly divided by the discoidal veinlet, and with

a streak below its extremity as in N. radha, Moore; the

interrupted discal band with its upper portion asin N, ananta,

but narrower, its lower portion not macular, but in one almost

uninterrupted narrow band: hind wings with both bands

much narrower, the medial band recurved and angulated out-

wardly below the costa, followed by a pale indistinct band ;

the outer band is also somewhat recurved hindwards ; a pale

thin band is close outside the outward band on both wings,

and another similar indistinct thin submarginal band.

Underside very unlike N. ananta; the ground-colour of

408 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Lepidoptera.

the wings is dark ochreous brown, and the bands all more or

less dark rich ochreous. Fore wings with a subcostal streak

from the base; discoidal and discal bands as above and

double submarginal thin bands, the latter more grey than

ochreous: on the hind wings there are seven bands, all

ochreous, basal and subbasal, the medial as above, followed

by another broad though less prominently coloured band, an

outer band, and two submarginal bands—all these bands

being twice as broad as they are on the upperside.

Expanse of wings 2,45 inches.

Batchian,

Allied to N. neriphus, Hew.

Neptis quilta, sp. n.

3 °. Upperside olive-black, the veins outwardly lined

with brownish grey, the discoidal streak on fore wing, trans-

verse discal and submarginal bands on both wings as in

NN. amba, Moore, but all narrower and less prominent, those

of the male being more sullied white and of the female

olivescent white, the outer marginal lunular line brownish

grey.

Underside darker purpurescent brown than in NV. améa, all

the markings very similar, but comparatively narrower and

less prominent.

Expanse of wings, g 2y/5, ? 3 inches.

Cherra Punji.

‘The upperside has much the appearance of JV. nashona

Swinh., but that species is allied to N. cartica, Moore, an

is easily distinguished by the underside of the hind wings

possessing only one basal white band, whereas in N. quilta

and in NV. amba there is a basal as well as a subbasal white

band.

Eulepis sumbaensis, sp. n.

3 ?. Differs from 2. athamas, Drury, in the form of the

olivescent yellow patch or spot above the outer end of the

transverse band of the fore wings; in athamas it is obliquely

quadrate, sometimes nearly round and lies between veins 5

and 6; in this form there is another spot, wedge-shaped, with

its point outwards, in the interspace above, divided from the

lower spot by vein 6, and about half its size: on the hind

wings the submarginal white spots are much larger than in

athamas, and in place of the ochreous-red lunules that are

faintly distinguishable in some examples of that species close

to the outer margin is a band of orange-pink divided by the

Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Lepidoptera. 409

veins, and this colour runs down the centre of both tails,

replacing the blue streaks in athamas ; on the margin between

the first tail and the anal angle the band is nearly pure white.

The underside is much as in athamas, except for the double

spot on the fore wings.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 23%, 2 3-3y5 inches.

Waingapo.

No doubt a local form of E£. athamas, Drury. I have

received a good number of specimens, two of them being

females, from the same locality, and they do not differ in any

of these characters from each other.

Fam. Lycenide.

Rapala ranta, sp. n.

g. Above as in Rapala rectivitta, Moore,=R. buxaria,

de Nicév. The blue sheen on the fore wings runs below the

median vein nearly to the margin, and on the hind wings

from vein 2 to vein 6, but is not of so deep purple in colour

as in rectivitta ; the tail, anal lobe, and cilia are similar, the

anal lobe having a slight orange mark above the black spot

almost hidden by the grey hairs above it. On the underside

the coloration is paler than in rectivitta, with an ochreous

tint ; the discal lines are thin, well curved (outwardly), and

are outwardly edged with white, and the double lines at the

anal angle above the lobe are more widely separated and are

black with prominent white edgings; the tail-spot is small

and the anal lobe spot large, pure black. The wings are

broader, with the outer margins more rounded than in recti-

vitta, and the glandular patch of scales on the hind wing

above is ochreous grey and very prominent.

Expanse of wings 13 inch.

Jaintia Hills. Several examples.

Might be a varietal form of /. nissa, without the red patch

above, many male examples of nissa having no indication of

this patch ; but the sheen on the wings above is rich purple-

blue, not steel-blue, as is invariably the case in nissa, and the

thin outwardly curved transverse bands below are not repre-

sentative of any example of nissa that I have ever seen, and

I have one hundred and twenty-three with and without the

red patch in my collection.

Rapala buxaria, de Nicév., is undoubtedly the same as

R. rectivitta, Moore. I have Moore’s type of the latter now

before me, also many examoles from the Khasia Hills and

one from Bhutan. The sheen above is identical, the transverse

bands below are identically the same, but are not always ot

410 Col. C. Swinhoe on new Eastern Lepidoptera.

the same thickness; even the orange line on the inner side of

the anal lobe below is visible in Moore’s type, in the Bhutan

examples, and in some from the Khasia Hills, though not in

all. Mr. de Nicéville misidentified rectivitta (Butt. of India,

ill. p. 464), the type of which he had not seen, and compared

it with his Rapala tara and R. nissa, Kollar, neither of which

does it resemble.

Rapala testa, sp. n.

3. Wings above of a dull red colour, much the same as in

Rapala petostris, Hew. Fore wings with broad black marginal

band, as broad on the costa as it is in R. wenophon, Fabr.,

varying in the outer margin in the two male specimens before

me, one being broader than the other; narrow and diffuse on the

hinder margin: hind wings with the outer margin with a thin

black line; costal and abdominal marginal spaces suffused

with brown; anal lobe black, centred with pale pink ; tails

black, tipped with white; cilia red, but from the tail to the

lobe and around it the cilia are white, tipped with black.

Underside dull ochreous, the transverse lines as in FR. weno-

phon; the tail-spot black, without the inner orange mark,

anal lobe black, some white scales on a slate-coloured patch

between them; marginal line black, white on inner side;

cilia as above.

?. Brown above; anal lobe pale yellowish, with a black

inner spot and ringed with black; tails black, with white

tips; cilia as in the male. Underside as in the male, colour

brighter yellow ; cilia on both wings brown.

E:xpanse of wings 1,4, inch.

Jaintia Hills.

Nearest to Rapala laima, H. H. Druce, from Borneo.

Fam. Lasiocampida.

Odonestis fossa, sp. n.

3 ¢. Upperside of a uniform rufous-brown colour, the

female rather paler than the male. Fore wings with very

faint indications of an outwardly curved antemedial line near

the base of the wings; a small white spot at the end of the

cell; a brown straight line from the hinder margin before the

centre to the apex of the wing; a very indistinct waved line

with brown points between this and the margin: hind wings

with indications of a straight medial grey band. Underside

coloured as on upperside; both wings with a straight, rather

broad, and diffuse transverse brown band.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2, 9 2,% inches.

Jaintia Hills.

Messrs. M. Caullery and F. Mesnil on Spirorbis. 411

XLII.—On Spirorbis: Asymmetry of these Annelids and

Phylogenic Connexion of Species in the Genus. By MM.

MAURICE CAULLERY and FELIX MESNIL*.

WE have recently had occasion to examine a great number of

Sptrorbes from different parts of the globe (Channel, Arctic

seas, Mediterranean, Cape Horn, Panama), some twenty

species, of which many are new. From a study of these,

both from the anatomical and phylogenic point of view, we

have arrived at the conclusions which follow.

The genus Sprrorbis belongs to the family Serpulide ;

it is easily recognizable by its calcareous tube, fixed to a

support and rolled in a regular spire with contiguous whorls.

The thorax of the animal comprises in general three seti-

gerous rings, the last two having on each side only a ventral

row of uncini. Then follows a long achetous region, en-

closing ovules, followed by the abdomen, which is made up

of eight to forty segments, of which some contain sperma-

tozooids. The prostomium of the animal carries a crown of

feathery branchize; one of the branchial rays is modified,

deprived of pinnules, and terminated by a calcareous piece—

the operculum—which closes the tube when the animal with-

draws itself into it.

We have drawn attention for the first time to the adapta-

tions and modifications in the anatomy of Spirorbis induced

by its habitat in the interior of a spiral tube. These Annelids

have become entirely asymmetrical, of which the facts which

follow are the proof :—

1. The direction of the turn of the spire is constant for a

given species. We have called this left-handed in species in

which this turning, considered in relation to the free face of

the tube, has the same direction as the hands of a watch ;

right-handed when the turn is in the reverse direction. Now

in the right-handed species the operculum is always borne by

the second branchial ray on the right, starting from the medial

dorsal line ; in left-handed species it is borne by the second

on the left. It is also always found on the concave side of

the animal.

2. The longitudinal muscular fibres are much more deve-

loped on the same concave side.

3. The viscera (digestive tube, ovary) are thrown towards

the concave side.

4, The uncini on the thorax and abdomen are larger and

more numerous on the concave side.

5. The abdomen presents, as a rule, m rows of uncini on

* From the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ tom, cxxiy. pp. 48-50.

412 Messrs. M. Caullery and F. Mesnil on Spirorbis.

the convex side and n+p rows on the concave side, where

=2—4,

6. We find a series of species, both right- and left-handed,

in which the thorax presents, on the concave side only, a third

row of uncini, representing a fourth thoracic setigerous ring,

otherwise absent. In Sp. eancellatus, Fabr., this ring carries

besides on the concave side dorsal bristles.

This group of arrangements shows in the clearest manner

possible the influence of the spiral twist in the tube. All

can be explained by the movements made by the animal. It

is by thrusting itself by means of the uncini of the concave

side against the calcareous wall of the tube that it emerges

from it or retires. The greater activity of the organ of loco-

motion on this side has brought about their greater develop-

ment, and the viscera have been thrown to the opposite side.

This is especially obvious in the ovary ; the ovules in course

of maturation are always on the convex side.

We recognize that a natural (phylogenic) classification of

Spirorbis should have for its basis the direction of the twist

in the tube and that in each of the two series, right- and left-

handed, must be grouped the species provided with a fourth

setigerous thoracic ring on the one hand, and, on the other,

those in which this does not exist. From this results the

division of Spirorbis into four subgenera :—

Right-handed 1 setigerous thoracic rings ........+. Dexviosmra.

species 4 ‘i * bee Na kta Riviere 2 Paradexiospira,

Left-handed | 3 e as Ag Neo th vin eens Leospira.

species 4 = 5s gic taaaoher ee Paraleospira,

Lastly, we have been able to further define the phylogeny

of the group by the consideration of certain anatomical

characters, such as the form of the bristles of the first and

third setigerous thoracic rings, the modifications of the oper-

culum, especially in the cases in which it functions as an

incubating organ,

On all these matters, and also for the new species we have

created, we would refer to our detailed memoir on these

animals.

Note by M. EpMonD PERRIER on the above Communication *,

The observations of MM. Caullery and Mesnil have

considerable interest from the point of view of the precise

* ‘Comptes Rendus,’ t. exxiv. pp. 50-51.

Messrs. M. Caullery and F. Mesnil on Spirorbis. 413

determination of tie relation between Mollusca and Vermes.

The early notions on this subject extend far back; it has

been set forth in various ways more or less explicit since

1844 by Quatrefages, P. J. van Beneden, Carl Vogt, de

Lacaze-Duthiers, Mérch, Gegenbaur, von Ihering, Giard,

Hatschek &e.

In 1881 (‘ Les Colonies animales,’ p. 631 e¢ seq.) I

endeavoured to approach more closely than my predecessors

the question which I had already treated in my course at the

Museum in 1877, and to define the resemblances of the

Gasteropods, considered as the basis of the Mollusca, to the

tubicolar Annelids. J remarked in particular (‘ Les Colonies

animales,’ p.640) that the cephalobranchiate Annelids present,

like the Gasteropods, ‘‘numerous traces of asymmetry ;

the Spirographs have one of the cephalic branchiz almost

entirely atrophied. Normally in the Serpulide there should

be two opercular appendices, usually but one is developed.

The twist of the spiral, so frequent in Gasteropod Molluscs,

is found among the Annelids in Spirorbdis.”” This twisting is

complicated, according to the interesting researches of

MM. Caullery and Mesnil, by an asymmetry external and

internal of the most marked kind, and which is equally charac-

teristic of Gasteropods. The resemblances of Mollusks to

cephalobranchiate Annelids is thus strongly accentuated ;

they are, in truth, in part the resemblances of convergence.

Is it now permissible to attribute the asymmetry of Spirorbis

entirely to adaptive modifications in their anatomy induced

by their habitat in the interior of a spiral tube? ‘There are

certain distinctions to be drawn. We have seen already

that there are very clear indications of asymmetry in the

Serpulidz whose tubes are not spiral; on the other hand, it

is the Spzrorbis which has constructed its tube, and this tube

cannot roll itself into a spiral by reason of an asymmetry

already existing, partly at least, in the animal which has

produced it. ‘This initial asymmetry is no doubt due to an

active cause like that which shows itself in Mollusks (Perrier,

‘ Traité de Zoologie,’ p. 2071) ; once the tube is formed, it can

accentuate itself by reason of the special conditions of exist-

ence it imposes on the animal. J5ut it is essential to remark

that these things do not occur here as in the Paguride, which

have adapted for their habitation helicoidal tubes already

made.

414 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

XLIUI.—On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and

Corea. By Joun Henry Leecu, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

[Continued from p. 349.]

Boarmia venustaria. (Pl. VII. fig. 2.)

Boarmia venustaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 44 (May 1891).

Five specimens, including both sexes, from Oiwake in

’ Z ? ?

Pryer’s collection.

Hab, Japan.

Boarmia leucophea.

Boarmia leucophea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 395 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 33, pl. xlviii. fig. 12 (1879).

Boarmia elegans, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 31, pl. i. fig. 4 (1884).

A very fine series from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection, exhibiting considerable variation. My specimens

of the male agree exactly with Butler’s type of B. leucophea

and also with Oberthiir’s figure of elegans; therefore I do

not hesitate to consider the latter synonymous with the

former.

The female is somewhat smaller than the male and the

ground-colour is grey.

Var. nigrofasciaria, nov.

Central shade of all the wings black and conspicuous ;

there is an oblique streak from this to outer margin, and all

the transverse lines are very distinct.

Distribution. Japan; Askold.

Boarmia angulifera.

Boarmia angulifera, But). Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 896 (1878) ;

Nl. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 33, pl. xlix. fig. 1 (1879). ~

Alcis angulifera, ab, albifera, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 434 (1894).

There were several specimens from Oiwake and Nikko in

Pryer’s collection. I obtained the species at Shikotan in

August and at Nikko in September; my native collector

captured a few examples at Gensan and in the island of Kiu-

shiuinJuly; Butler’s type was from Yokohama; and I received

one female specimen from Omei-shan, taken in July.

In some specimens the space between the central lines on

primaries is hardly paler than the rest of the wing, in other

examples it is almost white.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; Kiushiu; Kurile Islands ;

Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 415

Boarmia obliquaria.

Mibernia obliquaria, Motsch. Etud. 1860, p. 37.

There was a nice series from Gifu in Pryer’s collection and

there are specimens from Tokio and Yokohama in the National

Museum at South Kensington.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia mesta.

Boarmia mesta, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 407.

Stenotrachelys cinerea, Butl. op. cit. p. 409.

There were four specimens in Pryer’s collection; three of

these are from Oiwake and were placed with B. conferenda.

The fourth specimen is Pryer’s no. 328, which he states was

from Fujisan, taken at an elevation of 12,365 feet.

Butler’s type of masta was from Yokohama and his eznerea

from Tokio.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia crassestrigata.

Boarmia crassestrigata, Christoph. Bull. Mose. iv. (2) p. 72 (1881).

Synopsia crassestrigata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 109.

A few specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I cap-

tured some examples at Gensan in June and at Tsuruga in

July.

Distribution. Amur ; Japan, Yesso ; Corea.

Boarmia Biittneri.

Boarmia Biittneri, Hedem. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 54, pl. x.

fig. 6 (1881).

I took a nice series at Gensan in June, including one

example of the female, which differs from the male in having

rather broader wings.

All my specimens are deeper in colour than Hedemann’s

figure.

Distribution. Amur; Corea.

Boarmia appositaria.

Boarmia appositaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 46 (May 1891).

A male specimen of this species, which is closely allied to

B. Biitinert, Hedem., was taken by my native collector at

Gensan in July. I have also received two male specimens

from Chang-yang and one from Moupin.

Distribution. Corea; Central and Western China.

416 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Boarmia grisea.

Boarmia grisea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 396 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 33, pl. xlix. fig. 2 (1879).

A nice series from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection.

I obtained the species at Gensan in July, and at Ningpo I

met with it in the month of April.

I have received a male specimen from Kiukiang, taken in

May, and a female from Omei-shan, taken in July.

In some specimens the central fascia is very distinct, but

in others it is obscured by the ground-colour.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; North-eastern, Central, and

Western China.

Boarmia jejunaria, sp. n.

Brownish grey, with slight violet tinge; basal area

suffused with ochreous. Primaries have a blackish discal

spot surmounted by some blackish scales, and there are

three transverse black lines—the first is slightly curved

towards costa, the second is obtusely angled below costa and

represented by dots on the neuration below the middle; the

space between the lines is rather paler than the rest of the

wing ; submarginal line blackish and wavy, but not distinct.

Secondaries have an indistinct black discal spot, a wavy

blackish central line, and an indented submarginal line, also

blackish ; the basal area is freckled with blackish. Fringes

of the ground-colour, with black dots at their base between

the nervules. Under surface whitish brown; all the wings

have a black discal spot, followed by an indistinct transverse

line, which does not extend to inner margin on primaries.

Expanse 38 millim.

One female specimen from Ni-tou, July.

Hab, Western China.

Boarmia basifuscaria. (Pl. VII. fig. 14.)

Boarmia basifuscaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 46 (May 1891).

There was one male specimen in Pryer’s collection, and I

took an example of the same sex at Oiwake in October.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia corearia.

Boarmia corearia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 44 (May 1891).

I took four male specimens and one female at Gensan in

from China, Japan, and Corea. 417

July, and I have received one male example from Chang-

yang, also taken in July.

Allied to B. grisea, Butl., but differs from that species in

the non-angulation of the second line.

Distribution. Corea ; Central China.

Boarmia sinuosaria.

Boarmia sinuosaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 47 (May 1891).

One male specimen taken by myself at Ningpo in April.

Hab. North-east China.

Boarmia definita.

Boarmia definita, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 407.

One male specimen from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Butler’s type was taken by Fenton at ‘Tokio.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia fuscomarginaria.

Boarmia fuscomarginaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 45 (May 1891).

One female specimen taken by Mr. Smith at Hakone in

August.

Allied to B. corearta, but the lines on upper surface are

not angulated in the same way and the markings on under

surface are different.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia fumosaria, (Pl. VII. fig. 5.)

Boarmia fumosaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 44 (May 1891).

Ten specimens, including both sexes, from Oiwake and

Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia ornataria. (Pl. VIL. fig. 15.)

Boarmia ornataria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 45 (May 1891).

Boarmia ornataria, var. nornataria, Leech, l. e.

One example of the type form taken by a native collector

in the island of Kiushiu; there was one specimen of the

variety in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan and Kiushiu.

Boarmia flavolinearia.

Boarmia flavolinearia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 47 (May 1891).

There were two male specimens in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

418 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Boarmia montanaria, sp. n.

Primaries brown; first line blackish, slightly curved and

preceded by a fuscous transverse shade ; second line blackish,

angulated below costa, thence oblique to inner margin ;

between these lines the costal area is filled in with pale

brown; submarginal line whitish, preceded by a fuscous

shade, which is broadest below the angle of the second line

and almost fills up the space between this line and the sub-

marginal; discal spot black and curved, its extremities

touching the blackish central shade and forming an annu-

lated mark. Secondaries grey-brown, striated and powdered

with darker brown ; the central line is indicated by a series

of black dots on the nervules; there is an oblique dusky sub-

marginal streak and the anal portion of the indistinct pale

submarginal line is also bordered inwardly with dusky.

Fringes brown, marked with darker at extremities of the

nervules and preceded by a black lunulated line. Under

surface greyish, darker on apical area of primaries, and tinged

with ochreous on the costal area between the transverse lines ;

this last and also the discal spot are rather indistinct.

Antenne bipectinated.

Expanse 38 millim.

Seven male specimens from Omei-shan, Ni-tou, and Che-

tou: July.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia roboraria,

Geometra roboraria, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101; Hiibn. Geom. fig. 169.

Boarmia lunifera, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 895 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 82, pl. xlviii. fig. 10 (1879).

Boarmia arguta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 872 (1879).

Diastictis roboraria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103,

There were specimens from Ohoyama and Yesso in Pryer’s

collection.

I obtained a specimen at Nagasaki in May, one at Hako-

date in August, and one at Nikko in September. Mr, Smith

took this species at Hakone in August.

B. lunifera, Butl., is identical with the dark form of

B. roboraria, which Staudinger has named var. infuscata.

B. arguta, Butl., is also a form of B. roboraria in which the

transverse markings are well defined and conspicuous.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu.

Boarmia displicens.

Boarmia displicens, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Fist. (5) i. p. 395 (1878) ;

Ill, Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 32, pl. xlviii. fig. 11 (1879).

There were some specimens from Ohoyama and Nikko in

from China, Japan, and Corea. 419

Pryer’s collection. Mr. Smith took one at Hakone in August,

and I received a male specimen from Ichang, also taken in

August.

Distribution. Japan ; Central China.

Boarmia consortaria.

Geometra consortaria, Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 187 ; Hiibn. Geom. fig. 168.

Boarmia conferenda, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 395 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 32, pl. xlviti. fig. 8 (1879).

Diastictis consortaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 103.

A common insect in Japan and Corea. My collectors met

with it in all the localities they visited in Central and

Western China.

The Japanese specimens (referable to conferenda, Butl.)

are generally darker in colour, but they all have the charac-

teristic markings of consortaria.

The Chinese specimens are tinged with cinnamon-brown,

and some examples are much larger than the type.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Askold; Corea; Japan;

Western and Central China.

Boarmia corticaria, sp. n.

Male.—Pale brown, powdered with dark brown. Primaries

clouded with blackish before the whitish submarginal line :

first transverse line wavy, second oblique throughout the

middle of its course, but dentate below costa and above inner

margin, both black; between these lines there is a black

spot and a blackish central shade, terminating in a dark

brown cloud on inner margin, and beyond the second line

there is a dark shade connecting the blackish clouding before

submarginal line with a smaller cloud on inner margin; from

this shade there are projections along the median nervules.

Secondaries have a black central spot, two transverse lines,

and a whitish submarginal line; the latter is shaded inwardly

with blackish and the second black line is bordered outwardly

with dark brown. Fringes brown, preceded by a black

lunulated line. Under surface pale brown, irrorated with

darker brown ; there is a black spot and a broad submarginal

fuscous-brown band on each wing; the latter is preceded by

a brownish line, which is bifurcated towards abdominal

margin and followed by some whitish patches on the outer

marginal area. Antenne bipectinated. Thorax agrees with

wings in colour; collar dark brown; tip of abdomen with a

tult of long silky pale brown hairs.

Female.—Rather paler than the male on both surfaces.

Expanse, ¢ 76, ? 80 millim.

420 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Three specimens. One example of each sex from Chang-

yang and a male from Ichang: June and July.

Hab. Central China.

Boarmia stolidaria, sp. n.

Whitish brown, finely striated with reddish brown. Pri-

maries have a dark irregular basal patch; an obscure dark

brown subbasal transverse line, commencing in a darker

quadrate patch ; beyond there is a curved and recurved dark

brown transverse line, clouded on its middle; the submar-

ginal band is twice interrupted. Secondaries have a slightly

elongate blackish discal spot, and a serrated dark transverse

line, marked with black on the nervules, beyond; submar-

ginal band as on primaries. Under surface similar to above,

but the transverse lines of primaries are only faintly indicated.

Fringes brownish, tipped with blackish and preceded by a

black line.

Expanse, ¢ 64, 2 70 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang and a female from

Ni-tou: July.

Hab, Central and Western China.

Boarmia majuscularia, sp. n.

Ochreous brown, irrorated with fuscous. Primaries have

three purplish-brown transverse lines, commencing in clouds

of the same colour on the costa; the first is slightly curved,

the second is elbowed below costa, and the third is crenulate

and undulated and is followed by a large diffuse purplish-

brown cloud about the middle; submarginal line whitish,

interrupted about the middle—the upper portion is inwardly

bordered with purplish brown towards costa, and intersects a

large patch of the same colour; the lower portion is also

inwardly edged with purplish brown. Secondaries have a

brown discal spot and two transverse lines of the same colour ;

the outer one edged externally with whitish towards abdo-

minal margin. Fringes grey, marked with paler and preceded

by an interrupted brown line. Under surface similar to

above, but the ground-colour is paler and the transverse

markings are only faintly indicated on primaries.

Expanse 74 millim.

One female specimen in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia Pryeraria, sp. n.

Whity brown, tinged with ochreous and marked with

from China, Japan, and Corea. 421

black. Primaries have a subbasal band indicated on costa

and inner margin; a large discal spot and two larger spots

on outer margin ; central line macular and sinuous; submar-

ginal line whitish and sinuous; the space between these lines

is clouded with black. Secondaries have a discal dot; the

whitish, wavy, submarginal line is broadly bordered inwardly

with blackish, and there are some spots on the nervules

representing a central line. Fringes of primaries black

and of secondaries whity brown preceded by a lunulated line.

Under surface whity brown; the outer marginal area of pri-

maries is blackish, enclosing a patch of the ground-colour at

apex and another about the middle; the discal spot is

distinct; secondaries have a blackish discal spot and sub-

marginal band, the latter encroaching on the outer margin

towards apex and again towards anal angle.

Expanse 33 millim.

One female specimen in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Boarmia sinicaria, sp. 0.

Primaries whitish grey, powdered and suffused with

brownish on the costa and on inner marginal area; there is a

blackish spot at the base of the wing; basal third suffused

with brownish and limited by a double, blackish, nearly

straight line ; the outer third purplish brown, with an angu-

lar projection from the middle to the annular blackish discal

spot, and limited by a black angulated line; submarginal

line black, marked with whitish on the costa and bordered

with violet-grey below; there is a blackish mark on the costa

above the discal spot and another beyond it. Secondaries

pale whity brown ; the outer marginal area is dark grey, and

there is a short oblique dash of the same colour above anal

angle; discal spot dark grey. Fringes of primaries purplish

brown, spotted with yellowish, the central spots are confluent ;

of secondaries whity brown, slightly darker at the extremity

of the nervules; the fringe on all the wings preceded by a

series of black lunules. Under surface pale whity brown,

costa of primaries yellowish ; all the wings broadly bordered

with fuscous, and this colour projects on the primaries to the

annulated discal spot; the basal two thirds of secondaries

are powdered with fuscous, discal spot blackish.

Expanse 36 millim.

One female specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to B. semiclarata, Walk.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Sex. 6. Vol. xix. 30

422 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Boarmia subochrearia, sp. n.

Primaries brownish grey, suffused with fuliginous on outer

marginal area; there are three black transverse bands—the

first is curved, the second is elbowed below costa and again

above the inner margin, the third (submarginal) is sinuous ;

on the middle of the outer marginal area there is a more or

less quadrate pale spot, and the inner margin is tinged with

reddish brown; discal dot black. Secondaries ochreous

brown, suffused with dark grey towards the base and along

the abdominal area; discal dot black. Fringes ochreous

brown, marked with dark grey at extremities of the nervules,

and preceded by a series of black lunules. Under surface:

primaries ochreous grey, with a blackish discal dot and some

fuscous clouds beyond it and below apex; of the transverse

bands of upper surface only the first is clearly reproduced ;

secondaries ochreous brown, sprinkled with dark grey ; discal

dot black.

Expanse 36 millim.

One female specimen from Omei-shan.

Hab. Western China.

Nearly allied to B. semiclarata, Walk.

Boarmia bilinearia, sp. n.

Primaries olive-brown, closely striated and mottled with

dark brown, traversed by two blackish lines—the first is

elbowed below costa, and then curved and recurved to inner

margin; the second is strongly serrated; there is a short

blackish oblique apical streak. Secondaries greyish brown,

mottled with dark brown; discal spot black ; transverse line

blackish, attenuated from abdominal margin to just beyond

middle, where it becomes obscured. Fringes agree with the

wings. Under surface pale greyish brown, irrorated with

darker ; discal spots blackish, and indications of a dusky band

beyond the middle of each wing.

Expanse 32 millim.

One male specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia punctimarginaria, sp. n.

Fuliginous. Primaries have a pale brown patch at the

base limited by a black line; central shade blackish, with the

black discal dot on it; beyond there is a black dentate line

followed by a blackish shade; on the outer margin there is a

series of whitish dots, each dot preceded by a blackish one.

JSrom China, Japan, and Corea. 423

Secondaries similar, but the basal patch is of less extent.

Under surface grey-brown ; all the wings have a conspicuous

black discal spot, and the markings of upper surface are

indicated.

Expanse 28 millim.

One male specimen from Kiukiang, June.

Hab. Central China.

Boarmia (?) nigrofasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries whity brown; central fascia blackish, tapering

towards inner margin, and enclosing a black curved discal

spot, the edges dentate; there is a blackish cloud on the

costa just beyond the fascia, one on outer margin above the

middle, and one towards outer angle; submarginal line pale

but indistinct. Secondaries whity brown, with a blackish

discal spot and dentate central line. Fringes of the ground-

colour preceded by a black line. Under surface similar to

above, but markings are fainter. Antennz bipectinated, the

branches rather long.

Expanse 33 millim.

One male specimen from each of the following localities :—

Chow-pin-sa, Chia-ting-fu, Pu-tsu-fong : June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia divisaria, sp. n.

Basal two thirds of primaries brownish, traversed by a

blackish line, which is curved towards costa and limited by a

dentate black line; outer marginal area brownish, inwardly

limited by a waved serrated black line ; the area between this

line and the basal two thirds is whitish; submarginal line

wavy, whitish, preceded by black marks; discal spot black,

elongate. Secondaries pale grey, irrorated with fuscous,

especially on basal and outer marginal areas ; discal dot and

central line dusky, the latter almost straight ; submarginal

line whitish, wavy. Fringes pale brownish grey, preceded

by a lunulated brownish line. Under surface ochreous

grey, lrrorated with fuscous; all the wings have a blackish

discal mark and a narrow dusky transverse band beyond, the

latter marked with blackish on the neuration. Antenne

bipectinated.

Eixpanse 36 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June or

July.

Hab. Western China.

30%

424 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Boarmia decoloraria, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 4.)

Male.—Whity brown, finely powdered with darker brown.

Primaries have a brownish basal band (sometimes only

represented by a spot on the costa and a dot on each nervure

below it) ; a dark brown serrated central band commencing

in an angular mark on the costa, represented by dots on the

nervules, and terminating in an oblique dash on the inner

margin; submarginal band dark brown, irregular in width

and externally edged with whitish, as also is tlie central

band ; there is also a brownish spot on costa between basal

and central bands, from which a dark shade is sometimes

projected to the wide portion of central band. Secondaries

have three brownish transverse bands, the first nearly straight,

the second narrow and attenuated, and the third of irregular

width, the last two edged externally with whitish. All the

wings have a blackish discal spot. Fringes brown, preceded

by dark brown lunules between the nervules. Under surface

of primaries fuscous brown, except the outer and inner

margins, which are whity brown; of the secondaries whitish,

sprinkled with brown scales ; a blackish discal spot on each

wing, but only the primaries have the transverse markings,

and these are not always clear. Antennz broadly bipectinated.

Female.—Generally paler than the male, and the under

surface of all the wings is usually whity brown, powdered

with brown scales (this is also the case in some males) ; the

antenne are simple.

Expanse, ¢ 40-45, 9 36-42 millim.

A long series taken in June and July at Chang-yang;

Moupin; Ta-chien-lu; Omei-shan; Wa-shan; Pu-tsu-fong ;

Chia-ting-fu ; Ni-tou.

Fab. Central and Western China.

Near B. noorarta, Brem., from Amurland.

Boarmia abietaria.

Geometra abietaria, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 160.

Deileptenia abietaria, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett, p. 316; Meyrick, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 105.

Boarmia abietaria, Treit. Schmett. vi. 1, p. 204; Dup. Lép. vii.

pl. clx. tigs. 2,3; Guen. Phal. i, p. 243.

There were a few specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection, and I have received one example of each sex from

Mr. Manley, who took them at Yokohama.

The Japanese specimens are rather larger and more strongly

marked than European examples.

Distribution. Europe; Japan.

EEE

From China, Japan, and Corea. 425

Boarmia approvimaria, sp.

Allied to B. abietaria, Hitbn. Greyish, heavily powdered

and clouded with brown; the first line of primaries is

straighter, the second more deeply elbowed below the costa

and more oblique thence to inner margin, where it terminates

closer to the first line. The under GAS is fuscous and not

ochreous as in B. abietaria, and the only markings are a

discal spot on primaries and indications of a central transverse

line on each of the wings.

Expanse, ¢ 48, 2 52 millim.

One example of each sex from Ni-tou and a male from

Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. We aso d euiatis

Boarmia dolosaria, sp. n.

Fuliginous grey. Primaries traversed by two black lines—

the first, commencing in a spot on the costa, is sharply angled

below costa and again above inner margin; the second is

serrated, curved below costa, thence oblique to inner margin.

Secondaries have a dusky band with the blackish discal spot

on it and a rather sinuous black line beyond; submarginal

band dusky, edged outwardly with greyish. Fringes agree

with the wings in colour and are preceded by a lunulate

black line. Under surface silky fuscous grey ; all the wings

have a black discal spot, a transverse line, and a_ broad

dusky submarginal band. Antenne bipectinated.

Expanse 42 miilim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang.

Hab, Central China.

Allied to B. admissaria, Guen.

Boarmia tncongruaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries brown ; first transverse line darker and

only distinct on costal area ; second line also darker, slightly

elbowed below costa, thence oblique to inner margin; between

the lines is a black discal dot and a curved brownish central

shade; submarginal line whitish, dentate, preceded by a

blackish band. Secondaries rather paler than the primaries ;

submarginal line pale, bordered inwardly with blackish, but

not so strongly as on primaries. Fringes concolorous ‘with

the wings. Underside whitish brown ‘slightly tinged with

fuscous: primaries have a_ blackish submarginal band ;

secondaries a blackish central dot and a whitish transverse

line, both indistinct. Antenne bipectinated.

426 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Female.—Similar to the male, but the secondaries have a

blackish central line outwardly edged with whitish, and

between this and the base of the wing there is a brownish

transverse shade,

Expanse, ¢ 38, 9 40 millim.

One example of each sex. The male from Geer shan

and the female from Ni-tou, July.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia punctilinearta, sp. n.

Pale greyish brown, suffused with darker ana striated with

blackish. Primaries have a black discal spot and two black

transverse lines—the first wavy, preceded by a blackish

cloud, and the second serrated, with black dots upon it, and

followed on the costa by a clear space of the ground- colour ;

submarginal band blackish, interrupted. Secondaries have

a black discal dot and a serrated black transverse line with

black dots upon it; submarginal line as on primaries, but

less distinct. Fringes agree with the wings and are preceded

by an interrupted black line. Under surface grey, powdered

with fuliginous and bordered on outer margins with the

same colour; all the wings have a black discal spot and

there are indications of one transverse line. Antenne

bipectinated.

Expanse 32 millim.

One male specimen from Huang-mu-chang, July.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia olivacearia, sp. n.

Dark greyish brown tinged with olivaceous. Primaries

have two transverse blackish lines—the first appears to be

curved, but is only to be traced from costa to median

nervure ; second line waved and angled below costa; sub-

marginal line whitish, preceded on the apical area of the

wing by a reddish-brown cloud ; there is a small black discal

spot rand a dusky shade beyond extending from the costa to

the middle of the wing, the continuation of this shade is

represented by a quadrate dusky spot on the middle of the

inner margin. Secondaries have a black discal spot and

blackish wavy central line; submarginal line as on primaries,

the area between the lines is faintly clouded with reddish

brown. Fringes grey, marked with brown at the extremities

of the nervules, and preceded by a dark dotted line. Under

surface brownish grey; all the wings have a blackish waved

line, indicated by short dashes on the nervules, a dusky

oe Dyes

from China, Japan, and Corea, 427

transverse shade between this line and the base of the wing,

and a broadish pale band before outer margin. Antenne

bipectinated.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Wa-shan, June.

Hab. Western China.

Boarmia projectaria, sp. n.

Primaries blackish grey irrorated with whitish; basal line

blackish, indented below costa, and edged internally with

whitish; beyond the middle there is a rather broad whitish

band forming a double angle about the middle, and outlining

in its course a conspicuous quadragular projection of the

ground-colour ; submarginal line pale but indistinct, with a

small blackish cloud on it towards costa; discal spot black.

Secondaries whitish, irrorated with ‘blackish grey; discal

spot black; central line black, crenulate, with a double-

toothed projection about the middle, increasing in width

towards abdominal margin. Fringes yellowish, marked with

dark grey, and preceded by a series of black spots on the

primaries, and by an interrupted black line on secondaries.

Under surface similar to above, but the first line is absent.

Expanse, ¢ 28-30, ? 33 millim.

Nine specimens, including beth sexes, from the following

localities, Pu-tsu-fong, Ni-tou, Che-tou, and the Province of

Kwei-chow: July.

Hab. Western China.

In some specimens the white band of primaries is suffused

with blackish grey, and the secondaries are thickly powdered

with the same colour, Antenne bipectinated in the male.

Boarmia mirandaria, sp. 0.

Primaries grey-brown, basal patch pale reddish limited

by a curved dark line; a pale reddish patch occupies a

large portion of the outer two-thirds of the wing, but does

not extend to the costa, and is separated from outer margin

by an undulated whitish line, this patch is traversed by a

dark wavy line edged with whitish and angled below costa,

Secondaries pale reddish, with a patch of grey-brown en the

base and on lower portion of the outer marginal area; sub-

marginal line pale; discal spot black. Fringes whitish,

preceded by a dark line. Under surface pale brown slightly

suffused with fuscous; all the wings have a serrated blackish

transverse line beyond the middle, and a dusky shade between

428 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

it and the base of the wing; secondaries have a blackish

discal dot. Antenne bipectinated.

Expanse 36 millim.

One male specimen from Ichang, June.

Hab. Central China.

Boarmia insolitaria, sp. n.

Primaries have the costal area drab, freckled and clouded

with darker brown, and the inner portion of the wing brown,

tinged with ferruginous, and clouded with drab on outer

margin; there are indications of two dusky transverse lines

and a pale submarginal line. Secondaries are drab at the

extreme base on outer marginal third, the intervening space

being fuscous brown; there is a brownish cloud tinged with

ferruginous above anal angle. All the wings have a blackish

discal spot, that on primaries only is distinct. Under surface

pale brown, clouded and suffused with fuscous; there is a

straight dusky central line on which is the discal spot, and

beyond there is a slightly curved but indistinct dusky line;

the latter is followed by a ferruginous-brown band; the

secondaries are similarly marked.

Expanse 42 millim.

One female specimen from Chang-yang, July.

Hab. Central China.

Boarmia moupinaria, sp. n.

Pale grey powdered with darker. Basal half of primaries

darker; first line curved, second line almost straight, inter-

rupted in the middle, and bordered with ochreous grey, both

are blackish and between them there is a dusky fascia; sub-

marginal line pale grey inwardly edged with blackish. Basal

third of secondaries darker; central line blackish, almost

straight, and edged with ochreous grey; submarginal line

pale grey inwardly edged with darker. Fringes of the

ground-colour, preceded by a black line on secondaries and a

series of dots on primaries. Under surface whitish grey;

costa and outer marginal area of primaries tinged with

fuscous ; all the wings have a black discal spot.

Expanse 44 millim.

One female specimen from Moupin, June.

Hab. Western China,

Boarmia flavimacularia, sp. n.

Purplish brown. Primaries traversed by two brownish

and one silvery-grey line, the latter bordered on each side

from China, Japan, and Corea. 429

with reddish brown, and preceded on costal area by a brown

and grey suffusion ; the base is powdered with silvery grey,

and there is a large pale buff apical patch transversely

clouded with brownish, and having two black dots on its

outer edge. Secondaries have a dusky subbasal line and

discal spot, and beyond these are two wavy lines, which

become indistinct towards costa: the first of these is inwardly

bordered with brownish and has a pale yellow dot on its

edge above the middle. Under surface fuscous: primaries

have the apical patch as above, and the secondaries are

sparingly freckled with pale buff.

Expanse 34 millim.

Five specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, Chia-ting-fu, Chang-

yang: July and August.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Genus JANKOWSKIA.

(Oberth. Evud. d’Entom. ix. p. 25 (1884).)

Jankowskia athleta.

Jankowskia athleta, Oberth. Etud. @Entom. ix. p. 265, pl. il. fig. 7

(1884).

Recorded by Oberthiir from Sidemi, Manchuria.

Jankowskia thoractaria.

Jankowskia thoraciaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, ix. p. 26, pl. ii. fig. 8

(1884).

Recorded by Oberthiir from Sidemi, Manchuria.

Jankowskia fuscaria.

Boarmia fuscaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 45 (May 1891).

One male and two female specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection.

I received the species from Chang-yang, Ichang, Moupin,

Omei-shan: June and July.

Allied to J. athleta, Oberth., but can at once be dis-

tinguished by the yellow marking on the under surface of

the costa of primaries.

Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China.

Genus SYNOPSIA.

(Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 316.)

Synopsia paupera.

Boarmia paupera, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 406.

Several specimens from Oiwake, Fujisan, and Yokohama

in Pryer’s collection.

430 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

T took the species at Sendai in September, and at Yokohama

in October.

Hab. Japan.

Synopsia austeraria, sp. n.

Pale brown, powdered and clouded with darker. Primaries

have a black discal dot and two transverse lines—the first is

wavy and angulated below costa, the second is slightly ser-

rated, oblique, and preceded by a transverse dusky shade ;

marginal area clouded with ashy. Secondaries have a

blackish discal dot and a blackish serrated transverse line,

preceded by a dusky transverse shade; outer marginal area

clouded with ashy. Fringes preceded by a dark line.

Under surface greyish brown, powdered with darker, and

with blackish discal spots and faint indications of transverse

lines.

Expanse 49 millim.

One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Genus HEMEROPHILA.

(Steph. Il. Brit. Haust. iii. p. 189 (1829).)

Hemerophila Dejeant.

Hemerophila Dejeani, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 80, pl. i. fig. 12

(1884); Alph. Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 60 (1892).

This appears to be a common species in June and July at

Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan, and Pu-tsu-fong. I also received

specimens from Ni-tou, Che-tou, and Wa-shan; and Alphéraky

records the species from Ou-pin.

It is exceedingly variable in coloration, which ranges from

reddish brown to dark olive-brown, and the central area is

often very pale.

Hab. \Vestern China.

Hemerophila senilis.

Hemerophila senilis, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 48, pl. xxxy. fig. 12

(1878).

Several specimens from Oiwake, Nikko, and Gifu in

Pryer’s collection.

My native collector captured the species at Hakodate in

June or July.

Hampson (Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 275) considers

H., senilis to be synonymous with //, subplagiata, Walk.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Srom China, Japan, and Corea. 431

Hemerophila conjunctaria, sp. n. (Pl. VII. fig. 9.)

Female.—Allied to H., senilis, Butl., but the basal fascia,

which, together with the outer marginal area of primaries,

is purple-brown in colour, ornamented with lilacine at apex

and on inner margin, is broader and more deeply indented

below the costa; the central transverse line of secondaries is

sinuous, not curved below costa, and there are some lilacine

dashes on outer margin; discal spot on all the wings dis-

tinct. Under surface whitish, freckled with brownish and a

little suffused with dusky on the outer margin of primaries ;

there is a black discal spot and a dotted line, also black, on

each wing. ‘The posterior portion of the thorax is edged

with white.

Expanse 46 millim.

‘Two female specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

Hemerophila atrilineata.

Hemerophila atrilineata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 405.

Phthonandria atrilineata, Warren, Novyit. Zool. i. p. 434 (1894).

There were some examples from Oiwake and Nikko in

Pryer’s collection, and I captured specimens at Tsuruga in

July. My native collector took the species at Hakodate and

Gensan, also in July, and I have received one male specimen

from 'T'a-chien-lu, taken in June.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; Western China.

Hemerophila rimosa.

Boarmia rimosa, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 372 (1879).

A few nice specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s col-

lection ; my native collector took the species in the island of

Kiushiu.

Hab. Japan and Kiushiu.

Hemerophila obscuraria, sp. n.

Reddish brown, much powdered with darker. Primaries

have two oblique black lines—the first curves a little as it

approaches the inner margin, and the second is wavy

throughout and curved towards costa, both are preceded by a

blackish shade; there is a dark cloud below the apex and

another below it extending to inner margin near the angle,

this latter is interrupted. Secondaries have a black line,

broad on abdominal margin and tapering towards costa, this

is preceded by a dusky transverse shade and followed by two

432 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

paler bands. At the base of the fringes, which are con-

colorous with the wings, there is a blackish wavy line.

Under surface rather silky brown: primaries have two trans-

verse black lines, chiefly indicated by dots on the neuration,

which converge towards the inner margin; secondaries have

two equidistant, curved, and wavy black lines. .

Expanse 50 millim.

T'wo specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Hemerophila latimarginaria, sp. n.

Pale cinnamon-brown, with a black discal spot on all the

wings. Primaries have an irregular dark brown line beyond

the middle limiting the outer marginal area, which is darker

brown and is traversed by a dusky submarginal band; the

basal area is slightly irrorated with darker brown. Second-

aries have a curved and slightly wavy dark brown central

line, the area beyond is darker brown traversed by a dusky

submarginal band. Under surface whitish brown, suffused

with darker on primaries, and these wings have a blackish

discal spot.

Expanse 40 millim.

One female specimen from Ichang, April.

Hab, Central China.

Hemerophila (?) tachraparia.

Hemerophila tachraparia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 25, pl. v.

fig. 63 (1893).

I have not seen this species. Oberthiir describes it from

specimens received by him from 'Ta-chien-lu, Western China.

Genus MEDASINA.

(Moore, Lep. Cey]l. iii. p. 408 (1886); Hampson, Fauna

Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 283 (1895).)

Medasina scotostaria.

Deinotrichia scotosiaria, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 420,

pl. xxx. fig. 9. sd

Medasina scotosiaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit, Ind., Moths, iii. p. 284

(1895).

Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Distribution. Sikhim (/Zampson) ; Western China.

Medasina diffusaria, sp. n.

Brown, irrorated with fuscous on secondaries and margins

from China, Japan, and Corea. 433

of primaries. There are indications of two transverse lines

on primaries, the outer one represented by blackish dots on

the neuration ; submarginal band blackish, diffuse and inter-

rupted. Secondaries have a blackish discal spot, two trans-

verse lines, and a diffuse blackish submargimal band, the

latter does not extend to costa. Fringes of the ground-colour,

preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Under surface

rather paler than above; all the wings have a blackish discal

spot and an obscure dusky band beyond.

Expanse 74-84 millim.

Four male specimens from Chang-yang, taken in July.

Hab, Central China.

Allied to IL. creataria, Moore.

Medasina creataria.

Hemerophila creataria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 217 (1857).

Medasina creataria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p, 286

(1895).

Two female specimens from the Province of Kwei-chow,

June.

Distribution. Sikhim; Assam ( Hampson); Western

China.

Medasina albidaria.

Boarmia albidaria, Walk, Cat. Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1582 (1866).

Medasina albidaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 289

(1895).

I received one male specimen from Ichang, April; one

example of each sex from Omei-shan; and a female from

Moupin, July.

Distribution. Simla; Dharmsdla; Sikhim; Khdsis (Hamp-

son) ; Central and Western China.

Genus ARICHANNA.

(Moore, Proc. Zvol. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 658 ; Hampson, Fauna

Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 290 (1895).)

Arichanna tetrica.

Cidaria tetrica, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 451 (1878) ; Ill,

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 55, pl. lv. fig. 10 (1879).

Cidaria tetrica, Butl., 2; Alph. Rom. sur Lép, vi. p. 78, pl. iii. fig. 11

(1892). '

There was an example of each sex from Ohoyama in

Pryer’s collection, and my native collector took a female

specimen at Hakodate in June.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

434 Mr J. 1. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Arichanna interruptaria, sp. n.

Primaries whitish, powdered with blackish grey; there

are three transverse bands interrupted by the brown neuration

and intersected by white or whitish lines; discal spot black,

separated from a spot on costa by the brown subcostal ner-

vure ; from the lower end of discal spot there is a blackish

diffuse line, which appears to be part of the second or central

band. Secondaries whitish, powdered and freckled with

greyish ; discal spot blackish. Fringes pale brown, chequered

with darker, preceded by a brown line on secondaries and by

a row of black dots on primaries. Under surface pale brown,

powdered and freckled with darker: the primaries have a

smoky suffusion, a black discal spot, and indications of the

transverse bands of upperside ; the secondaries have a black

discal spot and dark brown wavy central band. Antenne of

the male ciliated.

Expanse 42-46 millim.

‘wo male specimens and four females from Omei-shan :

July and August.

The markings are very similar to those of <A. similaria,

but they are blackish rather than olive-brown, and the

neuration is brown instead of pale olive. The structure of

the antenne is quite different.

Hab. Western China. >

Arichanna ramosa.

Scotosia ramosa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1688 (1866).

Arichanna ramosa, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 291

(1895).

One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Distribution. Sikhim (/Zampson) ; Western China.

Arichanna similaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries white, powdered with brownish; the

base is dark olive-brown, and there are four transverse bands

of the same colour interrupted by the broad pale olive

neuration ; the second and third of these bands unite on the

inner marginal area, where they represent a quadrate patch ;

the fourth is intersected by an interrupted white line, as also

is the third above the quadrate patch referred to. Second-

aries whitish, freckled with greyish ; central band and

incomplete submarginal band greyish ; discal spot blackish,

Fringes pale olive, chequered with darker. Under surface’

whitish, powdered and freckled with greyish brown: primaries

suffused with shining fuscous except at apex ; secondaries

from China, Japan, and Corea. 435

have a discal spot and central band as above. Antenne

brown, bipectinated. .

Female.—Markings of primaries as in the male ; bands of

secondaries not well defined beyond abdominal area.

Expanse, ¢ 48, ¢ 50 millim.

Allied to A. ramosa, Walk., and A. teérica, Butl.

One example of each sex from Omei-shan, July.

fiab, Western China.

Arichanna clavaria, sp. n.

Male.—Greyish brown, powdered and mottled with darker.

Basal area of primaries marked with black and limited by a

double-indented black line; discal spot black, preceded by a

whitish quadrate patch, and followed by a dusky cloud-like

band; on the outer marginal area there is a series of black

bars intersected by an interrupted white line; submarginal

line white, macular. Secondaries have a dusky discal spot,

central band, and interrupted submarginal band. Fringes

pale brown marked with darker. Under surface of primaries

greyish brown, suffused with blackish, discal spot black ;

beyond the middle of the wing there are indications of a pale

transverse line : secondaries as above. Antenne bipectinated.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the ground-colour is

browner, the whitish patch before discal spot on primaries is

absent, and the bands on under surface of secondaries are less

distinct.

Expanse, d 42, 2 44 millim.

One male specimen from Omei-shan, taken in August, and

a female from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

Arichanna Pryeraria.

Arichanna Pryeraria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 51 (May 1891).

I received a male specimen from Mr. Manley of Yokohama,

and there was a female example from Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection.

Allied to A. furcifera, Moore.

Hab. Japan.

Arichanna diffusaria, sp. 0.

Primaries whitish, with, interrupted and irregular fuli-

ginous-brown subbasal, central, and marginal bands, the

latter intersected by an oblique streak of the ground-colour

from apex; the space between subbasal and central bands is

436 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

dotted with fuliginous brown, as also is that between central

and marginal bands at middle and towards costa and inner

margin; costa and nervures marked with ochreous. Second-

aries whitish spotted with fuscous grey, the larger of the

spots representing central, submarginal, and marginal bands,

Under surface similar to above, but the markings, which are

pale fuscous on primaries, are fainter, and on secondaries

rather stronger.

Expanse 56 millim.

One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Arichanna albomacularia. (Pl. VIL. fig. 10.)

Arichanna albomacularia, Leech, Entom., Suppl. 0. 51 (May 1891),

Two male and five female specimens, from Gifu and

Oiwake, in Pryer’s collection.

Allied to A. tetrica, Butl., but distinguished by the large

white spot on primaries.

Hab. Japan.

Arichanna consocia.

Abraxas consocia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 226 (1880).

Icterodes consocia, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 84, pl. exix. fig. 11

(1886).

Arichanna lapsariata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 293

(1895).

One female specimen from Ni-tou, July.

Distribution. N.E. Himalayas (Butler) ; Western China,

Arichanna melanaria.

Phal. Geometra melanaria, Linn, Syst. Nat. x. p. 525; Clerck, Icon.

pl. iv. fig. 2. Niet

Geometra melanaria, Esp. y. p. 115, pl. xxiii. fig. 1; Hiibn. Geom,

fig. 26.

Diastictis melanaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 104.

Rhyparia fraterna, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 58, pl. xxxvii. fig. 9

(1878).

Rhyparia askoldinaria, Oberth. Etud, d’Entom. v. p. 52, pl. ix. fig. 11

(1880). b reat .

Ictervdes sordida, But), Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (5) xi. p. 116.

Fraterna, Butl., is a pale form of A. melanaria, and is

almost exactly identical with some European examples of the’

species in my collection, Sordida, Butl., is a dark torm also

agreeing with some European specimens, and askoldinaria is

a form intermediate between the two. Alphéraky mentions

a variety of the species from Pei-choui (Rom. sur Lép., vi.

p- 99).

from China, Japan, and Corea. 437

There were specimens in Pryer’s collection from Yoko-

hama, Oiwake, and Nikko. I obtained the species at Gensan

in June.

Distribution. Europe; East Siberia; Amur; Askold;

Corea; Japan.

Arichanna confusaria, sp. n.

Primaries white; basal area limited by an interrupted

blackish band, clouded and marked with the same colour ;

the central fascia and submarginal line are also blackish, the

former encloses spots of the ground-colour and the latter is

macular; the spaces between the transverse markings are

freckled with blackish. Secondaries whitish, freckled with

grey before the blackish, wavy, central band, and ochreous

beyond it; submarginal band blackish, broken up into spots,

of which that nearest the middle is the largest. Fringes of

primaries blackish, chequered with white, and of secondaries

yellow, chequered with black, preceded on all the wings by a

row of blackish spots. Under surface of primaries have the

markings of the upperside indicated, and on the secondaries

the markings are reproduced, but the outer half of the wing

is only tinged with yellow.

Expanse, ¢ 40-44, 2 38 millim.

Two male specimens from ‘T'a-chien-lu and one female

from Pu-tsu-fong: June.

Hab. Western China.

In one male the markings on primaries are brownish, but

not clearly defined, and the outer margin appears to have a

brownish border intersected by a transverse wavy white line.

Arichanna flavovenaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries whitish grey suffused with blackish; the

basal area is marked with black and limited by a black band

intersected by the fulvous venation; discal spot black ; sub-

marginal band paler than the ground-colour, followed by a

broad black band, which is intersected by the venation and

outwardly edged with whitish. Secondaries yellow ; basal

area fuliginous grey; there are three rows of black spots,

those forming the first row being more or less confluent, but

not forming an interrupted wavy band as in A. undularia.

Under surface of primaries fuliginous grey and of secondaries

as above, but paler in the ground-colour.

Female.—Similar to the male, but exhibiting more of the

ground-colour on primaries above. Under surface of all the

wings yellow; primaries flecked and clouded with blackish ;

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 31

438 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

secondaries marked as above, but the basal area is only

slightly tinged with fuliginous grey.

Expanse, ¢ 51, 2 54 millim.

One male specimen from Omei-shan and a female from

Pu-tsu-fong: July.

Hab. Western China.

Arichanna flavomacularia, sp. n.

Primaries black ; venation and costa broadly grey, the

latter marked with five black spots, and the former, together

with seven interrupted yellow lines, breaking up the ground-

colour into macular transverse bands. Secondaries have the

basal third grey from costa to anal angle and the outer two

thirds yellow; the latter has a central black spot, an outer

series of six Jarge grey spots (the first and sixth of which are

double), and a marginal series of seven or eight small spots

of the same colour. Fringes of primaries blackish and of

secondaries yellow to the anal third, where they are blackish.

Under surface of primaries fuliginous grey, with black spots

of upperside reproduced ; secondaries as above.

Expanse, ¢ 56-60, 2 54 millim.

A fine series from Wa-shan and Ta-chien-lu, June and

July. All but one are males.

Hab. Western China.

Arichanna undularia, sp. n.

Male similar to A. flavomacularia, but smaller, and the

interrupted yellow transverse lines on primaries are less

clearly defined. On the secondaries there is a rather broad

transverse black band in addition to outer and marginal series

of spots ; the blackish basal third does not extend beyond the

limit of waved band, but encroaches further along the costa

and encloses the discal spot. Fringes of all the wings

blackish. Under surface: primaries fuliginous grey, with a

black discal spot and a few yellowish dots beyond ; second-

aries marked as above, but the ground-colour is paler.

Expanse 53 millim.

Four male and two female specimens from Ta-chien-lu,

Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-shan: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Arichanna lateraria, sp. n.

Primaries grey, with a slight fuliginous tinge; the basal

area is spotted with black ; a conspicuously large black spot

from China, Japan, and Corea. 439

with black cloud above on costa, and four pairs of spots of the

same colour below, represent a broad central fascia (the lower

pairs coalesce, forming bars); beyond these are three trans-

verse series of black spots—the first is composed of double

spots towards costa, the spots of second series are surrounded

with whitish, the third series is on outer margin. Second-

aries have the basal half grey and the outer half yellow; two

large black spots beyond the central one form a longitudinal

series of three between the limit of basal half of the wing and

the outer margin; there is a larger black spot at the outer

angle, three others below the outer one of longitudinal series,

and a row of smaller spots before the outer margin. Fringes

agree in colour with the wings. Under surface similar to

the upper surface, but the primaries are more uniform in

colour.

Expanse 60 millim.

Three males, Wa-shan, Moupin, and Pu-tsu-fong: July.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to A. jaguararia, Guen.

Judging from the three specimens under observation, this

species would seem to be rather variable in number of black

markings on secondaries, as in one example there is a fourth

spot above those of marginal series, and in another specimen,

which also has this fourth spot, there are, in addition, two

spots above and two below the middle one of longitudinal

series of three, thus forming a macular band.

Arichanna jaguarinaria.

se A lana Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 17, pl. ix. fig. 1

881).

See jaguarinaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 295

(1895).

One male specimen from Wa-shan, June.

Oberthiir’s type was from the province of Kwei-chow.

Hab. Western China.

This is probably only a form of L. jaguarartia, Guen., in

which the central macular band of secondaries is either obso-

lete or only faintly indicated ; the yellow on these wings does

not extend much beyond the submarginal series of spots.

Arichanna jaguararia.

Rhyparia jaguararia, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 198 (1857).

Several specimens from Ohoyama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection. I took the species at Tsuruga in July, and I have

received it from Kiukiang and Ningpo. Guenée’s type was

31*

440 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

from N. China, and there are specimens in the National

Collection at South Kensington from Yokohama, Hakone,

Tokio, and Ashi-no-yo.

The specimens from Oiwake differ from the typical form in

having the ground-colour of primaries and basal area of

secondaries whiter, and for this form I propose the varietal

name pallidaria.

Distribution. Japan; Central and Northern China.

Arichanna Gaschkevitchit.

Boarmia Gaschkevitchit, Motsch. Bull. Mosc, xxxix. p. 197 (1866).

Probably this species is identical with Arichanna (Rhy-

paria) jaguararia, Guen.

Arichanna flavomarginaria.

Rhyparia flavomarginaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 838, pl. vii. fig. 11

(1864).

Abraxas flavomarginaria, Greeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 390.

Diastictis flavomarginaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 104.

Several specimens were captured by my native collector at

Gensanin July. I have also received the species from Chang-

yang, Moupin, and the province of Kwei-chow: June and

uly.

Distribution. East Siberia; Amur; Corea; Central and

Western China.

The specimens in my series exhibit considerable variation

in the size, number, and intensity of the black markings.

Genus EREBOMORPHA.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi. p. 494 (1860).)

Erebomorpha consors.

Erebomorpha consors, Butl. Tl. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 52, pl. xxxvii.

fig. 3 (1878).

Mesastrape consors, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 452 (1894).

A few specimens from Fujisan and Nikko in Pryer’s

collection.

My native collector obtained the species at Hakodate in

June or July, and there are specimens in the National Col-

lection from Yokohama and Tokio. I have also received

examples from Moupin and Chang-yang, July.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Western and Central China.

Some of the Chinese specimens appear to be intermediate

between £. consors, Butl., and EL. fulgurita, Walk.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 44]

Genus PHYLLABRAXAS, nov.

Palpi porrect, reaching slightly beyond the frons and

clothed with long hair; outer margins of wings rounded.

Primaries of male with fovea. Neuration as in Arichanna.

Antenne of male ciliated and finely serrated. Hind tibie

dilated, with a tuft of long hair and two pairs of moderately

Jong spurs.

Type P. curvaria.

Phyllabrazas curvaria, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 3.)

Whitish, sparingly powdered with brownish. Primaries

suffused with olive-grey and marked with fuliginous brown

as follows :—a spot at the base ; an angulated subbasal band

united at the angle with a central fascia, the latter encloses

a patch of the ground-colour at each end and its outer edge is

curved and recurved; on the outer margin below apex there

is a more or less quadrate spot, and on the costa betore apex

there is a similar one (these spots are united at their opposed

angles), the lower encloses two white dots, which represent

portions of a much interrupted submarginal line ; on the outer

marginal area above outer angle there is a third spot, and

from the inner edge of this a streak descends to inner margin.

Secondaries have a blackish discal spot and a submarginal

band, the latter indicated by a brown spot on thie costa, one

about the middle, and a dash above anal angle. Fringes of

primaries black, chequered with whitish towards inner

margin ; those of secondaries whitish marked with blackish.

Under surface: primaries whitish, the apical spots are

blackish and the basal area is suffused with the same colour;

secondaries are whitish powdered with blackish, and have an

incomplete central band in addition to the macular submar-

ginal band as above, but both are blackish.

Expanse 42-46 millim.

Five specimens, including both sexes, from Ta-chien-lu,

Moupin, and Omei-shan: July.

Hab. Western China.

In one female from Ta-chien-lu (the only specimen from

that locality) the apical markings are browner.

Phyllabraxas similaria, sp. n.

Primaries sordid whitish, freckled with blackish and

marked with reddish brown as follows:—a small patch at

the base ; a straight narrow subbasal fascia, commencing as

a spot on costa; an outwardly diffuse central fascia, broadest

449 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

on costa, and enclosing a patch of the ground-colour at each

end; a rather quadrate patch on costa before apex and a

similar one on outer margin below apex, united at opposed

angles; from the inner edge of the lower patch a straight

narrow fascia descends to inner angle, but is only clearly

defined below the second median nervule ; discal spot black.

Secondaries white, freckled with pale grey; discal spot

blackish ; central and submarginal fascie, the former hardly

darker than the freckling, the latter represented by a blackish

spot on costa, another about the middle, and a short blackish

bar above anal angle. Fringes pale grey-brown, preceded on

primaries by a row of black dots, becoming lunular towards

inner angle, and on secondaries by a thin brownish line.

Under surface: primaries fuscous grey, tinged with ochreous

on costa, markings of upperside faintly reproduced ; second-

aries whitish, with the markings as above, but the central

fascia is rather darker and the submarginal less distinctly

indicated.

Expanse 40-42 millim.

Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one from Omei-

shan: July.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to P. curvaria, but it differs in size and colour and

also in the form of the fascia.

Phyllabraxas exsoletaria, sp. n.

Primaries whitish grey, speckled with black and suffused

with smoky grey at the base of the wing and on outer mar-

ginal area ; central fascia broad, slightly olivaceous, its inner

edge black and undulated and its outer edge black and

obtusely angled below costa; before the black discal spot

there is a short black line from the costa, this is connected

by a blackish suffusion with the external edge of fascia, thus

forming a more or less quadrate patch on the outer costal

portion of the fascia; the short line referred to has a dusk

continuation to the inner margin, but it is not clearly defined ;

beyond the angle of fascia there are some black dots, and

some other dots are placed towards inner margin and parallel

with edge of fascia; submarginal line whitish, interrupted,

Secondaries rather smoky white, with a black discal spot and

indications of a central line, Fringes grey, preceded on the

primaries by black dots between the nervules. Under surface

smoky grey ; basal area of primaries limited by a pale undu-

lated and exteriorly diffuse band; secondaries greyish,

speckled with darker; discal spot black; there is another

Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 443

black spot about centre of the wing and blackish suffusion

along abdominal margin.

Expanse 45 millim.

Three male specimens from Pu isu-fong, June and July.

Var. divisaria.

The primaries are suffused with brownish; the central

fascia is divided transversely into two parts, the outer being

dark brown and the inner paler brown. Secondaries whitish,

with discal spot and dusky central line which swells out into

a spot about the middle and towards each extremity.

Expanse 43-48 millim.

Two male specimens from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Phyllabraxas conspicuaria, sp. n.

Primaries white, with olivaceous markings; basal patch

pale olive-brown ; central fascia clouded with darker olive-

brown, enclosing white discal spot and limited outwardly by

an oblique series of black dots; the inner edge is slightly

curved below costa; outer marginal area clouded and suffused

with dark olive-brown, limited inwardly by a pale olive-

brown band and enclosing two diffuse white spots. Second-

aries white, freckled with greyish ; incomplete central band,

discal spot, and shade between the latter and abdominal

margin darker grey. Fringes grey and whitish, preceded by

an interrupted blackish line. Under surface: primaries have

the basal two thirds dusky, limited by a series of darker dots

and enclosing a white discal spot; outer area dusky, with a

whitish spot at apex and another about the middle: second-

aries are whitish, freckled with grey-brown; central band

blackish, macular; discal spot, a small cloud on abdominal

margin, and three spots on cesta also blackish.

Expanse 39 millim.

Three male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Genus ABRAXAS,

(Leach ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 297 (1895).)

Abraxas evanescens.

Callabraxas evanescens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. 420.

A fine series from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

My native collector took the species at Hakodate in August.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

444 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Abraxas placida.

Abrazas placida, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 441 (1878);

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 48, pl. liii. fig. 1 (1875).

Callabruxas propinqua, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 420.

A few specimens from Oiwake, Nikko, and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection. J captured several examples at Hakodate

in August.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Placida, Butl., appears to be an aberrant form of propinqua,

Butl., but as it was the first to receive a name, it must stand

as the type of the species, and propingua, which is really the

normal form, must rank as a variety. ‘This is certainly

unfortunate, but is not by any means a singular case.

Abraxas Whitelyt.

Abravas Whitelyi, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 52, pl. xxxvii. fig. 4

(1878).

A nice series from Oiwake, Yesso, and Nikko in Pryer’s

collection.

I captured specimens at Gensan in June, and my native

collector at Hakodate in June or July. I have also received

two specimens from Mr, Manley, of Yokohama.

There is a good deal of variation in the size of the black

markings. In some of the specimens, including all the

examples from Oiwake, the large spots on costa and inner

margin, representing the central band, are not intersected by

the ground-colour as in the type. These specimens have

also distinct macular submarginal and marginal bands on all

the wings.

Distribution. Amur (Greser) ; Corea; Japan; Yesso.

Abraxas languidata.

Abraxas languidata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1122 (1862),

Callabraxas languidata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 518

(1895).

Four specimens from Ohoyama in Pryer’s collection.

I captured a specimen at Shimonoseki in July, and have

received two examples from Omei-sban, also taken in July.

Distribution. Japan and Western China.

Abraxas martaria.

Abraxas martaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 205 (1857) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit.

Ind., Moths, iii. p. 300 (1895).

I took a specimen at Foochou in April, and have received

. re . my . °

the species from Kiukiang, ‘’a-chien-lu, and Moupin: June.

———

from China, Japan, and Corea. 445

This species may be distinguished from all the forms of

A. sylvata by its larger size, more intense dark markings, and

by the almost uninterrupted dark costal border.

Hampson considers A. pusilla, Butl., to be a small form of

A. martaria, Guen., and the latter as possibly an extreme

form of A. sylvata.

Distribution. Nepal; Sikhim; Bhutén ; Assam (Hamp-

son) ; Eastern, Western, and Central China.

Abraxas sylvata.

Phalena sylvata, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 220 (1763).

Zerene leopardina, Koll. Hiig. Kasch. iv. p. 490.

Abraxas sylvata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 299 (1895).

Abraxas miranda, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 441 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 48, pl. lii. fig. 12 (1879).

Abraxas suffusa, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 417 (1894).

Abrazas latifasciata, Warr, 1. c. p. 419.

Abraxas fulvobasalis, Warr. l. ¢.

Abraxas suspecta, Wary. 1. c.

Abraxas deminuta, Warr. 1. c.

Abraxas degener, Warr. 1. c.

This species appears to vary in Eastern Asia to even a

greater extent than in Europe. I have specimens from

various localities in Japan and from all the localities visited

by my collectors in Central and Western China. Among

these are examples agreeing more or less exactly with the

forms named above, together with others that are intermediate

between such forms and the more typical specimens. The

largest individual in the series measures 60 millim. in expanse

and the smallest 31 millim.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Corea; Central

and Western China.

Abraxas concinna.

Abraxas concinna, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 421 (1894).

Described from Thibet. My collectors did not meet with

this species.

Abraxas grossulariata.

Phal. Geometra grossulariata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 525.

