DORE
ta
1 LÌ
inn
sax
HEET
na
>
PERS
Wenn tia ARA
TKA BEEK MICRO S
aan
OP
HAE
RER
LT Oot PER
PCE Dea ay
EE
t
(4 LER en
An vanda, 1 one
BEN Ke AO
ren
6
EN
CALE TE
DONE Pv
ui
LOVER TT pale eg
CoS PSR Pt Sane Re
RTE ETS
PROPRIETE)
Fi {hé 13) res Zan
IT TRIER 4 ì i \ Ki
. TO Bets belanden 0A
le ; Buster
EINER SEO
Aurea
Lex
DEP
uik gt
sies iy ah
CENT
"a
ANSE
GER
NL
tint
CENT
DIN
RARE
ehrt ann
zn
Len
ONE
quan
POELE
woerd LEON
ERP
n
PÉTER
pe teng
pod ties ter se.
NES TE Eee vor
a ene :
DICI
BOREN
RE
lapin oren
DEC
BOCCE RISI
ec ey ute
ica Wir pete
Kain
“À
chers
ty tte
thes
ee ate
Ready AS
Her
Toke tee
Senate
QUE
PORTE
CRE or
Aen
RELA
Sebens
ero
CEN
Ware
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
È
Library of the
Museum of
Comparative Zoology
U
Volume 139, no. I, |: ISSN 0040-749
Tijdschrift
voor
Entomologie
À journal of systematic and evolutionary
entomology since 1858
Netherlands Journal of Entomology .
Published by the Netherlands Entomological Society :
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
A journal of systematic and evolutionary entomology since 1858
Scope
The ‘Tijdschrift voor Entomologie’ (Netherlands Journal of Entomology) has a long
tradition in the publication of original papers on insect taxonomy and systematics.
The editors particularly invite papers on the insect fauna of the Palaearctic and
Indo-Australian regions, especially those including evolutionary aspects e.g.
phylogeny and biogeography, or ethology and ecology as far as meaningful for
insect taxonomy. Authors wishing to submit papers on disciplines related to
taxonomy, e.g. descriptive aspects of morphology, ethology, ecology and applied
entomology, are requested to contact the editorial board before submitting.
Usually, such papers will only be published when space allows.
Editors
E. J. van Nieukerken (elected 1986) and J. van Tol (1985)
Assistant editor for this issue Mrs. M. Laterveer
Co-editors
A. W. M. Mol (1990) and R. T. A. Schouten (1990)
Advisory board
M. Brancucci (Basel), N. E. Stork (London) and M. R. Wilson (Cardiff).
The ‘Tijdschrift voor Entomologie’ is published in two issues annually by the
‘Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging’ (Netherlands Entomological Society),
Amsterdam.
Editorial address
c/o National Museum of Natural History,
Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Correspondence regarding membership of the society, subscriptions and
possibilities for exchange of this journal should be addressed to:
Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging
c/o Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie
Plantage Middenlaan 64
1018 DH Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Subscription price per volume Hfl. 300, (postage included).
Special rate for members of the society. Please enquire.
Instructions to authors
Published with index of volume 138 (1995).
Graphic design
Ontwerpers B.V, Aad Derwort, ’s-Gravenhage
P. J. DEN BOER & Th. S. VAN DIJK
Biological Station, Wijster, The Netherlands
MCZ
5 r SEE È 49 BRARY
LIFE-HISTORY PATTERNS AMONG CARABID
SPECIES AD
—)\ / LAN 4 5)
(52 CONTE x
Den Boer, P. J. & Th. S. Van Dijk, 1996. Li history! patterns Nono carabid species. —
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 1-16, uN tables 1-3. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published
15 October 1996.
Evolutionary biologists aim to get a grip on evolutionary processes by assuming that natural se-
lection would control special life-history traits, which are assumed to promote the fitness of
species. With the help of models they try to explain the effect of special life-history traits in the
evolution of life histories in general. Many of the models used are, in fact, extensions of the con-
cept of r and K selection or are based on similar deterministic ideas. Examples of vertebrates are
usually preferred, though invertebrates are thought to be subject to the same ‘rules’. In the pres-
ent paper by comparing the more generally occurring life-history traits among carabid species
it is tried to find out which life-history traits dominate the life histories of West-European cara-
bid species. Most of these traits governing the populations of carabid species of Drenthe (the
Netherlands) appear to differ from those advanced by evolutionary biologists. “Dispersal pow-
er’ and ‘turnover frequency’ are especially significant. They show remarkable departures from
the generally accepted schemes. These divergencies are explained and the possible causes of di-
verging life-history traits among carabid species are discussed. The need to do more compara-
tive investigations of life-history traits in groups of related species in order to test the current
thoughts about the role of life-history patterns in the course of evolution is emphasized.
P. J. den Boer & Th. S. van Dijk, Biological Station (Communication No. 548 of the
Biological Station Wijster), Kampsweg 27, 9418 PD Wijster, The Netherlands.
Key-words. — Evolution, life histories, carabid beetles, dispersal power, turnover of populations,
survival.
Since the publication of MacArthur & Wilson’s
‘Island biogeography’ (1967), in which the concept of
rand K selection was introduced, the study of life-his-
tory traits has become highly fashionable, especially
among population ecologists and American evolu-
tionary biologists. It is a pity, however, that these
studies were mainly restricted to vertebrates and were
theoretical. Apparently, many evolutionary biologists
thought it possible to predict which life-history pat-
terns (combinations of life-history traits) were most
important for evolutionary progress, and with the
help of mathematical models they tried to illustrate
the effects of these life-history patterns on the success
and survival of species (e.g. Gadgil & Bossert 1970,
Cody 1971, Schaffer 1972, 1974a, b).
This trend in evolutionary biology was severely
criticized by Stearns (1976). Regrettably, however,
Stearns did not suggest doing comparative investiga-
tions among genetically related species on life-history
traits in relation to the prevailing properties of the en-
vironments where these respective species thrive best
(are most ‘fit’). It might be expected that life-history
traits, which improve survival and reproduction, are
most favoured by natural selection in environments
where the species is most fit. Therefore, when com-
paring these life-history traits for genetically related
species, i.e. species in the same taxonomic group (see
e.g. Den Boer 1980), but living in different kinds of
habitat, one can expect to get some insight into the
relationship between life-history patterns and prevail-
ing environmental conditions. It would especially be
interesting, to check whether or not the theoretically
predicted patterns indeed emerge as the most impor-
tant patterns from such a comparative field study.
After a symposium ‘On the evolution of behaviour
in carabid beetles’ (Den Boer et al. 1979), and stimu-
lated by the paper of Stearns (1976), the first author
tried to make a provisional comparison of the life-his-
tory traits of carabid species of stable habitats (forests)
with those of carabid species of unstable habitats
(banks of rivers and pools, and agricultural fields)
(Den Boer 1979a). Since that time the comparison of
life-history traits always has been a point of general
interest somewhere in the background of the investi-
gations on the population dynamics of carabid beetles
at the Wijster Biological Station.
In the present paper we will give and discuss the re-
sults of a comparison of life-history patterns among
the carabid species of our area (Drenthe), which are
representative for the greater part of western Europe.
“TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Therefore, we will first discuss the concept of r and K
selection of MacArthur & Wilson (1967), then the
life-history traits considered to be most important by
Stearns (1976), and finally we will compare these
with our present knowledge of life-history patterns
among carabid species.
r and K selection
The best known and most cited attempt to connect
animal numbers with life-history patterns was the in-
troduction of the dichotomy of species into r-selected
and K-selected species by MacArthur & Wilson
(1967). This dichotomy was based upon the well-
known equation for logistic population growth of
Verhulst (1838): dN/dt= rN.(K-N)/K, in which r is
the “intrinsic rate of natural increase’, i.e. the maxi-
mum potential rate of reproduction, and K is the car-
rying capacity of the environment, i.e. the maximum
number of individuals the habitat can support under
the current conditions.
‘As an example of how K selection and r selection
can be in opposition, consider different situations in
which crowding can either reduce the per capita food
supply to a precariously low level, or else not have this
effect. In an environment with no crowding (r selec-
tion), genotypes which harvest the most food (even if
wastefully) will rear the largest families and be most
fit. Evolution here favors productivity. At the other
extreme, in a crowded area (K selection), genotypes
which can at least replace themselves with a small
family at the lowest food level will win, the food den-
sity being lowered so that large families cannot be fed.
Evolution here favors efficiency of conversion of food
into offspring — there must be no waste’ (MacArthur
& Wilson 1967: 149).
Note that the concept of r and K selection is en-
tirely theoretical. It is based on a very simple and uni-
directional notion of natural selection. Den Boer et
al. (1993: 257/258) wrote about natural selection: ‘...
the longer a natural population persists in a certain
area, the better will the frequency distribution of
genotypes fit the distribution of selective events,
which is the same as saying, the better the population
becomes adapted to the variability of local conditions.
… In our opinion this state of affairs is the base for sig-
nificant evolutionary processes, because such process-
es can only continue over a sufficiently long period as
long as natural selection can shift from one genotype
to another within a very broad frequency distribution
of genotypes, i.e. a frequency distribution that has de-
veloped and was moulded under environmental con-
ditions that varied in space and time and was main-
tained by risk spreading.”
Nevertheless, the concept of r and K selection got
much attention among population ecologists, who
often called the species they studied either r- selected
or K-selected, without, in most cases, doing any re-
search into the suggested selection processes.
Meanwhile, the usage of these terms has so broadened
that almost any life-history dichotomy is likely to be
termed r and K selection (Atkinson 1979). Parry
(1981) recognized four different meanings for the
terms r and K selection:
a) r selection is selection for maximum population
growth in uncrowded populations; K selection is se-
lection for competitive ability in crowded popula-
tions. This is the original meaning, which we cite
above.
b) r selection is the density-independent compo-
nent of natural selection; K selection is the density-
dependent component of natural selection. (This
density-dependent component can be crowding, but
it might also be predation, or parasitism, etcetera).
c) r species occur in habitats which are ephemeral;
K species occur in habitats with a long durational sta-
bility. (Apart from the fact that stability of a habitat
will directly affect many life-history traits and thus
natural selection, mainly in a stable habitat the avail-
able time for population growth can be expected to be
sufficient to result in crowding).
d) r selection is the allocation of a large proportion
of resources to reproduction; K selection is the alloca-
tion of a small proportion of resources to reproduc-
ton. (High reproductive effort should be associated
with small young, and low reproductive effort with
large young).
For a review of the publications in which these dif-
ferent meanings of r and K selection are used we refer
to Parry (1981). Although the concept of r and K se-
lection has stimulated much of the recent research
into life-history patterns, it has also led to consider-
able confusion around life-history traits and popula-
ton numbers.
It will be evident that knowledge about the rela-
tionship between life-history patterns and population
numbers cannot only be based upon theoretical con-
cepts that in the field usually are difficult to quantify
reliably; for example, the amount and direction of se-
lection processes, the numerical effect of density-de-
pendent versus density-independent mortality, the
degree of stability of habitats, or the allocation of re-
sources to reproduction or otherwise. The inclusion
of such appealing but vague concepts will mostly only
contribute to vaguely formulated investigations and
ambiguous results.
Therefore, it seems preferably first to find out what
are the most important life-history traits, and the
most frequently occurring life-history patterns in
field populations, and then theorize about the possi-
ble significance of these patterns for the course of evo-
lution, and not the other way round. See also Stearns
(1992: 206/207).
The life-history traits recognized by Stearns (1976)
In an extensive and critical review of the literature
Stearns (1976) tried to summarize our present knowl-
edge about the relationship between life-history traits
and principal features of the environment. He espe-
cially criticized the fact that conclusions are drawn
from models that were not tested in the field: ‘First,
theories accumulate, few of them formulated in com-
mon terms, much faster than evidence can be assem-
bled to test them. The result is confusion of untested
ideas which are judged, not on their ability to with-
stand empirical tests, but on the difficulty of the
mathematics used or the obscurity of the theoretical
development (l.c.: 36). It can be added that the mod-
DEN Boer & VAN Dijk: Life-history patterns
els developed, in some way or another, are extensions
of the logistic growth equation and thus of the ideas
of rand K selection of MacArthur and Wilson.
Other of Stearns’ criticisms concern the patterns of
causation: ‘Within the biological community, there is
a subterranean split between those who believe that
for every phenomenon there is a single cause at a giv-
en level of explanation, and those who believe that
there can be multiple causes for certain phenomena
operating at the same level of explanation’ (l.c.: 37).
The idea of multiple causes is worked out and illus-
trated with enlightening examples in Hilborn &
Stearns (1982). In his paper of 1976 Stearns tried to
find out which combinations of life-history traits
Table 1. Number of eggs laid in three succeeding years by each of 30 females of the carabid beetle Prerostichus versicolor
(=coerulescens) in the laboratory at 19 °C and with superabundant food. All females reproduced for the first time in 1976; hi-
bernation occurred in the field (modified after Van Dijk 1982: table 5).
Number of eggs laid in
total number
of eggs laid
1976 1977 1978
1 0 92 O + 92
À) 0 + = = =
3 Il 3 224 228
4 1 98 59 + 158
5 3 TOME = JO ME
6 5 61 164 230
7 9 2 94 105
8 11 5 87 103
9 25 18 31 = 74
10 AD = = ACE
11 45 89 171 305
12 48 276 291 615
13 72 50 169 291
14 79 1 + = 80 *
15 79 10 204 293
16 81 88 278 447
17 83 169 + = My), =
18 93 sy = - 308 *
19 93 32 292 417
20 O5 EE = = OB)
Dil 112 87 0 + 199)
22 1815 117% 89 221
23 119 280 146 545
24 122 114 114 350
25 124 95 + = DG)
26 128 54 70 + 252
27 134 252 0 386
28 147 + = = aye =
29 197 + = = IGA
30 261 315 98 674
Total 2324 2495 2581 5984 +
mean 77.5 +S.E. 11.94 99.8 + S.E. 19.26 129.1 + S.E. 21.04 l'ADN
N 30 25 20
+ = died during hibernation in the field; * = total number of eggs laid by females that did not complete all three reproduction
periods.
After reproduction had finished the individually brand-marked females were placed in large enclosures in the field ro hiber-
nate; as far as not died in winter the females were recaptured in early spring by placing many small pitfalls along the inner
sides of the enclosures.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
have evolved most frequently to counter specific diffi-
culties for survival and reproduction offered by the
environment, i.e. which traits most directly deter-
mine the ‘fitness’ of the species.
He calls such combinations of life-history traits
‘tactics’: ‘I define a tactic as a set of coadapted traits
designed, by natural selection, to solve particular eco-
logical problems’ (Stearns 1976: 4). We prefer it to
call such combinations of traits ‘life-history patterns’,
in order to avoid any suggestion of teleology.
The life-history traits that should affect fitness
most according to the current literature (Stearns in-
cluded) are: (1) brood size; (2) relative size of the
young; (3) the age distribution of reproductive effort,
i.e. semelparity (a single reproduction period per fe-
male), and iteroparity (repeated reproduction by each
female); (4) the interaction of reproductive effort
with adult mortality, i.e. the possible occurrence of a
‘trade-off between fecundity and survival of adults;
(5) age at first reproduction.
Life-history traits in fluctuating environments
In seasonal environments with an unpredictable
start of the favourable season Stearns expected that …
the optimal tactic consists of generating a distribution
of hatching times in the clutch that matches the his-
torical probability distribution of the optimal date for
reproduction’ (l.c.: 28). He based this expectation on
the ‘spreading of risk’ hypothesis of Den Boer (1968).
Environmental conditions that vary from year to
year would select clutch sizes both smaller and more
variable than the most productive size. In this con-
nection Stearns refers to a paper by Murdoch (1966),
in which he stated that carabid beetles live longer and
survive into the next season after having decreased
their reproductive effort, i.e. a trade-off between sur-
vival and fecundity.
This conclusion of Murdoch (1966) was severely
attacked by Van Dijk (1979), who especially blamed
Murdoch for not having studied the fecundity of sur-
viving beetles in following seasons. Table 1 clearly
shows that after the first reproductive season the total
reproductive effort (number of eggs laid) of surviving
beetles (n= 25) and of beetles that did not survive the
first winter (n= 5) did not differ significantly (Mann-
Whitney: P= 0.28). The same applies to the second
reproductive season, both for the numbers of eggs
laid during two seasons (n= 20 and n= 5; P= 0.46),
and for those laid during the first season only (P=
0.38). But the beetles that survived all three repro-
ductive seasons did produce significantly more eggs
during these three seasons than those that died during
the third winter (P= 0.0073), i.e. just the reverse of
what would be expected from a trade-off between re-
production and survival. Both during the first season
and during the first two seasons the beetles that sur-
vived all three seasons did not produce numbers of
eggs that were significantly different from those of
beetles that died during the last winter (P= 0.20 and
P= 0.36 respectively). See also Van Dijk (1994),
where it is shown that similar results are obtained
when the beetles are not fed ‘optimally as occurred in
the experiments of Van Dijk (1979). The greater re-
productive capacity of the beetles that survived all
three winters became apparent only during the third
reproductive season.
Of course, this does not mean that in other species
a trade-off between reproduction and survival may
not occur. But we have the impression that, on theo-
retical arguments alone, it is too often assumed that
such a trade-off would occur, whereas it is only rarely
demonstrated in reliable field data or tested by exper-
iments (see also Stearns 1992: Appendix 2).
This is not a biased statement, but is based on care-
ful studies. Aukema (1990a) studied the genetics of
the wing-dimorphism in three species of the carabid
genus Calathus. Among other things he wanted to
know whether or not there are other differences be-
tween the long-winged and short-winged morphs
than the difference in wing development. Contrary to
our expectations, he found that the long-winged
morph produced significantly more eggs over a longer
period than the short-winged morph (Aukema 1991,
1994).
Hence, the extra reserves used by long-winged bee-
tles to produce large wings and wing-muscles did not
frustrate the production of eggs as compared with egg
production of short-winged beetles, i.e. there was no
‘trade-off between the forming of large wings and
wing-muscles and the size of egg production, on the
contrary. In retrospect the above results are not un-
reasonable, because the long-winged beetles can fly
away from the population and colonize vacant sites.
And colonization has a better chance of success when
the beetles produce as many eggs as possible. But this
story also illustrates how careful one has to be when
assuming a ‘trade- off.
Ideas about such trade-offs are based upon the
‘budget-concept’, i.e. each individual can dispose of
similar and only restricted reserves, and these can ei-
ther be used solely for high reproduction, or partly for
other processes as well, such as the development of
wings and wing-muscles, a longer life, etc., with low-
er reproduction as a consequence (e.g. Cody 1966).
In our opinion, it is forgotten that individuals of the
same species are not similar and can differ important-
ly in their basal metabolism (see e.g. Gotthard et al.
1994), which may lead to significant differences in
development time, fecundity, longevity, etc. between
individuals (compare Table 1).
As far as Stearns (1976) knew, no theoretical work
had been done on optimal life-history patterns in en-
vironments that change randomly in time. He as-
sumed that when conditions are favourable the opti-
mal pattern should be: rapid development and a total
commitment of available reserves to reproduction
that produces a resting stage. Such a life history is in-
deed found among many animals and plants of
deserts, e.g. in the branchiopod (Notostraca) Triops
cancriformis, which develops rapidly and reproduces
in temporary pools originating from heavy rainfall,
followed by many years in a resting stage (eggs). A
comparable situation is found in trees where the seeds
are only released after a fire, which also creates the
right conditions for germination of the seeds, e.g. in
Pinus contorta.
‘If progeny can grow faster as larvae outside the
parent (when resources for the young are abundant
and predation pressure is low), then many small prog-
eny will be favored. If resources for young are scarce,
or predator risk to small size classes is high, then the
parent will tend to produce a few large progeny’
(Stearns 1976: 31).
But Stearns realizes very well that there are many
exceptions to this ‘rule’. It is a pity that many evolu-
tionary biologists immediately connect the produc-
tion of many small young versus a few large ones to r
and K selection, and thus omitted to observe the life
history more closely. For instance, there are good rea-
sons to assume that the production of big eggs, differ-
ent kinds of parental care, the development of one or
a few young inside the mother, etc. are not so much
connected with an overall scarcity of resources for the
young, but more with a high probability of the occur-
rence of unfavourable physical conditions for them.
As well these traits may be associated with the diffi-
culties of small young finding rapidly enough, suffi-
cient of the most adequate — and possibly abundantly
present — food to survive this early and most vulnera-
ble stage of their development.
It is often stated that reproductive effort should in-
crease with age. Indeed, Table 1 gives a clear example
of that: in 10 out of 15 females that survived all three
winters egg production was highest during the third
reproductive season. And in three others of these fe-
males it was highest in the second reproductive sea-
son. Klomp (1970) found a similar phenomenon for
the clutch sizes of birds, with the partridge from
England as an exception. We expect, however, there
will be more exceptions to this ‘rule’, and not only
among birds. More of such ‘rules’ are constructed by
evolutionary biologists (see e.g. Williams 1966), pre-
dominantly from theoretical considerations, such as
optimalization models. Hence the situation in evolu-
tionary biology is similar to that in population ecolo-
gy: too many theories, a predominance of determinis-
tic or pseudodeterministic (see Feller 1939) models,
insufficient reliable field observations, and a too de-
DEN BOER & VAN DUK: Life-history patterns
voted belief in simple ‘rules’.
The new book of Stearns (1992) shows that the ad-
equate study of life histories did not progress remark-
ably during the last decades, in spite of: ‘Life histories
lie at the heart of biology; no other field brings you
closer to the underlying simplicities that unite and ex-
plain the diversity of living things and the complexi-
ties of their life cycles. Fascinating in themselves, life
histories are also the keys to understanding related
fields. Life history theory is needed to understand the
action of natural selection, a central element of evolu-
tion, the only theory that makes sense of all of biolo-
gy. It also helps to understand how the other central
element, genetic variation, will be expressed. The evo-
lution of life-history traits and their plasticities deter-
mines the population dynamics of interacting species.
Its explanatory power, barely tapped, could reach as
far as communities. There is much to be done’ (l.c.:
9).
Broadly speaking, we agree with Stearns, especially
with the very last sentence, and therefore it is the
more regrettable that life-history theory is still largely
based upon optimalization models, trade-offs and
deterministic mathematics. The book of Roff (1992)
on the same subject gives a similar picture as that of
Stearns about the study of life histories.
To generate testable hypotheses about the process-
es underlying life-history patterns it will be necessary
first to do an extensive comparative investigation of
life-history traits, their variation and combinations,
among related species, and next to find out how the
differences and variations of life-history traits among
these related species might be connected with their
genetics, dynamics, choice of habitat and food prefer-
ences. As advocated by Stearns (1976) only when suf-
ficient investigations have been done might it be in-
teresting to return to theoretical considerations and
models: ‘Not only do theories accumulate, but the
manner of their accumulation decreases the likeli-
hood that they will be tested. An enormous amount
of effort is being put into the development of ideas for
which no one has established connections with the
real world. If the field is to progress, we must get away
from the practically Scholastic approach surfacing in
such papers, and get back to rigorous empiricism’
(37)
RESULTS
Life-history patterns among carabid species
Carabid species from stable and from unstable habitats
Although we do not pretend to be able to improve
life-history theory substantially — even less to tell evo-
lutionary biologists how to do their research — we
thought it useful to stimulate discussions about the
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
kind of results that might arise from a comparative
study of life-history traits among related species. Den
Boer (1979a: Tables 1 and 2) made a first step in this
direction. He compared the life-history traits of the
14 most common carabid species of forests with those
of the 16 most abundant carabid species of agricul-
tural fields and waste sites, in order to approach the
current interpretation of r and K selection as closely
as possible (see Parry 1981).
In each of the groups there are both spring, summer,
autumn and winter reproducing species (Den Boer et
al. 1990). In both groups most species are iteroparous
with only a single semelparous species in each group.
We could not discover any striking difference in the
numbers of eggs produced between species of the two
groups, but this aspect asks for more painstaking inves-
tigations than have been done to date. More consistent
differences in the life-history patterns between these
two groups were found in a combination of night- or
day-activity, degree of polyphagy, and powers of dis-
persal, especially presence or absence of dispersal by
flight. Flight observations are made by catching flying
carabid beetles with window traps (vertical glass plates,
see Southwood 1976: 193). Such window traps were
operating during more than 20 years around the
Wijster Biological Station (Den Boer 1979a).
Taking together the results of this provisional
study we got the impression that for carabid species of
the temperate regions (at least in western Europe)
among the more significant life-history traits dispersal
power is most closely connected with the current en-
vironmental conditions. In other words, carabid
species will show a rate of dispersal that is indicative
of the rate of population ‘turnover (Den Boer 1977).
Species living in rather stable habitats (forests, old
heath areas, old peat moors) show a low population
turnover and low powers of dispersal, because indi-
viduals leaving the population area usually have only
a low chance of surviving and reproducing. Features
favouring dispersal will be selected against. On the
other hand, species living in ephemeral habitats (agri-
cultural fields, banks of pools and rivers) are forced to
show a high population turnover. Individuals leaving
the population area may have a better chance to sur-
vive and reproduce than individuals staying there. In
such, species features favouring dispersal are not ex-
pected to be selected against (Den Boer 1990a).
Although evolutionary biologists usually do not
consider ‘dispersal power’ to be a life-history trait, we
neglect possible theoretical objections and, in the fol-
lowing, we will also call ‘dispersal power’ a life-histo-
ry trait (see also Roff 1994). ‘Dispersal power’ deter-
mines the ‘design for survival of the species’ (Stearns
1976), since it might be connected with fecundity, as
was shown by Aukema (1991, 1994) and was dis-
cussed before.
In 1992 Stearns (p.10) says: ‘Life history traits fig-
ure directly in reproduction and survival.’ Indeed,
dispersal power does usually figure in reproduction
and survival, but indirectly, i.e. by opening the possi-
bility to found new populations. In this case it would
not be a direct ‘fitness-feature’, but an indirect one.
Comparison of life-history traits of carabid species
with theoretical expectations
About some life-history traits that are highly valued
by evolutionary biologists we can establish the follow-
ing for carabid beetles:
a) ‘Concerning relative size of the young’. All cara-
bid species, just like many other insects (Ross 1956:
165), lay relatively big eggs with much yolk, which
will give the young larvae a reasonably good start after
hatching. But there are differences: Carabus-species
(adults 14-26 mm) especially develop and lay relative-
ly low numbers of rather big eggs, as do some small
carabids, such as some species of Trechus and Bembi-
dion (adults 2-5 mm). On the other hand, some
Calathus-species (adults 8-14 mm, Aukema 1991),
and Nebria brevicollis (10-12 mm, Nelemans 1987)
lay many much smaller eggs. Within the same popu-
lation of a species eggs usually are of the same size
(but see Ernsting & Isaaks 1994).
Many carabid beetles exhibit some kind of simple
parental care, especially Abax-species (Brandmayr et
al. 1979) and some other species of forests. As far as
there is some relationship with environmental condi-
tions, we can establish that most Carabus- and all
Abax-species occupy forest areas. There are no indica-
tions, however, that parental care would have any-
thing to do with competition, i.e. with K selection.
b) Most carabid species are iteroparous (more than
one reproduction period per female). The few semel-
parous species known so far are not especially living
under conditions of r-selection: Nebria brevicollis
prefers light forest, though it also occurs in other
more or less shaded sites; Loricera pilicornis occupies
wet shaded sites (Lindroth 1945: 1992). Population
numbers of semelparous species fluctuate more wide-
ly than those of iteroparous species living under simi-
lar conditions. An example of such a difference in
field populations is given by Den Boer (1979b: 163,
and fig. 3). The semelparous species mentioned by
Den Boer (1979a) are more or less specialized for the
catching of collemboles (Hengeveld 1980).
c) The interaction of reproductive effort with adult
mortality (trade-off) for carabid beetles was discussed
before.
d) Concerning ‘age at first reproduction’ we can
confirm that most autumn breeding carabid species
reproduce immediately after eclosion of the adults
(e.g. Calathus melanocephalus Van Dijk 1972, 1973).
But the advantage of a low chance of dying at this
time is more than nullified by the long larval develop-
ment of 7-9 months in the most unfavourable season
(winter) when mortalities are very high (Van Dijk &
Den Boer 1992: tables 4, 5, 6).
Young beetles of the semelparous autumn breeder
Nebria brevicollis aestivate for 2-3 months before re-
producing in September-November, and this is ac-
companied by an additional mortality of 10-30%
(Nelemans et al. 1989). This apparently unfavourable
way of life is undoubtedly connected with the origin
of Nebria-species as inhabitants of cold regions, such
as northern Canada, northern Scandinavia and high-
er regions of the Rocky Mountains and the Alps,
where the young beetles have to overwinter before re-
producing (Kavanaugh 1985; Gereben 1994).
Hence, N. brevicollis is ‘locked in’, so to speak, to a
way of life that was adequate for its ancestors. It may
no longer be able to ‘escape’ from that, in spite of the
disadvantages connected with a life-history pattern
that combines semelparity, autumn breeding and aes-
tivation. Although this life-history pattern is far from
‘optimal’ (see also: White 1993), N. brevicollis is an
abundant species in temperate Europe and it thrives
well there, albeit with wide fluctuations of numbers
(Den Boer 1979b: fig. 3).
Spring breeding carabid species have the advantage
of a short larval development, though often under too
dry conditions, but young beetles have to overwinter
before reproducing, which is accompanied with ap-
preciable mortality (Den Boer 1979b: table 2).
Possibly, some winter breeders have combined larval
development in spring and summer with reproduc-
tion of just eclosed beetles in winter and early spring.
But in many winters weather conditions are such that
any kind of activity, let alone reproduction, is im-
possible. So, per force and at the cost of high losses,
winter breeders become early spring reproducers.
Moreover, some winter reproducers, e.g. Bradycellus
harpalinus, migrate before reproduction. This, too,
introduces high mortalities.
Among carabid species there is no distinct relation-
ship between ‘time of reproduction’ and environmen-
tal conditions, with the trivial exception that in open,
wet sites only spring breeders occur, simply because
larvae cannot survive in sites that are usually inundat-
ed in winter and early spring. Also, in dry heathland
and blown sand areas with sparse vegetation, mainly
winter breeders occur, possibly because the very small
first instar larvae of these species can only escape de-
siccation in these dry habitats in winter and early
spring. But in other kinds of habitat in the
Netherlands carabid species reproduce in many dif-
ferent times of the year: Den Boer (1980: table 3;
Den Boer et al. 1990). See also Greenslade (1965)
and Murdoch (1967).
DEN BOER & VAN Dijk: Life-history patterns
A general comparison of life-history patterns of
carabid species living in Drenthe (The
Netherlands)
The comparison of carabid species from forests
with those from unstable habitats may be biased in
that it might give a too clear dichotomy. It is not sure,
of course, that species from other kinds of habitat will
nicely fit into the picture developed above. Therefore,
it is advisable also to make a more general comparison
of the life-history traits of carabid species. For meth-
ods of the collection of necessary data we refer to Den
Boer (1977), with the remark that the data used in
the following do not cover the period 1959-1967 as
in Den Boer (1977), but the period 1959-1985.
Figure 1, in which 68 carabid species are ranked ac-
cording to the period of reproduction, distinctly illus-
trates that in each time of the year reproduction is
possible for at least some carabid species. The period
of reproduction is not related to dispersal power: rel-
atively good dispersing species (m and d) as well as
poorer dispersing ones [(m), (d) and b] are distrib-
uted randomly among the 68 species (Mann-
Whitney: P= 0.77). In relatively stable habitats (F, H,
S, H+S, H+P, H+F, F+R) significantly more carabid
species are autumn breeders (asterisk in fig. 1) than in
less stable habitats (W, A, R, W+A, A+R, S+A, S+R,
H+W): Mann-Whitney, P= 0.0003. Autumn breed-
ing seems to be a life-history trait that is closely con-
nected with stability of the habitat.
Well dispersing carabid species, which are not only
fully winged or wing-dimorphic with a high fraction
of winged specimens, and are also observed in active
flight (catches in window traps), are more often
found in less stable habitats than carabid species with
low powers of dispersal, i.e. no flight observations and
often unwinged or wing-dimorphic with a low frac-
tion of winged specimens: r, (Spearman)= +0.42 (P=
0.0006). As discussed by Den Boer (1990a) carabid
species living for many generations in stable habitats
gradually lose ‘dispersal power’ (reduction of both
wing-muscles and hindwings). This process again di-
minishes the number of opportunities to found new
populations by flying individuals, in which genes as-
sociated with dispersal might be multiplied.
This process towards brachyptery in stable habitats
has been advanced by the changing of stable habitats
into less stable agricultural fields by man, causing the
remnants of stable habitat to become highly frag-
mented and isolated. As a result brachyptery is most
likely to be strongly associated with stability of the
habitat in forests, usually the oldest remnants of sta-
ble habitat in cultivated regions, more so than in
heath areas. In our area, however, old forest has near-
ly completely disappeared, while stable heath areas are
highly fragmented and at most a few thousands years
old.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
species
Asaphidion flavipes
Pterostichus nigrita/rhaeticus
Pterostichus diligens
Pterostichus minor
Pterostichus strenuus
Pterostichus oblongopunctatus
Pterostichus quadrifoveolatus
Syntomus foveatus
Agonum assimile
Agonum ericeti
Amara communis
Amara familiaris
Carabus nemoralis
Loricera pilicornis
Amara famelica
Carabus arvensis
Amara aenea
Dyschirius globosus
Pterostichus vernalis
Pterostichus versicolor
Notiophilus aquaticus
Notiophilus palustris
Notiophilus rufipes
Agonum sexpunctatum
Clivina fossor
Harpalus affinis X
Harpalus latus *
Notiophilus biguttatus X
Carabus cancellatus X
Calathus rotundicollis *
Cymindis macularis *
Bembidion lampros X
Harpalus quadripunctatus *
Abax parallelepipedus *
Agonum fuliginosum X
Anisodactylus binotatus X
Harpalus solitaris *
Agonum obscurum *
Prerostichus lepidus X
Harpalus rufipes *
Amara plebeja X
Amara lunicollis X
Harpalus rufipalpis*
Pterostichus melanarius *
Trechus secalis *
Cymindis vaporariorum *
Leistus terminatus *
Calathus erratus *
Broscus cephalotes *
Amara brunnea *
Calathus melanocephalus *
Amara equestris *
Pterostichus niger *
Trechus obtusus *
Notiophilus germinyi *
Olisthopus rotundatus *
Calathus fuscipes *
Carabus problematicus *
Nebria brevicollis *
Nebria salina *
Leistus rufomarginatus *
Trichocellus placidus X
Trichocellus cognatus X
Bradycellus ruficollis X
Bradycellus harpalinus *
Amara infima X
Bembidion nigricorne X
Bradycellus caucasicus X
no.
112
140
132
119
122
124
136
146
121
125
69
80
117
118
110
150
149
habitat
H+A
zT
lach Cain ely cle pas eS sleep sara ar
dp
(d)
38303303303
(d)
Mar Apr May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan
Feb
12345 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26
0000000000
0000000000
000000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
0000000000000
0000000000000
0000000000
00000000
000000
0000000000
00000000
0000000
2000000000000
0000000000
0000000
000000000000
2000000000000
0000000000000
D000000000000
000000000000000000000000000
0000000
00000000
000000
0000000
000000000000
0000000000000000
000000000000 D0000000000000
000000000000
0000000
0000000
000000
000000000000000000000
000000000000
0000000000
0000000000000
000000000000
0000000
2000000
00000000000000
00000000000000
0000000000000000
0000000000
000000000000
0000000000
00000000000000
0000000000000
0000000000
00000000000000000
00000000000000
0000000000
2000000000
00000000000000000
0000000000
0000000000
000000000000
000000000000
0000000000000
0000000
00000000
00000000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
00000000
00000
0000000
00000
0000000
000000
0000000
00000000
2000000
0000000000
00000
0000000
0000000000000 9099
00000000000000 ©
00000
0000
Nevertheless, both in remnants of forest and in
those of heath we find about the same numbers of
species with low powers of dispersal [(m),(d) and b]
and with high powers of dispersal (m and d) respec-
tively: x = 0.138 (d.f.=1, P= 0.70), this most probably
because remnants of really old forest in the
Netherlands have either disappeared completely or
are too small to keep viable populations of poorly dis-
persing carabid beetles for a long time. However,
among the four macropterous forest species only
Trichocellus placidus (150), a species of small patches
of young forest and of forest borders, is regularly
caught in window traps (in flight), whereas among
the six macropterous species of heath there are three
regular flyers, Amara lunicollis (34), Trichocellus cog-
natus (149) and Bradycellus ruficollis (65).
So far the general conclusions drawn from fig. 1 do
not deviate significantly from those reached by Den
Boer (1979a), who compared 14 forest species with
16 species from unstable habitats.
The picture can be completed now with: (a) Spring
breeders can be found both in stable and in unstable
habitats, autumn breeders mainly in stable habitats,
but winter breeders are almost restricted to sandy sites.
(b) The still surviving poorly dispersing species are
mostly found in remnants of stable habitat, whereas
well dispersing species occur both in stable and in un-
stable habitats with some preference for the latter.
Griim (1984) suggested that the fecundity of au-
tumn breeders would be higher than that of spring
breeders. In general we have the same impression
(Nelemans 1987; Aukema 1991; Van Dijk & Den
Boer 1992), though we wonder whether the autumn
breeder Carabus problematicus will fit this picture
(Rijnsdorp 1980): females of C. problematicus pro-
duce low numbers of rather big eggs, whereas females
of the autumn breeding Calathus-species and of
Nebria brevicollis produce many rather small eggs.
The actual egg production has to be studied more
closely, since data from the dissection of females often
are not reliable (Van Dijk 1986b).
DEN BOER & VAN Dyk: Life-history patterns
Life-history patterns among closely related species
Figure 1 enables us to study the effect of genetic re-
lationships on life-history traits, assuming that taxo-
nomically related species are also genetically related
(compare Den Boer 1980). When comparing species
within genera we find that some genera are rather
homogeneous, i.e. characterized by a special life-his-
tory pattern:
Calathus-species are wing-dimorphic (except C.
mollis), night-active, autumn breeding, polyphagous
carnivores, which lay many small eggs. Most
Harpalus-species (in fig. 1: 5 out of 6) are macropter-
ous, polyphagous autumn breeders that also consume
plant material and mainly occupy poor grassy sites
(Desender & Turin 1989; Turin et al. 1991); Brady-
cellus-species are polyphagous, macropterous or wing-
dimorphic winter breeders of sandy sites; Agonum-
species and most Amara-species (in fig. 1: 6 out of 9)
are spring or early-summer breeders. Most Amara-
species are polyphagous (including plant material)
and macropterous (in fig. 1: 7 out of 9) species of un-
stable habitats, whereas the four Carabus-species in
fig. 1 are brachypterous, lay a few relatively big eggs,
and are associated with stable habitats; they are
polyphagous carnivores that digest their prey outside
the body by bringing digesting fluids into it. Nothio-
philus-species are all very similar looking (fast run-
ning, small beetles with large eyes), oligophagous
hunters of collemboles (Hengeveld 1980), which of-
ten show diverging reproduction periods (119:
aquaticus, 120: biguttatus); Leistus-species are night-
active, oligophagous hunters of springtails with spe-
cialized morphological adaptations for catching their
rapid prey, and which reproduce late in autumn after
a period of aestivation; in many respects Nebria-
species resemble Zeistus-species, except for the mor-
phological adaptations to catch springtails.
But other genera, for instance Pterostichus, are very
heterogeneous in many respects: dispersal power is
very different among the 11 species of fig. 1 (3 m, 3d,
3 (m), 1 (d), 1 b), 8 species are spring breeders, one
Fig. 1. Reproductive periods of the 68 most abundant carabid species of Drenthe (the Netherlands) ranked from early repro-
ducers (March-May) until late reproducers (October and in winter, sometimes continued in early spring). For each species
the expected dispersal power (dp) is indicated: m= fully winged (macropterous), (m)= wings relatively small, often not suit-
able for flight, d= wing-dimorphic with a high fraction of fully winged specimens ( >2%), (d)= wing-dimorphic with a low
fraction of fully winged specimens (< 2%), b= unwinged (brachypterous). Also the preferred habitat of each species is indi-
cated: W= wet, open habitats, e.g. banks of pools and small rivers, B= sites where forest or peat has been burned, R= ruderal
and other waste sites, A= agricultural fields, S= blown sand areas fixed by vegetation and dry heathland, H= mainly moist
heathland, P= peat moor, F= forest. Species indicated by an asteriks must be considered autumn breeders with winter larvae,
those indicated by an X possibly also are autumn breeders, but the presence of winter larvae is not convincingly shown. Also,
the species numbers (no.) are given. These numbers are also indicated in table 3. Here we mention the names which have re-
cently changed: 130 = Prerostichus quadrifoveolatus (angustatus), 132 = P. versicolor (coerulescens), 141 = P. melanarius (vul-
garis), 114 = Syntomus (= Metabletus) foveatus, 121 = Notiophilus germinyi (hypocrita), 99 = Harpalus affinis (aeneus), 102 = H.
solitaris (fuliginosus), 104 = H. rufipes (pubescens), 106 = H. rufipalpis (rufitarsis), 73 = Calathus rotundicollis (piceus), 1 = Abax
parallelepipedus (ater), 109 = Leistus terminatus (rufescens), 62 = Bradycellus caucasicus (collaris), 65 = B. ruficollis (similis). See
also: Den Boer (1977: table 2 and appendix A, part I).
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
species a summer breeder, and two species autumn
breeders; also the preferred habitats differ highly
among species (1 F, 2 H, 1 F+R, 1F+W,4W,1A,1
B).
If we take still closer ‘genetic relationship’, i.e. com-
paring the life-history traits of species that are taxo-
nomically difficult to separate and thus often are con-
sidered sibling species, we detect a remarkable
phenomenon: such closely related species usually oc-
cupy quite different habitats, in most cases one of the
species living in (light) deciduous forest and the oth-
er(s) in open sites (heath areas or agricultural sites).
For our area (Drenthe) examples of such pairs or
triplets (the forest species in front) are: Amara brunnea
| A. bifrons Amara pseudocommunis | A. communis | A.
convexior, Agonum assimile | A. krynickit (Den Boer
1962); Agonum fuliginosum | À. gracile, Agonum moes-
tum | A. versutum | A. viduum; Notiophilus palustris |
N. germinyi, Nebria brevicollis | N. salina; Trichocellus
placidus | T. cognatus, Bradycellus sharpi | B. verbasci,
Trechus obtusus | T. quadristriatus (Den Boer 1965);
Pterostichus oblongopunctatus | P. quadrifoveolatus
(Den Boer et al. 1993); possibly also Pterostichus
strenuus | P. diligens, Harpalus quadripunctatus | H. la-
tus and there may be still more.
It is tempting, of course, to speculate about the pos-
sible origin of such species pairs (or triplets). It can be
imagined that when man cut or burnt down more and
more of the original and secondary forest of our and
surrounding areas, many carabid species of the forest
were deprived of their preferred habitat. Because of
that most exclusively forest species, such as Molops,
Abax, Carabus, Cychrus and Calosoma-species, may
have become extinct in the course of time. Indeed, at
present in the better forest remnants left in Drenthe
you find only Carabus nemoralis and Abax paral-
lelepipedus, and in dryer parts Carabus problematicus,
but in only a very few of them possibly also Carabus
coriaceus, Cychrus rostratus or Calosoma inquisitor.
However, the species inhabiting forest borders and
openings, and light secondary forest, probably had a
better chance to survive and reproduce, because dur-
ing the many centuries of a primitive agriculture in
these regions, many areas were abandoned because
the nutrients became exhausted, and birches, rowan,
poplars, and other pioneer trees would soon have
grown up in them. Most of these carabid species may
have had genotypes that could survive and reproduce
in these abandoned agricultural fields or in the heath
areas ultimately originating from these exhausted
fields being used for cattle grazing. This grazing pre-
vented recovery of the forest, and such areas gradual-
ly changed into heath and poor grassland. The latter
is still indicated by incidental catches of Pterostichus
oblongopunctatus at Kralo Heath (an old heath area)
far from the nearest forest, and of Cychrus rostratus at
10
previously cultivated (buckwheat), old peat moors.
In this way in the course of time large populations of
such diverging genotypes may have become isolated
for periods of time long enough for speciation to oc-
cur, but sufficiently short to retain a morphology
about similar to that of the ancestor beetles in the for-
est.
Of course, we can neither confirm this hypothesis,
nor repeat the historical course of events experimen-
tally at a sufficiently large scale. Just as in all evolu-
tionary hypotheses we can only bring up circumstan-
tial evidence. In the present case the pair P.
oblongopunctatus | P. quadrifoveolatus may give us a
hint in this direction: P. quadrifoveolatus especially
settles down at sites where woods or wood remnants
have been burnt. In Den Boer et al. (1993: 243) we
described a simple experiment to show that beetles of
this species can easily find such sites. In the context of
the above hypothesis it seems obvious that P. quadri-
foveolatus separated from P. oblongopunctatus because
of our distant ancestors’ habit of burning secondary
forest to easily clear the area for agriculture.
It may even be assumed that speciation has already
occurred in response to the more recent intensifica-
tion of agriculture, i.e. to the transition from a prim-
itive agriculture over large areas to the concentration
on rather small areas (in Dutch: dorps-es) that were
kept fertile with cattle dung (and later with artificial
fertilizer). Perhaps the pair Calathus melanocephalus |
C. cinctus (Aukema 1990b) is an example of specia-
tion as a result of such a transition; C. melanocephalus
being more restricted to heath and other poor open
soils, whereas C. cinctus (erythroderus) occurs more in
abandoned agricultural fields of the present period. In
accordance with this assumption C. cinctus lives as a
kind of nomad, settling down in recently abandoned
fields and disappearing again after some years, often
temporarily forming mixed populations with C.
melanocephalus (see e.g. Van Dijk 1986a). Although
C. cinctus, like C. melanocephalus, is wing-dimorphic,
in most sites 70% or more of its individuals are long-
winged and a lot of these may fly frequently (Aukema
1990a, 1991). Populations of C. melanocephalus usu-
ally show less than 1% long-winged individuals (e.g.
Den Boer 1977: table 3), although a newly founded
population in the new IJsselmeerpolder Oost
Flevoland is an exception with 20-30% long-winged
beetles (Den Boer 1970; Aukema, 1990a). As could
be expected for an autumn breeding nomad, C. cinc-
tus produces about 75% more eggs than C.
melanocephalus (Aukema 1991).
A classification of life-history patterns among
carabid species
With the data presented and discussed in previous
sections we tried to provisionally classify the carabid
DEN BOER & VAN DUK: Life-history patterns
Table 2. Provisional scheme of a classification of life-history patterns of carabid species of western Europe.
(1) Spring breeding (summer larvae): well dispersing species with a high turnover of populations
d. macropterous species of unstable Or temporary habitats
b. macropterous or wing-dimorphic species of unstable, stable or transitional and/or changing habitats
(2) Spring breeding (summer larvae): rather badly dispersing species with a generally not very high turnover of populations
and occupying stable habitats
a. macropterous species, possibly with low powers of dispersal
b. wing-dimorphic species with low powers of dispersal
c. brachypterous species with poor powers of dispersal
3) Species with a complex reproduction cycle and variable developmental periods and occupying stable habitats
(4) Summer or autumn breeding (winter larvae): well dispersing species with a high turnover of populations
a. macropterous species of unstable or temporary habitats
b. wing-dimorphic species of unstable and/or transitional or changing habitats
(5) Summer or autumn breeding (winter larvae): rather badly dispersing species with a not very high or low turnover of pop-
ulations
a. macropterous species of stable and/or transitional habitats
b. wing-dimorphic species of stable habitats
c. brachypterous species of stable habitats
(6) Late autumn breeding with summer diapause: low powers of dispersal and a low turnover of populations
(7) Winter or early spring breeding: inhabitants of open, sandy sites with a high turnover of populations
a. macropterous species with good powers of dispersal
b. wing-dimorphic species with rather good powers of dispersal
(8) Winter or early spring breeding: inhabitants of open, sandy sites with a not very high turnover of populations
a. wing-dimorphic or brachypterous species with low powers of dispersal
species of Drenthe according to some life-history
traits. A scheme of this is presented in table 2.
We consider ‘time of reproduction’ to be the prin-
cipal life-history trait, and discriminated between
three groups of species: spring breeders with summer
larvae, autumn breeders with winter larvae and winter
breeders with summer larvae. ‘Fecundity’ is, as said
before, partly connected with this main division: au-
tumn breeders laying generally more and smaller eggs
than spring breeders and winter breeders. However,
this difference could not be incorporated in table 2,
because exact data were not available for all species. A
finer classification of ‘fecundity’ seems impractical or
even irrelevant. Apart from great individual differ-
ences in egg production among females of the same
population (compare table 1), egg production is de-
termined to a great extent by quality and quantity of
the food and by temperature (Van Dijk 1994). Under
the highly variable conditions in the field, differences
between individuals and even between most species in
size of egg production may usually disappear com-
pletely. We expect that this not only applies to cara-
bid beetles, but to arthropods in general.
More important is ‘age distribution of reproduc-
tion’ (semelparity versus iteroparity). But so far, we
could only detect a few semelparous carabid species,
most species being iteroparous (i.e. individuals do
survive several winters and reproduce each year).
More research has to be done on this subject.
As said before, we consider ‘dispersal power’ an im-
portant — though indirect — life-history trait, because it
is closely connected with the turnover of populations,
Le. with the frequency of extinctions and (re)foundings
of groups in time (Den Boer 1985, 1990a, b, De Vries
& Den Boer 1990). Hence, our provisional classifica-
tion of life-history patterns of carabid species is based
upon: ‘time of reproduction’, ‘turnover of popula-
tions’, and ‘dispersal power’ (expressed in terms of
wing and flight-muscle development and relative fre-
quencies of flight: catches in window traps), and ‘pre-
ferred habitat(s)’, in that order: table 3.
Although our classification is only based upon data
of carabids from Drenthe, we expect that it will apply
to large parts of West-, North- and Central Europe as
well. We compared our data with those of Larsson
(1939) for Denmark, Lindroth (1945: 1992) for
Fennoscandia, Thiele (1977) for Western Germany,
and that of several authors for Central Europe (e.g.
Skuhravy 1959; Novák 1964), and we could not dis-
cover important departures from the species occur-
ring in Drenthe.
The most striking feature of table 3 certainly is the
numerical dominance of well-dispersing spring
breeders of unstable and transitional habitats [groups
(1)a and (1)b]. Especially among the less abundant
species (table 3B) the number of Acupalpus, Agonum,
Amara, Bembidion and Dyschirius species is remark-
able. Most of these species reproduce in wet habitats,
are macropterous and fly frequently. In our opinion
this phenomenon highlights the impoverishment of
the carabid fauna of stable habitats of our area: be-
cause of a fragmentation of natural areas, which has
been pushed too far, many species with poor powers
of dispersal have become extinct (Den Boer 1977; De
Vries & Den Boer 1990).
The dominance of well-dispersing spring breeders
11
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Table 3. Provisional classification of the carabid species of Drenthe (the Netherlands) according to the life-history patterns in
the scheme of table 2. The numbers behind the species are used in fig. 1 and refer to Den Boer (1977: table 2 and appendix
A, part I).
A. the most abundant species (mentioned in fig. 1)
(1) a. Agonum sexpunctatum (18: wet), Amara aenea (21: agr.), A. communis (26: agr.), A. famelica (30: wet), A. familiaris (31: agr.),
A. plebeja (35: agr.), Anisodactylus binotatus (42: agr.), Asaphidion flavipes (44: agr.; Coll.), Harpalus affinis (99: agr.), Loricera
pilicornis (112: wet; Coll.), Pterostichus minor (135: wet; 95% macr.), P. nigrita/rhaeticus (137: wet; see Koch & Thiele, 1980),
P. quadrifoveolatus (130: burn), P. vernalis (140: wet)
b. Agonum fuliginosum (9:wet, forest borders; 28% macr.), Amara lunicollis (34: wet, grass; macr.), Bembidion lampros (54: agr.,
wet; 17% macr.), Clivina fossor (86: agr., wet; 90% macr.), Dyschirius globosus (95: agr., wet; 0.1% macr.), Notiophilus palus-
tris (122: forest borders; 7% macr.), Pterostichus diligens (133: wet, grass; 4% macr.), P. strenuus (139: meadows, forest; 23%
macr.)
(2) a. Agonum assimile (6: forest borders), Notiophilus rufipes (124: forest; Coll.), Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (138: forest), P. ver-
sicolor (132: heath, poor meadows)
b. Syntomus foveatus (114: sandy heath; 1.2% macr.)
c. Agonum ericeti (8: peat moor), Carabus nemoralis (78: forest), C. arvensis (75: heath), Pterostichus lepidus (134: sandy heath)*
(3) Abax parallelepipedus (1: forest; brach.), Calathus rotundicollis (73: light forest; 93% macr.), Notiophilus aquaticus (119: heathy
areas; 1.2% macr.; Coll.), N. biguttatus (120: light forest; 74% macr.; Coll.), Carabus cancellatus (76: heathy areas; brach.)
(4) a. Harpalus rufipalpis (106: poor grassland) H. rufipes (104: agr.)
b. Calathus fuscipes (69: trans.; 0.9% macr.), Pterostichus melanarius (141: agr.; 2% macr.), Trechus obtusus (146: forest borders;
3% macr.)
(5) a. Amara brunnea (25: light forest), A. equestris (29: heath), Broscus cephalotes (66: sand), Harpalus latus (103: forest, heath), H.
quadripunctatus (105: forest borders), A. solitaris (102: heath), Nebria salina (118: trans.), Pterostichus niger (136: all habitats)
b. Agonum obscurum (17: wet grass; 0.1% macr.), Calathus erratus (68: sand; 0.2% macr.), C. melanocephalus (70: sandy heath;
0.2% macr.), Cymindis vaporariorum (89: heath; 6% macr.), Notiophilus germinyi (121: sandy heath; 3% macr.), Olisthopus
rotundatus (125: heath; 21% macr.)
c. Carabus problematicus (80: dry forest), Cymindis macularis (88: sand), Pterostichus lepidus (134: sandy heath), Trechus secalis
(148: forest)
(6) Leistus rufomarginatus (110: forest; macr.), L. terminatus (109: grass, trans.; macr.), Nebria brevicollis (117: light forest, trans.)
a. Bradycellus ruficollis (65: heath), Trichocellus cognatus (149: heath), 7: placidus (150: light forest)
b. Bradycellus caucasicus (62: heath), Bradycellus harpalinus (64: grassy heath)
a. Amara infima (33: sand; 1.3% macr.), Bembidion nigricorne (56: sand; brach.)
* Pterostichus lepidus seems to be both a spring and an autumn breeder (Van Dijk, pers. comm., and Paarmann, 1990).
B. less abundant species
(1) a. Acupalpus brunnipes, A. consputus,, A. dubius, A. exiguus, A. flavicollis, A. meridianus, A. parvulus (dorsalis) Agonum albipes (ru-
ficorne), A. dorsalis, A. gracile, A. marginatum, A. muelleri, A. piceum, A. thoreyi, A. versutum, A. viduum, Amara anthobia, A.
ingenua, A. ovata, A. similata, A. spreta, Bembidion assimile, B. bruxellense (rupestre), B. doris, B. femoratum, B. obliquum, B. pr-
operans, B. quadrimaculatum, B. varium, Blethisa multipunctata, Dyschirius aeneum, D. luedersi, D. politus, D. thoracicus
(arenosus), Elaphrus cupreus, E. riparius, Omophron limbatus, Oodes helopioides, Stenolophus mixtus, S. teutonus
b. Amara convexior, Badister dilatatus, Bembidion guttula, B. tetracolum (ustulatum), Calosoma inquisitor, Chlaenius nigricornis,
Cicindela campestris, C. hybrida, Demetrias atricapillus, Dromius agilis, D. angustus, D. melanocephalus, D. quadrimaculatus, D.
spilotus ( quadrinotatus), Harpalus anxius, Notiophilus substriatus, Panageus cruxmajor
(2) a. Agonum krynickii, A. livens, A. moestum, Anisodactylus nemorivagus, Badister bullatus (bipustulatus), B. sodalis, B. unipustulatus,
Bembidion humerale, Lebia chlorocephala, Odocantha melanura
b. Carabus clathratus, C. granulatus, Syntomus (Metabletus) truncatellus, Pterostichus anthracinus
c. Bembidion mannerheimi (unicolor), Carabus nitens, Cicindela germanica, Cychrus caraboides rostratus
(3) Carabus coriaceus
(4) a. Amara apricaria, A. aulica, A. bifrons, A. consularis, A. convexiuscula, A. fulva, A. majuscula, Asaphidion pallipes, Calathus
ochropterus (mollis), Harpalus distinguendus, H. rubripes, H. smaragdinus, H. tardus, Trechus quadristriatus, T. discus
b. Calathus cinctus (erythroderus)
(5) a. Amara pseudocommunis, A. kulti, A. praetermissa, A. quenseli, Miscodera arctica, Nebria livida
b. Calathus ambiguus, Synuchus nivalis
c. Calathus micropterus, Masoreus wetterhalli, Patrobus atrorufus (excavatus), Stomis pumicatus
(6) Leistus spinibarbis
a. Bradycellus verbasci
b. Bradycellus csikii
a. Bradycellus sharpi
3A: between brackets behind the species an indication of the preferred habitat.
macr.= macropterous; brach.= brachypterous; agr.= occupying agricultural fields and other ruderal or disturbed sites; wet= occupying
banks of pools and rivers and other wet sites; burn= reproduces at sites where woods or remnants of wood has been burnt; grass=
prefers dense grass vegetations; trans.= occupying transitional sites between forest and heath or grassy vegetations; sand= occupying
blown sand areas with only little vegetation; Coll.= specialized in the hunting of Collemboles.
For estimates of dispersal power and turnover frequencies of the most abundant carabid species of Drenthe see Den Boer (1990a: table
1; 1990b: table 4).
3B: between brackets behind the species old names.
12
over less well-dispersing ones is less apparent among
the most abundant species (table 3A), because the
number of wet habitats has also decreased dramatical-
ly in the last hundred years. Only a few of the species
of wet habitats could still be called ‘abundant’. But
the difference between the number of well-dispersing
[(1)a+(1)b] species (A: 21; B: 57) and that of the bad-
ly dispersing [(2)a+(2)b+(2)c+(3)] species (A: 14; B:
18) is not significant (x’= 2.95; P= 0.10). As autumn
breeders are almost restricted to dryer habitats the dif-
ference between the numbers of well-dispersing
spring and autumn breeders is about the same for
abundant and less abundant species (y= 0.078; P=
0.80), and a similar result is found for the badly dis-
persing species (x = 1.80; P= 0.20). Hence the abun-
dant species (table 3A) are a fair sample of the carabid
species of Drenthe.
Both for the spring breeders and for the autumn
breeders the different life-history patterns we distin-
guish more or less reflect the expected evolutionary
processes. When in the course of vegetational succes-
sion many previously unstable habitats become more
and more stable, well-dispersing species occupying
these habitats will gradually lose their powers of dis-
persal (Den Boer 1977, 1990a). As there are always
unstable habitats, however (banks and moors, new
openings in the forest resulting from storm or fire)
most well-dispersing species will survive. Some of
these will settle also in localities where stable habitats
are not destroyed on a large scale by reclamations for
agriculture and urbanisation. Today in the
Netherlands there is a growing tendency to make
‘new nature’, e.g. by returning agricultural fields and
the water meadows along our great rivers into more
natural areas. Especially when these areas of ‘new na-
ture’ become sufficiently large we may expect that ul-
timately among the (carabid) species that occupy
these new areas the evolution from well dispersing to
less well dispersing ones will be stimulated again.
DISCUSSION
‘Life history theory deals directly with natural se-
lection, fitness, adaptation, and constraint. It con-
tributes to evolutionary thought the analysis of the
phenotypic causes of variation in fitness and exposes
the pervasive tension between adaptation and con-
straint, brought here into especially sharp contrast by
the simultaneous application of optimality theory,
quantitative genetics, trade-offs, and the comparative
method to the explanations of the same patterns.’
(Stearns 1992: 9).
This sentence indicates clearly that life-history the-
ory in the first place indeed is theory (see also Roff
1992), because ‘natural selection’ is difficult to study
directly under natural conditions, whereas both ‘fit-
DEN BOER & VAN Dijk: Life-history patterns
ness’ and ‘adaptation’ are difficult to objectify and
quantify. Therefore, life-history theory is mainly
based on thoughts about natural selection, fitness,
adaptation and constraint, and these thoughts are il-
lustrated by mathematical models and some general
experience with special groups of organisms (verte-
brates?). This does not mean, however, that occupa-
tion with life-history theory is a waste of time. On the
contrary, contemplating such subjects is necessary to
come to an efficient collecting of adequate data. But
meanwhile life-history theory is also highly subject to
changing fashion, and therefore is still largely based
upon presently fashionable ideas about competition,
optimalisation and restricted energy-budgets.
‘In life history evolution the patterns to be ex-
plained are the full diversity of life cycles in living
things. These range from the familiar cycle of birth,
reproduction and death in birds and mammals,
through alternating sexual and asexual generations of
cladocerans, rotifers and some beetles and the modu-
lar life histories of many plants and bryozoans, to
complex life cycles of algae, parasites, and corals. In
what framework can all life histories be understood as
variations of a few general themes?’ (Stearns 1992:
IND):
Hence, the task of life history theory should be, ac-
cording to Stearns, to find a few ‘general rules’ with
which life histories can be classified in groups. In our
opinion, it is best to start this exercise with field data,
as we have tried to do in table 3.
As ‘habitats’ are defined and classified differently
for the different groups of organisms Stearns (1992)
thinks it both simpler and more general to leave
‘habitats’ out of the classifications of life histories.
‘Nevertheless, well qualified opinions assert it is
worth trying to relate habitat to life history (...).
These authors wants to explain patterns relating cer-
tain lineages to certain habitats. To satisfy, such ex-
planations should demonstrate a mechanism that
links habitats to life histories. According to this book,
one candidate is the impact of habitats on age- and
size-specific fecundity and mortality schedules. Thus
we seek to understand not habitat ----> life history
but habitat ---> mortality regime ---> life history.”
(Stearns l.c.: 208).
We are sure that ‘habitat’ has more to contribute to
life-histories than ‘mortality regimes’. For instance,
both ‘fecundity’, ‘time of reproduction’ and ‘time of
first reproduction’ may be importantly influenced by
‘habitat’, more so in poikilothermic animals than in
homoiothermic ones. In carabid beetles egg produc-
tion is not only determined by genetic characters,
basal metabolism (table 1) and food, but also to a
high degree by temperature (Van Dijk 1983; Aukema
1991); both food quality and quantity and tempera-
ture are highly affected by ‘habitat’. We have shown
13
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
how spring and autumn breeding are connected with
‘habitat’ and season (climate). Therefore, to ade-
quately recognize life-history patterns it does not suf-
fice to consider ‘habitat’ as the determinant of ‘mor-
tality regimes’.
Another common belief is the assumption of the
universal occurrence of trade-offs:
‘One example is the production of spines and elon-
gate helmets in waterfleas, Daphnia, in response to
dissolved molecules that indicate the presence of in-
vertebrate predators that prey less effectively on spiny,
helmeted Daphnia. Helmets and spines are costly, in-
dividuals that do not produce them have higher re-
productive rates, and therefore when predators are
not present, the spines and helmets are not produced.
This definition is most appropriately applied to vari-
ation within populations.’ (Stearns 1992: 16).
But such an application is not adequate in all kinds
of populations. As mentioned before, Aukema (1991)
showed that long-winged morphs of Calathus cinctus
and C. melanocephalus produce more eggs than short-
winged ones, in spite of the fact that the production
of functional wings and wing-muscles must be ‘cost-
ly’. Moreover, Aukema mentions other examples of
beetles where the winged morph is more productive
than the wingless morph. ‘From the data on fecundi-
ty of short-winged and long-winged C. cinctus and C.
melanocephalus presented here, it is evident that in
both species it is not the brachypterous morph but
the macropterous one that has a higher Darwinian
fitness.’ (l.c.: 125). This also means that the gradual
reduction of dispersal power in wing-dimorphic cara-
bid populations living in stable habitats is not caused
by a higher fitness of the brachypterous morphs, ex-
pressed in a higher egg production, as was supposed
by e.g. Darlington (1943), and still stated by Roff
(1990, 1994), but by winged individuals flying away
from the population area, though often these do not
succeed in colonizing new sites.
‘According to Williams (1966) ..., an adaptation is
a change in a phenotype that occurs in response to a
specific environmental signal and has a clear relation-
ship to that signal that results in an improvememt in
growth, survival, or reproduction.’ (Stearns 1992:
16).
If we apply this definition of adaptation to disper-
sal power, we may establish that a decrease or increase
of dispersal power is a change in the frequency of
genotypes that occurs in response to the environment
becoming more stable or unstable. And, as we saw
above (Aukema 1991), this may show a clear relation-
ship either to survival — decrease of dispersal power in
a stable habitat — or with reproduction -increase of
dispersal power in an unstable habitat. Nevertheless,
we do not expect that Stearns did have had dispersal
power in mind as an example of a functional adapta-
14
tion, because at first sight flying away from the popu-
lation area where survival and reproduction are still
possible, for many individuals only seems to mean
suicide. However, since the survival time of each local
population is limited, without any dispersal and the
connected chance to colonize other suitable sites, the
species will not survive much longer than the longest-
living local population. In our opinion, this contra-
diction between individual profit and profit for the
species has prevented evolutionary biologists seeing
the evolutionary and ecological significance of disper-
sal and dispersal power.
Summarizing, this provisional comparison of life-
history patterns of carabid species in relation to envi-
ronmental conditions does not give much support to
the current theoretical constructions and models of
evolutionary biologists as expounded by Williams
(1966), criticized by Stearns (1976), and extensively
discussed by Stearns (1992) and Roff (1992). Most
probably this lack of correspondence between theory
and field practice results from the fact that even relat-
ed animal species adapt to their habitats from very
different starting-points. Because of that, the ‘so-
lutions’ created by natural selection are also very dif-
ferent. Many of these ‘solutions’ may be far from
‘optimal’, simply because the historically given start-
ing-points did not allow better ones.
Therefore, before continuing the construction of
theoretical models of the evolution of life histories it
seems necessary, or at least useful, to do more com-
paritive investigations on life-history patterns of
species other than carabids.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all we want to thank all co-workers and stu-
dents who made it possible to collect all necessary
data for this and many other studies on carabid bee-
tles. Without forgetting many others we especially
want to thank Gerard Sanders, Arnold Spee and Taco
van Huizen. Further we want to thank Tom White
(Adelaide) and Henk Wolda (Seattle) for critical re-
marks and correcting of our English.
REFERENCES
Atkinson, W. D., 1979. A comparison of the reproductive
strategies of domestic species of Drosophila. — Journal of
Animal Ecology 48: 260-264.
Aukema, B., 1990a. Winglength determination in two
wing-dimorphic Calathus-species (Coleoptera, Carabi-
dae). — Hereditas 113: 189-202.
Aukema, B., 1990b. Taxonomy, life history and distribution
of three closely related species of the genus Calathus (Co-
leoptera, Carabidae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
133: 121-141.
Aukema, B., 1991. Fecundity in relation to wing-morph of
three closely related species of the melanocephalus group
of the genus Calathus (Coleoptera; Carabidae). — Oecolo-
gia 87: 118-126.
Aukema, B., 1994. The evolutionary significance of wing di-
morphism in carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). —
In: Dispersal polymorphism of insects, its adaptation and
evolution, Proceedings of the Memorial and internation-
al Symposium in Okayama University, Juni 30- July 1,
1994: 173-181.
Brandmayr, P. & T. Zetto-Brandmayr, 1979. The evolution
of parental care phenomena in Pterostichine ground bee-
tles with special reference to the genera Abax and Molops
(Coleoptera, Carabidae). — Miscellaneous Papers Land-
bouwhogeschool Wageningen 18: 35-49.
Cody, M., 1966. A general theory of clutch size. — Evolution
20: 174-184.
Cody, M. L., 1971. Ecological aspects of reproduction. — In:
Farner & King (eds) Avian Biology, Academic Press, New
York. pp. 462-512.
Darlington, P. J., 1943. Carabidae of mountains and is-
lands. — Ecological Monographs 13: 37-61.
Den Boer, P. J., 1962. Twee nieuwe loopkeversoorten (Col.,
Carabidae) voor de Nederlandse fauna. — Entomologi-
sche Berichten 62: 88-95.
Den Boer, P. J., 1965. External characters of sibling species
Trechus obtusus Er. and T° quadristriatus Schrk. (Coleo-
ptera, Carabidae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 108:
219-239.
Den Boer, P. J., 1968. Spreading of risk and the stabilization
of animal numbers. — Acta Biotheoretica (Leiden) 18:
165-194.
Den Boer, P. J., 1970. On the significance of dispersal pow-
er for populations of carabid beetles (Coleoptera,
Carabidae). — Oecologia 4: 1- 28.
Den Boer, P. J., 1977. Dispersal power and survival. Cara-
bids in a cultivated countryside. — Miscellaneous Papers
Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 14.