Abravas conspurcata, Butl. Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 48, pl. lii. fig. 11

(1879).

Abraxas flavisinuata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 420 (1894).

There were four examples of the conspurcata form from

Oiwake and two of the flavistnuata form from Fujisan in

Pryer’s collection.

In the form conspurcata the markings on secondaries are

446 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

certainly more decided than in any European specimen of

grossulariata that I have seen, but the pattern is only a com-

plete development of markings seen more or less clearly

indicated in the majority of European grossulariata. Neither

of the Japanese forms of this species diverge so widely from

the type as do certain varieties of the species known to British

entomologists.

I have received a nice series from Chang-yang, taken in

July. In these specimens the markings on primaries are

somewhat similar to those of A. picaria, Moore, but the

markings on secondaries are much the same as in typical

A, grossulariata, though not so pronounced—fuscous instead of

black on all the wings. ‘The yellow markings are in all

cases less distinct, and in several specimens entirely obsolete.

] propose the name sinicaria for this form.

Distribution. Europe; Siberia; Amur; Japan; Central

China.

Abraxas picaria.

Abraxas picaria, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 652.

Appears to be a common species in Western China, occur-

ring in July and August.

Specimens of the typical form exhibit considerable modifi-

cation in the amount of black on primaries ; in some examples

this colour largely predominates. In addition to what may

be regarded as ordinary aberration, there are three forms of

the species from Western China, each of which appears to be

worthy of a distinctive name.

Var. tortuosaria, nov.

In this form the only prominent markings on the primaries

are the costal portions of subbasal line, the discal spot, the

sinuous and deeply angled transverse line beyond the middle,

and a series of spots on outer margin; the secondaries are

only sparsely dotted with fuscous on basal area, but the other

markings are much as in the type.

Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan, Moupin: July.

Var. grisearia, nov.

Primaries whitish, heavily clouded and spotted with grey ;

the base is yellow, edged with black ; discal spot black, with

a black cloud-like spot before it on the costa, from the last

there is sometimes a blackish shade extending to inner

margin; submarginal band blackish, mixed with yellow,

elbowed just above the middle. Secondaries whitish, spotted

= ~~.

From China, Japan, and Corea. A47

with blackish, especially on abdominal area, which is tinged

with yellowish ; discal spot blackish ; a yellow band dotted

or edged with black extends from just above anal angle to a

little beyond third median nervule. Fringes grey on

primaries, whitish on secondaries, preceded on each wing by

a row of black spots. Under surface similar to the upper-

side, but the transverse markings are not distinct on primaries

and there is a black spot on the middle of the costa of

secondaries.

Expanse 44-46 millim.

Nine male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Var. nebularia, nov.

Primaries whitish, mottled and clouded with smoky brown ;

discal spot blackish, placed in the lower end of a cloud on

costal area; basal area marked with yellow; beyond the

middle of the wing there is a yellow irregular line, but this

is not clearly defined. Secondaries whitish, sprinkled with

brownish ; there is a small cloud-like spot on the middle of

the abdominal margin, and a short dash of yellow, bordered

on each side by brownish spots, above anal angle; central

spot blackish. Fringes brownish, marked with whitish at

ends of the nervules. Under surface similar to above, but

the yellow markings of primaries are absent and there are

some yellow hairs at the base of secondaries.

Expanse 44-54 millim.

T have a long and rather variable series of this form, the

specimens comprised therein being from Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-

fong, Ni-tou, Wa-shan, Omei-shan, and Chia-ting-fu : July.

Distribution. Kumaun; Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western

China.

Abraxas punctisignaria, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 13.)

Primaries pale yellowish buff, marked with yellow at the

base of costa and sparingly spotted with black; the most

conspicuous of these spots are three or four on basal portion

of costa and a transverse series beyond the middle of the

wing, the spots forming the lower portion of the series are

rather larger than the others and are placed on a yellow

abbreviated band from the inner margin. Secondaries paler

than primaries, but more liberally spotted with black, the

central series followed on abdominal margin by a yellow

atch; all the wings have a black discal spot. Fringes pale

yellowish buff. Under surface similar in colour to that of

the upperside of the secondaries; black markings as above,

448 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

but there is no trace of yellow. Body yellow, marked with

black on the back and sides.

Expanse 40 millim.

Two male specimens: one from Moupin, July, and one

from the summit of Omei-shan, August.

Hab. Western China.

Abraxas flavobasalis, sp. n.

Male.—Creamy white; basal area of primaries yellow,

spotted with black and limited by a black macular line

elbowed at costa; some blackish spots beyond the discal spot

form fairly regular central and submarginal series, the latter

outwardly bordered towards the inner margin with yellow;

marginal series much interrupted and not well defined.

Secondaries have a blackish spot at the base and some other

spots of the same colour arranged in three transverse series,

the middle series bordered with yellow towards anal angle.

Under surface whitish, spots as above, but no yellow markings.

Body yellowish, marked on the sides of abdomen with black

and also on the dorsal surface of the seventh, eighth, and

ninth segments.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the ground-colour is

rather whiter.

Expanse, d 36, 2 39 millim.

One example of each sex from Chang-yang, July.

Hab. Central China.

Abraxas punctaria, sp. n.

Female.— Yellowish buff. Basal area of primaries yellow,

dotted with black and limited by three black dots, one on the

median and submedian nervures respectively and one between

the costa and subcostal nervure; beyond the discal spot there

are four transverse series of black dots, with a short yellow

band between the second and third, starting from inner

margin. Secondaries have four transverse series of black

dots, with a yellow abbreviated band between the second and

third, as on primaries ; immediately preceding the innermost

of these series there are some diffuse dots above the abdo-

minal margin. Under surface whiter than above ; transverse

series of dots hardly so distinct ; no yellow markings. Head

and thorax yellow, dotted with black ; abdomen pale yellowish,

with a black dot on the back and side of each segment except

the terminal one and that next the thorax.

Expanse 32 millim.

One female specimen from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 449

Abrawas reticularia, sp. n.

Primaries white, sparingly dotted with brownish; traversed

by two diffuse blackish-brown transverse bands and a diffuse

longitudinal band of the same colour ; the outer of the trans-

verse bands is bifurcate on the costa and expands on the

inner margin, sometimes it is intersected by a thin whitish

line; above the black discal spot there is a blackish cloud,

from which a spur descends to longitudinal band. Second-

aries white, speckled with brownish and exhibiting traces of

a brownish central band; discal spot blackish. Fringes

white, more or less chequered with brownish. Under surface

similar to the upper. Body yellow, marked with black.

Expanse 40-44 millim.

Five male specimens and one female from Ta-chien-lu,

Omei-shan, Ni-tou, and Che-tou: July.

Hab. Western China.

Abraxas curvilinearia, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 12.)

White. Primaries sparingly freckled with greyish brown ;

basal patch dark ochreous, bordered with brown; discal spot

brown, surmounted by a brownish cloud on costa; there is a

transverse curved and recurved brown band beyond the middle,

expanding towards inner margin. Secondaries have a series

of five brownish spots, terminating in a brownish bar, out-

wardly bordered with yellow, on abdominal margin. Under

surtace : colour as above, markings faintly reproduced.

Expanse, d 44, 2 46 millim.

One example of each sex from Chia-ting-fu, July.

Hab. Western China.

Genus Liapra.

(Guen. Phal. ii. p. 209 (1857).)

Ligdia japonaria, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 1.)

White. Basal area of primaries smoky brown, spotted

with black and limited by a curved series of black spots ;

above the anal angle there is a smoky-brown patch, inter-

sected by the median nervules and connected by a narrow

blackish band with a blackish blotch on the costa; discal

spot blackish, with a spot above it on the costa and one below

it on inner margin, and there are some spots and clouds of

the same colour on the outer marginal area. Secondaries

have a blackish central spot and broad transverse band, and

there are some marks of the same colour on abdominal margin

450 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

and also on the outer margin. Fringes greyish white,

marked with darker on primaries. Under surface similar to

above, but the basal area of primaries is clouded with blackish

and all the markings are of the same colour.

Expanse, ¢ 28, ? 31 millim.

Several specimens in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake.

Hab. Japan.

Allied to Oe adustata, Schiff.

Ligdia ciliaria, sp. n.

White. Primaries have a blackish basal patch and border

on outer margin, the latter is broadly interrupted in the

middle; discal spot black. Secondaries have a black discal

spot and the outer margin is bordered as on primaries ; there

is a blackish cloud on the middle of the abdominal margin;

all the dark patches are suffused with golden brown. Fringes

golden brown, marked with a rather darker shade. Under-

side similar to above, but the borders are not quite so broad.

Expanse 28 millim.

One female specimen from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Also allied to Z. adustata, Schiff.

Genus LoMASPILIs.

(Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 316.)

Lomaspilis marginata.

Pha. Geometra marginata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 527; Clerck, Icon,

]. ii. fig. 5

ae marginata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 116.

Lomaspilis opis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 442 (1878) ;

Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 49, pl. “Vii. fig. 3 (1879).

There were several specimens from Oiwake, Nikko, and

Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I have also received the species

from Chang-yang, June.

Most of the Japanese examples of LZ. marginata in my

series are referable to the form which Butler has named opis,

but some are very typical.

Greer also records var. opts from Amurland (Berl. ent.

Zeit. 1888, p. 391).

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Yesso; Central

China.

——

from China, Japan, and Corea. 451

Genus METABRAXAS.

(Butl. Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1881, p. 419.)

Metabrazas clerica.

Metabravas clerica, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 419.

Metabrazas clerica, var, inconfusa, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 415

(1894).

There were a few specimens from Oiwake and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection.

I captured several examples at Hakodate in August, and

have received one female from Chang-yang, where it was

taken in July. Butler’s type was from Tokio.

The black spots are variable in size and degree of con-

fluency ; in var. inconfusa, Warr., they are well separated.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Central China.

Metabraxas luridaria, sp. n.

White. Basal area of primaries leaden grey, marked with

ochreous ; costa broadly marked with leaden grey; central

fascia, submarginal and marginal bands also leaden grey, the

first two macular, the second united with the third on apical

area and also towards inner margin. Secondaries have the

following leaden-grey markings :—a spot on median nervure,

with one between it and a spot on abdominal margin ; a central

fascia, the middle portion of which is broken up into twin

spots; a macular submarginal and a marginal band united

as on primaries. Fringes grey. Under surface as above,

but the base of the primaries is not marked with ochreous.

Antenne of the male ciliated. Head brownish grey, face

whitish. Thorax light brown, marked with darker. Abdo-

men grey, with two black spots on each segment above.

Legs grey.

Expanse 54 millim.

One male example from Moupin, July.

Hab. Western China.

In general appearance this species greatly resembles J, rufo-

notaria, but the antenne of the male are different in structure

and the arrangement of the markings, although very similar,

is not identical.

Metabraxas rufonotaria, sp. n.

White, with leaden-grey and brownish markings. On the

primaries the leaden-grey markings comprise a basal patch

and a streak along the costa, a broad central fascia interrupted

452 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

just above the middle; a submarginal band, also interrupted

above the middle, and only separated from the marginal band

by a transverse row of spots of the ground-eolour; between

the basal patch and central fascia there is a short interrupted

dash from the costa; the brownish marks are placed on the

basal patch and costal portion of short dash beyond and aiso

on the costal and inner marginal portions of the central fascia.

Secondaries have a blackish discal spot and a smaller spot on

the first fork of median nervure; the leaden-grey central

fascia is interrupted about the middle and sometimes before

inner margin; marginal and submarginal bands as on

primaries, but the latter is not marked with brown. Fringes

dark grey in the male, paler in the female. Under surface as

above, but there are no brownish markings on primaries.

Antenne of the male bipectinated. Head greyish, face

brownish. Thorax grey, marked with brown. Abdomen

yellow, with two black spots on each segment above. Legs

yellow, tarsi marked with black.

Expanse, ¢ 54, 2 56 millim.

Four specimens (three males and one female) from Omei-

shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Metabraxas incompositaria, sp. n.

Male.—W hite, spotted and marked with dingy grey. On

the primaries these markings represent a basal patch and

central fascia, with a short band between them from costa to

discal spot, and a broad band on outer marginal area, the last

is composed of smaller spots. Secondaries have an interrupted

central band, a discal spot, and some smaller spots between

it and the base of the wing; some scattered spots on outer

marginal area. Fringes grey, narrowly interrupted with

white on the secondaries and towards the inner angle of

primaries. Under surface: markings as above, but blacker.

Antenne of the male bipectinated. Head and thorax yellow,

spotted with black, face blackish, Abdomen yellowish.

Legs grey, marked with blackish,

Female.—Similar to the male, but the spots on basal and

inner marginal areas are smaller and those on outer marginal

area fewer in number, especially on the secondaries.

Expanse 62 millim.

Seven male specimens and one female from Chang-yang,

June.

Hab. Central China.

from China, Japan, and Corea, 453

Metabrazxas molossarta.

Abraxas molossaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 32, pl. ili. fig. 10

(1884).

This species is described by Oberthiir from Tong-Tchéou

(province of Kwei-chow). My collectors did not meet with

it in any part of China that they visited.

Oberthiir states that this is a variable species and that he

has received a melanic form of it from Northern India.

Hab. Western China.

Metabraxas (?) nigromarginaria, sp. n.

White, with broad fuliginous borders to all the wings;

these borders are preceded by a series of spots of the same

colour; on the primaries there are, in addition, a broad fuli-

ginous streak along the costal portion of the basal third of

the wing and some yellow markings at the extreme base;

discal spot black, with a short interrupted band beyond; the

apical portion of the marginal border of primaries is very

broad and encloses some spots of the ground-colour; the

inner marginal area of these wings is rather thickly spotted

with fuliginous. Secondaries have a few dark spots at their

base. Fringes of primaries fuliginous, slightly marked with

white; of secondaries white, chequered with fuliginous.

Under surface as above. Antenne bipectinated nearly to the

tip. Body black, marked with yellow.

Expanse 54 millim.

One male specimen from Wa-shan, June.

Hab. Western China.

Genus DILOPHODES,

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 416 (1894).)

Dilophodes elegans.

Abraxas elegans, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 58, pl. xxxvii. fig. 6

(1878).

Dilophodes elegans, Warren, Novit. Zool. 1. p. 416 (1894); Hampson,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 805 (1895).

Several specimens from Ohoyama, Nikko, and Gifu in

Pryer’s collection.

I captured the species in Satsuma in May, and Mr. Smith

at Hakone in August. One male specimen was obtained by

my collectors in the province of Kwei-chow, a female example

at Omei-shan, and several specimens at Chang-yang: July.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 32

454 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

The black markings of the Japanese specimens are larger

and more confluent than in Chinese examples.

Distribution. Japan; Western and Central China. Khasis

(Hampson).

Dilophodes conspicuaria, sp. n.

White, marked with black. Primaries spotted on basal

area; central fascia interrupted, broadest on costa; outer

marginal area banded with black; this band, which is

narrowest in the middle, is intersected with white or whitish

along the neuration and traversed by a white line; between

the central fascia and marginal band is a spot on costa, some-

times united with the former. Secondaries have a spot at

the base and one between it and the discal spot; there is

also a spot on the middle of abdominal margin; outer mar-

ginal area as on primaries. Fringes of primaries black,

tending to grey towards the inner angle ; those of secondaries

are pale grey. Under surface similar to the upperside, but

there is a broad black dash along the costa of secondaries

extending {rom basal spot to outer marginal band. Head

and thorax ochreous, the latter spotted above with black and

the patagia marked with whitish; abdomen white, dorsally

marked with black, and the terminal segment with a tuft of

long silky grey hairs.

Expanse ¢ 58-64, 2 52-60 millim.

There were two male specimens and four females from Gifu

in Pryer’s collection. I have also received two males from

Central China, where they were captured at a place thirty

miles north-west of Ichang in July; in one of these the line

traversing the outer marginal border is obsolete.

Distribution, Japan ; Central China.

Genus PEeRCNIA.

(Guen. Phal. ii. p. 216 (1857).)

Perenia foraria,

Perenia foraria, Guen, Phal. ii. p. 217 (1857); Leech, Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 146; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii,

p. 807 (1895),

Xenoplia foraria, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 415 (1894).

There were a few specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s

collection.

I received the species from Chang-yang, Kiukiang, Omei-

shan, and the province of Kwei-chow: June and July,

Distribution. Dharmsidla; Simla; Sikhim (Hampson) ;

Japan; Central and Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 45:

Percnia belluaria.

Perenia belluaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p.217 (1857).

Perenia guttata, Feld. Reis. Nov. v. pl. cxxx. fig. 15, ¢ (1874).

Perenia belluaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 308 (1895).

Three specimens from Chang-yang, one from Wa-shan,

four from Pu-tsu-fong, and one from Omei-shan: June and

July. I took this species in September in Southern Kashmir

and I have received it from Kulu.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis (Hampson) ; Kulu; Kash-

mir; Central and Western China.

Percnia grisearia, sp. n.

Male.—Whitish. Primaries tinged with cinnamon-grey

at the base and clouded with blackish on basal half; all the

wings are traversed by series of black dots arranged as in

P. fumidaria, but the bands are blackish grey and considerably

interrupted, especially on the lower portion of outer margin of

primaries and on the secondaries. Fringes whitish grey,

becoming darker towards apex of primaries. Under surface

of primaries much clouded with blackish grey, that of second-

aries very similar to upperside, but the markings are rather

paler. Thorax and abdomen cinnamon-grey, spotted with

black.

Female.—Winegs rather more ample; outer margin of

primaries rounder. The blackish-grey central band of

primaries is much broken up and the bands on secondaries

are almost obsolete; the under surface of primaries is free

from blackish-grey clouding except on basal portion of costa

and on apical area of primaries.

Expanse, g 58, ? 60 millim.

Ten specimens (seven males, three females) from Kiu-

kiang, Ichang, Chang-yang, Kwei-chow, and Chia-ting-fu.

Hab. Central and Western China.

This species and also P. fumidaria are allied to P. belluaria,

Guen.

Percnia fumidaria, sp. 0.

Male.—Whitish. Primaries suffused with pinky grey on

the basal half and traversed by five rows of black dots, those

of central and two inner series placed on the neuration and

those of outer series placed between the nervules; the central

series is followed by a broad band of pinky grey and the

space between the two outer series is grey, with the exception

of some bars of the ground-colour between the opposed dots ;

12-)%

456 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

the discal spot is black and there are two black dots at the

base of wing. On the secondaries the arrangement of black

dots and pink-grey bands corresponds with taat on primaries,

except that there are only two black dots and the discal spot

between the central series and the base of the wing. Fringes

pinky grey. Under surface whitish ; discal spot on all the

wings black, larger than above and followed by a transverse

series of short black dashes on the nervules ; two outer series

of dots as on upperside, but those of primaries obscured by

a band of grey.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the wings are rather

more ample, and the outer margin of primaries rounder; the

pinky-grey suffusion is more restricted to basal area.

Expanse, ¢ 46, ¢ 52 millim.

Several examples of each sex from Chang-yang and Ichang

and a pair from Chia-ting-fu: July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Percnia giraffuta.

Abraxas giraffata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 205 (1857).

Rhyparia grandaria, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. 1862, p. 39; Reise Nov.

pl. cxxix. fig. 28 (1874).

Perenia giraffata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 8309 (1895).

Two specimens from Fujisan in Pryer’s collection. Three

specimens from Chang-yang, one from Wa-shan, two from

Omei-shan, one from Moupin, and one from the province of

Kwei-chow: June.

Distribution. Sikhim and Burma (Hampson); Japan;

Central and Western China.

Percnia exanthemata.

Culcula exanthemata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 266 (1887).

Percnia exanthemata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 308

(1895).

Buzura abraxata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 143, pl. ix.

fig. 14, Q.

I received specimens of this species from Kiukiang, Moupin,

and Omei-shan, all taken in July.

The males range from 64-72 millim. in expanse and the

females from 74-90 millim.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdésis (Hampson) ; Central and

Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 457

Genus OBEIDIA.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1139 (1862).)

Obeidia vagipardata.

Oberdia vagipardata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1139 (1862).

Common at Chang-yang, Kiukiang, and in all the localities

visited by my collectors: June and July.

There is considerable variation in the size of the black

spots ; those on the secondaries are often confluent and form

more or less complete bands. In one male specimen from

the province of Kwei-chow the secondaries are almost entirely

blackish and the outer and inner marginal areas of primaries

are broadly marked with the same colour.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Obeidia rongaria.

Rhyparia rongaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 35, pl. ii. fig. 22

(1893).

Described by Oberthiir from a specimen received by him

from ‘l’sé-kou.

Hab. Western China.

Obeidia tdaria.

Rhyparia idaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 35, pl. v. fig. 73

(1893).

Oberthiir’s type was from T'sé-kou.

Hab. Western China.

Obeidia tigrata.

Abravas tigrata, Guen. Phal. ii, p. 202 (1857).

Obeidia tigrata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 309, fig.

(1895).

Rhyparia leopardaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 17, pl. ix. fig. 6

(1881).

A large number of specimens were received from Moupin,

Omei-shan, Chia-ting- fu, Kiukiang, and Ohang-yang: June

and July. I captured the species at Gensan in July.

‘This species varies in expanse, in the tone of the yellow

coloration, and also in the size of the black spots; in some

specimens the spots on secondaries are confluent and form

bands.

Leopardaria, Oberth., is certainly a form of this species ;

458 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

I have a specimen from Moupin which is almost exactly

identical with Oberthiir’s figure.

Distribution. Sikhin ; Nigas; Penang (Lampson) ; Corea ;

Central and Western Guin

Obeidia gigantearia, sp. n.

Male.—Yellow, central area of all the wings white ; basal,

costal, and marginal areas heavily spotted with black. All

the wings have a black irregular fascia and a diffuse submar-

ginal band: there is also a more or less complete subbasal

band on the secondaries. Fringes yellow, chequered with

black. Under surface as above.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the central fascia and

submarginal band on all the wings are broken up into spots,

as also is the subbasal band on secondaries.

Expanse 56-92 millim.

A large number of specimens from the province of Kwei-

chow and from Omei-shan and Moupin, also one example

from Chang-yang: June and July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Obeidia conspurcata, sp. n.

Male.—Yellow, central area of all the wings white ; basal,

costal, and marginal areas spotted with blackish; all the

wings have a broad central fascia and an ill-defined submar-

ginal band, the former composed of large blackish spots and

the latter of smaller spots. Fringes yellow, chequered with

blackish. Under surtace as above.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the wings are rather

more ample and the spots forming the central fascia are

smaller and more scattered.

Expanse 70-72 millim.

A long series from Chang-yang, also several specimens

from Omei -shan, Moupin, and Kwei-chow: July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

‘Lhis species is very like O. gigantearia, but it is smaller

and the maculation is not so black or so heavy, and the bands

are never so well detined.

Obeidia (?) Largeteaut.

Rhyparia Largeteawi, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 82, pl. i. fig. 5

(1884).

Appears to be common at Ichang, Chang-yang, and Omei-

shan. I also received one specimen from Chia-ting-fu: June

and July.

Hab. Centra! and Western China.

—

ot >

from China, Japan, and Corea. 459

Oberdia (?) aurantiaca.

Halthia aurantiaca, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 56, pl. iii. fig. 2, 3

(1892),

Alphéraky records a male specimen from the river Hei-hd,

in the province of Kan-Sou: July.

Genus VITHORA.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iv. p. 818 (1855).)

Vithora stratonice.

Phalena stratonice, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. p. 254, pl. ecexcviil. fig. K.

Cystidia stratonice, Hiibn. Verz. Schm. p. 174 (1800).

Vithora agrionides, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 187 (1875) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt ii. p. 3, pl. xxii. fig. 3 (1878).

Vithora stratonice, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 614.

Cistidia stratonice, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 116.

I met with this species at many places in Japan during

the months of May, June, and July; at Gensan in June ;

and I have received two specimens from Kiukiang.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; Central China.

Vithora indrasana.

Vithora indrasana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 795, pl. xlii.

fig. 5.

Halthia nigripars, Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 16, pl. i.

fig. 1

Vithora indrasana, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 311 (1895).

I have a long series of this species from Moupin and Omei-

shan, captured in July.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Khdsis (Hampson) ; Western China.

‘The specimens agree better with the form nigripars from

Khadsis than with Sikhim specimens. The central white

markings on secondaries, however, are smaller, especially the

dash in cell, which is represented by a patch in the cell and a

small spot just outside.

Vithora couaggaria.

Abraxas couaggaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 202 (1857).

Halthia eurypyle, Mén, Bull. de Acad, Pét. xvii. p. 217 ; Schr. Amur-

Reise, p. 47, pl. iv. fig. 5 (1859).

Halthia eurymede, Motsch. Etud. d’Ent. 1860, v. 30.

Cistidia couaggaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 116.

Abravas interruptaria, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon, 1862, p. 39; Reise der

Nov. pl. cxxix. tig. 29; Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 145.

Abraxas lithostaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1125 (1862).

There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection, and I

460 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

captured some fine examples at Nagahama and Gensan in

July. I have also received the species from several Chinese

localities. ‘.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; Amur; Central and Western

China. ]

The very extensive series that; I have retained comprises

all the intergrades between a specimen which is white in

ground-colour, with narrow black bands, and one which is

black in colour, with three small white spots on the basal

area and two spots, rather larger, on the outer third of

primaries. The secondaries of this specimen are black, with

two white bands.

Genus NEOLYTHRIA.

(Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 72 (1892).

Pp P Pp

Neolythria djrouchiaria.

Abraxas djrouchiaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 34, pl. iii. fig. 37

(1893).

I received a number of specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Moupin,

and Che-tou. In some of these the black transverse band of

primaries is not intersected by a yellow line.

Var. montana, nov. (PI. VII. fig. 11.)

Smaller than the type ; the transverse band of primaries is

broader, the black spots on outer margin of each wing are

united and form a marginal band, the secondaries have a

distinct macular submarginal band.

A long series was taken on the summit of Mount Omei in

August.

In one female example of this form the ground of primaries

is yellowish, and the secondaries are tinged with the same

colour.

Hab. Western China.

Neolythria abraxaria.

Metey abraxaria, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 72, pl. iii. figs. 8 a, }

This species was first discovered in the province of

Szechuen. ‘I'he specimens I have received from Western

China do not agree with the type; I therefore describe them

as var. confinaria, nov.

In this form the white submarginal band on primaries is

much narrower and its edges are serrated; the lower discal

streak is shorter, and there is sometimes a small triangular

from China, Japan, and Corea. 461

spot between this and the upper streak ; on the secondaries

the marginal black spots are larger.

Three specimens from Che-tou and two from Ta-chien-lu,

July.

Hab. Western China.

Neolythria tandjrinaria.

Abravas tandjrinaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 34, pl. ii. fig. 23

(1893).

Occurs not uncommonly at Chin-kou-ho, Wa-shan, Huang-

mu-chang, and Chang-yang: June and July.

Among the specimens from Chin-kou-ho was an example

of the female, and as this sex has not been previously

described, I append a short description.

Female.—Yellow band, together with the black internal

border, on outer margin of primaries much narrower than in

the male ; the inner row of spots only represented by two or

three on the costal portion. On the secondaries the spots of

the inner row on outer margin are linear and almost touching

the outer ones.

Hab, Western and Central China.

Neolythria consimilaria, sp. n.

Similar to A. tandjrinaria, Oberth., but the black border of

the yellow band on outer margin of primaries, which is rather

fulvous in tint, is deeply indented on costal area; the black

spots forming the inner series are larger, especially the costal

one and that below it; the two rows of black spots on outer

margin of secondaries are wider apart; all the wings have a

distinct black discal spot.

Expanse 30-32 millim.

Several specimens (all males) from Wa-ssu-kow ; examples

have also been received from a-chien-lu and Pu-tsu-fong :

June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Neolythria Oberthiirt, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 6.)

Also similar to A. tandjrinaria, Oberth., but the outer

marginal band of primaries is not tapered, but of almost

uniform width from costa to inner margin; the inner row of

black spots is free and does not unite with the black bordering

line at any point. On the secondaries the marginal series of

black spots are even wider apart than in A. consimilaria, and

there is a black dot on each nervule before the inner series ;

462 On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China ke.

the black discal spot of primaries is linear and slightly curved,

that on secondaries, when present, is punctiform.

Expanse, ¢ 36, ¢ 38 millim.

Seven male specimens and three females from Moupin and

Hiuang-mu-chang: July and August. :

flab. Western China.

Neolythria nubiferaria, sp. n.

White, slightly tinged with smoky, venation blackish.

Primaries: costa blackish, most broadly so near the white

transverse line, which precedes a deep blackish border on

outer margin; discal spot black. Secondaries have a small

black discal spot. Fringes whitish, preceded by a series of

blackish lunules. Under surface similar to above.

Expanse, g 26, 9 28 millim.

One example of each sex from How-kow.

Hab. Thibet.

Genus XANTHABRAXAS.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 422 (1894).)

Xanthabraxas hemionata.

Abravas hemionata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 208 (1857).

Xanthabravas hemionata, Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 422 (1894).

I received four specimens from Chang-yang, one from Kiu-

kiang, and five from Moupin: July.

Hab, Central aud Western China.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Heterocallia truncaria, sp. n., p. 212.

Lig. 2. Urapteryx subpunctaria, Leech, p. 192.

Teg. 3. —— similaria, sp. n., p. 192.

Ig. 4. Anonychia preditaria, sp, n., p. 226.

hig. 5, Nylescia biangularia, sp. n., p. 210.

Lig. 6. Oberthiiria nigromacularia, sp. 0., p. 189.

Fig. 7. ——flavomarginaria, sp. n., p. 188.

fig. 8. LHeterolocha quadraria, sp. n., p. 231.

fig. 9. Rumia trimacularia, sp. n., p. 298.

Fiy. 10. Krananda lucidaria, sp. n., p. 305.

Fig. 11. Psychostrophia picaria, sp. n., p. 189,

Fig. 12. Venilia flavaria, sp. n., p. 233.

Fig. 13. Myrteta sinensaria, sp.n., p. 194,

Fig. 14, Macaria elongaria, sp. n., p. 308.

Lig. 15. Pericallia marmorataria, sp. 0., p. 207.

On new Muride from Central and West Africa, 468

PuaTeE VII.

Fig. 1. Ligdia japonica, Leech, p. 449.

Fig. 2. Boarmia venustaria, Leech, p. 414.

Fig. 3. Phyllabravas curvaria, sp. n., p. 441.

Fig. 4. Boarmia decolvraria, sp. n., p. 424.

Tiga 8. Sumosaria, Leech, p. 417.

Fig. 6. Neolythria Oberthiirr, sp. n., p. 461.

Fig. 7. Selena adustaria, Leech, p. 205.

Fig. 8. Biston emarginaria, sp. n., p. 522.

Fig. 9. Hemerophila conjunctaria, sp. n., p. 431.

Fig. 10. Arichanna albomacularia, Leech, p. 436.

Fig. 11. Neolythria djrouchiaria, Oberth., var. montana, nov., p. 460.

Fig. 12. Abraxas curvilinearia, sp. n., p. 449.

Fig. 13. punctisignaria, sp. n., p. 447.

Fig. 14. Boarmia basifuscaria, Leech, p. 416.

Fig. 16. - ornataria, Leech, p. 417.

XLIV.—Descriptions of Two new Muride from Central

and West Africa. By W. E. De WInTOoN.

THE examination of some specimens of West-African Muride

lately acquired by the British Museum and kindly entrusted

to me for determination by Mr. Oldfield Thomas shows the

necessity for descriptions being drawn out and names given

to two forms. One I propose to name Jus sebastianus, the

peculiarity of the fur suggesting arrows sticking in its skin.

‘The other I name Malacomys centralis ; the examples of this

species were collected and presented to the British Museum

by Dr. Emin Pasha ten years ago, and referred to by

Thomas (P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 11) as Il. longipes, but have

until now never been compared with specimens of J. longipes,

M.-Edw. The Museum has since acquired several specimens

of this West- African form.

Mus sebastianus, sp. n

Size rather smaller than JM. rattus: whole of the upper

parts dull coffee-brown, fur soft and rather woolly, inter-

spersed with long shining lance-shaped darker hairs; beneath

greyish white, not sharply separated from the colour of the

upper parts ; feet and hands covered with fine short adpressed

brown hairs; nails pale horn-colour, small on the fore feet,

those on the hind feet much larger and stronger, curved, but

not very sharp; front part of the face and nose thickly

haired ; whiskers all black-brown, long, reaching well beyond

ears ; in the alcoholic specimens the ear laid forward just

reaches to postcanthus of the eye; tail very long, unicoloured

dark slate, smooth and practically naked.

464 Mr. W. E. de Winton on Two new

The general colour of this mouse seems to come between

“vandyke” and “burnt umber” of Ridgway. The long

shining hairs are very conspicuous, as they are fully twice

the length of the rest of the coat and wave with their own

weight as the specimen is turned about in the hand 3. a closer

examination shows that these Hairs are of very peculiar

shape, being exceedingly fine for more than half their length,

then increasing several diameters and ending in a point; thus,

when a single hair is extracted and laid on the table it

resembles a miniature porcupine-quill on the end of a fine

piece of wire. The fore feet are very typical of the genus,

and there is nothing out of the common in the structure of

the hind feet ; the first toe reaches to base of second, fifth to

end of first phalanx of fourth ; pads, first four are large, last

two small, all pointed; soles smooth and naked.

Type, 2? in al. (97. 2. 21. 4 in British Museum) :—

Mamme 1—2=6. Head and body 141 millim.; tail 190;

hind foot 29; ear 18.

A younger 3 :—Head and body 132; tail 185; hind

foot 28 ; ear 17.

Loc. Efulen, Cameroons.

The skull somewhat resembles that of MZ. univittatus, but

is more ridged. In profile it is arched; it is rather short and

broad, bumpy and angular ; supraorbital and temporal ridges

strongly developed, forming well-marked angles at the junc-

tion of the frontals and parietals, and also in the middle of

the latter over posterior roots of zygomata ; the ridges con-

tinue back to join the occipital ridge, forming a polygonal

pattern on the top of the skull, only open across the inter-

orbital constriction ; the zygomata, bowed evenly downwards,

are of nearly equal thickness throughout. Auditory bulla

very small. The molars are exceedingly simple ; in neither

of the specimens to hand is there any sign of cusps, and the

pattern of the enamel folds is periectly plain, with none of

the minor folds found in a greater or less degree of develop-

ment in the teeth of nearly every member of the genus.

Upper incisors orange-yellow, lower rather paler. The

palatal foramina barely reach a line drawn between the front

roots of molars; the postnarial opening is rounded and open,

the back of the palate barely extending to the level of the

back of the molar series,

Mandibles short and deep, condyles set very high nearly to

level of coronoids, which are small; the back line is very

little bowed in trom the perpendicular.

Skull measurements :— Greatest length 37:5 millim.,

greatest breadth 18°5; breadth of brain-case 15, constr. 6°5 ;

ee eee Ses

Muride from Central and West Africa. 465

interpar. 5x 10; nasals 13 x4°5; basal length 31:5; hens.

to back of pal. 16°5; back of pal. to for. mag. 12°5; pal. for.

8x2°7; ™: 6:1; diast.10; outside ™*! 7:8, inside 3°5; man-

dible, length (bone only) 20, height 12:1.

This mouse may possibly be identical with M. hypoleucus,

Pucher.; but as that name had already been applied to a

mouse from Natal by Sundevall (CXtvers. Vet.-Ak. Stockh.

1846, p. 121), it cannot be considered.

I think there is no doubt that we here have the animal

described by Prof. Tullberg (‘ Muriden aus Kamerun,’ p. 36,

1893) as Dasymys longicaudatus, which is certainly not a

Dasymys, as is clearly shown in the figures given of the skull,

and, being a Mus, the specific name cannot stand, being

rendered useless by having been applied by Bennett (P. Z. S.

1832, p. 2) to a South-American mouse now known as Ori-

zomys longicaudatus. But, presuming this to be the case, it

-1s scarcely credible that the very striking peculiarity in the

fur could have remained unnoticed unless the season of the

year prevented this peculiarity being apparent.

Prof. Tullberg sets Mus univittatus down as an Isomys :

this mouse has a fairly well-marked dorsal streak, and its

hind feet approach the Lsomys, or, as it should be called,

Arvicanthis torm; but in every other character it is a true

Mus. I feel sure that if more specimens had been examined

Mus (Isomys) rufocanus would never have been described,

for among the specimens of Jfus univittatus in the British

Museum from the same locality will be found variations

greater than those separating these two forms, with every

intermediate step. I shall therefore consider them as identical.

Malacomys centralis, sp. n.

Size rather larger than J. longipes, but in texture and

colour of fur and proportions of all parts it closely resembles

that species. ‘The soft velvety fur is very shrew-like and

suggests the colour of Sorex minutus. Kars very long and

naked.

Colour above dull liver-brown, slightly mixed with grey,

rather more golden on the head, neck, and rump; a dark

oval sooty-coloured patch surrounds each eye; whiskers fine,

long, liver-coloured; front part of the face very scantily

haired ; the whole of the underparts greyish ; feet and hands

clothed with extremely fine short whitish hairs, not much

more developed than the bloom on a peach; tail distinctly

bicoloured, but varying somewhat in clearness, smooth and

naked.

466 On a new Species of Lagidium.

Type, d (87. 12. 1. 60 in British Museum). Measure-

ments taken from skin:—Head and body 180 millim. ; tail

175; hind foot 40; ear 25; heel to front of last foot-pad 20 ;

fitth toe to half first phal. of fourth; first toe short, not

reaching to base of second. Foot-pads 5, between bases of

second and third toes, between bases of third and fourth, at

base of fifth, at base of first, and one about its own length

posterior to that at base of first.

Loc. Tingassi, Mombuttu.

A female shows the mamme 1—2=6.

Skull (broken): length to lambda 35:5 millim.; breadth 18 ;

breadth of brain-case 16°5; constr. 7; nasals 16°5 x 4°3; hens.

to back of pal. 18°43; pal. for.63x3; ™:6; diast. 12°3; out-

side ™s-! 7°8, inside 4°5, mandible, length (bone only) 22,

height 12,

In comparison with M. longipes the skull is larger, as also

the length and breadth of the molars; the brain-case broader

and more rounded; the angle of juncture of fronto-parietal

suture more obtuse; and in the mandible the greater length

of the coronoid is evident. This is now the third known

species in this genus, and is larger than JZ. longipes, M.-Edw.,

from theGaboon and Cameroons, or the more brightly coloured

graceful form JM. Edwards?, Rocheb., from Liberia.

XLV.—On a new Species of Lagidium from the Eastern

Coast of Patagonia. By OLvFiELD THOMAS.

THE genus Lagidium has not hitherto been known to occur

away trom the chain of the Andes, and it has therefore been

with much interest that I have examined an example of this

genus obtained in the hills near Chubut, Eastern Patagonia.

By the kindness of Dr. Moreno, of the La Plata Museum,

the specimen has been acquired by the British Museum.

On the whole, considering its geographical isolation, the

Chubut Lagidium is surprisingly like the Andean forms,

those from the southern end of the Andean chain being natu-

rally most nearly allied to it, while the more northern ones,

such as L. peruanum and L, pallipes, are considerably more

distinct.

Though Jike, however, it cannot be assigned to any

described species, and | would therefore propose to name it,

in honour of the distinguished Director of the La Plata

Museum,

On a new Lizard from Obok. AG?

Lagidium Morent, sp. n.

Size large. General colour above silvery or pale ashy

grey, without yellowish suffusion, paler than in any Andean

specimen in the Museum. Dorsal line well marked, running

from withers to loins. Whiskers black. Lars rather short,

their backs thinly haired, brownish, with white edges. Belly

buffy yellow, rather sharply defined from the grey of the back

and sides; bases of hairs brownish grey as usual. Hands and

feet white, with a faint buffy tinge. ‘Tail black below,

grizzled, with mixed black and white hairs above.

Skull large and heavy, with the muzzle much elongated,

but the nasals shorter and less inflated than in many of the

Andean forms; anteriorly these bones do not nearly reach

forwards to the level of the gnathion, but stop short at the

level of the middle of the anterior mesial palatal foramina;

behind again they are markedly exceeded by the ascending

processes of the premaxillaries, which surpass them by fully

5 millimetres. Brain-case broad and rounded. Posterior

edge of palate level with the middle of ™*. ‘Teeth as usual.

Dimensions of the type (an adult female) measured on the

dried skin :—

Head and body (c.) 480 millim.; tail imperfect at tip;

hind foot 102; ear 72.

Skull: basal length 78, greatest breadth 46; nasals 30x

11-5; interorbital breadth 18°3, intertemporal breadth 23:5 ;

brain-case, breadth 38°5; palate length trom henselion 41:5;

diastema 27°2; palatal foramina 16°3 x 3:5; length of upper

molar series (crowns only) 19:2.

Hab. Chubut, Patagonia.

Type: TB. M. 96. 102%,°T.

XLVI.—Deseription of a new Lizard from Obok.

By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S.

Eremias Martini.

Snout moderately long, obtusely pointed. Nostril between

three swollen nasals; frontonasal separated from the

rostral by the upper nasals; two pretrontals; no frontal

groove ; four supraoculars, first and fourth very small,

first in contact with the loreal, second in contact with the

prefrontal; a series of granules between the two principal

supraoculars and the supraciliaries; interparietal elongate

pentagonal, in contact with a small occipital; temporal

468 Ona new Genus and Species of Tortoises.

scales granular, smooth; no auricular denticulation; lower

eyelid scaly ; subocular bordering the lip, between the fourth

and fifth upper labials; the three anterior. pairs of chin-

shields in contact. A feeble transverse gular fold, connecting

the ears; collar distinct only at the sides. Dorsal scales

rhomboidal, subimbricate, obtusely- tectiform, 37 across the

middle of the body. Ventral plates in straight longitudinal

and transverse series, broader than long and subequal in

size, in 8 longitudinal and 26 transverse series. A large

preanal shield, bordered by two semicircles of scales. The

hind limb reaches halfway between the arm and the ear.

One series of large and two series of small subtibial shields.

12 femoral pores. ‘Tail twice and a half the length of head

and body ; upper caudal scales strongly keeled, lower smooth.

Sandy grey above, with three blackish streaks on each side,

the middle one broadest, extending to the eye and separated

from the lower one by a pure white stripe; lower parts

uniform white.

millim

Potel length Jai eb shah see ie peas 106

FL Ga Gs «his fatceeasds see exis siete Kees 75

Wadth:or head s:\.5:.c ee aa oe ee 4:5

From end of snout to fore limb........ 14

From end of snout to vent............. 31

Hore limb 3.3 a5 5 ae te Wani ee ee ee ll

Fintdilimy pissed tot oe eee abe ae 18

TST mee eee re ont ae ee Re a ee 75

A single male specimen was obtained by Dr. Henry Martin

in February 1895 on rocks about a mile froim the coast of

Obok, at the entrance of the Red Sea. It is now preserved

in the private collection of his son in Paris.

It is interesting at the same time to record the occurrence of

a sea-snake, Hydrus platurus, L., on the same coast. A

specimen was taken by fishermen in their nets among rocks

near the coast and brought by them to Dr. Martin. No

sea-snake had as yet been reported from the Red Sea or the

Gulf of Aden.

XLVII.—Description of a new Genus and Species of

Jortoises from Borneo. By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

LieMyYs.

Neural plates hexagonal, the antero-lateral sides shortest.

Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with

moderately long axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter

anchylosed between the fifth and sixth costal plates ; ento-

plastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a

broad bony temporal arch; alveolar surfaces of upper jaw

On a new Butterfly from N.E. Borneo. 469

broad, with a strong median ridge; choane between the eyes.

Skin of hinder part of head divided into small shields.

Digits fully webbed. Tail very short.

LIiemys inornata.

Carapace moderately depressed, smooth and rounded, the

border not serrated ; nuchal moderately large, an equilateral

triangle with the apex turned forwards; vertebral shields

narrower than costals, first, fourth, and fifth broader than

long, second and third slightly longer than broad, with

the antero-lateral borders convex and the postero-laterals

concave; 25 marginals, including the nuchal. Plastron

smaller than the opening of the shell, truncate anteriorly,

deeply notched behind; the width of the bridge equals the

length of the hind lobe; the suture between the gular shields

equals that between the humerals and exceeds that between

the anals; suture between the pectorals longer than that

between the humerals, as long as that between the femorals,

and two thirds that between the abdominals; suture between

pectoral and abdominal curved; axillary and inguinal

present. Head moderately large, short and broad; snout

slightly shorter than the orbit, much less than the interorbital

width; upper jaw notched in the middle, with a very in-

distinct cusp on each side ; diameter of mandibular symphysis

a little greater than the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws;

front of forearm and outer side of leg with large transverse

band-like scales. Upper parts uniform blackish brown;

lower surface of shell uniform yellow; soft parts pale brown

beneath.

Length of shell 39 centim.

‘Two specimens (females), collected in the Lobuk Antu

district, Sarawak, by Mr. C. Hose, are now in the British

Museum.

This new tortoise belongs to a very distinct type of fresh-

water Testudinide, combining characters of Ocadia and

Bellia.

XLVIII.—On a new Nymphalid Butterfly from N.E. Borneo.

By ArtHur G. ButTuer, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Senior

Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum.

Tue following species was collected and recently presented

to the Museum by W. B. Pryer, Esq., of Sandakan. It is

allied to Zeuxidia amethystus and Z, victrix, but differs con-

siderably in the scaling and tufting of the secondaries. As

a new genus is certain to be founded sooner or later for this

section of Zeuxidia, | may as well name it at once :-—

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 33

470 Miscellaneous.

ZEUXALTIS, subgenus novum.

Outline and neuration of Zeuxidia, but the secondaries

thinly scaled and semitransparent, with the exception of a

broad border encircling the wing and an arched series of six

broad internervular elongated patches crossing the outer

portion of the basal half from the costal vein across the dis-

coidal cell to the submedian vein; the first three of these

patches are much thickened and covered by broad flattened

tufts of long hair.

Zeuxidia (Zeuxaltis) Pryeri, sp. n.

Primaries above nearly as in Z. victriz, but the apical area

much wider between the blue arched belt and the outer

margin, especially towards costa: the secondaries considerably

paler owing to the thin scaling on these wings excepting in

the borders and glandular patches; the first three of these

pale in colouring, but almost concealed by blackish tufts of

hair, the remaining three much more elongated and deep

pitchy brown, the last (upon interno-median area) very much

elongated ; the costal, outer, and inner borders pitchy brown,

the basal half of the submedian vein bearing a fringe of long

hair; a very well-defined wavy blue submarginal band, partly

concealing the brown outer border and emitting an oval elon-

gated spot inwards upon the first median areole. The under

surface resembles that of the allied species, which this insect

corresponds with in expanse of wings.

é. Sandakan, N.E. Borneo. Type coll. B. M.

The narrow wavy submarginal band of the secondaries and

the different arrangement of tufts on the secondaries, as well

as the curiously diaphanous character of these wings, due to

the somewhat different structure of the scales, readily distin-

guish it from all the known forms of Zeuxidia, Amathusia,

Amathuxidia, &e.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Astacus vindicated as the Lobster’s Genus.

By the Rey. Tuomas R. R. Sreppine, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.

A CLEVER man invented a mechanical speaking figure, and subse-

quently, it is said, in a frenzy of disappointment at the results of

his ingenuity, himself destroyed it. A similar course, apart from

the frenzy, may be strongly recommended to Mr. Pocock for the

treatment of his new principle in zoological nomenclature, “ for

selecting the type species of a genus when no type has been desig-

nated by the author.” He says that it may be stated as follows :—

“When the name of a genus is the same as that of one of its

component species, that species is the type of the genus.”

Miscellaneous. 471

Coupling this piece of legislation with the facts that Linneus

called the Swedish crayfish Cancer astacus and that this species was

included with others by Gronovius and Fabricius in the genus

Astacus, Mr. Pocock draws the conclusion that Astacus astacus

(Linn.) is the proper designation of the Swedish crayfish, and that

for the European crayfishes in general Astacus, and not Potamobhius,

is the right generic name.

In February last Professor Bell kindly directed my inexperienced

attention to certain Rules and Recommendations put forth under

the auspices of the British Association. On comparing these with

the proposed improvement of them above quoted, one is forcibly

reminded of Medea’s advice to her cousins to restore their father’s

youth by cutting him up and boiling the pieces in a pot with other

ingredients. The Stricklandian rule says, “A new specific name

must be given to a species when its old name has been adopted for

a genus which includes that species.’ The sensitive ears of Strick-

land’s committee objected to such combinations as Pyrrhocorax

pyrrhocorax. Later on a revising committee, with Sir W. Jardine

as reporter, agreed that when a specific name has been unhappily

adopted as generic, ‘‘it is the generic name which must be thrown

aside, not the old specific name.” Both of these rules must be set

aside to justify the use of <Astacus astacus. But another Strick-

landian rule says, “‘ When the evidence as to the original type of a

genus is not perfectly clear and indisputable, then the person who

first subdivides the genus may affix the original name to any portion

of it at his discretion, and no later author has a right to transfer

that name to any other part of the original genus.” Now, my

contention is that the synonymy in the ‘ Fauna Suecica’ of Lin-

nus, 1746, clearly and indisputably shows that the common lobster

had a prescriptive right to be regarded as the type of the genus

Astacus. But if on technical grounds that evidence be disallowed,

then it was Leach who first subdivided the genus, and who, at his

discretion—surely his very sound discretion—affixed the original

name to that portion of it containing the common lobster.

As to the general question whether such forms as “ Astacus

astacus”’ are in any case permissible, an answer may be humbly

suggested. When they have been actually used as the first binary

combination of names applied to a species, in the interests of priority

it would be well to let them stand, unless they have some other

weakness besides the tautophonical. But a rule for introducing

them into parts of zoology where they have not previously been

used or perhaps even thought of will not, one may trust, obtain any

eurrency, even though proposed by so sound and sagacious a natu-

ralist as my friend Mr. R. I. Pocock. To take a single example,

the Pagurus aniculus of Fabricius was changed by Dana, in accord-

ance with the Stricklandian rule valid at the time (1852), into

Aniculus typicus, and this, on Mr. Pocock’s principle, would, “ zpso

facto,” as he says, become Aniculus aniculus, to which any mode-

rately intelligent echo could only reply “ridiculous, ridiculous ! ”

And if that and various other objectionable results of the new

principle were accepted, it still would not follow that ‘* Astacus

472 Miscellaneous.

astacus (Linn.)” could be upheld. The instances are numerous in

which authors, in subdividing a genus, have borrowed the name of

one of its old species and bestowed it upon one of the new genera,

and in these it is natural to suppose that the species which supplied

the name was regarded as the type. In Dana’s Aniculus typicus

this view finds definite expression. To the Homarus vulgaris of

Milne-Edwards it is an additional objection that that distinguished

author adopts for the generic name of the lobster the specific name

which Linnzus applied to the crawfish. This would not of itself

in any way invalidate the term Homarus, but it may contribute to

our satisfaction in finding it on other grounds untenable. Now,

when we turn from these examples to regard the proposal to call

the Swedish crayfish Astacus astacus (Linn.), it really looks as if

Mr. Pocock thought that Gronovius and Fabricius had borrowed

the generic name Astacus from the Linnean species Cancer astacus.

Yet the third volume of Seba’s ‘Thesaurus’ bears the very same

date as the tenth edition of Linnzeus’s ‘ Systema,’ and was probably

in print before it, though perhaps not issued till later; and this

volume of Seba contains many species of Astacus, but not the Cancer

astacus of Linneus. The zeal for giving paramount authority to

that unlucky species is peculiarly misplaced: neither in the genus

nor in the species has it any decent right to the title Astacus. As

Mr. Walter Faxon showed in 1884, through more than three

centuries of modern science its accepted specific name almost without

interruption has been fluviatilis, The genus Astacus, in the wide

and vague extension given to it by naturalists earlier than Leach, was

well known long before Linneus was born, and nothing could be

much more absurd than to give him, of all men, special rights over

it because both generically and specifically he misnamed the Swedish

crayfish.

In opening this controversy Professor Bell accused me of

“courage” for having, as he supposed, in my ‘ History of Crustacea’

altered the Latin names of the common crayfish and the common

lobster. In defending Astacus gammarus as the name of the

European lobster and Potamobius fluviatilis as the name of one of

the European crayfishes I have sheltered my timidity behind

successive authorities of the British Museum itself. Professor Bell

was writing apparently in the interests of conservatism, to defend

accepted names against innovation. His colleague comes forward

to help him, and devises a principle which would make the time-

honoured Maia squinado and many other well-known names unstable,

and would almost justify one in borrowing Professor Bell’s indignant

eloquence to declare that it ‘will throw into confusion not only

carcinological literature, but every text-book in every language

under the sun.” ‘This will it do without in any way touching the

position of the “ priority purists” or giving them that ‘ short shrift”

their censor has so long wished them. One is tempted to believe

that when, on the Kalends of March, the two augurs met in the

corridors of the Museum, instead of rushing into Mr. Pocock’s arms

in a transport of gratitude, the professor must have eyed him with

a glance of scornful suspicion and exclaimed—

“ Non tali auxilio nec defensoribus istis.”

Ann. & Mag. Nat. HistS. 6, Vol.X1X. PLVI

ID ©

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>. Vol_XIX. PU.VIT.

y. Nat Hist. S. ¢

Ann. & Mac

mp ©

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An. & Mag.. Vat. Hist.S.6.Vol. XIX. PU.X.

Green del et hth eee Mintern Dros. imt

X. PU. XT.

UXL

Ann & Mag. Nat. Hist. S.

OSTEORACHIS

Mintexn Bros imp

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THE ANNALS

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

(SIXTH SERIES. ]

No. 113. MAY 1897.

XLIX.— Notes on the Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm., with

Descriptions of New Species. By C. J. Ganan, M.A.,

of the British Museum (Natural History).

TuHrouGH the kindness of M. René Oberthir I have been

enabled to compare the series of types belonging to the

genus Glenea which are contained in his collection, with the

types in the British Museum, now largely augmented by

the addition of those contained in the collection of the late

Mr. Pascoe. As a result I have prepared a list of synonyms,

which will show that the suspicions entertained by M. Ober-

thiir and myself as to the identity of many of the species

described by Thomson and Pascoe are fully confirmed.

The close examination of species necessary in making these

comparisons has led to the observation of certain characters,

previously overlooked, to which I call attention in the

following notes. Descriptions of some new species are

added, and a new genus is characterized for the reception of

two species hitherto placed in Glenea.

1. On the Structure of the Tarsal Claws in the

Genus Glenea.

In a note appended to his description of the genus Glenea

Lacordaire* writes in reference to the tarsal claws :—“ Je les

ai examinés chez un grand nombre d’espéces et les ai trouvés

* ‘Genera des Coléoptéres,’ tom. ix. p. 843 (3).

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 34

A474 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

simples dans les deux sexes, avec un léger feston, souvent

absent, a leur base. M. Pascoe cite cependant certaines

espéces (ambotnica, cyanipennis) chez les males desquelles

ce feston se convertit en une dent aigué.” Here two con-

ditions of the tarsal claws are indicated—first, in which the

claws are simple in both sexes; second, in which the claws

of the female are simple, while those of the male are toothed

or appendiculate at the base. Each of these two conditions

is met with in a large number of species; but I find that a

different structure of the claws prevails in almost as great a

number.

In G. pulchella, Thoms., the anterior claw of the anterior

and middle tarsi of the male is furnished at the base, a little

towards the outer side, with a distinct tooth, all the other

claws being simple. This condition, which is similar to that

met with in many species of Saperda, occurs also in many

other species of Glenea—e. g., nicanor, Pasc., Diana, Th.,

voluptuosa, Th., Thomsont, Pasc., and giraffa, Dalm. In

another series of species the anterior claw of the middle

tarsi only is provided with a tooth at the base; this is the

condition met with in nearly all the large species of the

ptcta group, and in a number of smaller species, such as

egeria, Pasc., and distinguenda, Gahan. This tooth is

strongly developed in some species; and in G. chalybeata,

Th., and regularts, Newm., it is of so large a size that the

anterior tarsus of the male appears to be furnished with three

claws instead of two. Another condition of the claws

appears in a few species, in which the anterior claw of the

anterior tarsi only is furnished with a distinct tooth at the

base ; this condition is best shown in G. galathea, Th., where

the tooth is so strongly developed that the tarsus appears

to have three claws. G. galathea, it may be remarked,

seems in other respects closely allied to G. indiana, Th., and

canidia, Th., in both of which species all the claws of the

male are simple.

A further condition of the claws is met with in G. novem-

uttata, Casteln., albolineata, Th., cwruleata, Pasc., lugubris,

h., and other species. Here the anterior claw of all the

tarsi in tle male is furnished with a tooth or appendix at the

base, while the posterior claw is either simple or carries a

smaller and less conspicuous tooth than the anterior claw.

So far as I have at present observed, the females of Glenea,

except in four species hitherto placed in the genus, always

possess simple claws. In two of those four species—viz.,

G. tenuilineata, Th., and G. camelina, Pasc.—all the claws

in the female are appendiculate at the base. The remaining

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 475

two—viz., G. nigromaculata, Thoms., and G. glechoma, Pasc.

—are altogether exceptional in the character of their tarsal

claws, and, moreover, differ from true species of Glenea in not

having distinct lateral carine on the elytra: for the reception

of these two species I have thought it desirable to found a

new genus, Heteroglenea, which is further characterized

below. :

Leaving out of consideration the four species last men-

tioned, we may sum up our observations on the tarsal claws

of Glenea as follows :—

In the female all the claws are simple. In the male

either (1) all the claws are simple; (2) all the claws are

appendiculate at the base; (3) the anterior claw of all the tarsi

is appendiculate at the base; (4) the anterior claw of the

anterior and middle tarsi is toothed at the base; (5) the

anterior claw of the anterior tarsi only is toothed at the base ;

or (6) the anterior claw of the middle tarsi only is toothed

at the base.

N.B.—The terms anterior and posterior as applied to the

claws in this note and elsewhere in this paper refer to the

position of the claws when the tarsus stands in a direction

at right angles to the axis of the body. Inner and outer are

the terms usually employed by entomologists, but seem to

me objectionable, inasmuch as the inner claw of the front

legs corresponds morphologically with the outer claw of the

hind legs.

2. On Sexual Dimorphism in the Genus Glenea.

There is little or no difference in coloration between the

sexes in the great majority of the species of Glenea, what-

ever difference of this kind there may be consisting chiefly

of a greater depth or intensity of colour in the female. In

certain species, however, the difference in colour or marking

is so pronounced that in more than one instance the two

sexes have been regarded as distinct species in spite of clear

evidence in favour of the contrary view.

The most interesting and best marked examples of this

sexual dimorphism are afforded by Glenea fulvomaculata,

Thoms., and a few closely allied species. In the female of

fulvomaculata the upperside of the body is of a deep dull

black or dark brown colour, marked on the pronotum with

three rather broad orange-tawny stripes, and on each elytron

with two large and somewhat quadrate spots of the same

colour—one spot placed in front of the middle and connected

34*

476 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

at its outer side with a short tawny vitta, the other spot at

the apex; the underside of the body is covered with a grey

pubescence. .

The male of fulvomaculata is almost entirely covered

with grey pubescence, the underside being of an ashy-grey

or nearly white colour, the upperside of a darker shade of

grey. Wallace correctly indicated these dimorphic forms as

sexes of the same species; he had in fact taken them in

coitu. Pascoe, however, while calling attention to Wallace’s

indication of the true facts of the case, refused to consider

the two forms as conspecific, and expressed his belief that a

mistake had been made by the insects. I have carefully

examined all Pascoe’s specimens and all other specimens

available, with the result that I could find no females among

the grey forms, no males among the black forms with tawny

spots and stripes; and I have further been led to the con-

clusion that Pascoe has mixed up under one name—G. grisea,

Thoms.—male examples belonging to four closely related

species or, aS some might prefer to consider them, four

clearly marked geographical races of one species, viz.,

G. arouensis, Thoms., G. fulvomaculata, Thoms., G. papu-

ensis, Gahan (described below), and G. grisea, Thoms.

These four species are easily distinguished from one

another by obvious differences in markings when the females

alone are taken into consideration. The males, though so

strikingly different from the females, are so much alike that

it is not surprising to find that Pascoe placed them all in

one species. Of the males which he thus included in

G. grisea, Thoms., only those from Ceram and Amboina

strictly belong to that species. (‘The females of this species

have been described by Pascoe in his ‘ Longicornia Malay-

ana’ under the name of Glenea interrupta, Thoms. ‘The

species described by Thomson under the same name is,

however, quite distinct, and, I believe, identical with the

species subsequently described by him as Glenea Boisdu-

vali*.) ‘The males from Batchian are certainly males of

G. fulvomaculata, Thoms., and those from the Aru Is. males

of G. arouensis, Thoms. ; while I consider a male from Sal-

watty, on account of its locality, to belong to the species or

race which I have named papuensis. Though the males of

these species are, as I have said, very much alike, slight

* The confusion of names indicated here seems to have arisen through

the misplacement of a label. The specimen sent to me by M. Oberthur

as the type of G. interrupta, Thoms., and labelled as such, belongs to

the species described by Pascoe as interrupta, Thoms., while the locality,

measurements, and description given by Thomson do not apply to it.

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 477

differences are observable in three of the species. The males

of @. grisea are somewhat larger than the others, just as the

females are also larger. In the males of G. fulvomaculata

the deflexed sides of the elytra are not pubescent like the

dorsal surface, but, being naked, lay bare the metallic-blue

colour of the derm. ‘This character, however, is uncertain,

asit may possibly have been due to rubbing. In the males

of arouensis the pronotum exhibits four faint black marks—

two near the anterior border and two at the base—in

positions exactly corresponding to those occupied by the

distinct black marks on the pronotum of the females.

The next example of sexual dimorphism to which I wish

to direct attention is furnished by Glenea viridipustulata,

Thoms. The female is black, with two bands on the top of

the head, three on the prothorax, the posterior half of the

elytral suture, the apex, and five spots on each elytron, all of

a bright silvery-green colour; and the tip of the third

antennal joint is of a bluish-green colour. The male,

described by Thomson as a distinct species under the name

of G. confusa, Th., is scarcely to be distinguished from the

male of G. venusta, Guér. It differs from the female of

viridipustulata in having the antenne entirely black, and

the whole of the elytral suture bordered with green, while,

instead of five spots on each elytron, there is a long dorso-

lateral green vitta, and a short mid-dorsal vitta, near the end

of which is placed a green spot. In the males the femora

are as a rule yellowish testaceous in colour ; but females also

occur (these have been described by Thomson as a distinct

species—G. sparsa, Th.) in which the femora are entirely

testaceous.

The female of G. venusta, Guér., is described by Pascoe

under the name of G. viridinotata, Blanch. It differs but

slightly in markings from the male ; the third antennal joint

is circled with blue at the tip, and the green sutural vitta of

the elytra does not extend to the base. Here again we

seem to have as a result of evolution a clear differentiation in

the markings of the females of two species, while the males

have remained almost exactly alike. I must confess that in

separating the males of the two species—G. viridipustulata,

Thoms., and G. venusta, Guér.—I have been guided chiefly

by the locality of the specimens, and not by any observed

differences in their structure or marking. The specimens of

the first species in the British Museum collection, including

both males and females, are from the islands Batchian,

Kaioa, Gilolo, and Morty; those of the second from the

Aru and Ké Is., Dorey, Mysol, Waigiou, and Solomon Is.

478 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

A variety of venusta, Guér., differing slightly in the markings

of the female, occurs in the island of Ternate.

From the fact that all the specimens of G. odsoletepunctata,

Thoms. (=¢anthe, Pasc.), in our collections are males and

agree in localities with those of G. anticepunctata, Vhoms.,

which are all females, I have been led to infer that those

two series of specimens are merely sexes of one species.

The females differ from the males in having a distinct tawny

band along the vertex of the head and the middle of the

pronotum. For similar reasons I conclude that G. egerta,

Pasc., merely represents the male sex of G. udetera, Thoms.,

and suspect that Glenea nympha, Thoms., will prove to be

the male of Glenea guno, Thoms.

3. New Species of Glenea.

Glenea zalinensis, sp. n.

Ceeruleo-pubescens, nigro maculata et plagiata; prothorace supra

maculis quatuor nigris—duabus ante medium, duabus ad basin—

et lateraliter utrinque macula rotunda nigra; elytris modice

elongatis, postice gradatim angustatis, apice truncatis et extus

breviter spinosis, utrisque maculis vel plagis quatuor nigris trans-

versis signatis—-duabus inter medium basinque duabus inter

medium apicemque ; latere deflexo cxruleo, macula nigra prope

basin signato; corpore subtus pedibusque ceeruleis, pectore

utrinque macula nigra et abdomine utrinque maculis nigris

transversis in serie ordinatis, signatis; antennis nigris, articulis

tribus basalibus cerulescentibus.

Long. 17, lat. 6 mm.

Hab. Zaline River, Tenasserim.

Type (2) in British Museum collection. Presented by

Col. Bingham.

This species seems most nearly allied to Glenea celia, Pasc.,

to which it has much resemblance in colour, though differing

from the latter in having six black spots on the prothorax—

four above and one on each side,—and in having the two

posterior black spots of each elytron as large as the anterior

spots (in G. celia they are smaller). It differs also from

G. celia in being a relatively narrower insect, with the

antenne longer and more slender, reaching in the female to

the apex of the elytra, whereas in the same sex of G@. celta

the antenne only reach to about the beginning of the poste-

rior fourth of the elytra.

Glenea aluensis, sp. n.

d. Capitis fronte lateribusque et prothorace flavescenti-pubescent-

ibus, hoc medio macula triangulari nigro-velutina, capite supra

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 479

viridi-cyaneo, fere glabro, in medio sat valde punctato; elytris

cyaneo-violaceis sat valde denseque punctatis, griseo tenuissime

pubescentibus, apicibus truncatis, extus breve dentatis; thorace

subtus viridi-cyaneo cinereo-pubescente ; abdomine chalybeato

et testaceo; pedibus flavo-testaceis; articulo primo tarsorum

anteriorum intermediorumque dilatato; unguiculis omnibus

appendiculatis ; antennis nigris.

@. Prothoracis dorso antice plaga magna viridi-nigra marginem

anticam attingente; elytris maculis sex albis in hexagona ordi-

natis ; abdomine toto testaceo.

Long. ¢ 15, lat. 43 mm.

Long. 2 17, lat. 6 mm.

Hab. Alu Island, Solomon Archipelago (C. M. Woodford).

This species is closely allied to G. cyanetpennis, Thoms.,

and may possibly be only a local race of that species. The

female very closely resembles the same sex of cyanetpennis

and is marked with six white spots, arranged similarly in

the form of a hexagon, on the anterior half of the elytra:

but it wants the additional white spot behind the middle of

each elytron which is present in the latter. In the male of

G. cyaneipennis there are eight white spots on the elytra,

arranged as in the female but less distinct, and exhibiting a

tendency to merge into the faint grey pubescence which

covers the elytra. In the male of the present form the

elytra have a darker but fainter pubescence and show no

trace of white spots.

Glenea subsimilis, sp. n.

Violacea, albo-maculata, pedibus testaceis.

Long. 19, lat. 5 mm.

Hab. India. One 2 example in Brit. Mus. collection (ex

coll. Pascoe).

2. Head strongly punctured all over, but with the punc-

tures less closely placed on the sides than on the front and

vertex ; without spots or bands of any kind. ‘Thorax closely

and strongly punctured, dark violet with black indumentum,

with a white patch on each side just above the coxal cavity ;

disk in the middle with a short linear white spot in front

and a triangular spot at the base. Scutellum blackish, with

a white spot behind. Elytra strongly punctured: each with

four white spots between the base and middle, a quadrangular

spot placed near the suture just behind the middle, and a

transverse white spot or fascia a little in front of the apex.

Of the four anterior spots three are in the same line along

the middle of the disk, the first being quite close to the

480 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

basal margin, the fourth is external to and scarcely posterior

to the third. Apex of each elytron truncate in a slightly

oblique direction, with a short tooth at the outer angle.

Breast and abdomen violaceous, with white spots or bands.

Legs testaceous. Antenne bluish black at base, dark brown

towards the apex. ‘

In size and appearance this species resembles G. Diana,

Thoms., but may be easily distinguished by the different

arrangement of the white spots on the elytra.

Glenea propingua, sp. 0.

Supra atro-violacea; capite prothoraceque albo-vittatis; elytris

albo-maculatis, pedibus nigris, griseo tenuissime pubescentibus.

Long. 27, lat. 73 mm.

Hab, Singapore. One 2 example in Brit. Mus. collection.

Head black, with a large spot on each cheek, a narrow

band on each side of the front, two closely approximated

vittee above, and a small spot on each side behind the eye

white. Prothorax with three longitudinal white bands above,

and a broader white band on each side just above the coxal

cavity. Scutellum with a white spot. Elytra closely and

strongly punctured above in the anterior two thirds, less

strongly or closely punctured on the deflexed sides ; each

marked with four white spots and, near the apex, with a

curved white band and a lateral spot. First elytral spot

elongated, placed a little behind the base ; second and third

spots in a line with the first, the second a little in front of

the middle, the third just behind the middle; the fourth spot

about halfway between the middle and apex, and placed

close to the lateral carina; the posterior band begins near

the suture in a slightly oblong spot, and thence curves back-

wards and outwards, ending at the lateral carina; but below

its outer end there is, on the deflexed side, another white

spot ; the form of this band being very similar to that of the

band occupying a corresponding position in G. voluptuosa,

Thoms. Apices of elytra emarginate-truncate, distinctly

toothed at both sutural and outer angles. Body underneath

banded and spotted with white in a manner similar to

G. elegans, venus, voluptuosa, &c. Legs and antenne black,

with faint greyish pubescence; posterior tarsi somewhat

testaceous.

This species most resembles G. voluptuosa, Thoms., but

is somewhat larger ; the basal elytral spot is shorter and less

linear, and between this spot and the posterior band there are

three, instead of two, spots on each elytron; the head is

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 481

marked with two distinct white bands above and a small spot

on each side; and the dorso-lateral vittee of the prothorax

are much more distinct and not interrupted in the middle.

Glenea siamensis, sp. n.

Nigra; capitis fronte utrinque albo-vittata; prothorace albo-

pubescente, disco antice macula magna transversim ovali nigro-

velutina, lateribus utrisque macula parva rotunda nigra; scutello

albo; elytris nigris, sutura, fascia transversa inter medium

apicemque, et macula parva utrinque ad apicem, albescentibus ;

corpore subtus albo-pubescente, maculis ad latera meso- meta-

thoracisque et abdominis nigris, segmento ultimo medio nigro,

glabro ; unguiculis omnibus tarsorum appendiculatis.

Long. 3 83, lat. 23 mm.

Long. 2 13, lat. 4 mm.

Hab. Siam.

T'wo examples (d and 2) in British Museum collection.

One (2) in coll. Oberthiir.

Head black, rather thickly punctured, marked with a

whitish band on each side of the front. Prothorax yellowish

white, with a large velvety-black spot, somewhat transversely

oval in shape, on the anterior part of the disk and almost

reaching to the anterior margin, and with a small round

black spot on each side. Scutellum yellowish white. Hlytra

closely punctured, black, with the suture as far as the poste-

rior band, this band itself, and a small spot at the apex of

each elytron yellowish white. Body underneath with the

pubescence along the middle rather faint and of a greyish

colour, denser towards the sides and of a whitish colour, but

interrupted by some black and nearly glabrous spots; last

segment black, with a white spot on each side near the apex ;

legs black, with a faint grey pubescence. Antenne black,

longer than the body in both sexes. All the claws of the

tarsi in the male furnished with a small tooth or appendix at

the base.

Glenea albofasciata, sp. n.

Q. Atro-fusca ; capitis fronte albo-bivittata; prothorace utrinque

ad basin albo-fasciato, fasciis in medio basis pronoti angustim

conjunctis ; elytris fuscis, disco fasciis duabus albis sat latis—

una basali, secunda paullo pone medium—et utrinque ad apicem

macula alba; sterno medio griseo, lateraliter albo-plagiato; seg-

mentis quatuor primis abdominis albo-fasciatis, quinto ad apicem

albo-bimaculato ; pedibus flavo-testaceis ; antennis rufo-brunneis,

gracilibus, quam corpore longioribus.

Long. 8-11, lat. 24-33 mm.

Hab. Java (Horsfield) ; Sumatra, Marang (W. Doherty).

482 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

Head dark brown, with cheeks and a-vitta on each side of

the front whitish. Prothorax dark brown, with a basal white

band, which is tolerably broad on the sides, but is reduced to

a very narrow basal border on the middle of the disk;

fuscous areas of head and prothorax rather thickly and

strongly punctured, Elytra dark. brown, thickly and rather

strongly punctured, with two yellowish-white bands across

the disk (one basal, the other a little behind the middle), and

a white spot on each side at the apex; apex of each elytron

truncate, with a short acute tooth or spine at the suture, and

a rather long sharp spine at the outer angle. Body under-

neath brown or brownish testaceous, with white bands on

the sides of the thorax and first four abdominal segments ;

last segment dark brown, with a white spot on each side near

the apical border. Legs yellowish testaceous. Antenne

reddish brown, longer than the body, by about two or three

joints, in the female.

Glenea Wallacet, sp. n.

G. udetere (Thoms.) similis, sed differt prothorace lateraliter et

corpore subtus omnino griseis.

Long. ¢ 2 11-13, lat. 33-4 mm.

Hab. Sarawak (Wallace). Two examples (¢ and 2) in

Brit. Mus. collection.

Head grey-pubescent ; the vertex marked with a tawny-

yellow spot, which is narrower anteriorly where it fills the

space between the upper lobes of the eyes, and wider poste-

riorly where it extends back to the anterior margin of the

prothorax. Prothorax velvety black above, dark grey at the

sides. Scutellum black, with hind margin yellowish tawny.

Elytra with a transverse buff-yellow band across the disk

of each, a little in front of the middle of its length, and with

a much wider band of the same colour just before the apex ;

disk of elytra between these bands of a dark velvety-brown

colour and exhibiting no punctures; disk, in front of the

submedian band, testaceous, distinctly punctured, and

covered with a faint greyish-tawny pubescence, the extreme

base of the elytra, including the shoulders, of a dark brown

colour; the deflexed sides of a brownish-testaceous colour,

each marked with two rows of punctures; apex of each

elytron furnished with a short spine at the suture and a

longer spine at the outer angle. Body underneath with a

greyish pubescence. Legs yellowish testaceous, with the tarsi

of the two anterior pairs greyish pubescent over black on the

upper surface. Antenne brownish black, rather slender,

+ ae)

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 483

longer than the body in both sexes. Male with all the tarsal

claws furnished with an angular tooth or appendix at the

base.

This species is easily distinguished from G. udetera, Thoms.,

by the absence of white bands from the sides of the thorax

and abdomen. In this respect it resembles G. obsoletepunc-

tata, Thoms. (=<anthe, Pasc.), but is distinguished from the

latter by the more extended testaceous area on the anterior

half of the elytra, and the presence of a well-marked buff-

yellow spot on the vertex of the head. In G. anticepunctata,

Thoms., which I believe to be the female of the last-

mentioned species, there is a buff-yellow band along the

middle of the pronotum, which is continued on to the vertex

of the head.

Glenea lineata, sp. n.

Nigro-fusea, cinereo-vittata; femoribus flavo-testaceis; capitis

fronte lateribusque et vittis duabus verticis postice convergenti-

bus; prothoracis vittis quinque; scutello elytrorumque sutura

apice et vittis tribus utrinque (quarum duabus dorsalibus, tertia

laterali) cinereis; corpore inferiore albo-cinerascente, pectore

abdomineque medio nigro, subtiliter cinereo-pubescentibus, vitta

pectoris utrinque nigra. (¢) Ungniculis anticis tarsorum ante-

riorum mediorumque basi valde dentatis.

Long. 9-11, lat. 23-33 mm.

Hab. Oshima, Loo-Choo Archipelago (Ferrié, 1895).

In coll. Oberthiir and in Brit. Mus.

Head with the sides, front, and two posteriorly converging

bands on the vertex ashy grey ; middle of the front with a

fainter grey pubescence. Antenne black. Prothorax with

five ashy-grey bands, of which three are dorsal, the other

two placed one on each side, and quite invisible when the

thorax is viewed from above. Scutellum, suture, apex, and

three bands (two dorsal and one lateral) on each elytron ashy

grey; inner dorsal band reaching from the base to a little

beyond the middle of the elytron, outer dorsal band reaching

from the base to within a short distance of the transverse

apical band; the lateral band reaching from a little behind

the shoulder almost up to the apical band. Head and pro-

thorax closely punctured, the elytra less closely but more

strongly punctured, with the punctures most distinctly seen

in the intervals between the grey bands; apex of each elytron

emarginate-truncate, with tooth at suture and spine at the

outer angle. Body underneath with a greyish-white pubes-

cence, which is much less dense on the middle of the breast

484 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

and abdomen, while a short band on each side of the meta-

sternum is almost entirely glabrous and black. Femora

yellowish testaceous; tibia and tarsi black, with a faint

greyish pubescence. In the male the anterior claw of the

anterior and middle tarsi has a well-developed tooth or

appendix at the base, this tooth being larger and more distinct

on the middle than on the anterior tarsi.

Glenea assimilis, sp. n.

3. Capitis lateribus fronteque (hac supra in medio excepta) et

vittis duabus verticis postice convergentibus, albescenti-pubes-

centibus ; prothorace atro-velutino, supra vitta mediana et

lateraliter utrinque vittis duabus antice et postice conjunctis,

albis; scutello albo; elytris brunneo-testaceis, postice fuscis,

utrisque maculis sex albis, quarum quatuor anticis haud distinctis,

duabus posticis distinctis—una prope carinam lateralem pone

medium posita, altera ad apicem; corpore subtus albescenti-

pubescente; pedibus antennisque testaceis; unguiculo antico

tarsorum anteriorum mediorumque basi dentatis.

Long. 93, lat. 24 millim.

Hab. Sylhet in Assam. British Museum collection.

Head and prothorax black ; sides and front of the head

and two posteriorly converging vitte on the vertex ashy

white. Prothorax with a median dorsal white vitta, and two

white vitte on each side, of which one runs alongside the

coxa, the second being closely approximated to it and uniting

with it at the front and hind border. Scutellum white.

Elytra brownish testaceous in the anterior two thirds of their

length, on which area each elytron is marked in the male type

with four small and very indistinct white spots; three of

these spots appear as if forming part of a broken mid-dorsal

band, the hindmost of the three being placed at about the

middle of the length of the elytron; the fourth lies external

to the middle one of these three and is close to the lateral

carina. The two spots on the posterior part of each elytron

are very distinct; one is close to the lateral carina at the

beginning of the posterior third, the other just in front of the

apex, and the area between them is of a dark brown colour,

Apex of elytron with distinct spine at the outer angle.

Underside of body covered with an ashy white pubescence.

Legs and antenne testaceous. Anterior claw of the anterior

and middle tarsi toothed at the base, the other claws simple.

The characters given above apply to the male type. A

female specimen from Mungphu in Sikkim probably belongs

to the same species. Apart from the ordinary sexual differ-

ences, the only differences | find are as follows :—

oe, 4

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 485

Prothorax with only one white vitta—the lower or supra-

coxal vitta—on each side. Each elytron with three instead

of four small spots on the anterior half, the missing spot being

the middle one of the three forming the inner or mid-dorsal

row.

Glenea relicta, Pasc., closely resembles this species both in

colour and markings, and is characterized by a somewhat

similar difference in the markings of the two sexes, the male

having two widely separated white bands on each side of the

prothorax, while in the female there is on each side only one

short vitta which borders the coxal cavity. The spots on the

elytra are five in number on each elytron in both sexes and

arranged as in the female of G. assimilis. The antenne are

dark brown, and the legs, except at the base of the femora,

are dark brown, with a faint grey pubescence. All the tarsal

claws of the male are toothed or appendiculate at the base.

Glenea gratiosa, sp. n.

¢. Capitis fronte genisque albescentibus, vertice nigro-fusco; pro-

thorace sat dense punctato, supra nigro, vitta mediana alba,

lateribus griseo-sericeis ; scutello albo; elytris brunneis, utrisque

maculis albis quinque notatis—tribus ante, duabus pone medium,

1°, 3° et 4° prope suturam, 2° et 5° prope carinam lateralem ;

apicibus truncatis griseo-limbatis, et extus spinosis; corpore

subtus fusco, plagis albis ad latera meso-, metathoracis et seg-

menti tertii abdominis notato; pedibus antennisque testaceis ;

unguiculis omnibus tarsorum simplicibus.

Long. 10, lat. 3 mm.

Hab. Sylhet in Assam. British Museum collection.

Head dark brown, with the cheeks and front white. Pro-

thorax more strongly and thickly punctured than the head,

black above, with a narrow median white band; the sides

appearing black in certain lights, but covered with a silky

pubescence of a greyish colour, which becomes evident in

reflected light. Scutellum white. Elytra brown, distinctly

punctured, each with five white spots, of which three lie

between the middle and base, two between the middle and

apex; the second and fifth spots are placed near the lateral

carina, the remaining three nearer the suture; apex of each

elytron truncate, with a spine at the outer angle; in front of

the apical border there is a transverse spot or band of a

greyish colour. Body underneath dark brown, with a white

patch on each side of the mesothorax, a larger oblique patch

on each side of the metathorax, and a transverse patch on

each side of the third abdominal segment. Legs and an-

tennz testaceous. ‘T'arsal claws of the male all simple.

486 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

Glenea griseoguttata, sp. n.

G. lachrymose (Pasc.) persimilis, sed differt fronte capitis latiore ;

elytris nigris haud chalybeatis, maculis elytrorum aliter ordinatis.

3d. Long. 9, lat. 3 mm.

fab. Macassar ( Wallace).

Head black, with the front, the cheeks, a border behind

the eyes, and two parallel lines on the vertex ashy grey.

Prothorax with two ashy-white bands (including the supra-

coxal band) on each side and three grey bands on the disk.

The two outer bands of the disk do aot reach the base and

are slightly constricted at about the middle of their length,

so that each appears to be formed of two spots. Elytra

black, with the base, the suture, the apical margin, and six

spots on the disk of each grey; the third of these spots is

largest and is placed at about the middle of the length of the

elytron and close to the suture; the two spots in front of it

lie obliquely, the first a little in advance of the second and

nearer to the suture; the two spots next behind it—the

fourth and fifth—are also placed obliquely, the fifth being

close to the suture, the fourth near the lateral carina; the

sixth spot is placed near the lateral carina, in a line with the

second and fourth. Underside of body with an ashy white

pubescence ; legs testaceous, with a faint grey pubescence.

Antenne black.

Male with first joint of the anterior and middle tarsi slightly

dilated ; with all the claws of the tarsi simple.

Glenea papuensis, sp. n.

(2) G. fulvomaculate (Thoms.) affinis et similis, sed differt vittis

externis pronoti obsoletis.

Long. 10-11, lat. 33-4 mm.

Hab. New Guinea, Dorey and Mysol (Wallace).

9. Head black, punctured in front; vertex marked with a

tawny ochraceous band. Pronotum black or dark brown,

with a median tawny ochraceous band, which is continuous

in front with the band on the vertex, and behind with an

oblong spot on the scutellum ; sides of prothorax grey. (A

faint line is present in some specimens on each side of the

pronotum in a position corresponding to that occupied by the

external vitta in G. fulvomaculata.) LElytra metallic blue,

but with this colour showing only on the deflexed sides, the

dorsal surface being covered with a close-fitting dark brown

tomentum, which is relieved by two tawny ochraceous spots

on each elytron—one spot placed in front of the middle,

cos

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 487

the other at the apex. Legs and underside of body with a

light or dark brown derm, covered with a not very dense grey

pubescence.

A male specimen from Salwatty may with some proba-

bility, on account of the locality, be referred to this species.

It completely resembles the males of G. fulvomaculata, Th.,

which differ from those of G. grisea, Th., only by their some-

what smaller size and in having the deflexed sides of the

elytra glabrous.

Glenea ceelestina, sp. n.

G. laudate (Pasc.) sat similis, sed differt vitta laterali prothoracis

ab vitta mediana minus distante, et antice interrupta, margine

basali prothoracis tota et margine anteriore ad latera ceruleo-

limbata, sutura elytrorum ex parte cerulea, antennis omnino

nigris.

Long. 9-11, lat. 23-33 mm.

Hab. Java.

Head black, with the cheeks, the basal margin, and a vitta

on each side of the front and two short closely approximated

vitte on the vertex between the eyes pale blue. Prothorax

black, with three pale blue bands—one median, continued

along the whole length of the pronotum, and one towards each

side extending from the base to the middle; the anterior

margin on each side from the sternum to a point opposite

the extremity of the short dorso-lateral vitta bordered with

blue ; basal margin also bordered with a blue band, which is

continued along the side of the prothorax, just above the coxal

cavity, to join the anterior border. Scutellum blue. Elytra

black ; the disk of each with five blue spots—two placed

obliquely between the base and the middle, the outer spot

being a little in advance of the inner one, the third spot

almost at the middle of the elytron, the fourth midway between

this and the fifth, which lies just in front of the apex.

Underside of the body dark brown banded with blue. Femora

testaceous ; tibie and tarsi brown, with a faint bluish-grey

pubescence. Antenne entirely black. Male with all the

tarsal claws appendiculate.

In the Catalogue of Gemm. and Harold this species (= G.

celestina, Chev. MS.) is placed as a synonym ot G. laudata,

Pase. (=viridinotata, Thoms., nec Blanch.), but it is in

reality very distinct, as the characters given above will show.

The locality of the second species is Borneo, as given by

both Pascoe and Thomson, and not Java, which is the locality

erroneously placed opposite G. viridinotata, Thoms., in the

Catalogue.

488 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

Glenea suturalis, sp. n.

G. blandine (Pasc.) affinis et similis, sed differt vitta suturali elytro-

rum latiore et in colore fulvescentiore, maculis duabus anticis

utriusque elytri obliquiter (non transversim) positis.

Long. (¢ ) 93, lat. 24 mm.

Hab. Penang (Lamb).

A male specimen of this species was noticed by Pascoe, who

considered it to be, and described it as, a male of G. blandina,

Pasc.; but I have found two female examples amongst his

collections, and have seen a third, belonging to M. Oberthiir,

which agree with the male in those points in which it differs

from the type of G. blandina. These points are :—(1) the

sutural vitta of the elytra is much broader and is of a dis-

tinctly tawny brown colour instead of being grey; (2) the

two anterior spots of each elytron are not placed side by side

in a transverse direction, but one (the inner) lies a little in

advance of the other; (3) the middle of the basal margin of

each elytron is touched with blue, and there is a blue spot on

each side just under the shoulder.

The four specimens of G. suturalis which I have seen are

from Penang. In the male all the claws are simple.

The type of G. blandina, Pasc., and a second specimen

which I have seen in M. Oberthiir’s collection, both females,

are from Borneo.

Glenea chlorospila, sp. u.

Nigra; vittis duabus approximatis capitis vertice, vitta media et

vitta laterali utrinque prothoracis, scutello, sutura et maculis

septem utroque elytro argenteo-viridibus ; capitis fronte lateri-

busque et corpore subtus viridescentibus; femoribus tibiisque

subtiliter, et tarsis supra densius viridi-pubescentibus.

3. Oculis majoribus, capitis fronte angustiore ; unguiculis omnibus

tarsorum basi dentatis, sed dente unguiculi antici tarsis anteri-

oribus mediisque plus conspicuo.

Long. 94-13, lat. 23-4 mm.

Hab. Oshima, Loo-Choo Archipelago (Ferrié, 1895).

In coll. Oberthiir and in Brit. Mus.

Black, with silvery green spots and bands. Head closely

punctured, with the cheeks, the base and sides of the front,

and two closely approximated bands on the vertex (in some

cases almost forming a single band) silvery green; middle of

the front with a fainter greenish-grey pubescence. Antenne

black ; a little longer than the body in both sexes. Pro-

thorax closely and distinctly punctured, with a median dorsal

ween

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 489

band and a band on each side (just visible from above) silvery

green; lower part of sides also green. Scutellum green.

Elytra with a narrow sutural band and seven spots on each

silvery green ; first spot (the smallest) placed at the extreme

base not far from the scutellum; the third and fifth spots

almost in a direct line with the first ; while the second, fourth,

and sixth are in line close to the lateral carina, the seventh

spot is at the apex, and on its inner side touches the sutural

band ; the third, fourth, and fifth spots on each elytron occupy

the angles of a nearly regular hexagon, whose posterior side

would run transversely almost midway between the scutellum

and the apex of the elytra; the elytra are rather strongly

punctured, and, in addition to the lateral carina, a raised line

runs along each side from a little behind the shoulder up to

the outer apical angle; the apex is obliquely truncate, with

a sharp angle or tooth at the suture and a short spine at the

outer angle. In the male the claws of the tarsi are appendi-

culate, with the tooth or appendix of the anterior claw more

strongly developed in the anterior and middle legs ; the first

joint of the anterior and middle tarsi is slightly dilated and a

little longer than the two succeeding joints taken together ;

first joint of posterior tarsus a little longer than the three

succeeding joints taken together.

Glenea signatifrons (Chevr. MS.), sp. n.

Nigro-fusca; elytris a basi usque ad medium rufo-brunneis, deinde

ad apicem intuscatis; capitis fronte vitta alba utrinque, vertice

inter oculos maculis duabus albis, prothorace supra vitta media

et utrinque vittis duabus (quarum una supracoxali) albescentibus ;

scutello albo; elytris utrisque maculis tribus et linea indistincta

albescentibus—macula prima pone medium prope suturam,

secunda inter medium apicemque carinam lateralem fere attin-

gente, tertia maxima fere ad apicem; linea in depressione inter

discum et carinam lateralem ; corpore subtus cinereo, albo et nigro

variegato ; pedibus rufo-testaceis; antennis nigris, articulis 7°

8°que albescentibus.

Long. 7-10, lat. 24-31 mm.

Hab. Java (Horsfield) ; Sumatra, Si Rambé (Modigliani) ;

Marang (Doherty).

Head dark brown, with the cheeks, two narrow and widely

separated vitte on the front, and two linear spots on the

vertex whitish. Prothorax dark brown, with a median

dorsal and two lateral white vitte, the lower lateral vitta

being somewhat broader than the other and placed imme-

diately above the coxal cavity. Scutellum white. Elytra

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 35

490 Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

reddish brown from the base to a little beyond the middle,

and thence to the apex dark brown; each marked with three

white spots on the posterior half—the first spot close to the

suture, the second almost touching the lateral carina, and the

third (which is the largest) placed very close to the apical

border; a faint white line, placed just above the lateral

carina, is to be seen on each elytron running from near the

base to a short distance beyond the middle. Antenne

slender, longer than the body in both sexes, black in colour,

with the seventh and eighth joints covered with white

pubescence.

HETEROGLENEA, gen. nov.

Allied to the genus G'lenea, Newm., with which it has

many characters in common, but differing as follows :—Ante-

rior claw of all the tarsi in both sexes bifid, posterior claw

simple. HElytra without distinct lateral carine, but furnished

instead on each side with an obtuse costa which reaches

neither the base nor the apex. This genus will include the

following two species, of which the first is to be considered

the type.

1. Heteroglenea nigromaculata, Thoms.

Glenea nigromaculata, Thoms. Systema Cerambycidarum, App. p. 566.

Glenea ? amelia, Gahan, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 224.

Hab. Siam and Burma.

Thomson’s description of this species is very brief, con-

sisting of two lines of Latin. I have fully described the male

sex in the place cited above, and a further reference to the

species, giving the synonymy and sexual differences, will

be found in the Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, vol. xxxiv. p. 89.

Both in this species and the next the elytra are more parallel-

sided than is usual in the genus G/enea, and, though truncate

at the apex, are not spined.,

2. Heteroglenea glechoma, Pasc.

Glenea glechoma, Pasc. Longicornia Malayana, p. 409.

P ( Glenea fuscovirgata, Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. p. 53.—New

Britain.)

Hab. Matabello (Wallace) ; Sumatra (Modigliani) ; Solo-

mon Islands (Woodford) ; Philippine Islands (Semper).

The division of the anterior claw of the tarsi is less evident

in this species than in the preceding one and might very

easily be overlooked ; this claw, when looked at from the

“oC ie &

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 491

side, is seen to be thicker than the posterior claw and cleft at

the apex, with the outer division rather shorter than the inner.

In Fairmaire’s description the claws are said to be simple—

“unguibus simplicibus’”; and I am therefore obliged to

doubt the correctness of the synonymy given above, though

his description, which is pretty full, applies in all other

respects to the present species.

4, Synonymic Notes.

1. G. acuta, Fabr.

=lineosa, Guér. in Bélanger, Voy. aux Indes or. p. 489, pl. ii. fig. 8.

. G. adelpha, Thoms.

=oecidentalis, Jord. Nov. Zool. i. p. 251.

3. G. albolineata, Thoms. (type 9? ).

= subfasciata, Thoms. (type ¢ ),=psylla, Thoms.

4, G. anticepunctata, Thoms. (type @¢ ).

=obsoletepunctata, Thoms. (type ¢),=canthe, Pasc.

5. G. basalis, Thoms. — Hab. Celebes— Macassar and

Menado.

=concinnata, Pasc. (partim), Waterh. Aid, vol. ii. pl. exxx. fig. 5.

6. G. discoidalis, Pasc. (type ¢).

=simplex, Thoms. (type ¢), Rev. Mag. de Zool, 1879, p. 20.

(?) =alysson, Pasc. (type Q).

7. G. elate, Pase.

=brunnea, Thoms. Rey. Mag. de Zool. 1879, p. 17.

8. G. exculta, Newm.—Hab. Philippine Islands.

=coryphea, Thoms.

9. G. extensa, Pasc. (type ¢), Waterh. Aid, vol. ii.

pl cxxx. fig. 8.

=mima, Thoms. (type d ),=jubea, Pase.

10. G. fatalis, Pasc.

= biapicalis, Thoms. Rev. Mag. de Zool. 1879, p. 11.

11. G. Fortunet, Saund.

=chloromelas, Thoms. J. ¢. p. 21.

492

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24,

25.

26.

Mr. C. J. Gahan on the

G. gabonica, Thoms.

=cana, Jord, Noy. Zool. i. p. 252.

G. grisea, Thoms. (type ¢ ).—Hab. Ceram and Amboina.

=interrupta, Pasc. (type 2), Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iii. p. 397.

G. heptagona, Thoms. (type ¢).

=cyrilla, Pasc. (type ¢).

G. tlluminata, Thoms. (type ?).

=vrene, Pasc. (type ¢).

G. interrupta, Thoms. (nec Pasce., loc. supra ctt.).— Hab.

Batchian, Borneo, and Singapore.

= Boisduvalii, Thoms.

G. lugubris, Thoms. (type @).

=attalea, Pasc. (type 2),=paleographa, Thoms. Rev. Mag. de

Zool. 1879, p. 13.

G. melissa, Pase.

=mansueta, Pasc.

G. miniacea, Pasc.

= Dane, Gestro, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoy. vii. p. 1022.

G. multiguttata, Guér. (type ¢).

= maculifera, Thoms. (type ¢).

G. myrrhis, Pasc.

=alcyone, Thoms. Rey. Mag. de Zool. 1879, p. 14.

G. myrsia, Pasc. (type @).

=corypha, Pasc. (type 2 ),=Donovani, Thoms. MS.

G. myrsine, Pasc.

=areca, Pase.

=cryllis, Thoms. Rey. Mag. de Zool. 1879, p. 17.

G. nicanor, Pasc. (type ?).

=maia, Thoms. (type ¢), l. ¢. p. 9.

G. ochracea, Guér.

=ana, Thoms,

G. quadrinotata, Guér.

= nigrolineata, Gahan, Ann. Mus. Ciy. Genoy. xxxiv. p. 88.

Longicorn Genus Glenea, Newm. 493

27. G. quatuordecimmaculata, Hope, in Gray’s Zool. Misc.

(1831) p. 28; Gahan, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 222.

=argus, Thoms.

28. G. regina, Thoms.

=neanthes, Pasc.

29. G. regularis, Newm.

= Kraatz, Thoms.

30. G. scapifera, Pasc.

=trincomalica, Thoms. Rey. Mag. de Zool. 1879, p. 12.

31. G. strigata, Thoms.

=accasta, Pasc.

32. G. udetera, Thoms. (type ¢ ).

=egeria, Pasc. (type ¢).

33. G. venusta, Guér. (type ¢).—Hab. Aru and Ké Islands,

Dorey, Mysol, Waigiou, Solomon Islands, and

Ternate.

=concinnata, Pase. (partim).

=viridicincta, Boisd.

=viridinotata, Blanch.

34, G. viridipustulata, Thoms. (type ?).—Hab. Batchian,

Kaioa, Gilolo, and Morty.

=confusa, Thoms. (type ¢).

= sparsa, Thoms. (type 2).

G. palliata, Pasc., G. sospita, Pasc., and G. eclectica,

Pasc., are best placed in the genus Daphisia, Pasc., the elytra

in each of these species being wholly devoid of a lateral

carina.

The localities given for the following two species in the

Catalogue of Gemm. & Harold are incorrect :—

G. galathea, Thoms.—Hab. Sumatra and Malay Penin-

sula (not Japan).

G. colenda, Thoms.—Hab. Philippine Islands (not

Japan).

G. rubricollis, Hope, has been received from Kurseong and

Mungphu in Sikkim, so that this locality may be added to

that given in the Catalogue.

494 Mr. O. Thomas on some

L.—WNotes on some S.-American Muride.

By OLDFIELD THOMAS. ©

I. On three new Species from the Lower Amazon.

THANKS to the kindness of Dr. E. A. Goeldi, of the Para

Museum, I have been entrusted with a small collection of

Bats and Rodents collected along the Lower Amazon.

Among these there are specimens of the three following

new species of Muride. ‘The typical specimen of each of

them has been presented by Dr. Goeldi to the British

Museum.

Oryzomys Croeldi, sp. n.

Allied to O. laticeps, Lund, with some specimens of which

it agrees closely in colour and proportions, but much smaller

in actual size.

Fur rather short, close, and straight, 6 or 7 millim. long

on the posterior back.

General colour dull brown, tinged with dark buff, which is

clearer on the flanks. Belly greyish white, well defined, the

bases of the hairs slaty grey, the tips white or buffy white.

Ears of medium length, thinly haired, brown. Hands and

feet dull whitish ; the metapodials and digits alike. Tail

rather longer than the head and body, slender, very thinly

haired ; pale brown above and below.

Skull very similar to that of O. laticeps, apart from its

smaller size. Nasals evenly narrowing backwards. Inter-

orbital region level transversely, its edges square but not ridged,

although posteriorly ridges are traceable along the parietals

to the outer corners of the interparietal. General profile

of skull evenly curved, convex from tip of nasals to back of

interparietals, Anterior palatine foramina about equal in

length to the molar series. Posterior nares square, the ptery-

goids parallel.

Dimensions of the type (taken as a spirit-specimen before

skinning) :—

Head and body 96; tail 104; hind foot 26; ear 15.

Skull: basilar length 22-5; greatest breadth 14°5; nasals

11°8x38°5; interorbital breadth 5; interparietal 3-7 x 9°6;

palate length from henselion 13; diastema 8; anterior pala-

tine foramina 4°6 ; length of upper molar series 4°5.

Hab, Itaitiba, Tapajoz, Lower Amazon.

Type. Female. B.M. No. 97. 4.1. 1.

This interesting little species, which is evidently a local

South-American Muride. 495

dwarf representative of O. laticeps, I have named in honour

of Dr. Goeldi, to whose exertions, both as collector and

author, we owe much of our knowledge of the fauna of

Brazil, and to whose generosity the British Museum has been

frequently indebted.

Holochilus nanus, sp. nu.

General characters and colour very much as in the large

H. vulpinus and sciureus, but scarcely half the bulk of the

latter, the smallest previously known species of the genus.

Colour coarsely mixed black and rufous, darkest on the

middle line, clearer rufous on the sides, becoming quite bright

rufous along the edges of the belly. Belly whitish, strongly

washed with rufous, but the under-fur slaty grey basally. Face

blackish brown, rather darker than the back ; cheeks mixed

with rufous. ars rather short, hairy, their inner surfaces

mixed rufous and brown, their outer brown anteriorly, rufous

posteriorly. Arms rufous, metacarpals brown, fingers whitish

brown. Hind feet whitish brown; soles naked, strongly

fringed with the bristles of the edge of the feet. Tail rather

shorter than the head and body, uniformly well haired, dark

brown above, scarcely or not lighter below.

Skull with theessential characters of that of H. sctureus*, but

much smaller, and with the interorbital region flatter and less

compressed. Anterior edge of zygoma-root slightly concave,

less so than in H. vulpinus. Supraorbital ridges less promi-

nently marked than usual and not standing up vertically

above the general level, very inconspicuous on the anterior,

and not extending at all on to the posterior half of the

parietals ; the interorbital region anteriorly is as usual narrow

and compressed, but posteriorly it broadens more than is

usual in this group. Anterior palatine foramina narrow,

ending just in front of m*. Molars as usual.

Dimensions of the type (measured as a spirit-specimen,

before skinning) :—

Head and body 122 millim.; tail 112; hind foot 32;

ear 14.

Skull: basilar length 26°6; greatest breadth 19; nasals

12°5x3°8; interorbital breadth 4:6; interparietal 2°6 x 11;

palate length from henselion 16°7; diastema 9°7; palatal

foramina 6°7 xX 2:3; length of upper molar series 6°5.

It is interesting to notice that while the external and cranial

dimensions are much less than in /7Z. seiwreus, the length of

the molar tooth series in the two species is almost identical.

* Figured by Winge under the name of Stgmodon vulpinus, E Mus.

Lundii, i. pt. iii. pl. ii. fig. 5 (1888).

496 Mr. O. Thomas on some

Hab. Source, Island of Marajé, Mouth of the Amazon.

Pope. BM. Oa Leas ;

This little rat is interesting on account of its small size,

for with the essential characteristics (and among other things

the proportionally large feet) of the big rats of the genus Holo-

chilus, it is no larger than middle-sized Oryzomys, such as

O. laticeps.

In working out this species I find I have hitherto been

wrong in uniting Nectomys, Peters* with Holochilus, and

now think they should both stand as genera. Winge united

Holochilus with Sigmodon, but among other things the larger

and much more complicated posterior upper molars of Holo-

chilus and the differences in the character of the feet will

readily separate the two.

So far as is yet known, the genus Holochilus is confined to

the eastern half of S. America, from Marajé, where the

smallest species occurs, southwards to Bahia Blanca, where

Darwin obtained the largest one, figured and described by

Waterhouse f as Mus braziliensis, but which ought, I believe,

to be distinguished from that animal, and might therefore

bear the name of H. Darwint. On the Parana and Uruguay

systems down to La Plata there occurs a white-bellied form

to which one or both of the names /7. vulpinus, Bts., and H.

canellinus, Wagn., may apply. This is found at least as far

inland as Goya, Corrientes, whence Mr. R. Perrens sent

several examples. 7. scdureus, Wagn., from the San Fran-

cisco R., is intermediate in size as in locality between these

larger southern species and the little H.nanus. Two names,

H. brasiliensis, Geotfr., and H. leucogaster, Brandt, I have

not as yet been able to identify with certainty. Possibly

both apply to the intermediate form I have provisionally

called H. sciureus.

Akodon fuscinus, sp. n.

Nearly allied to A. lasiurus, Lund, but smaller, and with

more of the general appearance of the species of the olivaceus

group.

Fur straight and close, not woolly, some 10 millim. in

length on the back. General colour coarsely lined black and

dark yellowish, the resulting colour being a dark grizzled

* In founding Nectomys (Abh. Ak. Berl. 1860, p. 151), Peters inci-

dentally speaks of “ Holochilomys (Holochilus, Wagn. nec Brandt)” ; but

Wagner’s Holochilus, Schr. Siiug. Suppl. iii. p. 1843, is unquestionably

identical with Brandt’s, as the description of the teeth and the species

included clearly aa

+ Zool. Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Mamm. p. 58, pl. xix. (1840).

South-American Muride. 497

brown. This colour extends over the whole of the head and

upper surface. Belly paler, the tips of the hairs dirty buff.

Ears short, blackish. Limbs dark coloured, hands and feet

smoky grey above ; claws rather long and slender. Tail about

two thirds of the length of the head and body, well covered with

hair; black above, pale greyish below, the two colours not

sharply defined.

Skull almost precisely similar to that of A. lasturus, as

figured by Winge%, although smaller. Upper profile evenly

convex. Nasals short and narrow. Interorbital region

smooth, its edges with well-defined ridges, which, however,

practically end where they meet the parietal bone. Inter-

parietal small and narrow. Palatal foramina open, with

rounded margins, extending back to the level of the antero-

internal notch of m'. Proportions of teeth about as in

A, lasiurus.

Dimensions of the type (measured in spirit before skin-

ning) :—

Head and body 98 millim., tail 64, hind foot 19, ear 13.

Skull: basilar length 22°6; greatest breadth 14°9 ; nasals

8:3+x3:1; interorbital breadth 4°7; interparietal 2°3 x7;

palate length from henselion 12°7; diastema 8:2; palatal

foramina 6°1 x 2°1; length of upper molar series 4:5.

Hab. Source, Marajé Island.

Type. Male. B.M. No. 97. 4. 1. 3.

Il. The Species of the Genus Nectomys.

Nectomys has a very different range to that of Holochilus ;

it extends northwards to Surinam on the east, and to Colombia,

Ecuador, and Peru on the west, and on the other hand is

only found southwards to Rio Grande do Sul, no species

having been as yet recorded from Uruguay or the Pampas

districts.

The best known species is N. squamipes, Bts. (incl. aqua-

ticus, Lund), which seems to be spread over most of Brazil, and

from which I cannot separate either Surinam or Rio Grande

do Sul specimens. How far it ranges inland is doubtful, but

it is possible that “Hesperomys rattus, Pelzeln ” $, from Mara-

bitanas, Upper Rio Negro (which, though the type is too

young for certain determination, is clearly a Nectomys), may

prove to belong to the common species. N. squamipes has

* Pl. ii. fig. 11.

+ Imperfect anteriorly.

¢ Natt. Bras. Saug. ii, S.B. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiii. Beiheft,

p- 73 (1883).

498 Mr. O. Thomas on some

six plantar pads, while, so far as I know, all the other species

have only five.

In Trinidad there occurs N. palmipes, All. & Chapm.,

whose skull may be distinguished by the much more uniform

breadth and more abrupt ending behind of the nasals.

Thirdly, of described species, there is N. apicalis, Peters *,

described from Guayaquil, which has particularly long narrow

nasals, tapering behind to a long drawn-out point. This

species I have also recorded from Chirimoto and Amable

Maria, Peru.

Besides these three species, the Museum possesses speci-

mens of three more, each representative of a distinct geogra-

phical district, and each distinguishable by cranial characters.

No doubt all six species are very closely allied, but, so

far as the material goes, the species seem to be quite constant

in the characters used.

The first species is from the valley of the Cauca, and has

elongate and broad nasals, straight supraorbital ridges, and a

flattened frontal region. This is the largest species as yet

known, and may be called N. grandis.

The second is from the Magdalena Valley, and may be

called N. magdalene. Its skull is much more rounded, both

on forehead and brain-case, than usual, and contrasts in this

respect with the other species, which are all flattened in the

frontal region.

Lastly, there is a species, believed to be from Quito, which

is distinguished from all the rest by its rich fulvous colour.

In the skull it has a much flattened frontal region, of which

the bounding ridges are straight and less divergent than

usual. It may be called Nectomys fulvinus.

The following are the detailed descriptions of the three new

species :—

Nectomys grandis, sp. n.

Size large. General colour coarsely mixed black and dull

yellow, the resulting tone not unlike that of N. sguamipes,

although the mixture is rather coarser. Sides dull brownish

yellow, gradually passing into the yellowish buff of the belly.

Belly hairs slaty grey basally, as usual. Hands and feet dark

brown, edged with closely-set whitish bristles; soles naked,

scaly, with five pads, all rather larger than in N. apicalis,

especially the large proximal one, which is both longer and

broader than in the allied species. ‘Tail long, coarsely scaled,

uniformly blackish, the under surface with a few whitish hairs

intermixed with the black.

* Abh. Ak. Berl. 1860, p. 152.

South-American Muride. 499

Skull large and heavily built. Nasals long, slightly con-

stricted about the middle, evenly tapering backwards, neither

so long nor so narrow as in N. apicalis. Frontal flattened ;

supraorbital edges evenly divergent, straight, not bowed

until they have reached the parietals; fronto-parietal suture

forming nearly a right angle at the centre, instead of being

nearly transverse. Palatal foramina parallel-sided, not

broader behind than in front. Posterior edge of palate square.

Dimensions of the type (an adult male measured in skin) :—

Head and body (c.) 290; tail (c.) 270; hind foot (mois-

tened) 56; length of last foot-pad 11.

Skull, see p. 500.

Hab. Concordia, Medellin, Colombia. Coll. J. K. Salmon.

Type. B.M. 73. 11. 5. 3.

Nectomys magdalene, sp. n.

External characters unknown.

Skull heavy, rounded, its upper profile evenly convex

throughout, and the frontal and parietal regions markedly

swollen; this uniform convexity gives the skull a very dif-

ferent appearance to the frontally flattened skulls of other

species. Nasals fairly broad, slightly compressed about their

middle, pointed behind, but not markedly produced backwards.

Line of supraorbital ridges slightly curving as they diverge,

the curve evenly continuous with that of the temporal ridges.

Fronto-parietal suture almost directly transverse. Inter-

parietal rather longer antero-posteriorly and narrower trans-

versely than usual. Anterior palatine foramina well open,

parallel-sided, rounded at their ends. Posterior palate with

the lateral pits unusually large and deep; palatal margin

square.

Dimensions, see p. 500.

Hab. W. Cundinamarca, in lowlands near Magdalena R.

hype. BM. 97233. 17. 1.

Nectomys fulvinus, sp. n.

Fur unusually short, the hairs only about 10-11 millim. in

length on the back. General colour fulvous, lined with brown

on the middle of the back, rather clearer on sides, and con-

tinued into the paler fulvous of the belly. Wool-hairs short

and close, slaty grey basally, their tips fulvous above, buffy

or whitish below. Hands and feet thinly haired, pale brown.

Tail-hairs uniformly brown.

Nasals long, contracted at half their length, less attenuated

and drawn out than in N. apicalis. Interorbital region flat,

500 On some South-American Muride.

narrow, its lateral ridges less strongly divergent than usual,

and running quite straight to the point on the parietals at

which they attain their greatest distance apart. Palatal

foramina slightly broader behind than in froat. Posterior

palatal margin square, not V-shaped.

Dimensions of the type (an adult male skin) :—

Head and body 231; tail 207; hind foot (moistened) 48.

Skull, see below.

Hab. Believed to be Quito. The specimen came from

the collection of the late Sir W. Jardine, for whom a large

number of skins were collected at Quito by Mr. Jameson.

Sir W. Jardine also had a few specimens from Cayenne; but

as we have already seen that the Surinam WVectomys appears

referable to NV. squamipes, the Quito locality is no doubt that

of the present very different animal.

Pype. BOM. SGSTH2 ie

This species is readily distinguishable from all others by

its deep fulvous colour, which more resembles that of some of

the Couest group of Oryzomys than that of the other members

of the present sombre-coloured group.

Skull dimensions of Nectomys :—

Basilar lengph: << ..as.a ss 5

Lambda to nasal tip ...... 42°2 39°7 41

Greatest breadth .......... 26 25 25

Wasals, leagthysi458f.:.kek ik 198 18:2 18

» breadth anteriorly .. 51 5 52

» greatest breadth be-

hind the constriction .... 42 37 4

Interorbital breadth ...... 7:2 78 71

Greatest distance between

temporal ridges ........ 12°8 14:5 12'8

Length of frontal suture.... 15:1 13:9 1438

- parietal suture .. 82 8:2 8:8

Interparietal length ...... ee 56 Si

" breadth ...... 9 115 whey

Palate length from henselion 224 20°8 21°8

DBRUOTIR. 65.» aig sa Seeley 13°2 125 132

Palatine foramina, length .. 7°83 74 75

7a a breadth... 31 34 3:2

Length of upper moiar series 7°6 71 71

III. A peculiar Genus for “ Oryzomys”’ instans.

Further consideration has convinced me that the curious

little mouse I described * from Bogota under the provisional

name of Oryzomys instans should certainly be distinguished

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi. p. 368 (1895).

» Mrs. M. K. Thomas on new Species of Mylabrine. 501

as a special genus, for which the name of Chilomys may be

suggested.

No member of Oryzomys shows any tendency towards its

peculiar cranial and dental characteristics, already described,

and it seems therefore best to form a special genus for its

reception.

LI.—Descriptions of Five new Species of Mylabrine (Lyttidz)

in the Collection of the British Museum. By Mrs. M. K.

THOMAS.

Lydoceras bilineatus, sp. u.

Black, glabrous, shining, clothed on the underside with

rather fine black hairs; the head, prothorax, and elytra are

thickly and coarsely punctured. The elytra are black, each

having two narrow transverse yellow bands bordered with

red, of which the first across the middle of the elytron is

margined posteriorly with red, and the second between the

middle and the apex is margined anteriorly with red.

Antenne black, short, and rather thick, and the legs also

black, the femora clothed with very short yellow pubescence,

and the tibize and tarsi with long black hairs; the claws are

red.

This fine species differs from Lydoceras fasciata, the only

previously known species of the genus, in the head and pro-

thorax being more rugose, in having no red spots on the

prothorax, in the antenne being shorter, thicker, and more

serrated, and in general form being longer and narrower.

Length 40, breadth 12 millim.

Hab. Athi Plains, British Kast Africa.

Collected and presented by Dr. J. W. Gregory.

Ceroctis vespina, sp. n.

Black, glabrous, sparsely clothed with longish black hairs ;

the head, prothorax, and elytra closely and somewhat coarsely

punctured. Liytra bright yellow, with three transverse

black sinuated bands on each elytron—the first one, between

the base and middle, is narrower than the other two, and is

composed of two spots either separated or joined into one

band, which does not reach either the suture or the outer

margin; the second, at the middle, is slightly broader, and

touches the sutural and outer margins, as does also the third,

502 Mrs. M. K. Thomas on new Species of Mylabrine. -

which is still broader and placed midway between the centre

and apex.

The antenne are entirely black, also the underside and

legs, which are shining, with longish black hairs ; the inside

ot the tibia and femora are clothed with pale yellowish short

pubescence. '

Length 15, breadth 7 millim.

Hab. Kambole, E. Africa.

Collected and presented by W. H. Nutt, Esq.

This species somewhat resembles in marking and colouring

Ceroctis Yerbury?, Gahan; but the bands are more sinuated

than those of the latter and the colouring not quite so vivid.

Ceroctis vellerosa, sp. n.

Black, densely and entirely covered with a thick yellow

pubescence, which is longer and more strongly marked on

the underside. The puncturing of the head and prothorar

not visible, owing to the dense yellow pubescence, which is

interspersed with long black hairs.

The elytra, which are closely and finely punctured, may

be said to be either black, with deep yellow markings, or, on

the other hand, yellow, with black markings. Considering

the elytra to be black, the yellow markings are, firstly, on

the basal half of the elytron, a long oval ring with a black

spot in its centre, suturally, outside which there is a straight

yellow line starting from the shoulder; on the posterior half

of the elytron there are two triangular yellow markings oppo-

site each other anteriorly and a yellow spot near the apex.

Antenne black, with the usual characteristics of Ceroctis.

The underside, legs, and tarsi all black and clothed with

yellow pubescence.

Length 15, breadth 6 millim.

Hab. Fwambo, British East Africa.

Collected and presented by A. Carson, Esq.

Ceroctis rufimembris, sp. n.

Black, covered with short yellow pubescence, much thicker

and longer on the underside. Head, prothorax, and elytra

finely and closely punctured. Zlytra black, somewhat opaque,

each elytron with a long narrow band of yellow extending

the whole length of the outer margin, widening at intervals,

and continued as a narrow transverse apical band; nearer

the suture four small oval yellow spots—the first on the

shoulder midway between the outer margin and suture, the

second just beneath the first, but almost touching the suture,

On Reptiles and Batrachians from Lombok &e. 508

the third in middle of elytron and oblique, and the fourth

transverse, just below the third and close to the suture.

Antenne red, as are also the mouth-pieces.

Legs also entirely red, covered with yellow hairs, but

interspersed with black at the tarsi.

Length 11, breadth 5 millim.

Hab. British East Africa.

Collected and presented by Dr. J. W. Gregory.

Decatoma regis, sp. n.

Black, opaque, glabrous, covered thinly with short yellow

hairs interspersed with longer black ones.

Head, prothorax, and elytra finely and closely punctured,

the head and prothorax more pubescent than the elytra;

the latter black, each with eight small orange spots, placed—

three on the shoulder in the form of a triangle, three on the

middle, and two rather larger ones between the middle and

apex.

ae very dark red-brown, almost black.

Legs black, claws and spurs red.

Length 12, breadth 53 millim.

Hab. Angola.

Collected by Dr. Welwitsch; presented by the King of

Portugal.

LIL—A List of the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by

Mr. Alfred Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba, and Savu,

with Descriptions of new Species. By G. A. BOULENGER,

F.R.S.

REPTILIA.

1. Hemidactylus frenatus, D. & B.

Lombok, Sumba, Savu.

2. Hemidactylus platyurus, Schneid.

Savu.

3. Gehyra mutilata, Wiegm.

Sumba.

4. Gecko verticillatus, Laur.

Lombok, Savu.

504 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Reptiles and

5. Draco reticulatus, Gthr.

Lombok, Flores, Sumba. ;

Originally described from the Philippines, this species has

since been found in the Sanghir Islands by Bruijn, in Celebes

by the Sarasins, and in Flores by Max Weber.

6. Varanus salvator, Laur.

Lombok, Flores, Sumba.

7. Varanus timorensis, Gray.

Savu.

8. Mabuia multifasciata, Kuhl.

Lombok.

9. Lygosoma striolatum, M. Web.

Flores.

10. Lygosoma florense, M. Web.

Flores.

11. Lygosoma Everettt, sp. n.

Section Hinulia. Body elongate, limbs rather short; the

distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb is

contained once and three fourths to twice in the distance

between axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower

eyelid scaly. Nostril pierced in a single nasal; no supra-

nasal; frontonasal broader than long, forming a suture with

the rostral and with the frontal; latter shield a little shorter

than frontoparietals and interparietal together, in contact with

the two anterior supraoculars ; four supraoculars ; seven supra-

ciliaries ; frontoparietals and interparietal distinct, subequal ;

parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; one pair

of nuchals ; fifth upper labial below the eye. EHar-opening

oval, smaller than the eye-opening; no auricular lobules.

26 smooth scales round the body, dorsals largest; vertebral

series not enlarged. A pair of large preanals. The ad-

pressed limbs fail to meet. Digits short, feebly compressed ;

18 to 20 smooth lamelle under the fourth toe. Tail thick.

Brown above, more or less spotted or freckled with black; a

black lateral stripe, with a more or less distinct light edge

above, dotted with white on the sides of the body, extending

to the snout and passing through the eye; flanks speckled

with black; lips with black vertical lines corresponding to

the shields ; lower parts white.

millim

Moatal lemethee .. 5 cease clare cee ese 120

15 (er DOR ee IRS mo SNR ee 9

Width-ol head” ..::..cpeertaiaies aye arera cas 6

UGTA 5... «Samia s dena 0 aed pe wa a sss 9

RE rie Pw LSTINIS) '2,:h TEA holes s « chee wdocsta ats 14

Bass) Saidss WORE a 2 dia is crashes ow aes ee 70

This species is nearest allied to L. elegantulum, Peters &

Doria, from New Guinea and North Australia, and L. brevipes,

Boettger, from Halmaheira. The latter species has been

erroneously referred to the section Homolepida by its describer.

Sumba. Three specimens.

12. Lygosoma smaragdinum, Less.

Lombok, Sumba, Savu.

13. Ablepharus Boutonit, var. quingueteniatus, Gthr.

Sumba. A single specimen with 24 scales round the body.

The type specimens of A. quinqueteniatus are stated to be

from the West Coast of Africa.

14. Dibamus nove-guinee, D. & B.

Lombok.

15. Typhlops florensis, sp. n.

Snout prominent, rounded; nostrils inferior. Rostral

about one fourth the width of the head, not extending to the

level of the eyes, the portion visible from below half as broad

as long; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft extending from

the second labial to the upper surface of the snout; preocular

present, narrower than the nasal or the ocular, in contact

with the second and third labials; eyes distinguishable ; pre-

frontal, supraoculars, and parietals enlarged; four upper

labials. Diameter of body 42 times in the total length; tail

twice as long as broad, ending in a spine. 22 scales round

the body. Olive-grey above, whitish beneath.

Total length 255 millim.

This species is very closely allied to 7. torresianus, Blgr.,

from Murray Island, Torres Straits; it differs in the nasal

cleft not being produced so far back on the top of the head, in

the narrower rostral, and in the longer tail.

Flores. A single specimen.

16. Liasis Mackloti, D. & B.

Savu.

Previously known from Timor and Samao.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 36

506 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Reptiles and

17. Python reticulatus, Schneid.

Flores.

18. Cylindrophis opisthorhodus, sp. n.

Diameter of eye about one third its distance from the

nostril; the distance between the eyes greater than the

length of the snout. Nasals forming a suture behind the

rostral; frontal as large as the supraoculars, slightly larger

than the parietals, as long as its distance from the rostral ;

six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales

in 23 rows. Ventrals but slightly larger than the adjacent

scales, 184-187 ; anal divided; subcaudals 6-7. Pale brown

or buff above, with small black spots irregularly disposed ;

head yellowish, much spotted with black ; white beneath, with

continuous or broken and alternating black cross-bars, which

are connected on the sides by a black uninterrupted stripe

running from behind the head to the base of the tail; a much

interrupted black stripe along the middle of the belly; anal

region black; lower surface of tail bright pink.

Total length 230 millim.

Lombok. Two specimens, obtained at an altitude of

1500 feet.

19. Polyodontophis geminatus, Boie.

Lombok. ‘Two specimens, belonging to the typical form,

as known from Java.

20. Lycodon aulicus, Boie.

Sumba, Savu.

21. Lycodon subcinctus, Boie.

Lombok.

22. Coluber subradiatus, Schleg.

Flores, Sumba.

The specimen from Flores is typical, whilst that from

Sumba is of a uniform blackish brown above and beneath,

and has, on the right side, the subocular fused with the fourth

labial, so that three labials enter the eye, as in C. enganensis,

Vincig.

23. Dendrophis pictus, Gm.

Lombok, Flores.

Batrachians from Lombok, Flores, &c. 507

24. Dendrelaphis inornatus, sp. n.

Maxillary teeth 20-22. Eye as long as or a little shorter

than its distance from the nostril. Rostral once and two

thirds as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals

as long as the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half as long as

broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a

little shorter than the parietals; loreal elongate; one pre-

and two postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine or ten upper

labials, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering

the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-

shields, which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales

in 15 rows, vertebrals moderately enlarged. Ventrals 191-

199; anal divided; subcaudals 132-138. Pale olive-brown

above, some of the scales with whitish outer edge; a black

streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye;

upper lip and preocular yellow ; outer row of scales and sides

of belly pale olive or greyish; ventrals and subcaudals

between the keels greenish grey or bright yellow.

Total length 1200 millim. ; tail 380.

Sumba and Savu. Several specimens.

25. Cerberus rhynchops, Schneid.

Flores, Sumba.

26. Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Boie.

Lombok, Flores.

27. Dryophis prasinus, Boie.

Lombok.

28. Nata tripudians, Merr.

Flores. A single young specimen, uniform olive-brown

above, white beneath. 21 scales across the neck, 19 across

the middle of the body.

29. Lachesis gramineus, Shaw.

Lombok, Flores, Sumba.

BATRACHIA.

1. Oxyglossus levis, Gthr.

Flores.

36*

508 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on Reptiles and

2. Rana macrodon, Kuhl.

Lombok, Flores.

3. Rana microdisca, Bttgr.

Flores. Known from Java, Mentawi, and Celebes.

4. Rana tigrina, Daud.

Lombok, Sumba.

5. Rana limnocharis, Boie.

Lombok.

6. Rana florensis, sp. n.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choan.

Head depressed, as long as broad or a little longer than

broad ; snout moderately prominent, truncated, as long as the

diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region

nearly vertical, grooved ; nostril nearer the tip of the snout

than the eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ;

tympanum very distinct, as large as the eye or a little

smaller. Fingers moderate, first extending beyond second ;

toes extensively webbed, the last two phalanges of the fourth

free; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small but well-

developed disks ; subarticular tubercles strong; inner meta-

tarsal tubercle small, oval, blunt; a round outer metatarsal

tubercle; no tarsal fold. ‘Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching

the tip of the snout; tibia more than half the length of head

and body. Skin smooth above, or rough with small granular

asperities ; a narrow glandular dorso-lateral fold, strongest

above the temple and shoulder; lower parts smooth. Grey

or olive above, sides of head darker; tympanum brown ;

dorso-lateral fold not lighter; limbs with dark cross-bars ;

lower parts much spotted or marbled with dark brown, the

throat and breast nearly entirely of a dark brown. Male

with internal vocal sacs and a large, oval, flat gland on the

inner side of the arm.

From snout to vent 77 millim.

Flores, above 3000 feet. Several specimens.

7. Rhacophorus leucomystax, Gravh.

Sumba.

8. Sphenophryne monticola, sp. n.

Tongue large, oval, entire. Snout short, rounded, with

feebly marked canthus; interorbital space as broad as or

broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Tips of

fingers dilated into well-developed disks, which are scarcely

Batrachians from Lombok, Flores, &e. 509

larger than those of the toes; first finger shorter than second ;

toes free; a very indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle; no

subarticular tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches

the shoulder or the temple. Skin smooth or with small

warts above; belly indistinctly granulate. Coloration very

variable. Grey, brown, or magenta-red above, uniform or

with darker spots or marblings, with or without a yellowish-

white stripe extending from the upper eyelid to the groin;

a fine whitish line sometimes present along the vertebral line

and along the hind limb; lower parts whitish or pinkish,

inner side of hind limbs usually bright pink; throat speckled

with brown or entirely dark brown.

From snout to vent 26 millim.

Lombok. Several specimens, collected at 4000 feet

altitude.

Closely allied to S. variabilis, from 8. Celebes; distin-

guished by the completely hidden tympanum and the smaller

disks of the fingers.

9. Callula baleata, S. Mill.

Sumba.

10. Bufo biporcatus, Gravh.

Lombok.

11. Hyla Everettz, sp. n.

Tongue discoid or shortly oval, free and slightly nicked

behind. Vomerine teeth in two small transverse groups in

the middle between the choane. Head moderate, as long as

broad ; snout rounded, nearly as long as the diameter of the

orbit; canthus rostralis indistinct, lores very oblique; nostril

nearer the tip of the snout than the eye; interorbital space

as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, two

thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers one-third to half

webbed ; disks a little smaller than the tympanum; no pro-

jecting rudiment of pollex ; toes webbed to the disks; a tarsal

fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye

and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth or with very small

warts above; throat, belly, and lower surface of thighs

granulate. Grey or brown above, uniform or with darker

spots or marblings; back of thighs bright yellow, with large

brown or black spots or marblings; lower parts white.

Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 48 millim.

Sumba and Savu. Numerous specimens.

510 Mr R. J. Pocock on new Species of

LIII.—Descriptions of some new Species of Scorpions of the

Genus Tityus, with Notes upon some Forms allied to

T. americanus (Zinn.). By R. I. Pocock.

THE identification of the specimens of Tityus obtained on the

Lower Amazons by Messrs. Austen and Pickard Cambridge

(see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April 1897, pp. 357-368)

entailed on my part a re-examination of the literature of the

subject and of the specimens contained in the collection of the

British Museum, many fresh examples having been acquired

since 1889 and 1893, when I ventured to discuss the affinities

of the form then spoken of comprehensively as americanus.

The result of this return to the subject has been the discovery

of a considerable number of new forms; and since the name

americanus, so far as can be judged, is equally applicable to

many of them, and since we have no knowledge of the exact

locality of the type, I have decided to discard this term until

the type specimen has been re-examined and its structural

characters accurately determined. This decision involves

the restoration to use of the later names obscurus and forci-

pula, assigned by Gervais to two species congeneric with

americanus, and previously regarded as synonymous with it.

Tityus forcipula (Gervais). (Figs. 1, 1 a.)

Scorpio forcipula, Gervais, Arch. Mus, iv. p. 221 (1844); Ins. Apt. iii.

p. 55 (1844).

This species was based upon specimens, of unknown locality,

in the Paris Museum and upon one obtained by M. Goudot in

Colombia. The latter, now in the collection of the British

Museum, may be regarded as the type, as Gervais evidently

intended (see Ins. Apt. 11. p. 55) should be the case. When

discussing this species in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. for July

1889, I fell into the error of regarding forcipula as the male of

obscurus, relying upon the accuracy of Gervais’s identification

as obscurus of a specimen in the British Museum, which is

obviously the female of the type of forcipula. As a matter

of fact, obscurus was based upon specimens from Cayenne

(see Arch. Mus. iv. p. 219), and not upon specimens trom

Colombia, though Gervais himself referred Goudot’s Colom-

bian specimen, now in this collection, to that species. ‘This

specimen has but fifteen pectinal teeth, whereas the genuine

obscurus is accredited with twenty-two ; so that there can be

very little doubt as to the distinctness of obscurus and forci-

pula. Some of the distinctive characters of the latter have

Scorpions of the Genus Tityus. dil

been set forth in the subjoined table of species ; but we are at

present in the dark as to the true nature of obscurus. The

Museum, indeed, has two examples ticketed “ Cayenne”

which from their distribution might be referable to obscurus,

but, unfortunately, these two examples represent probably

two distinct subspecies or species; so that it is obviously

unsafe to speak of either of them by the name obscurus. The

specimens under discussion, it may be added, agree most

nearly with the species described in my previous paper as

Cambridget; but, without knowing the male of the Cayenne

forms, it is not possible to be sure of their identity with the

Para species.

Berthold (‘Gottingische gelehrte Anz. Nachrichten’ &c.

1846, p. 56 &c.) was no doubt correct in regarding his species

Gervaisti as distinct from obscurus. It is likely enough,

however, to prove identical with forcipula, though without an

examination of the types or topotypes from Popahan, in

Colombia, there can be no certainty on this head.

Figs. 1, 1 a.—Last three segments and vesicle of tail of 7. forcipula 3.

Figs, 2, 2a.—Ditto of 7. pachyurus 3.

Fig, 26,—Hand and brachium of 7. pachyurus ¢.

Tityus pachyurus, sp.n. (Figs. 2-2 6.)

Allied to T. forcipula, Gervais, in general form, but differing

in the following particulars :—

9. Asin forcipula the tail is incrassate, the fourth and

fifth segments being wider than the first, the width of the

fourth and fifth being more than half their length; but the

vesicle is much narrower, being a little narrower than the

width of the brachium, but distinctly narrower than that of

the hand, whereas in forcipula the vesicle exceeds in width

the width of the brachium and hand; the vesicular spine, too,

512 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of

is considerably further from the longer aculeus than it is in

forcipula; the whole tail, too, is much smoother and armed

with less coarsely denticulate superior crests. The hand is

wider than in /forcipula, being distinctly wider than the

brachium, with keels much weaker and smoother; hand-back

half as long as movable digit. Pectines fractured (number of

teeth probably the same as in male).

36. Differs from that of foreipula in much the same cha-

racters as the female, the keels and granules being much

weaker and the vesicle only as wide as the brachium (much

wider in forcipula), the aculeus being longer, with the tooth

further from its base. The hand, on the contrary, is

narrower, its width being equal to the length of that portion

of the immovable digit that is distal to the tooth, whereas in

Jorcipula it is much greater. Pectinal teeth 19 (in fore?-

pula 16).

Measurements in millimetres—2. Total length 61, of

carapace 7°3, of tail 41, width of its first segment 4°5, of

fourth 5, of vesicle 3, of brachium 3°2, of hand 3°6.

3. Total length 67; length of carapace 7:3, of tail 44,

length of first and fourth segments 8; width of first segment

4°5, of fourth 6, of vesicle 3, of brachium 3°2, of hand 5.

Loc. Colombia. Two examples, male (type) and female,

obtained from Turner.

Tityus macrochirus, sp. n. (Figs. 3-3 6.)

Allied to pachyurus and forcipula.

2. Colour of trunk and tail brownish or greenish black ;

legs and chele, especially the latter, reddish yellow; fingers

black. ‘The transverse crests on the terga not so strong; the

upper crests of the tail stronger than on the fourth segment,

ending in a long denticle, as on the second and third; fourth

segment a little wider than the first; vesicle smooth, punc-

tured, without granules, a little wider than the brachium, but

distinctly narrower than the hand, which is weakly keeled ;

digits shorter than in pachyurus, the length of the hand-back

equalling almost two thirds that of the movable digit. Pec-

tinal teeth 14-16.

dg. Tail as in the female, but longer and thicker, with its

fourth segment a little wider than the first, its width much

more than half its length; vesicle distinctly wider than

brachium.

Chela longer and thinner than in pachyurus; brachium

nearly four times as long as broad; hand much thicker than

brachium, long, its width equal to half the length of the

Scorpions of the Genus Tityus. 513

hand-back, which exceeds the length of that part of the

movable digit distal to the basal lobe; the digits relatively

weakly sinuate and lobate.

Pectinal teeth 15-17.

Measurements in millimetres.— 2? . Total length 64; length

of carapace 7, of tail 39, width of its first segment 4, of fourth

4:1, of vesicle 3, of brachium 2°5, of hand 3°5; length of

hand-back 5, of hand 8°1.

3d. Total length 68; length of carapace 7, of tail 44;

width of its first segment 4, fourth segment 5, vesicle 3°4 ;

length of brachium 11, of hand-back 8, of movable digit 10;

width of brachium 3, of hand 4:1.

Loc. Bogoté (Colombia). Several specimens procured

from Mr. I. da Costa.

Differs from the rest of the allies of americanus in its smooth

vesicle, as well as in other characters appertaining to sex &e.

Tityus dasyurus, sp. n.

Closely allied to 7. metuendus, Poc.

Tail robust, the fourth segment a little wider than the

first, its width more than half its length, the fifth just twice

as long as broad ; vesicle as wide as the brachium, almost as

wide as the hand ; the intercarinal spaces of the tail thickly

and coarsely granular (with the exception of the superior,

which are only finely so).

Hand of chela scarcely wider than brachium, with strong

and subgranular keels, the external finger-keel complete, the

movable digit more than twice the length of the hand-back.

Pectinal teeth 20.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 78; length of

carapace 8, of tail 47, width of its first segment 4°7, of fourth 5,

length of fourth 9; width of vesicle and of brachium 3°2, of

hand 373; length of hand-back 5, of movable digit 11:2.

A single female example from Porto Rico (Keyserling

coll.).

Tityus discrepans (Karsch).

Androcottus discrepans, Karsch, Mitth. Minch. ent. Ver. 1879, p. 11.

Of this species the British Museum has three specimens—

one adult female ticketed “ Brazil” (Keyserling coll.), a

second adult female from Venezuela (Keyserling coll.), and

one young individual from Caraceas (Dr. Ernst). Seeing

that Karsch’s type was also from Caraccas, there is no reason

for doubting the identification of these specimens.

Although the male is unknown to me, the species is an

514 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of

exceedingly well-marked one, the characters of which may

be seen from the subjoined table.

Tityus androcottoides (Karsch).

cea androcottoides, Karsch, Mitth. Miinch. ent. Vér. 1879,

p. 114.

Karsch gives no locality for this species, which he regarded

merely as a variety of americanus. The British Museum,

however, has half a dozen examples obtained in Demerara

(British Guiana) by Messrs. Sclater, Turner, and Bower.

Specimens from Trinidad which were formerly referred by

me to this species may be recognized from the Demerara

forms by the characters mentioned in the synopsis given

below, the characters being constant in the sixteen examples

that I have seen.

Tityus trinitatis, sp. n.

Isometrus androcottoides (Karsch), Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

1889, iv. p. 57.

Tityus androcottoides, Pocock, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxiv. p. 377

(1894) (in part).

Differing from the closely related Guiana form, which

agrees with Karsch’s description of androcottoides, in having

the two inferior keels on the second caudal segment distinct,

those on the third united on the posterior third of the seg-

ment, and those on the fourth in the posterior two thirds of

the segment. In Demerara specimens which I refer to andro-

cottoides the lower keels are united on the posterior third of

the second and on the posterior two thirds of the third.

Pectinal teeth 16-17.

Loc. Trinidad (J. H. Broadway and J. H. Hart).

The characters of all the Trinidad specimens that I have

seen are very constant in young and data of both sexes.

Tityus magnimanus, sp.n. (Figs. 4, 4a.)

dg. Colour a reddish brown, the fourth and fifth caudal

segments, the vesicle, and digits blackish.

Tail barely six times the length of the carapace, which

equals the length of its third segment, nearly parallel-sided,

the third and fourth segments being only slightly wider than

the first; the inferior keels complete on the second segment,

but represented by a single median one on the posterior third

of the third and on the posterior two thirds of the fourth; the

intercarinal spaces almost smooth, scarcely perceptibly gran-

ular ; the posterior granule of the upper crests of segments 2 to

i. ~~ =

—"

aN Hae ©

Scorpions of the Genus Tityus. 515

4 enlarged. Vesicle a little wider than brachium, but narrower

than hand. Chele not elongate, width of brachium almost

half its length, its length just exceeding that of the carapace ;

Figs. 3, 3a.—Last three segments of tail of 7. macrochirus 3.

Fig. 3 6.—Hand and brachium of 7. macrochirus 2.

Fig. 4.—Lower side of tail of T. magnimanus 3.

Fig. 4a.—Brachium and hand of 7. magnimanus 3.

hand large, its width nearly equal to the length of the hand-

back and not much less than the length of the first caudal

segment; hand-back about half the length of the movable

digit; the digits separated basally, sinuate and lobate.

Coxee and abdominal sterna only very feebly granular.

Pectinal teeth 19 (male and female).

2. Young, 45 millim. in length, resembles the male in

other than sexual characters. ‘Tail a little narrowed poste-

riorly ; vesicle a little narrower than the hand and brachium,

which are subequal; movable digit a little more than twice

the length of the hand-back.

Measurements in millimetres.— 3. Total length 68 ; length

of carapace 7°3, of tail 43, width of its first segment 3°5, of

fourth 3°8, of vesicle 3, of brachium 3, of hand 4:5; length

of brachium 8, of hand-back 4°8, of movable digit 9°5.

Loc. Brazil. ‘l'wo specimens, presented by K. E. Austen.