Den Boer, P. J., 1979a. Some remarks in retrospect. — In: P.
J. den Boer, H. U. Thiele & F. Weber (eds) On the evo-
lution of behaviour in carabid beetles, Miscellaneous
Papers Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 18: 213- 222.
Den Boer, P. J., 1979b. The individual behaviour and pop-
ulation dynamics of some carabid beetles of forests. —
Miscellaneous Papers Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen
18: 151-166.
Den Boer, P. J., 1980. Exclusion or coexistence and the ta-
xonomic or ecological relationship between species. —
Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30: 278-306.
Den Boer, P. J., 1985. Fluctuations of density and survival
of carabid populations. — Oecologia 67: 322-330.
Den Boer, P. J., 1990a. The survival value of dispersal in ter-
restrial arthropods. — Biological Conservation 54: 175-
192.
Den Boer, P. J., 1990b. Density limits and survival of local
populations in 64 carabid species with different powers of
dispersal. — Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3: 19-40.
Den Boer, P. J., H. U. Thiele & F. Weber (eds), 1979. On
the evolution of behaviour in carabid beetles. — Miscel-
laneous Papers Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 18.
Den Boer, P. J. & W. den Boer-Daanje, 1990. On life-his-
tory tactics in carabid beetles: are there only spring and
autumn breeders? — In: N. E. Stork (ed) The role of
ground beetles in ecological and environmental studies,
Intercept, Andover, Hampshire. pp. 247-258.
DEN BOER & VAN Dijk: Life-history patterns
Den Boer, P. J., J. Szyszko & R. Vermeulen, 1993. Spread-
ing the risk of extinction by genetic diversity in popula-
tions of the carabid beetle Prerostichus oblongopunctatus
(Coleoptera, Carabidae). — Netherlands Journal of Zoo-
logy 43: 242-259.
De Vries, H. H. & P. J. den Boer, 1990. Survival of popula-
tions of Agonum ericeti Panz. (Col., Carabidae) in relation
to fragmentation of habitats. — Netherlands Journal of
Zoology 40: 484-498.
Desender, K. & H. Turin, 1989. Loss of habitat and
changes in the composition of the ground and tiger bee-
tle fauna in four West European countries since 1950
(Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelidae). — Biological Con-
servation 48: 277-294.
Ernsting, G. & A. Isaaks, 1994. Egg size variation in
Notiophilus biguttatus (Col., Carabidae). — In: K. Desen-
der, M. Dufrêne, M. Loreau, M. L. Luff & J. D. Maelfait
(eds) Carabid beetles, ecology and evolution, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.. pp. 133-137.
Feller, W., 1939. Die Grundlagen der Voltarraschen Theo-
rie des Kampfes ums Dasein in wahrscheinlichkeitstheo-
retischen Behandlung. — Acta Biotheoretica 5: 11-40.
Gereben, B. A., 1994. Habitat-binding of carabid beetles in
a glacier retreat zone in the Zillertal Alps. — In: K.
Desender, M. Dufréne, M. Loreau, M. L. Luff & J. D.
Maelfait (eds) Carabid beetles, ecology and evolution,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. pp. 139-144.
Gadgil, M. & W. Bossert, 1970. Life history consequences
of natural selection. — American Naturalist 104: 1-24.
Gotthard, K., S. Nylin & Ch. Wiklund, 1994. Adaptive
variation in growth rate: life history costs and conse-
quences in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. —
Oecologia 99: 281-289.
Greenslade, P. J. M., 1965. On the ecology of som British
Carabidae with special reference to life histories. — Trans-
actions of the British Society of Entomology 161: 150-
179.
Grüm, L., 1984. Carabid fecundity as affected by extrinsic
and intrinsic factors. — Oecologia 65: 114-121.
Hengeveld, R., 1980. Polyphagy, oligophagy and food spe-
cialization in ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). —
Netherlands Journal of Zoology 30: 564-584.
Hilborn, R. & S. C. Stearns, 1982. On inference in ecolog-
ical and evolutionary biology: The problem of multiple
causes. — Acta Biotheoretica (Leiden) 31: 145-164.
Kavanaugh, D. H., 1985. On wing atrophy in carabid bee-
tles (Coleoptera, Carabidae), with special reference to
Neartic Nebria. — In: G. E. Ball (ed) Taxonomy, phy-
logeny and Zoogeography of beetles and ants, Dr. W.
Junk publishers, Dordrecht. pp. 408-431.
Klomp, H., 1970. Clutch size in birds. — Ardea 58: 1-121.
Koch, D. & H. U. Thiele, 1980. Zur Okologisch-physiolo-
gischen Differenzierung und Speziation der Laufkäfer-
Art Pterostichus nigrita (Coleoptera, Carabidae). — Ento-
mologia Generalis 6: 135-150.
Larsson, S. G., 1939. Entwicklungstypen und Entwick-
lungszeiten der dänischen Carabiden. — Entomologiske
Meddelelser 20: 227-547.
Lindroth, C. H., 1992. Ground beetles (Carabidae) of Fen-
noscandia. A zoogeographic study. Part I. Specific knowl-
edge regarding the species. — English translation by
Smithsonian Institution Libraries of the German edition
of 1945.
MacArthur, R. H. & E. O. Wilson, 1967. The theory of is-
land biogeography. — Monographs in Population Biolo-
15
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
gy. Princeton, New York.
Murdoch, W. W., 1966. Aspects of the population dynam-
ics of some marsh Carabidae. — Journal of Animal Eco-
logy 35: 127-156.
Murdoch, W. W., 1967. Life history patterns of some
British Carabidae (Coleoptera) and their ecological sig-
nificance. — Oikos 18: 25-32.
Nelemans, M. N. E., 1987. On the life-history of the cara-
bid beetle Nebria brevicollis (F.). Egg production and lar-
val growth under experimental conditions. — Netherlands
Journal of Zoology 37: 26-42.
Nelemans, M. N. E., P. J. den Boer & A. Spee, 1989. Re-
cruitment and summer diapause in the dynamics of a
population of Nebria brevicollis (Coleoptera, Carabidae).
— Oikos 56: 157-169.
Novák, B., 1964. Synekolgická studie sezónniho vyskytu
strevlikovitych na tepnych polich hané (Col., Carabidae).
Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. — Facultas
rerum Naturalium 13: 101-251.
Paarmann, W., 1990. Poecilus lepidus Leske (Carabidae,
Coleoptera) a species with the ability to be a spring and
autumn breeder. — In: N. E. Stork (ed) The role of
ground beetles in ecological and environmental studies,
Intercept, Andover, Hampshire. pp. 259-267.
Parry, G. D., 1981. The meanings of r- and K-selection. —
Oecologia 48: 260- 264.
Rijnsdorp, A. D., 1980. Pattern of movement in and disper-
sal from a Dutch forest of Carabus problematicus Hbst.
(Coleoptera, Carabidae). — Oecologia 45: 274-281.
Roff, D. A., 1990. The evolution of flightlessness in insects.
— Ecological Monographs 60: 289-421.
Roff, D. A., 1992. The evolution of life histories: theory and
analysis. — Chapman & Hall, New York.
Roff, D. A., 1994. Habitat persistence and the evolution of
wing dimorphism in insects. — American Naturalist 144:
772-798.
Ross, H. H., 1956. A textbook of entomology. — John Wiley
& Sons Inc., New York, Chapman & Hall Ltd., London.
Second Edition.
Schaffer, W. M., 1972. Evolution of optimal reproductive
strategies. — PhD Thesis, Princeton University, Prince-
ton.
Schaffer, W. M., 1974a. Selection for optimal life histories.
— Ecology 55: 291-303.
Schaffer, W. M., 1974b. Optimal reproductive effort in
fluctuating environments. — American Naturalist 108:
783-790.
Skuhravy, V., 1959. Prispevek k bionomii polnich strev-
likovitych (Col., Carabidae). — Rospravy Ceskoslovenské
akademie véd, 69: 3-64.
Southwood, T. R. E., 1976. Ecological methods, with par-
ticular reference to the study of insect populations. —
Chapman & Hall, London, 3rd impression.
Stearns, S. C., 1976. Life-history tactics: a review of the
ideas. — Quarterly Review of Biology 51: 13-47.
Stearns, S. C., 1992. The evolution of life histories. —
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Thiele, H. U., 1977. Carabid beetles in their environments.
A study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology
16
and behaviour. — Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Turin, H., K. Alders, P. J. den Boer, S. van Essen, Th.
Heijermans, W. Laane & E. Penterman, 1991. Ecological
characterization of carabid species (Coleoptera, Carabi-
dae) in the Netherlands from thirty years of pitfall-sam-
pling. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 134: 279-304.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1972. The significance of the diversity in
age composition of Calathus melanocephalus L. (Col.
Coleoptera) in space and time at Schiermonnikoog. —
Oecologia 10: 111-136.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1973. The age-composition of popula-
tions of Calathus melanocephalus L. analysed by studying
marked individuals kept within fenced sites. — Oecologia
12: 213-240.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1979. On the relationship between repro-
duction, age and survival in two carabid beetles: Calathus
melanocephalus L. and Pterostichus coerulescens L. (Coleo-
ptera, Carabidae). — Oecologia 40: 63-80.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1982. Individual variability and its signif-
icance for the survival of animal populations. — In: D.
Mossakowski & G. Roth (eds), Environmental adapta-
tion and evolution, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York.
pp. 233-251.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1983. The influence of food and temper-
ature on the amount of reproduction in carabid beetles. —
In: P. Brandmayr, P. J. den Boer & F. Weber (eds) Ecol-
ogy of carabids: The synthesis of field study and laborato-
ry experiment, PUDOC, Wageningen. pp. 105-123.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1986a. Changes in the carabid fauna of a
previously agricultural field during the first twelve years
of impoverishing treatments. — Netherlands Journal of
Zoology 36: 413-437.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1986b. How to estimate the level of food
availability in field populations of carabid beetles. — In: P.
J. den Boer, M. L. Luff, D. Mossakowski & F. Weber
(eds) Carabid beetles, their adaptations and dynamics,
Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.. pp. 371-384.
Van Dijk, Th. S., 1994. On the relationship between food,
reproduction and survival of two carabid beetles:
Calathus melanocephalus and Pterostichus versicolor. —
Ecological Entomology 19: 263-270.
Van Dijk, Th. S. & P. J. den Boer, 1992. The life histories
and population dynamics of two carabid species on a
Dutch heathland. 1. Fecundity and the mortality of im-
mature stages. — Oecologia 90: 340-352.
Verhulst, P. F., 1838. Notice sur le loi que la population suit
dans son accroissememt. — Correspondences Mathémati-
ques et Physiques 10: 113-121.
White, T. C. R., 1993. The inadequate environment.
Nitrogen and the abundance of animals. — Springer
Verlag, Berlin.
Williams, G. C., 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. A
critique of some current evolutionary thought. — Prince-
ton University Press, Princeton.
Received: 21 February 1995
Accepted: February 1996
I. LANSBURY
Oxford University Museum, Oxford
NOTES ON THE MARINE VELIID GENERA
HALOVELOIDES, HALOVELIA AND XENOBATES
(FIBNUDINERA SETE TE ROPLIERA*VEEIDAR) XO EIA
NEW GUINEA
Lansbury, I., 1996. Notes on the marine veliid genera Haloveloides, Halovelia and Xenobates
(Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Veliidae) of Papua New Guinea. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
139: 17-28, figs. 1-53, tables 1-8. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 15 October 1996.
The marine veliid genera Haloveloides Andersen, Halovelia Bergroth and Xenobates Esaki from
Madang Province, Nagada Harbour were studied in February-March, 1990 and April-May,
1992. Supplementary comments on the occurrence of marine veliids in New Britain are in-
cluded. Halovelia anderseni sp. n. and Xenobates pilosellus sp. n. are described from Nagada
Harbour. Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury is redescribed, the male for the first time. The distri-
bution of the veliids at Nagada are set out in tabular form. Brief comments are given on the oc-
currence of species particularly the species diversity found in diurnal and nocturnal samples.
I. Lansbury, Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford OX1 3PW,
United Kingdom.
Key words. — Papua New Guinea: Madang and New Britain. Hemiptera Veliidae: Halovelia,
Haloveloides, Xenobates, new species, distribution.
The marine Heteroptera fauna of Nagada Harbour
has a remarkable number of species present including
Gerridae, Rheumatometroides serena Lansbury; three
possibly four species of Halobates Hermatobatidae,
Hermatobates species; Veliidae, Haloveliinae, Halov-
eloides papuensis (Esaki), H. browni (Lansbury),
Halovelia annemariae Andersen, H. anderseni sp. n.,
Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury and X. pilosellus sp.
n. The four described veliid species have been record-
ed from the Solomon Islands. Two other veliid
species also recorded from the Solomon Islands and
the ‘north’ coast of New Guinea, Halovelia bergrothi
Esaki and H. esakii Andersen, these species were not
found at Nagada Harbour.
Esaki (1926) gave the first account of the marine
veliids collected by Biro from the north coast of
Papua New Guinea. He quotes Dr. Biro on the oc-
currence of Xenobates Esaki on brackish water and H.
bergrothi being found on rain water in a tree hole.
Halovelia Bergroth revised by Andersen (1989a
and b) and Haloveloides Andersen (1992), Xenobates
Esaki appears to be a less well defined genus. Ander-
sen (1992) comments on the generic classification
and gives a key to the genera of the Haloveliinae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Habitats at Nagada. — The sampling area is not
large but does include a variety of micro-habitats
close inshore, mangrove was absent from the area.
The tidal levels do not vary by more than a metre, fre-
quently far less. At low tide there are no extensive
beaches with rocks and shallow pools. There is some
erosion of the shore line, leading to trees falling into
the sea which provides sheltered micro-habitats for
marine bugs. Data on the species collected are pre-
sented in tabular form with a brief description of the
habitats.
1990 Samples. — ‘Jetty shade’ walkway from shore
to landing stage on piers constructed using tyres filled
with concrete, walkway rough sawn timber. ‘Coral
rubble’ shore line coral rubble wall, lower margin
usually partially submerged, occasionally totally ex-
posed. In places overhung with trees, some leaning
over, others have fallen into the sea due to erosion
‘coral rubble with trees’. ‘Mvlt’ (mercury vapour light
trap) samples collected from a partially enclosed area
on the landing stage supported on piers at the end of
the jetty.
1992 Samples. — ‘Mvlt samples from a secondary
landing stage overhung with trees, slightly more ex-
posed than the 1990 site, subject to wave action.
Samples collected with a hand net 300 pm mesh.
Daylight samples; despite intensive searching, no veli-
ids were seen between dawn to sometime after 12.00.
Occasionally large flotillas were seen close inshore, al-
17
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-4, Halovelia anderseni sp. n. — 1, dorsal aspect; 2. d dorsal aspect; 3, ® lateral aspect of abdomen; 4, ® dorsal as-
pect of abdomen.
ways in the shade from 15.00 onwards, these flotillas
were almost exclusively H. papuensis. The mvlt sam-
ples collected with hand net and were removed from
the net by inverting the contents into a large contain-
er of dilute alcohol ca 30%. This technique frequent-
ly has the affect of causing the male genitalia and fe-
male ovipositor to be extruded. A minor problem is
that salt particles adhere to the specimens which are
not completely removed by washing in distilled water
prior to storage in 70% alcohol. Light trap captures
were totally random as it was impossible to see veliids
whereas Halobates were extremely conspicuous.
The specimens from Madang Province and East
and West New Britain and holotypes deposited in the
Hope Entomological Collections, Universtity Mu-
seum, Oxford (OXUM). Paratypes and other material
in the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden
(RMNH) and the Zoological Museum, University of
Copenhagen (ZMUC).
18
SYSTEMATICS
Halovelia anderseni sp. n.
(figs. 1-17, tabs. 1 and 4)
Type material. — Holotype male: Papua New
Guinea, Madang Province, Madang, Nagada Har-
bour, 25.11.1990, collected at light (in OXUM). — Para-
types same locality as holotype, 24.ii.-16.iii., 622 d
and 749. Paratypes same locality of holotype, 29.iv.-
21.v., 3026 and 1602 (OXUM and RMNH ). See table
4 for details of collecting sites.
Description
Adult apterous. — Males 1.94-1.97 mm long, max-
imum width 0.96-1 mm, females 2.2-2.4 mm long,
maximum width 0.96-0.98 mm.
Coloration. — Male: Dark brown-black. Inner
lateral margins of connexivum silvery pubescent.
Head between eyes dark yellowish brown. Posterior
margin of pronotum narrowly dark brown. Legs
shining black, antennae black. Inner margins of front
LANSBURY: Marine veliid genera of Papua New Guinea
11 (2e
NE El n
Figs. 5-16. — 5-9, Halovelia anderseni sp. n. paratypes. — 5, d front leg; 6, d hind leg; 7, d antennae; 8, 2 middle femur and
tibia; 9, 2 middle tarsi. — 10-13, Halovelia anderseni sp. n. paratype male. — 10, tergite partially macerated; 11, genital cap-
sule; 12, genital capsule extended; 13, genital capsule rotated. — 14-16. Halovelia anderseni sp. n. paratype female. — 14. an-
tennae; 15. front leg; 16. hind leg. Scale bars (a for fig. 10 and b for all other figs.) .5 mm.
19
TIJDSCHRIET VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Table 1. Proportion of leg segments of Halovelia anderseni
sp. n.
Femur Tibia Tarsus] Tarsus II
3 frontleg 36 SI 4 9
® frontleg 34 Dj 4 9
d middleleg 89 79 38 DD
? middleleg 75 69 ail DI
d hind leg 43 34 5 9
9. hindile: 36 32 > 9
coxal margins brown, remainder of venter black.
Coloration. — Female: Similar to male.
Structure. Male: Elongate fusiform (fig. 1). Head
length 0.53X head width including eyes, widest
interocular space 0.62 X head width, eye width 0.3 X
interocular space. Antennae (figs. 2 and 7) segment 1-
4 25:13:14:18, antennae 0.7 X total length of insect.
First antennal segment densely pilose, broader than
fusiform 4th segment. Lateral margins of pronotum
obsolescent. Meso and metanotum not clearly dis-
tinct. Tergites subequal length, 5th tergite and geni-
tal segment progressively longer. Connexivum slight-
ly raised. Distal tergites partially macerated and slide
mounted (fig. 10), connexival segments irregular.
Metasternum posteriorly fringed with fine greyish
pubescence. Sternites deeply depressed, genital seg-
ment large, genital capsule within abdomen, para-
meres conspicuous curving round capsule, meeting
posteriorly. Genital capsule lateral aspect (fig. 11), pa-
rameres symmetrical, bluntly acuminate distally.
Capsule rotated (fig. 12) showing vesica side view;
(fig. 13) capsule rotated showing vesical sclerites from
another aspect, parameres appearing distally acumi-
nate.
Front leg (fig. 5) trochanter not spinose or tuber-
culate. Femora slightly sinuate, greatest width 0.2 X
length. Inner margin of tibia fringed with fine hairs,
distally with a grasping comb extending round distal
margin, tibial comb 0.35 X length of tibia. Middle
femora 0.9 X total length of insect. Hind femora ro-
bust, greatest width 1.6 width of middle femora
(fig. 6).
Structure. — Female: Rhomboid in outline. Head
length 0.62 X head width across eyes. Widest inter-
ocular space 0.62 X head width including eyes. Eye
width 0.27 X interocular space. Antennae (fig. 14)
segment 1-4 20:11.5:15:20, antennae 0.57 X total
body length, 4th segment not as fusiform as in male.
Thorax box-like, lateral margins straight, diverging
slightly from the pronotum. Head pronotum and
dorsum of thorax with a dense layer of fine grey pu-
bescence. Anterior pronotal margin with a prominent
dense transverse cluster of erect hairs. Pleura, pro and
mesosternum dull, not conspicuously pilose. Anterior
connexival segment erect with a row of erect hairs.
20
Fig. 17. Halovelia anderseni sp. n. paratype female. — Distal
tergites partially macerated. Abbreviations T tergite; PP
pleural plates; C connexivum; TP triangular plates; P
proctiger; GO1 GO2 Ist and 2nd gonopophyses; GX Ist
gonocoxa.
First four visible tergites narrowing, enclosed by con-
nexivum. Distally connexivum converging appearing
to terminate with a prominent pilose triangular pro-
jection (figs. 3 and 4) Genital segment enlarged.
Abdomen wider distally than proximally. Distal ter-
gites and connexivum partially macerated, slide
mounted (fig. 17) show that the triangular projec-
tions arise from the pleural margins of sternites.
Pleural margins divided into several elongate plates.
Eighth tergite bluntly triangular, lateral margins in-
flexed. Ovipositor and proctiger extended, first gono-
coxa plate-like, Ist gonopophyses elongate, 2nd
gonopophyses short and spinose.
Front leg (fig. 15) lower femoral margin straight,
greatest width 0.17 X length, tibia sinuate. Middle
leg (fig. 8) femora 0.76 X total length of insect. Hind
leg (fig. 16) robust greatest width 0.22 X length.
Etymology. — This species is dedicated to Dr. Nils
Moller Andersen who has been of great assistance
in naming the Veliidae found in the Nagada sam-
ples.
Remarks. — The male of H. anderseni sp. n. appears
to key out to couplet 14 in Andersen (1989a) (H. lan-
nae and H. wallacei Andersen), the parameres resem-
ble wallacei. The female does not key out to the fore-
going species as the antennal ratio of segment 2 is
much shorter than the 3rd segment and therefore
keys out to couplet 10 (H. annemariae and novogu-
inensis Andersen). The female of H. anderseni sp. n. is
immediately recognisable by the distal triangular pro-
jections on the abdomen.
LANSBURY: Marine veliid genera of Papua New Guinea
LIGA
u.
Figs. 18-22. Xenobates pilosellus sp. n. — 18, 3 dorsal aspect; 19, d dorsal view of head, 20, & middle femur; 21, 2 under-
side of head and pronotum; 22, ® abdomen ventrally.
Xenobates pilosellus sp. n.
(figs. 18-36, tabs. 2, 5 and 8)
Type material. — Holotype male: Papua New
Guinea, Madang Province, Madang, Nagada
Harbour, 14.11.1990, collected at light (in OXUM).
— Paratypes same locality as holotype, 22.ii.-16.ili.,
1346 and 4779. Paratypes same locality as holo-
type 29.iv.-21.v., 216 and 499 (OXUM, RMNH
and ZMUC). See table 5 for details of collecting sites.
Description
Adult apterous. — Males 1.3-1.44 mm long, maxi-
mum width 0.72-0.74 mm, females 1.6-1.72 mm
long, maximum width 0.92-0.94 mm.
Coloration. — Male: Head antero-mesially with a
longitudinal stripe and inner eye margins black, re-
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Table 2. Proportion of leg segments of Xenobates pilosellus
sp. n.
Femur Tibia Tarsus] ‘Tarsus II
3 front leg 23 20 2 7
? front leg 23 21 D 6.5
d middleleg 61 48 18 14.5
2 middleleg 63 51 23 155
3 hind leg 30 25 2 7
2 hind leg 32 25 5) 6
mainder orange brown. Anterior margin of pronotum
black, remainder orange brown, remainder of dorsum
black. Coxae and trochanters pale creamy yellow.
Upper proximal margin of front femora pale brown,
remainder of legs dark brown-black. Antennae, Ist seg-
ment proximally narrowly pale yellow, remaining seg-
ments dark brown-black. Pro-meso and metasternum
pale orange brown. Pleural margins of thorax and ster-
nites dark brown-black, mesially orange brown.
Coloration. — Female: Head and pronotum similar
to male. Distal lateral margins of meso-metathorax
with two (1+1) dark yellow blotches, remainder of
dorsum black. Legs and antennae similar to male.
Underside of head, thorax and abdomen pale orange
brown. Pleura of thorax and sternites marginally dark
brown-black, not as extensive as on male.
Structure. — Male: Fusiform (fig. 18). Head length
0.62X head width including eyes. Interocular space
0.54X head width. Eye width 0.39 X interocular
space. Head mesially wich a slight median depression
lacking pilosity (fig. 19). Cephalic trichobothria
prominent. Lateral margins of head with 3-4 long
hairs curving over the eyes. Antennae (fig. 23) seg-
ment 1-4 14 : 10.5 : 15 : 12, antennae 0.7 X total
length of insect, 4th segment fusiform. pronotal later-
al margins obsolescent. Mesonotal suture visible lat-
erally, metanotal suture visible laterally contiguous
with connexivum. Mesothorax with two (1+1) fields
of silver hairs extending onto connexivum. Tergites
3-5 with scattered silver hairs mesially, 6th tergite
covered with evanescent silvery blue hairs extending
onto connexivum. Anteriorly connexivum erect, dis-
tally outwardly reflexed. Distal tergites partially mac-
erated, slide mounted (fig. 29), connexival segments
regular. Thorax ventrally; dark pleural margins with
semi-erect pubescence. Pale area of pro-meso and
metasternum with short fine pubescence. Distal mar-
gin of meosternum fringed with fine hairs. Sternites
1-5 raised above transversely depressed 6th sternite.
Distal median area of raised sternites conspicuously
pilose. Genital segment large, capsule within seg-
ment, parameres symmetrical, curving round capsule
(fig. 30).
Front leg (fig. 31) femora moderately robust, grea-
test width 0.2 X median length. Tibia distally pilose.
22
Middle leg (figs. 20, 32 and 33) femora fringed with
long hairs, 0.84 X total length of insect. Hind leg (fig.
34) femora slightly more robust than middle femora.
Structure. — Female: Rhomboid in outline. Head
length 0.62 X head width including eyes. Interocular
space 0.51 X head width. Eye width 0.45 X inter-
ocular space. Antennae (fig. 24) segment 1-4 13.5 :
10: 14.5 : 12.5, antennae 0.6 X total length of insect.
Lateral margins of prothorax densely pilose, straight
diverging from pronotum to connexivum. Abdomen
converging distally. Mesonotum with two (1+1)
fields of short silvery hairs overlying the orange
brown areas, between these a median black area with
two (1+1) fields of silvery peg-like hairs. Metanotum
anteriorly with longer silvery hairs overlying black
pubescence. Mesonotum slightly raised above meta-
notum, the latter slightly raised mesially. Second and
3rd tergites laterally with two (1+1) fields of silvery
hairs. Sixth and 7th tergites with scattered short sil-
very hairs. Tergites partially macerated, slide moun-
ted (fig. 28), ovipositor partially extruded.
Connexivum erect converging sharply posteriorly ex-
posing pleura of distal sternites. Distal tergite densely
pilose. Underside of head and thorax (fig. 21), pleur-
al margins densely pilose. Sternum posterior of front
legs triangularly raised “Y’ shaped. Mesosternum and
sternites (fig. 22), genital segment densely pilose.
Front leg (fig. 35) femora with several prominent
hairs ventrally, not as robust as male, tibia slightly sin-
uate. Middle leg (figs. 25, 26 and 27) femora slender,
0.75 X length of insect. Hind leg (fig. 36) greatest
femoral width subequal to middle femora.
Etymology. — The specific name alludes to the
dense pubescence on the thoracic pleura and ab-
domen distally.
Remarks. — The three dark brown-black ‘stripes’
on the head on a orange brown field, densely pilose
pleura and abdomen distinguish Xenobates pilosellus
sp. n. from X. solomonensis Lansbury.
Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury
(figs. 37-53, tabs. 3 and 5)
Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury, 1989: 107-109.
Redescription
Adult apterous. — Males: 1.56-1.6 mm long, maxi-
Table 3. Proportion of leg segments of Xenobates solomonen-
sis Lansbury.
Femur Tibia TarsusI Tarsus II
d front leg 23 20 3 75
® front leg 26 22 3 8
3d middleleg 64 5 21 16.5
2 middleleg 68 54 25 177
6 hindles 32 25 3.5 7.5
® hind leg 32 Dif 3 8
LANSBURY: Marine veliid genera of Papua New Guinea
25 | CEE
CLASS SLI
T
LISP POD
Figs. 23-36. — 23-27, Xenobates pilosellus sp. n. paratypes. — 23, d antennae; 24, ® antennae; 25, 2 middle femur; 26, mid-
dle tibia; 27, 2 middle tarsi. — 28-30, Xenobates pilosellus sp. n. paratypes. — 28, 2 abdomen partially macerated; 29, 3 ab-
domen partially macerated; 30, genital capsule. — 31-36. Xenobates pilosellus sp. n. paratypes. — 31, & front leg; 32, 3 mid-
dle femur and tibia; 33, d middle tarsi; 34, 5 hind leg; 35, d front leg; 36, © hind leg. Scale bar .5 mm.
23
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 37-53. — 37-45, Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury. — 37, 3 front leg; 38, d middle femur; 39, d middle tibia and tarsi;
40, © front leg; 41, 2 middle femur; 42, © middle tibia; 43, © middle tarsi; 44, & antennae: 45, Q antennae. — 46-53,
Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury. — 46, 3 genital capsule; 47, & genital capsule ventral aspect; 48, & genital capsule end on
aspect; 49, 2 abdomen partially macerated; 50, © lateral aspect of ovipositor; 51, £ ovipositor ventral aspect; 52, 2 hind
leg; 53, d hind leg. Scale bar .5 mm.
24
LANSBURY: Marine veliid genera of Papua New Guinea
&
Table 4. Occurrence of Haloveloides and Halovelia species at Nagada.
Habitat Time papuensis browni anderseni annemariae
Q d 2 d O
1990
7.ii. jetty shade 18.00 14 2
18.ii. jetty shade 17.00 150 38
22.ii. jetty shade 17.00 9 2
23.ii. jetty shade 17.30 25 20
24. mvlt 20.00-21.00 8 18 5) 1 4
25.1. mvlt 20.30-22.00 23 33 25 27 Se Ti 13 12
26.1. mvlt 20.15-21.5 24 6 31 13 9559268 46
27.ii. jety shade 16.00 36 40
27.1. mvlt 20.30-21.30 21 22 17 15 8 7 29 31
l.iii. jetty shade 15.00 SD DIG 5
3. mvlt 21.00-22.00 5 5 7 3 6 8
4.111. rubble with trees 15.00 368 300 3
4.iii. rubble with trees 18.00 11 6
S.iii. fallen tree 16.00-17.15 116 23
Si. mvlt 20.30-21.30 4 2. 7 5
G.iii. submerged tree-jetty 16.00-17.00 16 4
7.iii. jetty shade 17.00 5 15 1 23 2 1
8.111. rubble with trees 16.00 42 12
9.iii. coral rubble 16.00 29 9,
Jui. mvlt 20.00-21.15 22 13 7 I 3 l
10.iii. coral rubble 16.00 31 2
10.111. mvlt 20.15-21.15 10 4 1 5 I 5 3 8
12.111. mvlt 20.45-21.50 52 26 2 2 4 7 1
13.111. mvlt 21.00-22.00 28 50 6 5) 3 9 9
24.111. mvlt 20.30-21.30 3 22 7 2 9 7 3 4
16.iii. submerged tree 15.00 308 338 6 5
16.111. mvlt 20.45-21.45 12 15 7 3 1 4 27 13
1992
29.iv. mvlt 20.00-.00 5) 4 39 4 4
30.tv. mvlt 20.15-21.15 2 3 11 8 12 3
1.v mvlt 21521915 5 6 Il 3
2.v. mvlt 20.15-21.15 1 I
4.v. mvlt 20.15-21.30 8 12 2 2
5.v. mvlt 17.30-19.00 22 13
7.v. _ jety shade 13.30 48 17
7.v. mvlt 20.30-21.30 1
8.v. mvlit 20.30-21.30 2
11.v. mvlt 20.00-21.30 15 18 I l 5
12.v. mvlt 20.00-21.00 8 DI 1 1 I 1
13.v. mvlt 20.00-20.30 3 4
15.v. mvlt 20.15-22.00 12 74 4 5
16.v. mvlt 20.00-23.00 20 30 3 1 I 2
18.v. mvlt 20.15-21.30 18 6
19.v. mvlt 20.00-22.00 38 39 GHG 8 4
20.v. mvlt 20.30-21.45 91 58 21 78) 43 8
ala v.le 20.30-21.30 10 35 1 5 18 11
mum width 0.82-0.84 mm, females 1.8-1.82 mm
long, maximum width 0.98-1.02 mm.
Coloration. — Male: head and pronotum yellowish
brown, anterior lateral margins of head with two
(1+1) with irregular black blotches, lateral margins of
pronotum black. Mesonotum black with a conspicu-
ous field of silvery-yellow hairs, laterally with trans-
verse bands of silver hairs. Tergites and connexivum
black. Tergites 1-2 with fields of silver hairs, 6th ter-
gite with longer scattered silver hairs. Thoracic pleura
dark brown-black merging into pale brown ventrally.
Pro-meso and metasternum pale yellowish brown.
Sternites laterally dark brown-black graduating to
pale brown. Antennae, Ist segment proximally pale
yellow, remainder of segments black. Front coxae,
trochanters and femora pale yellow, annulated dark
brown distally, tibia and tarsi black. Middle and hind
coxae and trochanters pale yellow, lower margins of
25
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Table 5. Occurrence of Xenobates species at Nagada.
Habitat Time
1990
DINI: jetty shade 17.00
2350 jetty shade 17.30
DST mvlt 20.30-22.00
26.ii. mvlt 20.15-21.50
DEE mvlt 20.30-21.30
l.iii. jetty shade 15.00
1.111. mvlt 20.30-21.00
3.1. mvlt 21.00-22.00
4.jii. rubble with trees 15.00
4. rubble with trees 18.00
5 ill. fallen tree 16.00-17.15
5.1. mvlt 20.30-21.30
6.111. submerged tree-jetty 16.00-17.00
Paie jetty shade 17.00
8.1. rubble with trees 16.00
iii. coral rubble 16.00
9 iii. mvlt 20.00-21.15
10.111. coral rubble 16.00
10.11. mvlt 20.15-21.15
12.11. mvlt 20.45-21.50
13.111. mvlt 21.00-22.00
14.1. mvlt 20.30-21.30
16.11. submerged tree 15.00
16.111. mvlt 20.45-21.45
1992
29.iv. mvlt 20.00-22.00
30.iv. mvlt 20.15-21.15
lv. mvlt 20.15-21.15
2.v. mvlt 204521495
4.v. mvlt 20.15-21.30
DEVA mvlt 17.30-19.00
7. jetty shade 13.30
Te mvlt 20.30-21.30
IUI mvlt 20.00-21.30
12.v. mvlt 20.00-21.00
13.v. mvlt 20.00-20.30
15.v. mvlt 20.15-22.00
16.v. mvlt 20.00-23.00
NO mvlt 20.00-22.00
20.v. mvlt 20.00-21.45
21.v. mvlt 20.30-21.30
femora pale brown, upper surfaces dark brown, tibia
and tarsi dark brown-black.