516 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of

Though belonging to the 7. androcottoides section, as shown

by the fusion of the inferior caudal keels, this species

differs from both androcottoides and trinitat’s in having the

tail, sterna, and coxe much smoother. The sexual characters

also are strikingly different, the carapace in the male of the

last-mentioned being much shorter than the third caudal

segment and less than one seventh the length of the whole

tail. The chele, moreover, are slender, the width of the

brachium being less than one third of its length, the hand

narrow, digits contiguous, &c.

Synoptical Table of the previously discussed Species of the

americanus Group of ‘Tityus.

Males.

a. Two inferior caudal keels on segments 2 to 4

distinct.

a’. Vesicle without granules below, punctured ;

hand-back excelling carapace in length;

(tail moderately robust, with strongly den-

ticulate upper edges; chelze long ; brachium

narrower than vesicle, much narrower

than hand; 15-17 pectinal teeth) ...... macrochirus, sp. 0.

6. Vesicle granular below; hand-back less

than length of carapace.

a®, Vesicle much wider than width of bra-

chium, its width nearly equal to the

length of the first caudal segment and

equal to the space between the anterior

edge of the ocular tubercle and the pos-

terior border of the carapace; the tooth

close to the base of the aculeus; 15

QUTINGLAGGLD 5 Sis a'nis avin gape alae forcipula, Gery.

b. Vesicle nalrower, its width much less

than the length of the first caudal seg-

ment and less than half the length of

the carapace; tooth further from the

base of the aculeus.

a®, Tail strongly incrassate posteriorly,

width of the fourth segment exceed-

ing half its length ; hand large, much

wider than brachium, its width ex-

ceeding half the length of the hand-

back, digits strongly sinuate and

lobate.

a‘, Tail very stout posteriorly, the width

of the fifth segment equal to the

length of the second and just equal

to the median length of the cara-

pace ; hand also much wider, with

digits more strongly sinuate...... pachyurus, sp. 0.

b¢, Tail less stout; the width of the

fifth segment considerably less than

Scorpions of the Genus Tityus. 517

the length of the second; hand

narrower, its width at most equal

to the length from the eye to the

posterior margin of the carapace ;

digits less strongly sinuate ...... metuendus, Poe.

6%. Tail slender, feebly incrassate, width

of fourth segment less than half its

length ; width of hand equal to width

of brachium, less than that of vesicle,

and about one third the length of

the hand-back ; digits contiguous .. Cambridget, Poc.

b. Inferior keels on the third and fourth (some-

times also on the second) caudal segments

united to form a single median keel.

a’, Tail short, about six times the length of

the carapace, which is about equal to the

length of the third caudal segment ; bra-

chium less than three times as long as

wide, the width of the hand about half the

length of the movable digit ; sterna and

intercarinal spaces of tail much smoother ;

a median keel on the posterior third of

the third caudal segment and on the pos-

terior half of the fourth .............. magnimanus, sp. n.

b°. Tail long, more than seven times the

length of the carapace, which is much

shorter than its third segment; hand and

brachium narrower, the former more than

three times as long as broad, the latter

about one third the length of the movable

digit in width; sterna and intercarinal

spaces more coarsely granular.

a®. Inferior crests on the second caudal seg-

ment not united posteriorly, those of the

third united in the posterior half of the

segment and those of the fourth in the

posterior three fourths of the segment. . trinitatis, sp. n.

°. Inferior crests on the second caudal seg-

ment united in the posterior third of its

length, of the third in the posterior two

thirds, and of the fourth in the poste-

TIOF 170 SIRENS ann dhs de Seis tm ba androcottoides, Karsch.

Females.

a. Caudal segments 1 to 4 with a pair of parallel

granular keels.

a’. Vesiclepunctured andsmooth below; (hand

obsoletely keeled, wider than vesicle; a

strong terminal denticle on the upper

crest of caudal segments 2 to 4; pectinal

WE LAL Ta 2 of erat sow my «chia of assim seo macrochirus, sp. 0.

b. Vesicle serially granular below.

a’. Vesicle large, its width very noticeably

greater than that of the brachium and

hand; spine close to base of aculeus

(tail inerassate, very coarsely granular,

518 Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of

upper keels of segments 2 to 4 strongly~

denticulate; hand strongly crested, as

wide as brachium; pectinal teeth 15).. forcipula, Gerv.

6°. Vesicle narrower, its width not greater

than that of the hand and about equal

to that of the brachium ; spine further

removed from base of aculeus. _

a’, Tail thicker, width of the fourth

segment more than half its length, its

superior intercarinal space greater

than the width of the brachium.

a‘. Hand weakly keeled, broader, dis-

tinctly broader than the brachium ;

tail comparatively smooth, the

granulation evanescent ; stouter,

the first segment nearly as broad as

long.

a’, Tail thicker; width of fifth seg-

ment about two thirds of its

lanpth chick. ck te ete ss

b°. Tail narrower ; width of fifth seg-

ment only about half its length.

é*, Hand more strongly keeled, but

narrower, only very slightly wider

than the brachium; tail very

coarsely and distinctly granular at

the sides and below; first segment

considerably longer than broad....

b®, Tail thinner; fourth segment about

twice as long as broad, its superior

intercarinal space (inside measure-

ments) narrower than _ brachium ;

caudal segments less coarsely gran-

ular than in dt! Yeseuds Qiacceeehs

}. The inferior keels of segments 8 and 4 or 2, 3,

and 4 united posteriorly or throughout their

length.

a®’, A single median keel on segments 2-4;

abdominal sterna and intercarinal areas of

tail smooth ; upper caudal crests strongly

denticulate .... 5 riwivivh ctl. Cosme Sieh.

é°, A single median keel at most on the poste-

terior half of the second caudal segment

as well as on the third and fourth; abdo-

minal sterna and intercarinal spaces of

tail thickly granular.

a’, A median keel on the posterior third of

the second caudal segment and poste-

rior two thirds of the third and almost

the whole of the fourth ............

b’. The two paired keels on the lower side

of second caudal segment not united,

but united on the posterior half of the

third and the posterior two thirds of

the fourth ....068. SV Ge ee

To judge from the single immature female specimen of

pachyurus, sp. D.

metuendus, Sp. D.

dasyurus, sp. D.

Cambridgei, sp. n.

discrepans, Karsch.

androcottoides, Karsch.

trinitatis, sp. 0.

—A ee VX ee ee eS eee ee

Scorpions of the Genus Tityus. 519

T. magnimanus that I have seen, this species will fall under

section 6” of the above table, though differing from trinitatis

in being less coarsely granular on the sterna and tail.

Tityus atriventer, sp. n.

Colour deep reddish yellow, thickly variegated with black

on the trunk, limbs, and tail; abdominal sterna, as well as

the coxe and maxillary lobes of the* cephalothorax, also

marked with black patches; patches on the hands arranged

in black lines.

Trunk granular throughout above ; abdominal sterna also

granular.

Tail nearly six times the length of the carapace, parallel-

sided in female, posteriorly incrassate in male, the fifth

segment being wider than the first; the median lateral keel

weak on the second segment; the keels weak, weakly

granular, the terminal granule on the upper keel of the

second and third segments larger than the rest, the inter-

carinal spaces of the tail obsoletely granular ; vesicle weakly

granular, the spine beneath the aculeus slender and pointed,

not blade-like as in some allied species.

Chele weakly granular, the crests moderately strong ;

hands in female a little wider than brachium, in male much

wider, the hand-keels strong, obsoletely granular ; digits with

13-14 rows of teeth, rather strongly lobate and sinuate in

the male.

Pectinal teeth 14-15 in female, 15-16 in male.

Measurements in millimetres.— ? . Total length 38; length

of carapace 4°5, of tail 24, width of its first segment and of

fifth 2°3; width of brachium 2, of hand 2°2; length of

movable digit 5.

3. Total length 32; length of carapace 3°5, of tail 21,

width of its first segment 1°8, of its fifth 2:2; width of

brachium 1:5, of hand 2°3; length of movable digit 4.

Loc. Balthazar in Grenada (Antilles). Two specimens

captured by Mr. H. H. Smith at an altitude of 250-300 feet

under rotting leaves and the bark of a rotten log.

These specimens were received too late for notice in my

paper upon the West-Indian Scorpions published in Journ.

Linn. Soe., Zool. xxiv. pp. 374-409 (1894). It may be added,

however, that the female differs from the female of all the

species there recorded in having no lobate expansion at the

base of the pectines ; but, tested by the characters used in the

table on p. 377, this new species falls alongside of 7’. melano-

stictus under section a?. But from the latter it may be at

520 3 =Mr. R. I. Pocock on new Species of Scorpions.

once recognized by having the abdominal sterna thickly

granular and densely variegated, not to mention the infusca-

tion of the coxe and the presence of two crests on the fourth

sternite. These two characters, in fact, coupled with the

absence of the pectinal lobe, indicate a close relationship be-

tween J. atriventer and a group of species common in South

America, of which 7’. columbianus, Thor., is a well-known

example.

Some of the differential characters of this group of species

are set forth in the accompanying table :—

a. Upper keels of second, third, and fourth caudal

segments posteriorly elevated and ending in

a strong triangular tooth.

a’, Vesicular tooth small, spiniform; tail

coarsely pranulars .icfralaisjocyesianyee = eee... columbianus, Thor.

(New Granada.)

b'. Vesicular tooth deep and blade-like; tail

much more finely granular............. . Quelchii, Poc. (Deme-

rara.)

b. Upper keels of segments 2-4 not or hardly

elevated posteriorly, at most ending in an

enlarged granule.

a’. Vesicular tooth small and spiniform; tail

obsoletely: granular... 000... ie else ees atriventer, sp.n. Gre-

nada (W. Indies.)

b’. Vesicular tooth deep and blade-like ; tail

and its keels more distinctly granular.

a’, Vesicle and fifth caudal segment pale, not

deeper in colour than the rest of the tail;

hand in male only as wide as the bra-

chium, digits not sinuate ; fifth caudal

segment not elevated ..........00000- pusillus, Poe. (Igua-

rassu. )

b*. At least the vesicle much darker than the

rest of the tail; hands expanded, fingers

sinuate, and fifth caudal segment elevated

in male.

at, Vesicular tooth very deep, obliquely

truncate at the tip; coxa of cephalo-

thorax strongly infuscate .......... stlvestris, Poc. (San-

tarem.)

b*. Vesicular tooth less deep, more pointed

apically ; coxe af cephalothorax

scarcely at all infuscate ............ paraguayensis, Kraep.

(Paraguay.)

Tityus rufofuscus, sp. n.

Colour a uniform brownish black, like that of 7. pachyurus.

Carapace with anterior border transverse, scarcely percep-

tibly emarginate ; ¢erga with the median longitudinal and

On Sus verrucosus, Will. & Schleg., and Allies. 521

the transverse crests strong; the median crest distinct on

the last ; sterna finely granular, the last with the four crests

distinct and granular, and two crests on the fourth sternite.

Tail relatively weak and slender, posteriorly narrowed,

the first segment distinctly wider than the fourth, which is

about twice as long as wide; all the intercarinal spaces,

including the superior, finely granular; all the keels pro-

nounced and granular, but none of the superior keels in any

sense denticulate, evenly granular throughout; vesicle

granular, distinctly narrower than hand, about equal to the

brachium.

Che/e sculptured as in the other species, except that the

anterior surface of the humerus and brachium are evenly

granular throughout (except for the presence of one basal

denticle on the brachium), instead of being irregularly denti-

culate; hand with strong finely granular keels; the outer

finger-keel also strong and almost complete, merely inter-

rupted for a short space; the finger and hand exceeding in

length the first two tail-segments and half the third, the

movable digit twice the length of the hand-back, not lobate,

nor is the immovable basally sinuate; 18 median rows of

teeth on the digit, and the same number composing the outer

and inner series.

Pectinal teeth 20; shaft not basally lobate.

Measurements in millimetres.—Total length 61; length of

carapace 7, of tail 39, width of its first segment 3°5, of its

fourth 3°1, of vesicle 2°8, of brachium 2°8, of hand 3:1;

length of brachium 8:5, of hand-back 5, of movable digit 10.

Loc. Brazil (£. Doubleday).

Differing from the species allied to forcipula &c. in having

no expansion of the base of the pecten, in having the upper

caudal keels evenly granular, and the anterior surface of the

humerus and brachium without irregular denticulations; tail

narrower, &c. From JT. stigmurus (Thorell), which it

resembles in many characters, it may be distinguished by its

uniform dark colouring.

LIV.—On Sus verrucosus, Will. & Schleg., and Allies, from

the Eastern Archipelago. By Dr. C. 1. Forsyra Masor.

OnE of the most striking and important characters of Sus

verrucosus from Java, and its allies from Borneo, Celebes,

the Philippines, &c., as well as of Sus barbatus, Mill. &

Schleg., is to be found in the shape of the lower canines.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 37

522 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on

This was first pointed out by Nathusius* with regard to

S. verrucosus proper, from Java. He stated that in Sus the

transverse section of the lower canine forms a triangle; but

whilst in Sus scrofa the posterior side is, next to the anterior

one, the broadest, and the outer side only half as broad as the

first named, in Sus verrucosus the outer side has almost

double the breadth of the posterior one. A similar state-

ment was made by Riitimeyer t, who, in his last paper on

the subject t, figures transverse sections of the lower canines

of Sus verrucosus, vittatus, and scrofa.

The character alluded to, as well as the other distinctive

characters of S. verrucosus, escaped the notice of J. E. Gray,

when, in 1878 §, he figured and described three skulls belong-

ing to the verrucosus-type, classing them into three distinct

genera: the Sus verrucosus of Java, and “8S. celebensis,

Miill. & Schleg.,” of Celebes, are called Dasycharus; a variety

of the same from Amboina (Moluccas) is mistaken for

a S. vittatus, and figured and described as the type of

“ Aulacocherus vittatus”’ ; whilst an immature skull of the Sus

verrucosus from Java is introduced as a new species of Sus,

S. mystaceus ||; and an immature skull of the Celebes

variety of S. verrucosus, from Macassar, is called Sus

timorensis.

The Wild Hog from Ceram was rightly considered by

Gray, in 1868], to be a variety of S. verrucosus; in the

Hand-list (1873) the “ var. ceramicus” is cancelled again,

the Ceram Wild Hog figuring simply as Sus verrucosus.

In a communication made to the Pisa Society of Natural

History, and of which only the conclusions were published in

avery general manner**, I stated briefly that the Sus Strozzit,

* H. v. Nathusius, ‘ Vorstudien fiir Geschichte und Zucht d. Haus-

thiere zunachst am SchweineschidelAnhang. Der Schiidel von Sus

verrucosus, Mill. und Schleg.,’ Berlin, 1864, p. 181.

+ L. Rutimeyer, ‘‘ Neue Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Torfschweins.—

Anhang. Ueber Sus verrucosus, Mill. und Schleg.” (Verh. naturf. Ges.

Basel, iv. 1, 1865, p. 184).

{ L. Riitimeyer, “ Einige weitere Beitriige iiber das zahme Schwein

und das Hausrind ” (Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 463, pl. facing

. 495, fig. 7).

: § J. E. Gray, ‘ Hand-list of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Rumi-

nant Mammals in the British Museum,’ London, 1873, pp. 58-60, 62,

pl. xxiv. figs. 1-3, pl. xxvi.

|| See the correct reference of this name to S. verrucosus by O. Thomas,

as quoted by Nehring, with his own remarks on the same in “ Ueber die

javanischen Wildschwein-Arten,” etc. (Zool. Garten, xxxvi. 1895, p. 45).

q P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 24, and Cat. Carniv. &c. (1869) p. 330.

** Forsyth-Major, “ Studii sugli avanzi pliocenici del genere Sus (Sus

Strozztt, Menegh.)” (Atti Soc. Tose. Sc. Nat. Pisa, vol. ii. 13 marzo, 1881,

p. 227)

——= OO ee

Sus verrucosus, Mill. & Schleg., and Allies. 523

Men., of the Upper Pliocene of the Val d’Arno, bears more

relation to the species of Sus of the Indian Archipelago, and,

above all, to Sus verrucosus of Java, than to Sus scrofa.

The characters of the skull of the young S. scrofa are per-

manent in S. Strozziz, as well as in the Indian members of Sus

generally, and more particularly in S. verrucosus; one of the

characters referred to* is in the shape of the lower canines.

This statement requires some further explanation. In

some Middle Tertiary members of Sus no difference is to be

found between the two sexes in the size or shape of the tusks ;

both have their lower canines of moderate size and width,

the outer and inner side being of equal breadth. This con-

dition is more or less maintained permanently by the females

of Pliocene and recent members of the genus, whereas in

some Pliocene forms of Sus the male sex acquires much larger

inferior canines, in which, however, the relative proportions

of size of the three sides, as seen in the females, as well as in

both sexes of forms more ancient than these Pliocene ones, are

still preserved. Gradually, however, these relative proportions

become altered, till at last we come to have the male S. scrofa-

type of lower canines, as described by Nathusius; but, as a

matter of fact, even in this modernized type the canine of

young males shows the original conformation.

The Pliocene forms of Sus, which have the above characters,

are, as I long ago t pointed out: “ Sus giganteus,” Fale. &

Cautl., from the Pliocene of the Siwaliks {, and S. Strozzvz,

from the Upper Pliocene of Italy (Val d’Arno, Olivola, &c.) ;

and I then mentioned that not only S. verrucosus resembles

these fossil forms in this as well as in other respects, but

that S. barbatus shows the same conformation of lower

canines §.

Nehring has dealt with the same argument, so far as recent

Suid are concerned, particularly in two of his numerous

important papers on the group ||; and recently Heude enters

into minute particulars as to the enamel-sculpture and shape

of the lower canines of Sus, to illustrate which are devoted

* See also Forsyth Major in Atti Soc. Tose, Se, Nat. vii. 1890, p. 61.

+ “Studien zur Geschichte der Wildschweine” (Zool. Anzeiger, 1883,

p- 299).

t I had in view the fig. 17, Z 71, of the ‘ Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis.’

§ See also Forsyth Major, “ L’Ossario di Olivolain Val di Magra (Prov.

di Massa-Carrara)” (Atti Soc. Tose. Se. Nat., Proc. Verb. vii. 1890,

p- 61).

|| Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 21 Febr. 1888, p. 9.

A. Nehring, “Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte” (Abhandl. und

Berichte d. k. Zool. und Anthropol.-Ethnogr. Museums zu Dresden,

1880-89, no. 2: Berlin, 1889, p. 11).

37*

524 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on

three quarto plates, twenty-four different types being figured *.

The various forms of Sus of the Indian Archipelago are com-

prised under the denomination of Nesosus, and the remarkable

fact is brought to notice that on the continent, in Cochinchina,

occurs an unmistakable member of the verrucosus type.

It might be a matter of discussion whether a new generic

term was needed (if so, Gray’s Dasycherus would have the

priority) ; but at any rate its eventual utility is neutralized

by deliberately including in it the S. vittatus tT.

Heude apparently is acquainted with the Siwalik Suide

only by what is reproduced of them on pl. ix. (Sus) of

Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie’ ; this might explain how he comes

to state that ‘on sait que les origines des terrains tertiaires

sous-himalayens ne nous reportent pas au Nesosus” ft. It

may be seen, from what I have said above, that the contrary

is true.

1. Sus verrucosus mindanensis, subsp. n.

Alluding to my paper in the ‘ Zool. Anzeiger ’ §, Nehring ||

declares that he cannot completely approve of the somewhat

radical manner of my reducing all the living species of Sus

to three or four, viz. S. barbatus, S. verrucosus, S. vittatus,

S. scrofa.

My proceeding might perhaps more appropriately be termed

conservative, whilst I would call radical the introducing of

about 35 new species of Sus by Pére Heude. Apart from

this, from what Nehring formerly stated on the same sub-

* P.-M. Heude, S.J., ‘Etude sur les Suilliens” (Mém. concernant

l’Hist. Nat. de l’Empire Chinois par des Péres de la Compagnie de Jésus,

t. 1, 2, Chang-Hai, 1892, p. 87, pl. xxix. A, B, C).

+ L. c. p. 85.

{ 2.e,.p. 10k;

§ L. c. p. 295 sqq.

| ‘Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte,’ p. 27: “ Die etwas radicale

Art und Weise, in welcher Forsyth Major in seiner ....Abhandlung, die

simmtlichen lebenden Sus-Arten auf 3 resp. 4 reducirt, namlich auf

S. barbatus, S. verrucosus, S. vittatus, und eventuell S. scrofa, kann ich

nicht ganz billigen, LEinerseits ist S. celebensis nach meiner Ansicht

eine ‘gute Art,’ andererseits finden sich unter den von Forsyth Major zu

S. vittatus gerechneten Formen mehrere, welche von einander sicher

unterschieden werden kinnen” [here reference is made to two of the

author’s papers, ‘Zool. Anz.’ 1885, p. 352, and ‘ Zool. Garten,’ 1885, p. 334, in

which similar opinions were expressed}; “ tiberhauptist die Auseinander-

haltung der einzelnen Local-Russen resp. Subspecies bei den Wild-

schweinen von unzweifelhafter Bedeutung fiir ein tieferes Eindringen in

den Process der Artbildung nach Raum und Zeit, was auch Forsyth

Major anerkennt.”

Sus verrucosus, Miill. & Schleg., and Allies. 525

ject * it appears that he was partly influenced by the views

expressed by Lydekker; but from what he says in the

passage quoted, it can be seen that on the whole our views

are not so very different. In the present instance we have

especially to deal with the question, whether it be more con-

venient to rank the Celebes Wild Hog as a species distinct

from the Javan S. verrucosus, or to call it merely a variety of

the latter. The former course is followed by Nehring, whilst

I advocated the latter. I would see no difficulty in adopting,

for convenience’ sake, Nehring’s mode of naming, if there

were no other but the two forms just mentioned f ; but there

are others, which I am going to discuss ; so that my answer

to Prof. Nehring is contained in the following pages.

Dampier, in 1686, mentions the Wild Hogs of the Isle of

Mindanao (Philippines) in the following words :—“ The Hogs

are ugly Creatures; they have all great Knobs growing over

their Eyes, and there are multitudes of them in the Woods.

They are commonly very poor, yet sweet.” }

In a paper contributed to the Transactions of the Royal

Society of London, the Jesuit Missionary Camel enumerates,

apart from the domestic pig, three kinds of wild hogs from

the Philippines § :—

“No. 25. Ababa. Aper brevipes.

“ No. 26. Pore? ttem species pygmei, feri, cursu velocissimi.

“No. 27. Bayong s. Pagil. Aper montanus.

“No. 28. Babuy. Sus domestica.”

Two of the above native names are mentioned also by E. v.

Martens, who writes as follows respecting the Wild Boars of

the Philippines ||: “Wildes Schwein, javali der Spanier, baboy

damo der Tagalen, an anderen Orten pagil, bayong ete.

* A. Nehring, “Ueber eine neue Art von Wildschweinen (Sus longi-

rostris, Nehring) aus Siidost-Borneo” (Zool. Anzeiger, no. 197, 1885,

p- 352). As to Lydekker’s opinions, see below.

+ I have myself of late (P. Z.S., March 16, 1897) proposed to maintain

the Madagascar Wild Hog as a separate species, although it differs

not more widely from the Potamochwrus cheropotamus (Desmoul.)

(P. africanus, auct., P. larvatus, auct.) than does “ Sus celebensis” from

the Javan S. verrucosus. But I would have to change my view if there

were found in Madagascar other forms of wild hogs, differing less from

P. cheropotamus than those I am acquainted with.

¢{ William Dampier, ‘A new Voyage round the World,’ vol. i. 7th ed.

(In ‘A Collection of Voyages in four Volumes.’ London, 1729, Vol. i.

p. 320: Isle of Mindanao anno 1686.)

§ “De Quadrupedibus Philippensibus Tractat. a Reverendo Georg.

Jos. Camel transmissus Jacobo Petiver, Pharmacop. et Societ. Regie

Soc. Londini” (Philos. Trans. vol. xxv. for the years 1706 and 1707,

London, 1708, pp. 2200, 2201).

|| Pr. Exped. nach Ost-Asten, Zvol. Theil, i. p. 195.

526 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on

genannt, iiberall hiufig, von Cagay4n, der nérdlichsten Pro-

vinz Luzons, bis Mindando, das Fleisch allgemein geschatzt.”

Only during the last few years have we received some

more accurate information about these Wild Hogs. In 1588

Huet described and figured a new species from Luzon, Sus

Marchei*. ‘The figure of this skull is rather indifferent and

not trustworthy, as Nehring has pointed out.

A careful description, with figures, of a wild hog from

Luzon (Philippines) is given by Nehring f, under the name

Sus celebensis var. philippensis, Nehring t. Ina later paper§,

the same author has shown that S. Marcher, Huet, is identical

with S. celebensis var. philippensis, Nehr.

The skull of the male philippensis, as compared with the

male celebensis, is characterized as follows by Nehring || :—

The skull from the Philippines is lower, more elongate, and

has a narrower snout than is generally the case in “ S. cele-

bensis”’ from South Celebes. he osseous crest above the

alveolus of the upper canine is lower and not so thickened

behind as in celebensis, more resembling the Javan verrucosus

in this respect.

So far, these characters apply as well to the skull of an

adult male in the British Museum (91.11.28.3) from Ayala,

Mindanao, but it carries them farther still and has, besides,

characters of its own. In length (basal length 269 millim.)

the Mindanao skull slightly exceeds the two male skulls

described by Nehring (259 and 252 millim.), whilst all the

principal dimensions of height and breadth remain below

those of the two skulls from Luzon, absolutely under those of

the larger one, and relatively —when reduced, as in the follow-

ing figures, to percentages of the basal length—under those

of the smaller one :—

M. L.

Relat. breadth of skull at largest (between

EYPOM. ATCHOS) .... s ., curses Gis se LO oo 48°3 52°5 . 61:2

Relat. frontal breadth at largest (between post- :

orbital processes of frontal) ............ 32°7 34:7 . 33°7

Relat. frontal breadth at narrowest .......... 22 28°2 . 222

Relat. breadth of occipital squamie (ale) .... 26°4 33°2 . 29°4

Relat. breadth of mandibula between the con-

GIG ay i:0.0 7 sis einicdhiglel ah then eaten Saeed” 40'8 44.425

Relat. height of occiput. ....5..0ccsceeceees 40 45°6 . 40°5

Relat. height of skull (resting on mandibula). . 63:2 73°4 . 68°6

* «Le Naturaliste,’ Jan, 1888, pp. 5-7. See also Nehring in Sitzungs-

ber. Ges. nat. Fr. 1894, p. 192 footnote, and p. 219.

t “Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte ” d c. pp. 14-17, 24-26, Taf. i.

figs. 3, 4, Taf. ii. fig. 4).

} Heude has erroneously attributed this name to Huet (J. c. 1892,

p. 86, 1894, p. 217).

§ Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Fr. 1894, p. 220.

| “ Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte,” p. 15.

Sus verrucosus, Mill. & Schleg., and Allies. 527

Peculiar features of the Mindanao skull are to be found in

the considerable length of the snout :—

M. L.

Relat. length of intermaxilla at alveolar border 26-4 24:7 . 23°8

The nasals of the Mindanao skull are very narrow in the

middle of their length; but the whole of the nasal region

still remains remarkably broad, on account of the overlapping

of the intermaxille on the upper surface of the nasal region.

On placing side by side the Mindanao skull with those of

the Celebes form and the verrucosus proper from Java, there

can remain no doubt that the first differs as much from the

second as this latter does from the third. So that if the

Celebes Wild Boar is to be maintained as a distinct species,

it would be only consistent to raise the Mindanao form as

well to specific rank. Of course, it results from the fore-

going remarks that the Luzon form holds in most respects an

intermediate position between mindanensis and_ celebensis

(contrary to what might have been expected from the geo-

graphical position of its habitat). But, on the other hand,

the Bornean form of verrucosus, to be considered hereafter,

intervenes between celebensis and verrucosus of Java, by the

considerable breadth between the zygomatic arches and by

the relative shortness of the last molar.

Lastly, to connect all these forms still closer together,

almost all the characters by which philippensis and minda-

nensis differ from celebensis are such as approach the first

two to the Javan verrucosus.

Under these circumstances I cannot see my way to esta-

blishing a new species for the Mindanao form, and still less

can I range it as a variety under a species S. celebensis, But

I prefer to treat it as a subspecies of S. verrucosus, Mill. &

Schleg., on equal rank with S. verrucosus celebensis, S. verru-

cosus philippensis, Nehr., and the other forms with which I

have still to deal. S. verrucosus of Java becomes the type

of the species on no other than priority grounds,

Heude has of late described and figured no less than seven

new species of Sus from the Philippines: 1. Sus effrenus ;

2. S. frenatus ; 3. 8. microtis; 4. 8. cebifrons; 5. S. minutus ;

6. S. artetinus; 7. S. calamianensis*. Four of these, viz.

1, 2, 3,6, are trom the Island of Luzon; the first-named

three from one locality, Jala-Jala, “‘ une langue de terre de

huit kilométres de cété; elle termine la grande péninsule

dépendant de la province de Moron, dans le lac de Bay ”’ f.

* “ Notes sur quelques cranes de Sangliers des Philippines” (J. c, ii. 4,

1894, p. 212).

+ Lc. p. 216,

528 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on

To judge from the short description of.the skulls and den-

tition and from the figures—unfortunately no measurements are

given,—none of these four “ species ” can be separated from

Nebring’s S. celebensis var. philippensis.

In applying the criteria for specific distinctions resorted to

by Pere Heude to the crania of the Indian “ Sus erdstatus”’ in

the Natural History Museum, from 12 to 15 different species

of Indian Wild Boars might be easily distinguished. We

must, however, be grateful to the author for showing us the

amount of variability in these forms, even those from the

same island.

The skull of “ S. cebifrons,” from Cebu*, conveys the

impression of being that of a more or less domesticated

animal, possibly a cross with a domestic pig—a not unfrequent

occurrence in those islands, according to Pére Heude’s state-

ment ft.

Of “ Sus minutus” t, distinguished by its small size, the

very simple structure of its molars §, and the large size and

elevation of premolars ||, which characters distinguish it from

mindanensis, no habitat is given in the description; but I

understand, from what is said incidentally {], that it occurs in

Mindanao—so. that there seem to be two forms of wild pigs

in Mindanao.

Of “ S. calamianensis”’ we shall have to say something

later on.

2. Sus verrucosus amboinensis, subsp. nD.

There are two skulls (both males) of the Wild Boar of

Amboina (a small island to the south-west of Ceram) in the

Natural History Museum, 59.6.4.6 (1862) and 59.6.4.5

(1362 d) ** ; both were collected by A. R. Wallace, and figure

in the catalogues under the head of S. vittatus. Rolleston

was aware that the skull 1362 d is a ‘‘Sus verrucosus” ++, but,

by a strange inadvertance, he mentions on the opposite page

* Pl. xxviii. figs. 1, 2, 3.

+ T. ii. 1894, p. 312.

t LZ. c. p. 218. § Z.e. pl. xx B. fig. 1.

|| Pl. xvii. figs. 6-8. q L. c. 1i. 3, 1894, p. 129.

** Gerrard, ‘Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of

the British Museum,’ 1862, p. 277; J. E. Gray, “ Synopsis of the Species

of Pigs (Suidze) in the British Museum,” P. Z. 8. 1868, pp. 25, 26; J. E.

Gray, ‘ Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachyd., and Edent. Mammalia in the

Brit. Mus.,’ 1869, p. 331; J. E. Gray, ‘ Hand-list of the Edentate, Thick-

skinned, and Ruminant Mammals in the British Museum,’ 1873, p. 58,

with figure (profile) of 1862, pl. xxiv. fig. 3.

tt Trans. Linn. Soe. (2) i. 1877, p. 271.

Sus verrucosus, Miill. & Schleg., and Allies. 529

the other skull from Amboina as belonging to S. vittatus *.

This is the same skull which, as pointed out above, is figured

in profile in the ‘ Hand-list,’ with the inscription A ulacocherus

vittatus tT.

Whilst mndanensis approaches philippensis, the present

Amboina form is more closely related to celebensis, so as to

agree with the last in all the characters in which philippensis,

according to Nehring}, departs from it; the agreement is

closer still than between philippensis and mindanensis.

The skull of ambocnensis, then, is higher and broader than

philippensis, and still more so than mindanensis. Whilst

the basal length of the latter form is equal to that of the

Amboina wild pigs (M.=269, A.=270 . 268), the united

parietals and frontals are considerably longer in A. (164 . 169,

M. 149), whereas the nasals are much shorter (A. 153 . 155,

M. 164). Taking philippensis into account as well, the per-

centage lengths stand thus :—

M. ie A,

Parietals and frontals .......... 55°4 58:7 . 57:3 60°74 . 63

Nasal Shea echt ancient Menoneer eae 61 60°6 . 57°3 56°7 . 57'8

The postorbital region is not only high in amboztnensis, but

it is elongate as well. Dividing, after Nathusius’s method,

the upper surface of the cranium proper in two parts, by

means of an auxiliary frontal line connecting the postorbital

processes across the forehead, we find the following propor-

tions in the lengths of the two parts :—

M. oe

Percentage from root of the nose to frontal line.... 243 22:4. 23:7

Percentage from frontal line to occipital margin .. 32 392. 41

This is one of the characters in which mindanensis

approaches more closely S. verrucosus from Java, and still

more the Sus verruc. ceramicus from Ceram (see below) ;

whereas in the following it is, as we have seen, at the one

extreme, verrucosus, with its very short snout, at the other,

whilst amboinensis holds the middle :—

* L.c.p. 270. In the same place measurements are given of the

lachrymal of an immature skull of “ Sws vittatus,” Brit. Mus. 162 f,

which in reality is a young S. verrucosus; and so is the skull 1862 g

enumerated in the Catalogue (Cat. Carniv., Pachyd. &c. p. 352; Hand-

list Edent. Mamm. p. 58) as S. vittatus; “ Sus timoriensis,’ 1501 ¢, from

Macassar (Cat. Carniv., Pachyd. &c. p. 835; Hand-list Edent. Mamm.,

p- 60) is the skull of a young of S. verrucosus celebensis,

+ Pl. xxiv. fig. 3.

{ The celebensis of North Celebes, however, differs less from philtppen-

sis, according to Nehring (‘ Ueber Sus celebensts und Verwandte,’ p. 15).

530 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on

M. A. C.

Percentage length of molar region of palate

(see Nathusius). )... stone pease sii 46°3 494 , 50-2 52°4

Percentage length of incisor region of palate

(see: Nathasitis)” “1 /.kis-va's «ave em aie 268 243.229 209

The crest above the canines in amboinensis has a some-

what different shape from what obtains in philippensis and

mindanensis, and agrees with celebensis; it is higher than in

the first two and considerably thickened behind.

The zygomatic arches bend out more suddenly in ambotn-

ensis than in mindanensis or philippensis, which last two in

this respect again more approach verrucosus from Java, whilst

ambotnensis ranges with celebensis and with the Bornean form

of verrucosus.

Again, as compared with mindanensis and philippensis, in

amboinensis (and celebensis) the whole of the mandibula is

higher and broader, and the ascending ramus longer antero-

posteriorly and more vertical; the greater height contributes

towards increasing the height of the whole skull when resting

on the mandibula in its natural position. In this respect,

however, there appears to occur variations in the skull of the

philippensis from Luzon *, as also in the height of the skull,

independently from that of the mandibula (percent. height of

occiput in the two skulls described by Nehring 45°6 . 40°5).

The molars of ambotnensis, as compared with those of

mindanensis, are not so narrow, their enamel less delicately

wrinkled, and they are less regularly inserted; whilst in

mindanensis their outer margins lie in a line almost parallel

to the long axis of the skull, they form in ambotnensis a con-

vex line outwardly. As compared with celebensis, the third

molars of amboinensis, though short, are slightly more com-

plicated.

There are to be noticed some small variations between the

two skulls from Amboina. ‘The skull 1362 d, which, to

judge from the wear of the teeth, was a somewhat younger

specimen than 1362 c, shows the upper contour slightly more

concave in the region of the naso-frontal suture. In the

same skull this region, viewed from above, is, together with

the anterior frontal and the whole nasal region, more flattened

and broadened than in 13862 c; behind and above the supra-

orbital foramina the frontal region of the former kaa

(1862 d) ascends steeper towards the occiput and is more

convex from side to side and from before backwards. Both

skulls show feebly raised rugosities on their outer nasal

* See “8. frenatus,’ Heude, J. c. tome ii. 1894, p. 216, pl. xxvii. fig. 5.

Sus verrucosus, Miill. & Schleg., and Allies. 531

margins ; in 1362 ¢ they are about 7°5 millim. wide and 34°5

millim. long, and terminate near the back end of the nasals,

so that they are not situated directly opposite the crests

above the canines, but with two thirds of their length back-

wards from those crests. In 1362 d these crests are less

distinct. Nehring has pointed out the same conformation in

a skull of celebensis, and rightly remarks that they call to

mind what occurs in Potamocherus*. The “wart”? supported

by the crest and the nasal rugosities of verrucosus is, of

course, the exact homologue of the similar but much stronger

developed horn-like cartilage in the males of Potamocherus,

and I expect that, as in the latter genus, it will be found to

be missing in females and young individuals of the verru-

cosus group.

In the foregoing description of the Amboina pig I had

continually to poimt cut its close resemblance to celebensis.

This is clearly shown as well by the comparative dimensions.

In the table of measurements will be found the average per-

centage measurements of six skulls of male celebensis, calcu-

lated from the absolute dimensions given by Nehring t. By

comparing these with the percentage dimensions of ambotn-

ensis, it will be seen that there prevails a close agreement in

almost all the figures. In absolute size the Amboina skulls

agree with the largest of celebensis, the basal length varying

in the six skulls of C. (see Nehring) from 234-267 millim.,

as against 268 and 270 millim. in the two skulls of A.

The following few divergences between C. and A. may here

be pointed out, the more so as the measurements upon which

they rest have, for sake of space, been omitted in the table of

measurements.

The canines of amboinensis appear to be a little larger ;

the longest diameter in the alveoli of the upper canines in C.

varying from 17-21 millim. (percent. 7°3-8), in A. from 26°5-

29 millim. (percent. 10-10°7). The lachrymals, too, are

shorter in celebensis :—

A. C.

Percentage dimensions of lower margin of

GUYANA S ctl < 4 ata 's eis’ o'ate'c. « aaa Set ate sate 8:9- 9:3 56- 7:1

Percentage dimensions of upper margin of

PRN oh dia a cain wid > 2'4.= $i<' apo amtiote 15°5 11:9-12°8

Contrary to the opinion expressed by myself, Lydekker

has endeavoured to show that in the form of the cranium

Sus vittatus comes nearest, amongst living forms, to the

* ‘Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte,’ p. 10.

1 Gc: p. 30.

532 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on

Siwalik Sus giganteus, Fale. & Cautl.. At the same time

he upholds the separation of the Indian 8S. eristatus from the

“ Javan etc.” S. vittatus*, My. Lydekker has, I apprehend,

been completely misled by the confusion above alluded to in

the naming of the skulls. For the form of the cranium of

S. vittatus he refers t to fig. 3, pl. xxiv. of the ‘ Hand-list,’

“Aulacocherus vittatus,” so that, as a matter of fact, it is

S. verrucosus amboinensis which he is comparing with

S. giganteus. Again, when giving his reasons for the assumed

specific distinctness of S. vittatus from S. cristatus, against the

view propounded by Riitimeyer and myself, he assigns to

S. vittatus characters which in reality are those of members

of the verrucosus group :—“ In S. vittatus m. 3 is normally

shorier than in S. cristatus ; its length, especially in the lower

jaw, in all typical examples that have come under the writer’s

notice being less than that of m. 1, m. 2....” $. Ina foot-

note it is stated that ‘ No. 1362 B, British Museum, is an

exception, but this specimen not improbably belongs to

S. verrucosus”’ t. Of the four skulls enumerated in the

‘ Hand-list’ under the heading of ‘‘ Aulacocherus vittatus ”

(Sus vittatus) §, one (1362 /) is an immature Sus verrucosus,

two others (1362c & d) are the above-described S. ver-

rucosus amboinensis, and a fourth (1362 9), sine patria,

corresponds almost in every particular with S. verrucosus

celebensis, but has the third molars a little more complex.

The skull 1362 B, mentioned by Lydekker, was brought

from Java by A. R. Wallace ||, but, far from having anything

to do with S. verrucosus, it is precisely one of the few skulls

labelled S. vittatus which is not S. verrucosus.

The comparisons instituted by Mr. Lydekker, therefore,

strengthen my opinion that it is with the verrucosus group,

more especially with amboinensis and celebensis, and not with

S. vittatus, that S. giganteus presents the closer relation.

Without entering here more fully into the argument, it may

be pointed out that, if we do not limit our comparisons to

the Amboina skull, 1362, alone, the analogy appears still

closer. In the second skull from Amboina, 1362 d, and in

several skulls from Celebes, the occipital height is quite

as considerable as in the fossil. Again, the Amboina

* R. Lydekker, “Siwalik and Narbada Bunodont Suina ” { Mem. Geol.

Surv. India. ser. x. vol. iii. pt. 2, Calcutta, 1884, pp. 50, 54, 58, 59 (16,

20, 24, 25)].

t+ L. c. p. 58 (24), footnote.

t L.c. p. 50 (16), and footnote 5.

§ P. 58.

|| Catal. Bones Mamm. p. 277; Catal. Carniv., Pachyd. &c, Mamm.

p. 382.

Sus verrucosus, I/iill. & Schleg., and Allies. 533

skull 1362 d, celebensis generally, and the Bornean form of

verrucosus * have still more prominent zygomatic arches than

the skull from Amboina with which Lydekker compared the

fossil.

3. Sus verrucosus ceramicus, Gray.

A skull of an adult male (B. M. 712d) from Ceram, col-

lected by A. R. Wallace. As mentioned above, Gray

originally ¢ considered this skull—rightly, in my opinion—

to be a variety of S. verrucosus ; in the ‘ Hand-list’ it figures

with the Sus verrucosus of Java as ‘‘ Dasycherus verru-

cosus”? f.

On account of the slenderness of the snout, this skull

presents a very elegant appearance. In length it is equal to

weaker specimens of the Javan form; in relative breadth of

the zygomatic arches (see table of measurements no. 5) it is

the narrowest of all the forms of verrucosus which have come

under my notice; in relative breadth of the front (nos. 6, 7)

it ranges with the narrowest specimens of S. verrucosus. In

relative height (nos. 15, 16) this skull is surpassed by all the

members of the group with the exception of mndanensis.

The nasal region is very narrow as compared with all the

other skulls of the verrucosus type. The crest above the

canine is weak—short, low, and narrow.

Of the last molar of this specimen Rolleston has stated §

that it is comparatively simple as compared with other

specimens of S. verrucosus. ‘This remark holds good with

regard to all the molars and premolars of ceramicus ; thus it

approaches celebensis and ambotnensis; in the elongation of

m. 3 it, however, ranges with verrucosus from Java.

In a paper by Jentink || mention is made of a Sus ceram-

ensis, Rosenberg (Malayisch. Archipel. 1878, p. 362), said

to occur in enormous quantities in Ceram and on all the

islands from Ceram-laut to Jijoor. Besides, there are in

the Leyden Museum skins from Tidore, Ternate, and

Waaigeou, collected by Dr. Bernstein; and Jentink is of

opinion that all these are one and the same species, and

identical with Sus niger, Finsch§, trom New Guinea.

* 1362 a, not 13624; see below S. verrucosus borneensis.

+ P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 24, and Cat. Carniv. &c. 1869, p. 330.

t Hand-list &c. 1873, p. 59.

§ Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877, (2) i. p. 271.

|| F. A. Jentink, “On the Malayan and Papuan Pigs in the Leyden

Museum,” Notes from the Leyden Museum, vol, xiii, Note vi. (Leyden,

1891) pp. 85-104.

q| P. ZS. 1886, p. 217.

534 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on

Jentink, moreover, suggests that Gray’s S. verrucosus, var.

ceramica, described above, may prove to be the same as

Rosenberg’s S. ceramensis and Finsch’s S. niger. This may

be ; however, so Jong as the only information we have to rely

on is to the effect that these various pigs are of a ‘uniform

black’ colour, it is useless to waste time in conjectures.

From what Rolleston says * respecting a skull of a pig from

Ternate, which is identical in age and conformation with one

in the British Museum (‘Sus timorensis,”’ 1501 6) T, one

thing is certain, viz., that in the island of Ternate exists a

wild pig of the vittatus type which has nothing to do with

verrucosus.

4, Sus verrucosus borneensis, subsp. n.

The skull of an old male in the British Museum (59.8.16.5

—1862 a) ¢ from Borneo, collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace,

is, to my knowledge, the only known specimen of a verru-

cosus from Borneo. It is the very opposite of ceramicus,

being a massive cranium, short and broad, in this character

approaching celebensis and amboinensis, by both of which,

however, it is surpassed in height and in the greater elonga-

tion of the incisor region (see dimensions below). ‘lhe crests

above the upper canines are of moderate size, as in S. verru-

cosus from Java,

5. Sus barbatus balabacensis, subsp. n.

In 1888 Huet described and figured a new species of Sus

(S. ahenobarbus) from Palawan Island, between Borneo and

Mindoro (Philippines), pointing out the supposed differences

of the skull from S, barbatus of Borneo §. In the following

year, Nehring, without being aware ot Huet’s paper, gave

measurements and a provisional description of the skull and

* I. c. p. 276. Rolleston, after describing the skull, adds:—“ The

colouring, eee of the head of this Sus differs from that of any other

Sus seen by Dr. A. B. Meyer,—or figured by Schlegel—the head being

covered all over with long black hair, except in the region occupied by a

broad yellowish-brown streak beginning between the eyes and descending

to the snout, where it broadens.”

t Gray, Catalogue Carniv. &c. 1869, p. 335: “ S. timorensis, 1501 4,

...a wild pig, Ternate, from Mr. Wallace’s collection.”

t ‘ Catalogue of Bones,’ 1862, p. 277, under the head of Sus vittatus (a) ;

Catal. Carniv. &c. 1869, p. 330, under Sus verrucosus; Hand-list &c.,

1873, p. 59, under Dasycherus verrucosus, where, by a misprint, it bears

the number 136 a.

§ ‘Le Naturaliste,’ Jan. 1888, p. 5.

Sus verrucosus, Jill. & Schleg., and Allies. 535

a skin of a wild hog from the same island, naming it ‘‘ Sus

barbatus, var. palavensis, Nehr.” *

Heude has since t made known the skull and teeth of his

Sus calamianensis from the Calamianes Isles, situated

between Mindoro and Palawan, the name having already

been published in 1888 in the explanation of a plate showing

the upper and lower premolars. Heude refers his species

with a query to “S. longirostris, Nehr.,” and states that

“8. ahenobarbus, Huet,” belongs to the same group.

In the same year Nehring { corrects some errors in the

description, measurements, and figures of ‘ S. ahenobarbus’’

(the skull named S. ahenobarbus is that of S. Marchet, Huet,

and vice versd), which he is inclined to consider as identical

with his own 8S. barbatus var. palavensis.

In the same place § short mention is made of the skull

of an adult male from Culion (Calamianes group), and the

opinion is expressed that S. calamianensis, Heude, is a second

variety of S. barbatus, “iS. barbatus var. calamianensis,

Nehring.” <A detailed description is promised.

The Natural History Museum received some years ago

from Mr. A. H. Everett four skulls of a wild pig from

Balabac Island (between Borneo and Palawan), one (B.M.

94.6.8.8) being from a male and three of females (B.M.

94.6.8.7—94.6.8.9—94.6.8.10). The male is almost com-

pletely adult, the two anterior thirds of the last molar

being inuse. Of the female skulls, one (10) is immature,

the last molar being almost unworn; skull 9 is of an old and

7 of a very old sow (molars worn to the sockets).

I am of Nehring’s opinion, that the pigs from Calamianes

and Palawan are somewhat dwarfy varieties of the Bornean

Sus barbatus, and the same holds good with regard to the

Balabac pig. In the table of cranial measurements given

below the reduced measurements of S. barbatus balabacensis

are placed side by side with the same of S. barb. palavensis ;

these last are calculated from the absolute measurements

given by Nehring ||; for comparison have been added the

measurements of a male and female skull of S. barbatus,

reduced as above from the tables in Nehring’s paper

* A, Nehring, “ Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte,” /. c. pp. 22, 325

id. Sitzungsber. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1890, p. 11.

+ “Etude sur les Suilliens,” 7. ¢. t. ii. 1888, pl. xvii. fig. 4; 1892,

pl. xx. B. fig. 3, pl. xxix. C. fig. 7; 1894, p. 221, pl. xl. figs. 1, 2, 5.

¢ Sitzungsber. naturf, Freunde Berlin, 1894, pp. 190, 220.

§ L. ec. p. 191. See also Nehring, “ Ueber die javanischen Wild-

schwein-Arten,” &¢. (Zoolog. Garten, xxxvi. 1895, p. 46).

| “Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte,” p. 32; Sitzungsber. Ges.

naturf. Fr. 1894, p. 221.

q, “Ueber Sus celebensis,” p. 32.

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542 On Sus verrucosus, Miill. & Schleg., and Allies.

I do not propose to enter here into a detailed description

of the differences between the barbatus and the verrucosus

group. It may suffice to point out the greater length in

barbatus of that part of the upper surface of the cranium

situated behind a line connecting the postorbital processes

(no. 18d of table of measurements), as well as the superior

length, compared with verrucosus, of the bony palate of

barbatus (nos. 4a, 186), whereas the length between the

foramen magnum and posterior end of the vomer is shortened

in proportion *, Some variation in this respect occurs in the

verrucosus group (see measurements). Another point of

difference between the two groups, which strikes at once, is

the height of the skull (no. 15), even those members of the

verrucosus group which possess the lowest skull (mindanen-

sis—ceramicus) remaining considerably above those of the

barbatus group.

The barbatus skull, besides being very elongate—the inter-

maxilla, however, is relatively short—is also narrow, as

compared with verrucosus (see nos. 6, 7, 9, 14, 383). As to

the width of the cranium, between the zygomatic arches,

there occurs a considerable amount of variation in the various

members of the arbatus group. ‘The female skulls alone would

not have justified the separation of the Balabac form from

that of Palawan; but in the breadth of the male skulls a

considerable difference is to be noticed. ‘The adult male of

Palawan f, though having a shorter skull than the male from

Balabac—P.=805, B.=3138—has a breadth of 145 millim.

against 125 as shown by B.; the immature type of

‘“S. ahenobarbus” already surpasses B. in this respect.

S. barb. calamiéanensis also has a much broader skull than

the Balabac form; length of skull from Culion 315, breadth

147 millim.{; the same appears from the figure given by

Heude §.

Tables are given (pp. 536-541) of measurements to which

reference has already been made in the text. The measure-

ments are mostly those used by Nathusius (‘ Vorstudien ’) and

by Riitimeyer (/. ¢.), with some alterations proposed by

Nehring (‘ Ueber Sus celebensis und Verwandte’), to whose

tables most of the numbers prefixed refer.

* See Nehring’s various papers on “8. longirostris,”” Zool. Anz, 1885,

Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. 1886, p. 80, as well “ Ueber Sus celebensis

und Verwandte,” /. c. pp. 18-20; Heude, /. c. ii, 1894, p. 221, pl. xl. fig. 5;

Nehring, Zool. Garten, xxxvi. 1595, p. 46 and fig. 1.

+ Nehring, Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. 1894, p. 221.

t Nehring, ibid. 1894, p. 192.

§ Z.c. pl. xl. fig. 1.

a ee ee

i lw ete

On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China &e. 543

LV.—On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and

Corea.. By JouN Henry Lescu, B.A., F.L.S, F.Z.8.,

&e.—Part Il. Family Geometride ; Subfamilies Cino-

chrominz, Orthostixine, Larentiine, Acidaliine, and

Geometrine.

Subfamily Gvocurourvz.

Genus SARCINODES.

(Guen. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 315 (1895).)

Sarcinodes restitutaria.

Auxima restitutaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1527 (1862).

Sarcinodes restitutaria, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 59, pl. cxv.

figs. 1, 2 (1886) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 315 (1895).

One specimen from Omei-shan: July.

This example is violet-grey, suffused with olive-brown

before the transverse line and on outer margins.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdsis; Sumatra (Hampson) ;

Western China.

Sarcinodes equilinearia.

Mergana equilinearia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxi. p. 292 (1860).

Sarcinodes equilinearia, But). Il. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 60, pl. cxv.

figs. 5, 6 (1886); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 316

(1895).

One male specimen from Omei-shan, taken in July.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khdésis (Lampson); Western China.

Genus PALAOMYSTIS.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. i. p. 379 (1894).)

Paleomystis faleataria.

Urapteryx (?) falcataria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 618.

Metrocampa unio, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 32, pl. vi. fig. 483

(1886); Alph. Rom, sur Lép. vi. p. 58 (1892).

Paleomystis faleataria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 318

(1895).

My collectors obtained this species at T’a-chien-lu, Wa-

shan, Chia-kou-ho, and Pu-tsu-fong in June and July.

Alphéraky records a specimen trom Tchagan, in the Pro-

vince of Kan-Sou, taken in July.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson) ; Western China.

544 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Paleomystis mabillaria.

ae mabillaria, Pouj. Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 311, pl. vi.

g: .

Poujade records a male specimen from Moupin. I have

received an example of the same sex from Huang-mu-chang,

taken in July, and another from Wa-shan, taken in June.

Hab. Western China.

This species is smaller than P. falcataria, Moore, and the

angle of the secondaries is more produced.

Subfamily Ozruosrrxivz.

Genus IOTAPHORA.

(Warr. Novit. Zool. i. p. 822 (1894).)

Lotaphora iridicolor.

Panethia iridicolor, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 227

(1880); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 49, pl. exiii. fig. 3 (1886).

Metrocampa admirabilis, Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. lxxxiv ;

Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 29, pl. i. fig. 8 (1884).

Metrocampa (?) admirabilis, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 392.

Lotaphora iridicolor, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 322

(1895).

My collectors obtained a specimen in each of the following

localities :—Chang-yang, Ichang, Moupin, Wa-shan, Omei-

shan: June and July.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Khasis (Hampson) ; Amur; Central

and Western China,

All my Chinese examples are larger than any Himalayan

specimen that I have seen, and, with the exception of the

Wa-shan specimen, they all have a greenish tinge. Greser

states that the larva of this species feeds, on Juglans mand-

schurica, and that it is like a curled leaf in appearance.

Genus EUMELBA.

(Duncan ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 820 (1895).)

Eumelia rosalia.

ware) (Geometra) rosalia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. ecclxviii. fig. F

782).

Eumelea rosalia, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 820 (1895).

Hampson gives China for this species, probably in the

south, as my collectors did not meet with it in any part of

Central or Western China that they visited.

Distribution. China; Formosa ; throughout India, Ceylon,

and Burma; the Malayan and Austro-Malayan subregions,

from China, Japan, and Corea. 545

Genus Naxa.

(Walk. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 824 (1895).)

Naxa margaritarta, sp. n.

Frenulum absent; antenne bipectinated ; hind tibie not

dilated, but with terminal pair of spurs. Subdiaphanous

with strong pearly reflections. ‘Traversed by series of black

spots as in N. sertarza. ‘The subcostal spot of first series is

double, and there is an additional one on the inner margin,

increasing the number in this series to four; there is also a

spot on inner margin between the first and second series.

The secondaries also have an additional spot about the middle

of the abdominal margin. All the markings are smaller and

fainter. Body and upperside of legs black.

Expanse 44-46 millim.

Two male specimens from Chang-yang, July.

Hab. Central China.

Naza seriaria.

Zerene seriaria, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1866, pt. 1, p. 196.

Orthostixis letata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 84 (1864),

Zerene taicoumaria, de VOrza, Cat. Lép. Jap. p. 48.

Nava seriaria, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 825 (1899).

Psilonaxa taicoumaria, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 393.

There were some specimens in Pryer’s collection under the

name Nazwa textilis. In his ‘Catalogue of the Lepidoptera

of Japan,’ Pryer says: “ Yokohama. Larva hairy, gregarious.

Living in a web; feeds on the privet.”

Occurs also in the Island of Kiushiu and at Omei-shan.

The specimens from the last-named locality range in expanse

from 86-53 millim.

Distribution. Bhutén; Ndgas (Hampson); Amur; Japan;

Kiushiu ; Western China.

Naxa angustaria, sp. n.

Similar in appearance to N. sertaria, Motsch., but the

frenulum is present, and the antenne are shortly bipectinated

in both sexes ; hind tibie not dilated and with terminal spurs.

The discal spots of secondaries are smaller; the submarginal

series of black spots on each wing is rather nearer the mar-

ginal series, and the spots themselves are smaller.

Expanse 40-52 millim.

Several specimens trom Ichang and Chang-yang: June

and July.

Hab. Central China.

546 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Naa contraria, sp. n.

Antenne bipectinated in both sexes. Frenulum present ;

hind tibize much dilated, with short terminal spurs. Arrange-

ment of black spots somewhat similar to that of JV. seriaria,

but there are two additional spots on primaries, one on middle

of inner margin, and one between it and the base of the wing ;

there is also a black spot on the middle of the abdominal

margin of secondaries. The marginal spots are not always

well formed.

Expanse 50-60 millim.

Eight specimens, from Chang-yang and Ichang, July.

This species differs from N. margaritaria in its larger size,

stronger pectinations of antenne, absence of pearly reflection,

and presence of frenulum.

Hab. Central China.

Naxa montanaria, sp. u.

Outer margin of secondaries rather straight from middle to

anal angle, which is more produced, as also is the apex of

primaries. Maculation similar to that of .V. contrarva, but

finer and less distinct, and the wings are more transparent.

Expanse, g 58, 2 68 millim.

Six male specimens and four females from Omei-shan,

one male from Wa-shan, all taken in June.

Hab. Western China.

Nazwa obliquaria, sp. n.

Antenne finely serrated in both sexes. Frenulum present ;

hind tibiae much dilated. Apex of primaries rather acute.

Greyish white. All the wings have a blackish discal spot

and an oblique blackish line outwardly bordered with white

and angled towards costa of primaries. Fringes silky white,

preceded by a series of black spots. Under surface silky

white ; discal spots black and conspicuous; the apices of

primaries black, and there is a spot of the same colour at

outer angle of secondaries; fringes preceded by black spots

as above.

Expanse 42-46 millim.

A male specimen from Chow-pin-sa, June, and one example

of each sex from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Genus EMMECOSMIA.

(Warren, Novit. Zool. iii. p. 118 (1896).)

Emmecosmia bilinearia, sp. n.

Pale whity brown or ochreous brown. Primaries have two

ee ee eee

from China, Japan, and Corea. 547

parallel dark ochreous-brown transverse lines, the first com-

mencing in a blackish spot on costa and passing very close to

the blackish discal spot; excision below apex is marked with

dusky ; costal and outer marginal areas suffused with greyish

brown. Secondaries have a dusky transverse liane beyond

the middle. Fringes of the ground-colour, tinged with

darker on primaries. Under surface ochreous, except on inner

half of primaries ; all the wings have a dusky transverse line

beyond the middle.

Expanse 35-42 millim.

Eight female specimens were taken by a native collector

to the north of Ta-chien-lu.

Hab. Western China.

Subfamily Lareyrirwz.

Genus LEPTOSTEGNA.

(Christ. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. lv. 2, p. 86 (1880).)

Leptostegna tenerata.

Leptostegna tenerata,' Christ. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. lv. (2) p. 88 (1881) ;

Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 333 (1895).

Several specimens in Pryer’s collection from Oiwake,

Yesso, and Nikko.

I captured examples at Gensan in June, and have received

it from Hakodate, also from Chang-yang, Wa-shan, Ta-

chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Chia-kou-ho.

Distribution. Amur; Japan; Yesso; Corea; Central and

Western China; Sikhim.

Genus NAXIDIA.

(Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 334 (1895).)

Naxidia punctata.

Argidava punctata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 128

(1880); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 67, pl. exvii. fig. 1.

Naxidia punctata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ili. p. 384 (1895).

Appears to have been common at Wa-shan, and was also

obtained at several of the other localities in Western China

visited by my collectors.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Négas (Hampson); Western China.

Naxidia trrorata.

Argidava irrorata, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 251 (1887).

Nazxidia irrorata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 334 (1895).

One female specimen from ‘l’a-chien-lu, taken in June, I

have referred to this species, but, as I have not seen the type,

548 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

I am not quite certain that the identification is correct.

However, the specimen agrees with the description of N. zrro-

rata.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Nagas (Hampson) ; Western China.

Nazxidia maculata.

Argidava maculata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 373 (1879).

There was a nice series in Pryer’s collection, some of the

specimens labelled “ Oiwake.” Referring to this species in

his ‘Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Japan,’ Pryer says,

“Tt mimics Amene fasciata, and is found in the same loca-

lities at rest on stones.” He gives Ohoyama and Nikko as

localities.

Hab. Japan.

Genus LYGRANOA.

(Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i, p. 402 (1878).)

Lygranoa fusca.

Iygranoa fusca, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 447 (1878);

ll. Typ: Lep. Het. iii. p. 54, pl. liv. fig. 7 (1879).

A series from Ohoyama and Nikko in Pryer’s collection.

I met with the species at Gensan in June, and I have received

it from Ningpo and from localities in Central and Western

China. It occurs in June, July, and August. Greser

records a male specimen from Wladivostock.

Distribution. Amur; Japan; Corea; Eastern, Central,

and Western China.

Lygranoa sinuosaria, sp. n.

Primaries brownish, darker on basal and outer marginal

areas; subbasal line blackish, oblique, angled above sub-

median nervure; about the middle of costa there is a black

triangular spot, its apex almost touching the black, elongate

discal spot; beyond the middle of costa is another black spot

somewhat quadrate in form, from the lower outer corner of

this spot a black sinuous line forms an acute angle and

continues to inner margin; submarginal line whitish, wavy,

preceded on costa by a diffuse blackish spot. Secondaries

whity brown, suffused with fuscous, and with indications

of a dusky central line. Fringes of primaries brownish,

marked with darker, and of secondaries pale brown. Under

surface pale brown, whitish on inner marginal area of pri-

maries ; all the wings have a fuscous transverse line beyond

the middle marked with blackish on the venation, and the

primaries have an elongate discal spot.

PR ~ aR eC Ee ant Ht me

from China, Japan, and Corea. 5A

Eixpanse 38 millim.

One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, July.

Hab. Western China.

This species is allied to “ Dysethta” bicommata, Warren.

Lygranoa grisearia, sp. n.

Primaries grey, with two velvety-black spots on the costa ;

below the first there is an ill-defined transverse line, marked

with black on the median nervure and again on inner margin ;

the lower end of the second spot is produced outwards, and

from the extremity of this projection there is a series of black

points on the venation ; submarginal line pale, wavy, inter-

secting a brownish shade on the outer marginal area; there

is also a brownish transverse shade on the median area;

discal dot black. Secondaries greyish, with a punctiform

central line. Fringes: primaries greyish brown; secondaries

greyish, marked with darker at the ends of the nervules ;

preceded on all the wings by a dusky crenulate line. Under

surface ochreous brown, powdered and suffused with darker

brown ; all the wings have an elongate blackish discal spot

and indication of a transverse line beyond; fringes brownish.

Expanse 38 millim.

One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong and one from Kia-

ting-fu: June.

Hab. Western China.

Lygranoa pallescens.

Dysethia pallescens, Warren, Novit. Zool. iii. p. 118 (1896).

Four female specimens in Pryer’s collection. Three of

these are from Oiwake, but the fourth, which is suffused with

brownish on the margins, is not localized.

Hab. Japan.

Genus CRYPTOLOBA.

(Warren ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 336 (1895).)

Cryptoloba cinerea.

Lygranoa cinerea, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 228 (1880) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 86, pl. exx. fig. 4 (1886).

Cryptoloba cinerea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 337

(1895).

Five specimens (4 g,1 9) from Chang-yang, Central

China: July.

Distribution. Central China; Dharmséla; Sikhim.

530 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Cryptoloba rivularia, sp. n.

Primaries black, traversed by four white lines ; the first is

not well defined, the second is serrated and sharply dentate

above inner margin, the third is serrated and angled below

costa, the fourth is macular below costa. Secondaries white,

clouded with blackish at the base and on outer margin;

discal spot is black, and there are indications of a blackish

central band. Fringes of primaries black and white ; of

secondaries white, preceded by a black line. Under surface

white; primaries have the costa streaked with black from

base to a short angulated band ; the outer margin is broadly

black, intersected by a white macular line ; secondaries have

a black discal spot, interrupted central band, and outer mar-

ginal border, the latter intersected by a white macular line.

Expanse 24-26 millim.

Five male specimens, from Omei-shan, Ni-tou, Che-tou,

Pu-tsu-fong: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to C. frigida, Butl., but the lobe at base of second-

aries is much smaller.

Cryptoloba frigida.

Coremia frigida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 450 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 56, pl. lv. fig. 8 (1879).

A long series from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Genus LOBOGONTA.

(Warren, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1893, p. 345.)

Lobogonia parallelaria, sp. n.

Pale brown, irrorated with darker, especially on the second-

aries. Primaries traversed by two oblique, parallel, dark

brown lines, each of which expands on the costa; there

is a dark brown spot on costa before apex, and one below

between veins 5 and 63 fringes almost black, except at

the angle. Secondaries have a discal dot and sharply-curved

transverse line, both dusky; fringes ochreous, preceded by

a dark brown line. Under surface: of primaries smoky grey,

costa and on outer margin ochreous; of secondaries ochreous,

irrorated with brownish; markings on all wings similar to

above, but the first line of primaries is less, and that of

secondaries more, distinct.

Expanse 32 millim.

One specimen from Ichang, June.

Hab. Central China.

ee ee ee

a oO

from China, Japan, and Corea. 551

Lobogonia ambusta.

Lobogonia ambusta, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 346,

pl. xxxi. fig. 21.

Several specimens received from Pu-tsu-fong and Omei-

shan, where they were taken in July.

Distribution. Khasis (Hampson) ; Western China.

Lobogonia conspicuaria, sp. n.

Differs from L. ambusta, Warren, in having the first and

second black spots on costa of primaries larger and triangular

in shape, the apex of the second extends to the enlarged spot

beyond the middle of the outer transverse line; the lines

originating in these spots are not clearly defined. On the

secondaries the central line is broader. Fringes blackish

above and below the angle of each wing.

A nice series, including both sexes, was taken at Chang-

yang in July.

Hab. Central China.

Nearly allied to L. pseudomacariata, Poujade.

Lobogonia pseudomacariata.

Ellopia pseudomacariata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 308, pl. vi.

fig. 4.

Poujade records one female specimen from Moupin; my

collectors did not meet with the species.

Hab. Western China.

Lobogonia fasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries olive-yellow, sparingly freckled with olive-

brown, and traversed by two bands of the same colour; the

first band is slightly contracted below the middle, and the

second both above and below the middle; there are two

olive-brown spots on costa near apex, two others above angle

on outer margin, and a linéar one towards inner angle.

Secondaries much paler, freckled with fuscous, and traversed

by a fuscous central line; discal dot blackish. Fringes

blackish, except at apex and angle of primaries. Under

surface paler than above: primaries suffused with dusky on

basal area ; all the wings have a dusky central line.

Expanse 27 millim.

Two female specimens from Chang-yang: June, July.

Hab. Central China.

552 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus CARIGE.

(Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1631 (1862).)

Carige cruciplaga.

Macaria cruciplaga, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 937 (1861),

Carige duplicaria, Walk. op. cit. xxvi. p. 1632 (1862).

Macaria nigronotaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 80, pl. vii. fig. 6 (1864).

Macaria indictinarta, Brem. 1. ¢. p. 81, pl. vii. fig. 8.

This variable species seems to be generally distributed

throughout Western China, and is common in Japan and

Corea.

It also occurs at Chang-yang, Central China, but as the

form from this locality is rather different to either of those

previously named, I describe it as

Var. extremarta.

Apex of primaries more produced and the outer margin of

secondaries more deeply indented. Larger in expanse. More

thickly powdered with fuscous, and the markings are much

larger and blacker.

Expanse, ¢ 38, 9 42 millim.

Two examples of each sex.

Distribution. Siberia; Sikhim; Khdsis; Penang (Hamp-

son); Japan; Central and Western China.

Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 91) places duplicaria,

Walk. (nigronotaria, Brem.) in Calothysanis, Hiibn.

Carige flavidaria, sp. n.

Somewhat similar to C. cruciplaga, but the median nervure

and its branches and the nervules above are broadly ochreous ;

the double black lines are interrupted, except at costa and

towards inner margin, and the yellow bands between are

broader and deeper in colour; all the wings have a pale sub-

marginal line, but serrated ; the inner double line of primaries

is nearer to the black discal dot. ‘The same differences are

noticeable on the under surface.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Omei-sban, July.

Hab. Western China.

Genus ANAITIS.

(Dup. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 341 (1895).)

Anaitis plagiata.

Phalena-Geometra plagiata, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 869.

—— Tt

ne ee ee ee |

Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 553

Anaitis plagiata, Dup. Lép. v. p. 532, pl. exev. figs. 2, 3; Hampson,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iil. p. 342.

Eucestia plagiata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 69.

Two female specimens of the first brood, and one male and

two females of the second brood, from Oiwake, Nikko, and

Ohoyama, in Pryer’s collection.

The examples of first brood in Japan are paler, and those

of second brood darker than European specimens.

Distribution. Europe; Asia Minor; Japan; Afghanistan;

N.W. Himalayas (Hampson).

Anaitis pudicata.

Anaitis pudicata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 497 (1857) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit.

Ind., Moths, iii. p. 341 (1895).

Appears to be common at Chia-ting-fu, Moupin, Wa-

shan, Pu-tsu-fong, Ichang, and Chang-yang: June and

July.

i the Chinese specimens of this species the postmedial

line is not excurved beyond end of cell, but is nearly straight

from costa to inner margin.

Distribution. Afghanistan; N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim

(Hampson) ; Western and Central China.

Anaitis brunnearia, sp. n.

Primaries greyish brown, traversed by two pale lines; the

first is nearly straight from subcostal to inner margin, and

is bordered outwardly with brownish ; the second is oblique

from costa to inner margin, slightly curved about middle,

and bordered inwardly with brownish. Secondaries whitish,

slightly tinged with crimson. Under surface greyish, suffused

with crimson on costal and apical areas of primaries and on

discal area of secondaries.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Closely allied to A. pudicata, Guen., but the primaries are

not suffused with crimson on costal and outer series above,

and on the under surface this colour extends further along

outer margin.

Anaitis fulgurata.

Anaitis fulgurata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 498 (1857); Hampson, Fauna

Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 342 (1895).

Orsonoba (?) medmaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1521 (1862).

Docirava medmaria, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 87, pl. exx. fig. 6

(1886).

One male specimen from Chia-ting-fu and one from Wa-

shan: June and July.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 39

554 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas; Sikhim (Hampson) ;

Western China.

Genus SIONA.

(Dup. Lép. iv. p. 102.)

Siona naseraria.

Siona naseraria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 34, pl. v. fig. 72

(1893).

A nice series, composed of specimens taken at T'a-chien-lu

and How-kow in June and July.

flab. Western China and Thibet.

I have left this species in Stona, as placed by Oberthiir,

but a new genus will probably have to be made for it.

Genus EUBOLIA.

(Dup.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 348 (1895).)

Eubolia duplicata.

Ortholitha duplicata, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 385.

Eubolia duplicata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 843 (1895).

Several specimens from How-kow, Thibet, and a few

examples from ‘l'a-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, and Kia-ting-fu :

June and July.

The oblique white medial band varies in width; in two

specimens it is almost entirely absent, and the black markings

are united forming a large triangular blotch.

Distribution. Chumbi (fampson) ; Thibet; Western

China.

Eubolia similaria, sp. n.

Allied to E. peribolata, Hiibn., from Europe, but larger ;

the outer edge of the central band of primaries is bilobed,

and between the inner edge of the band and the base of the

wing there are several transverse lines. Secondaries whitish,

tinged with fuscous along the basal portion of the abdominal

margin; there are indications of a discal spot and central

line. Under surface similar to that of 2. peribolata.

Expanse 38 millim.

Several specimens of each sex from T'a-chien-lu, Wa-shan,

and Ni-tou: May and June.

Hab. Western China.

Peribolata, Hiibn., is included in Xanthorhoe, Hiibn., by

Meyrick (Trans, Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 77).

from China, Japan, and Corea.

Genus Scorosia.

(Steph. ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 344 (1895).)

Scotosia vashti.

Collix vashti, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 445 (1878) ; Ill.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 52, pl. liv. fig. 3 (1879).

Eucosmia Christophi, Hedem. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 265 (249

bis), pl. xiii. fig. 4 (1881).

Three specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

I obtained several examples at Hakodate in August, and

my collectors found the species at several localities in

Western China in July.

The Chinese specimens are rather larger than the Japanese

examples, and they have a white edging to the costal portion

of the outer line of primaries.

Distribution. Amur; Japan; Yesso; Western China.

Christophi, Hedem., is included in Calocalpe, Hiibn., by

Meyrick (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 70).

Scotosia multilinearia, sp. n.

Male,—Primaries dark grey, traversed by numerous fuli-

ginous wavy lines; the central area is rather darker and its

outer edge is sometimes marked by a white macular line;

outer marginal fourth fuliginous, traversed by a macular

white line, but this is not distinct throughout. Secondaries

fuliginous, with indications of a pale submarginal line.

Under surface fuliginous, with a black discal dot on each

wing.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the central area is not

darker; sometimes there is a pale patch about the middle of

the costa enclosing a dark cloud.

Expanse, ¢ 46, 2 50 millim.

Two male specimens and ten females from Ta-chien-lu and

Che-tou: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Scotosia bipunctularia, sp. n.

Whity brown, traversed by numerous dark grey-brown

wavy lines. On the costa of primaries there are two quad-

rate blackish spots, and the transverse lines originating trom

the outer one are slightly more conspicuous than the others.

Fringes of the ground-colour chequered with darker. Under

surface pale grey, with the transverse lines of upper surface

faintly reproduced.

Expanse, ¢ 32, 9 34 millim.

39*

556 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Several examples of both sexes from Omei-shan, Ta-chien-

lu, Ni-tou, and Chang-yang: July and August.

flab. Central and Western China.

Closely allied to S. vetulata, Schiff., from eae The

male has a trifid anal tuft.

Scotosia corrugata.

Scotosia corrugata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. p. 275 (1884)

There was a nice series from Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

My native collector obtained a specimen at Hakodate and

one at Ningpo in June; the latter agrees in colour with

S. vetulata trom Europe.

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Eastern China.

Scotosia rhamnata.

este rhamnata, Schiff. Wien. Verz. 109; Hiibn. Geom. pl. lii.

fig. 271.

Philereme rhamnata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 70.

SereOly. rhamnata, var. japanaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 53 (May

There were two male specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection.

The Japanese form of this species differs from the

European type in being larger and having a pale grey-

brown coloration; the “transverse lines are identical in

number and form, but the space between the two central

angulated lines is not darker. On the under surface the

difference of colour is not so pronounced and the markings

are typical.

Expanse 40 millim.

Distribution. Europe; Armenia; Japan.

Scotosia dubitata.

sae ae dulitata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 866; Clerck, Icon.

vi. fig. 2.

Scotosia Babee Guen. Phal. ii. p. 445.

Hydriomena dubitata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72.

Some specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

I have received several examples from Chang-yang and

the province of Kwei-chow : June.

Distribution. Europe; Japan; Central and Western China.

Both Japanese and Chinese examples of this species are

paler and less distinctly marked, agreeing more nearly with

var. ctnereata, Steph., than with ‘the type.

S. ( Thriphosa) Oberthiiri, Hedem., from Amurland (Hore

Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 248 bis), is probably a form of this

species.

from China, Japan, and Corea.

Scotosta sericata.

Scotosia sericata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 444 (1879).

Five specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I received six specimens from the province of Kwei-chow

and one from Ichang: June.

The Chinese specimens are rather paler in colour than

those from Japan.

Distribution. Japan; Central and Western China.

Scotosia rubrodotata.

Scotosva rubrodotata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1353 (1862).

Several specimens from the province of Kwei-chow, June

and July.

Distribution. Northern India; Western China.

Scotosia expansa.

Scotosia expansa, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 274 (1887).

Scotosia rubrodotata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 345

(1895).

Three specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June and July.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Western China.

Scotosia fasciaria, sp. n.

Male.—Pale greyish brown. Primaries have a blackish-

grey basal patch and central fascia; the median portion of

the costal half of the fascia is of the ground-colour and

encloses the small blackish discal spot, its internal edge is

slightly indented below the costa and has a small inward pro-

jection towards inner margin, its external edge is dentate

below costa, then bilobed about the middle and again towards

inner margin; submarginal line pale, edged inwardly with

dusky but not not clearly defined. Secondaries have the

basal area dusky, limited by a rather darker wavy line, and

there are slight indications of some dusky transverse wavy

lines beyond. Fringes of the ground-colour marked with

darker. Under surface pale greyish brown; basal area of

each wing dusky; discal spot black; there is a patch of long,

silky, brownish-grey hairs on the middle of submedian

nervure.

Expanse 44 millim.

One male specimen from Che-tou, July.

Hab. Western China.

558 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Scotosia certata.

Geometra cervinata, Hiibn. Geom. pl. li. fig. 266,

Plerocymia certata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 332.

Scotosia certata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 448.

Calocalpe certata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 70.

Eucosmia varia, Hedem. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross, xvi. p. 55, pl. x. fig. 7

(1879).

Eucosmia varia, var. hedemannaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. y. p. 55,

pl. iv. fig. 10 (1880).

Eucosmia excultata, Christ. Stett. ent. Zeit. liv. p. 35 (1895).

Three specimens, taken at Hakodate by my native col-

lector in July, are referable to HL. varia, Hedem., which I

consider to be simply a well-marked form of Scotos/a certata.

I have very similar examples in my series of this species

from Europe.

I received one male specimen from Ichang. This has the

central fascia of primaries well defined, the inner edge rather

deeply indented towards costa, and the outer edge more than

usually dentate. ‘There is a specimen very like this in the

series of S. certata from Japan in the National Collection.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Askold; Japan; Yesso ;

Central China.

Scotosia grisearia, sp. 0.

Whitish grey. Primaries have a dark grey basal patch,

central fascia, and outer marginal border ; the fascia has the

median area of the ground-colour, and the marginal border is

diffuse and intersected by a whitish wavy line, which de-

velops into a spot above inner angle and sometimes towards

costa. Secondaries are suffused with dark grey and traversed

by faint wavy lines of the same colour; submarginal line

whitish, wavy. Fringes grey, marked with paler, and pre-

ceded by a blackish line. Under surface whitish grey ;

basal two thirds of primaries suffused with fuliginous grey,

the outer edge somewhat acutely angulated below costa ;

discal spot black, elongate, preceded by a blackish rather

wavy line; apical area fuliginous grey: secondaries have a

black discal spot and a dusky, wavy, central line; there is a

patch of long silky dark grey hairs from middle of sub-

median nervure in the male.

Expanse, d 48, 2 50 millim.

Several specimens from Che-tou, Moupin, Ta-chien-lu, and

Omei-shan : July and August.

Hab. Western China.

In some of the examples the ground-colour is tinged with

ochreous.

EOE

teeter retina nian on vit ie hacia enna

from China, Japan, and Corea. 599

Scotosia sideritaria.

Scotosia sideritaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 34, pl. 1. fig. 13

(1884).

? Eucosmia alternata, Staud. Iris, viii. p. 332 (Jan. 1896).

Eucosmia alternata, var. fasciata, Staud. /. e.

I have a large number of specimens from Ta-chien-lu,

Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-shan, Omei-shan, and Ni-tou: June and

July.

_In one specimen from Ta-chien-lu the ground-colour is

tinged with fulvous ; this is similar to a form of S. dubiosata

in the National collection.

Distribution. Western China; North-east Thibet.

This species very strongly resembles S. dubiosata, but the

male has a fringe of long hair on vein 1 of hind wing below.

Scotosia undulata.

Phal.-Geometra undulata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 524 ; Clerck, Icon. pl. vi.

fig. 3.

Geometra undulata, Hibn. Geom. fig. 262.

Calocalpe undulata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 330; Meyrick, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 70.

Scotosia undulata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 449.

Some fine specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan.

. Scotosia marmoraria, sp. 1.

Primaries fuliginous grey; basal area traversed by two

indistinct wavy whitish lines; beyond the black discal spot

there is an irregular white patch connected with a macular

white band from the costa, outer marginal area limited by a

white wavy band, which is traversed by two sinuous dark

lines; submarginal line represented by white dots expanding

into small blotches about middle and before outer angle.

Secondaries white, clouded with grey on the abdominal area;

wavy central line and two patches on outer marginal area

fuliginous grey, the latter connected by indistinct sinuous

lines of the same colour. Fringes dark grey marked with

white. Under surface: primaries fuliginous, with white

central patch and outer band as above; secondaries white,

with an interrupted grey central line and markings as above.

The underside of the body and legs ochreous, and the base of

all the wings and also abdominal area of secondaries are

tinged with the same colour.

Iixpanse 46-48 millim.

Four male specimens and two females from Omei-shan,

560 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Pu-tsu-fong, Wa-shan, Ni-tou, and Chang-yang: June and

July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Scotosia latifasciaria.

Melanthia latifasciaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 56 (May 1891).

There were three specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s col-

lection. I have also received the species from Mr. Manley,

of Yokohama.

Hab. Japan.

Scotosia interruptaria, sp. n.

White, with black markings. Primaries have the basal

area black and divided into two portions by a transverse line

of the ground-colour, the outer portion is interrupted ; central

fascia indicated by the discal spot, connected with a cloud on

the costa, a spot on first median fork, and two short bars on

inner margin; submarginal band represented by a spot on

costa and a smaller one on the nervules; outer marginal

band divided by a transverse white line, the inner portion

interrupted. Secondaries have a discal spot, a short inter-

rupted band from middle of abdominal margin, a submarginal

band represented by dots between costa and second median

nervule, and a series of large spots on the outer margin.

Fringes black on primaries; black and white on secondaries.

Under surface as above. Abdomen is marked with yellow.

Expanse 42 millim.

One male specimen from Ni-tou, and one from Pu-tsu-

fong: July.

Hab, Western China.

This species very strongly resembles the figure in Schrenck’s

“ Amurlande”’ of Zerene flavipedaria, Mén. (Lep. pl. v.

fig. 11.)

Scotosia seserarta.

Scotosia seseraria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 37, pl. v. fig. 71

(1893).

This species was discovered by R. P. Dejean at 'Ta-Tsien-

Lot. My collectors did not meet with it.

Hab. Western China.

Scotosia largeteauaria.

Eucosmia largeteauaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. vi. p. 19, pl. ix. fig. 8

(1881),

Oberthiir records this species from Kouy-Tchéou (Kwei

from China, Japan, and Corea. 561

chow). I have received it from the same province, and also

from Pu-tsu-fong and Wa-shan: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Genus PHIBALAPTERYX.

(Stephens; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 846 (1895).)

Phibalapteryx tersata.

Geometra tersata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 268.

Phibalapteryx tersata, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. ii. p. 256; Guen.

Phal. ii. p. 482.

Eucymatoge tersata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 68.

Phibalapteryz tetricata, Guen. J, c.

Several specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

The Japanese examples of P. tersata more nearly approach

var. tetricata, Guen., than the type form, but they are not

quite identical with either.

Var. chinensis, nov.

Smaller than typical specimens and rather redder in colour ;

less striated with white, and the submarginal white line is

much obscured; there is a dusky shade before the second

line of primaries and also one before the submarginal line,

the latter is connected with an oblique streak from apex.

Expanse 30 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang, August.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan; Central

hina.

Phibalapteryx vitalbata.

Geometra vitalbata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 269.

Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Steph. Ill, Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 256; Guen,

Phal. ii. p. 437.

Eucymatoge vitalbata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 68.

Specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

I received one example from Ta-chien-lu, taken in May

or June.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Western China.

Phibalapteryx umbraria.

Scotosia umbraria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 53 (May 1891).

Superficially resembles Scotosia rhamnata, but it is larger

in size and has an oblique cloud-like central fascia most con-

spicuous in the male ; in the female the costal portion of the

outer edge of the fascia is more conspicuous.

562 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

I took one male specimen at Nagahama in July, and there

were three females from Gifu in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Phibalapteryx punctimarginaria.

Scotosia punctimarginaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 53 (May 1891).

There were a few specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s col-

lection. Mr. Smith captured.a female example at Hakone

in August; and I have received a female specimen from

Chang-yang, taken in July.

Hab. Japan; Yesso; Central China.

Phibalapteryx macularia, sp. n.

Pale brown. Primaries blotched with dark brown on

costal area; subbasal line double, enclosing the second

costal blotch; beyond the fourth costal blotch there is a

double dark brown line, elbowed below costa, waved towards

inner margin, and followed by a brown spot between second

and third median nervules ; submarginal line pale, inter-

secting the interrupted dark brown border of outer margin ;

discal spot black. Secondaries have some abbreviated brown

lines on basal area; a double central line, followed by a

waved line, and an interrupted border on outer margin, the

latter intersected by pale submarginal line as on primaries.

Fringes pale brown, marked with darker and preceded by a

blackish line. Under surface pale brown suffused with

fuscous; all the wings have a blackish discal dot and inter-

rupted central line; the outer marginal area of primaries is

dusky, and the secondaries have a dusky submarginal band.

Expanse 38 millim.

One female specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Phibalapteryx sparsata.

Geometra sparsata, Hiibn. Geom. pl. xxiv. fig. 398.

Collix (?) sparsata, Guen, Phal. ii. p. 358.

Eucymatoge sparsata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 68.

There was a specimen from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Kurope ; Japan.

Phibalapteryx flavovenata, sp. n.

Similar to P. sparsata, Hiibn., but less irrorated with

black ; the pale transverse band is not so clearly defined and

is broadly bordered inwardly with blackish ; there is a black

from China, Japan, and Corea. 563

<-shaped mark just beyond the cell on each wing; fringes

darker. Under surface of all the wings whitish; venation

broadly ochreous and the fringes black; the discal dot and

transverse bands as in P. sparsata.

Expanse 25 millim.

One female specimen (minus head) from Ta-chien-lu, taken

in May or June.

Hab. Western China.

Genus EUSTROMA.

(Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 335; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond. 1892, p. 71.)

All the species here included in Eustroma have a pencil

of hair near inner margin on under surface of primaries; in

some of them, however, the areole is simple, and these would

perhaps be more correctly placed in Plemyria. The species

might be arranged in sections as follows :—

1. Areole double.

a. Discocellulars of secondaries oblique ; vein 5 from the middle.

Sractifasciaria. reticulata,

chrysoprasis. melancholica,

propriaria.

6. Discocellulars of secondaries angled; vein 5 from below the middle.

pulchraria. convergenata.

achatinellaria. ludovicaria.

Lederert. exvsecuta.

2. Areole simple.

a. Discocellulars oblique ; vein 5 from the middle.

delecta. Haberhauri.

b. Discocellulars angled ; vein 5 from below the middle.

junctilineata, miegata,

plurilineata. angularia,

Lustroma chrysoprasis.

Cidaria chrysoprasis, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, x. p. 34, pl. i. fig, 2

(1884).

Cidaria reticulata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 662 (preocc.).

Cidaria fissisignis, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 87, pl. exx. fig. 7

(1886) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 362 (1895).

Four specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June or July.

Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-tsien-lu.

Distribution. Sikhim (Lampson) ; Western China.

Eustroma fractifasciaria, sp. n.

Female.—Primaries pale brown, clouded and suffused with

564 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

darker, and marked with chocolate-brown as follows :—a

small patch at base, four spots on costa and an irregular-

shaped patch extending from cell to inner margin, this last is

connected with the fourth costal spot by a curved spot, and

together with the second and third costal spots appear to be

portions of a central fascia ; submarginal line whitish, waved ;

the margin beyond is tinged with fuscous. Secondaries

whity brown tinged with fuscous ; central line dusky, edged

with the ground-colour; submarginal line of the ground-

colour, waved. Under surface pale whity brown: basal area

of primaries suffused with blackish below the cell and irro-

rated with brownish above, limited by a pale-edged blackish

line ; submarginal line as above, but not so distinct: second-

aries irrorated with brownish, central transverse shade and

two waved lines beyond dusky. All the wings have a black

discal spot on both surfaces and a dark line.

Expanse, d 88, 2 40 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, and a female from

Ta-chien-lu: June.

I have described the female because it is in better condition

than the male, but the markings appear to be almost identical

in each.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to E£. chrysoprasis, Oberth.

Eustroma propriarva, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries brown; basal patch darker, limited by a

wavy ochreous-brown line; central fascia rather violet-

brown, contracted above inner margin, the edges of this

fascia are blackish, outlined in pale ochreous brown; sub-

marginal line ochreous brown, indistinct, except towards

inner margin, where it is developed into a blotch. Secondaries

whitish, darker on basal half, which is limited by a dusky

transverse line ; discal spot oblong, reddish brown, Fringes

agree in colour with the wings, but are chequered with

blackish. Under surface pale brown, darker on apical area

of primaries; basal area of all the wings suffused with

blackish.

Expanse 38 millim.

One example of each sex from Pu-tsu-fong, and a male

specimen from T'a-chien-lu: July.

Hab. Western China.

The male of this species has a patch of rather long black

hairs on the middle of the submedian nervure on the under

surface of primaries, and also a woolly tuft about the middle

of abdominal margin of secondaries.

a ———_

eee

from China, Japan, and Corea. 565

In the male from Tia-chien-lu and the female from Pu-tsu-

fong the central fascia is only slightly angulated and not

interrupted below the middle. Possibly these specimens

may represent the more usual form of the species. I have,

however, described the Pu-tsu-fong male because it is in

much better condition than the others.

Eustroma reticulata.

Geometra reticulata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 308.

Eustroma reticulata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 335; Meyrick, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

Lygris reticulata, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406.

Cidaria inextricata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1691.

Cidaria erosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 451; Ill. Typ.

Lep. Het. iu. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 7.

I obtained specimens at Tsuruga and Gensan in July, and

my native collector at Hakodate in the same month. ‘There

were specimens from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s collection,

and my collectors met with the species in most of the

localities in Western China, and also at Chang-yang.

Distribution. Kurope; Ural; E. Siberia; Amur ; Corea;

Japan ; Yesso ; Central and Western China ; Sikhim.

In China and Japan this species is generally represented

by @rosa, Butl., which is identical with cnextricata, Walk.,

but I have typical specimens from Hakodate, Omei-shan,

and Chia-kow-ho.

Eustroma melancholica.

Cidaria melancholica, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 450 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 6 (1879).

Five female specimens from Yokohama, Oiwake, Gifu, and

Yesso in Pryer’s collection. I obtained an example of each

sex at Hakodate in August.

The variation in marking is very similar to that which

obtains in C. silaceata.

Only one specimen has been received by me from China.

This is a male, taken at Pu-tsu-fong in July; it has the

ground-colour suffused with brown and the markings are

darker; the pencil of hair on underside is dark brown; mea-

sures 50 millim. in expanse, and in form agrees with the

insuluta form of Cidaria silaceata.

I propose the name brunnearia for this form,

Distribution. Japan; Yesso; Corea; Western China.

Eustroma delecta.

Cidaria delecta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 229 (1880) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. vi. p. 88, pl. cxx. fig. 8 (1886) ; Hampson, Fauna

Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 359 (1896).

566 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

One example from each of the following localities :—

Moupin, Omei-shan, and Chia-ting-fu: July.

Distribution. Sikhim ; Khadsis (Hampson) ; Western China.

Eustroma pulchraria, sp. n.

Closely allied to H. pyropata, Hiibn., but the ground-

colour of primaries is much darker; the basal area, including

chestnut band, is smaller; the central fascia is wider and

all the markings are less angular. The ground-colour of

secondaries is whiter and the markings are darker and better

defined.

Expanse 40-42 millim.

Six male specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Omei-

shan, and Che-tou: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Eustroma achatinellaria.

Cidaria achatinellartia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 57, pl. iv. fig. 16

(1880).

Lygris achutinellaria, Greeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406.

I captured a male specimen in Shikotan, one of the Kurile

Islands, in August. Oberthiir’s type was from the Isle of

Askold.

Distribution. Amur; Askold; Kurile Islands.

Eustroma Lederert.

Cidaria Ledereri, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 88, pl. vii. fig. 17 (1864).

Lygris Lederert, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406.

Eustroma Ledereri, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 71.

Specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection. My

native collector obtained the species at Hakodate in June or

July.

Distribution. East Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso.

Eustroma convergenata.

Cidaria convergenata, Brem, Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 88, pl. vii. fig. 18 (1864).

Lygris convergenata, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406.

Eustroma convergenata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

A series from Fujisan, Nikko, and Yesso in Pryer’s

collection.

I obtained the species at Nemoro in Yesso, and in Shikotan,

one of the Kurile Islands, in August. My native collector

met with it at Hakodate.

Distribution. East Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso; Kurile

Islands.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 567

Eustroma junctilineata.

Abrazas junctilineata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxvi. p.1123 (1862) ;

Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 146.

A few specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I took the species in Satsuma in May and at Fusan in

June; my native collector obtained examples in Kiushiu, and

I have received others from Kiukiang, and one example from

Ta-chien-lu.

Varies in the width of the black oblique lines on the basal

half of the wing, the fourth and fifth of these sometimes

coalesce and form a band. On the secondaries the discal

spot is often very large and conspicuous, and the central black

band broad and well defined.

The specimen from Ta-chien-lu differs from the type in

the lesser amount of black marking above the yellow patch

on outer margin of secondaries, and in the larger size of the

spots in that patch; the discal spot is smaller and there is

no basal patch. On the under surface of secondaries the

central band is only represented by a patch on costa and a

spot towards abdominal margin.

Distribution. Japan; Kiushiu; Corea; Western, Central,

and Eastern China.

Eustroma ludovicaria.

Cidaria ludovicaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 57, pl. iv. fig. 3

(1880).

Lygris tigrinata, Christ. Bull. Mose. 1880, p. 64.

Lygris ludovicarta, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 406.

Eustroma ludovicaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

I received specimens from Chang-yang, Wa-shan, Chia-

kou-ho, Moupin, Omei-shan: June and July.

Oberthiir’s type was from Askold.

Distribution. Askold; Amur; Central and Western

China.

Eustroma plurilineata.

Abraxas plurilineata, Walk, Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1123 (1862).

Four specimens taken by a native collector at Ningpo in

June.

Hab. North-eastern China.

Eustroma exsecuta.

Baptria exsecuta, Feld. Reis. Nov. v. pl. exxxiii. fig. 15 (1875).

There were specimens of the type form from Oiwake in

Pryer’s collection. I obtained typical examples at Gensan

in July, and Mr. Smith took some at Hakone in August.

568 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Var. latifasciaria, nov.

Smaller than the type.

All the wings have a broad white fascia; that on second-

aries with an angular projection towards outer margin.

I took examples of this form at Hakodate in August, and

there was a specimen from Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Japan ; Yesso ; Corea.

E. exsecuta can always be easily distinguished from

Plemyria tibiale, Esp., which it greatly resembles, by the

fringes of the secondaries. These, in the former species, are

black, patched with white at outer angle and before anal

angle ; but in the latter they are entirely black.

Eustroma Haberhaurt.

Baptria Haberhaueri, Led. Wien. ent. Mon. 1864, p. 170, pl. iii

figs. 9, 10 (May).

Plemyria Haberhaueri, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

Odexia Kindermanni, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 89, pl. vii. fig. 19 (1864).

Polythrena Kindermanni, Greeser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 404.

A long series in Pryer’s collection, many of the specimens

labelled Oiwake ; my collector obtained the species at Hako-

date in July, and I have received specimens from 'T'a-chien-lu

and Chow-pin-sa, taken in June and July.

Distribution. Armenia; Amur; Japan; Yesso; Western

China.

The Japanese specimens are all of the Kindermanni form,

but they exhibit a good deal of variation in the white

marking, especially on the secondaries; one specimen is

without a trace of the fascia on these wings. The specimens

from Western China are of the typical form, but there is less

black on basal third of the secondaries, and the white

marking on primaries is broader. In the specimen from

Yesso all the white markings are very broad.

This species can be at once separated from LZ. easecuta by

the chequered fringe. .

Eustroma miegata.

Polythrena miegata, Pouj. Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr, 1895, p. 314, pl. vii.

fig. 20, 3 (non 20a, 2).

Female.—Rather paler than the male, and the abbreviated

fascia is broader.

Poujade only refers to the male of this species. The

insect he considered to be the female is a distinct species.

I received several male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, and

one female from Chia-ting-fu: all taken in June and July.

Poujade’s type was from Moupin.

flab. Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 569

Eustroma angularia, sp. n.

Polythrena miegata, Pouj. Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 314, pl. vil.

fig. 20a, Q.

Male.—Bright yellow, marked with black. Primaries

have a basal patch finely marked with yellow; an angulated

fascia separated from basal patch by a thin angulated yellow

line; central fascia indicated by an elongated patch on costa

and roundish patch on inner margin; outer marginal border

deeply indented about the middle. Secondaries have a tri-

angular patch on abdominal margin, streaked with yellow

and spotted with the same colour on its upper edge; there

is a large spot at anal angle, and the outer margin is bordered

from middle to apex. Fringes black, marked with yellow

below apex and from middle to inner angle of primaries ; on

the secondaries they are yellow marked with black from

middle to anal angle. Under surface similar to above, but

the black triangular patch on secondaries is only indicated by

some disconnected spots.

Female.—Rather larger, but colour and markings as in the

male.

Expanse, ¢ 30, 9 33 millim.

Several specimens of each sex from Omei-shan, Pu-tsu-

fong, Ni-tou, Moupin, Chia-ting-fu, Ta-chien-lu.

Hab, Western China.

Genus PLEMYRIA.

(Hiibn. ; Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.)

Plemyria tibiale.

Noctua tibiale, Esp. Noct. pl. clxiv. fig. 2 (1790).

Minoa Eversmannaria, Herr.-Sch. Suppl. tig. 44.

Eustroma tibialis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

Odezia tibiale, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 404.

There were eight specimens in Pryer’s collection ; two of

these were labelled Yesso and one Oiwake. My native

collector took one example at Hakodate in June, and I ob-

tained the species at Gensan in July.

Greser records it from Amurland.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Corea; Japan; Yesso.

In some specimens the white bands are very broad on all

the wings. This species is without the pencil of hair on

under surface of primaries, and cannot therefore be referred

to Hustroma.

Plemyria hecate.

Melanippe hecate, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 448 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 55, pl. liv. fig. 12 (1879).

There was an extensive series from Oiwake in Pryer’s

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 40

570 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

collection. My native collector obtained two specimens at

Hakodate in June; these are smaller than any in Pryer’s

series, and the central white band on secondaries and towards

costa of primaries is wider.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Plemyria hastata, Linn., chinensis, nov.

Basal half of all the wings black, traversed by three or

four more or less interrupted wavy lines; outer margin

broadly bordered with black, intersected by a wavy inter-

rupted white line ; intervening space white, intersected by a

transverse series of black dots.

Sometimes the secondaries are free from white markings on

the black portions of the wing, and there are very few of

such markings on the primaries.

Expanse 36-88 millim.

A nice series from Pu-tsu-fong, Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan :

May and June.

Hab. Western China.

Specimens of P. hastata from Amurland, in my collection,

agree well with European examples.

Plemyria lugens.

Melanippe (ugens, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 34, pl. ii. fig. 4

(1886), xviii. p. 88, pl. iii. fig. 88 (1898).

Cidaria lugens, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 79 (1892),

My collectors in Western China obtained this species

during June and July in most of the localities that they

visited.

Alphéraky records a female specimen from the province of

Gan-Sou, taken in July.

Hab. Western China.

Plemyria rivata.

Geometra rivata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 409.

Plemyria rivata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

Melanippe supergressa, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 55, pl. liv. fig. 11

(1879).

Several specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection. I obtained the species at Nagasaki in May, at

Gensan in June, and at Tsuruga, Hakodate, and Shikotan

in August. My native collector took examples at Gensan in

July. All are identical with European specimens.

Distribution. Europe; Amur ; Feoan': Yesso; Corea.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 571

Plemyria parvularia.

Primaries white; basal two thirds dark grey, outer mar-

ginal border grey, traversed by a rather wavy white line ;

there is a black cuneiform mark above the middle of outer

margin and a whitish ring just below it; the outer edge of

the basal two thirds is obtusely angled above the middle.

Secondaries fuscous grey, darker on basal half, and with

a pale central band; submarginal line indistinct. Fringes

grey. Under surface ochreous brown; basal area of pri-

maries fuscous, and the outer marginal area is suffused with

the same colour; the secondaries have some fuscous lines

and a central band.

Expanse 25 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to P. galiata, Hiibn.

Plemyria fatuaria, sp. n.

Primaries white with brownish markings; basal patch

with the outer edge almost straight ; central fascia with the

inner edge ill-defined and the outer indented; the outer mar-

ginal area has a cloud at apex, one just above the middle,

and a smaller one at angle, each is intersected by the white

wavy submarginal line, which is edged with brownish

between the clouds; the space of ground-colour beyond

central fascia is traversed by an interrupted dusky line ;

discal spot black, placed on inner edge of central fascia ;

fringes white, chequered with brownish. Secondaries fuscous

grey, with indications of a paler band beyond the middle ;

submarginal line wavy, whitish; fringes white, marked with

fuscous grey. Under surface fuscous grey, with an obscure

darker angulated line beyond the middle, followed by a

faintly paler band: secondaries whitish, irrorated with fus-

cous; two fuscous bands on central area, the outermost with

an angular expansion below the middle enclosing a patch of

the ground-colour ; submarginal band fuscous.

Expanse 20 millim.

Four specimens from Chang-yang, July.

Hab. Central China.

Plemyria bicolorata.

Phalena ticolorata, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. 608 (1769).

Geometra rubiginata, Hubn. Geom. tig. 250.

Plemyria bicolorata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

There were a few specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s col-

lection, and I took two or three at Nemoro and Hakodate in

August.

40*

572 On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China &c.

Japanese examples are larger but do not otherwise differ

from European specimens.

Distribution. Kurope; E. Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso.

Plemyria castaria, sp. n.

Primaries creamy white; basal half traversed by three

black wavy lines commencing as spots on the costa; outer

margin bordered with black, but before this there is a black

dash on costa from which a double black sinuous line pro-

ceeds to inner margin, a black cloud about the middle of this

line unites it with the border; discal spot black. Secondaries

white, a narrow black band on outer margin shaded inwardly

with grey. Fringes: of primaries black with some pale dots

at their base; of secondaries dark grey, becoming white

towards outer angle and on outer margin, spotted as on pri-

maries. | Under surface very similar to above, but the

secondaries have a black discal spot and indications of a

central band; the submarginal band is clearer and there is

no cloud connecting it with the marginal border. Antenne

serrated in the male.

Expanse 28 millim.

Six male specimens from Moupin, Ni-tou, Pu-tsu-fong:

July.

Hab. Western China.

Plemyria kezonmetaria.

Melanippe kezonmetaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 38, pl. iv.

fig. 48 (1893).

I received a nice series from Ta-chien-lu and one male

specimen from Wa-ssu-kow, taken by my native collectors

in May and June.

Hab. Western China.

The antenne of the male are shortly bipectinate; apex

simple. Perhaps this species would be more properly placed

in Asaphodes, Meyr.

Plemyria ouanguemetaria.

Melanippe ouvanguemetaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 38, pl. iy.

fig. 52 (1893).

My collectors met with this species at Ta-chien-lu and

Wa-ssu-kow, and at How-kow: June and July.

Hab. Western China and Thibet.

Antenne in the male bipectinated; apex simple.

ee ee a

On the Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa. 573

Plemyria bellaria, sp. n.

White, with black markings. Primaries have bands

on basal area, broadest on costa; central band indicated by

a hook-shaped mark on the costa and some dots on inner

margin; a broad border on outer marginal area, tapering

towards inner margin, enclosing three white spots, one on

costa, one about the middle, and one towards inner margin.

Secondaries have a slender central band from abdominal

margin to middle of the wing, and a border on outer margin ;

the latter encloses two white spots, one in the middle, and

one at anal angle, and a minute dot above the middle spot.

Fringes black and white. Under surface as above. Antenne

bipectinated, the shaft black ringed with white, and the

pectinations rather widely apart.

Expanse 25 millim.

Four male specimens: Ichang, April ; Ta-chien-lu, Ni-tou,

May and July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

[To be continued. ]

LVI.—The Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa.

By W. E. DE WINTON.

THERE appears to be great confusion among naturalists as to

the specific determination of the most common small squirrels

of East Africa. Dr. F. A. Jentink, when looking over the

specimens in the British Museum previous to writing his

most excellent “ Monograph of the African Squirrels,”

published in ‘ Notes from the Leyden Museum,’ vol. iv. p. 1

(1882), noticed that the specimens from East Africa were

distinct from the South-African species, Sciwrus Cepapi,

A. Sm.; unfortunately he never described the forms, but

includes under S. Cepapé (¢. c. p. 26) all the small unstriped

squirrels from South and Kast Africa.

Naturalists have continued to record specimens from East

Africa under the latter name, although Dr. Huet (Nouv. Arch.

Mus. ili. ser. 2, p. 154, pl. vil. fig. 2, 1880) described the

form from Bagomoyo as a distinct species, giving it the name

of S. ochraceus. Dr. Pagenstecher (Bericht Naturh. Mus.

Hamburg, 1885, p. 42) described a form from the Pangani

River and Mount Meru under the name of S. Cepapi arus-

censis, at the same time stating that its affinities lie with

S. Cepapi, S. multicolor, and S. Aubryi=S. rufobrachiatus ;

such a generalized form should surely be worthy of more than

574 On the Ochre-footed Scrub-Squirrels of East Africa.

- subspecific rank, as the three species named are such very

widely separated forms inter se. Dr. Matschie (SB. Ges. nat.

Freund. 1894, p. 256) disregards these two species entirely,

giving the former name as a synonym of S. Cepapi, and

describes a specimen as S. Pauli from a living animal sent

home from Tanga and the skin of a very young individual

from the same neighbourhood.

S. Cepapt, a larger and stronger animal, only occurs south

of the Zambesi River; northward in Mozambique the bright-

coloured striped squirrel S. flavivittis is found; north of the

Rufigi River the faintly striped S. ochraceus occurs at Dar-es-

Salaam, Bagomoyo, and in Usagara. The side stripe of

this latter species, which at all times is very faint, varies

much in distinctness, as is well shown in the series in our

Museum ; in some specimens it is scarcely perceptible and

would, in all probability, be overlooked unless expected.

The forms from Pangani and Tanga, agreeing with the last-

named in having a dull greenish-white belly, have been

described as stated above, and if, as I suppose, S. aruscensis

belongs to this group, it is difficult to see how S. Pauli can

be made out distinct, if, indeed, either are separable from

S. ochraceus.

About Mombasa and inland as far as 6000 feet on Kilima-

njaro, and northward in the coast region, we find the orange-

bellied form which has lately been described by Mr. 8. Rhoads

(Proc. Ac. Philad. 1896, p.522) as S. ganana. In the high-

lands of Kikuyu we find yet another form, very dark in

colouring and rather larger than its allies; this species I

have pleasure in naming S. Jacksont, after the distinguished

explorer, Mr. F. J. Jackson, who presented the specimens

to the Museum and has done so much in adding to our know-

ledge of the fauna of Hast Africa in several branches of

zoology. I think there can be little doubt that the squirrel

mentioned by Mr. Rhoads (¢. c. p. 521) from Marsabit, an

eastern offshoot of Mount Kenia, is of this species.

Scturus Jacksoni, sp. n.

General colour dark olive-green, slightly washed with

brown; the face, rump, upper arms, and legs with a rather

stronger brown tint; the feet and hands more or less grizzled

rufous orange or rust-coloured ; a broad buff stripe above and

below the eyes; cheeks and ears grizzled of the general

body-colouring ; on the sides the dark colouring of the upper

parts gradually passes into that of the paler underparts, the

centre line of the chin, throat, and belly and the inner sides of

On Coleoptera from the Transvaal. ay és)

the legs only being greenish orange-buff, the bases of all the

hairs slate-coloured. The distichous tail is coloured much

like the body, but, owing to the broader annulations of the

hairs, the brighter colour is more conspicuous, especially

beneath, as is usual in members of this group.

The colour of the upper parts of this squirrel is absolutely

identical with some specimens of the West-African S. poensis,

but the annulations on the fur are rather broader and the

tail shows brighter colouring ; the pale eye-stripes and more

rufous feet at once distinguish it; beneath, the paler colour

of the belly and inner sides of the limbs make the likeness less

obvious. Colour, however, is the only form of resemblance,

for the size of the ears and feet and the different shape of the

tail widely separate the two species.

Mamme: 1—1—1=6.

Type, 2, 93. 2. 3. 24 Brit. Mus. Killed in August.

Loc. Kikuyu.

Collected and presented by F. J. Jackson, Esq.

Measurements, taken from dried skin :—Head and body

180 millim.; tail 155; hind foot 41; ear 13-5 (c.).

Skull: greatest length between uprights 42°5, greatest

breadth 25°5; nasals 11°5x6; constr. int.orb. 11°6, behind

p.o.ps. 12°7 ; brain-case 19, height 18, basal length 35:5 (c.) ;

henselion to back of palate 17°6 ; incisive foramina 3 3 x 2°1;

molar series 7°1; breadth outside ™! 10:3; diastema 10;

mandible, greatest length (bone only) 24°5, height 15°9.

Larger skull than S. ochraceus, and the profile more arched.

Nasals almost square posteriorly, not reaching so far back

as the posterior portion of the maxille. P.o.ps. well deve-

loped, running to sharp points. Zygomata broad in squamosal

portion.

The type is a rather old female; the skulls of two younger

specimens are somewhat smaller.

LVII.— Coleoptera collected in the Transvaal.

By W. L. Distant.

Fam. Cetoniida.

I was somewhat successful in obtaining a number of species

belonging to this family in the Transvaal, and I think the

following list is a fairly representative one for that region.

Their habits are very varied. Of course the larger number

are found on bloom; but Goliathus albosignatus flies among its

576 Mr. W. L. Distant on

favourite trees, a species of Zizyphus; Cheirolasia Burkei and

Dicranorrhina Derbyana are usually met with on the twigs or

silky leaves of aspecies of Combretum ; Oplostomus fuligineus

I have found in the dry dung of oxen; Trogodes rotundicollis

under stones with ants; Pachnoda flaviventris and Plesior-

rhina plana are sometimes apple-destroyers, as I have seen in

Natal ; Diplognatha silicea and Heteroclita Jansoni 1 have

oe captured but on the wing, and they are both very swift

lers.

I have to acknowledge the great assistance freely given me

by my friend Mr. Oliver Janson in the identification of some

of the obscure species and in advice generally.

The species were all captured by myself except where other

names are given of those from whom | received the specimens.

Species obtained in the Transvaal.

Goliathus albosignatus, Bohem. Rustenburg (W. Ayres and W. L. D.).

Hypselogenia concava, G. & P. Pretoria.

Dicranorrhina Derbyana, Westw. Rustenburg (W. Ayres and W. L. D.),

Pretoria.

Cheirolasia Burket, Westw. Rustenburg (W. Ayres, P. Kranz, and

W.L. D.).

Dyspilophora trivittata, Schaun. Barberton (Dr. Percy Randall), Pre-

toria.

Plesiorrhina plana, Wied. Barberton (Dr. Percy Rendall), Rustenburg

(W. Ayres), Pretoria.

Genyodonta flavvmaculata, Fabr. Barberton (Dr. Percy Rendall).

Var. egregia, Bohem. Rustenburg ( W. Ayres), Pretoria.

Melinesthes algoénsis, Westw. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pretoria.

Var. flavipennis, Westw. Barberton (Dr, P. Rendall), Pretoria.

umbonuta, G. & P. Pretoria.

Ischnostoma nasuta, Schaum. Pretoria,

Pseudoclinteria permutans, Burm. Pienaars River (Thomson), Pretoria,

Warm Baths, Waterberg, Rustenburg.

Heteroclita? Jansoni, sp.n. Pretoria.

Phoxomela umbrosa, G. & P. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pretoria.

Gnathocera hirta, Burm. Zoutpansberg (Kessner).

Elaphinis nigropunctata, Pering. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall).

tigrina, Oliv. Barberton (Dr, P. Rendall), Zoutpansberg (Kessner),

Rustenburg.

lutecostata, Bohem. Pretoria.

Psacadoptera velutina, Pering. Pretoria.

Gametis balteata, De Geer. Pretoria.

Anoplochilus figuratus, Bohem. Pretoria.

tomentosus,G. & P. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Pretoria.

Leucocelis marginalis, Swartz. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Pretoria.

testaceoguttata, Bl. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Barberton (Dr. P.

Rendall), Pretoria.

amabilis, Schaum. Pretoria, Warm Baths, Waterberg.

—— Perroudi, Schaum. Pretoria.

cinctella, Schaum. Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Barberton (Dr. P.

Rendall), Pretoria.

Coleoptera from the Transvaal. 577

Leucocelis rubra, G. & P. Pretoria.

hemorrhoidalis, Fabr. Pretoria.

eneicollis, Schaum. Pretoria.

Trichostetha capensis, Linn. Middelburg (Kessner).

prunipennis, Burm. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

Tephrea dichroa, Schaum. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Waterberg

( Wilde), Pretoria.

morosa, Schaum. Pretoria, Pienaars River.

Pachnoda cincta, De Geer. Pretoria, Pienaars River.

Jlaviventris, G. & P. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

leucomelana, G. & P. Pretoria, Pienaars River.

Pseudoprotetia amakosa, Bohem. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

Niphetophora carneola, Burm. Pretoria.

Rhabdotis aulica, Oliv. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pienaars River (Thom-

son), Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

sobrina,G. & P. Pretoria.

semipunctata, Fabr. Pretoria.

Diplognatha silicea, McL. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria, Pienaars

River.

carnifex, Fabr. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka).

hebrea, Oliv. Rustenburg (W. Ayres), Pretoria.

Piychophorus undatus, Kirby. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall).

leucostictus, Schaum. Pretoria.

Spilophorus plagosus, Bohem. Pretoria, Pienaars River.

Oplostomus platycephalus, Bohem. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall).

fuligineus, Oliv. Pretoria, Warm Baths, Waterberg.

Pilinurgus subundatus, Westw. Pretoria, Warm Baths, Waterberg.

Cenochilus turbatus, Westw. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

appendiculatus, Gerst. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka).

Genuchus dealbatus, sp.n. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka).

Trogodes rotundicollis, Bohem. Pretoria, Rustenburg.

Other Species obtained in Natal.

Eudicella Smithi, McLeay. Durban.

Amaurodes Passerinii, Westw. Durban.

Elaphinis trrorata, Faby. Durban.

Trichostetha placida, Bohem. Durban.

Macroma cognata, Schaum. Durban.

Scythropesthes bicolor, Burm, Durban.

Heteroclita? Jansont, sp. n.

Head above, thorax, and scutellum dark olivaceous green ;

elytra dark indigo-blue, sometimes with a purplish tint.

Body beneath and legs piceous.

Head coarsely punctate, more sparingly so near basal

margin, where it is somewhat levigate; the antenne dark

castaneous. Thorax thickly and coarsely punctate, with a

more or less continuous central longitudinal levigate impres-

sion; the basal margin also levigate, especially in front of

scutellum. Scutellum more or less tesselate, the lateral

margins and a central impression levigate. LElytra coarsely

punctate and tesselate, their inner margins broadly costate

578 Mr. W. L. Distant on

to about one fourth before apex; two discal costate lines on

each elytron which are somewhat contiguous at base and con-

vexly united at about one fourth from apex, close to which

are two submarginal similarly united costate lines, which are

very strongly raised and prominent at basal angle; outer

marginal ridge levigate. Head and thorax beneath and legs

pilose, particularly at base of head, where there is a thick

tuft of ochraceous hairs. Body beneath and legs coarsely

punctate, less coarsely and prominently punctate on the

abdomen.

Long. 12 millim.

Hab. Transvaal, Pretoria (Distant).

Var.—Elytra testaceous.

I captured five specimens with the blue elytra and four

with the same testaceous in hue, all males. Its habits are

peculiar, not frequenting bloom, but flying swiftly along

banks or paths amid bush, when it may easily be mistaken

for a large blow-fly. I found it a very local and scarce

beetle.

Mr. O. Janson, to whom I submitted specimens, writes :—

“T should refer this species to Heteroclita rather than create

a fresh genus (as genera in this group are, perhaps, already too

numerous), especially as the male is the only sex known at

present. It differs, however, in several characters, such as

the untoothed anterior tibie and small linear mesosternal

process. In some respects it more nearly agrees with Hetero-

phana, and also, if these recently erected genera are really

distinct from Heteroclita, with Mazoe (Peringuey) and Diploa

(Kolbe).

“Tt would appear to be most nearly allied to H. Raeuperi,

Schaum.”

Genuchus dealbatus, sp. n.

Bright, shining, black; thorax with the basal angles

broadly sanguineous ; elytra with a broad submarginal whitish

fascia, broadening towards apex, where it is recurved and

convexly terminates. Head thickly and coarsely punctate.

Thorax coarsely punctate, most thickly so on anterior and

lateral areas, slightly foveate on each side of disk. Elytra

coarsely punctate and tesselate, their inner margins mode-

rately costate ; two strongly costate longitudinal lines on disk

commencing near base and terminating at about one thir

before apex; humeral angles prominent and impunctate.

Thorax beneath and femora moderately pilose.

Long. 14 millim.

Hab. Transvaal, Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka).

Heterocera from the Transvaal. 579

This species is allied to G. elongatulus, G. & P., from

which it differs by the white fascia around the elytra, the

much more strongly punctured elytra, and by scarcely a trace

of the central furrow to the thorax.

Cenochilus appendiculatus, Gerst.

Cenochilus appendiculatus, Gerst. Arch. Naturg. xxxiii. 1, p. 39. n. 68

(1866); v. d. Decken’s Reise, ii. (2) p. 104, t. vi. fig. 6 (1873) ;

Westw. Thes. Ent. Oxon. p. 38, t. xiii. fig. 2 (1874).

I refer one specimen received from the Lydenburg district

of the Transvaal to this species. Its principal divergence is

in size. The type was described as 194 millim. in length;

my specimen measures 25 millim.

LVIII.—On a Collection of Heterocera made in the Transvaal.

By W. L. Distant.

Fam. Sphingide.

Of the twenty-two species of this family which I obtained

in the Transvaal and are here enumerated no fewer than five

(T. celerio, D. livornica, D. nerii, P. convolvuli, and M. atro-

pos) also occur or have been taken in Britain.

For some kind of uniformity I have followed Mr. Kirby’s

‘Catalogue’ in the generic division and arrangement, save in

the case of the genus Ambulyzx.

Species obtained in the Transvaal.

Cephonodes hylas, Linn. Pretoria and Zoutpansberg.

Macroglossa trochilus, Hiibn. Barberton (J. &. Harrison), Pretoria,

Lophuron pylas, Cram, Zoutpansberg (Kessner), Pretoria.

pusillum, Feld. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall and J. R. Harrison).

minutum, sp. 0. Pretoria.

Diodosida murina, Walk. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendail).

Basiothia medea, Fabr. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

Theretra capensis, Linn. Pretoria.

eson, Cram. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall).

Schenckii, Moschl. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

celerio. Linn. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

Deilephila livornica, Esp. Pretoria.

opheltes, Cram. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka).

Daphnis nerit, Linn. Pretoria.

Ambulyx postica, Walk. Pretoria,

prabilis, ey n. Pretoria.

Nephele vau, Walk. Zoutpansberg (Kessner).

Phlegethontius Mauritii, Butl. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka).

convolvuli, Linn. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

Manduca atropos, Linn. Barberton (Dr. P. Rendall), Pretoria.

Lophostethus Dumolinit, Latr. Pretoria.

Polyptychus Grayii, Walk. Lydenburg District (Zutrzenka).

Where not otherwise specified, the captures were my own.

580 On Heterocera from the Transvaal.

Lophuron minutum, sp. n.

Body above greyish brown ; head and thorax very strongly

pilose; thorax on each side with a slightly oblique fascia,

whitish internally and castaneous outwardly. Abdomen

above with four longitudinal castaneous fascie, the outermost

of which on each side contains three prominent white hairy

spots.

PY tories wings above greyish brown, with the following

dull castaneous markings:—a short narrow oblique stripe

near base, a large subquadrate spot at middle of inner margin,

and a larger one beyond it at costal margin (both extending

about halfway across the wing), and a broad irregular outer

marginal fascia.

Posterior wings golden yellow, outer margin dull casta-

neous, the fringe greyish brown; a faint basal streak and

subcostal spot both castaneous.

Wings beneath much paler and more obscure than above,

the posterior wings without the golden-yellow ground-colour.

Exp. 26 millim.

Hab. Transvaal, Pretoria (Distant: April).

Apparently a late species, appearing at the end of the

Transvaal summer.

Ambulyx piabilis, sp. n.

Anterior wings pale ochraceous, somewhat darker on

apical areas, with five brownish elongate costal spots, basal

two of which enter cell, third situate a little beyond cell, and

fourth and fifth near apex.

Posterior wings bright golden yellow, minutely spotted

with sanguineous, excepting abdominal area, which is pale

ochraceous and unspotted, and with a large basal blackish

spot with a bluish centre.

Wings beneath pale ochraceous ; anterior wings with about

basal half golden yellow, in which area the two basal brownish

costal spots above are castaneous beneath; posterior wings

very minutely and obscurely speckled with brownish, the

basal spot above indicated by a castaneous spot beneath.

Body above pale ochraceous; head and thorax with a

central brown longitudinal fascia.

Exp. 97 millim.

Hab, 'Yransvaal, Pretoria (Distant).

A, piabilis is allied to A. conspersa, Dewitz, and holds an

intermediate position between that species and A. postica,

Walk.

I have followed Hampson in placing these species in the

genus Ambulyx. ‘They are located by Kirby in Basiana

and by Rothschild in a proposed new genus—Pseudoclanis.

——

On new Species of Acreidee from Uganda. 581

LIX.—Descriptions of some new Species of Acreide collected

by Mr. F. J. Jackson at Ntebt, Uganda. By EmILy

Mary SHARPE.

Family Acreida.

Acrea pervia, sp. n.

Resembles the Asiatic group containing A. moluccana,

Feld., A. Dohertyi, Holland, and A. parce, Ster.

Upperside. Entirely transparent, the costa and hind margin

narrowly bordered with black, becoming much broader at the

apex ; the base black, extending along the inner margin to

about the middle of the wing.

Hind wing. Basal area brownish black, with black spots,

almost invisible on the upperside; the discal portion trans-

parent from the costa to the first median nervule, the narrow

brownish-black border becoming much broader towards the

anal angle ; this black border extending along the first median

nervule and uniting with the dark basal area, thereby dividing

a yellow patch on the inner margin, which, however, does

not extend right up to the base; a yellow spot also plainly

marked between the sub-costal nervure and the first median

nervule.

Underside. Fore wing entirely transparent; the costa

yellow, like the apex and hind margin, the latter having

yellow spots; the apex distinctly yellow and streaked with

black lines; the hind margin with a black spot between the

yellow ones at the end of the black nervules, from the fifth

sub-costal nervule to the first median nervule.

Hind wing. The whole of the basal area yellow, sprinkled

heavily with black spots, this yellow also extending along the

hind margin, and becoming much narrower towards the costa.

This yellow border is divided by the black nervules and again

divided into twin spots by smaller median black streaks

between the nervules. On the underside this species some-

what resembles that of A. lycoides, Boisd., and A. dejana,

Godm. & Salv.

Expanse ¢ 2°3 inches.

The female is similar to the male; the black markings are

browner in colour, the yellow patch on the hind wing much

paler, and is not broken by any black markings as in the

male. ‘The underside is exactly like that of the male, the

yellow being paler.

Expanse 2°5 inches.

Hab. Ntebi, Uganda: March to May 1895.

Acrea ntebie, sp. n.

Allied to A, lycoides, Boisd.

‘The fore wing is not so transparent, being entirely brownish

582 On new Species of Acreide from Uganda.

black, with a transparent space consisting of three ovate spots,

only divided by the black nervules near the apical portion of

the wing, and followed beneath by a second: irregular row of

three whitish spots. The first of these is in the discoidal

cell; the second, and largest, of the three lies between the

first and second median nervules, and the third one, which is

somewhat spear-shaped, between the sub-median nervure and

the first median nervule.

Hind wing. Brownish black at the base, extending more

narrowly along the costa and forming a fairly broad border

along the hind margin, which is much darker brown than the

basal area, where there are some indistinct black spots. The

discal portion of the wing has a yellow transverse band,

narrower than in A. lycotdes, commencing a little below the

costal nervure, covering about half of the cell and extending

to the middle of the inner margin. In the discoidal cell, close

to the discocellular nervule, is a small black spot, belonging

to the indistinct basal series.

Underside. Brownish black ; costa, apex, and hind margin

sulphur-yellow as far as the first median nervule; this yellow

portion crossed by black nervules and divided into twin spots

by a median line of black. The whitish transparent markings

of the upperside very distinctly indicated.

Hind wing. Entirely sulphur-yellow, the basal area pro-

fusely dotted with black spots ; discal portion uniform yellow,

followed by the border, which is plainly divided up into twin

streaks by the black nervules and black median lines, which

are more pronounced than in either A. lycoides or A. dejana,

Godm. & Salv.

Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Ntebi, Uganda: November to December 1895.

Acrea humilis, sp. n.

Nearest to A. quirina in size, but differs in both wings

being entirely transparent and brownish in colour, where the

markings occur, without a single spot visible.

Fore wing. Quite transparent; the costa, hind margin,

inner margin, nervules, and base of wing dusky brown.

Hind wing. Exactly like the fore wing.

Underside. Very similar to the upperside, the dusky

shading being rather of a warmer brown. At the base of the

hind wing this warm brown colour is more pronounced, and

there is one black spot between the sub-median nervure and

the first median nervules ; another minute black spot close to

the base.

Expanse 1°5 inch.

Hab. Ntebi, Uganda: November to December 1895.

Miscellaneous. 583

MISCELLANEOUS.

On the Organization and Affinities of Pleurotomaria.

By MM. E.-L. Bouvier and H. Fiscuer.

Tue Pleurotomarie are the first mollusks (one might almost say

the first animals) of which remains are found in the fossil state.

As old as the oldest Trilobites, but curiously more tenacious of

existence, they were not extinguished like the Trilobites during the

Carboniferous epoch. They have left a great variety of forms in

the Jurassic deposits, they were perpetuated, though somewhat

feebly, through the Tertiary period, and are still represented in our

day by certain species, for the most part of extreme rarity. Of these

last absolutely nothing was known but the shell until the ‘ Blake,’

under the direction of Alexander Agassiz, captured four living

Pleurotomarie off the Antilles in 1879. From these specimens

M. Dall was able to determine that the anus is still situate on the

median dorsal line in the animals we are considering, that they have

two branchiz symmetrically situated, two urinary orifices also

symmetrical, and that thus they present, as one might expect, by

far the most primitive characters of all Gasteropods. Since that

time the Japanese have found another living Pleurotomaria; but it

was not made the subject of any research, so that the internal

organization of these creatures might have remained for a long time

unknown had not M. Agassiz, thanks to the courteous intervention

of M. Milne-Edwards, handed over to us one of the specimens of

Pleurotomaria Quoyana collected by the ‘ Blake.’ We cannot suffi-

ciently express our gratitude to the distinguished American zoologist

for his liberality.

From its general organization P. Quoyana approaches most

nearly to the Diotocardie# of the most normal type (Haliotide,

Trochide). Its sense-organs occupy the same position ; its buccal

mass appears to be built on the same type; it has the same myology,

the same cerebroid and buccal ganglia, the same labial commissure,

the same crossed (crozsée) visceral commissure.

The characters which distinguish it from the other Diotocardicze

are:—(1) the feeble development of the epipodium; (2) the alto-

gether peculiar origin of the branches of the visceral commissure ;

(3) the structure of the scalariform nervous cords which traverse

the foot.

Of the “ epipodial collarette” we will say nothing except that,

greatly reduced as it is in general in Pleurotomaria, it is imper-

ceptible in our specimen, and there is every reason for believing

that in the genus under consideration we see it at the very be-

ginning of its development.

As for the ‘“‘ branches of the visceral commissure,” they are not

in any wise detached, as in the other Diotocardie, from the most

anterior portion of the nerve-cords situate in the foot; they arise

from cerebro-pallial links towards the middle of their length, and

584 Miscellaneous.

appear to be nothing more than a strong branch from them. This

is, with but slight difference, the arrangement observable in the

Placophores, in which the cerebro-pedal link.is quite separated

from the pedio-pallial (Acanthopleura salamander, according to

Herr von Jhering, A. Savatierz), and where the visceral commissure is

formed, following the hypothesis of Herr Biitschli, by the median and

ventral fusion of the two symmetrically situated stomachal nerves

(Chiton fasciculatus and Ch. magnificus, according to M. Haier;

C. cinereus, according to Herr von Jhering),

The “scalariform nervous cords” are remarkable for the gan-

glionic projection, in the form of a very elongated horn, which both

exhibit in front of their most anterior commissure. This horn

presents along its whole length, notably on its outer side, a broad

and deep furrow, which is continued upon the cords and which

divides each of them into an upper pallial portion and a lower

pedal ; the cerebro-pallial link arises at the end of the pedal portion,

The pedal portion, behind the great anterior commissure, presents

the usual accessory commissures and gives origin to numerous

nerves to the lower surface of the foot; the pallial portion has no

commissures, it supplies the mantle, the columellar muscle, the

muscles of the upper surface of the foot, and probably also the

epipodium. The pallial portion, in other words, behaves exactly

like the pallial cords of the Placophores, the pedal portion like the

pedal cords of these latter—so much so that the pallio-pedal cords

of Plewrotomaria ought to be considered as the result of con-

erescence * of the pedal cords and the ganglionic portion of the

pallial cords f which one observes on each side in the Placophores,

To summarize: Pleurotomaria presents the first stage of a gan-

glionic concentration, which is more and more accentuated as one

rises in the scale of mollusks. In Haliotis and Trochus the cords

of the foot are composed, as has been very justly maintained by

M. de Lacaze-Duthiers and by M. Boutan, of a superior pallial and

an inferior pedal portion; but the pallial portion tends to isolate

itself under the form of a ganglionic swelling situate in front at

the origins of the visceral commissure. In the Fissurellide the

same arrangement exists, but the cords are shorter and, in conse-

quence, more condensed. In Patella, Nerites, Cyclophora, Paludina,

and Cyprea the scalariform pedal cords always persist, but the

pallial portion is isolated in the form of distinct ganglia; in other

Gasteropods the pedal cords, like the pallial, are condensed in the

form of ovoid ganglionic masses.—Comptes Rendus, 1807, t. exxiy.

pp. 695-697.

* According to Herren Thiele and Plate numerous anastomotic nerves

attach the pallial to the pedal cords in certain Placophores ; this is a first

step rebe f the concrescence realized in Pleurotomaria.

+ As Herren von Jhering and Biitschli have shown, the pallial cords of

Placophores are nothing more than the pallial ganglia fused with the

great pallial nerve. As in other Gasteropods, each great pallial nerve

anastomoses aboye the intestine with its fellow of the opposite side.

— oe 6,

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

(SIXTH SERIES.]

No. 114. JUNE 1897.

LX.—Note on a Cast of the Brain-cavity of Tguanodon.

By Cuas. W. Anprews, B.Sc., F.G.S., Assistant in the

British Museum (Natural History).

[Plate XVI.]

THE brains of certain of the American Dinosaurs have been

figured and briefly described by Professor Marsh, but, so far

as I am aware, the only account of the structure of this organ

in a European form is that given by Hulke in a paper

published in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological

Society’ for 1871. The specimen* there described is the

cranial portion of the skull of a large reptile which the author

regarded as probably belonging to a species of Iguanodon.

This fragment, which was found on the shore near Brook

Point in the Isle of Wight, has lately been presented to the

British Museum by Mrs. Hulke, and a careful comparison ot

it with the cast of a complete skull of Jguanodon bernissart-

ensis shows that its reference to a member of that genus is

no doubt correct. The form of the occipital condyle and

foramen magnum are precisely similar in the two specimens,

and, in fact, allowing for the fracturing and rolling to which

the fragment in question has been subjected, it is almost

identical in its structure with the corresponding portion of

* This specimen has also been noticed by Prof. H. G. Seeley i in the

‘Popular Science Review’ (vol. xix. 1880, p. 48), one of Hulke’s figures

being reproduced on plate ii. fig. 2.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. Al

586 Mr. C. W. Andrews on a Cast of the

the Belgian skull. Its dimensions, however, are consider-

ably smaller, and since the sutures between the bones of the

basis cranit are closed, it no doubt belonged to an adult

individual, probably of the type species, /. Mantelli.

Since this interesting fragment has been in the Museum

a plaster cast of the cranial cavity has been prepared, which

seems worthy of description, because it gives a clearer idea of

the form of the brain than can be gathered from the descrip-

tion and figures of the specimen itself.

As Hulke remarked in the paper referred to above, the

form of the brain in reptiles can only be deduced approxi-

mately from casts of their brain-cavity, since in these animals

it fills that cavity less completely than in the higher verte-

brates, though to a greater extent than in amphibians and

fishes. But judging from the remarkable completeness of

the cranial walls in this specimen, it seems possible that the

brain may have been more closely invested in bone than in

other reptiles, and that consequently the shape of the cast

may give a fairly accurate idea of its general form.

The olfactory lobes were either very small or perhaps

pedunculate. The space which they, or more probably their

basal portion, occupied is entirely filled with ironstone, so

that the only trace of them in ihe cast is a slight angular

projection from the middle of the antero-ventral border of the

cerebral hemispheres (o/.).

The hemispheres (c) themselves are of moderate size:

their anterior face is abruptly truncated and is only slightly

convex. In vertical section the conjoined hemispheres were

oval in outline, the long axis of the oval being horizontal :

their greatest width is immediately behind their anterior face,

at which point they formed prominent lateral lobes and

measured about 62 mm. in width. Their dorsal and ventral

surfaces are nearly straight and parallel in a longitudinal

direction. On the ventral surface about an inch behind the

anterior extremity there is a prominence, the optic chiasma

(op.c.), from which diverge outwards and forwards the roots

of the optic nerves (I1.). Immediately behind this and

arising from the floor of the thalamencephalon is the

infundibulum, to the lower end of which is attached the

pituitary body (pit.). This, so far as can be gathered from

the cast of the fossa which it occupied, was relatively of very

large size: its general form and relations are shown in the

figures. Its ventral surface, which slopes obliquely downward

and backward, is quadrate in outline; the prominent posterior

angles mark the position of the foramina by which the

internal carotids (car.) enter the skull, while the exact form

Brain-cavity of Iguanodon. 587

of the anterior region cannot be determined, the walls of the

fossa being there deficient, owing to the presence on either

side of a large irregular vacuity. This opening corresponds

to that occurring in the same position in the skull of the

crocodile, where it can be seen to be an irregular interval

between the basi- and ali-sphenoid bones. ‘The posterior

surface of the pituitary body is nearly vertical and is triangular

in outline.

On each side of the infundibulum there is in the cast a

projecting process (IIT.), which marks the point of exit of the

third (oculo-motor) nerve*.

Behind the infundibulum the ventral surface of the brain

is furrowed by a broad transverse depression which is occupied

by the thick posterior clinoid ridge, and marks the division

between the mid- and hind-brain.

Turning again to the upper surface, we find that imme-

diately behind the region occupied by the cerebral hemispheres

the cranial cavity undergoes a great increase in height, and

at the same time is much narrowed from side to side, parti-

cularly in its upper portion. ‘I'he cast of the chamber thus

formed (cb.) shows a pointed elevation which rises high above

the hemispheres, and is so much compressed laterally that its

superior surface is reduced to a mere rounded ridge. On

each side of this prominence there is a strong ridge which

extends downward and forward from a little behind and

below its apex to a point a little in front of and above the

roots of the trigeminal nerve.

This portion of the cranial cavity was no doubt occupied

in life by the optic lobes and the cerebellum. In the cast

itself, however, no indication of the form and position of the

former is visible, and probably, therefore, they were com-

paratively small, or, at any rate, did not project sufficiently to

impress the walls of the cranial cavity. ‘The cerebellum, on

the other hand, was large, and the oblique ridges on its sides

above referred to, seem to indicate that it probably possessed

fairly developed lateral lobes (/./.) ; itis, however, possible that

they may merely mark the position of blood-sinuses. Behind

these lobes the cast of the cerebellar chamber is slightly con-

* It should be noted that the projections on the cast, which are

marked with the numbers of the cranial nerves, do not necessarily indi-

cate the points of origin of those nerves, but merely the position of the

foramina by which they passed out of the skull. In most instances, of

course, the point of exit is nearly opposite the place of origin; but in the

present case (that of the oculo-motor root) the nerve no doubt arose not

in the position shown in the cast, but from the floor of the thalamen-

cephalon behind the infundibulum. 7

41*

588 Mr. C. W. Andrews on a Cast of the

cave on either side, the concavities indicating the projection

inwards of the auditory region of the skull.

The ventral region of the medulla oblongata (med.) is

bounded anteriorly by the transverse groove above mentioned.

Longitudinally its ventral surface is at first convex and pos-

teriorly concave ; from side to side it is convex throughout

its length, the mid-ventral line being marked by a slight

ridge. Anteriorly the sides of the cast of the meduliary

region pass up into the cerebellar prominence ; in its middle

portion its upper and lateral surfaces are impressed by the

prominent auditory region. Posteriorly it widens out con-

siderably and is roughly triangular in section, the angles of

the triangle being rounded and corresponding to the mid-

ventral ridge and the supero-lateral borders ; the upper surface

of this posterior region is convex. ‘The cast no doubt gives

an accurate idea of the actual form of the medulla so far as

its ventral and lateral portions are concerned; but it is pro-

bable that dorsally there was a considerable space between

the overhanging cerebellum and the upper surface of the

medulla, so that here the real shape of the latter is not shown,

no trace of the position of the fourth ventricle and other

structures being seen. Further back, however, where it is

about to pass into the spinal cord, it probably nearly or quite

filled the cranial cavity, and its true form is therefore shown

by the cast.

The determination of the roots of the cranial nerves arising

from the medulla presents some difficulties, but by comparison

with the crocodilian brain, and by examining the relations of

the various foramina to one another and to the surrounding

structures, it has been possible to determine most of them

with a considerable degree of certainty. On the whole, these

agree with the determinations of Hulke, who, however,

employs the older terminology of Willis in his description.

On the ventral surface of the medulla close to its anterior

end is a slight prominence, which probably marks the point

of origin of the abducens (VI.)._ Above and a little behind

this on the side wall of the medulla is the large root of the

trigeminal (V.). This passes out of the skull by a very large

foramen which opens externally into a fossa, from which

a deep channel runs forward along the inner wall of the

orbit, and, no doubt, lodged the ophthalmic branch (V’.).