Coloration. — Female: Head and pronotum bright
yellowish brown, black pattern similar to male.
Mesonotum mesially dark brown covered with semi-
erect silvery hairs. Metanotum dark brown-black
with short silver hairs. Tergites 1-2 black, laterally
with silver hairs, 3-6 brown, distal margins black, ter-
gites 5-6 with scattered silver hairs. Connexivum dark
brown, upper margins narrowly black. Thoracic pleu-
ra and lateral margins of sternites reddish brown. Pro-
meso and metasternum and sternites yellowish
brown, Gth sternite shining. Antennae similar to
male. Coxae and trochanters pale yellow. Front femo-
26
solomonensis pilosellus
3 Q
2
Il 1 1 1
1 ] 3 9
6 3 13 51
DI 3 3 61
3 I 9 32
1
1 3 5 29
1
1 1 2
11 8
1 2 5
Il 1 1 3
3 1
8 3 13 21
12 9) 13 1
3 4 6 32
8 4 2 4
3 8 17 28
1 21 84
2 2 8 56
92 11
3
2 2 33
2
3 1 4
2 1
3 2
1 4
6 2 5
2 1
1 2 1
2 6 2
3 3 1 4
3 1
1 1
18 12 1 3
6 5 10
6 15 >) 4
1 2) 1 6
ra pale yellowish brown, paler on underside, tibia and
tarsı black. Middle and hind femora either paler on
lower surface or uniformly brown, middle and hind
tibia and tarsi dark brown-black.
Structure. — Male: Fusiform. head length 0.58 X
head width, interocular space 0.57 X head width in-
cluding eyes, eye width 0.4 X interocular space. Head
with a prominent minutely sculptured median longi-
tudinal depression. Head posteriorly with two (1+1)
clusters of circular protuberances. Antennae (fig. 44)
segment 1-4 13 : 10: 13 : 12.5, antennae 0.6 X total
length of insect, 4th segment fusiform. Pronotal later-
al margins obsolescent. Meso and metanotal sutures
only visible laterally in partially macerated specimens,
Table 6. Occurrence of H. papuensis and Halobates imma-
tures (imm.) at Nagada.
1990 Habitat Time AH. papuensis Halobates
18.ii. jetty shade 17.00 many imm. many imm.
23.ii. jettyshade 17.30 30 50+
27.ii. jetty shade 16.00 1000+ 70+
l.iii. jettyshade 15.00 1700+ 170+
4.111. rubble with
trees 15.00 850+
S.iii. fallen tree 16.00 300+ not counted
G.iii. submerged
tree jetty 16.00 70+ 130+
8.iii.* rubble with
trees 16.00 500+
* includes immature Xenobates
sutures obscured by dorsal pilosity on dry mounted
specimens. Thoracic pleura, outer margins of connex-
ivum and sternites pilose, genital segment shining
and pilose. Thorax ventrally; mesosternum slightly
raised “Y’ shaped, distal margin fringed with short
hairs. Mesosternum and sternites 1-4 raised forming
a rounded ridge, distal sternites deeply depressed.
Genital capsule within segment, parameres partially
visible curving round segment. Genital segment par-
tially macerated, lateral aspect (fig. 46), ventral and
end on aspect (figs. 47 and 48). Prothorax and proxi-
mal tergites forming an even convex curve, distal ter-
gites slightly depressed. Connexivum slightly out-
wardly reflexed, inner margins silvery pubescent.
Front leg (fig. 37), femoral width 0.22 X median
length. Middle leg (figs. 38 and 39) femora fringed
with hairs, not as pilose as female middle femora,
0.8 X total length of insect. Hind leg (fig. 53) femo-
ra 0.5X length of middle femora, greatest width
subequal to middle femora.
Structure. — Female: Rhomboid in outline. Head
length 0.5X head width across eyes, interocular
space 0.55 X head width, eye width 0.39 X interocu-
lar space. Median longitudinal depression more con-
spicuous than of male. Antennae (fig. 45) segment 1-
414.5: 11 : 13 : 13, antennae 0.57 X total length of
insect, 2nd segment spinose, 4th fusiform.
Lateral margins of prothorax pilose, straight and
diverging from pronotum to connexivum. Prothorax
raised above tergites, connexivum slightly outwardly
reflexed, outer margins pilose. Abdominal tergites
partially macerated, slide mounted (fig. 49).
Table 7. Occurrence of H. browni in West New Britain.
LANSBURY: Marine veliid genera of Papua New Guinea
Ovipositor partially extruded, lateral aspect (fig. 50),
ventral aspect (fig. 51). Mesosternum slightly raised
°Y° shaped, distal margin infuscated, less pilose than
male. Metasternum and sternites uniformly rounded,
not raised. Sternites mesially pilose distally, genital
segment densely pilose.
Front leg (fig. 40) femora ventrally with long hairs,
femoral width 0.19X median length. Middle leg
(figs. 41, 42 and 43), femoral upper margin with
many long hairs, femora 0.75 X total length of insect.
Hind leg (fig. 52) femora 0.47 X length of middle
femora, greatest width subequal to middle femora.
Remarks. — Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury de-
scribed from the Solomon Islands, New Georgia,
Munda, Holotype in OXUM. It differs from other de-
scribed Xenobates by the bright orange yellow head in
both sexes, the head of X. pilosellus sp. n. and X. semi-
nulum (Esaki) differ by the much darker head.
Material. — See table 5 for samples from Papua New
Guinea, Madang Province, Madang, Nagada Harbour,
1990 and 1992.
MISCELLANEOUS BIOLOGICAL NOTES
Haloveloides papuensis (Esaki): this species invari-
ably encountered close inshore, usually within 2 me-
tres. Large flotillas of specimens occurring in the
shade of the jetty walkway or sheltering in the lee of
partially submerged trees or amongst overhanging
vegetation. Large samples e.g. over 500 specimens
were taken with a single sweep of the net. H. papuen-
sis flotillas move slowly, keeping very close together.
Wave action created by boats passing at speed causing
the flotillas to disperse rapidly, sometimes the rafts re-
assembling within a few minutes, on other occasions,
flotillas amongst overhanging vegetation sometimes
remaining dispersed. A feature of the papuensis flotil-
las is the presence of many teneral adults as well as
large numbers of immature veliids and Ist and 2nd
instar Halobates species.
Especially noticeable are the much lower numbers
of papuensis attracted to light and no immatures were
found in the samples although immature Halobates
(3rd and 4th instar) were frequently more abundant
than adult Halobates. The 1992 samples differ con-
siderably from the 1990 samples, despite intensive
sampling and searching, only one flotilla of veliids
were found inshore on the 7.v. The number of
1989 Location 3 Q
l.vii Dam: Creek ‘freshwater’ 6
29.vii Kimbe, Dami near Talasea 200 m. offshore around pontoon oil drums 79 1
30.vii Vovosi 500 m. offshore around exposed reef at low tide 108 3
2.viii Dami near Talasea 200 m. offshore 42
Di,
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Table 8. Occurrence of Xenobates species in New Britain.
Location
1988
2.x Dami Creek river mouth
1989
8-10.i Dami Creek ‘saline’
9.iv Kapiura River tidal creek
10.vi Tamari Beach
20.vii Dami Creek
19.viii Balima River near Ulamona
1993
28.111 Bainings, Kleinwara River Ramada Pltn. (this
river ‘fed’ upstream by freshwater springs
R. Prior verbatim) **
pilosellus solomonensis
d Q
6 6
2 2
8 2 1
À
8 7
1
13 17
**East New Britain, specimens not ‘typical’ pilosellus.
papuensis at light appear to be consistent for both
years. Haloveloides browni (Lansbury), in 1990 small
numbers were taken at light, very few were taken
close inshore. In 1992 no H. browni were found at
Nagada. There is evidence that H. browni is an off-
shore species, in West New Britain samples collected
by R.N.B. Prior support this possibility.
Despite searches offshore at Nagade Harbour, no
specimens were found. Halovelia anderseni sp. n. and
H. annemariae Andersen have a similar pattern of oc-
currence as Haloveloides browni. The 1990 specimens
were mostly obtained in light trap samples. This pat-
tern repeated in 1992. The larger than usual numbers
of both species in the sample on the 20.v. are difficult
to explain, weather conditions were noted as, sea
smooth, tide ebbing imperceptibly and no wind, con-
ditions were identical on the 21.v. but the sample was
much smaller.
Xenobates solomonensis Lansbury and X. pilosellus
sp. n. see table 5. X. pilosellus was found in larger
numbers than solomonensis in 1990 whereas in 1992,
pilosellus was less abundant. The data for both species
is ambiguous, being found in almost every sample al-
though pilosellus was more commonly found at light
than solomonensis. Data from New Britain tends to
support the hypothesis that Xenobates is an inshore
genus, often being found where saline and freshwater
mingle.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out during the tenure of Fel-
28
lowships from the Christensen Research Institute,
Madang, P.N.G. I wish to thank Dr. Matthew Jebb
for his help during the two visits. Additional funding
was provided by Prof. David S. Smith, Hope Profes-
sor of Entomology enabling me to visit West New
Britain as a guest of Dr. R.N.B. Prior, Kimbe to
whom I am extremely grateful for samples collected
prior to my visit. Lastly special thanks are due to Dr.
Nils Moller Andersen from his invaluable assistance
in naming some of the material from Nagada Har-
bour.
REFERENCES
Andersen, N. M., 1989a. The coral bugs, genus Halovelia
Bergroth (Hemiptera, Veliidae). I. History, classification,
and taxonomy of species except the H. malaya-group. —
Entomologica scandinavica 20: 75-120.
Andersen, N. M., 1989b. The coral bugs, genus Halovelia
Bergroth (Hemiptera, Veliidae) IL. Taxonomy of the H.
malaya-group, Cladistics, ecology, biology and biogeogra-
phy. — Entomologica scandinavica 20: 179-227.
Andersen, N. M., 1992. A new genus of marine water strid-
ers (Hemiptera, Veliidae) with five new species from
Malesia. — Entomologica Scandinavica 22: 389-404.
Esaki, T., 1926. The water-striders of the subfamily Haloba-
tinae in the Hungarian National Museum. — Annales
Musei Nationalis Hungarici 23: 117-164.
Lansbury, I., 1989. Notes on the Haloveliinae of Australia
and the Solomon Islands (Insecta, Hemiptera, Hetero-
ptera: Veliidae). — Reichenbachia 26: 93-109.
Received: 10 July 1995
Accepted: 26 October 1995
J. C. MICHALSKI
Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.
DESCRIPTION OF HYLAEARGIA MAGNIFICA
MICHALSKI, A DAMSELFLY FROM PAPUA NEW
GUINEA (ODONATA: ZYGOPTERA)
Michalski, J.C., 1996. Description of Hylaeargia magnifica Michalski, a damselfly from Papua
New Guinea (Odonata: Zygoptera). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 29-32, figs. 1-7. [ISSN
0040-7496]. Published 15 October 1996.
Hylaeargia magnifica is a new species of argiine damselfly from the Star Mountains (Victor
Emanuel Range) of Papua New Guinea, and is only the second species of its genus. The species
is at once distinguished from H. simulatrix by its bright blue, yellow, and green body col-
oration.
John C. Michalski, 90 Western Avenue, Morristown NJ 07960 USA. e-mail address:
Key words. — Odonata, Papua New Guinea, Argiinae, Hylaeargia, new species.
M.A. Lieftinck erected the genus Hylaeargia in
1949 to accommodate the single species simulatrix,
which he described as ‘peculiar by the sombreness of
its colours’ and noted its strong resemblance, both in
general facies as well as in certain structural details, to
the platycnemidid Lochmaeocnemis malacodora Lief-
tinck, which was remarkable on account of the two
species being collected in the same locale.
Lieftinck (1949), describes Hylaeargia as having
the ‘stature of Palaiargia, but with a larger head, more
slenderly built thorax, much narrower wings, and
with an entirely different type of male anal ap-
pendages’. In Lieftinck’s view, the arched and deeply
emarginate hind lobe of the female prothorax, the
long legs (the posterior femur of which reaches be-
yond the posterior margin of the first abdominal seg-
ment), and the unusual male anal appendages, clearly
set Hylaeargia apart from all other regional Argiinae.
Lieftinck (1957), suggests that both Hylaeargia and
Papuargia are probably derived from the humida
group of the genus Palatargia, which is identified by
the bluntly rounded wing-tips, strongly curved origin
of the vein M,, the very oblique pterostigma, the rel-
atively large and bulky thorax, and simple anal ap-
pendages.
The new species fits Hylaeargia in all particulars,
but is clearly distinct from simulatrix on account of
the male terminalia, female prothorax, and by the
bold and distinctive body colors of the male.
The new species was inadvertently described in an
article entitled ‘New Guinea continued’ (Michalski
1995): while it was not the author's intention, the
brief general description provided in that article does
indeed satisfy the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature, and therefore those notes may be con-
sidered a preliminary description of the species which
follows.
Hylaeargia magnifica Michalski, 1995
(figs. 1-7)
Hylaeargia magnifica. — Michalski 1995: 15.
Type material. — Holotype male: Papua New Gui-
nea. Sandaun (West Sepik) Province, Oksapmin Dis-
trict, Tekin Station, 2 August 1994, J. Michalski leg.
Paratypes (including an allotype), same data, 3 6,
4 2. Holotype d and allotype 2 in RMNH Leiden,
paratypes in the collection of the author.
Description
Male holotype. — This is a brightly marked, lively
species of medium size and build, striped in vivid
blue, green, and yellow set against velvet black.
Head. — Labrum clear, canary yellow, completely
unmarked, as are the mandibles to either side.
Clypeus entirely matte black. Frons clear, canary yel-
low, unmarked, the yellow continuing unbroken to
the compound eyes, which themselves are brown in
the upper three-fourths (deep blue in life), and canary
yellow lower down. Epicranium entirely deep matte
black, with no trace of pale postocular spots. Rear of
head matte black.
Prothorax. — Bright sky blue, the hind lobe and
rear portion of median lobe matte black; dorsum of
prothorax also matte black in a broad band, isolating
the pale areas into two large oval spots.
29
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-7. Hylaeargia magnifica Michalski — 1, 6 head and thoraic pattern; 2, & terminalia, left lateral view; 3, same, dorsal
view; 4, same, posterior view; 5, ® prothorax, left lateral view, 6; 2 prothorax and mesostigmal plates, dorsal view, 7; 2 ter-
minalia, left lateral view.
30
Prerothorax. — A broad mid-dorsal band of matte
black, about 1.5 times as broad as the pale ante-
humeral stripes to either side. Antehumeral stripes
yellowish-green (bright leafy yellow-green in life),
broadest anteriorly and narrowing steadily upward;
antehumeral stripes reaching nearly to forewing bases.
Mesopleural (humeral) suture bordered by a broad,
complete stripe of matte black, as wide as the pale an-
tehumeral stripe; humeral stripe extending to inter-
pleural (first lateral) suture anteriorly, but narrowing
rearward so that about one-sixth of the mesepimeron
is left pale. This pale area, and all the remaining pale
areas of the body, are of the deepest, boldest, electric
blue coloration. Metepisternum almost entirely pale
(blue in life). Upper end of the black humeral stripe
reaching the wing bases, continuing as unbroken
stripe along subalar carina, with downward exten-
sions along the upper fourth of the interpleural suture
and the upper half of the metapleural (second lateral)
suture. A jagged, diagonal stripe of black between
bases of second and third coxae and continuing rear-
ward along upper edge of metinfraepisternum. Mete-
pimeron pale with an isolated diagonal bar of black,
about half the width of the metepimeron and nearly
two-thirds its length, located in the dorso-anterior
sector of the metepimeron. Venter of thorax pale
(bluish), almost unmarked.
Legs. — Black, the interior surface of all femora
bright, electric blue, the spines deep black.
Wings. — Hyaline, with no suggestion of smoky
pigmentation; pterostigma black. Venation as de-
scribed by Lieftinck for the genus.
Abdomen. — Segments mainly matte black with
markings of bold, electric blue, as follows: sides of
segment 1 entirely blue, dorsum with a broad, rear-
ward-pointing triangle of black; segment 2 with large
cup-shaped blue spot covering basal half or more of
dorsum; segments 3-7 each with a pair of small, dor-
so-apical dots of blue (almost invisible in preserved
specimens); segment 8 with the distal two-thirds or
more bright sky blue, the anterior margin of the blue
color convex; dorsum of segments 9 and 10 entirely
bright sky blue; colors on segments 8-10 are clearly
delimited in profile view, the upper halves blue and
the lower halves black.
Terminalia. — Cerci (figs. 2-4) entirely matte black,
bilobed in profile, the upper lobe wide and round, the
lower lobe finger-like and projecting below the hori-
zontal at an angle of around 45 degrees; the ap-
pendage taken as a whole presenting a shape like a
mitten. Paraprocts entirely black, finger-like and up-
turned, mostly concealed in profile.
Female allotype. — Coloration similar to the male
but with the dark colours of the head and thorax dark
brownish-black.
MICHALSKI: Description of Hylaeargia magnifica
Prothorax. — Posterior lobe (figs. 5-6) in dorsal
view with the hind margin produced into a pair of
raised, smoothly rounded ridges. Hind edge of medi-
an lobe with a pair of weakly-scleritized oval depres-
sions; these appear to be so situated as to receive the
‘thumbs’ of the male cerci during copulation.
Prerothorax. — Mesostigmal plates as in figure 6,
each lateral flange perpendicularly crossed by a
rounded carina with the dorsal/posterior end
teardrop-shaped. Antehumeral stripes bronzed olive-
green, these stripes much broader than the mid-dorsal
stripe separating them. Brown humeral stripe
obliquely crossing the mesopleural suture, which is it-
self covered by a fine pale stripe; in other words, the
humeral stripe is interrupted or jagged, comprising a
broad, ‘post-sutural’ band over the mesepimeron, and
narrowing to a fine point dorso-posteriorly; and a fine
‘antehumeral’ wisp of a brown stripe coming down
from the forewing base and tapering to a point ante-
riorly, the two dark stripes separated by the merest
hair of a pale line along the mesopleural suture.
Abdomen. — Segment 2 without any pale dorsal
markings; dorsum of segments 8 and 9 with only a
broad ring covering the apical one-third to one-half
of each segment. Segment 10 entirely blue dorsally;
appendages and ovipositor as in figure 7, brownish-
black.
Dimensions. — Holotype male: abdomen + ap-
pendages 34.5 mm, hindwing 26.0 mm. Allotype fe-
male: abdomen + appendages 33.5 mm, hindwing
27.5 mm.
Dimensional range of the paratype series. — Abdo-
men + appendages 32.5-35.0 mm, hindwing 25.0-
27.0 mm.
Variation within paratype series. — The paratypes
include three males and three females. The males
agree in all particulars with the holotype, except that
the wings show a distinct brownish tint distributed
evenly throughout the wing membrane. Of the three
females, two were immature and, while their mark-
ings do not differ appreciably from the allotype, the
pale areas of the body are of a frosty pale blue color,
including the antehumeral stripes, which are green in
the mature female. The immature females present the
general facies of the female of North America’s Argia
moesta.
Etymology. — The species is named for its magnifi-
cent body coloration, which makes this insect among
the most dramatic and lovely Zygoptera in the world.
Remarks. — All of the type series were taken on the
same day, the first two or three around noon, the re-
mainder on a return visit about three in the after-
noon. The type locality is a small clear brook with a
bed of battleship-grey, clayish soil (or rock?). It might
have been soft grey limestone, as this is cave country.
To reach the site one would take the broad, flat foot-
Ih
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
path which runs from the airstrip-serviced mission
station of Tekin, towards the smaller village of
Sabate, and from there to points westward, eventual-
ly leading to Telefomin. Between Tekin and Sabate,
only a few minutes’ walk out of Tekin, one comes to
this grey-bedded stream where a waterfall about 8 feet
high and six feet wide is visible just a few feet back
from the road.
Mosses and ferns cling to the vertical face of this
waterfall, but apparently this is not the favored retreat
of Hylaeargia. Just past the fall is a muddy footpath
going steeply uphill on the left. Following this path
for only a few meters one comes across H. magnifica
perching on tall grasses and branches over the small
ravine through which the stream runs. At this point
the stream is something less than one meter across
and only ankle deep, and magnifica perches on any
sunny vegetation without apparent preference
(alighting on small ferns only inches from the ground
as well as tree branches well out of reach). In behavior
it is similar to the American Argia with its robust
flight, frequent perching in sunny places and, it
seemed at the time, fairly high population density. It
did not take long to catch these eight specimens,
however time did not permit a more extensive collec-
tion.
The only other odonate species encountered here
was the libellulid Diplacina hippolyte Lieftinck. Only
three or four meters upstream from this place the
stream emerges from a meter-wide oval hole in the
side of the hill. In my limited time I did not explore
the stream downhill of the road, nor was I able to ex-
plore further uphill to see if the stream came to the
surface further on.
The Tekin-Telefomin area will no doubt be a rich
source of new material for any worker who chooses to
spend time there. Tekin is a tiny station made up
mostly of thatched grass-and-wood huts.
Hylaeargia magnifica is truly magnificent in life,
with its rainbow of colors set against velvet black. The
long black leg spines cross the electric blue of the
femora in such a way as to create the effect of a string
of blue lights along cach leg. It is a pleasure to be able
to introduce such a delightful species to the scientific
community.
Key to the species of Hylaeargia
1. Insect of sombre coloration; the face dirty yellow
with slight greenish intermingling, dorsum of
synthorax matte bronzy-black, the lateral blue
marks dull, not conspicuous in old individuals
and often much obscured. Male superior anal ap-
pendages about 1.5 times as long as segment 10,
sinuate and tapering to a rounded apex, in profile
shaped something like an ‘inflated Y’, with the
32
upper spur of the ‘Y short, broad and rounded,
the lower spur more than twice the length of the
upper, though not as broad, and pointing ventrad
45 degrees below the horizontal; the inferior ap-
pendages slightly less than one-half the length of
the superiors. Posterior lobe of female prothorax
in dorsal view with the hind margin produced
into a pair of rearward-pointing, triangular peaks.
Dist.: Central North New Guinea . …
EERE simulatrix Lieftinck
— Insect of brilliant coloration; the face bright ca-
nary-yellow, the antehumeral stripes bright leaf-
green, the remainder of the body painted in deep
electric-blue with velver black sutures. Male supe-
rior anal appendages about equal in length to seg-
ment 10, in profile shaped rather like a boxing-
glove, generally spherical with a downward- and
rearward-projecting ‘thumb’; the inferior ap-
pendages about one-half the length of the superi-
ors. Posterior lobe of female prothorax in dorsal
view with the hind margin produced into a pair
of raised, smoothly rounded ridges. Dist.: Star
Mountains (Tekin) … … …. magnifica Michalski
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My two months on foot through Papua New
Guinea was immeasurably enhanced by the grace and
hospitality of New Guinea’s many and varied peo-
ples. Whatever I wished to do at the moment, the
New Guineans worked in earnest to help me get
things done. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the peo-
ple of Papua New Guinea for their inestimable con-
tribution to the success of my venture. Credit is also
due to the people at Lonely Planet, who produce the
best guidebooks in the world. Once again, thanks go
out to Drs. Michael May and Thomas ‘Nick’
Donnelly, for comments and criticisms of the manu-
script and the ideas contained within it.
REFERENCES
Lieftinck, M. A., 1949. The dragonflies of New Guinea and
neighbouring islands. Part VII. — Nova Guinea, new se-
ries 5: 133-139.
Lieftinck, M. A., 1957. Notes on some Argiine dragonflies
with special reference to the genus Palaiargia Förster, and
with descriptions of new species [and larval forms]. —
Nova Guinea, new ser. (Vol. 8, Part 1): pp. 42.
Michalski, J., 1995. New Guinea Continued. — Argia 7(1):
12-17.
Received: 8 August 1995
Accepted: 28 March 1996
H. K. PFAU
Hiinstetten, Germany
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BIOAKUSTIK UND
EVOLUTION DER GATTUNG PLATYSTOLUS
BOLIVAR (ENSIFERA, TETTIGONIIDAE)
Pfau, H. K., 1996. Untersuchungen zur Bioakustik und Evolution der Gattung Platystolus
Bolivar (Ensifera, Tettigoniidae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 33-72, figs. 1-22, tables
1-3. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 15 October 1996.
Bioacoustics and evolution of Platystolus Bolivar (Ensifera, Tettigoniidae).
The bioacoustics of Platystolus Bolivar, 1878 from the Iberian Peninsula is described and illus-
trated. The systematic status of different taxa is revised: Ca/licrania Bolivar, 1898 is placed in
synonymy with Platystolus the holotype of P. selliger is redescribed; P. seoanei is synonymized
with P. selliger, P. selliger meridionalis subsp. n. is described; P. Iusitanicus is raised to specific
level and its neotype is designated. The phylogenetic trees of two subgenera, Platystolus ((((P.
martinezii & P. surcularius) P. obvius) P. ramburii) P. faberi) and Neocallicrania subgen. n.
((((P. serratus & P. lusitanicus) P. miegii) P. selliger) P. bolivarii), are reconstructed (parentheses
enclose different monophyla); presumably the subgenera represent sister groups.
Males and females in nearly all species of Platystolus communicate using an antiphony consist-
ing of three parts: male initial song — female response (‘Antwort’) — male ‘confirmatory re-
sponse’ (‘Riickantwort’). Conclusions on the evolution of songs are drawn with regard to the
phylogenetic tree. On the basis of its structure in P. faberi and P. bolivarii, the confirmatory re-
sponse can be traced back to a second initial song verse, which was originally similar to the first
verse, but has been strongly modified by reduction in most species. Only in P. surcularius the
response is reduced, and the confirmatory response is lost.
Three different types of communication in Orthoptera are compared. The possible adaptive
significance of the confirmatory response, and reasons for its reduction in P. surcularius, are dis-
cussed.
The geographic distribution of the species is documented and new locality records are added.
The succession of dichotomic splittings in the cladogram indicates that the expansion of the
genus started from the Cantabrian Mountains. Platystolus (Neocallicrania) expanded far south-
wards in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, whereas in the East Platystolus (Platystolus)
spread to the central parts of Spain.
Dr. H. K. Pfau, D-65510 Hiinstetten, Hermann-Schuster-Str. 70, Germany.
Key words. — Tettigoniidae, Ephippigerinae, Platystolus, Callicrania, bioacoustics, phylogeny,
taxonomy, communication types, evolution, distribution new subspecies, new subgenus.
Die letzte zusammenfassende taxonomische Bear-
beitung der Ephippigerinae der Iberischen Halbinsel
(Peinado 1990) verzeichnet sieben Gattungen:
Baetica Bolivar, 1903, Callicrania Bolivar, 1898,
Ephippiger Berthold, 1827, Ephippigerida Bolivar,
1903, Platystolus Bolivar, 1878, Steropleurus Bolivar,
1878 und Uromenus Bolivar, 1878. Ihnen werden 45
Arten (das sind iiber 70% der bei Harz 1969 aufge-
führten europäischen Sattelschrecken!) zugeordnet —
mehr als die Hälfte der Arten sind für Spanien und
Portugal endemisch.
Diese ungewöhnliche Vielfalt relativ großer, flug-
unfähiger Laubheuschrecken stellt den Biologen vor
die Frage nach ihrer Evolution. Vergleichende
Untersuchungen zur phylogenetischen Verwandt-
schaft der Gattungen und Arten (die ein notwendiges
‘Grundgerüst für ein evolutionsbiologisches Ver-
ständnis bildet) fehlen jedoch bis jetzt. Da auch die
Stridulation, die bei der Klärung der Phylogenie oft
hilfreich ist, nur für wenige Arten dokumentiert ist
(siehe z.B. Hartley et al. 1974, Heller 1988, Pfau
1988, Robinson 1990, Hartley 1993), und die
Biologie der meisten Arten überhaupt unbekannt ist,
stellt die außergewöhnliche Radiation der Ephippige-
rinae auf der Iberischen Halbinsel bis heute eine offe-
ne, spannende Fragestellung dar.
In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die
Gattungen Platystolus und Callicrania untersucht
(wobei Callicrania als Synonym von Platystolus einge-
zogen wird; siehe ‘Spezieller Teil’, ‘Bemerkungen zur
33
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Abb. 1. Komponenten eines
kompletten Initialgesang(1)-
Antwort(A)-Rückantwort-
(RA)-Duetts zwischen & und
2. Im Initialgesang sind die
beiden Teile I und II sowie
Offnungssilben (OS) und
Schließsilben (SS) gekenn-
zeichnet.
Systematik’). Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die
Bioakustik der Arten, v.a. die Kommunikation zwi-
schen Männchen und Weibchen, gerichtet. Es wird
der Versuch unternommen, die phylogenetische
Verwandtschaft durch Vergleich der morphologi-
schen und bioakustischen Merkmale zu rekonstru-
ieren und mit Hilfe der zur Zeit bekannten
Verbreitungsmuster die Ausbreitungsgeschichte der
Arten auf der Iberischen Halbinsel nachzuzeichnen.
MATERIAL UND METHODE
Die vorliegenden Befunde sind das Ergebnis von
neun 3- bis 6-wöchigen Reisen durch Spanien und
Portugal, die zwischen 1981 und 1995 durchgeführt
wurden.
Die Stimmen der Laubheuschrecken wurden mit
einem Sennheiser Richtmikrofon (ME 80; maximale
Aufnahmefrequenz 16 kHz) aufgenommen und ent-
weder mit Hilfe eines Uher 4000 Report-Tonband-
geräts (Aufnahmegeschwindigkeit 19cm/sec) oder
verschiedener DAT-Recorder (Sony TCD-D3,
TCD-D7) gespeichert. Die Signale wurden digitali-
siert (Atari Mega St4-Computer, in Kombination mit
dem Multifunktions-Interface ‘E-Labor Bipo und
der Oszilloskop-Software ‘rho-Transient Plus’ der Fa
Rhothron; Abtastfrequenz 81.92 kHz), in einem
Zeichenprogramm angeordnet und ausgedruckt.
Abgesehen von einzelnen Tonbandaufnahmen im
Freiland (zu erkennen an 2 °C’ in den Abbildungen)
saßen die Heuschrecken bei den Aufnahmen in
Gazekäfigen (8.5 X 9 X 10cm). Da diese im Schatten
standen, entspricht die gemessene Lufttemperatur der
Körpertemperatur der Tiere — ein wesentlicher
Tatbestand, da die Gesänge verschiedener Arten (und
Unterarten) manchmal nur geringfügig unterschiedli-
che Silben-Längen und -Frequenzen aufweisen.
Während der Reise wurden die Heuschrecken in ei-
ner Akku-betriebenen Kühlbox bei etwa 15 °C gehal-
ten; die meisten Tiere lebten und sangen im Labor
noch mehrere Wochen (bis zu 6 Monate) lang.
Die Männchen begannen in der Regel schon weni-
34
Lee
| A RA
© nor
ge Stunden nach dem Fang zu singen. Abhängig von
Alter und Reifezustand der Tiere kam es jedoch oft
erst nach vielen Tagen, manchmal erst nach bis 5
Wochen, zu kompletten Wechselgesängen zwischen
Männchen und Weibchen (Abb. 1). Die Signale der-
artiger Duette wurden gleichzeitig, d.h. mit nur ei-
nem Mikrofon, erfaßt. Trotz der manchmal kompli-
zierten Abfolgen von Stridulationen konnten die
männlichen und weiblichen Anteile durch unter-
schiedliche Ausrichtung und Aussteuerung des
Mikrofons (und zusätzlich, wenn möglich, durch di-
rekte Beobachtung der Elytren) meist gut unterschie-
den werden; außerdem half die Impuls‘struktur’ der
Silben.
Der ‘normale’ Gesang des Männchens wird hier als
‘Initialgesang’ bezeichnet, da er das Duett zwischen
den beiden Geschlechtern einleitet, d.h. die Antwort
des Weibchens ‘initiiert’. Der ohne Anregung durch
einen männlichen Initialgesang, seltener und ganz
unregelmäßig erzeugte weibliche Gesang wird
‘Spontangesang genannt. Strukturell ist er von
Antworten oft nicht zu unterscheiden. Beobachtun-
gen an P. obvius, P. miegii, P. selliger und P. martine-
zii (zu P. martineziivgl. auch Pfau & Schroeter 1988)
im Freiland und Labor deuten darauf hin, daf der
Spontangesang von begattungswilligen Weibchen
von Zeit zu Zeit erzeugt wird und in der Nähe sitzen-
de Männchen zu Initialgesängen anregt. Die akusti-
sche Reaktion des Weibchens auf den männlichen
Initialgesang wird wie üblich als ‘Antwort’ bezeich-
net, die anschließende männliche Reaktion als
‘Rückantwort (vgl. Pfau & Schroeter 1988). Die
Männchen der meisten Arten — P. obvius, P. faberi
und die Neocallicrania-Arten — neigten allerdings,
meist erst nach längerer Einzelhaltung, dazu, dem
Initialgesang auch ohne weibliche Antworten
Rückantworten anzuhängen.
Die Homologisierung der Gesangssilben der ver-
schiedenen Lautäußerungen wurde aufgrund ihres
Kontextes (Gesangstyp, Duett-Teil, Versteil) vorge-
nommen und konnte z.T. durch weitere Kriterien
(Öffnungs- oder Schließsilbe, ‘Feinstruktur’, d.h.
Impulsanordnung) gestützt werden. Eine Typisie-
rung der Silben aufgrund ihrer Länge (Makro-,
Mikrosilben’; vgl. Heller 1988) erschien nicht sinn-
voll, da lange Silben (etwa im Versteil II oder in der
Rückantwort) leicht in kurze übergehen können und
umgekehrt.
Die in der Beschreibung verwandten Bezeichnun-
gen für die Dauer von Versen oder Silben sind relativ,
d.h., sie beziehen sich vergleichend nur auf Stridula-
tionen der hier behandelten Arten der Gattung
Platystolus, die bei 21°C (+ 1-2 °C) erzeugt wurden.
Im Fall der Verse bedeutet die Zeitkennzeichnung
‘sehr kurz’: unter 0.5 sec lang; ‘kurz’: 0.5 - 1.5 sec
lang; ‘mittellang’: 1.5 - 2.5 sec lang; ‘lang’: 2.5 - 3.5
sec lang; ‘sehr lang’: über 3.5 sec lang.
Im Fall der Silben bedeutet die Zeitkennzeichnung
‘sehr kurz’: unter 0.05 sec lang; ‘kurz’: 0.05 - 0.1 sec
lang; ‘mittellang’: 0.1 - 0.15 sec lang; ‘lang’: 0.15 -
0.2 sec lang; ‘sehr lang’: über 0.2 sec lang.
Die Fundorte der einzelnen Arten werden nur
dann aufgeführt, wenn sie außerhalb des bisher be-
kannten Verbreitungsgebietes liegen oder aus ande-
ren Gründen (Seltenheit der Art, fehlende neuere
Funde, geographische Variabilität etc.) von Bedeu-
tung sind. Da in den meisten Fällen nur wenige
Fundorte bekannt sind, die auf den Reisen immer
wieder aufgesucht wurden, sind Aussagen über die
geographische Variationsbreite bis jetzt nur für ein-
zelne Arten (etwa P. selliger, P. faberi) möglich.
SPEZIELLER TEIL
Bemerkungen zur Systematik
Ephippiger Ramburii Bolivar, 1878 wurde von
Bolivar 1898 als Typusart der Gattung Callicrania
festgelegt (siehe z.B. Peinado 1990). Da Callicrania
ramburii ein wesentliches abgeleitetes Merkmal mit
den Arten der Gattung Platystolus Bolivar, 1878 teilt
— das breit und stärker kaudad vorgezogene Tergum
X (siehe Abschnitt ‘Phylogenie’) — muß die Art zu
Platystolus gestellt und die Gattung Callicrania als
Synonym von Platystolus eingezogen werden. Die
restlichen Arten der ehemaligen Gattung Callicrania
bilden anscheinend eine monophyletische Einheit; sie
werden hier in einer eigenen Untergattung, Neocalli-
crania, zusammengefaßt.
Mit ähnlicher Bewertung der morphologischen
Merkmale ordnete Harz (1969) die Art Callicrania
monticola (Rambur, 1839), der mit C. ramburii syno-
nymisiert wurde (Chopard 1951), der Gattung
Platystolus zu, ohne allerdings die taxonomische
Problematik aufzulösen. C. monticola wurde jedoch —
aufgrund eines einmaligen Fundes einer männlichen
Larve und eines Weibchens in der Gegend von
Grenoble, Grande-Chartreuse (Frankreich) — nur
sehr vage beschrieben und kann nicht sicher mit der
PEAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
nordspanischen, bis in die französischen Pyrenäen
vordringenden Art C. ramburii synonymisiert werden
(vgl. Peinado 1990). Durch einen Vergleich der weib-
lichen Subgenitalplatten wäre dieses Problem eventu-
ell zu klären, da diese bei C. ramburii sehr charakteri-
stisch ausgebildet ist. Da Ramburs (adultes?) C.
monticola-Weibchen jedoch, entgegen verschiedenen
Literaturangaben (Harz 1969, Peinado 1992), nicht
im Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris)
vorhanden ist, und keinerlei Hinweise über seinen
Verbleib auffindbar waren, schließe ich mich den
Argumenten von Peinado an und behandle meine
nordspanischen Funde als Platystolus (Platystolus)
ramburii.
Peinado (1990) stellt sowohl P. ramburii als auch P.
obvius zur Gattung Callicrania. Dieser Auffassung
kann hier nicht gefolgt werden, da Cercusform und
Tergum X-Ausbildung der Männchen beider Arten
klar für eine Zugehörigkeit zu Platystolus sprechen
(siehe Abschnitt ‘Phylogenie’); auch im Hinblick auf
die Form der männlichen Titillatoren weichen P.
ramburii und P. obvius von den sehr einheitlichen
Arten der Untergattung Neocallicrania ab. Die bei
Peinado (1990) aufgeführten Übereinstimmungen
mit ‘Callicrania sind z.T. Symplesiomorphien, z.T.
betreffen sie Merkmale, die nur schwer zu bewerten
sind.
Callicrania miegi lusitanica (Aires & Menano,
1916) wird hier nicht als Unterart (vgl. Harz 1969,
Peinado 1990), sondern als eigenständige Art,
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) lusitanicus, betrachtet.
Dafür sprechen 1) Synapomorphien, die P. lusitanicus
nicht mit P. miegii, sondern mit P. serratus, einer ein-
deutig abgrenzbaren Art, teilt, 2) die voneinander ab-
weichenden Initialgesänge und die unterschiedliche
Tagesrhythmik von P. lusitanicus und P. miegii und 3)
die Überschneidung der Verbreitungsareale östlich der
Serra da Estrela in Portugal. Da Typusexemplare un-
bekannt sind (Peinado 1990), und auch eigene
Nachforschungen erfolglos blieben, mußte für P. /usi-
tanicus ein Neotypus designiert werden.
Der Holotypus von Callicrania selligera (Charpen-
tier, 1825), der als verschollen galt (vgl. Harz 1969,
Peinado 1990, 1992), konnte im Museum für
Naturkunde (Berlin) aufgefunden werden. Ein Ver-
gleich mit C. seoanei (Bolivar, 1877) ergibt, daß C.
seoanei als Synonym von C. selligera, jetzt Platystolus
(Neocallicrania) selliger, einzuziehen ist. Die Original-
beschreibung von Charpentier (1825) ist unzurei-
chend, sie enthält z.B. keine Abbildungen. Verschie-
dene in der Literatur C. selligera zugeschriebene
Abbildungen betreffen andererseits gar nicht diese
Art: z.B. bildet Peinado (1990: Fig. 110) das bei
Bolivar (1876: Lám. IV. fig. 8) dargestellte Pronotum
von Steropleurus andalusius (Rambur, 1838) ab;
Bolivar nahm jedoch 1907 die anfangs vermutete
35
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Synonymie von Uromenus (Steropleurus) andalusius
und ‘Barbitistes selliger Charpentier wieder zurück.
Wesentliche morphologische Details des Holotypus
von P. (N.) selliger mußten daher hier neu beschrie-
ben und abgebildet werden.
Harz (1969) grenzt C. selligera in seinem
Bestimmungsschlüssel von anderen Callicrania-Arten
(bis auf C. bolivarii, siehe unten) aufgrund eines am
Hinterrand geraden Tergum X der Männchen ab. Bei
C. selligera (incl. “C. seoanef!) ist jedoch ebenfalls ein
kaudaler Tergum X-Fortsatz vorhanden, der aller-
dings ein Gelenk zum Tergum X aufweist (und
außerdem insgesamt geringer sklerotisiert ist). Da die
Stellung der Cerci nach dem Tod zufällig ist, und der
Tergum X-Fortsatz durch eine Einwärtsbewegung
der großen Cercus-Innenzähne nach unten geklappt
sein kann (siehe Abb. 13 a) oder nicht, ist das
Merkmal ‘gerader Tergum X-Hinterrand’ in einem
Bestimmungsschlüssel irreführend. Verschiedene in
der Literatur als C. selligera beschriebene Funde wur-
den demnach nur zufällig” korrekt determiniert.
Entsprechendes betrifft auch P. (N.) bolivarii, dessen
Männchen ebenfalls einen Tergum X-Fortsatz besit-
zen, der (sekundär weitgehend membranös und enger
mit dem Epiproct verwachsen) bei den meisten
Exemplaren jedoch wenig auffällig ist: bei ‘eingezoge-
nem’ Epiproct ist der Fortsatz nach unten umgeschla-
gen und fehlt dann nur scheinbar.
A. Platystolus (Platystolus) Bolivar, 1878
Diese Untergattung umfaßt die Vertreter der bis-
herigen Gattung Platystolus Bolivar, 1878 unter
Hinzunahme von P. ramburii. Typusart der Gattung
und damit der Untergattung ist P. surcularius
(Bolivar, 1877). Die charakterisierenden Merkmale
Abb. 2. Platystolus martinezii.
Abkürzungen und Zeichen in
den Abb. 2-7, 9, 12, 14-16
und 20: A Antwort; RA
Rückantwort; ÖS Öffnungs-
silbe; SS Schließsilbe. Pfeile
an den Zeilen-Enden und
(folgenden) -Anfängen wei-
sen auf zusammenhängende
Lautäußerungen hin; über-
brückte Pausen oder fehlende
Gesangsteile werden durch
Punkte gekennzeichnet. Ein-
zelne Silben (oder manchmal
auch Verse) wurden mit
Zahlen-Indices versehen (z.B.
A3, RAl), um im Text auf sie
Bezug nehmen zu können
(sie bilden jedoch für sich
meistens keine vollständige
Antwort oder Rückantwort).
? °C kennzeichnet Freiland-
aufnahmen.
36
DALE
©
0.1 sec
=
der Gruppe entsprechen weitgehend denen der bishe-
rigen Gattung Platystolus (siehe z.B. Harz 1969), er-
gänzt durch zwei Präzisierungen (vgl. Abb. 19 f-k): 1)
männliches Tergum X auf gröfserer Breite zweizipflig
stärker nach kaudal vorgezogen (die Zipfel können
sekundär verschmolzen sein); 2) männliche Cerci un-
gefähr in der Mitte oder subapikal bezahnt.
Platystolus (Platystolus) martinezii (Bolivar, 1873)
(Abb. 2)
Ephippigera Martinezii Bolivar, 1873: 222.
Bioakustik. — Der Initialgesangsvers der Männchen
ist lang bis sehr lang (Abb. 2 a; Ubersichtsbild b). Er
besteht aus zahlreichen sehr kurzen Schließsilben, die
gegen Versende zunehmend dichter stehen. Off
nungssilben sind héchstens am Versanfang zu erken-
nen (a). Die ersten Silben sind leiser; nach wenigen
Silben wird die volle Lautstärke erreicht. Die letzte
Silbe ist oft etwas verlangert (b).
Die sehr kurze Antwort-Schliefsilbe des Weib-
chens — manchmal wurden auch 2 oder 3 Silben er-
zeugt, seltener bis 5 — entspricht in ihrer Lange unge-
fähr der letzten (verlängerten) Silbe des männlichen
Initialgesangs (b); sie zeigt einen unregelmäßigen
Impulsaufbau, d.h. sowohl dichtere als auch lückige-
re Abschnitte (a-c).
Die Rückantwort des Männchens besteht aus meh-
reren (1 bis 7, meist 2 bis 4) kurzen Schliefgsilben, die
langer (bis fast doppelt so lang) sind wie die weibliche
Antwort-Silbe. Die Impulsdichte ist in den Rückant-
wort-Silben in der Regel deutlich geringer als in den
Silben des Initialgesanges (b).
Die Männchen können auch durch Spontange-
sänge der Weibchen, die in diesem Fall einzelne Ge-
Hatte
Abb. 3. Platystolus surcularius. 21°C
Prau: Bioakustik und Evolution
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2. H | | } : É if ; À
0.1 sec
À sec
sangssilben darstellten, zur Rückantwort angeregt
werden (c). Sie singen nach der Rückantwort meist
sofort einen normalen Gesangsvers, dem dann eine
(‘regulare’) weibliche Antwort und erneut männliche
Rückantworten folgen können (Übersichtsbild c).
Material. — 14.vi.1987, Trujillo (Provinz Caceres),
400m. Weitere Angaben siehe Pfau & Schroeter (1988).
25.vii.1991, La Garganta (südlich Bejar, Provinz Caceres,
Sierra de Gredos), 1100m. Die Art wurde hier — im
Gegensatz zum Fundort Trujillo — an Waldrandern und auf
verbuschten Lichtungen aufgefunden.
Platystolus (Platystolus) surcularius (Bolivar, 1877)
(Abb. 3)
Ephippiger surcularius Bolivar, 1877: 268.
Bemerkungen. — Im Juli 1991 wurden die Mann-
chen vor allem im Innern von kugeligen Polsterpflan-
zen (Centaurea sp.) am Strafsenrand gefunden. An
den besonders heißen Tagen dieses Monats begann
die Art erst bei niedereren Temperaturen am Abend,
in einem Fall sofort nach einem lokalen Regen, zu
singen. Die Hauptgesangsaktivität lag, auch in
Gefangenschaft, in der Nacht; morgens waren im
Gelände, so lange die Temperaturen noch niedrig wa-
ren, nur einzelne Männchen mit relativ kurzen
Versserien zu hören. Nach dem trockenen Frühjahr
und Sommer dieses Jahres waren die Männchen fast
durchweg gelbbraun gefärbt; Weibchen waren nicht
aufzufinden.
Mitte Juni 1992 waren am selben Ort nur Larven
und einzelne frisch geschlüpfte Imagines zu finden.
In den Getreidefeldern des Fundgebietes sang zu die-
ser Zeit Pycnogaster graellsi Bolivar, 1873. Erst gegen
‘7
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Tabelle 1. Daten zur Kopulation im Labor.
Art Platyst. Platyst. P. faberi Platyst. P.selliger P. selliger Steropl.
surcularius ramburii demandae miegii selliger meridionalis aff. stali
Dauer in 605°), 750296) WCAC) UO CAKE) (30) ZIELT) 07 XC)
Minuten IO (ALE) 2e) SC) SOD KO)
Kopulationsgesang d + L = a) + zE =
*) Das d stridulierte während der Spermatophorenabgabe oder dann, wenn das ® Anstalten machte, sich von ihm zu tren-
nen (dies geschah bei mehreren vergeblichen Paarungsversuchen).
Ende Juni fanden sich zahlreiche männliche Imagines
auf verschiedenen Pflanzen am Straßenrand und auch
im Getreide. Zwei Weibchen waren in den Blatt-
achseln niedriger Cruciferen versteckt. Die Tiere die-
ses feuchteren Jahres waren grün bis olivgrün
(Männchen) oder dunkelbraun (Weibchen). Beim
Gesang der Männchen ist auffällig, daß synchron mit
dem Vers-Rhythmus kräftige abdominale Atembewe-
gungen stattfinden.
Bioakustik. — Das Männchen singt kurze Verse aus
anfangs crescendierenden und länger werdenden sehr
kurzen bis kurzen Schließsilben, zwischen welchen
leisere Öffnungssilben deutlich sind (Abb. 3 a, b); die
letzte Silbe ist gegenüber der vorletzten meist sprung-
haft verlängert und kann als Rest des Teils II eines ur-
sprünglich zweiteiligen Initialgesanges interpretiert
werden (siehe Abschnitt ‘Phylogenie’). Intensiv stri-
dulierende Männchen reihen die Verse minutenlang
mit gleichlangen Versabständen (Übersichtsbild b).
Standen die Käfige zweier Männchen im selben
Raum, respondierten die Tiere oft stundenlang ohne
Unterbrechung, wobei die Einzelverse alternierten
und so eine pausenlose Reihe bildeten.
Im Fall der Weibchen waren unterschiedliche
Stridulationen zu vernehmen. In Abb. 3 c) sang ein
Weibchen eine unregelmäßige Serie sehr kurzer (ONE
nungs- und Schließsilben in den Gesang eines Männ-
chens hinein; die Serie begann bereits vor einem
männlichen Vers und wurde nach dem Vers mit
größer werdenden Silbenabständen fortgesetzt. Das
Übersichtsbild zeigt, daß die Versabfolge des
Männchens in diesem Fall etwas gestört wurde — das
Intervall zum nächsten Vers ist verlängert. Meistens
erzeugten die Weibchen jedoch Spontangesänge ohne
Anregung durch einen männlichen Gesang. Diese
stellten kurze bis mittellange Silbenserien dar, in de-
nen die zunächst sehr kurzen Schließsilben schnell
lauter und gegen Ende auch länger wurden (d); da-
nach konnten noch weitere, unterschiedlich lange
Silben in unregelmäßigen Abständen angefügt wer-
den (die Zeitabstände einer gesamten Lautäußerung
gehen aus dem Übersichtsbild d hervor).
Bei Verpaarungsversuchen im Labor verfolgten die
(vorher eine längere Zeit isoliert gehaltenen) Weib-
chen die Männchen geradezu und sangen dabei ein-
zelne Verse (vergleichbar dem ersten Abschnitt von d,
38
nur meist länger). Manchmal wurden mehrere dieser
Stridulationen in schneller Folge aneinandergereiht.
Während der auffallend kurzen Kopulation (siehe
Tabelle 1) waren einzelne sehr kurze bis mittellange
Silben zu hören (e); sie wurden vom Männchen vor
allem während der Spermatophoren-Abgabe erzeugt.
Derartige Kopulationsgesänge der Männchen haben
anscheinend die Funktion, die Weibchen ‘akustisch
zu beschwichtigen’, um eine vorzeitige Trennung der
Kopula zu verhindern (vgl. auch Bailey 1991).
Bei Gefahr (z. B. beim Ergreifen) erzeugen beiden
Geschlechter - ähnlich wie auch die anderen Arten
von Platystolus (siehe z.B. Abb. 12 h: P. miegii, Abb.
15 |, m: P. selliger) — eine kurze ‘Abschreck-Stri-
dulation’. Solche scharfklingenden Verse sind nicht
selten auch dann zu hören, wenn ein Tier ohne äußere
Einwirkung zu Boden fällt und darüber ‘erschrickt’.
Material. — 20.vii.1991, 15.vi.1992 und 29.vi.1992, öst-
lich El Romeral (südöstlich Aranjuez, Provinz Toledo),
700m.
Platystolus (Platystolus) obvius (Navas, 1904)
(Abb. 4)
Synephippius obvius Navas, 1904: 196, 198.
Bioakustik. — Der Gesang des Männchens besteht
aus einzelnen langen bis sehr langen Schließsilben
(Abb. 4 a, c, d), zwischen denen meist längere Pausen
(5 bis 20 Sekunden und mehr) liegen. Morgens pfleg-
ten einzelne Männchen im Labor diese Silben minu-
tenlang dichter zu reihen, d.h. mit kürzeren, nur 0.5
bis 1 Sekunde langen Pausen zu singen; in anderen
Fällen waren längere Serien das Ergebnis einer wech-
selseitigen Anregung zweier Männchen (Respon-
dieren). Die viel leisere Öffnungssilbe kann zweiteilig
sein (a, €).
In Einzelfällen (bisher vor allem bei hohen Tempe-
raturen beobachtet, siehe auch weiter unten) wurden
die Silben zu über 10 Sekunden langen ‘Versen’ ge-
reiht; diese zeigten zunächst eine hohe Silbenfre-
quenz, die danach abnehmen und unregelmäßig wer-
den konnte (b). Der Impulsaufbau in den Silben
variierte manchmal stärker — innerhalb der Silben
wechselten z.B. dichtere und weniger dichte Ab-
schnitte ab (siehe etwa die 3. Schließsilbe in b).
Abb. 4. Platystolus obvius.
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2.
RA,
Längere Stridulationen dieser Art konnten bisher nur
im Labor aufgenommen werden - sie entsprechen
aber einigen im Freiland (nachmittags, an heifsen
Tagen) vernommenen Gesängen.
Das Weibchen antwortet auf den ‘normalen’
männlichen Initialgesang (der aus einer Offnungs-
und Schließsilbe besteht) mit einer mittellangen
Schliefisilbe, der eine sehr kurze, leise Öffnungssilbe
vorausgeht (c). Die Impulsstruktur der Schließsilbe
ist im Anfangsteil unregelmäßig und lückig; danach
stehen die Impulse dichter. Diese (wie bei den ande-
ren Arten von Platystolus vorhandenen) Unregel-
mäßigkeiten in der Impulsstruktur rühren daher, daß
beim weiblichen Stridulationssystem die Zähnchen-
abstände der auf der Oberseite der rechten Elytre lie-
genden Feilen relativ unregelmäßig sind; da mehrere
Feilenreihen vorhanden sind, die vom Plectrum
gleichzeitig überstrichen werden (vgl. Pfau &
Schroeter 1988), ist die Stridulation der Weibchen
außerdem ‘mehr-stimmig .
© DONC
01 sec er re
4 D |
330€ at RET
PEAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
0.1 sec
Cal
HH mn -
0.1 sec
RA, 0.1_sec
Abb. 4 c) und d) zeigen typische Initialgesang-
Antwort-Riickantwort-Sequenzen (wobei das Mikro-
fon in d vom Weibchen weggerichtet war). Die
SchlieBsilbe der männlichen Rückantwort, die mei-
stens deutlich leiser ist als die Schließsilbe des
Initialgesanges, ist sehr kurz bis kurz und beginnt mit
lauteren, unregelmäßig stehenden und zum Teil weit
auseinanderliegenden Impulsen. Vor der Schließsilbe
der Rückantwort tritt oft eine leisere Offnungssilbe in
relativ großem Zeitabstand auf (c, d).
In manchen Fällen ließen Männchen nach der
Antwort des Weibchens und der eigenen Rück-
antwort eine schnelle Silbenserie folgen (vergleichbar
b; siehe oben). Dies deutet darauf hin, da versartige
Silbenreihungen Ausdruck einer stärkeren Erregung
der Männchen sind.
Die Spontangesänge der Weibchen stellen Silben-
Serien dar, die von Anfang an laut sind (e). In ihnen
können die ersten Schließsilben verkürzt sein; die
weiteren Schließsilben sind mittellang. Die Silben
39
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Abb. 5. Platystolus ramburii.
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2.
zeigen meist eine ähnliche Impulsstruktur wie typi-
sche einzelne Antwortsilben (vgl. e und c). Auch
durch diese weiblichen Spontangesänge, die deutlich
leiser sind als die Initialgesänge der Männchen, wur-
den Männchen im Labor oft zu Rückantworten ange-
regt (e, f); auf die Rückantwort folgten dann meist
normale, d.h. aus einem einzigen Silbenpaar beste-
hende Initialgesänge der Männchen.
Bei Störung (oder auch ‘Erschrecken’; vgl. P. sur-
cularius) erzeugen Männchen wie Weibchen eine
Abschreck-Stridulation, die aus einer schnellen Serie
von 5-10 Silben besteht (nicht abgebildet).
Material. — 18.viii.1990, Benasque (Provinz Huesca),
1700m. Die Gesänge waren am Tag und in der Nacht zu
hören, bei heißem Wetter vor allem abends und nachts.
Platystolus (Platystolus) ramburii (Bolivar, 1878)
comb. nov.
(Abb. 5)
Ephippiger Ramburii Bolivar, 1878: 443, 449.
Bemerkungen. — Die Art fand sich auf Farn- und
Ginster-verbuschten Waldlichtungen. Gesangsaktivi-
täten waren am ganzen Tag und in der ganzen Nacht
(sogar bei nur 9 °C) zu registrieren. In dichten
Freilandbeständen war auffällig, daß sich die im
Gelände verteilten Männchen zu ‘im Kreis herumge-
henden’ Gesängen anregen konnten: fing irgendwo
40
ein Männchen an zu singen, sangen in seiner (einige
Sekunden langen) Pause mehrere weitere Männchen
nacheinander, bis das erste Männchen wieder ‘an die
Reihe kam’. Von Zeit zu Zeit wurde minutenlang ge-
schwiegen. Auffallend war die manchmal Stabheu-
schrecken-artige Fortbewegung: nach jeder Schritt-
phase blieben die Tiere stehen und versetzten den
Körper in eine schaukelnde Bewegung. Zur Kopula-
tion vgl. Tabelle 1.
Bioakustik. — Die kurzen (bis mittellangen)
Initialgesänge des Männchens weisen im Teil I des
Verses meist ein ausgeprägtes Crescendo mit sehr
kurzen Öffnungs- und Schließsilben auf (Abb. 5 a).
Die Schließsilben werden erst relativ spät, in einem
Übergangsabschnitt zum Teil II, länger. Auf diese
längeren Silben folgen im Teil II wenige (2-5, mei-
stens 3) mittellange, laute Schließsilben. Auch im
Versabschnitt II sind in der Regel sehr kurze Off
nungssilben vorhanden. Sie können jedoch fehlen;
solche Gesänge klingen — v.a. bei niederen Tempe-
raturen, bei welchen die Teil II-Schließsilben beson-
ders lang ausfallen (b) — den Gesängen von P. selliger
zum Verwechseln ähnlich.
Die Antwort des Weibchens kann aus einer einzel-
nen, kurzen Schließsilbe bestehen, der eine sehr leise,
kürzere Offnungssilbe vorausgeht (c, e). In anderen
Fallen wurde vom Weibchen eine crescendierende,
sehr kurze Silben-Serie (2-4 Schließsilben) als
Antwort erzeugt (d). Die Impulsstruktur der Schließ-
silben der Antwort ist im Anfangssteil meistens ty-
pisch, d.h. auffällig lückig.
Die Pause zwischen dem männlichen Gesangsvers
und der weiblichen Antwort fiel sehr unterschiedlich
lang aus (c, d). Der Grund dafür könnte darin liegen,
daß einzelne Männchen die Anzahl der Teil II-Silben
im Initialgesang variierten. Sang ein Männchen z.B.
nach einer Serie von Gesängen mit drei Teil II-Silben
(d-f) auf einmal nur zwei dieser langen Silben (c), fiel
die Pause deutlich länger aus: das Weibchen hatte
sich anscheinend auf drei Teil II-Silben eingestellt.
Die Rückantwort des Männchens besteht in der
Regel aus einer einzelnen, kurzen bis mittellangen
Schließsilbe (e), die relativ laut ist, nur wenig leiser als
die letzten Teil II-Silben des Initialgesangs. Ihr geht
eine leisere Öffnungssilbe voraus. Strukturell ent-
spricht die Rückantwort-Doppelsilbe den Silben-
paaren des männlichen Initialgesangsteils II. Vor der
Doppelsilbe kann noch eine sehr kurze Einzelsilbe
stehen (N); seltener repräsentiert diese die
Rückantwort allein. Bemerkenswert ist bei den bishe-
rigen Aufnahmen das lange Zeitintervall zwischen
20°C
Abb. 6. Platystolus faberi.
Abkiirzungen siehe Abb. 2.
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
weiblicher Antwort und männlicher Riickantwort.
Material. — 17.ix.1984, Abaurrea Alta (östlich Pamplona,
Provinz Navarra), 1000m. 04.1x.1986, Burguete (nordöst-
lich Pamplona, Provinz Navarra), 800m.
Platystolus (Platystolus) faberi faberi Harz, 1975 &
Platystolus (Platystolus) faberi demandae Schroeter
& Pfau, 1987
(Abb. 6)
Platystolus faberi Harz, 1975: 17.
Platystolus faberi demandae Schroeter & Pfau, 1987: 46.
Bemerkungen. — Die Gebirgsart bevorzugt an-
scheinend die Nahe von Feuchtstellen. Die Gesänge
waren im Freiland am Tag und in der Nacht zu
hören, auch noch bei niedrigen Temperaturen (10
°C). Die Grundfarbe der Männchen und Weibchen
war grün, oliv oder grau-grün; am 15.viii.1991 wur-
den am Collado de Aralla (Provinz Leon) auch einzel-
ne tief weinrot gefarbte Exemplare von P. faberi fabe-
ri gefunden. Zur Kopulation vgl. Tabelle 1.
Bedauerlicherweise fehlt in der Beschreibung von
RA,»
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Platystolus faberi demandae (Schroeter & Pfau 1987)
die Angabe für den Hinterlegungsort der
Typusexemplare. Dies soll an dieser Stelle nachgeholt
werden: Der männliche Holotypus sowie ein weibli-
cher Paratypus wurden im Hessischen
Landesmuseum (Darmstadt) hinterlegt; weitere
Paratypen befinden sich in der Privatsammlung Pfau.
Bioakustik. — Im relativ kurzen Teil I des männli-
chen Gesangsverses werden die sehr kurzen
Schließsilben nur geringfügig länger, jedoch schnell
lauter (Abb. 6 a, b). Bei P. faberi faberi folgen im Teil
II dann 4-8 (selten bis 12) laute, abrupt stark verlän-
gerte Schließsilben — der Gesamtvers ist kurz bis mit-
tellang (a). Bei P. faberi demandae sind die Verse da-
gegen infolge der höheren Silben-Anzahl im Teil I
(9-15 Silben) mittellang bis lang (b). Die erste Teil II-
Silbe kann etwas verkürzt sein, die letzte ist manch-
mal verlängert (b). Den Schließsilben gehen leisere,
sehr kurze Öffnungssilben voraus.
Die Impulsstruktur ist in den mittellangen bis lan-
gen Schließsilben des Teils II sehr gleichmäßig (a, b).
Vor allem bei tieferen Temperaturen, am Morgen
oder Abend, ist die Art im Gelände aufgrund dieser
‘sigenden’, im Vergleich zu anderen Arten besonders
lauten Silben des Teils II gut zu erkennen.
Die Weibchen erzeugten 3-4 Sekunden lange,
schnelle Spontangesänge (nicht dargestellt). Kurz
nach der letzten Silbe des männlichen Initialgesangs
antworteten einzelne Weibchen mit einer nur 2-3
Öffnungs- und SchlieBsilben langen Silbenserie; in
anderen Fällen wurden längere Serien von bis über 10
Silbenpaaren erzeugt, die aus sehr kurzen, leisen Off
nungssilben und typisch-strukturierten (d.h. anfangs
lückigen), kurzen bis mittellangen SchliefSsilben be-
standen (c; P. faberi faberi). Sofort danach folgende
männliche Stridulationen — ein Vers in c), zwei in d)
— können als Rückantworten interpretiert werden.
Auffällig ist, dat diese Rückantwortverse gegenüber
dem Initialgesangsvers verkürzt sind (c); wird ein
zweiter Vers gesungen, so ist er noch kürzer (d). In
Abb. 6 d) wurde das Weibchen nach der zweiten
Rückantwort des Männchens (RA2) zu einer erneu-
ten, sehr stark verkürzten Antwort angeregt. Bei die-
ser Aufnahme saf das Weibchen gleichweit wie das
Männchen vom Mikrofon entfernt, so daß hier das
Verhältnis der Lautstärken zum Ausdruck kommt:
der Unterschied der Signale beträgt (für Aufnahmen
bis 16 kHz Grenzfrequenz) mindestens 10 dB.
Die große Ähnlichkeit von Initialgesang und
Rückantwort bei P. faberi, einer relativ ursprüngli-
chen Art, deutet darauf hin, daß die Rückantwort aus
einem zweiten, nach der Antwort des Weibchens ge-
sungenen Initialgesang hervorgegangen ist (siehe
auch Abschnitte ‘Phylogenie und ‘Funktion und
Evolution der Rückantwort).
Anscheinend gibt es weder für das Weibchen noch
für das Männchen akustische ‘Marker’, die anzeigen,
wann das Ende des männlichen Initialgesangsverses,
bzw. das Ende der weiblichen Antwort, erreicht ist.
So kam es bei den Duetten immer wieder zu Über-
lappungen zwischen Initialgesang und Antwort bzw.
Antwort und Rückantwort. In einigen Fällen war zu
beobachten, daß nicht nur das Männchen, das den
Initialgesangsvers erzeugt hatte, die Antwort des
Weibchens mit einer Rückantwort ‘bestätigte’, son-
dern daß sich ein anderes Männchen mit einem
Gesangsvers, der von vornherein bereits relativ kurz
war und daher als Rückantwort interpretiert werden
kann, einmischte.
Manche Männchen sangen nach längerer Haltung
auch ohne Anwesenheit von Weibchen Serien von 2-
3 Versen (später selten sogar bis zu 10 Versen), die
nur durch kurze Pausen getrennt waren. Andere,
meist sehr viel längere Vers-Serien waren dagegen das
Ergebnis eines Respondier-Verhaltens zweier
Männchen.
Material. — Fundorte für beide Unterarten und
weitere Angaben vgl. Schroeter & Pfau (1987).
B. Platystolus (Neocallicrania ) subgen. nov.
Typusart. — P. selliger (Charpentier, 1825). Die
charakterisierenden Merkmale der Untergattung ent-
sprechen weitgehend denen der bisherigen Gattung
Callicrania (siehe z.B. Harz 1969), ergänzt durch
zwei Merkmale: 1) männliches Tergum X kaudal mit
relativ schmalem und kurzem Vorsprung, der fest an-
gewachsen ist oder in einem Gelenk nach unten um-
geklappt werden kann (vgl. Abb. 19 b-e); 2)
Titillatoren charakteristisch (siehe Abb. bei Harz
1969).
Tabelle 2. Vergleich der Körpermaße (in mm) der d von P. serratus, P. lusitanicus und P. miegii.
Kôrper*) Pronotum- Pronotum- b/a Postfemur Posttibia
länge (a)**) breite (b)
P. serratus (Sagres) 56 34.5-38.5 8.3- 9.0 8.5- 9.4 1.0-1.1 18.3-20.0 19.7-22.0
P. serratus (Milfontes) 34 34.0-37.5 8.3- 9.6 10.3-12.2 1 22183 19.2-20.7 20.8-24.3
P. lusitanicus (Aviz, Fundao, Sevilla) 36 37.0-40.2 TINO 8.6-10.6 IOS 19.8-23.3 DSD
P. miegii (Bejar) 76 41.0-47.5 10.8-12.0 8.5- 9.6 0.7-0.8 22.2-25.0 24.6-27.6
*) Tiere Alkohol-konserviert
**) In der Mitte gemessen
42
Diese Untergattung umfaßt die Vertreter der bis-
herigen Gattung Callicrania Bolivar, 1898, mit
Ausnahme von 2. (P.) ramburii. P. lusitanicus (bisher
Callicrania miegi lusitanica) erhält Artstatus;
Callicrania seoanei wurde als Synonym von P. selliger
eingezogen.
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) serratus (Bolívar, 1885)
comb. nov.
(Abb. 7, 8, 10, 11)
Ephippigera serrata Bolívar, 1885: 117.
Maße der
Männchen (im
Morphologie. —
"oi sec
PEAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
Vergleich mit P. lusitanicus und P. miegi) siehe
Tabelle 2. Die Tiere von Sagres zeigten ein geringer
seitlich eingekerbtes (weniger ‘stachliges’) Pronotum
und standen in dieser Hinsicht zwischen P. lusitani-
cus (Abb. 10 a) und weiter nördlich (bei Milfontes
und Melides) vorkommenden P. serratus (Abb. 10 e).
Auch im Hinblick auf die Pronotum-Form (d.h. das
Verhältnis Pronotum-Breite/-Länge; siehe Tabelle 2),
die Dicke des Pronotum-Kaudalrandes und den
Querschnitt des Pronotums (genauer die Konkavität
der Paranota = Lateralausdehnung der Ober- und
Unterkanten des Pronotum im Querschnitt) vermit-
teln die Tiere von Sagres zwischen P. lusitanicus und
0.1 sec
18°C Ay RA, RA;
0.1_sec
RA;
Tee
RA, | y
A | 0.1 sec
PASC
Abb. 7. Platystolus serratus. ©
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2. 0.1 sec
A+RA;(69) RA (SS) RA,(ös)
0.1 sec 0.05 sec
= N
al RAP :
43
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
nördlichen P. serratus die Ausprägung der Merkmale
liegt also zwischen Abb. 10 a,b und e,f. In anderen
Merkmalen (auch im Gesang; siehe weiter unten)
stimmen die südlichen und nördlichen P. serratus da-
gegen überein: 1) die Seitenkiele des Pronotum bie-
gen im vorderen Drittel steil nach unten ab und erlö-
schen ohne die Unterkante der Paranota zu erreichen
(Abb. 10 g); 2) der Fortsatz des Tergum X der
Männchen ist distal tief eingekerbt, der Epiproct cha-
rakteristisch ausgebildet (Abb. 10 h; siehe auch
Beschreibung des Merkmals 13 in Abb. 18); 3) die
Cerci sind verglichen mit P. lusitanicus und P. miegit
etwas weiter distal bezahnt, der Spitzenbereich ist re-
lativ kiirzer (vgl. Abb. 10 h mit d).