Behind the trigeminal foramen the skull-wall is perforated by

a small opening, which enlarges towards the outside and is

continued on the side of the cranium as a well-marked groove

(car.?) which runs downward and somewhat forward. Its

lower end passes round to the external opening by which the

——

—— ae ltl ee le

Brain-cavity of Tguanodon. 589

internal carotid entered the pituitary fossa. From the

relations of this groove, which is bounded anteriorly by a

well-defined rounded ridge, I am led to conclude that it

probably lodged a branch of the carotid which entered the

skull by the foramen at its upper end.

fen. OV.

carn ws

Side of cranium of Iguanodon, showing the various foramina. 3 nat. size.

bs., basisphenoid ; car., carotid foramen ; car’., (?) channel for branch of

carotid; fen.ov., fenestra ovalis; jug. (?) foramen for branch of

jugular vein; oc.c., occipital condyle; ¢b.sp., tuberculum

sphenoccipitale. The foramina fur the nerves are marked :—

II., eptic; TIL, oculo-motor; V., trigeminal; V’., channel for

the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal; IX., glosso-pharyngeal;

X., vagus; XII., hypoglossal.

Returning again to the cast, we find some 5 mm. behind

the base of the fifth nerve a blunt prominence, which fills a

depression in the skull-wall below and in front of the convex

otic mass; no foramen can be seen to pass out of the skuil at

this point, and there can be no doubt that this prominence

marks the point of origin of the auditory nerve (VIII.), and

perhaps the facial (VII.) may arise with it. The next root lies

15 mm. behind the eighth and at a somewhat lower level ;

this seems to be the glosso-pharyngeal ([X.). Its foramen is

090 On a Cast of the Brain-cavity of [guanodon.

small; it runs upward and outward, reaching the exterior

below and a little behind the fenestra ovalis (fio.). About

1 cm. above and behind the root of the ninth is the large

vagus root (X.), which passes out of the skull by a passage

which, shortly after leaving the cranial cavity, forks, one

branch running backwards and outwards in the same direction

as the common base, the other directed forward and outward

at right angles to the first.. The latter opens behind and

below the fenestra ovalis at the bottom of the same depression

in the skull-wall; the former just behind the prominent

oblique ridge forming the hinder bourdary of the tympanic

depression. This posterior branch probably transmitted the

vagus (X.), and a considerable enlargement of its calibre just

external to the fork probably indicates the position of the

ganglion. As to what passed through the anterior branch there

is some doubt, but it may be suggested that it transmitted

a branch of the jugular vein (woodcut, jug.). About 15mm.

behind and at the same level as the roots of the ninth and

tenth respectively, are two nerve-roots, of which the upper is

much the larger. These pass into the cranial wall by two

foramina, about 7 mm. apart, leading into passages which run

outward and backward, converging so that they have opened

close together in a common depression (woodcut, XII.). These

nerve-roots, I believe, both belong to the hypoglossal (XII.),

but perhaps the spinal accessory may also have passed out of

the skull by one of the foramina of which these prominences

are the casts.

It will be seen that the determination of the regions of this

brain here adopted differs somewhat from that given by

Marsh in some of his figures of this organ in the American

Dinosaurs, the chief difference being that while he regards the

middle prominence as representing in most cases a cast of the

optic lobes, | think that these probably did not project far

enough to leave any traces in a cast of the brain-cavity, the

enlarged middle chamber of which was mainly occupied by

the cerebellum. In the crocodile certainly a cast of the

brain-cavity gives no idea of the form of the optic lobes.

Marsh’s figure * of the brain of Ceratosaurus nasicornis, in

which the optic lobes are marked as lateral structures not

appearing on the dorsal surface of the brain, probably most

nearly represents the actual condition of things. In the figure

of the brain of Claosaurus annectens on the same plate the

uerve-roots marked agree in the main with the interpretation

* Marsh, “The Dinosaurs of North America” (Sixteenth Annual

Report of the U.S. Geological Survey 1896), pl. lxxvii. fig. 2.

Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. 591

here adopted. The brain in this Dinosaur seems to resemble

that of Iguanodon more closely than any other of which

figures have been published.

Some measurements of this specimen are appended :—

millim

Greatest width of cerebral ae Hem O Ot Oe 62

s height | J dephediaaer tie Waar Are Loar 46

+ » at cerebellar prominence paw eae Alek 69

aah, EL LCEIE: seamen W Eek 2h gpl Vie ow ace Guys chee 38

Depth of pituitary body from base of infundibulum .. 31

Width between roots of trigeminal ................ 36

Width of medulla at vagus eonk ee onuy eT ae, 30

Height a - POM ae tick aint wen ais 38

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

Brain of Iguanodon, = natural size:

1, From above.

2. From side.

3. From below.

car., point of entry of the internal carotids into the pituitary fossa;

c., cerebral hemispheres ; ¢d., cerebellum; /./., lateral lobe of cerebellum ;

med,, medulla; o/., base of olfactory lobes; op.c., optic chiasma; pit.,

pituitary body.

{The Roman numerals refer to the numbers of the cranial nerves.

LXI.— Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts.

By FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S., F.R.M.NS.

[Plate XV.]

THE Chara-marl or “ freshwater bed” of Hitchin, Herts, is

so remarkably rich in Ostracoda that it appears desirable to

put upon record more detailed information regarding them

than has been attempted up to the present time.

These Ostracoda of Hitchin have already been referred to

in a note by Messrs. Jones and Sherborn, in 1887, on a

collection made by W. Hill, Jun., Esq., F.G.S.* The four

species there recorded are 0, ypris tncongruens, Ramdohr ;

Scottia Browniana (Jones); Hrpetocypris reptans (Baird) ;

and Candona candida (Miiller).

The same authors chants note an additional species

from the Hitchin beds—Cypridopsis vidua (Miiller) ; whilst

for the previously recorded Cypris incongruens they substi-

tute Candona pubescens (Koch) f.

* Geol. Mag. dec. iii. vol. iv. p. 459.

+ Suppl. Monogr. Tert. Entom. (Pal. ae 1889, p. 10.

} Op. cit. p. 12.

592 Mr. F. Chapman on Ostracoda from the

For the material from which the species here enumerated

have been extracted I am indebted to Prof. T. Rupert Jones,

F.R.S., who had received it from Mr. W. Hill a long time

ago. This present list contains only one species which I

have not myself found, and nine species and varieties are now

added to the earlier records. r

The bed containing the Ostracoda here under notice lies

upon a bed of gravel, and is itself overlain by a bed of brick-

earth 20 feet thick. It is a ‘ soft calcareous loam, of a light

colour, from brown to almost white, which has been found, in

other parts of the brickfield, to pass down into a dark grey or

almost black deposit, fairly evenly stratified” *.

Besides the Ostracoda, this deposit contains numerous

stems and fruits (oogonia) of Chara, eleven species of Mol-

lusca, and the remains of bear, deer, and rhinoceros. Further

details of this and the associated beds are to be found in the

Proc. Geol. Assoc. 1896 +, the locality having been visited

by the members of the above association during their excur-

sion to Hitchin.

The sample of marl examined was exceedingly rich in

Ostracod valves ; they are very fragile and require some care

in the extraction. The process of washing the marl and

separating the organisms 1s best carried out by submerging a

sieve, containing some of the marl, under water, the sieve

having meshes fine enough to retain the minute fossils, and

from time to time agitating the sieve vertically as well as in

a horizontal and circular direction.

The following is a descriptive list of the Ostracoda from

the deposit at Hitchin as far as at present known. For

valuable help in the writing of this account I tender my

sincere thanks to Prof. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.

Family Cypridide.

Genus CycLocypris, Brady and Norman.

Cyclocypris levis (O. F. Miiller).

(Pl. XV. figs. 1, 2.)

Cypris levis, Miller,.1785, Entomostraca, p. 52, pl. iii. figs. 7-9.

Monoculus ovum, Jurine, 1829, Hist. des Monocles, p. 179, pl. xix.

figs. 18, 19.

Cypris ovum, Jones, 1856, Monogr. Tert. Entom. p. 14, pl. i. figs. 4a, ;

Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, Monogr. Post-tert. Entom.

p. 126, pl. i. figs. 29-31.

* Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xiv. p. 416.

+ Vol. xiv. pp. 415-419.

an.

ee ee

Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. 593

Cypria levis, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2,

vol. iv. p. 69. :

Cyclocypris levis, Brady and Norman, 1896, op. cit. vol. v. p. 718.

The species is fairly common in the “ freshwater bed”? of

Hitchin. It is a common form in this country in fresh and

brackish water.

Cyclocypris globosa (G. O. Sars).

(Pl. XV. figs. 3, 4.)

Cypris globosa, G. O, Sars, 1863, Om en i Sommeren 1862 foretagen

Zoologisk Reise i Christianias og Trondhjems Stifter, p. 27.

Cypris cinerea, Brady, 1868, Monogr. Rec. Brit. Ostrac. p. 374, pl. xxiv.

figs. 39-42, pl. xxxvi. fig. 7.

Cyclocypris globosa, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe.

ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 71, pl. xi. figs. 10-18, pl. xiv. figs. 1, 2.

The discovery of this species in the Hitchin deposits is of

much interest, for it is quite a northern species, having been

recorded from fossil deposits in Scotland; and as a recent

form it is still found living in the lochs and pools of the

border counties of England, in Scotland, and in Norway.

The species is by no means uncommon at Hitchin.

Genus Scorria, Brady and Norman.

Scottia Browniana (Jones).

Cypris Browniana, Jones, 1850, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. vi.

p- 25, pl. iil. fig. 1; 1856, Monogr. Tert. Entom. p. 15, pl. i. figs. la-d.

This is also a northern species. Mr. T. Scott found it

living in pools in the island of Bute (Brady and Norman).

It was found fossil at Clacton, Essex, by Professor Rupert

Jones, and since recorded by him from Hitchin and from

Sidestrand, Suffolk, and Chesilton, Dorset.

Genus Crpris, Miiller.

Cypris virens (Jurine). (Pl. XV. figs. 5, 6.)

Monoculus virens, Jurine, 1820, Hist. des Monocles, p. 174, pl. xviii.

figs. 15, 16.

Cypris virens, Zaddach, 1844, Syn. Crust. Pruss. Prod. p. 35; Brady

and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 74.

A common and widely distributed form, and as a recent

species inhabiting “ grassy pools and ditches which dry up in

the summer” (Brady and Norman).

Only one valve of this species was found in the marl from

Hitchin.

594 Mr. F. Chapman on Ostracoda from the

Genus Erperocypris, Brady and Norman.

Erpetocypris reptans (Baird).

(Pl. XV. figs. 7, 8.)

Cypris reptans, Baird, 1835, Trans. Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. i.

p. 99, pl. iii. fig. 11. |

Candona reptans, Baird, 1845, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 153; and Nat. Hist.

Brit. Entom. 1850, p. 160, pl. xix. fig. 3.

Cypris reptans, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1875, Monogr. Post-

tert. Entom. p. 128, pl. ii. figs. 31, 32.

Erpetocypris reptans, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl.

Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 84, pl. xiii. fig. 27.

E. reptans is a common British species and its European

distribution is wide. As a fossil it has been found in strata

as old as the Weybourn Crag. In the post-Tertiary bed of

Hitchin it is common and often of large size, some of the

valves measuring as much as 3°3 millim. in length.

Genus Pionocypris, Brady and Norman.

Pionocypris vidua (O. F. Miiller).

(Pl. XV. figs. 9, 10.)

Cypris vidua, Miiller, 1785, Entom. p. 55, pl. iv. figs. 7-9.

Cypridopsis vidua, Brady, 1868, Monogr. Rec. Brit. Ostrac. p. 375,

pl. xxiv. figs, 27-36, 46.

Pionocypris vidua, Brady and Norman, 1896, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl.

Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 726, pl. Lxiv. fig. 19.

This species has been found as a post-Tertiary fossil in the

Fen district, and it is common as a freshwater form in

England and Europe generally. At Hitchia this species is

not uncommon.

Genus Ityocypris, Brady and Norman.

Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr).

(Pl. XV. figs. 11, 12.)

Cypris gibba, Ramdohr, 1808, Magaz. d. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde

zu Berlin, Quartal ii. p. 91, pl. iii. figs. 13, 14, 17.

Tlyocypris gibba, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe.

ser, 2, vol. iv. p. 107, pl. xxii. figs. 1-5; iid. ibid. 1896, vol. v. p. 727,

pl. Ixvili. figs. 20, 21.

This species, well known as a recent form, is also known

from the Hamstead beds (Oligocene) of the Isle of Wight,

and it is common as a post-Tertiary fossil in England and

Scotland.

At Hitchin only one well-differentiated specimen of I. gibba

was found, and in this the principal tubercle is prominent

and recurved.

i laeta omt

Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts.

(Ye)

Iiyocypris Bradii, G. O. Sars.

(Pl. XV. figs. 13, 14.)

Ilyocypris Brad, G. O. Sars, 1890, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer,

Il. Branch. Ostrac. Cirrip., Christ. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. p. 50;

Brady and Norman, 1896, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. v.

p. 728, pl. lxiii. figs. 22, 23, pl. lxviii. figs. 18, 19.

The commoner form of this genus in the Hitchin deposit

appears to be the non-tuberculate type defined by G. O. Sars

under the above name, of which three valves were found.

Genus Canpona, Baird.

Candona pubescens (Koch).

(Pl. XV. figs. 15-17.)

Cypris pubescens, Koch, 1837, Deutschlands Crustaceen &c., Heft xi.

ae pubescens, Brady and Norman, 1896, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc.

ser. 2, vol. vy. p. 729, pl. lxiii. fig. 24, pl. lxiv. figs. 20, 21, pl. Lxviii.

figs. 7-9.

This is acommon species in the living condition. Asa

post-Tertiary fossil it has been recorded from Whittlesea, the

Valley-drift near Salisbury, the old land-drift at Chesilton,

Portland, the gravels at Barnwell, near Cambridge, and from

Hitchin. In the last-named deposit well-formed valves of

the species are found, but they are not very common. ‘There

are also present several valves of the form usually described

under the name of C. albicans, but now thought to be only

the young form of C. pubescens.

Candona lactea, Baird.

(Pl. XV. figs. 18, 19.)

Candona lactea, Baird, 1850, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 255, pl. xviii.

figs. 25-27 ; Brady, 1868, Monogr. Ree. Brit. Ostrac. p. 382, pl. xxiv.

figs. 55-58; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc.

ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 100.

This common freshwater species, which is well known from

numerous post-Tertiary deposits, is very common at Hitchin.

Candona candida (O. F. Miiller).

(PL XV. figs. 20; 21.)

Cypris candida, Miiller, 1785, Entom. p. 62, pl. vi. figs. 7-9.

Candona candida, Jones, 1857, Monogr. Tert. Entom. p. 19, pl. i.

figs. 8a—f; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2,

vol. iv. p. 98, pl. x. figs. 20-23.

This species is very common in ponds and ditches.

596 Mr. F. Chapman on Ostracoda from the

As a fossil it is known from the Weybourn Crag and from

most deposits of post-Pliocene age. It is common in the

“freshwater bed ” at Hitchin. ’

Candona candida (O. F. Miiller), var. tumida, Brady and

Robertson. (Pl. XV./figs. 22, 23.)

Candona candida (Miiller), var. tumida, Brady and Robertson, 1870,

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vi. p. 16, pl. ix. figs. 18-15 ;

Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R, Dubl. Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv.

p. 99, pl. x. figs. 14-17.

This variety has been found commonly in rivers and dykes

subject to tidal influence. It differs from the typical species,

so common in fresh water, in the shortness and the tumidity

of the carapace. Another distinguishing character is the

rosette-like arrangement of the muscle-spots, and this is

clearly seen in at least one of the valves from Hitchin. The

variety is somewhat rare in that deposit.

Candona candida (O. F. Miiller), var. claviformis,

Brady and Norman. (PI. XV. figs. 24, 25.)

Candona candida (Miiller), var. claviformis, Brady and Norman, 1889,

Sci. Trans, R. Dubl. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 99, pl. x. figs. 1, 2.

This variety was taken in the living condition from canals

and ponds.

In the Pleistocene of Hitchin this variety is not unfrequent.

Family Darwinulide.

Genus DARWINULA, Brady and Robertson.

Darwinula Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson.

(Pl. XV. figs. 26, 27.)

Polycheles Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson, 1870, Aun. & Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 4, vol. vi. I 25, pl. vii. figs. 1-7, pl. x. figs. 4-14.

Darwinella Stevensoni, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, Post-tert.

Entom. p. 141, pl. ii. figs. 13-17.

Darwinula Stevensoni, Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl.

Soe. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 122, pl. x. figs. 7-18, pl. xiii. figs. 1-9, pl. xxiii.

fig. 5.

It is of much interest to note the occurrence of this species

from Hitchin, since in the living state it is a characteristic

form in the East-Anglian Fen district; and it is also found

in rivers, lochs, and canals in various parts of the British

Islands.

Several separate valves of )). Stevensont were found in the

Pleistocene deposit at Hitchin.

‘Dall tics hichas le _—

ee ee

Fig.

Chara-marl of Hitchin, Herts. 597

Family Cytherida.

Genus LimNIcyTHERE, Brady.

Limnicythere inopinata (Baird).

(Pl. XV. figs. 28, 29.)

Cythere inopinata, Baird, 1850, Brit. Entom. p. 172, pl. xx. figs. 1,

1 a-e.

Limnicythere inopinata, Brady, 1868, Monogr. Rec. Brit. Ostrac. p. 419,

pl. xxix. figs. 15-18, pl. xxxviii. fig. 9, pl. xxxix. fig. 1; Brady,

Crosskey, and Robertson, 1874, Monogr. Post-tert. Entom. p. 178,

pl. x. figs. 8-11; Brady and Norman, 1889, Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soe.

ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170.

This species is now found inhabiting ditches, lakes, and

slowly running streams. It has been recorded from various

post-Tertiary clays of Scotland and England.

L. inopinata is of frequent occurrence in the “ freshwater ”

bed of Hitchin.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Fig.

F ig.

1. Cyclocypris levis (O. F. Miller). Left valve. x 30.

2. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

3. Cyclocypris globosa (G. O. Sars). Left valve. x 24.

4. Ditto. Edge view. x 24.

5. Cypris virens (Jurine). Left valve. x 24.

6. Ditto. Edge view. xX 24.

7. Erpetocypris reptans (Baird). Right valve. x 16.

8. Ditto. Edge view. x 16.

9. Pionocypris vidua (O. F. Miiller). Left valve. x 30.

Fig. 10. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

Fig. 11. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr). Left valve. x 30.

Fig. 12. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

Fig. 13. Ilyocypris Brad, G. O. Sars. Left valve. x 30.

Fig. 14. Ditto. Edge view.« x 30.

Fig. 15. Candona pubescens (Koch). Right valve. x 30.

Fig. 16. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

Fig. 17. Ditto. Young form, left valve. x 30.

Fig. 18. Candona lactea, Baird. Right valve. x 30.

Fig. 19. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

Fig. 20. Candona candida (O. F. Miller), Right valve. x 20.

Fig. 21. Ditto. Edge view. x 20.

Fig. 22. Candona candida, var. tumida, Brady and Robertson. Left

valve. xX 30,

Fig. 23. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

Fig. 24. Candona candida, var. claviformis, Brady and Norman. Right

valve. x 20.

Fig. 25. Ditto. Edge view. xX 20.

Fig. 26. Darwinula Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson. Right valve.

x 30.

Fig. 27. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

Fig. 28. Limnicythere inopinata (Baird). Left valve. x 30.

Fig. 29. Ditto. Edge view. x 30.

598 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

LXII.—List of the Neuroptera collected by Mr. E. E. Austen

on the Amazons kc. during the recent Expedition of Messrs.

Stemens Bros. Cable S.S. ‘ Faraday,’ with Descriptions Mg

several new Species of Odonata (Dragonflies). By W. ¥

Kisy, F.L.S., F.E.S., &e.

[Plates XII. & XIII.]

Mr. AUSTEN informs me that the Dragonflies are among the

most abundant and conspicuous insects on the Amazons. He

obtained a fair number of species, seven of which I have

ventured to describe as new in the present paper. 1 have

also included in this paper two species captured by Mr. Austen

in St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is., and have taken the opportunity

of describing two more Amazonian species previously in the

collection of the British Museum, which Mr. Austen did not

meet with, though they seem to be not uncommon in localities

which he visited. Probably different species are found at

different times of year. The St. Vincent species, and the

Amazonian species here described, though not obtained by

Mr. Austen, are distinguished by being placed in brackets,

which was thought better than noticing them separately or

placing them in footnotes.

Nearly all the Dragonflies obtained were Libelluline,

though one or two representatives of other families were

brought home.

Among the few captures of other groups of Neuroptera

were one or two interesting species of Ephemeride.

Table of Captures.

St. Vincent. Amazons. New.

ODONATA.

Libellulide : ;

Libellulinss ........ 2 34 6

/eschnide :

Gomunine Nigar ake 2(?) 1

Adschninse ........ Hn 5

Agrionidee :

Coenagrionine—

Pseudostigmatina. o Vitstes l

Normostigmatina oan) SER 4

Other families of Neuroptera.

[email protected]++-

"Termitidinss. os oes aes s'

Oamylids® .. is. caves sss

me bo

from the Amazons &c. 599

One or two species taken on board the 8.8. ‘ Faraday’ are

marked (/.) after the locality.

Order NEUROPTERA.

Suborder ODONATA (DRAGONFLIES).

Libellulide.

LIBELLULINZ.

Genus THOLYMIS, Hagen.

Tholymis citrina.

Tholymis citrina, Hagen, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxviil. p. 218 (1867).

Below Breves, Island of Marajo (/), Jan. 12, 1896.

A single dark-coloured (adult) male specimen.

Hagen described this species from Cuba. The specimens

previously in the British Museum collection were all received

from the Lower Amazon district (Pard, Santarem, Tapajos),

but none of them are so highly coloured as the specimen trom

Breves.

[Genus PANTALA, Hagen.

Pantala flavescens.

Libellula flavescens, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 285 (1798).

Porto Grande, St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is., Dec. 26, 1895.

One specimen of this almost cosmopolitan species. There

are specimens in the British Musenm from Paré and San-

tarem, though Messrs. Austen and Cambridge do not appear

to have met with it on the Amazons. |

Genus TRAMEA, Hagen.

Tramea abdominalis.

Libellula abdominalis, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 37 (1842).

Santarem, Jan. 30, 1896.

Two specimens.

There are also specimens in the British Museum from Pard4,

“ Brazil” (Rio ?), Jamaica, Santa Lucia, and Grenada.

Tramea basalis.

Libellula basalis, Burm. Handb, Ent. ii. p. 852, n, 26 (1859).

Santarem, Jan. 28; Manaos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, March 6,

1896.

Four specimens obtained.

600 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

Previously in the British Museum from Paré and Fernando

Noronha.

Tramea brastliana.

Tramea brasiliana, Brauer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii. p. 812

(1867).

Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896.

One specimen.

The specimens previously in the British Museum are from

“ Brazil” (Rio?) and Pard.

Genus TAURIPHILA, Kirb.

Tauriphila tphigenia.

Tramea iphigenia, Hagen, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxviii. p. 230 (1867), xxx.

p. 262 (1869).

Obydos (F.), Feb. 2, 1896.

Previously in the Museum from Paré and the Tapajos.

Tauriphila nycteris.

Tauriphila nycteris, Karsch, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. xxxiil. p. 351 (1890).

A fine male from Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896.

The legs in both sexes are rufo-testaceous, and the abdomen

is without black spots towards the extremity. In the male

the ferruginous space on the hind wings resembles that of

Tramea basalis; in a female from Brazil (Rio?) it is nar-

rower. Karsch describes a female from Bahia. ‘The male

has 15 antecubital cross-nervules on the fore wings, the female

only 13.

Genus Mratuyria, Kirb.

Miathyria marcella.

aise marcella, De Selys, Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Ins. p. 452

(1857).

Santarem, Jan. 27-31; Obydos, Feb. 2; Manaos, Feb. 14,

1896.

Appears to be a very common species on the Lower

Amazons, especially at Saniarem (#. #. A.). Mr. Austen

did not meet with JM. pusilla, Kirb., which I am now inclined

to think is synonymous with MZ. simplex, Ramb.

[Miathyria flavescens, sp.n. (PI. XIII. fig. 2.)

Long. corp. 31-34 millim. ; exp. al. 50-56 miilim.; long.

pter. 1°50 millim.

ll lial alla

from the Amazons &e. 601

Eyes connected by a moderately long suture. Head testa-

ceous, sometimes greenish above, frontal tubercle and upper

part of clypeus metallic blue ; mandibles blackish ; occipital

triangle cupreous. Thorax black, with a broad green band

on each side, obsolete in front; pleura green, separated into

spots and bands by broad black stripes on the sutures.

Abdomen black, with two orange stripes, interrupted by the

carinze and incisions on each side, the upper ones narrow, the

lower ones broad (these are frequently nearly obliterated in

the males). Legs rufo-testaceous towards the base and

blackish at the extremity, clothed with long slender hairs;

the hind femora furnished with short blunt tubercles beneath,

and the middle femora with short sharp serrations. Anal ap-

pendages as long as the last segment, much arched, slightly

thickened and hairy towards the extremity ; middle appendage

very broad and flattened towards the base and pointed at the

extremity, as long as the lateral ones. Abdomen slenderest

in the middle, somewhat thickened towards the extremity.

Wings hyaline, tinged with greenish yellow; fore wings

with 10-11 antenodal cross-nervules (the last not continuous)

and 5-6 postnodals ; pterostigma dark brown, equally long on

the fore and hind wings; sectors of the arculus distinctly

stalked ; triangle free, followed by two rows of cells, only

increasing towards the hind margin; one subtriangular space,

sometimes divided by a vertical nervule on one side ; nervures

fuscous, membranule small, whitish. Claws bifid.

The female varies somewhat in the colour of the wings,

which are more deeply tinged with sulphur-yellow than in

the male, especially towards the anal angle of the hind wings,

whereas the tips of the wings are of a more smoky colour,

the centre of the wings being sometimes clear hyaline. The

appendages on the four hind legs have more of the appearance

of short stiff bristles than in the male.

Hab. Santarem (Bates).

Described from three males and three females.

I take the opportunity of describing this very distinct

species in the present paper, though it was not among

Mr. Austen’s captures. |

Genus Drastatops, Rambur.

Diastatops dimidiata.

Libellula dimidiata, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 545, n. 14 (1758).

Paré, Jan. 10 (Z. HE. A.) ; W. end of Parand de Buyassu,

Jan. 17, 1896 (H. W. Marsh).

Previously in the Museum from Pard.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 42

602 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

Diastatops obscura.

Libellula obscura, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 422. n. 10 (1775).

West end of Parana de Buyassu, Jan. 15; Manaos, Feb. 11.

‘The patch at the base of the hind wing and the abdomen

(except tip) brilliant scarlet when alive” (#. #. A.). Both

this and the following, which Mr. Austen always found

together and thinks are the same species *, are very abundant.

Diastatops pullata.

Libellula pullata, Burm. Handb, Ent. ii. p. 854. n. 34 (1839).

West end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 15 and 18; Manaos,

Feb. 11, 1896.

Genus ZENITHOPTERA, de Selys.

Zenithoptera fasciata.

Libellula fasciata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 545. n. 12 (1758).

Paré, Jan. 4; Obydos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, Rio de Pard,

March 7, 1896.

Zenithoptera americana.

Libellula americana, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 545. n. 16 (1758),

Manaos, Feb. 11; Gurupd, Feb. 22, 1896.

“This species settles on the tips of dead twigs, from 5 to

10 feet from the ground, droops its wings downwards and

forwards, and thus looks exactly like a tuft of dead leaves.

The insects will remain motionless in this way for several

minutes.” (Note by HL. HE. A., Feb. 22, 1896.)

Genus PreriTHemis, Hagen.

Perithemis lais.

Perithemis lais, Perty, Del. Anim, Art. p. 125, pl. xxv. fig. 2 (1834).

Parad, Jan. 7, 1896.

One specimen only in Mr. Austen’s collection.

“Fairly common, but very difficult to catch; fond of

settling on grass-blades projecting from pools” (£. £, A.).

Perithemis Austent, sp. n.

(Pl. XII. fig. 4 g, fig. 5 ¢.)

Long. corp. 24 millim.; exp. al. 38 millim. ; long. pter.

2-2-3 millim.

* This is also Mr. M‘Lachlan’s opinion.

from the Amazons ée. 603

Closely allied to P. bella, Kirb., but slightly larger. The

male is tinged with deep orange-yellow, with only the apical

area of the fore wings subhyaline; the pterostigma (which is

longer on the hind wings than on the fore wings) is red,

bordered below with a black line; the triangle of the fore

wings is sometimes traversed and sometimes open, and is

followed by 2 or 3 cells, and there are 3 cells in the subtrian-

gular space.

In the female the wings are hyaline, the anterior wings

with the nodus marked with black and followed by a slight

yellow suffusion, and the lower subcostal space slightly and

brokenly tinged with yellow; the hind wings are hyaline,

with a yellow suffusion, with no brown shade in the middle,

extending from a little beyond the triangle nearly to the

pterostigma or the costa, and to the level of its middle on the

inner margin. The triangle on the fore wings is open, and

the subtriangular space consists of one cell only.

In most other characters this insect agrees with P. bella ;

but the series of P. bel/a from Santarem and the five specimens

of P. Austent from Manaos appear to exhibit fairly constant

characters.

Manaos, Feb. 10 and 11, 1896.

Genus TRITHEMIS, Brauer.

Trithemis pulla.

Libellula pulla, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. p. 855. n. 41 (1859).

Trithemis pulla, Kirb. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 263 (1894).

Paré, Jan. 10; Breves, Jan. 13; Gurupd, Jan. 23; San-

tarem, Jan. 30; Obydos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, March 7, 1856.

One of the commonest of the Amazonian Dragonflies.

Trithemis Erichsont.

Trithemis Erichsoni, Kirb. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 263

(1894).

Libellula unimaculata, Erichs. Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 584 (1848).

Breves, Lower Amazons, Jan. 13; W. end of Parana de

Buyassu, Jan. 18 and 19; Gurupd, Lower Amazons, Jan. 23

and Feb. 22; Manaos, Feb. 2; Mosqueiro, Rio de Pard,

March 10.

Many specimens.

Trithemis umbrata.

Libellula umbrata, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 545. n. 13 (1758).

Gurup4, Jan. 23; Santarem, Jan. 30; Obydos, Feb. 2;

49%

604 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

Macap4, Feb. 25; Chaves, Feb. 27; Breves, March 1;

Mosqueiro, Rio de ’Pard, March 6, 1896.

Several specimens of this common and rather variable

species.

[Genus CrocoTHemis, Brauer.

Crocothemis erythrea.

Libellula erythrea, Brullé, Expéd. de Morée, iii. (1) p. 102, pl. xxxii.

fig. 4 (1862).

Porto Grande, St. Vincent, Cape Verd Is., Dec. 26, 1895.

Three fine Silke and one rorelee A SAX known Southe

European species. |

Genus ORTHEMIS, Hagen.

Orthemis ferruginea.

Libeliula ferruginea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 423. n. 19 (1775).

Breves, Jan. 13; W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 16;

Obydos, Feb. 23 Manaos, Feb. 11.

The specimen (male) from Breves bears a label— Colour

of living insect: thorax plum-purple, abdomen deep scarlet.

Only found over swampy ground ; common, but very wary

and difficult to catch.—. H. A.”

A common species throughout the warmer parts of America.

Genus ANATYA, Kirb.

Anatya guttata.

Libellula guttata, Exichs. Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii, p. 584 (1848).

Anatya anomala, Kirb. Trans. Zool, Soc. Lond. xii. p. 338, pl. lili.

fig. 9, pl. lvii. fig. 7 (1889).

W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 19, 1896 ; Gurupd,

Feb. 22, 1896.

A damaged pair, taken zn covt@, from the first locality ;

one specimen from the latter.

Genus Uractis, Ramb.

Uracis imbuta.

Libellula imbuta, Burm. Handb, Ent. ii. p. 850. n. 9 (1839),

Two miles below Pardé (the commonest species), Jan. 7;

Breves, Jan. 13, 1896.

The male of this species is pulverulent blue, with the head

black and only the lower mouth-parts testaceous, but the

occipital triangle is smooth and red. The wings are tipped

from the Amazons ke. 605

with brown nearly to the base of the pterostigma. The

female is dark blackish brown, with only the thorax slightly

mottled with testaceous; the head is almost wholly testaceous.

The neuration varies considerably, but the triangles of all the

Wings are always traversed ; the number of cross-nervules in

the lower basal cell varies and also the presence or absence

of supratriangular nervules. In the specimens from Breves

the brown tip of the fore wings is narrower than in those

from Pardé; there are four males and one female from Para

and a pair (¢ ¢) from Breves. :,

This species is intermediate between U. quadra, Ramb.,

and U. fastigiata, Burm., in the width of the dark tips to

the wings, but differs from both by its uniform unspotted

colour. The British Museum possesses a series of specimens

from Trinidad which I refer provisionally to U. quadra.

The abdomen is spotted in both sexes, the apex of the wing

is but slightly browned, there are no supra-triangular

nervules, but there are two nervules in the lower basal

cell on the fore wings and three on the hind wings, and

the triangle of the hind wings, which is traversed, corre-

sponds with the arculus, whereas it is generally rather shorter

in U. imbuta.

There seem to be several very closely allied species of

Uracis, or else a number of imperfectly segregated varieties.

There are several specimens in the Museum which I can

neither include in the described species, nor separate on

characters tangible enough to admit of the insects being

described as distinct without a larger amount of material.

It should be noted that Rambur’s figure of U. quadra,

though unsatisfactory and inaccurate, represents the triangle

of the hind wings as followed by three rows of cells, in-

creasing. No specimen of Uracis before me has more than

two.

Uracis Siemenst, sp.n. (Pl. XII. fig. 3.)

Long. corp. 32 millim.; exp. al. 55 millim.; long. pter.

3 millim.

Male.—Pulverulent blue ; head and face greenish yellow,

occiput black above, vertex blue-black to before the ocelli ;

mandibles and sutures of the mentum black. Upper anal

appendages as long as the eighth segment, pointed and rather

sharply curved upwards; lower appendage about two thirds

as long as the others, and truncated at the extremity.

Wings rather narrow, yellowish hyaline; pterostigma

blackish, rather thick, covering nearly three cells. Fore

wings with 12-13 antenodal cross-nervules (the last not con-

606 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

tinuous) and 9-10 postnodal cross-nervules (9 on the right side,

10 on the left), the first not continuous. Fore wings with the

triangles rather small, very oblique, traversed, and extending

considerably beyond those of the hind wings; subtriangular

space composed of three cells; triangle followed by one row

of three cells, and then by several rows of two cells, increasing

beyond the middle ; no supra-triangular nervules ; lower basal

cell with 2-8 cross-nervules. Hind wings with the triangle

small, open, not extending to the arculus, and followed by a

single row of cells, increasing ; no supra-triangular nervules ;

4 cross-nervules in the lower basal cell.

Female.—Like the male, but testaceous, the thorax and

pleura lined with black, and transversely with ripple-like

brown markings from the central carina of the thorax to below

the uppermost black line on the pleura; about the middle of

the pleura are two black spots. Abdomen with all the carine

black and with black blotches on the sides towards the extre-

mity of segment 4 and those following it; the hinder segments

have the dark space increasing till 1t covers a large part of

the segments above as well as at the sides.

Wings clearer hyaline and the pterostigma brown; other-

wise as in the male.

Gurupd, Jan. 23 and Feb. 22, 1896.

Two males; a female from Pardé was previously in the

collection.

Allied to U. infumata, Rambur, but in the latter species

the wings are banded with purplish brown, and the anal

appendages are yellow.

Genus MacroTuemis, Hagen.

Macrothemis celeno (?).

Libellula celeno, De Selys, Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Ins. p. 454 (1857),

Paré, Jan. 5; W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 13,

1896.

Four males and one female. They agree fairly well with

the published descriptions of J/. celeno; but, in the absence

of specimens from Cuba, I cannot feel absolutely certain of

the correctness of the identification.

Genus Ruopopyeia, Kirb.

Rhodopygia cardinalis,

Libellula cardinalis, Exichs., Schomb, Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 583 (1848).

Gurupd4, Jan. 23, 1896.

a At hy adaan OO cae

Jrom the Amazons &c. 607

“Thorax and abdomen of same colour, a brilliant scarlet”

(2. Hepa),

One specimen only.

Previously in the Museum from Pard.

Genus Neocysta, Kirb.

Neocysta attenuata.

Libellula attenuata, Erichs., Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 583 (1848).

Pardé, Jan. 3 and 5; W. end of Parand de Buyassu,

Jan. 15 and 16, 1896.

Both sexes obtained; the female differs little from the

male, except that the thorax is dull green instead of red.

Genus CANNACRIA, Kirb.

Cannacria Batesiv.

Cannacria Bates’, Kirb. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xii. p. 341, pl. liii.

fig. 1, pl. lvii. fig. 9 (1889).

Manaos, Feb. 14, 1896.

One specimen (#, H. A.).

Genus Lepruemis, Hagen.

Lepthemis vesiculosa.

Libellula vesiculosa, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 421. n. 7 (1775).

Santarem, Jan. 23-31; Itacoatiara, Feb. 7; Manaos,

Feb. 10; Mosqueiro, Rio de Pard, March 8-10, 1896.

Several specimens. A widely distributed species through-

out the warmer parts of America.

Lepthemis hematogastra.

Libellula hematogastra, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. ii. p. 857. n. 55 (1889).

Obydos, Feb. 2; Manaos, Feb. 14; Macapd, Feb. 25;

Mosqueiro, March 7, 1896.

Previously in the Museum from Paré and Santarem.

Genus Mesoruemis, Hagen.

Mesothemis attala.

Libellula attala, De Selys, Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Ins. p. 445 (1857).

Obydos, Feb. 2; Parintins, Feb, 4; Itacoatiara, Feb. 7 ;

Manaos, Feb. 14, 1896.

608 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

One specimen from each locality. The specimen from

Parintins bears a note:—“In the forest, a considerable

distance from the river.” '

Genus EryTuHemis, Hagen.

Erythemis peruviana.

Libellula peruviana, Ramb. Ins. Névr. p. 81 (1842).

W. end of Parana de Buyassu, Jan. 15 and 16; Santarem,

Jan. 27 and 31; Manaos, Feb. 10; Macapa, Feb. 25.

All the males taken at the first locality were immature,

resembling the female in coloration. Several fully-coloured

males, however, were taken at Santarem, some of which are

marked “ Opposite shore to the town.”

Genus MicratuyriA, Kirb.

Micrathyria Cambridget, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. fig. 4.)

Long. corp. 34 millim.; exp. al. 62 millim. ; long. pter.

3 millim.

Male.—Head : face buff, vertex chalybeous blue, mandibles

and suture of mentum black; ccciput ferruginous, spotted

and streaked above and on the sides with yellow. Prothorax

and pleura brassy green, a short slender yellow line in front

on each side, a slender line (angulated downwards in the

middle) below it, and two very broad straight yellow bands

on the pleura, with a narrow one between them, the hinder-

most covering the whole of the hinder part of the pleura.

Tegule with a small yellow spot on each, and another in front.

Interalary portion of the meso- and metathorax pulverulent

blue, intersected by black sutures. Abdomen shining black ;

a transverse green mark on each side of the front of the second

segment above ; a short pointed longitudinal green stripe at

the base on the sides of segments 3 and 4, a small orange

spot on the sides of segment 5 at the base, an orange dot on

the sides at the base of segment 6, and an oblong green

blotch on each side of segment 7, separated above by the

central carina. Legs black; femora yellow towards the

base beneath. Wings hyaline, the tips rusty brown beyond

the pterostigma; nervures black, pterostigma dark reddish

brown. Fore wings with 11-12 antenodal cross-nervules,

the last not continuous, and 7 postnodal cross-nervules, the

two first not continuous. ‘Triangle traversed, followed by

two rows of cells, increasing to three beyond the middle, and

terminating in four on the hind margin ; subtriangular space

ge cal aamars wm

es ee ee

EEE

from the Amazons &e. 609

rather long, and consisting of three cells. Hind wings

slightly tinged with deep yellow at the extreme base, fore

wings scarcely at all. Upper ulnar appendages slender, as

long as the last two segments, not much longer than the

lower appendage.

Breves, Jan. 13, 1896.

One specimen only.

Differs from WM. didyma, De Selys, and other allied species,

in the first row of post-triangular cells being formed of two

cells only, not three.

I have named this species after Mr. Pickard-Cambridge,

who accompanied Mr. Austen in his journey.

Micrathyria eximia, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. fig. 3.)

Long. corp. 22-26 millim.; exp. al. 36-37 millim.; long.

pter. 2 millim.

Male.—F ace pale yellow, inclining to greenish on the

sides; antennal tubercle and centre of vertex metallic blue ;

mentum whitish, the medial line and the mandibles black.

Prothorax and front of pleura metallic green; meso- and

metathorax and hinder half of the pleura pulverulent blue; a

broad pale yellow stripe, narrowed behind, on each side of

the thorax above, and three more, partly interrupted, pale

yellow stripes on each side, the uppermost narrow, slightly

angulated, the others more or less obliterated by the pulveru-

lescence; tegule pale yellow. Legs black, front femora

yellowish beneath towards the base. Abdomen black,

thickened towards the base and tip, with yellow lateral stripes

in front of segments 3-6; on segment 7 is a much larger

one on each side, separated by the dorsal carina; sometimes

there is also a lateral spot at the base of segment 8. Anal

appendages as long as the ninth segment, upper appendages

slightly curved downwards, of nearly equal thickness through-

out; lower appendage scarcely shorter than the others. Wings

clear hyaline ; fore wings with 7-8 antenodal cross-nervures,

the last not continuous, and 5-7 postnodals, the first two not

continuous ; triangle not traversed, followed by two rows of

cells, only increasing to three on the hind margin; subtrian-

gular space consisting of one cell only: hind wings with the

triangle not traversed and the sectors of the triangle separated

at the base. One cross-nervule in the lower basal cells; no

supra-triangular nervules.

Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896.

Described from four specimens.

A very pretty little species, not closely allied to any other.

A male trom Parad was previously in the Museum collection.

610 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

I describe below an allied species from the Amazons which

was not found by Mr. Austen :—

[Micrathyria tibialis, sp. n.

(Pl. XIIL. fig. 5 g, fig. 6 9.2)

Long. corp. 23-25 millim.; exp. al. 40-42 millim. ; long.

pter. 2 millim.

Male.—Face yellow, tips of mandibles black, antennal

tubercle and middle of vertex metallic blue-green. Thorax

metallic blue-green; pleura yellow, with three metallic

oblique bands; front of mesothorax with a bifid yellow mark

on each side, conterminous with the yellow front of the

pleura; interalary space pulverulent blue. Abdomen black,

less thickened at base and tip than in JZ eximia, with long

lateral testaceous spots on segments 38-6, and the spots on

segment 7 barely separated by the narrow black carina; anal

appendages testaceous, black above at the base. Legs black,

front femora yellow beneath; hind tibie and sometimes a

line on the others rufo-testaceous. Wings as in J. eximia,

except that the marginal row of post-triangular cells is formed

of four cells instead of three.

Female (apparently immature) with the antennal tubercles

yellowish behind; thorax, pleura, and base of abdomen

varied with rufo-testaceous and yellowish, the hinder part of

the thorax with a mere trace of metallic colouring above;

abdomen blackish brown, except at base, with the pale spots

larger than in the male; anal appendages testaceous; legs

blackish above, and mostly testaceous beneath, like the

greater part of the underside of the body; hind tibie testa-

ceous. Wings as in the male, except that the pterostigma

is paler testaceous.

Hab. Santarem (Bates).

Closely allied to M. eximia.]

Micrathyria basalis, sp.n. (Pl. XIL. fig. ‘)

Long. corp. 25 millim.; exp. al. 38 millim. ; long. pter.

2 millim.

Male.—Face blackish or deep reddish brown, sometimes

with the mentum narrowly bordered before and behind with

yellow ; clypeus metallic blue, with a pale yellow spot on

each side; antennal tubercle metallic blue, bordered with

yellow behind ; occiput black, the hinder orbits mostly yellow ;

thorax and pleura brownish yellow, speckled with black, the

sutures and carine brown; two or three brown or blackish

spots on the pleura under the fore wings; interalary space

Jrom the Amazons &e. 611

greenish yellow ; abdomen testaceous yeliow, with the sutures,

the carine, and a lateral band bifid in front and interrupted

on the hinder half of the segments, black; the last four

segments (except a short testaceous lateral line at the base of

the first of these) wholly black, by the gradual widening

of the black band over the dorsal carine, and the lateral

black bands ; anal appendages a little longer than the ninth

segment, yellow; the lower appendage almost as long as the

upper ones, and narrowly bordered with black. Wings

hyaline, one cross-nervule on the lower basal cell; triangles

free; no supra-triangular nervules: fore wings with 8-9

antenodal cross-nervules, the last not continuous, and 6-8

postnodals, the first two not continuous ; subtriangular space

consisting of 3 cells (rarely 2) ; two rows of post-triangular

cells, increasing ; base of fore wing stained with brown on

the inner margin as far as the first cross-nervure : hind wings

with the sectors of the triangle separated at the base; base of

hind wings stained with brownish testaceous for two fifths of

the distance from the base to the triangle; this space is

traversed by thick black nervures, and is bordered with

blackish.

Female (?) yellow, the lower border of the clypeus (broadest

on the sides) and the mandibles and central line of the

mentum black; antennal tubercle and centre of vertex

metallic blue; a yellow spot in front of the eyes at the base

of the antennal tubercle on each side. Thorax orange-yellow,

with the carine reddish brown ; a large yellow spot in front

above the angulated carina; prothorax yellow above, with

the sides black ; front of mesothorax yellow along the median

line, and mottled with reddish brown on each side of it; inter-

alary space yellow, the sutures narrowly black and the sides

spotted with black ; base of abdomen yellow, the sutures and

carine at first reddish, but those at the end of the second

segment and on the third segment black; the remaining

segments black, the fourth with a long yellow lateral stripe,

broad at the base, the fifth with a long stripe, the sixth with

a wedge-shaped one, and the seventh with a broad one,

nearly meeting on the back. Anal appendages yellowish or

buff. Legs black ; front femora beneath, and base of the other

femora beneath, yellowish. Wings hyaline, stained with

yellow at the base; fore wings with 10 antenodal and 7-8

postnodal cross-nervules ; triangle of fore wings traversed ;

otherwise the wings are as in the male.

W. end of Parané de Buyassu, Jan. 16; Obydos, Feb. 2 ;

Breves, March 1, 1896.

Differs a little from typical Micrathyria in the abdomen

612 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

being more gradually thickened at the base and only very

slightly towards the tip, thus approaching Jrithemis. The

traversed cell of the fore wings in the femele specimen from

Breves might cause some doubt as to whether it is the true

female of this species, but that one of three males from Para,

previously in the collection of the Museum, has also the

triangles of the fore wings traversed by a nervure, though it

does not differ otherwise from the other males of the species

before me.

Micrathyria attenuata.

Trithemis (?) attenuata, Kirb. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xii. p, 328,

pl. liii. fig. 2 (1889).

Para, Jan. 7, 8, and 10; W. end of Parandé de Buyassu,

Jan. 16; Macapd, Feb. 25, 1896.

The types are from Santarem. Mr. Austen obtained

several specimens of both sexes at Para (one very brightly

coloured female may have had its colours changed by cyanide),

and a very dark specimen belonging to the variety with

suffused wings, mentioned in the original description, from

Parandé de Buyassu.

Micrathyria venusta, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. fig. 1.)

Long. corp. 35 millim.; exp. al. 57 millim.; long. pter.

3 millim.

Male.—Blue-black, face yellow, vertex purplish brown,

lower mouth-parts yellowish brown, occiput black, the lower

occipital part of the eyes bordered behind with a slender

yellow line. Abdomen with some rather indistinct trans-

verse testaceous markings towards the base, but the hinder

part of the third segment and the front part of segments 4—7

with a longitudinal lateral testaceous stripe on each—that on

the sixth is oblong and that on the seventh forms an even

band across the basal upper half of the segment. Anal

appendages testaceous, the upper one rather slender, pointed,

and a little longer than the lower one, which is very broad

and rounded at the extremity. Wings hyaline, crossed by a

broad smoky-brown band, with the centres of the cells pale,

from just before the level of the nodus nearly to the ptero-

stigma; fore wings only slightly brownish at the base, but

hind wings with a smoky-brown patch at the base as far as

the triangle. Legs black, femora rufo-testaceous at the base

and beneath. Fore wings with 10 antenodal cross-nervules,

the last not continuous, and 10-11 postnodals; triangle

traversed, followed by three rows of post-triangular cells,

from the Amazons ée. 613

interrupted by one or more rows of two, and increasing to

four towards the hind margins ; no supra-triangular nervules,

only one cross-nervule in the lower basal cell; subtriangular

space consisting of three cells.

Macapa, Feb. 25, 1896.

Possibly a large variety of M/. attenuata, but in that species

the band on the sixth segment of the abdomen meets on the

back, and that on the seventh is smaller, and sometimes nearly

obsolete. The large size of MJ. venusta gives it a superficial

resemblance to Trithemis umbrata, Linn.

Zschnide.

GoMPHINE.

Genus CycLopHyLia, De Selys.

Cyclophylla Calverti, sp.n. (Pl. XII. fig. 2.)

Long. corp. 47 millim.; exp. al. 57 millim.; long. pter.

4 millim.; long. append. anal. 2 millim.

Male——Head green; a reddish-brown band, expanded

behind on each side, covering the antenne and ocelli; mentum

bordered with yellow above, and the space between this and

the mandibles ferruginous ; a yellow spot on each side above

the base of the mandibles. Thorax reddish brown, with two

green bands, very broad in front and narrowing and con-

verging behind; traces of a second band between this and

the fore wings; pleura with three green bands, the last the

broadest ; below the middle they shade into yellow and ferru-

ginous. Legs short, rufous ; femora greenish yellow beneath,

and shortly serrated ; appendages of the second segment, and

lateral lobes at the base of the abdomen large and conspicuous.

Interalary space marked with a rather broad olive-green

stripe, and with a conspicuous yellow spot between the bases

of each pair of wings. Abdomen greenish brown at the base,

and blackish from before the middle of the third segment ;

fourth, fifth, and sixth segments with greenish lateral spots,

that on the fourth largest ; seventh with a lateral green dash

extending for nearly one third of its length ; eighth and ninth

segments slightly expanded on the lower edges; tenth

segment rufo-testaceous; upper appendages black, semi-

circular, slightly hairy, and incurved ; a strong tooth on the

inner lower edge at one third of their length; tips pointed,

preceded by a blunt tooth, and a lobe between this and the

point. Lower appendage short, semicircular, pointed at both

ends. Wings hyaline, with a slight yellowish tinge, and

614 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

black neuration; pterostigma testaceous, between black

nervures. Upper triangles and lower triangle of the fore

wings traversed by one nervure each; lower basal cell with

one cross-nervule; one supra-triangular nervule on all the

wings: fore wings with 18-19 antenodal and 10-13 postnodal

cross-nervules ; hind wings with 13-14 antenodals and 12-13

postnodals. Triangle of fore wings followed by two rows of

cells, increasing, that of hind wings followed by one row of

3, and then by several rows of 2, increasing. Hind wings

deeply excised on the inner margin; inner marginal space

consisting of 4 cells.

W. end of Parandé de Buyassu, Jan. 15, 1896.

Allied to C. diphylla, gladiata, and sordida, De Selys, but

apparently distinct from either. Appears to approach the

first in the spotting of the abdomen and the others in the

markings of the thorax. I have named the species after

Mr. Philip Calvert, of Philadelphia, in recognition of the

useful work he is doing in the Odonata.

There are three more specimens of this genus from Pard,

Breves, and Manaos, respectively, which may be new, but

these are immature and in poor condition, so that it is not

advisable to describe them in the absence of more and better

specimens.

AE SCHNINE.

Genus ANAX, Leach.

Anax amazili.

Aschna amazili, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. p. 841. n. 19 (1859).

Santarem, Jan. 31; Mosqueiro, March 7, 1896.

A species new to the Museum collection.

Genus Aiscuna (Illiger).

Aischna macromia.

A‘schna macromia, Brauer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, xv. p. 906

(1865).

Near Santarem (F.), Jan. 27, 1896.

Previously in the Museum from Santarem and the Tapajos.

Genus GYNACANTHA, Rambur.

I have been criticized for making G. trifida, Rambur, the

type of this genus, although Baron De Selys Longchamps, in

ee ind ae

from the Amazons ke. 615

1883, restricted that name to another section. I did so on

the ground that De Selys, in Ramon de la Sagra’s ‘ Histoire

de l’Ile de Cuba’ (1857), quoted Rambur’s definition of

the genus, and described two species under it—G. trifida,

Rambur, and G. septima, De Selys—an action which many

entomologists would agree with me was tantamount to fixing

G. trifida as the type of Gynacantha.

Gynacantha trifida.

Gynacantha trifida, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 210 (1842).

Mosqueiro, March 8, 1896.

Previously in the Museum from the Tapajos.

Genus ACANTHAGYNA, Kirb.

Acanthagyna nervosa.

Gynacantha nervosa, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 94 (1842).

Mosqueiro, March 8, 1896.

Four female specimens.

A widely distributed species in Tropical America.

Acanthagyna subviridis.

schna subviridis, De Selys, Rev. Odon. p. 129 (1850).

Aéschna viridis, Rambur, Ins. Névr. p. 200 (1842).

Para, Jan. 4.

Previously in the Museum collection from Pard and the

Tapajos.

Agrionide.

Ca@vAGRIONINZE.

PSEUDOSTIGMATINA.

Genus MECISTOGASTER, Rambur.

Mecistogaster linearis.

Agrion linearis, Fabr. Gen. Ins. p. 249 (1776).

Forest, Santarem, Lower Amazons, Feb. 27, 1896 (cap-

tured by Mr. F. O. Pickard Cambridge).

A very common South-American species.

NORMOSTIGMATINA.

Genus CHZNONEURA, Kirb.

Cenoneura sylvatica (?).

Neoneura sylvatica (Hagen, MS.), De Selys, Mém. Cour. (9) xxxyiii.

p- 204 (1886).

616 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Neuroptera

Below Gurupé (7), Jan. 24, 1896.

A single specimen, not fully coloured.

The type of C. sylvatica was received from Rio Janeiro.

Genus MicronyMPHa, Kirb.

Micronympha fluviatilis.

Ischnura fluviatilis, De Selys, Bull, Acad. Belg. (2) xli. p. 269 (1876).

Between Gurupd and Monte Alegre, Jan. 24; Macap4 (7),

Feb. 25, 1896.

A common and widely distributed species in South

America.

Genus Lrepracrion, De Selys.

Leptagrion, spp.

Gurup4, Jan. 23; Breves, March 1, 1896.

Two species, probably new; but I do not wish to describe

Coenagrionine at present, as the series in the British Museum

is very poor.

The following species were obtained of other families of

Neuroptera than the Odonata :—

Ephemeride2.

Genus CAmpsurus, Eaton.

Campsurus quadridentatus.

Campsurus quadridentatus, Eaton, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 58,

pl. iii. fig. 18 (details).

Above Santarem (/.), Feb. 1, 1896.

Not previously in the collection of the Museum.

Campsurus Picteti, n. n.

Palingenia dorsalis, Pictet (nec Burm.), Hist. Nat. Ins. Névr., Ephem.

p. 153, pl. xiii. fig. 5 (1845); Walker, List Neur, Ins. Brit. Mus. iii.

p. 549. n. 5 (1853).

Asthenopus dorsalis, Eaton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 59.

Campsurus dorsalis, Eaton, Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. (2) iii. p. 41

(1883).

Eighty miles below Breves, Jan. 11; above Santarem,

Feb. 1, 1896.

Taken on the ‘ Faraday’ on the night of Feb. 1, 1896, in

numbers round the electric lights hanging over the stern.

dh ins oaaa

ae ee oe

from the Amazons &e. 617

One of the specimens has a mass of eggs adhering to the

abdomen.

I have thought it necessary to rename this species, which

is well described and figured by Pictet; for Palingenia

dorsalis, Burm., is described as having three sete as long as

the body, and the head, thorax, back of abdomen, and

nervures black. It can hardly be even congeneric with

Pictet’s insect.

Termitida.

Genus TERMES, Linn.

Termes dirus.

Termes dirus, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii. p. 766. n. 8 (1839).

Obydos, Feb. 2, 1896.

Four winged specimens.

Osmylida.

Genus Osmywus, Latr.

Osmylus, sp. (?).

A green species, apparently congeneric with Q. (?) longi-

cornis, Walker, from Georgia, with which it agrees in its

setaceous antenne.

Macapé, Feb. 25, 1896.

One specimen.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Prats XII.

Page

Fig.1. Micrathyria basalis..........000. 610

Fig. 2. Cyclophylla Calvertt ............ 613

Fig. 3. Uracis Stemenst oie. cscs cceeeess 605

Fig. 4. Perithemis Austenit, $ .......... 602

Big. Bs Ditto, Qe er aie ac tle dtd ee nels 602

Puate XIII.

Fig. 1. Micrathyria venusta ....++..0+5. 612

Fig. 2. Miathyria flavescens........+++++: 600

Fig. 3. Micrathyria eximia..... 1200.00: 609

Fig. 4 Cambridget cryine bait = snes 4 608

Fig. 5. Lrbialess..o) he chis baie ieee 610

Fig. 6. Ditto, Qo... ccs eeee cree eeecees 610

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 43

618 Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major on the

LXILI.—The Otter of Central America.

By C. I. ForsytH Magor.

During the preparation of a detailed paper on the skulls of

the Otters, the publication of which has been accidentally

delayed by my absence from Europe, the species occurring in

Central America has proved to need a new name. It may

be called Lutra annectens, sp. n.

The nearest affinities of DL. annectens, of which I have

examined two skulls from Mexico, two from Guatemala, and

one from Panama, are not with ZL. felina, Mol., as supposed

by Tomes, Coues, Alston, and Allen, but with the North-

American canadensis, as von Frantzius has supposed, and the

South-American middle-sized Otters, as shown by O. Thomas ;

these last, in my opinion, must have only one name, viz.

L. enhydris, ¥. Cuv. (emend.). It must be stated at the

outset that not all the characters assigned to canadensis as

distinctive from enhydris are constant, and neither are those

of the latter ; there are specimens of canadensis which in the

form of the skull and teeth approach enhydris, and vice versd.

LL. annectens agrees with canadensis (1) in having a straight

inferior mandibular margin (in one skull from Alaska, how-

ever, it is curved as in South-American Otters, whilst in one

from Ilheos, Brazil, it is straight, as usual in canadensis) ;

(2) as in canadensis, the premolars in annectens are slenderer,

Jess massive than in enhydris. But they even go beyond

the northern form in this respect, as the anterior ones are so

small that when the jaws are closed they do not closely inter-

lock or touch one another, though they overlap. P. 2 inf. is

smaller as compared to p. 1 than even in canadensis, and there

is a real diastema between p. 1 and p. 2 inf.

P.1 sup. also is less massive in annectens than usual in

enhydris, and presents more the triangular form of cana-

densis; but here, again, it must be stated that in a skull (¢)

from Surinam and in two (2) from Brazil this tooth is tri-

angular, whilst other South-American skulls from Cayenne,

Desterro, Maldonado, &c. present transitions between the

shape of the tooth in the first-named three and the massive

almost quadrate form in one skull from British Guiana and

two from Rio Grande do Sul.

In the following cranial and dental characters annectens

shows agreement with enhydris :—

1. The upper contour of the skull slopes downwards ante-

riorly (in its facial part), whilst it is straight in canadensis.

2. The bulla ossex are, alike in annectens and enhydris,

less flattened than in canadensis.

ee re ae

Otter of Central America. 619

3. M. 1 sup. is, as in enhydrts, more extended trans-

versely ; in canadensis it has a more quadrate shape, and is,

besides, as a rule, distinguished from both by a nick in its

posterior border.

In the relative dimensions of the skull annectens presents

intermediate characters :— Absolute basal length: canadensis

95°8 (?)—103°4 millim.; annectens 97°8 . 106:2; enhydris

93—115*.

Greatest breadth (percentage dimensions) :

canadensis .....-..66 69°1—78'1

annectens .......... ds) Aas

CRAY ATE ee Ye jos She 67:1—77

Cranial breadth, behind zygomatic arches and above

meatus audit. (pe. dim.) :

CANAAENSIS ... 1... 0s 55°3—66'1

UNRTECCENS) eee 58:5 . 59°8

CRAYAT IE Se 55°1—6]

Breadth between upper canines (pe. dim.) :

CANAAENSIS ...5.2.005 24:3 —27°2

TURECLEN Gee tee cr 9671. 282

(1 iy Tr ee ee 24:°5—28

Palate length (pc. dim.) :

canadensis .......... 46:-6—50°5

annectens .........- 45:9 . 465

CRY ONAL 5.5 s:d'awre ale «ke 42-9—54'6

In the greatest posterior breadth—as in the form and

position of premolars—the Central-American Otters present

features of their own, since they show the maximum of

posterior breadth of all the crania under consideration :

ONNECEENS 5) 5H), 3 3 (2 Asp

CANAUCENSIS = arc e oe 63°7—69

CRAY GUE. ER oa ae ot 62'5—71

The Central-American Otters, therefore, whilst sharing

some characters with canadensis, on the whole approach more

to enhydris. Besides, some of their characters are inter-

mediate between the North-American and the South-

American Otters; so that, even apart from their habitat,

they are in more than one sense intermediate between their

* It must be confessed that my material of canadensis is sadly insuthi-

cient; the ten skulls of enhydris, of which all the measurements could

be taken, give much better averages than the five of canadensis.

43*

620 M. Charles Janet on the Relations of

northern and southern relatives. And, lastly, they present

some features of theirown. As an obvious conclusion, we

must expect that at some future date it will be possible

to show that canadensis, annectens, and enhydris are but

subspecies of a single species.

Measurements of the skull of the type (¢) in millimetres :—

Basal length 106°2; greatest breadth 79°8 ; cranial breadth

63°5; breadth between upper canines 30; interorbital breadth

26; greatest posterior breadth 77°2; palate length 48°7.

Hab. Terro Tepic, Rio de Tepic, Jalisco, Mexico. Coll.

Dr. A. C. Bullen, Jan. 1891.

Type Brit. Mus. no. 92. 3. 17. 8.

LXIV.—On the Relations of Antennophorus Uhlmanni,

Haller, to Lasius mixtus, Ny/. By M. CHarves JANET *,

Aytennopuorvs Unruannt is an Acarid which was described

in 1877 by Haller from specimens found in Switzerland in a

nest of Lastus niger. Since that time this species has been

found by Karpeller in Hungary in a nest of Lastus umbratus.

These two references are the only ones with which I am

acquainted. No observations have been made up to the

present on the habits of this creature.

I have found it in abundance in the garden of the Villa des

Roses, near Beauvais, in a splendid nest of Lasius miztus,

and I took advantage of the opportunity to set up a nest for

observation, which has enabled me to ascertain the relations

of this parasite with its host.

Antennophorus Uhimanni lives as an epizoon upon Lastus.

It fixes itself on the lower surface of the head or on the sides

of the abdomen of its host by means of the caruncule in

which its feet terminate, and which are furnished with a

very adhesive sticky substance.

These parasites are blind, but the first pair of feet is trans-

formed into long antenniform appendages provided with very

sensitive olfactory organs. ‘They do not wander about in the

galleries of the nest, but walk over the bodies of the ants,

passing from one to another. When an Antennophorus,

detached from the body of an ant, lies upon the soil in one of

the galleries of the nest, it raises and stretches forward its

first pair of ambulatory feet, and at the same time explores

the space around it with its long antenniform feet. These

* ‘Comptes Rendus,’ 1897, t. exxiy. pp. 583-585,

Antennophorus Uhlmanni ¢o Lasius mixtus. 621

appendages are much more agitated when an ant passes

close by. If it pass near enough, the Acarid glues itself on

to its body by means of the cap of sticky material on the end

of one of its ambulatory feet, which it holds up ready for this

operation; and it can in this way soon climb up and fix

itself in a good position on its host. This latter is surprised

and seeks to rid itself of the new comer, but, failing in this,

it becomes resigned very quickly as soon as the Acarid has

taken up one of its normal positions.

Generally a working ant only carries a single Antenno-

phorus, but they may very often be seen carrying several.

In all cases, the parasites take up positions symmetrical with

the sagittal plane of their host’s body, and it thus comes

about that the centre of gravity of the extra load is placed in

the sagittal plane of the carrying ant.

The Acarids are also under the best conditions for not

hampering the movements of the ants, and, as a consequence,

for being the more readily tolerated by them. The Antenno-

phorus directs its antenniform feet towards the front of the

ant if fixed upon its head, and in the reverse direction if fixed

upon the abdomen. When an ant carries but one Antenno-

phorus, it is almost always placed on the head of the host.

The case (represented in the figure) of an ant carrying an

Lasius mixtus bearing three Antennophorus Uhimanni in their

normal positions. x 12.

Antennophorus under its head and one on either side of the

abdomen is very common. ‘I'he presence of one or more of

the parasites on the body of a Lastus does not prevent the

latter from taking its share in the work of the colony and in

particular the carriage of the larve and rubbish.

The Antennophorus attaches itself freely to the naked

nymphs, but never to a nymph envelopedin a cocoon. Thus

in an experimental nest consisting of some fifty ants, all

carrying a single Antennophorus and accompanied by a certain

number of nymphs, I found on the following day a newly

emerged ant which bore seven Antennophori arranged

622 On Antennophorus Uhlmanni and Lasius mixtus.

symmetrically as follows :—two (one on the top of the other)

on either side of the head and on the abdomen, one on the

middle of the dorsal region, and one on either side. It

would appear that the Antennophorus is attracted to the

young ants on account of the care with which they are looked

after and fed by their older companions. These latter do not

seek to drive away the parasites, which spread themselves a

little later. At the moment when a queen throws off her

nymphal envelope the workers come to her assistance, and as

the workers carry the Antennophori, these latter generally

take advantage of the position to pass over to the body of the

newly emerged queen.

The Antennophorus itself feeds exclusively on the nutritive

fluid disgorged by the ants. Fifty Last? carrying Antenno-

phort were placed in an observation nest and left without

food. Eight days later the ants were in perfect condition,

but ten or more Antennophori had already died of hunger.

A tiny droplet of honey tinted with Prussian blue was allowed

to run over the lower face of the glass plate which formed

the roof of the nest. A large number of ants, nearly every

one of which carried an Antennophorus, ranged themselves as

closely as they could be packed all round the drop. The

Aniennophori had no share in the meal, and they were obliged

to retire a little because there was no room for them between

the heads of their hosts and the glass to which they were

applied. The ants of this brood had acquired the habit of

placing themselves, crowded one against the other, in one

corner of the nest, and there they came with their crops well

filled after the meal of blue honey, and there they disgorged

it before the mouths of their comrades who had had none.

Now the ant in the act of disgorging opens its mandibles wide.

The peristaltic movements of the cesophagus and the move-

ments of the pharynx brought up the globules of honey, the

blue colour of which made them readily visible, and they

formed a little drop in front of the mouth. While the fasting

ant was eating the honey thus disgorged, the Antennophorus

riding on its head took its share. ‘To do this it pushed itself

forward and thrust its rostrum into the droplet. Generally,

while holding itself in position by means of the two hinder

pairs of legs, it attached itself by means of the forward pair

to the head of the disgorging ant. Very often when the

fasting ant had ended its meal and was retiring one would see

the Antennophorus try to keep its hold on the disgorging ant.

The two Lasit generally lend themselves to this prolonga-

tion of the meal, and, if they are ras ony separated from

one another, the Antennophorus stretches itself to its full

ee et Be,

New Land-Shells from Flores, Malay Archipelago. 623

length, and forms, back downwards, a sort of bridge between

the heads of the two ants.

If the disgorging ant carries an Antennophorus beneath its

head, this, too, takes its share in the meal. An Antenno-

phorus placed on the abdomen of an ant can also obtain food

without quitting its hold. In fact, when another ant comes

near it, it seems to understand, by striking it with its antenni-

form feet and stretching towards it its first pair of ambulatory

feet, to ask for and to obtain food.

In conclusion, the Antennophorus is a parasite which lives

as an epizoon on Lastus and feeds upon the nutritive liquid

disgorged by the ants. This recalls what I have already

described for Lepismina polypoda (‘ Comptes Rendus,’ t. exil.

p- 799; see this Journal, 1896, vol. xvii. p. 398); but here

we have a case of myrmecophily far more advanced, since

the Antennophorus feeds itself exclusively on the disgorged

liquid, and, further, its presence is regarded as a matter of

course by the ant, which gives, even willingly, the food it

demands.

LXV.—Diagnoses of new Land-Shells from Flores,

Malay Archipelago. By Epaar A. SMITH.

THE species about to be described form part of a valuable

collection of land-shells obtained by Mr. A. Everett in South

Flores. The typical green form of Xesta Everetti is one of

the most remarkable shells yet discovered in this or the

neighbouring islands.

Aesta Hveretti.

Testa turbinata, anguste umbilicata, saturate viridis, versus apicem

purpurea, infra suturam albo marginata; spira conoidea ; anfrac-

tus 7, convexiusculi, lineis incrementi tenuibus, obliquis, arcuatis

striati, superiores minute spiraliter striati, ultimus haud

descendens ; apertura parum obliqua, intus ceruleo-alba; peri-

stoma tenue, margine columellari ad insertionem dilatato albo

reflexo.