Verschiedene gemeinsame Merkmale von P. lusita-
nicus und P. serratus stellen wohl Synapomorphien
dar, die innerhalb von P. serratus, bei den nérdlichen
Populationen (Milfontes, Melides), weiterentwickelt
wurden (siehe oben, Abschnitt ‘Phylogenie’ und Abb.
18: Merkmal 12 part.). Möglicherweise stellt der Rio
Mira die Grenze zwischen den beiden unterschiedli-
chen P. serratus-Formen dar.
Zur Zähnchendichte der Feile des männlichen
Singapparates vgl. Abb. 8.
Die Färbung eines Männchens von Sagres wird bei
Schroeter & Pfau (1987) beschrieben. Die Tiere von
Milfontes und Melides waren dagegen auf dem
Pronotum und den abdominalen Terga auf dunkel-
grünem bis schwärzlichem Untergrund weiß oder
hellgelb getupft; sehr auffällig war bei ihnen die weiße
abdominale Flankenhaut.
Bemerkungen. — Im Freiland (bei Milfontes)
konnte beobachtet werden, daß die Männchen und
Weibchen komplette Wechselgesänge sowohl bei
größerem Abstand voneinander (ca 5 m) als auch bei
sehr geringer Distanz (ca 10 cm) erzeugten.
Bioakustik. — Die Initialgesänge der Männchen
von Sagres und Milfontes zeigten keine nennenswer-
ten Unterschiede. Die Pausen zwischen den Gesän-
gen waren im Freiland meist beträchtlich (ca 5 bis 15
Minuten!); in Gefangenschaft sangen einzelne Tiere
dagegen auch längere Vers-Serien, mit Pausen von
nur ca 0.5 Sekunden Länge zwischen den einzelnen
Versen.
Der Gesang der Männchen ist leise (deutlich leiser
als der von P. miegii) und klingt infolge einer sukzes-
siven Verkürzung der Silbenpausen, die meist schon
nach der ersten Silbe beginnt, rhythmisch (vgl. Abb.
11). Die Silben sind kürzer als bei P. lusitanicus und
P. miegii, bei gleicher Temperatur und Silbenzahl
sind die Verse demzufolge beträchtlich kürzer als bei
diesen beiden Arten (zur geographischen Variabilität
von P. lusitanicus siehe Text zu dieser Art).
In den kurzen bis mittellangen Initialgesängen er-
reichen die (6-12, meist 7 oder 8) kurzen Schliefß-
silben in der Regel schnell ihre volle Lautstärke (Abb.
44
7 a; Ausnahmen: c, g). Die Abstände der Impulse in
den Silben sind entweder relativ konstant, oder sie
werden im letzten Drittel der Silben vergrößert; letz-
teres betrifft vor allem die Silben ab der Vers-Mitte.
Öffnungssilben fehlen oder sind höchstens ganz am
Versanfang zu vermuten.
Die Antwort des Weibchens auf den Initialgesang
besteht meist aus einer einzelnen sehr kurzen bis kur-
zen Schließsilbe, der eine leise Öffnungssilbe voraus-
geht (d). Sie liegt zwar in der Regel zwischen dem
männlichen Gesangsvers und der Rückantwort, kann
aber auch verspätet erst innerhalb des Rückantwort-
Teils erfolgen (e); im Fall der Abb. 7 e) wurde vom
Männchen kurz nach der Antwort sofort ein Paar von
Rückantwortsilben erzeugt, gewissermaßen also ein
Neu-Beginn der Rückantwort vorgenommen (vgl.
auch weiter unten). Manchmal sang das Weibchen
zwei Antwort-Silben in größerem Abstand, so daß
Antwort und Rückantwort ‘iiberlappten’ (f). Die
weiblichen Schließsilben sind im Anfangsteil durch
lückig stehende, mehr oder weniger unregelmäßige
Impulse gekennzeichnet (d - f).
Die sehr kurzen bis kurzen Schließsilben der
Rückantwort sind kürzer oder ähnlich lang wie die
Silben des Initialgesangs (b, c); auch in ihnen nimmt
die Impuls-Dichte im letzten Drittel meist deutlich
ab. Abb. 7 g) zeigt, daf die Rückantwort lauter aus-
fallen kann als der Initialgesang.
Zu Beginn der Rückantwort wurde oft ein enger
stehendes Schließsilben-Paar erzeugt, dem in größe-
rem Abstand weitere, einzeln stehende Schließsilben
folgten (b - d, f). Den Schließsilben können — gut
sichtbar meist bei der letzten Rückantwort-Silbe —
Öffnungssilben vorausgehen (siehe z.B. RAS in c).
Statt einzeln stehender Silben können an das erste
Schließsilben-Paar auch weitere Paare angefügt wer-
den, z.T. mit gut hörbaren Offnungssilben (e, g).
Bei einzelnen Männchen war die Variabilität des
Gesanges erstaunlich groß. Vor allem schwankte die
Anzahl der Rückantwort-Silben, die nach längerer
Gefangenschaft auch ohne Anwesenheit eines
hO)
A
22
20
Feilenzähne / mm
o
=}
=
o
—
L
v
o
a
wma P. selliger
mmm P. miegii
m P bolivarii
P. lusitanicus o
Abb. 8. Zähnchendichte der Feile des 4 Singapparates bei
den Arten von Platystolus (Neocallicrania). Die Zähne wur-
den (bei jeweils 3 d) in der Feilenmitte gezählt.
Abb. 9. Platystolus lusitanicus. 20°C
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2. f
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
RA» O1 sec
Weibchens dem Initialgesang angefügt wurden, von
Vers zu Vers stark (zwischen 0 und 7 Silben); bei
Fehlen von Riickantworten waren nach dem Initial-
gesang manchmal auch stumme Elytrenbewegungen
zu beobachten (Alterserscheinung?).
Material. — 20.vi.1987 und 7.vi.1995 Sagres (Süd-
Portugal), 5 d, 1 9; 30.vii.1991 und 6.vi.1995 Milfontes
(Süd-Portugal), 3 d, 2 @; 9.vi.1995 Melides (Süd-
Portugal), 1 9. Jeweils ganz in der Nähe des Meeres, in ein-
zelstehenden Biischen oder Buschgruppen und im dornigen
Unterwuchs von Kiefernwäldern. Sang bei kühler
Lufttemperatur und Wind am späten Nachmittag und
Abend, an heißen Tagen dagegen nur nachts.
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) lusitanicus (Aires &
Menano, 1916) stat. nov. + comb. nov.
(Abb. 8-11)
Ephippigera miegi lusitanica Aires & Menano, 1916: 53.
Morphologie. — Make (Neotypus; in mm): Körper
37; Pronotum-Länge 7.7; Pronotum-Breite (in der
Mitte gemessen) 8.6; Elytra 2.3; Hinterfemur 19.8;
Hintertibia 21.3. Mafe aller drei Männchen (im
Vergleich mit P. serratus und P. miegii) siehe Tabelle
2. Pronotum und Abdomenende des Neotypus siehe
Abb. 10 a)-d). Bei dem Männchen des Fundortes El
Castillo de las Guardas sind die Seitenkiele des
Pronotum deutlich tiefer eingekerbt als bei den
Tieren von Fundao und Aviz; die stärkeren
Einkerbungen beginnen kurz hinter dem Sulcus und
reichen nach vorn bis zum Paranotum-Unterrand.
Auch die Pronotum-Oberseite ist bei diesem Tier
seitlich, wenig vor dem Sulcus, stachlig. Bei dem
Exemplar von Fundao konvergieren die Pronotum-
Seitenränder kaudalwärts. Färbung (Neotypus, Aviz):
Grundfarbe (Kopf, Paranota, seitliches und ventrales
Abdomen, hintere abdominale Tergalränder) hell-
grün; Pronotum dorsal, hinter der vorderen
Querfurche, graugrün mit schwarzem Fleck zwischen
vorderer Querfurche und Sulcus (siehe auch Abb.
10a); auffallendes weiß-gelbliches, hellviolett gesäum-
tes Band im Pleuralbereich des Abdomen; abdomina-
le Terga II-VII vorn in der Mitte mit je einem
schwärzlichen Fleck; Oberseite des Abdomen, Pro-
notum vor der vorderen Querfurche sowie hinterer
dorsaler Kopfbereich mit hellbrauner Färbung;
Augen, Elytren, Cerci, Epiproct, Tergum X-Fortsatz
und Analklappen braun bis rotbraun; Beine dorsal
hellviolett. Die Tiere von Fundao und El Castillo de
las Guardas waren insgesamt ähnlich, d.h. überwie-
gend grün gefärbt (Pronotum jedoch fast einfarbig
dunkler grün); in der Mitte der Prozona des Pro-
notum befand sich ebenfalls ein länglicher schwarzer
Fleck; die abdominalen Terga wiesen hinten breite,
45
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Abb. 10. Merkmale
der von P. lusita-
nicus (a-d;
Neotypus, Aviz)
und P. serratus (e-h;
Milfontes); es wur-
den Tiere etwa glei-
cher Körpergröfse
ausgewahlt. Das
Breiten/Längen-
Verhältnis des
Pronotum ist in a)
und e) bei senkrech-
ter Ansicht von
oben nicht korrekt
wiedergegeben, da
die Metazona per-
spektivisch stärker
verkürzt wird
(Maße siehe Tabelle
2). Die feiner punk-
tierten Stellen in a)
und e) kennzeich-
nen schwarze
Flecken. In b)
(Kaudalansicht des
Pronotum) wurde
das Pronotum (im
Gegensatz zu f)
schräg gestellt, um
seine nach lateral
vorgeschwungenen
Kanten, die
‘Konkavität des
Paranotum-
Querschnitts’, zu
zeigen; diese wurde
durch eine optische
Schnittlinie durch
das Paranotum be-
sonders hervorgeho-
ben.
braune Ränder auf; die abdominale Pleuralhaut war
unauffälliger (grünlich), die Dorsalseite der Beine
blaugrau.
Differentialdiagnose. — Die Männchen der Art un-
terscheiden sich von P. miegii-Männchen durch die
geringere Größe, den erheblich leiseren, rhythmi-
schen Initialgesang (vgl. Abb. 11) und die abweichen-
de Form des Pronotum (Breite/Länge 1.0-1.1; vgl.
Tabelle 2). Auch im stärker konkaven Querschnitt
der Paranota (Abb. 10 b) weicht die Art von 2. mie-
gii, der einen konvexen Übergang der Paranota in die
Metazona des Pronotum zeigt, ab. Gegenüber P. ser-
ratus existieren v.a. Unterschiede in der Silbenlänge
des männlichen Initialgesangs (Abb. 11), im Verlauf
der Seitenkiele des Pronotum im vorderen Bereich
46
N. LD BIER
© PPPN Ware ©
)
wen? oo
A CA
(Abb. 10 c, g) und im männlichen Abdomenende
(Abb. 10 d, h), das dem von P. miegii plesiomorph
entspricht (siehe auch Beschreibung bei P. serratus).
Zu Unterschieden in der Zähnchendichte der Feile
des männlichen Singapparates siehe Abb. 8.
Bemerkungen. — Während P. miegii auch am Tage
sang, begann die Gesangsaktivität von P. lusitanicus
erst mit der Abenddämmerung.
Bei El Castillo de las Guardas fand sich P. lusitani-
cus auf einem Hügel mit Garrigue-artiger Vegetation.
Bei Aviz kam die Art syntop mit Pycnogaster cucullata
(Charpentier, 1825) vor, jedoch weniger einem
Bachbett genähert, sondern v.a. in Zistrosen- und
Ginsterbüschen, zwischen auf sandigem Boden ste-
henden Korkeichen (vgl. auch Pfau & Pfau 1995).
NM
©
©)
Abb. 11. Silbenintervall-
Dauer im Verlauf der Initial-
gesänge von P. serratus, P. lu-
sitanicus und P. miegii. Die
abgebildeten Verse, die bei
ungefähr gleicher Tempera-
tur aufgenommenen wurden,
verdeutlichen auch die unter-
schiedlichen Silbenlängen.
4
150
Silbenintervall- Dauer (msec)
100
0.1 sec
(0) I
P. serratus ES.
(Milfontes) ete Dan
7 P lusitanicus
50 (Aviz)
44444444 P. lusitanicus /
(Fundao)
20 °C /
0-446-464-4446 eis
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
x
"im
“
P. miegii
1 2
Bei Fundao wurde P. lusitanicus auf einer Kiefern-
waldlichtung aufgefunden, syntop mit P. selliger me-
ridionalis (genauere Beschreibung des Biotops siche
dort).
Bioakustik. — Der Initialgesang ist deutlich leiser
als der Gesang von P. miegii und im Freiland schon
aus einer Entfernung von ungefähr 5 Metern kaum
mehr zu hören. Darin und in der sukzessiven
Verkürzung der Silbenpausen im Verlauf des Verses
(siehe Abb. 11), die den Gesang rhythmisch klingen
läßt, stimmen P. lusitanicus und P. serratus überein.
Die mittellangen Initialgesänge der Männchen
weisen kurze bis mittellange, vor allem am Ver-
sanfang crescendierende Schließsilben auf (Abb. 9 a:
Aviz; b: Fundao; c, d: El Castillo de las Guardas). Die
letzte Silbe wurde bei dem spanischen Männchen (El
Castillo de las Guardas: c, d) mehr oder weniger ver-
kürzt. Offnungssilben können ganz am Anfang des
Gesanges, vor der ersten und zweiten Schliefssilbe,
auftreten; seltener war eine Offnungssilbe auch vor
der letzten Schließsilbe zu erkennen (c).
Bei den Männchen von Aviz und Castillo de las
Guardas (a, c, d) waren die Silben des Initialgesanges
deutlich länger als bei dem Männchen von Fundao
(b; siehe auch Abb. 11). Da sich die
Verbreitungsgebiete von P. lusitanicus und P. miegii
T T U T T
4 5 6
Silbenintervall Nr.
in Mittelportugal (Fundao, Guarda) anscheinend
überschneiden (vgl. Abb. 22), könnten die besonders
kurzen Silben im Initialgesang nördlicher P. lusitani-
cus auf ‘character displacement’ zurückzuführen sein.
Die sehr kurzen bis kurzen Rückantwort-
SchlieBsilben (b, d) variierten in ihrer Anzahl stark: es
wurden 1-7 Silben gezählt. Sie wurden nach längerer
Haltung dem Initialgesang ohne weibliche Antwor-
ten angehängt, wobei auch bei dieser Art (wie bei P.
serratus und — seltener — P. miegii) die ersten Silben
besonders eng stehen können (siehe d). Den Schlieft-
silben der Rückantwort gehen in der Regel sehr leise
Öffnungssilben, mit dichterer Impulsstruktur, vor-
aus.
Bis jetzt konnten keine Weibchen gefangen wer-
den; ihre Antworten waren jedoch im Freiland mehr-
mals gut zu hören und erfolgten - wie bei den anderen
Arten - im Zeitraum zwischen dem Initialgesang und
den Rückantwortsilben.
Material. — Neotypus d: 10.vi.1995; Locus typicus:
nordwestlich Aviz (südwestlich Portalegre, Mittelportugal),
200m; hinterlegt im Hessischen Landesmuseum (Darm-
stadt). Weiteres Material (Sammlung Pfau): 04.viii.1991 (1
d), südlich Fundao (Serra da Guardunha, Portugal), 650m;
27.vi.1992 (1 3), südlich El Castillo de las Guardas (nord-
westlich Sevilla, Provinz Sevilla, Spanien), 250m.
47
TIJDSCHRIFT voor ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) miegii (Bolivar, 1873)
comb. nov.
(Abb. 8, 11, 12)
Ephippigera Miegii Bolivar, 1873: 224.
Morphologie. — Körpermaße der Männchen (im
Vergleich mit P. serratus und P. lusitanicus) siehe
Tabelle 2; Zähnchendichte der Feile des männlichen
Singapparates siehe Abb. 8. Abgesehen von der unter-
schiedlichen Form des Pronotum (Breite/Länge <1;
vel. Tabelle 2) weicht der Pronotum-Querschnitt ge-
genüber P. lusitanicus und P. serratus ab: er zeigt ei-
nen eher konvexen Übergang zwischen den Paranota
und der Metazona; dieses Merkmal, die ‘fehlende
Konkavität des Paranotum-Querschnitts’, stellt an-
scheinend eine Plesiomorphie dar, in der P. miegii
mit P. selliger und P. bolivarii weitgehend überein-
stimmt.
Bemerkungen. — Bei La Garganta Ende Juli 1991
massenhaft im Ginster; nach einem Regen hunderte
von Tieren auf der Straße, an überfahrenen Artgenos-
sen fressend. Mitte Juni 1995 stand das Populations-
maximum offensichtlich noch bevor; darauf wiesen
die zahlreichen Larven hin, die sich (abweichend von
den Imagines) v.a. im Farn aufhielten. Haupt-
gesangsaktivität am Tag, zwischen 17 und 19 Uhr;
singt jedoch auch nachts. Im Gegensatz zu P. serratus
und P. lusitanicus sehr agile Art, die bei Nachstellung
unter Erzeugung einer lauten Abschreckstridulation
schnelle Fluchtbewegungen durchführt. Bei La
Garganta fand sich am selben Fundort P. martinezii,
diese Art lebt jedoch anscheinend mehr am Waldrand
und im Gebüsch der Lichtungen.
Bioakustik. — Der männliche Initialgesang ist schr
laut. Er ist im Feld noch aus über 50 Metern
Entfernung zu hören; da die Weibchen auch kaum
hörbar leise vom Tonband abgespielte Gesänge vehe-
ment beantworteten, ist zu erwarten, daß sie die
Männchen aus noch erheblich größeren Distanzen
vernehmen.
Die Verse der Männchen sind kurz bis mittellang
und enthalten 5-12 (meist 7 oder 8) mittellange bis
lange Schliefsilben, die am Versanfang schnell lauter
werden (Abb. 12 a-e). Die Silben sind deutlich länger
als bei P. serratus, jedoch nur wenig länger als bei P.
lusitanicus (zu P. lusitanicus von Fundao siehe weiter
oben). Die letzte Silbe kann leiser ausfallen und/oder
bis über die Hälfte verkürzt sein (a); sie kann jedoch
auch verlängert sein (e). Innerhalb der Silben nimmt
die Impulsfrequenz zum Silbenende hin ab (a). Im
Unterschied zu P. serratus und P. lusitanicus nimmt
die Lautstärke der Impulse innerhalb der Silben bei P.
miegit allmählicher zu. Außerdem werden die Pausen
zwischen den Silben erst ganz am Versende kürzer,
meistens ist nur das letzte Silbenintervall verkürzt
(vgl. Abb. 11).
48
Die Antwort des Weibchens besteht in der Regel
aus 1-10 sehr kurzen bis kurzen Schließsilben, denen
leise Öffnungssilben vorausgehen (Abb. 12 a-d). Bei
längeren Silbenserien waren die Pausen zwischen den
Silben oft unterschiedlich lang, d.h. die Antwort-
stridulation war unregelmäßig. Abb. 12 d) zeigt das
Beispiel eines Weibchens, das schon innerhalb des
männlichen Initialgesanges mit einer Antwort-
Silbenserie begann, wobei die Silbenfrequenz genau
halb so groß war wie die des Männchens. Erst nach
der letzten Silbe dieser Serie (A4) erfolgte die
Rückantwort des Männchens; das Weibchen reagierte
daraufhin mit einer weiteren Antwortsilbe (A5), die
wiederum eine Rückantwort zur Folge hatte. In die-
sem Fall war das Tonbandgerät nur für das Männ-
chen gut ausgesteuert, die weiblichen Schließsilben
wurden dagegen so stark übersteuert, daß selbst die
vorausgehenden Öffnungssilben, die mit den männli-
chen Schließsilben des Initialgesanges zusammenfie-
len, die männlichen Silben überragten. Derartige
Antworten der Weibchen begannen an ganz verschie-
denen Stellen des männlichen Initialgesangs, wobei
auffällig war, daß sich die Abstände zwischen den
weiblichen Silben erst nach dem Ende des männli-
chen Gesanges vergrößerten — die Silbenserie des
Weibchens wird innerhalb des Initialgesanges an-
scheinend von den Silben des Männchens ‘synchroni-
siert’. Meistens wurden die letzten Silben der Antwort
abrupt verkürzt (d); in einigen Fällen fand dagegen im
Ablauf der Antwort eine stetige Zunahme der
Silbenlänge statt.
Im Freiland war in der sehr individuenreichen
Population von La Garganta bemerkenswert, daf die
Weibchen auf männliche Initialgesinge verschieden
schnell reagierten: die Antworten kamen als ein se-
kundenlanges ‘Gezwitscher’, d.h. mit deutlich unter-
schiedlichen Zeitabstinden zu einem bestimmten
Initialgesang, aus allen Richtungen, wobei entfernter
sitzende Weibchen (über 10m Abstand) anscheinend
besonders spät reagierten (vgl. c).
Einzelne Weibchen erzeugten sehr kurze bis sehr
lange (bis über 10 Sekunden andauernde) Spontan-
gesänge, die aus zwei bis weit über 20 Offnungs- und
Schließsilben bestanden — manchmal während des
Laufens, z.B. bei der Verfolgung eines Männchens
(nicht dargestellt).
Die Männchen antworteten normalerweise auf je-
de weibliche Antwortsilbe mit einer Riickantwort, so-
fern die Antwort nicht vom eigenen Gesang maskiert
wurde (siehe oben). Für die meist sehr kurzen (bis
kurzen; siehe e) Riickantwort-Schliefsilben ist ty-
pisch, daß sie zu Beginn eines Duetts länger sind und
erst gegen Ende stärker verkürzt werden (b - d). Ähn-
lich wie in den Silben des Initialgesanges nimmt die
Impulsfrequenz auch in den Rückantwortsilben am
Silbenende ab (b). Im Labor erzeugten (anscheinend
Abb. 12. Platystolus miegii.
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2.
(OS) N
A, RA,
O1 sec.
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
ANRA
ve 4 |
ni
Al A
RA, RA; RA; RA, RA; RA,
stark motivierte) Männchen nach der Antwort des
Weibchens auch ganze Serien von Rückantwortsilben
(3-6 Silben), in denen die Silben durch besonders
kurze Pausen getrennt waren (e).
Ähnlich wie bei P. obvius und P. martinezii (siehe
Kapitel der Arten sowie Pfau & Schroeter 1988) kam
es auch bei P. miegii vor, daß? Männchen im Gelände
ohne vorherigen Initialgesang auf Spontangesänge
von Weibchen — oder auf Antworten von Weibchen,
die anderen Männchen galten - mit Rückantworten
reagierten. Meist schlossen diese Männchen dann so-
fort eigene Initialgesänge an.
In Abb. 12 f) ist eine erratische Silbenfolge mit sehr
unterschiedlich lauten und langen Silben abgebildet,
die kurz vor der Bildung einer Kopula im Gelände zu
hören war und anscheinend vom Männchen stamm-
te. Derartige von Initialgesängen abweichende, in un-
mittelbarer Nähe des Weibchens erzeugte Stridula-
tionen wurden auch bei Ephippiger perforatus (de
Rossi, 1790) (eigene, nicht veröffentlichte Beobach-
tungen) und in der Gattung Pycnogaster Graells,
1851, bei den Arten der Untergattung Pycnogaster,
beobachtet (Nahwerbung’; vgl. Pfau 1988, Pfau &
Pfau 1995).
49
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Abb. 13. a), b) Holotypus
von Platystolus selliger selliger,
Abdomenende in Kaudalan-
sicht (a) und Pronotum von
lateral (b). Der Pfeil in a)
zeigt auf das Gelenk zwischen
dem Tergum X und seinem
nach unten geklappten kau-
dalen Fortsatz. c) Rechter
Cercus von P. selliger selliger
(Lindoso, Serra do Gerez,
Portugal). d) Rechter Cercus
von P. selliger meridionalis
(Holotypus; Fundao, Serra
da Guardunha, Portugal).
Während der Kopulation sangen die Männchen
v.a. dann Serien von relativ langen Schließsilben (und
kürzeren, leisen Offnungssilben), wenn die Weibchen
unruhig wurden und sich von ihnen zu trennen ver-
suchten (g; siehe auch Tabelle 1). Innerhalb oder ge-
gen Ende dieser Serien (siche letzte Silbe in g) traten
auch weitgehend in einzelne Impulsgruppen aufgelö-
ste oder stark verkürzte Silben (ähnlich wie in f darge-
stellt) auf. Die meisten Silben der ‘Kopulations-
gesänge’ waren deutlich länger als die Silben der
männlichen Abschreck-Stridulation (Abb. 12 h; beim
Vergleich von g und h ist die verschiedene Tempe-
ratur der Aufnahmen, die den Unterschied der
Silbenlängen verringert, zu beachten).
50
Material. — 11.ix.1983, südlich Guarda (Portugal),
1100m. 25.vii.1991 und 16.vi.1995, La Garganta (südlich
Bejar, Provinz Caceres, Sierra de Gredos), 1100m. In
Hochginsterbeständen (Retama sp.).
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) selliger selliger
(Charpentier, 1825) comb. nov.
(Abb. 8, 13-15)
Barbitistes selliger Charpentier, 1825: 99. Ephippiger seoanei
Bolivar, 1877: 269, 279. Syn. nov.
Die Merkmale des wiederaufgefundenen Holoty-
pus von ‘Callicrania selligera sollen hier neu beschrie-
ben werden (vgl. auch ‘Bemerkungen zur Systema-
tik’).
PEAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
Tabelle 3. Körpermaße (in mm) von (I) P. selliger selliger (113,72), nördlich des Douro, und (II) P. selliger meridionalis(9 ,
29), südlich des Douro. Durchschnittswerte in eckigen Klammern.
Pronotum- Pronotum- a/b Postfemur Posttibia Ovi- Cercus- Cercus- c/d
länge (a) breite (b)*) positor breite (c)**) lange (d)
2 3 9 d d d 9 d d d
(D 7495 7991 6175 65-78 11-13 164-182 16.5-19.9 17.8-21.6 18.0-22.0 19.2-26.0 1.1-1.3 2.0-2.8 0.36-0.55
[1.2] [0.49]
(ID 9.1-11.5 11,4-11.7 84-98 97-99 1.0-1.2 200-240 24.0-25.0 21.6-26.4 27.8-28.3 32.0-34.0 1.5-1.7 2.3-2.8 0.61-0.74
[1.1] [0.66]
*) In der Mitte gemessen
**) An der proximalen Nahtlinie gemessen, das heißt ohne Innenzahn
Material. — Holotypus d: Exemplar Nr. 1444
(Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Uni-
versität, Berlin); älteres Etikett: ‘Selligera Charp.*,
N., Fisch.*, Lus.’; neueres Etikett: ‘Callicrania sellige-
ra(Charp.) à , Holotypus, det. K. K. Günther 1995’.
Die Beine des Exemplars fehlen bis auf die linke
Hintercoxa und -tibia, die Antennen bis auf ihre
Basis. Der kaudale Fortsatz des Tergum X ist nach
unten geklappt; der rechte Cercus war abgebrochen
und wurde (nach ventral gerichtet) wieder angeklebt;
beim linken Cercus fehlt die Spitze (vgl. Abb. 13 a).
Die Titillatoren fehlen.
Ein weiteres Exemplar — ‘Callicrania selligera
(Charp.) ? Paratyp. 9, det. K. K. Günther 1995’ —
konnte dagegen als Steropleurus pseudolus (Bolívar,
1878) bzw. Steropleurus andalusius (Rambur, 1838)
bestimmt werden (Steropleurus pseudolus und Ste-
ropleurus andalusius sind möglicherweise zu synony-
misieren).
Morphologie. — Mafe (Holotypus; in mm):
Körper 25; Pronotum-Länge 8; Pronotum-Breite (in
der Mitte gemessen) 7.2; Hinterfemur 18;
Hintertibia 20; Cercus-Breite 1.2 (an der proximalen
Nahtlinie gemessen; vgl. auch Tabelle 3); Cercus-
Länge 2.3. Das Pronotum (Seitenansicht siehe Abb.
13 b) ist in der Metazona wenig rugos, d.h. das
Netzwerk seiner Oberflächenwülste ist nur wenig er-
haben; zwischen und auf den Wülsten ist die
Kutikula feiner quer-gerieft, am vorderen Abbruch
der Metazona befinden sich deutlichere Querfurchen.
Im Breiten-Längenverhältnis der Cerci, das dem
oberen Extrem von P. selliger selliger genähert ist (vgl.
Tabelle 3), entspricht der Holotypus mehreren in der
Serra do Gerez (Nordportugal) gesammelten Männ-
chen (vgl. auch Abb. 13 c: d von Lindoso). Weiter
nördlich und v.a. östlich vorkommende P. selliger sel-
liger--Männchen weisen dagegen proximal schmalere
Cerci auf, deren Breiten-Längenverhältnis bei
Exemplaren aus der Sierra de la Demanda dem unte-
ren Extrem genähert ist. Es ist daher zu vermuten,
daf? die nur ungenau angegebene terra typica (Lus. =
Lusitanien) auf das nördliche Portugal einzugrenzen
ist (zum weiter südlichen Vorkommen von P. selliger
meridionalis siehe weiter unten). In Nordportugal, in
der Region Lindoso — sowie auch weiter nördlich, bei
Orense (Spanien) —, fanden sich neben Exemplaren
mit einer dem Holotypus sehr ähnlichen Pronotum-
Oberflächenstruktur auch einzelne Tiere mit beson-
ders glatter, ‘glänzender’ Metazona, die darin (und im
Fundort) ‘Callicrania pellucida Bolivar, 1885’ ent-
sprechen; Callicrania pellucida wurde als Synonym
von C. selligera eingezogen (vgl. z.B. Peinado 1990).
Da Callicrania seoanei (Bolivar, 1877) (eigene
Funde, auch aus dem Gebiet des locus typicus) mor-
phologisch und bioakustisch nicht von P. selliger
(Holotypus bzw. Tiere aus der Serra do Gerez; siehe
oben) abzugrenzen ist, wird C. seoanei als Synonym
eingezogen. Zur Variationsbreite der Make von ?.
selliger selliger (incl. “C. seoaneî) siehe Tabelle 3 sowie
die Angaben bei Harz (1969) zu °C. selligera und °C.
seoanei; Harz mußte sich allerdings bei ‘C. selligera
auf Literaturdaten stützen, die sich zum Teil evtl. auf
andere Arten beziehen (vgl. "Bemerkungen zur
Systematik’). Die zahlreichen eigenen Fundstellen
liegen innerhalb des bisher bekannten Verbreitungs-
gebietes (von °C. seoaner) und werden daher nicht im
Einzelnen aufgeführt.
Zur Zähnchendichte der Feile des männlichen
Singapparates vgl. Abb. 8.
Bemerkungen. — Im Nordwesten (Galizien) wurde
die Art syntop mit P. bolivarii aufgefunden; im
Norden und Nordosten trat P. selliger selliger gemein-
sam mit P. faberi faberi bzw. P. faberi demandae auf
(zu der im Südwesten aufzufindenden Unterart P.
selliger meridionalis siehe unten). Anscheinend er-
môglicht der jeweils ziemlich unterschiedliche Initial-
gesang diese für die Arten von Platystolus ungewöhn-
liche ‘Neigung’ zur Syntopie.
Für den Zeitabschnitt vor der Paarung ist folgende
Freilandbeobachtung (Galizien) interessant: Ein
Weibchen reagierte auf den Initialgesang eines in der
Nähe sitzenden Männchens, indem es sich auf der
Oberseite eines Brombeerblattes so ausrichtete, daf?
das Abdomenende in Richtung des singenden
Männchens zeigte. Das Abdomen wurde steil nach
oben gestellt, ca 50-60 Grad gegenüber dem Blatt,
51
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
und begann heftige Pumpbewegungen (Aus- und
Einwärtsbewegungen der Sterna) auszuführen. Die
Analklappen des Abdomenendes wurden dabei im-
mer wieder weit gespreizt. Möglicherweise dient die-
ses Verhalten dem Aussenden von Duftstoffen. Zur
Kopulation vgl. Tabelle 1.
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) selliger meridionalis
subsp. n.
(Abb. 13-15)
Material. — Holotypus d: 24.vi.1992, südlich Fundao
(Serra da Guardunha, Portugal), 650 m; hinterlegt im
Paratypen:
Hessischen Landesmuseum, Darmstadt.
Abb. 14. Platystolus selliger.
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2.
52
04.viii.1991 und 24.vi.1992 (3 &,2 2), selber Fundort wie
Holotypus, 300-650 m (Sammlung Pfau; 1 9 Hessisches
Landesmuseum, Darmstadt); 26.vii.1991 (4 3), Candelario
(südöstlich Bejar, Provinz Salamanca, Westausläufer der
Sierra de Gredos, Spanien), 1100m; 14.vi.1995 (1 ó),
Vouzela (nordwestlich Viseu, Portugal), 550 m.
Nach den bisherigen Funden stellt der Fluß Douro
die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze der Unterart dar.
Morphologie. — Maße (in mm, Tiere Alkohol-kon-
serviert) 9 d, Holotypus in Klammern, 2 ®: Körper
d 34-44 (42.0), 2 40-42; Pronotum d 9.5-11.5
(11.2), 2 11.4-11.7; Postfemur d 20.0-24.0 (24.0),
® 24.0-25.0; Posttibia d 21.6-26.4 (26.4), 2 27.8-
Abb. 15. Platystolus selliger.
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2.
DISC
0.1
28.3; Elytra & 2-3 (2.5), 2 1-1.5; Ovipositor 32.0-
34.0. Weitere Maße (im Vergleich mit P. selliger sel-
liger) siche Tabelle 3.
Pronotum ziemlich variabel: in der Metazona mit
Netzwerk stärker erhabener Wülste oder relativ glatt,
mit ganz wenig erhabenem oder deutlichem
Mittelkiel; der Seitenrand ist mäßig stark eingekerbt,
im mittleren Bereich und davor jedoch manchmal
fast ‘stachlig’. Der Ovipositor der Weibchen ist (ent-
sprechend der Körpergröße) sehr lang; er ist relativ
schwach und gleichmäßig gebogen.
Färbung: Körperoberseite grün, Unterseite heller
gelb-grün; auch die Beine sind auf der Unterseite hel-
ler grün als auf der Oberseite. Pronotum hinten seit-
lich mit hellerer gelbbrauner Zone; Femura distal-
dorsal graublau; Cerci und Epiproct hellbraun;
Legebohrer im basalen Drittel grün, sonst bräunlich.