Diam. maj. 53 millim., min. 43; alt.50; apertura 30 longa, 27 lata.

Var. Vesta viridis, anfr. ultimo et penultimo supra medium rufo

obscure zonatis.

Diam. maj. 55 millim., min. 50; alt. 57.

Var. Testa olivaceo-fuscescens.

Diam. maj. 54, min. 46; alt. 50.

Hab. South F lores.

This is an extremely fine species and "alec the largest

of the genus yet discovered. ‘l'he very deep green colour of

624 Mr. E. A. Smith on new Land- Shells

the typical form is most striking and unusual. The purplish

apex and the white suture are common to all specimens.

Some are thickened within and very heavy and solid in con-

sequence, whilst others, on the contrary, are much thinner

and lighter.

Xesta polymorpha.

Testa fere imperforata, obtuse turbinata, albo-lutescens, confertim

nigro-punctata, apicem versus purpurascens, ad basim zona lata

nigro-fusca ornata; spira lata, arcuata, obtusa; anfractus 63, parum

convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, lineis incrementi obliquis tenui-

bus striati, ultimus haud descendens, infra indistincte concentrice

striatus, circa medium pallidus; apertura obliqua, late lunata,

intus plus minus purpureo-nigrescens ; peristoma arcuatum, mar-

gine dextro tenui, columellari incrassato, ad insertionem reflexo,

appresso.

Diam. maj. 33 millim., min. 30; alt. 27.

Var. a. Testa typo similis, sed basi pallide rufo-lutescente, sparsim

dilute nigro-punctata.

Var. b. Testa flavescens, confertim subpellucide punctata, anfracti-

bus quatuor superioribus roseo-purpureis, ultimo infra rufescenti-

luteo, apertura intus pallida, peristomio rufescente.

Var.c. Testa pallide lutea, confertim pellucide punctata, anfr.

ultimo infra purpureo-nigro late zonato.

Var. d. Testa albida, confertim pellucide punctata.

Hab. South Flores.

The form of this handsome species is fairly constant, but

some specimens are rather more elevated than others. The

colour, on the contrary, is very variable; in the type and

vars. a and b the upper part of the spire is purplish, but in

the vars. c and dit 1s pellucid whitish, and the suture in all

the forms at this part of the shell is white-margined. In the

type and var. a the last and penultimate whorls are stained

with black below the suture and at the middle of the body-

whorl. Although termed varieties for convenience’ sake, it

must not be inferred that any persistency of coloration is

attributed to them, for there are no grounds for supposing that

these shades of colouring are transmitted from one generation

to another, more especially as all the forms occur together

under the same conditions.

Xesta subpolita,

Testa perforata, breviter turbinata, pallide castanea, versus apicem

viridi-cerulea vel viridescens, subpolita, lineis incrementi tenuibus

obliquis striati. striis spiralibus tenuibus confertis supra spiram et

basim anfr, ultimi sculpta ; anfractus 6, convexiusculi, regulariter

a i en es

from Flores, Malay Archipelago. 625

lente acerescentes, sutura pallida sejuncti, ultimus antice sub-

descendens ; apertura obliqua, late lunata, intus livido-fuscescens ;

peristoma intus fuscum, margine dextro tenui, columellari leviter

erassiore, ad insertionem dilatato et reflexo.

Diam. maj. 39 millim., min. 33; alt. 30.

Exemplum alterum.—Diam. maj. 33, min. 29 ; alt. 30.

Var. Testa cinereo-yiridis, ad suturam et circa medium anfr. ultimi

dilute rufo zonata.

Var. Vesta omnino flava.

Hab. South Flores.

Variable both in form and colour. It may be only a

variety of X. cochlostylocdes of Schepman, differing in its

greater size, more glossy surface, and the want of the

diaphanous periostracum.

Xesta melunoraphe.

Testa turbinata, perforata, albida, circa medium anfr. ultimi et ad

suturam nigro cincta, supra medium anf. ult. zona fusca nigro

punctata, altera latiore infra ornata, strigis et maculis obliquis

albis hic illic interdum variegata; spira conoidea, leviter con-

vexa; anfractus 6, convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, lineis incre-

menti tenuibus obliquis, striisque spiralibus minutis indistinctis

sculpti, ultimus subdescendens; apertura leviter obliqua, late

lunata, intus albo et fusco zonata; perist. tenue, margine colu-

mellari ad insertionem breviter dilatato et reflexo.

Diam. maj. 25 millim., min. 23; alt. 23.

Hab. South Flores, low country.

This species, judging from the specimens examined, is

more constant in its coloration than those previously described.

Probably in very fresh examples the opaque white epidermal

stripes which usually appear in the direction of the lines of

growth and only upon the last whorl are more evident, for in

ordinary specimens, being easily deciduous, they are generally

worn off. The dark brown band below the middle of the

body-whorl occupies nearly the entire base, leaving only a

pale band between it and the peripheral black zone and a

small central whitish space around the narrow umbilicus.

The suture is bordered on both sides with black or brownish

black.

Pupina Dohertyt.

Testa pupiformis, tenuis, nitens, pallide rufescens ; spira elongata,

ad apicem subobtusa ; anfract. 53, convexiusculi, infra suturam

pellucido marginati, ultimus supra aperturam leviter planatus,

pone valde oblique descendens, ad aperturam vix ascendens ; aper-

tura circularis, intus pallide rufescens ; perist. leviter incrassatum,

albidum, antice subexpansum, margine sinistro incrassato, superne

626 New Land-Shells from Flores, Malay Archipelago.

in dente lamelliformi intrante terminante ; scissura antica angusta,

obliqua.

Longit. 8 millim., diam. 44; apertura 2} lata.

Hab. South Flores, at 4000 feet (Hverett) ; Dongo Moun-

tains, Sumbawa, at 2500-5000 feet (W. Doherty).

Registoma floresianum.

Testa ovata, obliqua, distorta, rufescens, polita; spira obliqua, ad

apicem acutiuscula; anfractus 5, superiores tres vix convexiusculi,

parvi, penult. major, sinistrorsum prominens, ultimus valde oblique

descendens, supra aperturam subplanatus; perist. rufum, incras-

satum, antice expansum ; scissura columellaris minime profunda,

fere obsoleta.

Longit. 7 millim., diam. 43; apertura 23 lata.

Hab. South Flores, 4000 feet.

This species is remarkable for its oblique growth, the short

pointed apex, the red peristome, and very slight notch in the

columellar margin. ‘The suture has a narrow dark margina-

tion beneath it.

Diplommatina floresiana.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovata, supra acuminata, tenuis, corneo-rufescens,

oblique tenuiter costellata; anfr. 6, perconvexi, primi duo leves,

ultimus supra aperturam constrictus, penultimo minor; apertura

subcircularis, longit. totius 4 haud equans ; perist. duplex, leviter

incrassatum, marginibus haud junctis, columellari intus obscure

unidentato, inferne subauriculato.

Longit. 34 millim., diam. 2.

Hab. South Flores, 4000 feet.

In one specimen the riblets near the constriction of the

body-whorl are much closer together than those upon the rest

of the shell.

Diplommatina chrysostoma.

Testa dextrorsa, pupiformis, rufescens, plus minus ‘pellucida et

polita; anfr. 6, apicales 1-2 leves, convexi, duo sequentes con-

vexi, confertim oblique striati, penult. levis, inflatus, ultimus

penultimo minor, aperturam versus tenuiter costellatus, supra

aperturam planatus, ad sinistram obtuse varicosus, prope labrum

ascendens; apertura magna, aurantiaca; peristoma parum in-

crassatum, extus subvaricosum, aliquanto patulum, marginibus

eallo tenui junctis, columellari latiore, intus vix dentato.

Longit. 6 millim., diam. 3; apertura 2 lata.

Var. Albida, pellucida.

Hab. South Flores, 4000 feet.

The swelling or varix upon the body-whorl above the

columella is a prominent feature in this species, and the varix

—_— Ce

On a new African Pierine Butterfly. 627

behind the labrum is finely striated. The strie on the third

and fourth whorls are numerous and thread-like.

Arinia blanda.

Testa minima, dextrorsa, alba, subpellucida, tenuissime oblique

striata, striis supra tergum anfr. ultimi magis distantibus; anfr.

54, perconvexi, penultimus ultimo latior, ultimus parvus, pone

oblique descendens, ad labrum leviter ascendens, supra columellam

varicose tumidus et constrictus; apertura subcircularis, longit.

totius 7 adequans; peristoma incrassatum, reflexum.

Longit. 2 millim., diam. 1.

Hab. South Flores, at 4000 feet.

The constriction upon the body-whorl above the aperture

marks the termination of the very fine strie, those upon the

rest of the whorl being conspicuously further apart.

LXVI.—On a new African Pierine Butterfly of the Genus

Mylothris. By ArtTHuR G. BuTLER, Ph.D. &c.

TuHE following species was received among the Old-World

Pierine of the Godman and Salvin collection :—

Mylothris primulina, sp. n.

Intermediate in character between MM. asphodelus and

M. sulphurea from the Cameroons.

6. Above milk-white, the costa and the basal area of

primaries to end of cell bright cowslip-yellow, changing at

base and on the basal half of costa to bright cadmium-yellow ;

a smoky black apical patch, rather broader than in M. sul-

phurea, a large spot almost confluent with the latter at end of

second median branch, and a dot at end of first median branch

also black: secondaries bright cowslip-yellow at base, six

smal] black marginal spots. Body above greenish grey;

abdomen creamy white at the sides. Primaries below with

the cadmium-yellow at the base more extended and the apical

third of the wing traversed by greenish-yellow internervular

streaks ; apical patch only visible through the wing, but

seven black marginal spots: secondaries with the yellow at

base slightly more extended and the base of costa cadmium-

yellow, the outer border faintly tinted with primrose-yellow,

the black marginal spots rather larger than above. Body

below creamy white, the pectus with a feeble tint of primrose.

Expanse of wings 58 millim.

Ondo country, Lagos (Sir G. Carter). From Godman and

Salvin coll.

We have two males of this very pretty species.

628 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some

LX VII.—Some new Forms of American Rotifera.—Il.

By Dr. ALFRED C. STOKES.

[Plate XIV.]

Tue following presumably undescribed Rotifera were all

taken from a shallow clear-water pool in a rocky wood near

Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Notommata voraz, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. figs. 1-3.)

Elongate, subcylindrical, exceedingly soft, flexible, and

changeable; ventral surface flattened; integument often

thrown into numerous irregularly longitudinal folds; front

rounded, but exhibiting in side view a short curved proboscis

similar to that of Yaphrocampa, and visible in dorsal or in

ventral aspect as a narrowly semicircular appendage; body

somewhat tapering posteriorly; tail represented by a short

inconspicuous semicircular projection; foot short, oblong,

changeable ;_ toes short, robust, conical, excentrically acumi-

nate; cilia entirely prone; auricles conspicuous, subcylin-

drical, surrounded by a hyaline subspherical membrane

bearing the long cilia; dorsal antenna a single minute seti-

gerous fossa; lateral antenne not observed; brain large,

extending to or beyond the mastax, the posterior extremity

opaque, a single red eye placed at the front of the granular

mass; trophi forcipate, protrusible; cesophagus long, con-

spicuous, irregularly annulate, or sometimes apparently twisted

and cord-like; gastric glands present, multinucleate; stomach

and intestine not differentiated from each other; ovary ventrad

to the intestine; contractile vesicle subspherical, near the

posterior extremity ; foot-glands two, but apparently accom-

panied by two or more smaller glands ; movements vermicular,

except when swimming by the aid of the auricles, when the

motion is often rotary on the longitudinal axis; posterior

body-region imperfectly retractile, the toes not being with-

drawn entirely into the body.

Length about +) inch.

Habitat as mentioned at the head of this paper, as is that

of all the following forms.

This seems to be a delicate creature, but its voracious

appetite is amusing. I have noted several specimens with

the intestinal canal distended by a long unbroken filament of

alga (Oscillatoria) bent upon itself and in the process of

digestion. In a single instance I have observed a similar

np eae eagle ae nail till TN ALLE,

new Forms of American Rotifera. 629

thread of Oscillatoria by the Rotiferon’s deliberate forward

movement thrust through the mastax, the cesophagus, and

the rest of the alimentary canal, until it impinged upon the

posterior intestinal wall, where the resisting pressure turned

the alga upon itself, when the upper free end slipped into the

stomach.

This Rotiferon is, in my opinion, not a Notommata, but I

place it in that genus for present convenience; neither do [

think that Taphrocampa clavigera, mihi*, is a member of

that genus, in which I have placed it for the same reason.

When our American Rotifera are monographed in the future,

anew genus will probably be needed to receive both these

forms, with Taphrocampa clavigera as the type. There are

others in our American waters closely allied to these, and

sufficiently distinct to merit specific rank, but agreeing

neither with Zaphrocampa nor with Notommata as at present

diagnosed, yet resembling both in some features, as do the

two forms here mentioned.

Proales hyalina, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 4.)

Irregularly obconical, entirely transparent; dorsum arched,

the ventrum somewhat flattened, the pectoral region beneath

the mastax forming a conspicuous rounded projection; corona

obliquely transverse and prone ; coronal cilia of two kinds,

those of the pectoral region large, long, vigorous, and appa-

rently limited to a single series, the others shorter, fine, and

delicate; dorsal antenna single, with but few long stout

sete; lateral antenne conspicuous, each with one or two

long stout setee and several smaller radiating hairs; foot

long, stout, tapering to the two short acute conical toes;

brain irregular, not large, apparently suspended by several

anterior nervous prolongations, and by the large nerves to the

antenne ; eye single, red; mastax large, surrounded ante-

riorly by a collection of small subspherical bodies, apparently

forming a glandular mass; two or more small pyriform

salivary glands attached posteriorly to the mastax near the

origin of the long strongly ciliated cesophagus ; gastric glands

subspherical, at the frontal shoulder of the stomach, which,

with the intestine, is lobulated, especially when empty ; anal

orifice in a conspicuous dorsal projection ; ovary ventrad to

the stomach and the intestine; contractile vesicle small,

ventrad to the intestine; lateral canals and the flame-cells

chiefly limited to the ventral region, only a single flame-cell

having been observed elsewhere, this being above the mastax ;

* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1896.

630 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some

foot-glands large, elongate-ovate; muscle-bands slender,

conspicuous, numerous.

Length about +45 inch.

Movements rapid.

My artistic skill is not great enough to enable me to draw

this creature so as to give any idea of its crystalline trans-

parency and brilliancy. The figure, therefore, is little more

than a diagram to present the Rotiferon’s contour as accu-

rately as possible, with some indication of the position and

proportionate size of the internal organs. A professional

artist of great skill would be needed to do more.

Diglena contorta, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 5.)

Body elongate-subcylindrical, gibbous posteriorly, the

front usually neck-like, the entire animal capable of consider-

able elongation and narrowing, when the gibbous region

becomes flattened ; front rounded, usually convex, bearing a

small hook-like proboscis, beneath which the frontal border

is conspicuously emarginate; ventrum flattened; dorsum

rounded, suddenly but evenly depressed posteriorly, thence

continued as a subcylindrical prolongation, the termination of

which overhangs and almost completely surrounds the short

rounded foot which projects from it as a small subglobose

papilla; toes two, small, short, conical, divergent ; cilia fine,

short, numerous, filling a narrow elongate-obovate field,

entirely prone and about one third the length of the animal ;

auricles present, small, apparently represented when retracted

by a flabelliform or irregularly oval and conspicuously ciliated

region on each lateral border of the head, although it is

difficult to determine positively whence the organs are pro-

truded, as the Rotiferon’s movements are then rapid and

erratic ; dorsal antenne two; lateral antenne two; eyes not

observed; brain large, long, saccate, extending from the

front for about one third the entire length of the body, a

small cluster of dark granules near the tip; mastax large,

elongate-ovate, beneath the brain and extending scarcely

beyond its tip; trophi weak, apparently forcipate ; gastric

glands immediately behind the mastax; stomach and intes-

tine ciliated, not differentiated from each other except by the

presence within the stomach and immediately next to the

walls of a crowded layer-like mass of dark-bordered granules,

sometimes grouped into distinctly polygonal areas, and often

so numerous that they obscure all the rest of the internal

anatomy; intestine comparatively thin-walled and without

the conspicuous granules of the stomach-walls ; ovary poste-

nara

0 oe at

new Forms of American Rottfera. 631

riorly placed, ventrad to the stomach and intestine; foot-

glands long; lateral canals and flame-cells numerous, but

apparently without contractile vesicle; movements rapidly

swimming by means of the auricles or writhing with inde-

scribable contortions.

Length about ;35 inch.

Mastigocerca spinigera, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 6.)

Lorica in lateral aspect hemispherical, somewhat depressed,

ventrum flattened ; frontal border somewhat excavate trans-

versely, elastic and contractile; dorsum not crested, but

anteriorly flattened, the lateral borders of the lorica being

somewhat compressed and slightly concave, the dorsum thus

showing on each side a slight posteriorly convergent ridge ;

foot single-jointed; toe exceeding the lorica in length,

tapering to a finely acuminate termination ; accessory basal

stylets small, from four to six in number, voluntarily and

separately movable; dorsal antenna prominent, located on

the flattened region about one third the length of the lorica

from the frontal border, the setee few (apparently only two),

stout and seemingly fleshy ; each lateral antenna at the base

and in front of a stout, slightly curved, acuminate thorn-like

process ; eye single, red, at the extremity of a saccate lobe of

the large brain ; occipital region of the front bearing a con-

spicuous subcylindrical proboscis-like organ, which is flexible

and movable.

Length of the lorica, including foot, 54; inch; height

(depth) of lorica s4, inch; length of toe ,45 inch.

This form is remarkable for the apparently fleshy sete of

the dorsal antenna and for their fewness ; but it 1s chiefly

notable for the peculiar and characteristic thorn-like processes

which accompany and perhaps form a part of the lateral

setigerous antenne. ‘The short apically concave antenna are

so close to these thorns or so intimately connected with them

that they cannot be optically separated.

The internal structure calls for no special mention.

Cathypna scutaria, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. fig. 7.)

Lorica broadly elliptical in outline, punctate; frontal

borders excavate, the pectoral more deeply so than the dorsal ;

fronto-lateral apices subacute ; posterior region much depressed

and continued as a conspicuous, somewhat dorsally curved,

shield-like projection dorsad to the foot and covering it, the pos-

terior border concave, the postero-lateral terminations obtusely

pointed ; dorsal antenna single, apparently a small setigerous

632 On some new Forms of American Rotifera.

pit; lateral antenne small, on the ventral aspect of the lateral

inangulation, and almost concealed within the sulcus; frontal

and lateral borders of the head bearing a. hyaline, flexible,

collar-like membrane or hood, folded together and withdrawn

into the lorica during the retraction of the animal; brain

large, obscurely three-lobed posteriorly ; eye single, red, sub-

centrally placed on the nerve-ganglion ; gastric glands retort-

shaped ; stomach bearing internally an undulating membrani-

form appendage, which is in reality a tubular prolongation

similar to that of Floscularia, Apsilus, and others; foot

short, single-jointed, about as broad as long; toes rod-like,

about as long as the greatest width of the lorica, each one-

shouldered and with a minute seta on the shoulder; claws

acuminate, about one sixth the length of the toe.

Total length, including toe, 0°015 inch; width of lorica

and length of toes without foot 0-006 inch.

Cathypna glandulosa, sp.n. (Pl. XIV. figs. 8-10.)

Rotiferon large and robust; lorica finely punctate; frontal

borders almost even, the pectoral somewhat excavate between

the lateral pointed apices; prolonged posteriorly as a broad,

rounded, evenly convex region ; toes long, rod-like, irregu-

larly constricted in front of the rectangular shoulder, each of

which bears a minute seta; claws about one third the length

of the toes, tapering to an acute point ; brain large, not lobed

posteriorly ; eye single, red, placed on the lower surface of

the nerve-ganglion, so that the light must pass to it from

above through the entire thickness of the ganglionic mass ;

gastric glands long, retort-shaped ; stomach bearing internally

an undulating apparently membraniform appendage, in

reality a long broad tube continuous with the cesophagus ;

stomach and intestine usually in constant movement; ovary

small when not functionally active, placed ventrad to the

intestine and on the left-hand side; contractile vesicle large,

transversely placed in the median line near the posterior

border, the lateral canals plainly connected with it on each

side; flame-cells flabelliform ; foot-glands six, geminate, the

three groups varying greatly in size and form; lateral

antenne not observed; dorsal antenna single, wpe: a

circular depression furnished with long sete and placed at

the gap of a central obconical incision in the hyaline hood,

which covers it during retraction.

Length of lorica 7, width ,}5 inch; length of toes +4 inch.

The Rotiferon is remarkable for its large size and robust

character, but chiefly for the apparently superabundance of

_ ate tiga) eth ee ee

On new Mollusca from South Afroca. 633

its foot-glands. These are six geminate multinucleate bodies,

arranged according to size and form as shown by fig. 10.

The two in the median line are the smallest and exhibit the

most characteristic form, being elongate-obovate, with some-

what flattened internal faces and long narrow ducts. Those

of the second group are larger, elongate-obpyriform, and have

almost horizontal irregularly sinuous ducts; while the third

pair are robust, elongate-subcylindrical, and often variously

curved or lobed. The ducts of all seem to meet to form a

single common conduit ; but they are so soon lost within the

mass of foot-muscles, that it has not been possible to decide

this point positively with my specimens.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. Notommata vorax,

Fig. 2. Ditto. Auricle.

ig. 3. Ditto. Toes.

. 4, Proales hyalina.

Fig. 5. Diglena contorta.

6. Mastigocerca spinigera.

7. Cathypna scutaria.

8. Cathypna glandulosa ; dorsal.

Fig. 9. Ditto; ventral.

0. Ditto. The geminate foot-glands.

LXVIII.—Descriptions of Eleven new Species of Land and

Freshwater Mollusca from South Africa. By JAMES Cosmo

Metvitt, M.A., F.L.S., and JoHn Henry Ponsonsy,

F.Z.58.

[Plate XVIL]

WE consider that several of the Mollusca now to be described

possess a peculiar interest, notably the Achatine, one of

which has remained long unrecognized, though collected

years ago in Bechuanaland by Dr. Livingstone; whilst the

other, aremarkably conspicuous though variable form, inhabits

the Drakensberg range of mountains. The discovery of a

Hapalus so far south in the African continent is likewise

important, whilst new forms of the attractive genus Hnnea

still continue to come to the front, no one species exhibiting

much, if any, variability *.

* See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xviii. p, 314.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol, xix. 44

634 Messrs. J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby on

Ennea Cairnsi, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 1.)

E. testa curta, cylindriformi, parum rimata, albida, apice obtusis-

simo; anfractibus octo, superioribus angustis, paullum ventri-

cosis, tribus ultimis rectis, undique longitudinaliter obliqui-

striatis; apertura rotunda; peristomate albo, incrassato, dentibus

plicisve quinque munito, plica parietali permagna, crassa, valde

intrante, dentibus labialibus duobus, quorum inferiore majore,

dente basali parvo, plica columellari plus minusve superficiali,

parum intrante, nec mammeeformi.

Long. 8, lat. 4 mm.

flab. Mouth of the Buffalo River, 8. Africa (e coll.

fh. Cairns, Esq.).

A short, cylindrical, whitish species, of very neat appear-

ance, extremely obtuse towards the apex, the whorls eight in

number, narrow, the three lowest being straight. They are

entirely longitudinally obliquely striate; the aperture is

rounded ; peristome white, thickened, furnished with five

plaits or teeth—of these the parietal is the most conspicuous,

being thickened and deeply penetrating; the labial teeth are

two, the lower the larger; the basal tooth is similar to the

upper labial, small and simple ; the columellar plait does not,

as in the majority of the South-African Ennew, seem deep-

seated or mamillar, but superficial and simply plaited.

We have pleasure in naming this interesting form after

Mr. Robert Cairns, Ashton-under-Lyne, who communicated

it to us for description. Three specimens.

Ennea Burnupt, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 2.)

E. testa cylindrica, anguste sed profunde rimata, apud apicem

attenuata, obtusa, albida; anfractibus novem, apud suturas

impressis, parum ventricosis, undique longitudinaliter obliqui-

striatis; apertura rotunda ; peristomate incrassato, dentibus pli-

cisve quinque munito, videlicet, plica parietali magna, acinaciformi,

intrante, dentibus labialibus duobus, quorum inferiore majore,

dente basali acuto, parvo, plica columellari interna, acuto-

mamillata.

Long. 8, lat. 4 mm,

Hab. Town Bush, Maritzburg, and Gordon Falls, on the

Zwaartkop Mountain, Natal.

A pretty form, which comes in the same category as

E. regularis and uperostoma, described by us in former years

from the same neighbourhood. ‘The last-named species

differs, however, im toto in shape, being not so attenuate

apically, but more evenly cylindrical throughout, and £. regu-

laris is more compressed at the sutures, only six-, as against

needs

new Mollusca from South Africa. 635

nine-whorled, and also differently shaped, the mouth-processes

being nearly identical; the mammiform columellar plait is,

however, in EZ. Burnupi thinner, and not bulbous as usual.

Mr. Burnup, the collector of this and of so many other new

species in Natal, remarks that this is the only species of the

genus which he has hitherto met with living “ off the ground,

it having been discovered on the under surface of the leaf of

a Dracena.”

Hapalus catarracte, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 4 )

H. testa ovato-fusiformi, translucida, pertenui, levi, pallidissime

corneo-olivacea; anfractibus quinque, apicali obtuso, ultimo

rapide accrescente, paullum inflato, immaculato ; apertura parva,

ovata, labro exteriore tenui, simplici; columella rectiuscula,

regionem apud umbilicarem triangulatim reflexa.

Long. 4°50, lat. 2°50 mm.

Hab. Howick (a waterfall near Pietermaritzburg), Natal.

Four specimens of a very small but neat Hapalus, a genus

not before known so far south, Bulimoid in its superficial

conchological characters, allied apparently to Pachnodus,

but its exact affinities are not yet certainly known. In the

British Museum it is arranged near Opeas.

The shell is ovate-fusiform, very pellucid, of the palest

horny olive, five-whorled, the apical being obtuse and the

last whorl rapidly increasing, a little inflated; mouth small,

ovate, outer lip thin, simple; columella straight and triangu-

larly reflexed over the umbilical region.

This constitutes a particularly interesting addition to the

South-African molluscan fauna.

Trachycystis teretiuscula*, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 5.)

T. testa depresso-globulosa, anguste sed profunde umbilicata, tenui,

delicata, olivaceo-cornea; anfractibus sex, ventricosis, apud

suturas impressis et quasi-canaliculatis, arctissime longitudinaliter

et indistincte striatulis; apertura lunata; peristomate tenui,

simplici.

Long. 3, lat. 4 mm.

Hab. Howick, near Pietermaritzburg.

Though small and without any very special characteristics,

we are quite unable to match this little Zrachycystis. It is

depressedly globular, narrowly but deeply umbilicate, thin,

uniformly olive-horny in colour, six-whorled, the whorls being

tumid and almost canaliculate at the sutures, so impressed

* Teretiusculus, small and smooth.

44*

636 Messrs. J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby on

are they. The extremely delicate striz are so indistinct as to

be hardly discernible; but they give a silky appearance to

the surface. The mouth is linear; peristome thin, simple.

Four specimens.

Achatina Livingstonet, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 6.)

A, testa angusta, fusiformi, tenui, straminea, levi, apice obtuso;

anfractibus septem, apud suturas paullum impressis, ventricosulis,

ultimo ceteris longitudine superante, longitudinaliter flammis

zebrinis castaneis decorata, flammis hic rectis, illic ramosis vel

divaricatis ; apertura ovata, labri margine exteriore tenui, colu-

mellari versus basin truncato,

Long. 41, lat. 20 mm.

Hab. Kuruman, Bechuanaland (David Livingstone: in

coll. #. L. Layard).

Shell somewhat narrow, fusiform, thin, smooth, apex

obtuse ; whorls seven, somewhat ventricose, impressed at the

sutures, straw-coloured, and ornamented with chestnut zebrine

longitudinal markings ; these are in some instances straight,

in others branched and almost divaricate; the last whorl

exceeds all the others collectively ; the mouth is rather nar-

rowly ovate, outer lip thin; columellar margin truncate

towards the base.

Allied to A. Pfeifer’, Dunker, and A. polychroa, Morelet.

Weare glad of the opportunity afforded us, through the

kindness of Mr. Layard in lending this most interesting

shell to describe, of associating with it the name of the illus-

trious pioneer of missionary enterprise in ‘l’ropical Africa, the

late Dr. Livingstone, by whom it was discovered.

Achatina drakensbergensis, sp. n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 7.)

A, testa magna, fusiformi, delicata, nitida, apice obtuso ; anfracti-

bus octo, ad suturas impressis, ventricosulis, albidis ; epidermide

luteo-olivacea omnino contecta, apicalibus exceptis, interdum

fere levibus, flammis zebrinis brunneo-castaneis depictis, ultimo

anfractu simili modo superne apud medium, sed a medio usque ad

basin immaculato, interdum anfractibus minute granulatis, flammis

zebrinis fere absentibus, hic illic vittis vel flammulis interruptis

solum designatis, ultimo anfractu infra medium similiter immacu-

lato; apertura oblonga intus cerulescente, labro extus tenui,

margine columellari sinuoso, conspicue apud basin truncato,

Long. 3°25, lat. 1°75 une.

Hab. Inhluzan, Drakensberg range, Natal.

A highly interesting form, two varieties of which are before

us. The shell is fusitorm, with ventricose whorls, somewhat

5 oan hao

bite? cet oe Oe

new Mollusca from South Africa. 637

impressed at the sutures; the ground-colour is white, but,

with the exception of the apical whorls, a yellowish-olive

epidermis more or less shining entirely covers the shell; this

is ornamented with longitudinal zebra-like flames, more or

less pronounced. In one specimen they are regular and

entirely cover the surface till the middle of the last whorl,

below which it issmooth, shining, and spotless. This variety

is much smoother than the other, which is more or less

covered with the minute cross granulations so common in

members of this genus, while the zebra-like markings are

almost obsolete. ‘lhe mouth is oblong, within bluish, outer

lip thin, rounded; columellar margin sinuous, markedly

truncate towards the base.

Buliminus (Pachnodus) carinifer, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 8.)

B. testa obtecte umbilicata, conico-pyramidata, perfragili, nitente,

undique minute decussata; anfractibus septem, quinque supernis

attenuatis, ventricosulis, ad suturas impressis, duobus ultimis

expansis, ultimo apud peripheriam acuticarinato, carina ipsa

nitida, rufo-brunnea ; apertura trapezoide, labro exteriore per-

tenui, uniangulata, simplici; columella pallida, regionem apud

umbilicarem valde reflexo.

Long. 18, lat. 12 mm.

Hab. Gordon Falls.

This handsome but very delicate Buliéminus seems to us

quite distinct from the allied B. natalensis, Krauss. It is as

conspicuous a shell, of a bright warm brown colour, pyramidal

in shape, seven-whorled ; of these the upper five are attenuate

and small, the last two expanding; at the periphery is a

particularly acute keel, shining and of a red-brown colour.

The whole shell, except the apical whorls, is covered with a

minutely decussate sculpture. Mouth trapezoid, outer lip

thin, angular; columella whitish, reflexed over the um-

bilicus, which is narrow but deep.

Subulina tugelensis, sp. n. (PI. XVII. fig. 9.)

S. testa attenuata, fusiformi, pellucida, delicatula, pertenui, albo-

lactea ; anfractibus septem, quorum apicali obtusissimo, papillato,

ceteris ventricosulis, levibus, ultimo producto; apertura oblonga ;

peristomate tenui, simplici ; columellari margine recto.

Long. 14, lat. 4 mm.

Hab. Lower Tugela River, Natal.

An interesting form, more glossy than most of the hitherto

recog nized South-African species, of a beautiful translucent

milky - white colour; whorls seven, the apical being very

638 Messrs. J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby on

obtuse, the rest slightly ventricose, all very smooth and

shining; the last whorl is straightly produced; outer lip

thin, simple; columellar margin straight. —

Pupa (Faula) pereximia*, sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 3.)

P. testa sinistrorsa, pyramidata, subrimata, apud apicem multam

attenuata ; anfractibus novem, quorum duobus apicalibus tumidis,

ceteris apud suturas canaliculatis, quasi laterculatis, omnino

longitudinaliter rude liratis, liris arctis, incurvis, ultimo anfractu

curtato; apertura rhomboidea; peristomate albo, rugifero, in-

crassato, novem plicis vel dentibus instructo, duabus plicis parie-

talibus, similibus, valde intrantibus, duobus dentibus labialibus,

quorum inferiore plicato, majore, duabus plicis basalibus, per-

longis, intrantibus, duabus plicis columellaribus et, juxta basin,

uno dente parvo.

Long. 7, lat. 4 mm.

A highly ornate little Haula, near F. Glanvilleana, Ancey,

but of considerably larger size. The specimens before us are

unfortunately not in very good condition, but happily the

mouth-processes in one are quite perfect. The shell is tur-

binate or pyramidal, subrimate, sinistral, much attenuate

towards the apex, nine-whorled (inclusive of the two tumid

apical) ; the whorls are canaliculate at the sutures and have

the appearance of tiling, each superimpending the other; they

are rudely lirate, the lire close, incurved ; the last whorl is

short ; aperture rhomboid; outer lip white, wrinkled, with

nine plaits or teeth—of these the parietal plicw (2) and the

basal (2) are long, thin, and deep-seated, and very similar, as

are the two columellar plaits, the labial teeth (two), and one

small columellar; one of the labial comes very near being

a plait.

Planorbis (Segmentina) planodiseus, sp. n.

(Pl. XVII. fig. 10.)

P. testa placentali, depressiuscula, declinata, nitida, olivacea, pellu-

cida, tenui, apice depresso; anfractibus quingue, ad suturas

canaliculatis, ventricosulis, ultimo rapide accrescente, disco

superiore subrotundato, inferiore planato, profunde excavato,

segmentis ad basin perspicuis, peripheria obtusangula; apertura

oblique obtuso-triangulari ; peristomate simplici.

Alt. 1, diam. 5 mill. (sp. majoris).

Hab. Umgeni Valley, Natal.

An olivaceous shining Segmentina; depressed, thin, five-

* Pereximius, extremely beautiful.

new Mollusca from South Africa. 639

whorled, canaliculate at the sutures, the upper disk rounded,

the lower planate, deeply excavate; the lamellar segments

clearly perceived radiating round the umbilicus ; the shell is

obtuse-angled at the periphery; the mouth is obliquely

obtuse-triangular, lip simple.

Four specimens.

We have taken the largest specimen as the type.

Assiminea tyttha*,sp.n. (Pl. XVII. fig. 11.)

A. testa minuta, cornea, fere levi, globoso-conica, solidiuscula ;

anfractibus quatuor, apicali obtuso, ceteris ventricosis, longitu-

dinaliter indistincte striatulis, ultimo rapide accrescente, ceteris

conjunctim magnitudine superante ; apertura subrotunda ; peri-

stomate rotundo, simplici; columella obliqua, crassiuscula ; oper-

culo rubro, littoriniformi, normali.

Long. 1°50, lat. 1 mm.

Hab. Howick, near Pietermaritzburg, ‘‘on the under

surface of the leaves of a sage-like shrub” (Mr. Burnup).

A few specimens of a very small Asstminea, bearing some

likeness to A. litorina, Delle Chiaje, a native of British and

South-European shores. The shell is bright horny, almost

smooth, being indistinctly longitudinally striate, rather solid,

four-whorled, the apical whorl obtuse, the rest tumid, the

last whorl much larger than all the rest together; mouth

almost round, outer lip round, simple; columella oblique,

thickened ; operculum normal.

* rurOds, small.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

Fig. 1. Ennea Cairns.

Fig. 2. Burnujr.

Fig. 3. Pupa (Faula) pereximia.

Fig. 4. Hapalus catarracte.

Fig. 5. Trachycystis teretiuscula,

Fig. 6. Achatina Livingstonet.

Fig... 7. drakensbergensis.

Fig. 8. Buliminus (Pachnodus) carinifer.

Fig. 9. Subulina tugelensis.

Fig. 10. Planorbis (Segmentina) planodiscus.

Fig. 11. Assiminea tyttha,

640 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

LXIX.—On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and

Corea. By Joun Henry Leecu, B.A., F.L.S , F.Z.8., &e.

—Part II. Family Geometride; Subfamilies Enochromine,

Orthostixine, Larentiine, Acidaliine, and Geometrine.

[Continued from p. 573.)

Genus CIDARIA.

(Treit.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 549 (1895).)

Cidaria luctuosaria.

Melanippe luctuosaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. vy. p. 53, pl. iv. fig. 15

(1880).

Cidaria luctuosaria, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit, 1888, p. 410.

There was a fine series from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

Oberthiir described this species from the Isle of Askold,

and Greser records it from Amurland.

Distribution. Askold; Amur; Japan.

Cidaria cineraria.

Cidarta cineraria, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 451 (1878);

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 8 (1879).

There were some specimens from Oiwake and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection, and I have received others taken by a

native collector at Hakodate: June and July.

This is probably a local form of C. unangulata, Haw.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Cidaria picata.

Geometra picata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 134.

Cidaria picata, Treit. Schmett. vi. 2, 193; Guen. Phal. ii. p. 461,

Hydriomena picata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72.

Occurs at Chang-yang, T’a-chien-lu, Chia-ting-fu, Che-tou,

and Omei-shan in June and July.

The specimens show variation in the width of the lines

forming the central band and also in the width of the white

border of the band; ina large proportion of them the second-

aries are devoid of marking on the upper surface.

The examples from Central China are rather smaller than

the majority of those from the west, and appear to be more

constant in always having the band composed of broad and

often confluent lines.

Distribution. Europe; Ural; Central and Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 641

Cidaria variegata,

Larentia variegata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 653.

Cidaria variegata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 353

(1895).

One female specimen from Chia-kou-ho, taken in July.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson) ; Kashmir; Kulu ;

Western China.

Cidaria corylata.

Geometra corylata, Thunb. Ins. Suec. iv. p. 61, pl. iv. fig. 11 (1792).

Hydriomena corylata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Cidaria fabrefactaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 56, pl. iv. fig. 15

(1880).

There were specimens from Oiwake, Yesso, Nikko, and

Ohoyama in Pryer’s collection, Greser records the species

from Amurland, and Oberthiir, under the name fabrefactaria,

from the Isle of Askold.

Distribution. Europe; Ural; Amur; Japan; Askold.

Cidaria aurata.

Cidaria aurata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 664 ; Hampson,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ili. p. 855 (1895).

Cidaria corylata, var. tsermosarta, Oberth. Etud, d’Entom. xviii. p. 39,

pl. iii. fig. 43 (1893).

One specimen in Pryer’s collection.

Hampson considers Cidaria corylata, var. tsermosaria,

Oberth., from Moupin, to be synonymous with C. aurata,

Moore, which occurs throughout the Himalayas.

Distribution. Murree; Dharmsdla; Sikhim; Bhutan;

Tibet ; Khdsis (Hampson) ; Kulu; Japan.

Cidaria fulgidaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries yellowish ; basal patch dark brown, its

external edge angulated and bounded by a silvery-white line;

central fascia broad on costa, much narrower on inner

margin, both edges are bounded by wavy silvery-white lines,

the external one deeply indented below the costa, and the

internal one indented at the middle; the brownish outer

marginal area is traversed by a serrated silvery-white line,

and interrupted by an oblique streak of the ground-colour at

apex, there is a smaller spot of the ground-colour on the

middle of the outer margin. Secondaries greyish, basal and

outer marginal areas darker, the former is limited by a wavy

dusky line, and the latter is inwardly bordered by. a pale

macular band; discal spot blackish. Fringes of primaries

642 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

brown marked with yellow, those of secondaries are yellow

marked with brown. Linder surface: primaries yellowish, with

the markings of upper surface faintly reproduced ; second-

aries yellowish dusted with brown and silvery-white scales,

and traversed by wavy silvery-white edged brown bands;

submarginal line macular, silvery white ; fringes yellowish,

chequered with brown.

Female.—Primaries as in the male, but the secondaries are

white and without marking; fringes of these wings not

marked with brown.

Expanse 32 millim.

Three male specimens and one female from Pu-tsu-fong,

June.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to C. corylata, Thunb.

Cidaria albipunctaria, sp. n.

Primaries ochreous brown; basal patch and central fascia

blackish brown, both are narrowly edged with white, the

former is deeply indented in the middle of its outer edge, the

latter has a double-toothed projection on its outer edge and

is contracted below the costa and again above inner margin;

on the outer marginal area there is a blackish-brown patch

below the apex interrupted by a white blotch ; submarginal

line white and wavy, followed on the costa by a white blotch

extending to the apex, and at outer angle by some white

spots; the costal portion of the white outer edging of cen-

tral fascia is diffuse, and the costal portion of the fascia

contains a pale brown blotch, which is preceded and followed

by a short white line. Secondaries whitish, greyish on outer

margin, with faint indications of greyish central spot and

two transverse lines. Fringes yellowish. Under surface:

basal two thirds of primaries dusky, the outer edge corre-

sponding with that of central fascia above, and intersected

by two pele subbasal lines, the spaces between these lines

being rather brownish; outer third is whitish, with a dark

greyish patch on outer margin below apex, preceded by a

brownish transverse cloud; secondaries whitish, powdered

with brownish, and traversed by two brown lines, the discal

spot is dark brown.

Expanse 34 millim.

Two male specimens, one from Ta-chien-lu, and the other

from Pu-tsu-fong: June.

Hab. Western China,

This species is very closely allied to C. corylata, Thunb.,

Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 643

but it is a much brighter-looking insect, and is further dis-

tinguished by the conspicuous white blotch on outer margin,

together with the different contour of the central fascia.

Cidaria chimakaleparia.

Larentia chimakaleparia, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 37, pl. iil.

fig. 33 (1893).

One specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, taken in June. Ober-

thiir’s type was from Ta-chien-lu.

Hab, Western China.

Cidaria ochracearia, sp. n.

Closely allied to C. fulvata, Forst., but at once distin-

guished by its ochraceous secondaries, which have the fringes

chequered with brown. The colour of the primaries is also

deeper, and the edges of the central fascia, although angled

outwardly and indented inwardly as in C. fulvata, are not

waved. The under surface is entirely ochraceous, with

slightly darker central markings on all the wings.

Expanse 26-29 millim.

Several specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, and Omei-

shan: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Fulvata, Forst., is placed by Meyrick in Hydriomena, Hiibn.

(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 72).

Cidaria albicillata,

Phal. Geometra albicillata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 527; Clerck, Icon, i.

pi. i. fig. 12.

he Nata Dup. Lép. viii. pl. clxxxviii. fig. 4; Guen. Phal.

ii. p. 382.

ljdrioniehe albicillata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Melanthia casta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. liv. fig. 8.

There were specimens from Oiwake and Yesso in Pryer’s

collection, and my native collector captured the species at

Hakodate in July.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan; Yesso.

Except that they are generally rather larger, there is no

important difference between Japanese examples ( casta,

Butl.) and European specimens of this species. The discal

spots are a trifle larger, and the marginal border of secondaries

is uninterrupted.

Cidaria yokohame.

Melanthia yokohame, Butl. Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p, 422,

Cidaria rogenhoferi, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 419.

There was a specimen from Yokohama in Pryer’s col-

644 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

lection, and I took one example at Gensan in July. Butler’s

type was from Yokohama and Greser records it from Rad-

defka.

Distribution. Japan ; Corea; Amur.

Butler states that this insect is closly allied to “1/.” rujf-

cillata, but it appears to be nearer to C. cuculata, Hufn., and

may possibly be an Hastern Asian form of that species.

Cidaria obscura.

Cidaria obscura, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 450 (1878) ; Ill.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 57, pl. lv. fig. 5 (1879).

There was one example in poor condition in Pryer’s col-

lection. I received a specimen from Mr. Manley taken at

Yokohama, and my collectors in Western China took one

at Moupin in July.

Distribution. Japan; Western China.

As Moore described a Cidaria obscurata in 1867, it would

be better perhaps to rename this species Butler?.

Cidaria latifasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries dingy purplish grey; small basal patch and

broad central fascia brown, the former is outwardly limited

by two blackish lines enclosing a brown band, and the

latter has both edges darker than the median portion, and is

limited on each side by a wavy blackish line, the outer one

broadest towards costa, and the inner one broadest about the

middle; there is a short blackish apical streak. Secondaries

fuscous grey, darker towards outer margin. Fringes dark

grey. Under surface fuscous brown; the secondaries have

traces of a darker transverse line beyond the middle.

Expanse 42 millim.

One female specimen from Wa-shan, May.

Hab. Western China.

Cidaria procellata.

Phalena procellata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 185.

Geometra procellata, Hubn, Geom, fig. 251.

Melanippe procellata, Dup. Lép. viii. pl. clxxxviii. fig. 3; Guen. Phal.

ii, p. 303,

Hydriomena procellata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Melanippe inquinata, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. liv. fig. 9.

There was a nice series from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

I captured specimens in Satsuma in May, at Gensan in

June, and at T'suruga in August. Other Japanese localities

are Yokohama (Jonas) and Hakodate (Whitely). I have

~ a

from China, Japan, and Corea. 645

received the species from Kiukiang, and from several

localities in Western China.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Corea; Japan;

Yesso ; Central and Western China.

In my series of this species from China, Japan, and Corea

there are specimens which exactly agree with typical pro-

cellata ; others are identical with ¢ngudnata, Butl.; and others,

again, are almost unicolorous fuliginous brown. All these

forms are connected by intergrades.

Cidaria postalbaria, sp. n.

Primaries fuscous brown; basal patch and central fascia

darker, the latter intersected by a pale line; the basal patch

is outwardly and the fascia inwardly bordered by a pale line ;

outer margin suffused with dusky ; submarginal line indi-

cated by a white spot about the middle, one towards apex

and a pale mark at outer angle. Secondaries white, suffused

with smoky on the abdominal area, and with some black

clouding about anal angle. Under surface fuscous grey on

primaries, whiter on secondaries; there is a pale band beyond

the middle on all the wings, this is clearly defined on its

inner edge by a blackish line, which is elbowed about the

middle of its length on primaries, and is crenulate on second-

aries, the outer edge is diffuse ; submarginal line of primaries

represented by whitish dots, the largest about the middle.

Fringes: of primaries agree with the ground-colour; of

secondaries greyish marked with smoky grey.

Expanse 34-40 millim.

Several specimens, including both sexes, from Pu-tsu-fong,

Omei-shan, Chia-kou-ho, and one female from Chang-yang :

July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Cidaria silaceata.

Geometra silaceata, Hiibn, Geom. fig. 477.

Hydriomena silaceata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Cidaria umbrosaria, Motsch. Etud, d’Entom. 1864, p, 36.

There were some specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s

collection, and my native collector obtained the species in the

island of Kiushiu.

Several examples, including both sexes, were received from

Chang-yang; these were taken in July, and range from

26-34 millim in expanse. ‘The species also occurred at Ta-

chien-lu, Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, Chia-kou-ho, Pu-tsu-fong,

and How-kow in July; the largest of these specimens

646 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

measures 38 millim., and the smallest 30 millim. in expanse.

The How-kow examples are of the typical form as regards

the primaries, but the secondaries are almost devoid of

marking.

Var. angustaria, nov.

All the wings are narrower than in the type, and heavily

suffused with fuliginous on both surfaces; the white trans-

verse lines of primaries are very clearly defined.

One example of each sex from Pu-tsu-fong.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Kiushiu; Central

and Western China.

Cidaria capitata.

Larentia eapitata, Herr.-Sch. Deutsch. Ins. 165, pl. iii.

Hydriomena capitata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soe. Aas 1892, p. 73.

Cidaria Mariesit, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 424.

Cidaria Pryeri, Butl. 1. ¢. p. 425.

Several examples from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection. I took the species at Hakodate in August.

Butler gives Nikko and Tokio also as localities.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan; Yesso.

Cidaria fervidaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries brown; basal patch and central fascia

darker, both edged with ochreous, especially on the costal

area; the fascia is deeply indented about the middle of

its inner edge and elbowed on its outer edge; the reddish-

brown median nervules, where they cross the fascia, are

powdered with ochreous; submarginal line pale brown, inter-

secting some dark brown marks in the nervular interspaces ;

there is an oblique ochreous streak from apex. Secondaries

orange-brown; basal and outer marginal areas clouded with

darker. Fringes brownish on primaries; orange-yellow

chequered with brownish on secondaries. Under surface

fuscous brown, with a broad orange-yellow fascia beyond the

middle, between this and the outer margin there is a short

oblique series of orange-yellow dots, terminating in a patch

of the same colour on the middle of the margin; Balad «ps

orange-yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown, and traversed

by darker central and submarginal bands.

Female.—Differs from the male in the paler colour of second-

aries and the more distinct transverse markings on those

wings; under surface orange-yellow, with conspicuous inter-

rupted basal central and submarginal brown bands.

Expanse 32-36 millim,

from China, Japan, and Corea. 647

One male specimen from Moupin and one from Omei-shan,

one example of each sex from Chang-yang; these last are

smaller than the other specimens.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Cidaria subochraria, sp. n.

Primaries grey-brown, basal area clouded with darker ;

margins of central fascia dark brown, the inner edge of fascia

indented, the outer elbowed; there are some dark clouds on

outer marginal area, and the submarginal line, commencing

as a pale dash from costa, is continued to inner margin as a

series of dark internervular spots; there is also a short

whitish dash from the apex. Secondaries ochreous brown,

smoky on basal half. Fringes agree with the wings, pre-

ceded on the secondaries by a dark line. Under surface of

primaries dark smoky grey, suffused on the costa with

ochreous, and more strongly on the apical portion of outer

marginal area, the latter being limited by a blackish band:

secondaries are ochreous, powdered with smoky grey, and

have a black discal dot and a blackish central band.

Expanse 36-38 millim.

Hight male specimens from Omei-shan, June.

Hab. Western China.

The central fascia is sometimes contracted below the

middle, and in some specimens only the costal half is clearly

defined. In some examples the secondaries are entirely

smoky brown, with an ochreous tinge on outer marginal area.

Allied to Cidaria (Eustroma) monana, Swinh.

, Cidaria oblongata.

Cidaria oblongata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1402 (1862),

Cidaria decurrens, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 276.

Specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I took the species in Satsuma in May and at Tsuruga in

June. My native collector took it in the island of Kiushiu,

and I have received specimens from Ichang and the province

of Kwei-chow.

Distribution. Khasis; Nynee-l'al (Hampson); Japan;

Central and Western China.

Cidaria mactata.

Cidaria mactata, Feld. Reise Noy. pl. cxxxii. fig. 38 (1875),

Specimens in Pryer’s collection from Ohoyama and Nikko.

1 took the species in Hakodate, and have received it from

648 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Kiushiu, Gensan, Kiukiang, Moupin, and Wa-shan. It

occurs in June and July.

Distribution. Amur; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu; Corea;

Central and Western China.

Cidaria literataria, sp. n.

Primaries pale greyish brown; subbasal band and central

fascia chocolate-brown, the former contracted towards costa,

the latter attenuated towards inner margin and containing an

irregular patch of the ground-colour in the costal portion,

below this the fascia is intersected by the pale median ner-

vure; there are some chocolate-brown spots on costa, at the

base of the wing, between fascia and subbasal band, and on

apical area; the latter comprises a connected series of three

and an apical dash; all the brown markings are outlined in

whitish brown. Secondaries greyish white, with blackish

discal dot. Under surface pale fuscous; secondaries and

apical area of primaries irrorated with darker.

Expanse 38 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

The markings of this species somewhat resemble those of

Eustroma cervinaria, Moore.

Cidaria metaria,

Cidaria metaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 39, pl. iv. fig, 54

(1893).

_Oberthiir’s type was from Té-Tsien-Loa. My collectors

did not meet with the species.

Hab. Western China.

OCidaria azonaria.

Somatina azonaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom., xviii. p. 32, pl. iv. fig. 50

(1898). :

This species occurred in most of the localities in Western

China that my collectors visited: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Cidaria niphonica.

Eubolia niphonica, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 452 (1878);

fl. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 59, Ee ly. fig. 11 fstee

Cidaria niphonica, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 357

(1895).

Cidaria suavata, Christ. Bull. Mose. 1880, p. 69.

Hydriomena niphonica, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Cidaria (niphonica, Butl., var. ?) tgnorata, Staud. Iris, viii. p. 336

(1896).

° ee ae ie ees i

from China, Japan, and Corea. 649

There were specimens from Oiwake in Pryer’s collection.

I obtained the species at Gensan in July.

Staudinger records var. ¢gnorata from North-east Thibet.

Captain Young took specimens in Kulu, North-west Hima-

layas.

” Distration. Simla; Dharmsdla; Sikhim (Hampson) ;

Kulu; Japan; N.E. Thibet.

Cidaria polygrammata.

Geometra polygrammata, Bork. Eur. Schmett. v. 569; Hiibn. Geom.

tig. 277.

Phibalapteryx polygrammata, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 256 ;

Guen. Phal. ii. p. 436.

Hydriomena polygrammata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1892,

p. 73.

One specimen taken by myself in July at Nagahama.

Distribution. Europe; Amur; Japan.

Cidaria fumataria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries brownish grey; basal patch and central

fascia blackish, the inner edge of the latter is nearly straight

and the outer edge has an obtuse projection above the middle,

the median area of this fascia is pale and encloses a black

discal spot; submarginal line whitish, shaded inwardly,

especially towards costa, with dusky. Secondaries smoky

grey, with a small black discal spot and faint indications of

a pale central band. Fringes concolorous with the wings.

Under surface smoky grey, basal two thirds of all the wings

rather darker.

Female similar to the male, but the ground-colour is darker

grey and the whitish submarginal line is clearer.

Expanse 22-24 millim.

Six male specimens and two females from Chang-yang,

July and August.

Hab. Central China.

This species resembles Plemyrta galiata, Hiibn., in style of

marking, but the ground-colour is very different.

Cidaria bipartaria, sp. n.

Primaries have the basal third olivaceous green, limited

by an outwardly oblique black line; the rest of the wing is

blackish with a grey tint ; there is a greenish spot on costa,

and, preceding it, two blackish lines, the outer one undulated

and waved, edged internally with whitish. Secondaries dark

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 45

650 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

fuscous grey. Under surface fuscous, slightly paler on outer

marginal area of all the wings.

Expanse 24 millim.

One female specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Cidaria fasciaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries dark grey, with two white bands, the

first has an angular projection in its outer edge below costa

and a small black cloud on inner margin; the second is

biangulate, and transversely intersected by a dusky line;

the central and outer marginal areas traversed by wavy white

lines, and there is a white cloud-like spot at apex and a

similar one about the middle. Secondaries fuliginous grey,

with a paler central band; all the wings have a black discal

spot. Fringes grey, marked with darker. Under surface of

primaries fuliginous, traversed by two blackish lines and a

pale band ; there is a white spot on middle of outer margin :

secondaries powdered with greyish on basal area and on outer

margin, and traversed by a greyish curved band.

Female similar to the male, but the colour is greyish brown

tinged with olivaceous at base and on middle of costa.

Expanse, ¢ 23, 2 25 millim.

Two male specimens and one female from Omei-shan, a

female from Moupin, two from Ichang, and one from Chang-

yang: June and July.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Cidaria parvaria.

Boarmia parvaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 52 (May 1891).

Two male specimens, probably from Yokohama, in Pryer’s

collection.

Hab. Japan.

Cidaria undulata.

Melanippe (?) undulata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 147,

pl. ix. fig. 15.

One example of each sex from Kiukiang and a female

specimen from Ichang, June and July. There is a specimen

labelled “‘ Chekiang”’ in the National Collection at South

Kensington.

Hab. Central China.

Cidaria complicata.

Cidaria complicata, Butl. Til. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 57, pl. lv. fig. 4

(1879).

— lr

ir ii es

from China, Japan, and Corea. 651

Two specimens taken by native collector at Gensan.

Butler’s type was from Yokohama.

Hab. Japan and Corea.

Cidaria erectaria, sp. n.

Whitish, suffused with grey. Primaries have a brownish

basal patch and central fascia, the first is limited by a

slightly curved white line, the second is outwardly angled,

edged with white, and is preceded by a conspicuous black

spot ringed with white ; between the basal patch and central

fascia there is an upright blackish bar extending from inner

margin to subcostal nervure, and a spot of the same colour

on costa; beyond the fascia there are three fine angulated and

wavy brownish lines and a broader white one ; the apical fourth

of costa is marked with blackish, and there is a smaller spot

of the same colour on outer margin just below apex; an

interrupted brownish band runs from the apical mark to

inner margin. Secondaries have the basal half suffused with

brownish grey, and the outer half traversed by three fine

wavy and angulated lines and a brownish-grey band, but

these do not reach the costa. Fringes whitish, chequered

with grey, and preceded by a blackish line. Under surface

whitish suffused with grey; transverse lines as above; all

the wings have a blackish discal dot outlined with whitish.

Expanse 21-25 millim.

Four specimens taken by myself, and three by my native

collector, at Hakodate in August.

flab. Yesso.

Cidaria fluviata.

Geometra fluriata, Hiibn. Geom. figs. 280, 281, ¢g.

Geometra gemmata, Hiibn. op. cit. tig. 283, 2.

Cidaria fluviata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 363.

Hydriomena fluviata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I obtained examples of this species at Foochow in April,

in Satsuma in May, at Gensan in July, and at Nikko in

September, and have received a female example from Pu-

tsu-fong, taken in June and July.

Distribution. Nearctic region; Chili; Palearctic region;

throughout India, Ceylon, and Burma (Hampson); Japan;

Corea ; Eastern and Western China.

Cidaria pomeriaria.

Cidaria pomeriaria, Eversm. Faun, Volg.-Ural. p. 417 (1844).

Coremia pomeriaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 415. ibis:

Xanthorhoe pomeriaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 77.

Specimens from Yesso in Pryer’s collection; these have

45*

652 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

the outer edge of the central fascia less angulated than in

typical examples.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Eastern Siberia; Amur;

Yesso.

Cidaria saturata.

Cidaria saturata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 269°(1857) ; Hampson, Fauna Brit.

Ind., Moths, iii. p. 362 (1895).

Larentia evliturata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1195 (1862).

Larentia granitalis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 426; Ill. Typ. Lep.

Het. vii. p. 114, pl. exxxvii. fig. 8.

Coremia livida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 449; Ill. Typ.

Lep. Het. iii. p. 56, pl. lv. fig. 2 (1879).

Larentia inamena, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 444 (1879).

There were specimens in Pryer’s collection from Yoko-

hama. I captured the species at Nagasaki in June, and have

received it from Wa-shan, Moupin, Chang-yang, and Pu-

tsu-fong.

Distribution. Natal; N.W. Himalayas; Khasis; Nilgiris

(Hampson); Japan; Kiushiu; Central and Western China.

A very variable species. Among the specimens com-

prised in my series are examples which agree with the type

of livida, Butl., others with that of ¢namana, Butl.; others

again represent granitalis, Butl., whilst among the inter-

grades are examples which do not appear to_be separable

from Dharmsala specimens of ealiturata, Walk., in the

National Collection at South Kensington.

Cidaria angularia, sp. n.

Similar in size, colour, and markings to C. unidentaria from

Europe, but the inner edge of the central fascia on primaries

is rather straighter, and on the outer edge the projection

above the middle is not indented; the pale band following

the fascia is better defined and the line traversing it is less

wavy than the same character in C. unidentaria; the outer

marginal area beyond the pale band is dusky. Antenne

serrate-fasciculate.

One male specimen and two females from Oiwake in Pryer’s

collection.

Hab. Japan.

Cidaria designata.

Phalena a ena Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. p. 612; Rott. Naturf. xi.

.co iid).

ounce ippaota, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 286.

oak ra Guen. Phal. ii. p. 412; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv.

xantiorics designata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 77.

Specimens were obtained at Hakodate in July and August,

and there were a few in Pryer’s collection from Yesso.

From China, Japan, and Corea. 653

Distribution. Europe; Altai; E. Siberia; Amur; Japan;

Yesso ; N. America.

Cidaria aridaria, sp. n.

Primaries pale brown with an ochreous tinge; central

fascia broad obscure brown, outlined in blackish, the inner

edge is indented below costa, and the outer edge bidentate ;

submarginal line double, but most distinctly so towards the

inner margin, blackish and wavy, beyond.it there are two

dark clouds, one on costa and one below it, the latter con-

nected with an oblique blackish streak from apex. Second-

aries fuliginous grey, with a darker discal spot and indications

of a paler central line. Fringes grey, paler on secondaries,

and preceded on all the wings by a blackish lunulated line.

Under surface grey-brown: the basal two thirds of primaries

darker, limited by a paler band which is diffuse on its outer

edge; secondaries mottled with darker, the basal two thirds

limited by a dusky line followed by a pale band; all the

wings have a blackish discal spot.

Expanse 32 millim.

One female specimen from Wa-shan, Western China: June.

Cidaria virtdata.

Cidaria viridata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p.661 ; Hampson,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 865 (1895).

A male specimen from Omei-shan, and a female from

Ni-tou: July.

Distribution. Sikhim; Khasis (Hampson); Western China.

Cidaria ambustaria, sp. n.

Primaries greyish with a faint olive tinge; basal area

suffused with fuscous and traversed by two darker, almost

blackish bands; the central fascia fuscous grey, with a

median band of the ground-colour, and limited by whitish-

edged black lines, the first line wavy and slightly curved,

and the second wavy and outwardly produced above the

middle; outer marginal area fuscous grey, clouded with

darker towards apex and transversely intersected by a wavy

whitish line, which is most distinct towards costa. Second-

aries pale fuscous grey ; basal two thirds suffused with darker

and limited by a dusky line which has an obtuse projection

at the middle. Fringes: of primaries fuscous grey marked

with paler; of secondaries pale fuscous grey marked with

darker; preceded by a blackish line in each case. Under

surface fuscous, rather paler on secondaries; all the wings

have a dusky discal mark and transverse band.

654 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Expanse 22-24 millim.

One male specimen from Che-tou, one from Ta-chien-lu:

June and July; and one example (minus head) from Chang-

yang, August.

Hab. Central and Western China.

Cidaria nigrozonaria, sp. n.

Primaries have the basal. two thirds fuscous brown, tra-

versed by a pale brown subbasal band ; the outer edge of the

area is limited by an undulated black line ; outer third pale

umber-brown traversed by two sinuous brown lines, the outer

rather indistinct ; apical patch fuscous brown, powdered with

grey and marked with black. Secondaries fuscous grey,

marked with paler on abdominal area towards anal angle.

Fringes pale brown, marked with darker and preceded by a

blackish line. Under surface fuscous grey, traversed by

darker lines and bands; discal dot on each wing black ;

fringes umber-brown marked with darker at the ends of the

nervules.

Expanse 24-26 millim.

Six male specimens and five females from Oiwake and

Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Cidaria quadrifasciaria.

Phal. Geometra quadrifasciaria, Clerck, Icon. pl. vi. fig. 4; Linn.

Faun. Suec. 529,

Coremia quadrifasciaria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 417.

Xanthorhoe quadrifasciaria, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892,

p: a lyfe

Scotosia ignobilis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 428.

There were specimens from Yokohama and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection. I captured the species at Hakodate in

August. | |

Some of the specimens are much suffused, others agree

with the type of “ 8.” ¢gnobdilis, Butl., in the National Collec-

tion at South Kensington.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Eastern Siberia; Amur;

Japan; Yesso.

Cidaria dimidiaria,

Cidaria dimidiaria, Motsch. Bull. de l’Acad. 1866, 1. p. 197.

A nice series in Pryer’s collection. I took the species at

Tsuruga and Fushiki in July; and my native collector

obtained it in the island of Kiushiu.

Hab. Japan; Kiushiu.

ae ge

2k «er le eer ieee.» +

from China, Japan, and Corea. 655

The Kiushiu specimens are smaller than the type and

paler in colour.

Cidaria hortulanaria, Greser, from Amurland, appears to

be very near to, if it is not identical with, this species.

Cidaria abraxina.

Melanippe abraxina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 443

(1879).

A series from Nikko and Yesso in Pryer’s collection.

My native collector obtained one female specimen at

Hakodate in June.

One of the males, of which sex there are but two examples

in the series, is without the central band on each wing, but

the discal spot remains.

Hab. Japan and Yesso.

Cidaria fuscaria, sp. n.

Fuscous grey. Primaries have a darker basal patch, its

outer edge almost straight, and a blackish central fascia, the

inner edge of which is curved, and the outer lobed about the

middle; beyond the fascia there are traces of one or two pale

waved transverse lines. Secondaries have traces of pale

transverse central lines, most distinct on abdominal margin.

Under surface fuscous grey, paler on outer marginal area of

all the wings.

Expanse 40 millim.

Z One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, Western China:

une.

Cidaria (?) fractistriga.

Epifidonia fractistriga, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 65, pl. ili. fig. 7

(1892).

The specimen (a worn female) taken at Ou-pin in the

Province of Kan-sou in July, and referred by Alphéraky to

Epifidonia, Butl., appears, according to the figure, to agree

better with Cidaria.

Genus LARENTIA.

(Treit.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 367 (1895).)

Larentia plurilinearia, sp. n.

Pale grey traversed by several darker wavy lines, the

space between the third and seventh lines is darker and

represents a central fascia; the outer margin is bordered

with darker. Secondaries have the basal half suffused with

656 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

darker. The nervules on all the wings are marked with

black and whitish. Fringes concolorous with the wings,

preceded by an interrupted blackish line, Under surface

smoky grey, the basal area of primaries limited by a blackish,

slightly elbowed line, and edged with pale grey ; the central

area of the secondaries traversed by three dusky lines, and

there are traces of a fourth line on the submarginal area.

Expanse 43 millim.

Two male specimens from Ni-tou, July.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia lakearia.

Eubolia lakearia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 58, ¢,

pl. iii. fig. 54,9 (1893).

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong taken in June or

July. Oberthiir’s types were from Ta-Tsien-Loa.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia pendearia.

Anticlea pendearia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 39, pl. vy. fig. 69

(1893).

Cidaria moupinata, Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 314, pl. vii.

fig.

Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-chien-lu. I have specimens

from the same locality and also from Omei-shan, Ni-tou, and

Che-tou. Both sexes are represented. The species occurs

in June and July. Poujade records a female example from

Moupin.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia grataria.

Anticlea grataria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 52 (May 1891).

Several specimens in Pryer’s collection.

I took the species at Nikko in September, and at Oiwake

in October. .

Hab. Japan.

Larentia albigirata.

Cidaria albigirata, Kollar, Hiig. Kasch. iv. p. 489 (1848).

Cidaria jameza, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 462 (1878) ; Ill.

Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 58, pl. lv. fig. 9 (1879).

mah albigirata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 367

(1805).

Butler’s type of jameza was from Hakodate. There were

no specimens in Pryer’s collection, and I have not received

any from Japan.

Distribution. N.W. Himalayas (Hampson) ; Japan (Butler).

;

SS ae Th SC

—_——

ttl

from China, Japan, and Corea. 657

Larentia suffumata,

Geometra suffumata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 306.

Eustroma suffumata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 335.

Cidaria suffumata, Treit. Schmett. vi. 2, p. 192; Guen. Phal. ii. p. 468.

Hydriomena suffumata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Cidaria minna, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 424.

Several specimens from Yokohama and Yesso in Pryer’s

collection. Also recorded from Tokio.

Cidaria minna, Butl., is most certainly a small form of

C. suffumata. One of my Japanese specimens measures only

24 millim. in expanse.

The species is common in several localities in Western

China.

: Distribution. Kurope; Altai; Japan; Yesso; Western

hina.

Larentia nitidaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries silvery grey, with a dark chocolate-

brown basal patch limited by a curved white line, and a

dark chocolate-brown central fascia edged with white, which

is broad on the costa but narrow from middle to inner

margin ; this fascia is apparently broken into three parts,

comprising a large triangular costal portion enclosing discal

spot, a small median spot, and an upright blotch on inner

margin; on the apical area there is a large chocolate-brown

patch, which is intersected by a wavy oblique white line

extending from apex to the central fascia, which it penetrates

for a short distance; submarginal line white, most distinctly

seen on the apical patch referred to; there is a reddish-brown

shade on the middle of outer marginal area, and the space

between the basal area and the central fascia is clouded with

blackish. Secondaries grey, suffused with brownish on basal

area, and traversed by three pale central lines and a sub-

marginal line, the latter wavy. Fringes of primaries dark

grey and of secondaries pale grey. Under surface: primaries

fuliginous, with indications of a dark central line agreeing

with the outer edge of the fascia of the upperside and a white

macular submarginal line; secondaries greyish, with darker

central line and discal spot. Antenne slightly ciliated.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the secondaries appear

more like the primaries in colour, that is silvery grey. On

the under surface the dark transverse lines are edged with

whitish, and there are indications of other whitish wavy lines

on the secondaries.

Expanse 40 millim.

One example of each sex from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

658 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Larentia fractifasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries pearly grey, blackish at the base; there is a

large black blotch on the costa, this is contracted in the

middle and edged with whitish, whilst from its lower end

there is a slight projection towards a small upright wedge-

shaped spot on the inner margin, the two marks appear to

represent the ends of a central band; submarginal line wavy,

whitish, with a blackish cloud-like internal edging. Second-

aries whiter than the primaries, with a faint dusky central

line. Fringes greyish, dotted at the extremities of the

nervules with black, and there are two similar black dots on

primaries between the apex and the submarginal line. Under

surface smoky grey, darker on basal, outer, and costal areas

of primaries ; the costal blotch faintly reproduced ; second-

aries rather paler, traversed by faint, dusky, central, and

submarginal bands.