Flankenhaut des Abdomen ganz vorn als satt gelber,
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
schräger Seitenstreif deutlich hervorgehoben. Elytren
innen tiefbraun bis schwarz, nach außen folgen ein
braungelber Ring und ein grau-brauner Kaudalrand.
Differentialdiagnose: männlicher Cercus proximal
deutlich breiter als bei P. selliger selliger (vgl. Tabelle 3
sowie Abb. 13 d und c); Pronotum besonders breit
(siehe Tabelle 3).
Derivatio nominis: Der Name spielt auf das südli-
che Vorkommen der Unterart an.
Bemerkungen. — Bei Fundao in 650m Höhe syn-
top mit P. lusitanicus, der im Juni 1992 allerdings
nicht zu finden war (evtl. war es für P. lusitanicus in
dieser Höhenlage noch zu früh im Jahr).
Die Fundorte Fundao und Candelario stellen v.a.
mit Ginster und Eichen verbuschende Kiefernwald-
lichtungen, in ungefähr nordexponierter Hanglage,
dar. Die meisten Tiere safßen (ca 80cm bis 2m hoch)
auf jungen Eichen, und zwar oft auf der Oberseite
DI,
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
großer Blätter. Auch bei Vouzela fand sich P. selliger
meridionalis v.a. im jungen Kiefernwald. Der Gesang
war erst ab Einbruch der Dunkelheit zu hören, auch
bei niedrigen Temperaturen (10 °C).
Zur Kopulation vgl. Tabelle 1. Ähnlich wie bei an-
deren Arten waren die Männchen nach der
Kopulation längere Zeit schweigsam; sie begannen
erst nach zwei bis drei Tagen wieder zu singen.
Bioakustik. — Im weiteren werden beide Unter-
arten gemeinsam behandelt; nur bei bemerkenswer-
ten Unterschieden wird direkt oder indirekt (Fund-
ort) auf die jeweilige Unterart hingewiesen.
Die Männchen von P. selliger singen kurze bis sehr
lange Verse (Abb. 14 a-d). Diese weisen im Teil I
mehr oder weniger zahlreiche sehr kurze bis kurze
SchlieBsilben auf, die bereits nach wenigen Silben ih-
re volle Lautstärke erreichen. Im Teil II folgen lange
bis sehr lange Schließsilben, mit deutlich ver-
größerten Impulsabständen, die jedoch gegen Silbe-
nende meist wieder kleiner werden. Gelegentlich
wird die letzte Teil II-Silbe etwas verlängert (b), in
anderen Fällen (d) war dagegen die erste Teil II-Silbe
besonders lang. Die Öffnungsbewegung der Elytren
ist in beiden Gesangsteilen stumm; nur ganz am
Beginn des Teils I können Öffnungssilben hörbar
sein (siehe z.B. e: Fundao).
Die Anzahl der Teil I-Silben variiert stark: Im
Südwesten und Westen des Verbreitungsgebietes —
bei P. selliger meridionalis, und auch bei P. selliger sel-
liger aus Nordportugal, Galizien und Asturien — ist
der Teil I der Initialgesänge relativ kurz; die Silben-
zahl schwankte zwischen 9 und 25, der Durch-
schnittswert war ungefähr 14 (b: Fundao; c: Serra do
Gerez; d: Candelario). Diese relativ kurzen Initial-
gesänge hören sich zwar im Gelände ähnlich an wie
die Gesänge von P. ramburii, sind jedoch strukturell
gut von ihnen zu unterscheiden. Östliche Tiere, be-
ginnend bereits östlich der Picos de Europa (a: Sierra
de la Demanda), sangen dagegen einen etwa doppelt
so langen Teil I, mit bis weit über 30 Silben (ge-
schätzter Mittelwert: 25); im Teil II waren die Pausen
zwischen den (kürzeren) Silben länger. Ob hier ein
Ost-West-Gefälle (cline) vorliegt, oder ob verschiede-
ne Unterarten existieren, muß noch genauer unter-
sucht werden (siehe auch Abschnitt "Verbreitung und
Ausbreitungsgeschichte’).
Die Anzahl der Teil II-Silben zeigt ebenfalls eine
betrachtliche Variationsbreite. Besonders haufig sind
drei Silben, in Einzelfallen 1-2 oder 4-5 Silben (Uber-
sichtsbild f: Fundao). Seltener waren im Freiland bis
7 Silben zu hören, bei einem sehr alten Männchen
von P. selliger meridionalis in Gefangenschaft sogar
bis 11 Silben (dieses Tier variierte auch die Anzahl
der Rückantwortsilben von Gesang zu Gesang beson-
ders stark).
Die Antwort der Weibchen erfolgt in der Regel
54
kurz nach der letzten Teil II-Schließsilbe des männli-
chen Initialgesangs; gelegentlich beginnt sie auch
schon innerhalb des Initialgesangs. Sie besteht aus 2-
4 sehr kurzen bis kurzen, meist crescendierenden und
länger werdenden Schließsilben, die einen typischen,
d.h. in der ersten Hälfte lückigen Impulsaufbau zei-
gen (i-k). Die letzte Silbe wird manchmal stärker von
den übrigen Silben abgesetzt.
Bei Riotorto (Galizien) waren im Freiland vor al-
lem zwischen 16 und 18 Uhr auch viele Spontan-
gesänge der Weibchen, bestehend aus ca 2-10
Schließsilben, zu hören; sie regten in der Nähe sitzen-
de Männchen anscheinend zu Initialgesängen an. In
Gefangenschaft sang ein Weibchen von P. selliger me-
rıdionalis bis zu 7 Sekunden lange, relativ laute
Spontangesänge.
Die Rückantwort der Männchen, die in der Regel
viel leiser ist als der Initialgesang, war meist von der
weiblichen Antwort zeitlich deutlich getrennt (i:
Fundao). Rückantwort und Antwort konnten aber
auch überlappen (j: 4 Lindoso [Nordportugal], ?
Fonsagrada [Galizien]). Die Rückantwort besteht
aus einem einzelnen Silbenpaar (d.h. einer Öff-
nungs- + Schließsilbe; g: Fundao) oder aus mehreren
einzelnen Schließsilben, wobei meistens nur der er-
sten Schließsilbe eine Öffnungssilbe vorausgeht (f, h,
i: Fundao).
Die Länge der Schließsilben der Rückantwort vari-
ierte stark: sehr kurz (j), kurz bis mittellang (f, g, h)
bis sehr lang (h). Lange und sehr lange
Rückantwortsilben wurden bisher nur bei P. selliger
meridionalis beobachtet. Bei dieser Unterart kann die
Lautstärke und Länge der Silben im Verlauf der
Rückantwort zunehmen, so daf? sie allmählich (oder
auch sprunghaft) den Teil-II-Silben ähnlicher werden
(h). Ob es sich hier um konstante Unterschiede zur
nördlichen Unterart handelt, ist bei der geringen
Individuenzahl untersuchter Tiere noch unklar.
Die Abschreck-Stridulation ist in Abb. 15 1) (9,
Fundao) und m) (3, Fundao) dargestellt. Bei der
weiblichen Abschreck-Stridulation ist die Impuls-
struktur auffällig ähnlich wie in Antwortsilben. Die
Schliefisilben der männlichen Stridulation sind meist
deutlich länger als die der Weibchen; in wenigen
Fällen waren jedoch beim Männchen auch Serien mit
sehr unterschiedlich langen Silben zu hören, die den
‘Kopulationsgesängen’ (siehe unten) ähnelten.
Den im Labor ‘arrangierten’ Kopulationen gingen
keine Nahwerbungs-Gesänge der Männchen voraus.
Es kam dagegen vor, daß das Weibchen im Falle einer
Flucht des Männchens dieses verfolgte und stridulier-
te (n: Fonsagrada).
Während der Kopulation werden vom Männchen
erratische Silbenserien mit sehr unterschiedlich langen
und lauten Silben erzeugt. Diese Serien variieren in ih-
rer Länge und ihrem Charakter ständig: Passagen mit
stark verkürzten Silben klingen z.B. wie ein schnelles
‘Geknister’ (o: Fundao); ihnen können jedoch sofort
wieder Teile mit ganz anderem Aufbau folgen (p:
Fundao). Man hat den Eindruck, daß der Andruck
der beiden Elytren gegeneinander häufig verändert
wird, und daß es auch öfters zu einem ‘Verhaken’ zwi-
schen Plectrum und Feile kommt (zur Funktions-
morphologie der Plectrum-Feilen-Andrucksregulie-
rung bei Grillen vgl. Pfau & Koch 1994).
Während der Spermatophorenübergabe waren die
Tiere besonders unruhig. Zu Beginn des Austritts der
Spermatophore, etwa 25 Minuten nach Bildung der
Kopula, wurden die Silbenserien der Männchen län-
ger; sie dauerten während der Anheftung der
Spermatophore am Weibchen bis zu 34 Sekunden
lang an (q: Lindoso). Auch diese langen Stridula-
tionen konnten Teile mit sehr kurzen ‘Silben’ (ein
Impuls bis nur wenige Impulse lang; r: Lindoso) ent-
halten.
Im Freiland waren die lauten ‘Kopulationsgesänge’
so auffällig, daß man die Pärchen gut orten und fin-
den konnte.
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) bolivarii (Seoane,
1878) comb. nov.
(Abb. 8, 16)
Ephippiger Bolivarii Seoane, 1878: 71.
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
Morphologie. — Zur Zähnchendichte der Feile des
männlichen Singapparates vgl. Abb. 8.
Bemerkungen. — An fast allen Fundstellen syntop
mit P. selliger selliger. Der Gesang war morgens und
(bei nicht sehr hohen Temperaturen) auch nachmit-
tags zu hören. Die Art fällt durch ihre auffallend glän-
zende Kutikula auf. Ähnlich wie P. martinezii (vgl.
Pfau & Schroeter 1988) sind die Tiere besonders
wehrhaft und beißlustig.
Bioakustik. — Der Initialgesang der Männchen ist
sehr laut. Er besteht aus mittellangen (bis langen)
Versen, die einen in der Regel sehr kurzen Cres-
cendo-Teil I aufweisen, der sehr kurze Öffnungs- und
Schließsilben zeigt. Darauf folgt ein längerer Teil II,
der kurze, scharf klingende Schließsilben, jedoch kei-
ne Öffnungssilben enthält (Abb. 16 a, b).
Der Antwort-Gesang des Weibchens besteht aus
zahlreichen, meist kurzen Silben (c) oder aus einer
einzigen Silbe (d). Die Impulsstruktur der Silben ist
typisch, d.h. im Anfangsteil unregelmäßig-lückig.
Die Antwort ist deutlich leiser als der männliche
Initialgesang: bei gleichem Abstand der Männchen
und Weibchen vom Mikrofon ergibt sich als
Schätzwert eine Lautstärken-Differenz von 10 dB.
Einzelne kurze Rückantwort-Silben des Männ-
chens können bereits innerhalb der Antwort des
Weibchens erzeugt werden (c), oder die Rückantwort
bildet eine von der Antwort getrennte, kurze
25°C
Abb. 16. Platystolus bolivarii. ©
Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2.
0.1 _sec
DI
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
ab
| N! LILA U
| I a AN ID A
| | all À LL
P. faberi
(II)
P. ramburii
(1,0)
P. martinezii
(1) / (07)
P. selliger (1717)
P. bolivarii
(LIL)
P. lusitanicus
(I)
P. obvius (II)
P. miegii (I)
P. serratus
ss
(17)
Abb. 17. Gegeniiberstellung der Initialgesinge der Platystolus-Arten (20-21 °C). Für P. selliger wurde ein ‘östlicher’ Gesang
ausgewählt. Nur im Fall von P. martinezii wurde auch die Rückantwort (durch // vom Initialgesang abgesetzt) dargestellt (vgl.
Text). Die vorhandenen Vers-Teile I bzw. II wurden in Klammern vermerkt, ihr Apomorphie-Grad wurde angedeutet; Index
1 steht für Platystolus (Platystolus), 2 für Platystolus (Neocallicrania).
Silbenserie (d). Bei den Rückantwort-Schließsilben
ist auffällig, daß sie den Silben des Teils II des
Initialgesanges ähnlich sind - sie sind jedoch kürzer.
Bei einer Aufnahme begann die Rückantwort, wie
der Initialgesang, mit sehr kurzen Öffnungs- und
Schließsilben und endete dann mit längeren, lauteren
Schließsilben (e). Diese Rückantwort enthielt an-
scheinend sowohl den Gesangsteil I als auch den Teil
II in stark verkürzter Form. Dies weist darauf hin,
daß die Rückantwort als ein verkürzter zweiter
Initialgesang zu interpretieren ist (siehe auch P. fabe-
ri und Abschnitte ‘Phylogenie’ und ‘Funktion und
Evolution der Rückantwort‘). In anderen Rückant-
worten war der Teil I dagegen reduziert (d).
Bei Störung wird eine scharfklingende Abschreck-
Stridulation erzeugt. Sie kann nur wenige Silben lang
sein, wurde aber in einzelnen Fällen über viele
Sekunden ausgedehnt.
Material. — Zahlreiche Tiere von verschiedenen
Fundstellen im bekannten
(Galizien, Asturien).
Verbreitungsgebiet
56
PHYLOGENIE
Hier soll versucht werden, über einen Vergleich der
morphologischen und bioakustischen Merkmale der
Arten das phylogenetische System zu rekonstruieren
(Abb. 18, 19). Den morphologischen Merkmalen
(Merkmale [1], 3-[5], 8, 11a, 11b, 12 (part.), 13
(part.), 15, 18, 20, 21) kommt dabei eine größere
Bedeutung zu, da es v.a. mit ihrer Hilfe (und funkti-
onsmorphologischen Erwägungen) möglich war, ein
phylogenetisches ‘Grundgerüst’ aufzubauen; dieses
war weitgehend die Basis für die Interpretation der
bioakustischen Merkmale und die Rekonstruktion
ihrer Evolution. Bei fehlender Kenntnis der stammes-
geschichtlichen Verwandtschaft der Gruppen der
Ephippigerinae (d.h. nur bedingt möglichem
Außengruppenvergleich) bleiben die Hypothesen al-
lerdings mit Unsicherheiten behaftet.
Morphologische Merkmale
Vermutlich bilden die beiden Untergattungen
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) und Platystolus
Prau: Bioakustik und Evolution
(Platystolus)
-—— Platystolus (Neocallicrania) — -— Platystolus —
un 2 2
> n = = N
= Oo =} ®
= = = + 5 © E
q DI = a © i= 2 2 = =
> D TD oH Ie © = O TE
olio KOPN side Mac alpes ie Lo balken
Q 7) = = 7) le Ww To) D =
a: a: a: a: a: a: a: a: a: a:
LI ee
“= ss 21
Abb. 18. Kladogramm. Graue Kennzeichnungen verweisen auf intermediäre Apomorphiestufen. Zu den verschiedenen hy-
pothetischen Stammarten ‘A’-T siehe auch Kapitel ‘Verbreitung und Ausbreitungsgeschichte’. Merkmale: Nur die apomor-
phen Merkmalszustinde werden beschrieben; die Plesiomorphien sind daraus abzuleiten oder ergeben sich durch
Außengruppen-Vergleich. Die morphologischen Merkmale werden nur zum Teil durch Abbildungen wiedergegeben (siehe
z.B. Harz 1969; zu den bioakustischen Merkmalen siehe Abb. 17 und Kapitel der Arten). Stärker hypothetische Bewertungen
wurden durch eckige Klammern gekennzeichnet. [1], Hinterrand des Tergum X in der Mitte vorgezogen (Abb. 19a); [2], kür-
zere Schliefsilben im Teil II des Initialgesanges, Öffnungssilben dort reduziert; [2*], längere Schließsilben im Teil II des
Initialgesanges; 3, männliche Cerci weit proximal bezahnt (Abb. 19b), Titillatoren charakteristisch; 4, Tergum X des
Männchens auf größerer Breite zwei-zipflig nach kaudal vorgezogen (vgl. Abb. 196); 4*, Zipfel des Tergum X des Männchens
nach dorsal abgebogen und vergrößert (vgl. Abb. 191 und Text); 4’, Tergum X-Fortsätze des Mannchens verlängert und me-
dian fast auf ganzer Länge len (Alternativapomorphie zu Merkmal 4*, vgl. Abb. 19j, k und Text); ); [5], männliche
Cerci basal verbreitert (Abb. 19d, e); [6], Rückantwort verkürzt; [7], Schließsilben im Teil II des Initialgesanges verlängert;
8, Cercus-Innenzahn der Männchen verlängert (vgl. Abb. 13a, c, d und Abb. 19e); 9, Teil I des Initialgesanges abgewandelt
(gleichartige Schliefsilben, ohne Ofnungssilben); TOCCO] langer Teil II-Silben verringert; 10, Teil I des Initialgesangs redu-
ziert; lla, Zähnchendichte der Feile des männlichen Singapparates erhöht (1. Apomorshicstue vel. auch Abb. 8); 11b,
Zähnchendichte der Feile des mannlichen Singapparates erhöht (2. Apomorphiestufe, vgl. auch Abb. 8); 12, Pronotum ver-
ändert: Breite/Länge = 1 oder >1, Kaudalrand verdickt, Paranotum-Querschnitt konkav (siehe auch Abb. 10a-b, e-f und Text
zu den Arten), ‘rhythmischer Initialgesang durch sukzessive Verkürzung der Silbenpausen (siehe auch Abb. 11); 13, dorsaler
Seitenkiel des Pronotum vorn nach unten abgeknickt, vor der Unterkante erlöschend (siehe Abb. 10g, weitere Pronotum-
Apomorphien siehe Text zu P. serratus), männlicher Tergum X-Fortsatz tiefer eingekerbt (siehe Abb. 10h), Epiproct charak-
teristisch: distal mit längerer, schräger Kante (Pfeil in Abb. 10h), Verkürzung der Teil II-Silben im Initialgesang; [14a],
Rückantwort verkürzt (1. Apomorphiestufe, Konvergenz zu Merkmal [6]); 14b, Rückantwort verkürzt, bis auf eine einzige
sehr kurze bis kurze Schließsilbe (mit vorausgehender Offnungssilbe) — 2. Apomorphiestufe; 15, Verlegung des männlichen
Cercus-Innenzahns ganz nach distal, männlicher Epiproct charakteristisch abgewandelt: breit-rechteckig bis -spatelförmig
(vgl. Abb. 195, k); 16, Reduktion des Teils I des Initialgesanges (Konvergenz zu Merkmal 10); 16*, Reduktion des Teils II des
Initialgesanges (Alternativapomorphie zu Merkmal 16); 17, extreme Verkürzung des (Teils II des) Initialgesanges; 18, männ-
liche Cerci verlängert und distad verjüngt (Abb. 19k), Pronotum verändert: Verkürzung der Metazona, frontad divergieren-
der Seitenkantenverlauf; 19, repetitiver Gesang der Männchen, Reduktion der weiblichen Antwort, Reduktion der
Rückantwort; 20, abdominale männliche Terga (VI)-VII-X bedornt; 21, männliche Titillatoren charakteristisch abgewan-
delt; 22, Teil I des Initialgesanges verändert: stark verlängert, ohne Öffnungssilben, gegen Ende mit kürzer werdenden
Silbenpausen.
(Platystolus) zusammen eine monophyletische ker vorgezogenen, zwei-zipfligen Tergum X
Gruppe (Merkmal [1]). Auch der Gesang der (Merkmal 4) zu begründen ist, macht es größere
Männchen könnte eine Autapomorphie einer Schwierigkeiten, für die Arten der Untergattung
Stammart ‘A’ der Gattung Platystolus darstellen (siehe
‘Bioakustische Merkmale‘).
Während die Monophylie der Untergattung
Platystolus durch den Besitz des auf breiter Basis stär-
Neocallicrania synapomorphe Merkmale zu finden.
Geht man davon aus, daß ungefähr in der Mitte be-
zahnte Cerci der Männchen - ähnlich den Cerci von
P. faberi oder P. ramburii (und auch etlicher
DI
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Abb. 19. Evolution einiger
Strukturen des männlichen
Abdomenendes (die Arten
wurden in unterschiedlichen
Abbildungsmaßstäben, d.h.
“Größen-normiert' gezeich-
net). a)-e) Platystolus (Neocal-
licrania): ©) P. bolivarii, d) P.
lusitanicus (+ P. miegii + P.
serratus), e) P. selliger selliger,
f)-k) Platystolus (Platystolus):
g) P. faberi demandae, i) P.
ramburii, j) P. obvius, k) P.
martinezii (+ P. surcularius).
Hypothetische Ahn- bzw.
Zwischenformen nur als Um-
rißbild. Gestrichelte Linien
deuten die Gelenkabgrenz-
ung des Tergum X-Fortsatzes
an (c, e) oder kennzeichnen
die Stellen, an denen die
Zipfel des Tergum X-Fort-
satzes nach dorsal ‘abknicken’
(h-j).
Steropleurus-Arten) — ursprünglich sind (vgl. Abb. 19
a, f-i), so könnten die Cerci der Neocallicrania-Arten,
deren Innenzahn sich weit proximal der Mitte befin-
det, eine solche Synapomorphie darstellen (Abb. 19
b-e); eine weitere liegt wohl in den sehr einheitlichen
und charakteristischen Titillatoren der Männchen
vor. Beide Merkmale wurden als Merkmal 3
zusammengefaßt (siehe Abb. 18).
Der Vergleich der Cerci der Männchen der beiden
Untergattungen weist auf eine entgegengesetzte
Wanderung des Cercus-Innenzahns innerhalb Pla-
tystolus (Neocallicrania) und Platystolus (Platystolus)
hin: Während der Innenzahn bei allen Neocallicrania-
Arten weit proximal der Mitte liegt (und die Tendenz
aufweist, noch weiter nach proximal zu wandern:
Abb. 19 c-e), wurde er innerhalb der Untergattung
Platystolus weiter nach distal verlegt (Merkmal 15
part; Abb. 19 j, k). Diese Hypothese einer entgegen-
gesetzten Wanderung des männlichen Cercus-
Innenzahns in den beiden Untergattungen bekommt
dadurch Gewicht, daß zwischen der Gestalt des
Tergum X, das mehr oder weniger weit nach distal
vorgezogen ist, und unterschiedlich bezahnten Cerci
anscheinend ein funktioneller Zusammenhang, exi-
stiert:
Auf der Platystolus (Platystolus)-Seite des
Stammbaums ist das Tergum X auffälligerweise dann
besonders weit nach kaudal vorgezogen, wenn der
Innenzahn der Cerci distal liegt — nur in diesem Fall
können sich die Cerci wohl überhaupt am Weibchen
verankern.
Eine Ausnahme bildet P. ramburii (Abb. 19 i).
Hier ist der (gegenüber P. faberi; Abb. 19 g)
58
vergrößerte zwei-zipflige Tergum X-Fortsatz jedoch
in einem Winkel nach dorsal, über die Schwenkebene
der Cerci hinaus, abgeknickt und stellt somit kein
Hindernis für die etwa mittig bezahnten Cerci dar.
Da diese ‘Lösung des oben angesprochenen
Verankerungs-Problems nur für P. ramburii zutrifft,
kann man folgern, dafs die Verlängerungen des
Tergum X-Fortsatzes bei P. ramburii (Merkmal 4*)
und ?. obvius + P. surcularius + P. martinezii (Merk-
mal 4°) parallele, d.h. unabhängige Entwicklungen
darstellen.
Während die Gruppe P. obvius + P. surcularius + P.
martinezii durch die Merkmalskombination 4 +15
gut als eine monophyletische Einheit begründet wer-
den kann, bleibt die Verwandtschaft der (im
Hinblick auf diese Merkmale plesiomorphen bzw. al-
ternativ-apomorphen) übrigen Arten der Unter-
gattung etwas fraglich. Die stärkere Zweizipfligkeit
des männlichen Tergum X-Fortsatzes bei P. faberi
und P. ramburii (Abb. 19 g, i) könnte zwar zur
Begründung eines Schwestergruppenverhältnisses der
beiden Arten herangezogen werden; da der Tergum
X-Fortsatz bei P. obvius und P. martinezii jedoch eine
längere mediane Nahtlinie (siehe Abb. 19 j, k) auf-
weist, die auf eine sekundäre Verwachsung zweier
großer Zipfel schließen läßt (Merkmal 4°), wird hier
davon ausgegangen, daß ein zweizipfliger Tergum X-
Fortsatz innerhalb der Untergattung Platystolus als
plesiomorph zu bewerten ist (für die Stammart ‘C’
der Untergattung stellt das Merkmal 4 dagegen die
Autapomorphie dar, mit der die Monophylie der
Untergattung begründet wurde; siehe Abb. 19 f und
weiter oben).
P. obvius (Abb. 19 j) zeigt noch eine Andeutung
der für P. ramburit (Abb. 19 i) beschriebenen
Abknickung der Tergum X-Zipfel nach dorsal.
Dieses Merkmal könnte somit eine nähere
Verwandtschaft von P. ramburii, P. obvius, P. marti-
nezii und P. surcularius begründen. Entsprechend
dem oben beschriebenen Zusammenhang zwischen
Tergum X-Fortsatz-Größe und Cercus-Innenzahn-
Lage würde man folgern, daf$ die Vergrößerung der
Zipfel des Tergum X und ihre stärkere Abknickung
nach dorsal bei P. ramburii (Merkmal 4*; Abb. 19 i)
einerseits, und die Verlängerung und Verwachsung
der Zipfel bei P. obvius, P. martinezii und P. surcula-
rius (Merkmal 4°; Abb. 19 j, k) andererseits, unab-
hängige, parallele Entwicklungen darstellen, die von
einem intermediären Zustand ausgingen, bei dem die
Tergum X-Zipfel nur leicht nach dorsal abgebogen
waren (hypothetisches Stadium, Abb. 19 h). Das
Merkmal ‘schwache Abknickung der Tergum X-
Zipfel nach dorsal’ ist jedoch mit Unsicherheiten be-
haftet, da es (siehe P. martinezii, Abb. 19 k) zur
Reduktion neigt und somit bereits bei der Stammart
‘C’ der Untergattung vorhanden gewesen sein könn-
te.
Auf der Neocallicrania-Seite des Stammbaums
wurde der Cercus-Innenzahn nach proximal verlegt;
der Fortsatz des Tergum X wurde möglicherweise im
Zusammenhang mit dieser Entwicklung sogar ver-
kleinert, um sie ohne Funktionsverlust zuzulassen.
Innerhalb von Neocallicrania wurde der Innenzahn
des Cercus bei P. selliger dann sekundär vergrößert
(Merkmal 8, Abb. 19 e; Konvergenz zu P. ramburii,
Abb. 19 i); dies war jedoch nur im Zusammenhang
mit der Ausbildung eines Gelenkes an der Basis des
vorgezogenen Bereichs des Tergum X, in welchem
der Tergum X-Fortsatz bei Schließung der Cerci nach
unten weggeschwenkt werden konnte, méglich (vgl.
auch Abb. 13 a und ‘Spezieller Teil’, ‘Bemerkungen
zur Systematik’).
Im Gegensatz zu P. miegii, P. lusitanicus und P. ser-
ratus kann der kaudale Fortsatz des Tergum X auch
bei P. bolivarii (Abb. 19c) nach unten geklappt wer-
den; auch hier ist der Hinterrand des Tergum X dann
‘gerade’. Da in diesem Fall jedoch keine funktionelle
Notwendigkeit für eine Beweglichkeit des
Tergalfortsatzes ersichtlich ist — die Cercus-Zähne
sind (wie bei P. miegii, P. lusitanicus und P. serratus)
kurz —, könnte man folgern, daß ein ähnlicher
Zustand wie bei P. bolivarii als präadaptiver
Ausgangspunkt für die autapomorphe Vergrößerung
des Cercus-Innenzahns bei P. selliger in Frage kommt.
Dies wäre ein Argument für ein Schwestergrup-
penverhältnis von P. bolivarii und P. selliger (siehe ge-
strichelte Linie mit ‘? in Abb. 18 und 19).
Diese vor allem auf funktionsmorphologischen
Erwägungen beruhenden Hypothesen sind sicher nur
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
erste Schritte zur Aufklärung der Evolution der
Strukturen des männlichen Abdomenendes. Neben
stammesgeschichtlichen Analysen an anderen
Gruppen der Ephippigerinae müssen nun genauere
Untersuchungen der Funktionsmorphologie der
Kopulationsapparate durchgeführt werden (morpho-
logische Vergleiche allein ergeben sicher keine
Leserichtungskriterien; vgl. z.B. Pfau 1991). Zu den
weiteren zur stammesgeschichtlichen Rekonstruktion
herangezogenen morphologischen Merkmalen vgl.
Abb. 18.
Bioakustische Merkmale
Initialgesang. — Für die hypothetische gemeinsame
Stammart ‘A’ von Platystolus (Neocallicrania) +
Platystolus (Platystolus) wird ein längerer zwei-teiliger
Initialgesang, mit einem Crescendo-Teil I und einem
laute, längere Silben enthaltenden Teil II, angenom-
men, ähnlich dem Initialgesang von P. faberi, P. ram-
burii oder auch P. bolivarii. Möglicherweise stellt ein
derartiger Initialgesang eine Autapomorphie der
Stammart von Platystolus dar. Strukturell entspre-
chende, jedoch kürzere Gesangsverse finden sich in-
nerhalb der Ephippigerinae auch bei Arten anderer
Gattungen, etwa bei Steropleurus stali (Bolivar, 1877)
und Steropleurus ortegai (Pantel, 1896) (Hartley et al.
1974, Heller 1988 sowie eigene, unpubl. Beobach-
tungen), bei welchen allerdings der Teil II bis auf ei-
ne Silbe verkürzt wäre, oder bei Ephippigerida zapata-
ri (Bolivar, 1877) (Heller 1988; eigene, unpubl.
Beobachtungen) und Uromenus cf. robustus Werner,
1933 (Heller 1988). Diese Arten könnten Platystolus
nahe stehen.
Möglicherweise wurde der ursprüngliche
Initialgesang bereits bei der ersten Art-Aufspaltung —
in die Stammart ‘B’ von Platystolus (Neocallicrania)
und die Stammart ‘C’ von Platystolus (Platystolus) —
alternativ abgewandelt: die Stammart ‘B’ verkürzte
die Teil II-Silben und reduzierte die Offnungssilben
in diesem Abschnitt (Merkmal [2]; zu finden noch
bei P. bolivarii), die Stammart ‘C° verlängerte dage-
gen die Teil II-Silben (Merkmal [2*]; erhalten bei P.
faberi und P. ramburiò und behielt die Öffnungssil-
ben plesiomorph bei.
Schon die Aufspaltung der Stammart ‘A’ von
Platystolus könnte also sowohl zu abgrenzenden
Gesangs-Merkmalen (Fernbereich der Partnerfin-
dung) als auch abgrenzenden Merkmalen der Kopu-
lationsmechanik (eigentliche Paarung; siehe ‘Mor-
phologische Merkmale’) geführt haben. Die
Merkmale [2] und [2*] — wie auch die Merkmale 3
part. und 4 (wenn man von einer parallelen Ver-
änderung des Tergum X-Zipfels bzw. Cercus-
Innenzahns ausgeht) — wären demnach als alternativ-
apomorphe Merkmale anzusehen.
Der dargestellte Stammbaum (Abb. 18) deutet auf
DI,
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
eine komplizierte Evolution des männlichen
Initialgesangs innerhalb der beiden Untergattungen
hin. Auf der Neocallicrania-Seite kann z.B. für die aus
der hypothetischen Stammart ‘D’ hervorgegangenen
Arten eine (der Merkmalsausbildung [2*] konvergen-
te) erneute Verlängerung der Teil II-Silben angenom-
men werden (Merkmal [7]; zu finden bei P. selliger, P.
miegii und, m. E., P. lusitanicus). P. serratus verkürzte
dagegen die Teil II-Silben wieder (Merkmal 13 part.).
Derartige Veränderungen der Silbenlänge stellen bei
nah-verwandten Arten von Feld- und Laub-
heuschrecken ein häufig eingesetztes Mittel zur
Artabgrenzung dar (vgl. z.B. v. Helversen 1979; Pfau
1988), so daß durchaus vorstellbar ist, daß es, nach
räumlichen Trennungen von Gruppen, mehrfach zu
alternativen Entwicklungen kommt.
Abgesehen von den beschriebenen Abwandlungen
der Versteil II-Silbenlänge fanden innerhalb von
Neocallicrania noch gravierendere Veränderungen
der Gesamtstruktur des Initialgesanges statt.
Während der Versteil I bei P. selliger beibehalten und
(vor allem im Osten; siehe Abschnitt “Verbreitung
und Ausbreitungsgeschichte’) autapomorph stärker
verändert wurde (Merkmal 9 part.), wurde er bei der
Stammart ‘E’, dem hypothetischen Vorfahren von P.
miegii und P. lusitanicus + P. serratus, reduziert
(Merkmal 10). Möglicherweise begünstigten diese
unterschiedlichen Gesangsdifferenzierungen eine
Abgrenzung der aus der Spaltung der Stammart ‘D’
hervorgegangenen Tochterarten (P. selliger - Stam-
mart ‘E’). Die Stammart ‘F von P. lusitanicus + P.
serratus differenzierte dann den verbliebenen Teil II
des Initialgesangs durch sukzessive Verkürzung der
Silbenpausen im Versverlauf (Merkmal 12 part.).
Auf der Platystolus (Platystolus)-Seite des
Stammbaumes wird der Initialgesang der Männchen
erst bei der Aufspaltung der Stammart ‘H’ in P. obvi-
us und P. surcularius + P. martinezii in stärkerem
Maße abgewandelt: Bei P. obvius wurde der Teil I des
Initialgesangs völlig reduziert; durch eine Reduktion
der Silbenzahl bis auf eine einzige Silbe ging
außerdem der Vers-Charakter des Gesangs verloren
(Merkmale 16 und 17). Die Stammart T der
Schwestergruppe P. surcularius + P. martinezit redu-
zierte dagegen den Teil II des Initialgesangs
(Merkmal 16*; der Teil II der Rückantwort blieb da-
gegen erhalten, siehe weiter unten). Auch die
Aufspaltung der Stammart ‘H° führte also anschei-
nend zu alternativ-apomorphen Gesangsmerkmalen,
die die Abgrenzung der Tochterarten begünstigt ha-
ben könnten. Bei P. surcularius behielt der Versteil I
weitgehend seine ursprüngliche Form bei; die relativ
kurzen Einzelverse wurden zu einem sekundir repeti-
tiven Gesamtgesang gereiht (Merkmal 19 part.). Bei
P. martinezii wurde der Teil I dagegen stark verlän-
gert und modifiziert (Merkmal 22).