Expanse 32 millim.

One male specimen from the plateau to the north-west of

Ta-chien-lu.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia latifusata.

Melanippe latifusata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv, p. 1298.

Cidaria nemata, Feld. Reis, Nov. pl. exxxii. fig. 82 (1875).

Larentia latifusata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 370

(1895).

Occurs at Moupin, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, Chow-pin-sa,

Omei-shan, Chia-ting-fu, Wa-shan, and the Province of

How-Kow: June and July.

I have also received the species from Sultanpore, North-

west Himalayas.

Distribution. Murree; Dalhousie (Hampson); Kulu ;

Western China.

Larentia torpidaria, sp. n.

Male.—Primaries whitish; basal two thirds greyish, limited

outwardly by a darker grey irregular fascia, broadest towards

costa and enclosing the black discal spot; submarginal line

of the ground-colour, wavy, preceded by brownish clouds

towards costa and inner margin, the area beyond this line is

suffused with greyish. Secondaries whitish grey, rather

darker on outer margin. Fringes whitish grey, preceded by

an interrupted blackish line. Under surface of primaries

fuliginous grey, with a small pale patch beyond middle of

costa ; of secondaries whitish powdered with fuliginous grey,

LE Ee

from China, Japan, and Corea. 659

this powdering is thinner on the inner and marginal portions

of the outer half of the wing, thus giving the appearance of

central and marginal bands.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the fascia of primaries

is hardly darker than other portions of basal two thirds.

One example of each sex from Moupin, June.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia rotundaria, sp. n.

Outer margins of all the wings have a very rounded ap-

pearance. Primaries have the basal three fourths dark grey,

traversed by wavy darker lines, and divided towards the

base of the wing by a dark-edged, narrow, pale grey band,

the outer edge of which has an angular projection below the

middle ; the outer limit of this dark area is undulated, con-

spicuously lobed below the middle, and edged with white on

the costa; the outer marginal area is silvery grey, clouded

with dark grey exteriorly ; there is a short oblique blackish

streak from the apex, and the submarginal line is represented

by a series of white marks on costa and a series of white dots

to inner margin. Secondaries smoky silvery grey. Fringes

dark grey. Under surface smoky grey: primaries have an

abbreviated white line, shaded with dusky, from costa, and

a macular white submarginal line ; secondaries have a dusky

wavy central line and an interrupted white submarginal line.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Moupin, June.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia debilitata.

Cidarva (?) debilitata, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 52 (May 1891).

One female specimen, from Gifu, in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Larentia badiata.

Geometra badiata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 291.

Ametbe badiata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 333.

Anticlea badiata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 407.

Hydriomena badiata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

A few specimens, from Gifu, in Pryer’s collection.

Distribution. Europe ; Altai; Japan.

The central fascia of primaries and the secondaries are

whiter in Japanese specimens than in any example in my

European series.

660 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Larentia amelia.

Lozogramma amelia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 406 (1878) ;

Ill, Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 46, pl. lii. fig. 6 (1879).

There was a nice series from Yokohama in Pryer’s col-

lection, and I received a female specimen from Ichang, taken

in April.

Distribution. Japan ; Central China.

Allied to Z. malvata, Rbr., a European species which

Meyrick places in Hydriomena (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892,

ps *2).

Larentia consanguinea.

Anticlea consanguinea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 449

(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 56, pl. lv. fig. 1 (1879).

There were specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan.

Larentia umbrifera.

Anticlea umbrifera, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 444 (1879).

Specimens from Yokohama and Oiwake in Pryer’s col-

lection. I took the species at Gensan in July, and | received

one example from Chang-yang taken in July.

Distribution. Japan; Corea; Central China.

Larentia Taczanowskiaria.

Anticlea Taczanowskiaria, Oberth, Etud. d’Entom. y. p. 54, pl. ix.

fig. 8 (1880).

Cidaria pervagata, Christ. Bull. Mosc. 1880, p- 78.

Cidaria Taczanowskiaria, Greser, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 413.

There was a nice series from Yesso in Pryer’s collection,

and my native collector met with the species in Hakodate in

June.

Distribution. Amur; Askold; Yesso.

Larentia erebearia, sp. n.

Primaries slaty grey, traversed by numerous blackish lines,

three of which are enclosed between two thicker black lines

and represent a central fascia; there is also a thicker black

line near the base and an interrupted black dash from apex ;

the latter has a whitish dot on it and there is a similar dot

above it on the costa. Secondaries smoky grey, with a

brownish tinge within the waved dusky central line ; a short

slaty-grey streak from abdominal margin. Under surface

fuliginous : primaries powdered with slaty grey on costal and

from China, Japan, and Corea. 661

apical areas, and traversed by three or four darker lines

beyond the middle; secondaries powdered with grey and

traversed beyond the blackish discal spot by several wavy

grey lines, the most conspicuous of which is a double one

beyond the middle. Body blackish, tip of abdomen in the

male brown.

Expanse 36 millim.

Three male specimens and one female from Pu-tsu-fong,

June.

Hah. Western China.

Larentia stellata.

Glaucopteryx stellata, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 367.

Larentia adjrouaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 36, pl. iv. fig. 59

(1893).

Larentia stellata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 369 (1895).

Two specimens from Ta-chien-lu, taken in June.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson); Western China.

Larentia naparia.

Venusia naparia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 30, pl. iii. fig. 36

(1893).

I have received specimens from Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, and

Omei-shan, taken in May, June, and July ; also from Chang-

yang, taken in May, June, and August.

I took the species at Ningpo in April.

Hab, Central, Western, and North-eastern China.

The specimens from Omei-shan and Ningpo are suffused

with fuscous, especially on the under surface.

Larentia confusaria, sp. n.

Greyish white. Basal half of primaries suffused with dark

grey and traversed by two diffuse lines of the ground-colour ;

beyond the middle there is a serrated whitish line clouded

inwardly with dark grey; outer margin clouded with dark

grey, traversed by a whitish wavy submarginal line.

Secondaries whitish, with traces of dark transverse lines on

abdominal area and nervules beyond. Fringes dark grey on

primaries, paler on secondaries, preceded in all cases by a

blackish line. Under surface smoky grey: primaries with

a pale band beyond the middle.

Expanse 42 millim.

Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

662 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Larentia nigrifasciaria, sp. n.

Whitish grey, venation blackish. Primaries have a small

blackish basal patch, the outer edge of which is quite straight,

and a broad blackish central fascia, both edges are undulated,

but most prominently so exteriorly, in the centre of the

costal portion there is a diffuse spot of the ground-colour

abutting on the black discal spot, and there are traces of

similar pale spots below; the outer marginal area is clouded

and suffused with blackish, and is traversed by a pale wavy

submarginal line, which is whitish near costa and inwardly

edged with blackish throughout, from this edging black

streaks are projected along the nervules. Secondaries have

the basal area and outer marginal border darker ; the vena-

tion also is dark on basal area. Fringes grey, preceded by

an interrupted blackish line. Under surface pale grey:

basal two thirds of primaries, also apical area, and broad

central fascia of secondaries smoky grey ; submarginal line

of primaries whitish towards costa, darker towards inner

margin; beyond the fascia of secondaries the venation is

marked with blackish.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsv-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia nudaria, sp. n.

Female.—Primaries grey, tinged with ochreous on outer

marginal area; median nervure and branches, also the sub-

median nervure, marked with black; basal patch and central

fascia darker grey, median area of the costal half of the

latter of the ground-colour, enclosing a black discal spot ;

the edges of the fascia are outlined by sinuous black lines,

the external one, edged outwardly with white, is preceded by

a wavy dusky line; submarginal line white, wavy, expand-

ing into a spot above inner margin; there is a dentated

dusky line between the basal patch and inner edge of the

fascia, and another between the outer edge of the fascia and

the submarginal line. Secondaries whitish grey, suffused

with darker on basal area, and traversed by three dark grey

lines, the outer two marked with black on the neuration ;

outer marginal area dark grey, traversed by a whitish sub-

marginal line. Fringes grey, marked with darker on the

primaries, and preceded by a black line. Under surface :

primaries fuliginous, marked with whitish grey on costa ;

beyond the middle there is a whitish-grey band edged with

blackish ; submarginal line whitish, interrupted towards

Jrom China, Japan, and Corea. 663

costa: secondaries whitish grey, traversed by three darker

lines; all the wings have a black discal spot.

Expanse 51 millim.

One female specimen from Ta-chien-lu, June.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia albiplaga.

Scotosia albiplaga, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xi. p. 34, pl. vi. fig. 42

(1886).

Scotosia nigralbata, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 327.

Larentia nigralbata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 370

(1895).

This species occurred in July and August at most of the

localities in Western China visited by my collectors, and

also at How-Kow, Thibet.

Distribution. Thundiéni; Punjab; Sikhim (Hampson) ;

Kashmir; Western China; Thibet.

Larentia perplexarta, sp. n.

Primaries pale ochreous grey; subbasal band oblique,

blackish; central fascia not well defined and hardly darker

than the ground-colour, except on inner margin where it is

blackish, its inner edge is indicated by a wavy oblique line,

and its outer edge by an angulated and wavy line, the latter

is followed by a wavy whitish band; the outer marginal

area is rather darker grey, and is traversed by a whitish line

which is broken up into spots, each placed on a black dash

towards the costa, where it is joined by an oblique white

dash from apex ; before this line there is a blackish spot on

the costa. Secondaries whitish, traversed beyond the middle

by three dusky wavy lines. All the wings have a blackish

discal spot. Fringes dark grey on the primaries and whitish

marked with dark grey on the secondaries. Under surface :

primaries smoky, beyond the middle there is a short diffuse

white band from the costa; submarginal line white and

rather wavy, united towards costa by an oblique white dash

from apex: secondaries as above.

Expanse 32 millim.

One male specimen from T’a-chien-lu, May.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia variaria, sp. n.

Primaries leaden grey; basal patch black, outer edge

curved ; central fascia black, its inner edge bidentate, and its

outer slightly lobed about middle ; beyond there is a small

black spot on costa, this is outwardly edged with white, and

664 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

from it a black waved line, also edged with white, runs to

inner margin; submarginal line white and very fine, only

distinct towards costa, where it is preceded by an abbreviated

black band, and towards inner margin, where it is preceded

by a brownish cloud. Secondaries whitish grey, suffused

with darker on basal area; discal dot fuscous ; central line

dusky, slightly waved. Fringes: grey marked with darker

on primaries ; pale grey marked with darker on secondaries.

Under surface fuscous grey: primaries have two dusky

transverse lines, edged with whitish, beyond the middle;

secondaries have a black discal spot and blackish central line,

there are also indications of a dusky line beyond.

Expanse 24 millim.

Three male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong and one from

Che-tou, July.

Hab. Western China.

One of the specimens from Pu-tsu-fong is tinged with

brownish on primaries. In the Che-tou example the basal

patch and the central fascia on upper surface of primaries

are not clearly defined; on the under surface the only

markings on primaries are some white spots towards costa,

representing the submarginal line, and some other white

spots above the middle of the inner margin of secondaries.

Larentia inconspicuaria, sp. n.

Primaries grey, with darker basal patch, subbasal, central,

and interrupted outer bands; all these darker markings are

limited by fine wavy black lines; submarginal line repre-

sented by whitish dots followed by black ones, most distinct

towards costa. Secondaries greyish, with paler central band.

Fringes pale grey, chequered with darker. Under surface

grey, suffused with darker, glossy ; the primaries are marked

with whitish on the costa and the secondaries have a pale

central band. |

Expanse 24-26 millim.

T'wo male specimens from T'a-chien-lu, July.

Hab, Western China.

Larentia teniata.

Emmelesia teniata, Steph, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 299, pl. xxxii.

fig. 3 (1829).

Hydriomena teniata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 73.

Coremia fulvida, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1881, p. 422.

There were a few examples from Oiwake in Pryer’s col-

lection ; I obtained specimens at Nemoro in August, and

from China, Japan, and Corea. 665

my native collector met with the species in the island of

Kiushiu. Two specimens, which appear to be referable to this

species, were received from Pu-tsu-fong and Che-tou; they

were taken in July.

In the Japanese specimens the central band of primaries is

rather broader than in European examples, and the space

between this band and the basal patch is deeply suffused

with fuliginous.

E Distribution. Europe; Japan; Yesso; Kiushiu ; Western

hina,

Larentia punctilinearia, sp. n.

Primaries greyish brown; basal patch dark brown, becoming

blackish on its outer edge, which is slightly dentate; median

band dark brown, its inner edge bordered by a dentate

whitish line, and dotted with black on the nervules, its

outer edge diffuse ; beyond the middle there is a whitish line

dotted with black on the nervules, and this appears to be the

outer limit of the median band; submedian band brown, with

ray-like projections in the direction of the fringes, these pro-

jections are traversed by a whitish line, and the band is

interrupted about the middle by a pale brown patch similar

in tint to the space between the basal patch and median band.

Secondaries fuscous brown. Fringes pale brown, marked

with darker. Under surface brown, with few distinct mark-

ings on primaries, but the secondaries have a blackish discal

spot and an indented line beyond the middle.

Expanse 32 millim.

One female from Japan in Pryer’s collection.

Allied to Z. teniata, Steph.

Larentia promiscuaria, sp. 0.

Primaries pale greyish brown ; basal patch darker, limited

by a slightly indented blackish band ; central fascia broadly

blackish, the edges not well defined ; between the fascia and

basal patch there is a dusky shade; submarginal line

whitish, wavy, bordered inwardly by an interrupted blackish

band ; discal spot black, elongate ; fringes dark grey marked

with paler, and preceded by an interrupted blackish line.

Secondaries whitish; there is a dusky transverse shade

beyond the middle, and the fringes, which are of the ground-

colour, are preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Under

surface whitish: primaries suffused with fuscous, markings

of upper surface faintly indicated ; secondaries powdered

Ann. & Mag. N, Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 46

666 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

with fuscous, there are two dusky transverse lines and the

discal dot is blackish.

Expanse 25-32 millim.

Four specimens from Chang-yang taken in June, and two

from Chow-pin-sa taken in July. Both sexes are represented,

Hab. Central and Western China.

Larentia schistacea.

Anticlea schistacea, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 278 (1887).

Larentia schistacea, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ii. p. 376

(1895).

One male specimen from Omei-shan and one from Pu-

tsu-fong: June.

Distribution. Dalhousie; Sikhim (Lampson) ; Western

China.

Larentia sordidata.

Geometra sordidata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 185.

Geometra elutata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 224.

Ypsipetes elutata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 378.

Hydriomena elutata, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 322; Meyrick, Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72.

Several specimens from Fujisan, Nikko, and Oiwake in

Pryer’s collection. I have received the species from Omei-

shan, Ni-tou, and Pu-tsu-fong, taken in July.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; Japan; Western

China.

Larentia neurbouaria.

Larentia neurbouaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 36, pl. v. fig. 77

(1893).

I received two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, where

they were taken in June. Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-

Tsien-Loft.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia tripunctaria, sp. n.

Primaries blackish brown, basal area darker and limited

by an indistinct white line; a white blotch on costal area and

another below it on inner marginal area represent a central

fascia; on the outer marginal area there is a third white

blotch ; the outer third of the wing is limited inwardly by a

sinuous white line followed by a diffuse russet band. Second-

aries whitish, basal two thirds suffused with dusky and limited

by a blackish wavy line. Fringes agree with the wings in

colour. Under surface greyish, blotched with paler on the

ot geet,

from China, Japan, and Corea. 667

middle of the costal and outer marginal areas of primaries;

the secondaries have two transverse dotted lines, and the

primaries one such line.

Expanse 40 millim.

Two male specimens from Pu-tsu-fong, June.

Hab. Western China.

In the second example the white blotches representing the

central fascia are much smaller, especially the lower one,

than in the specimen described.

Larentia (?) intersectaria, sp. n.

White. Primaries have a black patch at the base con-

taining a yellow spot on the inner margin, the outer edge of

this patch is obtusely angled and connected with a small

oblong spot at the angle; central fascia black, widely inter-

rupted below the middle ; submarginal band represented by a

large black spot on the costa and a double series of lunules

below to the inner margin; outer margin broadly bordered

with black, intersected by an oblique macular white line from

apex and interrupted below the middle; there are some

yellow marks at inner angle. Secondaries tinged with yellow

at the base and anal angle, and marked with black or blackish

on the abdominal and outer margins. Under surface as

above, but the black markings on basal two thirds of

primaries are rather obscured.

Expanse 29 millim.

One male specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Larentia costipunctaria, sp. n.

Male with a tuft of hair on the underside of the secondaries

placed just beyond the middle of vein 1.

Primaries pale grey, sometimes tinged with ochreous;

there are five pairs of indistinct wavy grey transverse lines,

the first, third, and fourth commencing in blackish spots on

costa and the fifth from the inner edge of a large blackish

apical cloud ; submarginal line whitish, but only distinctly

traceable towards costa and inner margin. Secondaries

white, tinged with ochreous on abdominal area and bordered

with dark grey on outer margin; submarginal line wavy,

pale; central line dusky, wavy, but indistinct. Fringes

dark grey, preceded by an interrupted black line. Under

surface white; primaries slightly suffused with dusky on

basal half; beyond the black discal spot there are indications

of a transverse band, but only distinct on the costa ; apical

46*

668 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

cloud as above; secondaries have a black discal spot and a

faint dusky wavy central line, marked with black on the

nervules ; abdominal area as above ; fringes whitish grey.

Expanse 38-41 millim.

Several specimens, including both sexes, from Ta-chien-lu,

Moupin, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, and How-Kow: June and

July.

Hab. Western China and Thibet.

Larentia moniliferaria.

Trichopleura moniliferaria, Oberth. Etud. @’Entom. xviii. p. 41, pl. v.

fig. 76 (1893).

Occurred in most localities in Western China, June and

July. Oberthiir’s type was taken at Ta-Tsien-Loft (Ta-

chien-lu).

Hab, Western China.

Larentia truncata.

Phalena truncata, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iv. p. 602 (1769).

Geometra russata, Hiibn. Geom, fig. 505.

Hydriomena truncata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1892, p. 72.

Cidaria calamistrata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p, 662,

pl. xxxiii. fig. 6.

Cidaria cinereata, Moore, /. ¢.

Oren eunapeee: Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, v. p. 55, pl. ix. fig. 7

Laren truncata (part.), Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 378

wo).

There were a few specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s

collection. I obtained the species at Nemoro and Shikotan

in August, at Nikko in September, and at Oiwake in

October. Specimens were received from Moupin and Che-

tou, taken in June, and also from the island of Kiushiu.

All the Japanese specimens of L. truncata in my collection

are modifications of the type form varying in two directions—

one graduating towards cinereata (corussaria), and the other

leads up to a variety in which the basal third of the primaries

is blackish brown intersected by a dingy rust-coloured band ;

the central fascia is almost white, the apical patch is unusually

large and agrees with the base in colour. ‘The form last

referred to is from Oiwake, Yokohama, Kiushiu, and Moupin.

The cinereata form is represented by specimens from tyes

moro, Shikotan, Kiushiu, and Che-toun.

Distribution. Europe; Altai; Amur; East Siberia ;

Askold; Japan; Kiushiu; Western China,

«<p

cop eit hee...

-_ Mele”

from China, Japan, and Corea. 669

Larentia immanata.

Geometra immanata, Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 328.

Geometra marmorata, Haw. 1. e.

Cidaria immanata, var. thingvallata, Staud. Cat. p. 183.

Larentia truncata (part.), Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 378

(1895).

Several specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

I captured examples at Nemoro in the beginning of August,

and have received specimens taken in June and July from

Chang-yang, Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, and the province of

How-Kow.

The typical and marmorata forms both occur in Japan and

China.

Among the Nemoro specimens are two fine varieties; one

of these is a very pale modification of the marmorata form

and the other approaches var. thingvallata.

Distribution. Europe; Japan; Yesso; Central and

Western China.

Larentia bimacularia, sp. n.

Primaries olive-brown, darker on apical and outer marginal

area, and transversely clouded with darker on the basal half

of the wing; there is a black patch at the base and an oblong

black spot on costa, the latter is connected with a black

discal spot and is preceded and followed by double brown

lines, the enclosed space paler throughout, but light ochreous

on costa; submarginal line pale ochreous from costa to about

the middle of outer margin, where it disappears, but is repre-

sented by a V-shaped mark before inner angle. Secondaries

whity brown, fuscous grey at the base, and traversed by an

oblique fuscous-grey band and two wavy lines of the same

colour ; on the abdominal margin the space between the lines

is pale ochreous ; outer margin bordered with fuscous grey,

intersected by a pale ochreous curved line, which is angulated

above anal angle. Fringes greyish, chequered with blackish.

Under surface fuscous grey, marked with darker on the

nervules; the primaries are marked on the costa with

blackish; submarginal line pale, curved, angulated above

inner angle, and bordered inwardly with blackish towards

costa; the area beyond the submarginal line is slightly

tinged with brownish: all the wings have a blackish discal

spot.

Expanse 34-36 millim.

Four female specimens from Ta-chien-lu and one from

Pu-tsu-fong: June.

Hab. Western China.

670 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Larentia costinotaria, sp. i.

Primaries pale brownish grey ; basal patch black, indented

on its outer edge and limited by a pale ochreous line; there

is a black oblong mark on the costa—this is outlined in pale

ochreous and contracted in the middle; between the black

markings there is a dark grey transverse shade from costa to

inner margin and some clouds of the same colour below the

costal mark; the outer margin is dark grey, indented in

the middle; submarginal line represented by a whitish line

on the costa, and another towards inner angle. Secondaries

pale grey ; transverse central line rather darker, edged out-

wardly with whitish ; there are indications of a pale submar-

ginal line. Fringes grey, marked with darker. Under

surface fuscous grey ; all the wings have a central and a sub-

marginal dusky line, edged with whitish; the central line of

primaries is acutely angled.

Expanse 32 millim.

One male specimen from Pu-tsu-fong, July.

Hab. Western China.

Allied to L. sagittata, Fabr.

Larentia variata.

Geometra variata, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 110; Hiibn. Geom. fig. 295.

Geometra obeliscata, Hiibn. Geom. fig. 296.

Hydriomena variata, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72.

There were specimens from Gifu in Pryer’s collection. I

took the species in April at Ningpo and Loochou and in June

at Gensan. All the examples are modifications of the obelis-

cata form of the species.

Distribution. Europe ; Altai; E. Siberia; Japan; Corea;

N.E. China.

Larentia comis.

Larentia comis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 443 (1879) ;

Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 379 (1895).

There were three specimens in Pryer’s collection, one of

which was from Oiwake, and I obtained two examples in

the same locality in the month of October.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson) ; Japan.

Similar in general appearance to some European examples

of L. variata, but the antenne are shortly bipectinate.

The type (in the National Collection) is in poor condition.

Oa ;

oo > a

from China, Japan, and Corea. 671

Genus OPORABIA.

(Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 273 (1829).)

Oporabia (?) chiachiaria.

Psyra chiachiaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 27, pl. v. fig. 64

(1893).

I have not seen an example of this species, of which

Oberthiir records twospecimens from T'4-Tsien-Loa (Ta-chien-

lu) ; but, judging from the figure, I should say that it is not

a Psyra, or even referable to the Boarmiine.

Hab. Western China.

Oporabia (?) productaria, sp. n.

Primaries pale grey, with a darker basal patch, central

fascia, and an ill-defined shade between; the neuration is

still darker and is dotted with whitish, most distinctly beyond

the central fascia; submarginal line whitish, wavy. Second-

aries: outer angle much produced; whitish grey, suffused

with darker on abdominal area; there is a dusky band on

outer marginal area traversed by a wavy line of the ground-

colour. Fringes agree in colour with the wings and are

preceded by an interrupted blackish line. Under surface of

primaries fuliginous grey and of secondaries whitish grey

finely dusted with darker; all the wings have a blackish

discal dot and the secondaries have an obscure, undulated,

dusky central line. Antenne bipectinated.

Expanse 48 millim.

One male specimen from Ta-chien-lu, May or June.

Hab. Western China.

Oporabia nexifasciata.

Oporabia nexifasciata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 420.

Eight specimens from Yokohama in Pryer’s collection.

Very closely allied to O. dilutata, Bork., but the antenne

are more strongly fasciculated and the first transverse band

of primaries is straight.

Meyrick places dilutata in Asthena (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1892, p. 74).

Hab. Japan.

Oporabia japonaria.

Oporabia japonaria, Leech, Entom., Suppl. p. 48 (May 1891).

A long and variable series from Yokohama in Pryer’s

collection.

Hab. Japan.

672 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Genus PHOTOSCOTOSIA.

Trichopleura, Staud. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 68 (preeocc.).

Photoscotosia, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 328.

Lasiogma, Meyrick, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 70.

Photoscotosia JSasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries pale grey-brown, traversed by several diffuse

dark grey wavy lines; basal patch dark grey ; central fascia

chocolate-brown, the inner edge slightly indented about the

middle and the outer edge angled above the middle and

bilobed below it; there are some blackish clouds on the outer

margin; the costal portions of the transverse lines are darker,

and some blackish dashes precede the marginal line. Second-

aries orange, marked with fuscous grey on abdominal area

and on outer margin from anal angle to third median nervule.

Fringes fuscous, except towards outer angle of secondaries,

where they are orange, preceded on all the wings by an

interrupted black line. Under surface: primaries pale

ochreous, suffused with blackish on basal portion, which is

limited by an elbowed blackish band; the apical area is

clouded with blackish: secondaries yellowish ochreous,

powdered with fuscous ; abdominal area greyish; discal spot

linear, blackish ; central band dusky, almost straight from

costa to middle, thence turns sharply to abdominal margin.

Expanse 52-54 millim.

Two male specimens and one female from How-Kow: July.

Hab. 'Thibet.

Photoscotosia amplicata.

Cidaria amplicata, Walk. Cat. lop Het. xxv. ?. 1404 (1862). -

Trichopleura amplicata, Alph. Rom. sur Lép. vi. p. 76, pl. iii.

figs. 10a, 6, ¢ (1892),

Trichopleura Dejeant, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom, xviii. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 51

(1893).

Photoscotosia amplicata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 382

(1895).

Occurs at Omei-shan, Ni-tou, Pu-tsu-fong, and How-Kow :

June and July.

In Chinese specimens the white patch on primaries varies

to much the same extent that it does in my series from the

N.W. Himalayas, but the secondaries are usually much less

suffused with fuscous. One form, however, from Omei-shan

seems to merit a varietal name,

Var. rivularia, nov.

General coloration brighter and more variegated ; outer

transverse line of primaries very conspicuous.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 673

Two male specimens and one female from Omei-shan: July.

Distribution. North-west Himalayas; Sikhim (Hampson) ;

Western China; Thibet.

Photoscotosia penguionaria.

Trichopleura penguionaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 42, pl. v.

fig. 70 (1893),

Three specimens from How-Kow, Thibet: July.

Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-Tsien-Loa.

Hab. Western China and Thibet.

Photoscotosia bicolor.

Cidaria bicolor, Moore, Lep. Atk. p. 278 (1887).

Larentia tonchignearia, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. xviii. p. 38, pl. v.

fies. 67 ¢, 66 Q (1893).

Photoscotosia bicolor, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 382

(1895).

Obtained in June and July in most of the localities in

Western China visited by my collectors, and also at How-Kow

in Thibet. Oberthiir’s type was from Ta-Tsien-Loa.

Distribution. Sikhim (Hampson); Kulu, North-west

Himalayas ; Western China; Thibet.

Photoscotosia albomacularia, sp. n.

Primaries fuliginous grey, with several indistinct darker

transverse lines ; central fascia blackish, with a large diffuse

white blotch on its costal portion; submarginal line whitish,

indistinct, and interrupted. Secondaries blackish, discal area

white. Fringes blackish, slightly marked with white on

secondaries. Under surface blackish ; discal area of primaries

white, apices whitish ; discal and abdominal areas of secondaries

white, the latter tinged with greyish; discal spot black,

linear.

Expanse 46 millim.

One male example from Omei-shan, July.

Hab, Western China.

Closely allied to P. bicolor, Moore, but the band on second-

aries is much broader and the fringes are black.

Photoscotosia undulosa.

Trichopleura undulosa, Alph. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1888, P. 69; Rom, sur

Lép. vi. p. 78, pl. iii. fig. 9, 9 (1892); Oberth. Etud. d’Entom,

xviii. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 56, g (1893).

Photoscotosia undulosa, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 382

(1895).

One specimen from Omei-shan, July.

674 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

Alphéraky’s type (a female) was from the province of

Szechuen, and that of Oberthiir (a male) from Ta-Tsien-Lot.

Distribution. Thibet ; Sikhim (Zampson).; Western China.

Photoscotosia pallifasciaria, sp. n.

Primaries brown; basal fourth limited by a pale-edged

dark band; about the middle of the wing there is a broad

whity-brown band, edged inwardly by a narrow undulated

dark brown band, and outwardly by a dark brown wavy line,

which is slightly indented below costa and shaded inwardly

with the ground-colour ; submarginal live pale, arched, termin-

ating in an upright blotch on inner margin ; discal spot black,

linear. Secondaries smoky grey, paler on costa; discal spot

black, inconspicuous ; central line dusky, wavy, and curved ;

submarginal line arched, ochreous brown, extending from

anal angle to third median nervule. Fringes dark grey on

primaries, paler, inclining to yellowish, on secondaries,

preceded on each wing by a dark brown line. Under surface

pale whity brown: primaries suffused with smoky on basal

third and on outer marginal area, especially on apical portion,

but the apex itself is of the ground-colour; beyond the middle

there is a blackish abbreviated band from costa ; submarginal

line as above: secondaries powdered with greyish ; discal

spot black, linear; central line dusky, curved.

Expanse 58 millim.

Two female specimens from Che-tou, July.

Hab, Western China.

Allied to P. undulosa, Alph.

Photoscotosia velutina.

Photoscotosia velutina, Warren, Novit. Zool. ii. p. 117 (1895).

Warren’s type was from “China.” I have specimens of

both sexes from Omei-shan, a-chien-lu, Ni-tou, and Che-tou,

where they were taken in July and August.

Hab. Western China.

Photoscotosia funebris.

Photoscotosia funebris, Warren, Novit. Zool. ii. p. 117 (1895).

Specimens, taken in June and July, were received from

Pu-tsu-fong, Omei-shan, Ni-tou, and Che-tou.

Warren’s type was from “ China,”

Hab. Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 675

Photoscotosia rectilinearia, sp. n.

Primaries brown, with a pinkish tinge on central area ;

basal area darker brown, traversed by a greenish-grey band

and limited by an almost straight, inwardly diffuse, velvety-

black line; beyond the middle there is a greenish-grey

wavy band; this is diffuse outwardly and edged inwardly by

an interrupted dentated black line; submarginal line indicated

by a greenish-grey spot near costa and another towards inner

margin; discal spot black, elongate. Secondaries smoky

brown, with faint traces of a wavy central line. Fringes

brown, except towards apex of secondaries, where they are

yellowish. Under surface similar to that of P. pallifasciaria.

Expanse 56 millim.

One female specimen from Omei-shan, July.

Hab. Western China.

Photoscotosta atrostrigata.

Scotosia atrostrigata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 87, pl. vii. fig. 16 (1864).

Lasiogma atrostrigata, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 71.

Scotosia lucicolens, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 54, pl. xxxvil. fig. 10

(1878).

There were several specimens in Pryer’s collection. _ I took

the species at Nikko in September and at Oiwake in October.

My native collector obtained it on the island of Kiushiu, and

I have one specimen from Chang-yang.

Distribution. Eastern Siberia; Japan; Kiushiu; Central

China.

Photoscotosia apicinotaria, sp. n.

Male.—Frimaries brown ; the space between the thin sub-

basal black line and the angulated black inner edge of the

central fascia, which is paler than the ground-colour, is

traversed by wavy blackish lines; the outer edge of the fascia

is also black, bidentate, and wavy, but not always well

defined; it is preceded by a double brownish line; there is a

pale brown spot clouded with darker on costa before apex,

and below the spot there is a white dot; discal spot black,

linear, connected with the subbasal line. Secondaries fuligi-

nous, whitish on costa; there are indications of a wavy pale

brown submarginal line from anal angle to third median

nervule, and there isa blackish spot on abdominal margin.

Fringes concolorous with the wings, except on upper portion

of secondaries, where they are pale brown. Under surface:

primaries whitish brown, basal area blackish, apical area

fuliginous, the latter enclosing a pale brown triangular spot

676 Mr. J. H. Leech on Lepidoptera Heterocera

on costa towards apex; below this spot there is a dot of the

same colour: secondaries whitish brown, powdered with

fuliginous, and becoming heavily clouded with fuliginous

beyond the wavy central line; discal spot linear.

Female.—Similar to the male, but the exterior outline of

the central fascia on primaries is more clearly defined and is

bordered with paler towards costa and inner margin; beyond

it there are some wavy transverse lines and a white spot

towards inner angle; on the secondaries there is a large

diffuse orange band extending from costa to third median

nervule ; the fringes of these wings are tinged with orange

towards outer angle. The under surface of primaries is

fuliginous, with a broad fulvous central fascia, and of second-

aries also fuliginous, tinged on the central area with fulvous.

Expanse, ¢ 54-56, 9 58 millim.

Thirteen male specimens and two females from Moupin,

Omei-shan, Che-tou, and Ni-tou: June and July.

Hab. Western China.

Photoscotosia propugnataria, sp. n.

Primaries pale olivaceous brown, basal patch and central

fascia vinous brown, inner half of central portion paler; the

fascia is outlined in black, its interior edge is thrice indented,

and there is a black spot in each indentation, the upper one

continued to costa; the external edge is wavy and has an

obtuse projection about the middle ; submarginal line pale,

macular below the costa, each spot outwardly edged with

black. Secondaries fuscous, whitish grey on costal area,

more narrowly towards base ; there is an orange cloud at end

of the discoidal cell and the fringes on upper half are tinged

with the same colour. Under surface very similar to that of

P. fasciaria, but less ochreous, especially on primaries.

Expanse 54 millim,

One male specimen from Wa-shan: June.

Hab, Western China.

Photoscotosia mintosata.

Scotosta miniosata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1354 (1862).

Photoscotosia miniosata, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii, p. 380

(1895).

I received this species from Pu-tsu-fong, Che-tou, and from

the plateau to the north of Ta-chien-lu.

The specimens do not appear to differ from examples in my

collection from the North-west Himalayas.

Distribution. Himalayas ; Sylhet; Western China.

from China, Japan, and Corea. 677

Genus CALLABRAXAS.

(Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 226 (1880).)

Callabraxas fabiolaria.

Euchera fabiolaria, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. x. p. 35, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1884).

This species was obtained at Chang-yang and Ichang, also

in most of the localities in Western China.

fiaj, Cenirai and Vester Uuina.

C. trigoniplaga, Hampson (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895,

p- 312), is very close to, if not identical with, this species.

Genus GANDARITIS.

(Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 660.)

Gandaritis flavata.

Gandaritis flavata, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 660; Waterh.

Aid, pl. clxxxiy. fig.7; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 885

(1895).

Var. sinicaria, nov. — Basal two thirds of secondaries

white, with a diffuse black central band; outer third blackish,

intersected by a wavy yellow band and bordered on outer

margin with rather darker yellow.

I have received this form of the species from Moupin,

Omei-shan, Wa-shan, Chia-ting-fu, and Chang-yang: June

and July.

Distribution. Khasis (Hampson); North, Central, and

Western China.

_ Gandaritis agnes.

Euchera agnes, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 441 (1878) ;

Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 47, pl. lii. fig. 10 (1879).

Hydriomena agnes, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72.

There were four male specimens and one female from Yesso

in Pryer’s collection. My native collector captured a female

example at Hakodate in June or July.

Meyrick considers fest(naria, Christ., from Amurland, to

be synonymous with this species.

Hab. Japan.

Gandaritis maculata.

Gandaritis maculata, Swinh. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 483

(1894).

Several specimens from Ohoyama, Nikko, and Yesso in

Pryer’s collection.

Hab. Japan and Yesso,

678 On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China &e.

Gandaritis Fixseni.

Cidaria Fivseni, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 100, pl. viii. fig. 12 (1864).

Gandaritis Fizseni, Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, ili. p. 885 (1895).

Hydriomena Fiaseni, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 72.

A nice series from Ohoyama, Nikko, and Yesso in Pryer’s

collection. obtained the species at Hakodate in August.

Distribution. Eastern Siberia; Amur; Japan; Yesso.

Japanese specimens are larger than the Amurland examples

in my collection.

Gandaritis flavomacularia, sp. 0.

Allied to G. Fixsent.

Male.—Fuliginous. Primaries traversed by several fine

wavy and angulated lines; these are whitish or yellowish in

colour and only distinct on costal and inner margins; there

are indications of two whitish bands on the median area, the

first represented by an angular dash on costal area, a sagitta

mark on the middle, and a small spot on inner margin, the

second by a slightly waved dash on costal area and a small

double spot on first submedian nervule ; submarginal band

formed of whitish spots and the marginal band of yellow

ones; all these whitish lines and bands are tinged with

yellow on the costa. Secondaries have the abdominal area

suffused with smoky grey and the outer angle yellow; sub-

marginal and marginal bands composed of yellow spots, the

former preceded on costal area by a yellow crescent-shaped

mark, representing acentral band. A blackish discal spot on

all the wings. Fringes fuliginous, those of secondaries

yellow at outer margin and opposite each marginal spot.

Under surface yellowish: primaries clouded with brownish on

basal and outer marginal areas ; central double line brownish,

elbowed above the middle, and connected with an interrupted

submarginal band of the same colour by an oblique darker

cloud ; a blackish oblique dash extends from apex almost to

submarginal band; secondaries whitish grey on abdominal

area and clouded and suffused with yellowish on outer marginal

area; central line and submarginal band as on primaries, but

the former is curved and has an angular projection on its

inner edge before abdominal margin.

Female.—Similar to the male, but larger ; the white bands

on upper surface of the primaries are less interrupted, as also

is the central yellow one of secondaries ; the under surface is

less yellow and heavily clouded with dusky.

Expanse, ¢ 60, ? 66 millim.

One example of each sex from Wa-shan: August.

Hab, Western China.

o<™

Bibliographical Notice. 679

Genus PoMASIA.

(Guen.; Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, iii. p. 887 (1895).)

Pomasia albolinearia, sp. n.

Pale brown. Primaries have a black discal dot and two

white transverse lines with black specks on them, the outer

one curved and recurved; submarginal line wavy, whitish, but

not clearly defined. Secondaries have a black discal dot and

a white transverse indented line beyond, the latter inwardly

edged with black, most distinctly towards inner margin.

Fringes of the ground-colour preceded by a series of black

dots. Under surface pale brown, suffused with fuscous on

the disk: primaries have a pale discal mark and transverse

line beyond : secondaries have a black discal dot and a pale

band beyond, the latter inwardly edged with blackish.

Expanse 20 millim.

One male specimen from Chang-yang and an example of

each sex from Moupin: July.

In the female specimen from Moupin the white lines are

wider and in the male from same locality are almost band-

like; but these examples are not in such good condition as

the one from Chang-yang, which I have taken as the type.

Hab. Central and Western China.

[To be continued. }

Erratum.

P. 568, line 12, for “entirely black” read “ entirely white.”

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.

Das Tierreich, 1. Lieferung.—Aves: Podargide, Caprimulgide,

and Macropterygide. Bearbeitet von Ernst Harrerr. Berlin:

Friedlinder u. Sohn, 1897.

In the first portion of the Birds in ‘ Das Tierreich,’ which we have

lately received, Mr. Ernst Hartert gives an excellent manual of the

Goatsuckers and Swifts (Podargide, Caprimulgide, and Macro-

pterygide). As may be supposed, it is based on the portion of

vol. xvi. of the ‘ Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum’ con-

taining those families, which was written by him in 1892,

thoroughly revised and brought well up to date; but some little

alteration is made in the arrangement and in the sequence of the

genera, added to which Mr. Hartert has, in the present instance,

declared himself wholly for trinomialism, which we rather regret,

as we are old-fashioned enough to believe that this is a course that

does not tend to the simplification of the study of ornithology, but

rather the reverse. The number of species added to those included

in the Brit. Mus. Catalogue is fifteen, as follows :—Vodargus inter-

medius, Hart.; Batrachostomus microrhynchus, Grant; B. mixtus,

680 Miscellaneous.

Sharpe; gotheles rufescens, Salvad.; . plumifer, Ramsay ;

Micropsalis kalinowskii, Berlep. ; Caprimulgus Rosenbergi, Hartert ;

C. nigriscapularis, Rehw.; C. celebensis, Grant; C. aldabrensis,

Ridgw.: C. Donaldsoni, Sharpe; Collocalia Whiteheadi, Grant;

Cypseloides Cherriei, Ridgw.; Apus Willsi (Hart.); A. Shelley

(Salvad.); but of these Agotheles plumifer and Apus Shelleyi were

referred to in footnotes in that Catalogue. Besides which the

following thirteen subspecies are also added :—Nyctibius jamai-

consis ariseus (Gm.); Nyctidromus albicollis derbyanus, Gould ;

Chordeiles virginicus aserriensis, Cherrie; Phalenoptilus Nuttalli

nitidus, Brewst.; Caprimulqus macrurus ambiguus, Hart. ; Capri-

mulgus macrurus nipalensis, Hart. ; Caprimulgus europaeus meridi-

onalis, Hart.; Macropteryx mystacea Woodfordiana, Hart.; M.comata

major, Hart. ; Collocalia fuciphaga unicolor, Jerd. ; Chetura zonaris

paliidifrons, Hart.; Apus affinis galilejensis (Antin.) ; and Apus

afinis Kenigi (Rchw.). One new genus is given, viz. Nannochor-

deiles, Hartert [type VV. pusillus (Gould)], and the following altera-

tions and emendations are made :—d%gotheles Loriw (Cat. B. Brit.

Mus. xvi. p. 650) is omitted; Hurostopus is corrected (p. 23)

to Eurostopodus ; Macropsalis forcipata (p. 27) to M. ereagra (Bp.) ;

the genus Cosmetornis is suppressed and included (p. 30) in Macro-

dipteryx, and M. macrodipterus is corrected to M. longipennis

(Shaw) ; Heliothreptus is altered (p. 31) to Lliothreptus ; Capri-

mulgus lentiginosus stands (p. 55) now as C. trimaculatus (Sw.),

Caprimulgus jotaka as Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, and Caprimulgus

Kelaarti as Caprimulgus indicus typicus ; Collocalia merguiensis as

C. francica germani (Oust.); Tachornis batassiensis is altered to

7’. batasiensis ; and the generic name for the true Swifts is altered

from Micropus to Apus, but should, we think, stand as Cypselus.

Sixteen woodcuts of heads, feet, and tails are given, all of which

will be found useful, and the entire work is well got up and con-

scientiously executed; and we congratulate Mr. Hartert on having

completed so concise and useful a manual of these families.

MISCELLANEOUS.

On the Malpighian Tubes of Orthoptera,

By M. L. Borpas*.

Tux Malpighian vessels in Orthoptera present a close analogy with

those of Hymenoptera so far as their number and length is con-

cerned, but they differ essentially in their arrangement and mode of

opening. They are, as a rule, capillary tubes, more or less elon-

gated, cylindrical, tortuous, and arranged in several bundles which

open in the majority of species on the summit of six little conical]

tubercles, arising in evaginations of the anterior extremity of the

terminal portion of the intestine. In Forficulide, Phasmide, and

Gryllide the relations of these glands to the intestine are entirely

different.

From the histological point of view these glands consist of an

external very delicate peritoneal coat and an internal epithelium

* Abstract from a work, ‘ Appareil digestif des Orthoptéres.’

Miscellaneous. 681

lying upon a very thin basement membrane. The epithelium is

formed of a number of excretory cells, varying with the species, and

encloses a very fine central lumen.

Among the various excretory products of these glands I have

found abundance of sodic and ecalcic urate in Gryilus; uric acid in

Gryllotalpa in the form of irregular spherical or ovoid concretions

and prismatic crystals; sodic urate and uric acid in Blatta and

Periplaneta.

The research has been made on about eighty species, belonging

to seven principal families of the Orthoptera, and I will now

proceed to describe the results, insisting specially on the mode of

opening of the Malpighian tubes. Further, thanks to the numerous

specimens placed at our disposal, I have been enabled to observe

the diverse modes of opening which the urinary organs affect in

Orthoptera, and to follow out all the phases between the two ex-

treme types—that is to say, those in which the tubes of Malpighi

open into the end of the intestine at the summit of a number of

tubercles grouped in circles, and those in which they form only one

large bundle, opening at the end into a long urethral tube dilated

at the extremity.

We will pass in review the several families in the order of

diminution of complication.

The tubes of Malpighi in the Forficulide are small in number

(8 to 10) and grouped in two bundles placed at the ends of a

diameter at the origin of the terminal intestine.

In the Phasmide the urinary organs are very numerous and

united in several bundles (20 to 24 in Phibalosoma), opening into an

equal number of hemispherical or conical tubercles, very short and

disposed in a circle around the intestine, of which they are nothing

more than simple evaginations. In <Acanthoderus and Necroscia

each collecting-tubercle receives but two or three Malpighian tubes.

The Mantidie possess 60 to 70 urinary tubes, inserted sometimes

irregularly, sometimes grouped in bundles (3 or 4) at the origin of

the terminal intestine (Hremiaphila). The Praying Mantis possesses

50 or 60, united in several bundles separated by narrow free spaces.

In Periplaneta and Blatta the Malpighian tubes are grouped in

6 bundles, each comprising 15 to 20 tubes opening on the summit

of avery short conical tubercle. These six tubercles, greatly re-

duced and with a broad base, arise from intestinal evaginations.

They are about equidistant from one another and arranged in a

circle around the intestine. The urinary organs of Polyzosteria are

thin, short, winding, and arranged equally in six groups. In

Blabera the mode of opening of the tubes of Malpighi is altogether

characteristic and quite different from that observed in other Blattide.,

The tubular glands, to the number of 50 or 60, open on an irregular

area comprising about one third of the circumference of the in-

testine.

In the family of the Acridiide the number of Malpighian tubes

is very variable, certain species (Pecilocerus, Pyrgomorpha) having

as many as 100; others have 60 to 70 (Pamphagus), and some 70

to 80 ((Edipoda) or 50 to 60 (Psophus, Pachytylus, &c.). In all

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 6. Vol. xix. 47

682 Miscellaneous.

these species these organs are grouped in a small number of bundles

(5 or 6), directed, some backwards, some forwards, and covering

partly the middle and partly the posterior intestine. In all the

Locustide the number of the tubes of Malpighi exceeds 100. They

are grouped in six bundles, opening at the summit of six eylindro-

conical tubercles, sometimes disposed irregularly, sometimes at equal

distances one from the other, at the origin of the terminal intestine

(Locusta, Decticus, Salomona, Pseudorhynchus, Platycleis, &e.). In

the Ephippigerine there are only 3 or 4 of these conical tubercles,

with 110 to 120 urinary tubes. Lastly, through @ryllacris, which

has, as a rule, but one collecting-tubercle, fairly short, on the

summit of which 80 to 100 Malpighian tubes open, we pass to the

Gryllide. The number of tubes in various Gryllide is very con-

siderable, and exceeds 100; 100 to 120 may be counted in Gryllus

and Gryllotalpa. ‘These organs are long, tortuous, and open at the

widened end (pan-shaped) of a single cylindrical collecting-canal

(ureter). This last, after a course of 9-12 millim., penetrates a

little below the origin of the terminal intestine, and there opens on

the summit of a conical or dolioform tubercle, with a blunted point

aud armed with four valves hounding a star-shaped orifice (Gryllo-

talpa)—Comptes Rendus, tom. cxxiv. pp. 46-48.

The supposed great Octopus of Florida: certainly not a Cephalopod.

By A. E. Verritr.

Additional facts have been ascertained and specimens received

that render it quite certain that this remarkable structure is not

the body of a Cephalopod. It was described by me, in the January

number of this Journal [also ‘ Annals,’ Feb. 1897}, as the body of

an Octopus *, from the examination of a number of photographs and

the statement made to me that, when it was first cast ashore, stumps

of arms were found adherent to one end, one of which was said to

have been 36 feet long +. Subsequently, when it was excavated

and moved, this statement proved to be erroneous. Apparently

nothing that can be called stumps of arms or any other appendages

were present. Folds of the integument and mutilated and partly

detached portions may have been mistaken for such structures, No

bones or other hard parts were found in it.

* Many other zoologists who examined the photographs held the same

opinion. Some of those who have seen the samples of integument sent

to me still believe that the specimen may be the body of some unknown

genus of Cephalopods, allied to Octopus. But the thick integument of a

Cephalopod is necessarily muscular and highly contractile, while in this

creature it is elastic and resistant, and not at all contractile. Therefore I

cannot refer it to that group, after having examined this structure.

+ The following is the written statement made by Mr. Wilson to

Dr. Webb in regard to the “arms” that he found when it first went

ashore :—‘‘ One arm was lying west of body, 28 feet long; one stump of

arm west of body, about 4 feet; three arms lying south of body, and

from appearances attached to same (although I did not dig quite to body,

as it laid well down in the sand, and | was very tired), longest one

measured over 32 feet ; the other arms were 3 to 5 feet shorter.” Soon

after this examination the specimen went adrift in another severe storm

and was again cast ashore two miles further south, which will probably

account for the loss of these supposed arms.

rom

Miscellaneous. 683

Dr. Webb has recently sent to me several large masses of the

integument of the creature, preserved fairly well in formalin.

These masses are from 3 to 10 inches thick, and, instead of being

muscular, as had been thought, they have a structure similar to

the hard elastic variety of blubber-like integument found on the

head of certain cetaceans, such as the sperm-whale. They contain

very little oil and cannot be called true blubber. They are firm,

very tough and elastic, and composed mainly of much interlaced

fibres and large bundles of tough, fibrous, white connective tissue.

They are difficult to cut or tear apart, especially where indurated

by partial drying. Some large irregular canals permeate the inner

and less dense portions of the thick masses. These may have con-

tained blood-vessels originally. From the inner surface of some of

the pieces large cords of elastic fibres proceeded inward. These

now hang loosely from the masses of integument. Dr. Webb states

that these were found attached on all sides to a long saccular organ,

which occupied most of the central cavity of the great mass. No

muscular fibres were present in the specimens sent. Perhaps the

muscular tissues of the inner surfaces, if any were present originally,

have decayed, but the tough fibrous mass does not show much

decomposition. The outer surface shows in some places a tough,

thin, grey, rather rough skin-like layer, that may be the remains of

the outer skin. It looks a little like the skin of some fishes from

which the scales have been removed. From these facts I am led to

believe that the mass cast ashore is only a fragment, probably from

the head, of some huge vertebrate animal covered with a blubber-

like layer of great thickness.

Although such an integument might, perhaps, be supposed com-

patible with the structure of some unknown fish* or reptile, it is

certain that it is more like the integument found upon the upper

part of the head of a sperm-whale than anything else that I know.

If we could imagine a sperm-whale with the head prolonged far

forward in the form of a great blunt saccular snout, freely projecting

beyond the upper jaw, and with a great central cavity, it might, if

detached and eroded by the surf, present an appearance something

like the mass cast ashore. It hardly seems possible, however, that

the abruptly truncated and narrow snout of the common sperm-whale

could take on, even after being long tossed about by the waves, a

form like this. No whaler who has seen it has recognized it as

any part of a whale. It does not seem possible to identify such a

large, hollow, pear-shaped sac, 21 feet long, with any part of an

ordinary sperm-whale unless its nose had become enlarged and

distorted by disease, or possibly by extreme old age. No blowhole

was discovered.

The specimen has now been moved several miles nearer to

St. Augustine and enclosed by a fence to protect it from the drifting

sand. It is likely to remain in nearly its present state for several

months more.— Amer. Journ. Sci., April 1897, pp. 355, 356.

* The integument of Orthagoriscus mola, the great sun-fish, is very

thick and elastic, but unlike this in structure.

684

INDEX to VOL. XIX.

ABRAXAS, new species of, 447.

Acanthoctenus, new species of, 103.

Acaulona costata, remarks on, 28.

Achatina, new species of, 636.

Acrzea, new species of, 581.

Admetine, note on the new sub-

family, 358.

Aganippe, note on the genus, 112.

ero in flying animals, on the,

49,

Akodon, new species of, 496.

Alcidamea, new species of, 400,

Ambulyx, new species of, 5&0.

Ammodytes tobianus, on the spawn-

ing of, 241,

Ammoplanus, new species of, 402.

Anaitis, new species of, 553.

Ancara, new species of, 167.

Andrews, C. W., on the structure of

the skull of a Pliosaur, 350; on a

cast of the brain-cavity of Iguano-

don, 585.

Andricus, new species of, 261.

Anidiops, characters of the new

genus, 114.

Animals, on the air-spaces in flying,

149; on movement in a circle as

the fundamental form of move-

ment in, 155; on nocturnal pro-

tective coloration in, as developed

by natural selection, 354.

Anonychia, new aie of, 225.

Antennophorus Uhlmanni, on the

relations of, to Lasius mixtus, 620,

Antherza, new species of, 393.

Aparallactus, new species of, 154,

279.

Apericallia, characters of the new

genus, 211.

Arachnida, new, 78, 109, 116, 283,

360, 510.

Arichanna, new species of, 434,

Arinia, new species of, 627.

Assiminea, new species of, 659,

Astacus, on the generic name, 120,

239, 352, 353, 470.

Asthipa, new species of, 173.

Auzea, new species of, 182.

Baccha phaoptera, remarks on, 20.

Bapta, new species of, 198.

Batrachia, new, 10, 106, 508,

Bell, F. J., on the generic name of

the river crayfish, 259.

Bembidula, new species of, 371.

Biston, new species of, 322.

Boarmia, new species of, 340, 416. .

Books, new :—Hampson’s Moths of

British India, Vol. IV., 286;

Theobald’s Parasitic Diseases of

Poultry, 237; Hartert’s Das

Tierreich, I. Lief—Aves, 679.

Bordas, L., on the Malpighian tubes

of Orthoptera, 680.

Boulenger, G. A., on new lizards and

frogs from New Guinea, 6; on new

Malay frogs, 106; on a new snake

from Sierra Leone, 154; ona new

fish from Lake Nyassa, 155; on

reptiles and batrachians from the

Congo Free State, 276; on a new

snake from Usambara, 281; ona

new lizard from Obok, 467; on a

new genus and species of tortoises

from Borneo, 468 ; on reptiles and

batrachians from Lombok Xc.,

503.

Bouvier, E.-L., on the organization

and affinities of Pleurotomaria,

583.

Broteochactas, new species of, 364.

Brotheas, observations on the genus,

367.

Buliminus, new species of, 637.

Butler, Dr. A. G., on the sexes of

Charaxes mixtus, 124; on a new

butterfly from Borneo, 469; ona

new African species of Mylothris,

627.

Bylazora, new species of, 333.

Cambridge, F. O. P., on the Cteni-

form spiders of the New World, 52.

Cameron, P., on new Hymenoptera

from Central America, 261, 368,

Campsurus Picteti, definition of the

new name, 616,

Carige, new species of, 552,

Cathypna, new species of, 631.

Caturus, new species of, 292.

Caullery, M., on Spirorbis, 411.

Centris, new species of, 394.

Cephalopod, on a gigantic, on the

‘lorida coast, 240, 682.

Eee ee ad ——

INDEX.

Ceroctis, new species of, 501.

Chapman, F., on Ostracoda from the

Chara-marl! of Hitchin, 591.

Charaxes mixtus, on the sexes of,

124.

Chilomys, definition of the new

genus, 501.

Chilton, Dr. C., on a new Amphipod

from New Zealand, 1.

Chromis, new species of, 155.

Chrysis, new species of, 401.

Chrysops costatus, remarks on, 18.

Cidaria, new species of, 643,

Cirina, new species of, 393.

Cistogaster immaculata, remarks on,

Cockerell, T. D. A., on bees of the

genus Colletes from New Mexico,

39; on new Hymenoptera from

New Mexico, 394.

Coleoptera, new, 3889, 478, 501, 577.

Colletes, new species of, 39.

Cottus scorpius, on the life-history

of, 256.

Crayfish, on the name of the, 120,

239, 852, 355, 470.

Crocallis, new species of, 221.

Crocota, new species of, 519.

Crustacea, new, 1.

Cryptoloba, new species of, 165, 550.

Ctenus, note on the genus, 57, 73;

new species of, 78.

Cupha, new species of, 174.

Cycadeoidea, new species of, 119.

Cyclophylla, new species of, 618.

Cyclopterus lumpus, on the life-

history of, 245.

Cylindrophis, new species of, 506.

Dalima, new species of, 166, 215.

Decatoma, new species of, 503.

Decetia, new species of, 185,

Delias, new species of, 403.

Delma, new species of, 170.

Dendrelaphis, new species of, 507.

Deridea, new species of, 389.

Diglena, new species of, 630.

Dilinia, new species of, 315,

Dilophodes, new species of, 454,

Diomea, new species of, 169.

Diplommatina, new species of, 626.

Diptera, new, 16, 140.

Distant, W. L., on Homoptera from

South Africa, 125; on a new

species of Poecilopsaltria, 282; on

Heterocera from the Transvaal,

390, 579; on Coleoptera from the

Transyaal, 575,

685

Doleschallia Comrii, description of

the male of, 174.

Druce, H. H., on new Lyczenide

from the Eastern Archipelago, 13.

Echinomyia, new species of, 148.

Elles, Miss G. L., on the subgenera

Petalograptus and Cephalograptus,

351.

Elymnias, new species of, 178.

Emmecosmia, new species of, 546,

Engystoma, new species of, 108.

Ennea, new species of, 634.

Epiplema, new species of, 185,

Epyris, new species of, 273.

Eremias, new species of, 467.

Eristalis, new species of, 21.

Eublemma, new species of, 167.

Eubolia, new species of, 554.

Eucyrtops, characters of the new

genus, 115.

Eulepis, new species of, 408.

Euplexidia, characters of the new

genus, 165.

Euprosthenops, definition of the

new name, 116.

Eurymene, new species of, 227.

Eustroma, new species of, 563.

Fischer, H., on the organization

and aflinities of Pleurotomaria,

583.

Fishes, new, 155, 292, 379.

Gadus pollachius, on the eggs and

young of, 245.

Gagrella, new species of, 283.

Gahan, C. J., on the longicorn genus

Glenea, 473.

Gandaritis, new species of, 678.

Gathynia, new species of, 187.

Gazella, new species of, 162.

Genuchus, new species of, 578.

Geological Society, proceedings of

the, 119, 238, 850.

Glenea, on the longicorn genus, 478 ;

new species of, 478,

Gnophos, new species of, 327.

Graphiurus, new species of, 588.

Gregory, Dr. J. W., on the affinities

of the Echinothuride, 238; on

Echinocystis and Palvodiscus,

239.

Guldberg, Prof. F. O., on movement

in a circie as the fundamental

form of movement in animals,

155,

Giinther, Dr. A., on a new species

of Delma, 170.

Hadrus lepidotus, remarks on, 19.

686

Hapalus, new species of, 635.

Hemerophila, new species of, 481.

Hemiptera, new, 125, 282.

Herpa, new species of, L166.

Heterocallia, characters of the new

genus, 212.

Heteroclita, new species of, 577.

Heteroglenea, characters of the new

genus, 490.

Heterolocha, new species of, 228.

Holochila, new species of, 179.

Holochilus, new species of, 495.

Huphina, new species of, 405.

Hybernia, new species of, 320,

Hyla, new species of, 509.

Hymenoptera, new, 39, 261, 368,

304.

Hypolimnas, new species of, 175,

406,

Idiosoma sigillatum, note on, 109.

Tguanodon, on a cast of the brain-

cavity of, 585.

Ihering, H. v., on the biology of the

social wasps of Brazil, 153.

Insects, on nocturnal protective

coloration in, as developed by

natural selection, 354.

Txalus, new species of, 106.

Janet, C., on the relations of An-

tennophorus Uhlmanni to Lasius

mixtus, 620.

Kirby, W. F., on Neuroptera from

the Amazons, 598.

Krananda, new species of, 305.

Labdacus, new species of, 91.

Lagidium, new species of, 467.

Lampides, new species of, 179.

Larentia, new species of, 655,

Lasius mixtus, on the relations of

Antennophorus Uhlmanni to, 620.

Leech, J. H., on Lepidoptera Hete-

rocera from China, Japan, and

Corea, 180, 297, 414, 545, 640.

Lendenfeld, Prof. R. v., on some

sponges from the Auckland Is-

lands, 124; on the physiological

importance of the air-spaces in

flying animals, 149.

Lepadogaster bimaculatus, on the

eggs and young of, 252.

Lepidoptera, new, 13, 164, 172, 180,

297, 393, 403, 407, 414, 469, 543,

580, 581, 627, 640.

Leptodira, new species of, 281.

Liemys, characters of the new genus,

468.

Ligdia, new species of, 449,

INDEX.

Liophryne, characters of .the new

genus, 1].

Lobogonia, new species of, 550.

Lobster, on the name of the, 120,

352, 358, 470.

Locris, new species of, 131.

Lophuron, new species of, 580.

Loxaspilates, new species of, 234.

Lutra, new species of, 618.

Luxiaria, new species of, 304.

Lycocteuus, characters of the new

genus, 95.

Lydoceras, new species of, 501.

Lygosoma, new species of, 6, 504.

Lygranoa, new species of, 548.

Macaria, new species of, 307,

M‘Intosh, Prof., on the spawning of

Ammodytes tobianus, 241; on the

eges and young of Gadus polla-

chius, 243; on the life-history of

Cyclopterus lumpus, 245; on the

eges and young of Lepadogaster

bimaculatus, 252; on the life-

history of Cottus scorpius, 256,

Major, Dr. C. I. F., on Sus verrucosus

and allies, 521; on the Otter of

Central America, 618.

Malacomys, new species of, 465,

Mammals, new, 161, 162, 349, 388,

463, 466, 494, 574, 618.

Mantophryne, characters of the new

genus, 12,

Mastigocerca, new species of, 631.

Mecodina, new species of, 168.

Medasina, new species of, 482.

Melvill, J. C., on new S, African

Mollusca, 633.

Meromacrus crucigerus, remarks on,

Mesnil, F., on Spirorbis, 411.

Metabraxas, new species of, 451,

Miathyria, new species of, 600.

Michael, A. D., on the classification

of Oribatide, 34.

Micrathyria, new species of, 608,

Microhyla, new species of, 108,

Milesia, new species of, 142.

Mollusca, new, 623, 633.

Monomatapa, characters of the new

genus, 129.

Mus, new species of, 849, 463.

Mustella melampus, new subspecies

of, 161.

Mylothris, new species of, 627.

Myrteta, new species of, 195,

Nadagara, new species of, 302.

Nausigaster, new species of, 20.

INDEX.

Naxa, new species of, 545.

Nectomys, new species of, 498.

Neolythria, new species of, 461.

Neptis, new species of, 407.

Neuroptera from the Amazons, on,

598 ; new, 600.

Notommata, new species of, 628.

Nyctimantis, new species of, 12.

Obeidia, new species of, 458.

Oberthiiria, characters of the new

genus, 188,

Odonestis, new species of, 410,

Oncopus, new species of, 285.

Ophthalmodes, new species of, 335.

Opiliones, new Oriental, 285.

Opisthacanthus, new species of, 116.

Oporabia, new species of, 671.

Oribatidee, on the classification of,

3b4.

Orthoptera, on the Malpighian tubes

of, 680.

Oryzomys, new species of, 494.

Osteorachis, new species of, 379.

Ostracoda from the Chara-marl of

Hitchin, on, 591.

Papilio, new species of, 172.

Paropioxys, new species of, 130.

Parthenos, new species of, 177.

Pedipalpi from the Lower Amazons,

on, 357.

Pelitnus, new species of, 283.

Penthosia satanica, remarks on, 32.

Perenia, new species of, 455.

Perdita, new species of, 598.

Pericallia, new species of, 207.

Perilampus, new species of, 265,

Perithemis, new species of, 602.

Perrier, E., on Spirorbis, 412.

Pettalus, new species of, 289.

Phibalapteryx, new species of, 562.

Phigalia, new species of, 821.

Philiris, new species of, 15.

Phoneutria, note on the genus, 57.

Photoscotosia, new species of, 672.

Phyllabraxas, characters of the new

genus, 441.

Phyllosphingia, characters of the new

genus, 164,

Pipiza, new species of, 140.

Planorbis, new species of, 638.

Platyischnopus, new species of, 2.

Platypleura, new species of, 128.

Plemyria, new species of, 571.

Pleurotomaria, cn the organization

and affinities of, 583.

Pocock, R. I., on trapdoor spiders

from Australia, 109; on new scor-

687

pions from East Africa, 116; on

new Oriental Opiliones, 283; on

the names of the lobster and the

craytish, 352; on Scorpiones and

Pedipalpi from the Lower Ama-

zons, 357 ; on new scorpions of the

genus Tityus, with notes on forms

allied to T. americanus, 510.

Podalirius, new species of, 399.

Podium, new species of, 368.

Peecilopsaltria, new species of, 126,

282.

Polistes, on the habits of the genus,

133.

Polybia, on the habits of species of,

133.

Pomasia, new species of, 679.

Pompilus, new species of, 374.

Ponsonby, J. H., on new 8. African

Mollusea, 633.

Proales, new species of, 629.

Prosymna, new species of, 273.

Pseudagenia, new species of, 372.

Psychostrophia, new species of, 189.

Psyra, new species of, 212.

Pupa, new species of, 633.

Pupina, new species of, 625.

tana, new species of, 508.

Rapala, new species of, 409.

Reed, F. R. C., on the fauna of the

Keisley limestone, 119.

Registoma, new species of, 626.

Remigia, new species of, 168.

Reptilia, new, 6, 154, 170, 278, 281,

467, 468, 504.

Rhynchobapta, new species of, 303.

Rotifera, new American, 628.

Rumia, new species of, 298.

Salius, new species of, 372.

Scardamia, new species of, 202.

Sciurus, new species of, 574.

Scotosia, new species of, 555.

Selenia, new species of, 205.

Seleniopsis, new species of, 224,

Selidosema catoteeniaria, new variety

of, 336.

Seward, A. C., on a new Cycadean

stem from the Isle of Portland,

119.

Sharpe, Miss EK. M., on new species

of Acreidee from Uganda, 581.

Sisyrophora, new species of, 170.

Smicra, new species of, 262.

Smith, E. A., on new land-shells

from the Malay Archipelago, 623.

Smith, H. G., on new butterflies

from the Pacific Islands, 172, 403.

688

Sphezrophthalma, new species of, 376.

Sphenophryne, new species of, 10,508.

Sphex, new species of, 370.

Spiders, on the Cteniform, of the

New World, 52; ontrap-door, from

Australia, 109.

Spilochalcis, new species of, 403.

Spilopera, new species of, 300.

Spirorbis, notes on, 411.

Sponges from the Auckland Islands,

note on some, 124.

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., on the

names of the lobster and crayfish,

120, 353, 470.

Stegania, new species of, 203.

Stenoctenus, new species of, 92.

Stictoploea, new species of, 173.

Stictoptera, new species of, 167.

Stokes, Dr. A. C., on new American

Rotifera, 628.

Stylocellus, new species of, 291,

Stylogaster, notes on the genus, 25;

new species of, 24.

Subulina, new species of, 657.

Sus barbatus, new subspecies of, 554,

— verrucosus and allies, observa-

tions on, 521; new subspecies of,

524.

Swinhoe, Col. C., on new Eastern

Lepidoptera, 164, 407.

Synegia, new species of, 204.

Synopsia, new species of, 430.

Tenaris, new species of, 177.

Tephrina, new species of, 312.

Tephrosia, new species of, 359.

Thomas, Mrs. M. K., on the genus

Deridea, Westwood, 389; on new

species of Mylabrinz, 501.

Thomas, O., on the Tsu-shima repre-

sentative of the Japanese sable,

161; on a new gazelle from

Sentral Arabia, 162; on a new

dormouse from Mashunaland, 388 ;

INDEX.

on anew species of Lagidium from

Patagonia, 466; on some South-

American Muridse, 494.

Thysonotis, rew species of, 13.

Tityus, new species of, 360, 510; on

the forms allied to T. americanus,

516. 2

Townsend, C. H. T., on Diptera from

the Rio Nautla, 16; from Southern

New Mexico, 138.

Trachycystis, new species of, 635,

Trichopoda, new species of, 29.

Trigonalys, new species of, 267.

Typhlops, new species of, 505.

Uracis, new species of, 605.

Urapteryx, new species of, 190,

Uroplectes, new species of, 118.

Venilia, new species of, 253,

Verrill, A.E., onagigantic cephalopod

on the Florida coast, 240, 682; on

nocturnal protective coloration in

mammals, birds, fishes, insects, &c.,

as developed by natural selection,

354.

Wasps, on the biology of the social,

of Brazil, 133.

Winton, W. E. de, on a new mouse

from Damaraland, 349; on two

new Muride from Central and

West Africa, 463; on the ochre-

footed scrub-squirrels of E, Africa,

573.

Woodward, A. S., on the osteology of

Caturus and Osteorachis, 292, 379,

Xandrames, new species of, 327.

Xesta, new species of, 623.

Xyloscia, new species of, 210,

Zanclopera, new species of, 306,

Zethenia, new species of, 223.

Zethes, new species of, 169,

Zeuxaltis, characters of the new sub-

genus, 470,

Zeuxidia, new species of, 470,

END OF THE NINETEENTH VOLUME,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,