60
Rückantwort. — Die Initialgesang-ähnlichen Rück-
antworten von P. faberi und (weniger ausgeprägt) P.
bolivarii deuten darauf hin, daß die Riickantwort an
der Basis der Untergattungen Platystolus und
Neocallicrania noch weitgehend einem zweiten
Initialgesangsvers, der sofort nach der Antwort des
Weibchens gesungen wurde, entsprach. Am
Neocallicrania-Ast des Stammbaums wurde die
Rückantwort wahrscheinlich bereits bei der
Stammart ‘B’ verkürzt und modifiziert. Eine noch
weitergehende Reduktion fand dann wohl bei der
Stammart ‘D’ statt (Merkmal [6]). Dieses Merkmal
wurde in der Abb. 18 zur Begründung einer Gruppe
P. selliger + P. miegii + P. lusitanicus + P. serratus her-
angezogen. Es ist zwar angesichts der allgemeinen
Reduktionstendenz der Rückantwort (siehe auch
Platystolus (Platystolus)) etwas fraglich, wird aber
durch weitere mögliche Synapomorphien (Merkmale
[5], [7]) gestützt. (Zum eventuellen Schwestergrup-
penverhältnis von P. bolivarii und P. selliger siehe
‘Morphologische Merkmale’.)
Auch innerhalb der Untergattung Platystolus neigt
die Riickantwort zur Reduktion. Wahrscheinlich wa-
ren bereits bei der Stammart ‘G’ nur einzelne (Teil II-
)Silben des ursprünglich längeren Rückantwort-
Verses übriggeblieben (Merkmal [14a]). Dieses
Merkmal wiirde die Monophylie einer Gruppe P.
ramburi + P. obvius + P. martinezii + P. surcularius
stiitzen; die Möglichkeit eines Schwestergruppen-
verhältnisses zwischen P. faberi und P. ramburii kann
jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden (siehe ‘Mor-
phologische Merkmale’).
Eine noch weitergehende Reduktion der
Rückantwort (durch Silben-Verkürzung) fand bei P.
obvius statt (autapomorphes Merkmal 14b), wohin-
gegen die Stammart ‘T von P. surcularius und P. mar-
tinezit die Rückantwort anscheinend noch in plesio-
morpher Ausprägung, d.h. weniger stark reduziert
von der Stammart ‘H° übernahm. P. surcularius redu-
zierte die Rückantwort dann vollständig (Merkmal
19; siehe dazu auch Abschnitt ‘Funktion und
Evolution der Rückantwort). Dagegen behielt P.
martinezii die langen Teil II-Silben der Rückantwort
der Stammart ‘T’ bei, so daß hier der “Gesamt-Gesang’
des Männchens (Initialgesang + Rückantwort) dem
Initialgesang von P. selliger äußerlich stark ähnelt (zu-
mal auch bei P. martinezii die Öffnungssilben redu-
ziert sind; vgl. Abb. 17). Im Gegensatz zum Gesang
von P. selliger gehören die Teil II-Silben bei ?. marti-
nezii aber nicht dem Initialgesang an, sondern stellen
Silben dar, die aus einem zweiten Gesangsvers, näm-
lich der Rückantwort, stammen. Von diesem zweiten
Vers war bei der Stammart ‘P (genauer wohl schon
seit der Stammart ‘G’) nur noch der Teil II vorhan-
den; der Initialgesang der Stammart ‘I’ war anderer-
seits durch Reduktion des Teils II modifiziert, d.h. in
ihm fehlte gerade der andere Versteil zu einem voll-
ständigen Vers (siehe weiter oben). So arrangieren
sich die beiden Versteile I und II bei P. martinezii nur
scheinbar zu einem kompletten, zwei-teiligen
Initialgesang — jedoch eben nur dann, wenn ein
Weibchen geantwortet hat (P. selliger singt dagegen
die Rückantworten zusätzlich zu seinem zwei-teiligen
Initialgesang).
Obwohl das Merkmal ‘Rückantwort an der Basis
beider Untergattungen noch in primitiver
Ausprägung zu finden ist, kann es nicht unbedingt als
eine die Monophylie der Gattung Platystolus stützen-
de Autapomorphie gewertet werden. Die im folgen-
den beschriebenen Beobachtungen an Steropleurus
aff. stali (Bolivar, 1877) zeigen, daf die Rückantwort
möglicherweise bereits bei den Vorfahren von
Platystolus evoluiert wurde; es könnte sich hier aller-
dings auch um Konvergenz handeln (vgl. Abschnitt
‘Funktion und Evolution der Riickantworv).
Steropleurus aff. stali unterscheidet sich nur gering-
fügig von Steropleurus stalt. die Titillatoren sind län-
ger und stärker gebogen, der Initialgesang ist kürzer.
19€
0.05 sec
@
PEAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
(Ob hier im Grunde nicht eine eigene, neue Art vor-
liegt, muß noch näher untersucht werden.) Eine
große Population von Steropleurus aff. stali fand sich
bei Candelario (Provinz Salamanca, Westausläufer
der Sierra de Gredos; 27.vii.1991) in 1800m Höhe:
in einem einzigen Ginsterbusch saßen bis zu ungefähr
100 Tiere. Komplette Wechselgesänge zwischen ei-
nem Männchen und einem Weibchen, die
Antworten und (stark verkürzte!) Rückantworten
enthalten, werden in Abb. 20 e) und g) wiedergege-
ben. (Zur Kopulation im Labor vgl. Tabelle 1.)
FUNKTION UND EVOLUTION DER RÜCKANTWORT
Die Frage nach der biologischen Bedeutung der
komplexen Duette zwischen Männchen und
Weibchen der Gattung Platystolus (und weiterer
Ephippigerinae; siehe Abschnitt ‘Phylogenie’) ist si-
cher nur schwer zu klären (vgl. etwa Robinson et al.
1986 zur Bedeutung der einfacheren Kommuni-
kation bestimmter Phaneropterinae). Dennoch soll
hier versucht werden, ihrer möglichen Funktion und
DAG A, A; i |
0.1 sec N ii | | lg
No AA
De) rey
V
0.1 sec
Ai
DAG
0.05 sec
A A
4 i A, A, 3
@ 23 C |
0.1 sec i}
RA; Ao RA,
Abb. 20. Steropleurus aff. stali. Bei dem schon etwas gealterten Pärchen waren die Zeitintervalle zwischen den d
Initialgesängen (a) und den 9 Antworten auffällig unterschiedlich (vgl. b und g). Die Antwort des 2 bestand aus 1-4 Silben-
Paaren (oder einzelnen Schließsilben), die ein deutliches Crescendo aufweisen konnten (d); meistens wurde das letzte
Silbenpaar stärker abgesetzt (c). Die Rückantwort — bestehend aus 1-4 Silbenpaaren oder einzelnen, typisch strukturierten
Offnungs- oder Schließsilben — konnte dem Initialgesang auch ohne weibliche Antwort angefügt werden (f). Antwort und
Rückantwort überlappten in verschiedener Weise (e, g). Abschreck-Stridulationen der d und © (längere Serien aus bis ca 15
Silbenpaaren) sowie 1-2 Sekunden lange Spontangesänge der (nicht dargestellt) zeigen, daß das akustische Inventar der Art
dem von Platystolus entspricht. Abkürzungen siehe Abb. 2.
61
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Abb. 21. Kommunikations-
Typen der Orthopteren: a)
a) Initialgesang-Typ (I-Typ);
b,), b,) Initialgesang-Ant-
wort-Typ (1) und (2) (I-A-
Typ (1), (2); ©) Initial-
gesang - Antwort - Rückant- Q
wort-Typ (I-A-RA-Typ). Ge-
strichelte Pfeile kennzeichnen rod
Riickentwicklungen.
Evolution durch einen Vergleich der verschiedenen
Typen der akustischen Kommunikation der Or-
thopteren naher zu kommen (Abb. 21). Dabei soll
das Augenmerk vor allem auf das Risiko singender
und/oder sich bewegender Tiere sowie die (damit in
Beziehung stehende) Sicherheit und Geschwindigkeit
des Zusammenfindens der Männchen und Weibchen
gerichtet werden. Außerdem sollen einige Beobach-
tungen beschrieben werden, die fiir die hier vorge-
stellten Hypothesen wesentlich waren oder für
zukünftige Bearbeitungen von Bedeutung sein könn-
ten.
Abb. 21 a) zeigt den wahrscheinlich ursprüngli-
chen Typ der akustischen Kommunikation der Ort-
hopteren, bei dem die Männchen stationär singen,
während sich die Weibchen ihnen phonotaktisch zur
Paarung nähern (Initialgesang-Typ; abgekürzt I-
Typ). Dieser Kommunkationstyp findet sich z.B. bei
Grillen und Laubheuschrecken (siehe etwa Bailey
ONE wins 989) Eluber er yal. 1989) Das
Feindrisiko der Geschlechter ist geteilt, da sowohl das
stationäre Dauersingen der Männchen wie auch die
Bewegungen der Weibchen (v.a. wenn sie freies
Gelände überqueren müssen) Risiken in sich bergen
(vgl. dazu Bailey 1991; Heller 1992 für Poecilimon
62
I-A-Typ (2)
veluchianus (Ramme, 1933)). Nur die Weibchen ha-
ben bereits im Vorfeld der Paarbildung eine Wahl-
möglichkeit. Die Männchen können dagegen erst
wählen, wenn Weibchen bei ihnen ankommen; sie
erhalten keine Informationen darüber, wo sich die
Weibchen befinden, es sei denn, sie sind bereits sehr
nahe. Ein solches System hat den Nachteil, daß u.U.
viele Weibchen auf ein einziges Männchen zuwan-
dern.
Abb. 21 b) stellt den zweiten in der Literatur be-
schriebenen Kommunikationstyp der Orthopteren
dar, bei dem die Männchen singen und die Weibchen
antworten (Initialgesang-Antwort-Typ; I-A-Typ).
Bei diesem Typ, der für viele Phaneropterinae zu-
trifft, bewegen sich die Männchen und Weibchen im
wahrscheinlich ursprünglichen Fall (I-A-Typ (1),
Abb. 21 b,) aufeinander zu (vgl. Zhantiev & Kor-
sunovskaya 1986, Heller 1990). Bei einigen flugfähi-
gen nordamerikanischen Phaneropterinae über-
nimmt das Männchen nach der Antwort des
Weibchens einen ersten Teil der Annäherung und er-
zeugt dann einen abweichenden Gesang, der das
Weibchen zur Überbrückung der restlichen Distanz
veranlaßt (Spooner 1968).
Im abgeleiteten Fall des I-A-Typs der Kommuni-
kation (I-A-Typ (2), Abb. 21 b?), der ebenfalls für
verschiedene Phaneropterinae zutrifft, sind die ant-
wortenden Weibchen stationär und nur die
Männchen bewegen sich phonotaktisch (vgl. Heller
& v. Helversen 1986, Robinson et al. 1986, Zhantiev
& Korsunovskaya 1986).
Auch Vertreter der Ephippigerinae (Sreropleurus asturien-
sis (Bolivar, 1898) und Steropleurus stali (Bolívar, 1877))
müßte man nach den Befunden von Hartley (1993, p. 166:
‘either or both partners moving’) dem I-A-Typ (1) bzw. (2)
zurechnen. Steropleurus asturiensis erzeugt jedoch offensicht-
lich auch Riickantworten, die Hartley als “secondary song’
bezeichnet; zu Steropleurus aff. stali siehe Abschnitt
‘Phylogenie’.
Beim I-A-Typ der Kommunikation haben die
Männchen und die Weibchen im Vorfeld der
Paarbildung eine Wahlmöglichkeit: die Weibchen
können wählen, welchem Männchen sie antworten
(bzw. antworten und sich nähern) wollen, die
Mannchen, zu welchem antwortenden Weibchen sie
sich hinbewegen wollen. Das Risiko der Männchen
und Weibchen ist wohl beim I-A-Typ (1) nur gering-
fügig gegenüber dem I-Typ verschoben. Es erscheint
zwar für die sich bewegenden und außerdem durch
ihren Gesang auffallenden Männchen größer gewor-
den zu sein, wurde aber gleichzeitig dadurch verrin-
gert, daß sie jetzt über die Anwesenheit 'interessierter’
Weibchen informiert sind und nicht mehr andauernd
singen müssen: sie müssen nur von Zeit zu Zeit (wahr-
scheinlich abhängig von verschiedenen Faktoren, z.B.
der Anzahl vorhandener Weibchen bzw. konkurrie-
render Männchen, der Habitatstruktur ...) einen
Initialgesang erzeugen, um zu prüfen, ob sie dem
Weibchen inzwischen nähergekommen sind, die
Laufrichtung also noch stimmt. Das Risiko der
Weibchen blieb wohl ebenfalls, trotz der hinzugekom-
menen akustischen Aktivität, relativ unverändert, da
der Antwortgesang (in einem artspezifischen
Zeitfenster gesungen) nur kurz zu sein braucht, so daß
die Weibchen nur wenig auffallen (vgl. dazu auch
Heller 1984) — ein Teil der Laufaktivität und des mit
ihr verbundenen Risikos wird außerdem von den
Männchen übernommen. Im Fall stationärer Weib-
chen (I-A-Typ (2)) wurde die Risikobalance wohl stàr-
ker zu Ungunsten der Männchen verschoben (vgl.
Heller 1992 für Poecilimon affınis (Frivaldski, 1867)).
Dieses Risiko konnte bei manchen Arten anscheinend
dadurch vermindert werden, daf das Männchen nach
Erhalt der weiblichen Antwort die Lautstärke der wei-
teren Initialgesänge reduziert (vgl. Spooner 1968 für
Scudderia curvicauda Brunner).
Das Weibchen erhält bei den beiden Initialgesang-
Antwort-Typen der Kommunikation keine sofortige
Information darüber, ob seine Antwort von dem spe-
ziellen Männchen, dem es geantwortet hat, über-
haupt gehört worden ist, und ob sich dieses zu nähern
beabsichtigt. Dies zeigt sich erst beim nächsten, aus
PrAau: Bioakustik und Evolution
größerer Nähe kommenden Initialgesang des
Männchens. Beim I-A-Typ (1) ist auch für das
Männchen ungewiß, welches der antwortenden
Weibchen sich in seine Richtung bewegen wird. Die
Mobilität beider Geschlechter bedeutet im Grunde,
daß sich ein Männchen auf jedes antwortende
Weibchen zubewegen könnte, ein Weibchen dagegen
auf jedes singende Männchen. Die Antworten bzw.
Gesänge anderer Tiere können also für die Männchen
und Weibchen bei beiden I-A-Typen leicht zu Ände-
rungen der Orientierung führen, so daß der
Rufkontakt abreißen und die Information über das
Näherkommen eines bestimmten Weibchens bzw.
Männchens verlorengehen kann; für beide Ge-
schlechter können sich komplizierte Zickzack-Kurse
und Umwege ergeben.
Der I-A-Typ der Kommunikation kann aus dem
ursprünglicheren I-Typ abgeleitet werden (Abb. 21 a-
b-b). Für den Rollentausch der Männchen und
Weibchen bei dieser Entwicklung macht Bailey
(1991) vor allem eine Erhöhung des Feinddrucks ver-
antwortlich, die zunächst eine Verkürzung des männ-
lichen Gesangs zur Folge hatte und dann — wegen der
zunehmenden Schwierigkeit für Weibchen, immer
unauffälliger singende Männchen zu finden — zur
Evolution der weiblichen Antwort führte. Heller
(1990) beschreibt mehrfach-konvergente Entwick-
lungsumkehrungen bei den Barbitistini, die zeigen,
daß es leicht wieder zu einer sekundären Ver-
einfachung der Kommunikation durch Reduktion
der weiblichen Antwort kommen kann (Abb. 21 b,-
b,-a). Zwischen dem I-A-Typ (1) und dem I-Typ
könnte dabei ein weiteres, ebenfalls anscheinend re-
zent repräsentiertes Übergangsstadium durchlaufen
werden, bei dem sich (noch) antwortende Weibchen
auf (bereits) stationäre Männchen zubewegen
(Gattung /sophya; siehe Zhantiev & Korsunovskaya
1986); zur Erklärung dieses (schwer verständlichen)
Kommunikationstyps wird angenommen, daf die
Antworten der Weibchen eine gesteigerte Sing-
aktivität der Männchen provozieren, wodurch die
Suche der Weibchen erleichtert würde (Heller 1990,
Robinson 1990). Robinson (1990) betrachtet den
Fall als typisch für die Gattungen Callicrania,
Platystolus und Steropleurus - allerdings ohne Kennt-
nis der Rückantwort.
Beim dritten, für Orthopteren neuen Kommuni-
kationstyp (Pfau & Schroeter 1988) wird das Duett
durch einen zweiten Gesang des Männchens, die
Rückantwort, erweitert (Initialgesang-Antwort-
Rückantwort-Typ; I-A-RA-Typ, Abb. 21 c). Dieser
Kommunikationstyp kann relativ leicht vom I-A-Typ
(1) abgeleitet werden, da sowohl die Fähigkeit der
Weibchen zu Antwortgesängen als auch die Mobilität
der (nicht mehr repetitiv singenden) Männchen be-
reits vorhanden sind.
63
TIJDSCHRIET VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Setzt man bei Platystolus die bioakustischen Befunde mit
dem stammesgeschichtlichen System (Abb. 18) in
Beziehung, so ergibt sich, daß die Rückantwort bei den ple-
siomorphen Arten P. faberi und P. bolivarıı dem
Initialgesang stärker ähnelt; sie ging demnach aus einem
zweiten Gesangsvers hervor, der unmittelbar nach der weib-
lichen Antwort erzeugt wurde. Abgeleitete, jüngere Arten
singen dagegen verkürzte Rückantworten, die den Vers-
Charakter meist weitgehend verloren haben: nur einzelne
Silben, die entweder dem Versteil I oder II ‘entliehen’ wur-
den, blieben übrig (siehe Kapitel der Arten sowie Abschnitt
‘Phylogenie’). Durch diese Verkürzung der Rückantwort
wurde wahrscheinlich das Feindrisiko der durch
Initialgesang, Rückantwort und Bewegung besonders auffäl-
ligen Männchen verringert.
Dagegen ist bemerkenswert, da der Initialgesang selbst -
abweichend vom I-A-Typ der Phaneropterinae - bei den
meisten Arten von Platystolus relativ lang ist. Man muß dar-
aus jedoch nicht unbedingt auf eine grundsätzlich von den
Phaneropterinae (siehe Bailey 1991 und weiter oben) abwei-
chende Evolution der weiblichen Antwort schließen. Die
Antwort des Weibchens wurde zwar innerhalb der
Ephippigerinae wahrscheinlich konvergent zu den
Phaneropterinae entwickelt, ihre Evolution könnte aber
ebenfalls dadurch vorangetrieben worden sein, daß die
Initialgesänge der Männchen immer unauffälliger wurden —
z.B. durch eine Verlängerung der Pausen zwischen den ein-
zelnen Gesangsversen: bei einigen Arten (P. selliger, P. lusi-
tanicus, P. serratus) sind die Pausen zwischen den einzelnen
Initialgesingen so lang (auch bei günstigen
Witterungsbedingungen bis über 15 Minuten lang), dafs ei-
ne Ortung der Tiere im Gelände nur sehr schwer möglich
ist.
Auch im Falle des Initialgesang-Antwort-
Rückantwort-Typs der Kommunikation bekommen
sowohl die Männchen als auch die Weibchen akusti-
sche Informationen, die bereits im Vorfeld der
Geschlechterfindung eine Wahlmöglichkeit erlau-
ben. In diesem Fall wird jedoch dem Weibchen sofort
nach seiner Antwort durch die männliche Rück-
antwort signalisiert, daf$ es gehört worden ist. Es muß
in diesem Fall keinen weiteren Initialgesang abwar-
ten, um zu erfahren, ob das spezielle Männchen, dem
es geantwortet hat, seinerseits interessiert’ ist; da es
mit einer sofortigen Laufaktivität dieses Männchens
rechnen kann (siehe weiter unten), verbessert sich sei-
ne Erfolgschance. Die Rückantwort stellt anschei-
nend eine ‘Entscheidungshilfe’ für das Weibchen dar,
und bedeutet umgekehrt auch für das Männchen,
daß sich das spezielle Weibchen, dessen Antwort es
bestätigte’, nun mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit in
Bewegung setzen wird. Die Tiere laufen nicht mehr
unbedingt in Richtung irgendeiner Antwort bzw. ir-
gendeines Initialgesangs los, sondern erst nach einer
beidseitigen Bestätigung der Ortung. Für beide
Geschlechter scheint es im weiteren vor allem darauf
anzukommen, sich zur Schall-Erzeugung und -
Wahrnehmung immer wieder möglichst gut in
Richtung des erwarteten Partners auszurichten. Da
der akustische Kontakt durch die Verlängerung (und
64
Differenzierung) des Gesangsduetts besser aufrechter-
halten werden kann als bei anderen Kommunika-
tionstypen, wird das Zusammenfinden erleichtert
und beschleunigt — es wurde eine qualitativ neue
Stufe erreicht.
Diese Hypothesen können durch verschiedene
Labor- und Freilandbeobachtungen gestützt und er-
weitert werden:
Versuche mit P. obvius zeigten, daß die Männchen
auf Antworten der Weibchen noch bei 15 Metern
Entfernung mit Rückantworten reagierten und sich
dann sofort genau in Richtung Weibchen in
Bewegung setzten.
Bei P. miegii ergab sich, daß die Annäherung der
Geschlechter bei einer größeren Entfernung der Tiere
in Etappen vonstatten gehen muß (entsprechend wie
auch beim I-A-Typ; vgl. z.B. Spooner 1964, 1968).
Waren die Käfige der Männchen und Weibchen weit
voneinander entfernt aufgestellt (ca 15 Meter), san-
gen die Weibchen zwar Antworten nach dem männ-
lichen Initialgesang (in einzelnen Fällen, bei besonder
hoher Motivation, bis zu 10 Einzelsilben in einer bis
fünf Sekunden langen Serie), diese wurden jedoch
von den Männchen offensichtlich überhaupt nicht
gehört — die Antwort ist deutlich leiser als der bei die-
ser Art besonders laute Initialgesang der Männchen.
Das Weibchen muß sich also zuerst allein dem
Männchen nähern. Wurde die Distanz durch Ver-
stellen der Käfige auf ca 8 Meter verringert, reagierte
das Männchen sofort mit Rückantworten. Wurden
beide Tiere jetzt freigelassen, fanden sie innerhalb we-
niger Sekunden zueinander ; vor allem das Weibchen
fiel dabei durch besonders schnelles und zielstrebiges
Laufen auf. Während der wechselseitigen Annähe-
rung wurden weiter komplette Duette gesungen; erst
bei ca 50 Zentimetern Entfernung verzichtete das
Weibchen öfters auf eine Antwort.
Die Männchen und Weibchen von P. miegii rea-
gierten interessanterweise je nach der Distanz der
Käfige ‘abgestuft’: Bei ca 8 Metern Entfernung wurde
meist nur eine einzige Antwortsilbe und eine einzige
Rückantwortsilbe erzeugt. Bei einer plötzlichen Ver-
ringerung der Entfernung auf etwa zwei Meter (bis 50
Zentimeter) kam es dagegen fast immer zu Serien-
Antworten der Weibchen, die besonders häufig schon
innerhalb des Initialgesanges begannen (Abb. 12 d);
das Männchen antwortete seinerseits mit einer Serie
von Rückantwortsilben, wobei entweder kurz nach
jeder Antwortsilbe eine Rückantwortsilbe folgte
(Abb. 12 b), oder es wurde (anscheinend bei beson-
ders großer Erregung des Männchens) direkt nach
der ersten weiblichen Antwortsilbe eine Serie von drei
bis sechs eng stehenden Silben erzeugt (Abb. 12 e).
Im Freiland konnte bei P. selliger meridionalis, des-
sen Gesangsaktivität in einem lichten, jungen
Eichenwald bei Fundao nach Einbruch der
Dunkelheit allmählich zunahm, beobachtet werden,
daf die Weibchen ganz bestimmte Männchen ‘bevor-
zugten’. Sie konkurrierten anscheinend hinsichtlich
dieser Männchen: Gesänge anderer Männchen, die
sogar näher saßen, wurden ignoriert; sie hatten keine
Antworten zur Folge — diese Männchen sangen daher
auch keine Rückantworten. Es kam also zu Wechsel-
gesängen zwischen ganz bestimmten Tieren. Wegen
der Dunkelheit war es leider nicht möglich, festzu-
stellen, ob Suchbewegungen durchgeführt wurden.
Bevorzugte Rufkontakte zwischen bestimmten Tie-
ren waren auch bei P. miegii im Labor zu beobachten.
Das erweiterte Duett des I-A-RA-Typs dient also an-
scheinend auch einer Paarbildung (und wechselseiti-
gen Stimulation?) im Vorfeld.
Die gezielte Annäherung der Geschlechter ist in ei-
nem drei-dimensional-komplexen Gelände, mit grö-
Seren Sträuchern und Bäumen, sicher problematisch.
Die hier notwendigen zahlreichen Umwege bedeuten
nicht nur einen Zeit- und Energieaufwand, auf den
Wegstrecken könnten außerdem Gefahren lauern.
Der I-A-RA-Kommunikationstyp bedeutet in einem
derartigen Lebensraum wohl einen besonderen
Vorteil. Da auf dem Wege beider Geschlechter immer
wieder Kursänderungen vorgenommen werden müs-
sen (Hindernisse, Zwangswege durch Astverläufe
etc.), sind von Zeit zu Zeit zwar erneute Rufkontakte
zur Korrektur des eingeschlagenen Weges notwendig,
die Gefahr unnötiger Umwege erscheint jedoch insge-
samt für beide Geschlechter verringert (siehe weiter
oben). Die beschriebenen Beobachtungen an P. selli-
ger meridionalis und P. miegii (Bevorzugung einzelner
Männchen, Abstufung der Reaktion) weisen darüber-
hinaus darauf hin, daf? durch die Rückantwort dem
Weibchen weitere Informationen, z.B. über die Mo-
tivation des Männchens, mitgeteilt werden könnten.
Nur P. surcularius, eine junge Art, die einen stärker
abgeleiteten Initialgesang der Männchen zeigt (siehe
Abschnitt ‘Phylogenie’), ist anscheinend sekundär
vom I-A-RA-Typ der Kommunikation zum I-Typ
‘zurückgekehrt (Abb. 21 c-a): 1) Die Männchen sind
stationär und singen repetitiv; dafür eignen sich ihre
verkürzten Gesänge besonders. 2) Die im Labor regi-
strierten Stridulationen der Weibchen waren entwe-
der spontaner Natur (d.h. wurden ohne Anregung
durch ein Männchen erzeugt), oder die Weibchen
sangen mehr oder weniger zufällig in die männlichen
Gesangssequenzen hinein (Abb. 3 c), ohne sie zu un-
terbrechen. Die Stridulationen der Weibchen stellen
also keine Antworten dar; die Versfolgen der
Männchen lassen andererseits keine Rückantworten
erkennen. 3) Nur die Weibchen bewegten sich pho-
notaktisch: sie liefen, sowie sie aus ihren Käfigen frei-
gelassen wurden, sehr schnell und zielstrebig auf die
singenden Männchen zu, erkletterten Hindernisse,
die auf ihrer Strecke lagen, und suchten sie ab (kurio-
PEAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
serweise wurde dabei in verschiedene Gegenstände
hineingebissen, z.B. in die grünen, glatten Plastik-
bügel einer Brille). Hörten die Männchen auf zu sin-
gen, stellten auch die Weibchen ihr Suchverhalten so-
fort ein.
Möglicherweise war für die sekundäre Verän-
derung des Kommunikationstyps bei P. surcularius
die Besiedlung eines neuen Lebensraumes von beson-
derer Bedeutung. Während die übrigen Arten der
Gattung Platystolus in stark verbuschten bis bewalde-
ten (komplexen!) Habitaten leben, besiedelt P. surcu-
larius die steppenartige, d.h. strukturarme und über-
sichtliche (klimatisch extreme) Offenlandschaft
Mittelspaniens — heute allerdings nur noch klein-
flächige Graslandreste sowie die Randstreifen der
Agrargebiete.
In diesem Lebensraum, in dem P. surcularius als
weitgehend sekundär-bodenlebend anzusehen ist, ist
das Feindrisiko offensichtlich sehr hoch. Zu den zahl-
reichen tagaktiven Insektenfressern unter den Vögeln
kommen in der Dämmerung z.B. Großtrappe, Triel
und Steinkauz hinzu, die beiden letzteren auch in der
Nacht. P. surcularius mußte diesem hohen Druck
durch Frefßfeinde anscheinend begegnen: 1)
Männchen wie Weibchen sind farblich sehr gut ge-
tarnt. Am Tag sind sie schweigsam, leben in
Verstecken und sind nur schwer zu finden; die weni-
gen Weibchen, die bis jetzt gefangen wurden, hatten
sich kopf-unter tief in die Blattachseln von Pflanzen
gedrückt. 2) Die Art ist weitgehend dimmerungs- bis
nachtaktiv - im Gegensatz etwa zur Schwesterart P.
martinezii (siehe Pfau & Schroeter 1988). 3) Bei
Gefahr können die Tiere relativ weite Fluchtsprünge
— ungewöhnlich bei den Ephippigerinae — ausführen.
Beim Ergreifen erbrechen sie sofort ausgiebig
Magensaft. Die Männchen zeigen Widerhaken-ähnli-
che Dornen auf den abdominalen Terga. 4)
Aufergewohnlich ist die sehr kurze Dauer der
Kopulation (siehe Tabelle 1), bei der nur etwa drei
Minuten (!) auf die Abgabe der sehr großen
Spermatophore entfallen.
In diesen Zusammenhang ist wohl auch die
Veränderung des Kommunikationssystems zu stellen;
das I-A-RA-System, bei dem beide Geschlechter so-
wohl durch Bewegung als auch durch Lautsignale
auffallen, war anscheinend in dem neuen Lebens-
raum nicht mehr ‘tragbar’: Die Männchen wurden
stationär und sangen (aus meist dornigen
Pflanzenverstecken heraus) wieder repetitiv. Die
Weibchen reduzierten die Antwort, was gleichzeitig
automatisch die Reduktion der Rückantwort bei den
Männchen bedeutete. Trotz dieser Vereinfachungen
der Kommunikation sind die Chancen der Weibchen
nicht schlecht, im offenen Gelände die Männchen zu
finden, da Distanzen auf dem Boden schneller als im
Geäst zu überbrücken sind, und kleinere Pflanzen
65
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
schneller erklettert und abgesucht werden können.
Pfau & Schroeter (1988) nahmen zunächst — im
Gegensatz zu den hier dargestellten Hypothesen — an, daß
die Rückantwort von P. martinezii innerhalb der Gattungen
Platystolus und Callicrania als ein Ausnahmefall anzusehen
ist und dieser Art in ihrem steppenartigen Lebensraum
Vorteile bringen könnte. Die späteren Untersuchungen
zeigten jedoch, daß der Besitz der Riickantwort die Regel ist
und nicht die Ausnahme. P. martinezii ist außerdem keines-
wegs auf Offenlandschaften beschränkt, sondern lebt auch
auf verbuschten Waldlichtungen des Berglandes. Die bishe-
rigen Vorstellungen zur Evolution der Rückantwort (Pfau &
Schroeter 1988) mußten ebenfalls revidiert werden.
VERBREITUNG UND AUSBREITUNGSGESCHICHTE
Die Verbreitung der zahlreichen Arten der
Ephippigerinae auf der Iberischen Halbinsel ist nur in
Umrissen bekannt. In jüngerer Zeit fafsten vor allem
Peinado & Mateos (1986 a,b) und Peinado (1990)
die in der Literatur und in Museen zu ermittelnden
Fundortdaten zusammen; Peinado (1990) stellte für
die meisten Arten auch Verbreitungskarten dar, wo-
bei die Computerauswertungen die Areale allerdings
nur relativ grob wiedergeben (Peinado miindl.). Im
Hinblick auf die Arten der Gattungen Callicrania
und = Platystolus (bzw. der Untergattungen
Neocallicrania und Platystolusì sind einige
Erläuterungen und Korrekturen notwendig (vgl.
Abb. 22): 1) Für P. bolivarii publizierte Herrera
(1979) verschiedene weit im Osten, in der Provinz
Navarra, liegende Fundstellen; dieses Gebiet fehlt bei
Peinado (1990), wird jedoch 1992 von ihr aufge-
führt. Da es mir bisher nicht gelang, P. bolivarii an
den von Herrera angegebenen Orten in Navarra auf-
zufinden, und Herrera mir meine Bitte um Überprü-
fung nicht beantwortete, nehme ich an, daß die Tiere
(übrigens durchweg Weibchen!) nicht korrekt be-
stimmt wurden. 2) Einige der von Peinado (1990)
dargestellten Verbreitungsgebiete konnten durch ei-
gene Funde vergrößert werden; es ist zu erwarten, daß
die Areale der Arten bei weiteren Erfassungen noch
beträchtlich korrigiert werden müssen: a) Das bisher
bekannte Gebiet von ?. faberi konnte durch die
Entdeckung eines Vorkommens in der Sierra de la
Demanda weit nach Osten vergrößert werden
(Schroeter & Pfau 1987); hier liegt allerdings bereits
eine von der westlichen Nominat-Unterart (P. faberi
faberi) gut zu unterscheidende eigene Unterart vor (P.
faberi demandae). Da es unklar ist, ob P. faber: zwi-
schen den beiden extremen Fundstellen noch vor-
kommt, und wo genau die Grenze zwischen den bei-
den Unterarten liegt, stellt das in Abb. 22 dargestellte
Gesamtgebiet eine stärkere Vereinfachung dar. b)
Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Callicrania selligera liegt
nach Peinado (1990: Fig. 31) aufgrund von Literatur-
daten in Mittel- und Nordportugal (im Norden über-
66
lappend mit Callicrania seoanei); im Text (p. 158)
wird aber auch Südportugal (Algarve, Monchique)
erwähnt. P. selliger selliger (hier neu beschrieben und
mit C. seoanei synonymisiert; siehe ‘Spezieller Teil’)
konnte jedoch in Portugal nur nördlich des Flusses
Douro (in der Serra do Gerez) aufgefunden werden.
Zumindest die Angaben für Südportugal beruhen
wohl auf Fehlbestimmungen; zum Teil liegen an-
scheinend Verwechslungen mit Steropleurus andalusi-
us (Rambur, 1838) bzw. S. pseudolus (Bolivar, 1878)
vor (siehe auch ‘Spezieller Teil”). Das Verbreitungs-
gebiet von P. selliger reicht mit der neuen Unterart P.
selliger meridionalis südwärts bis Mittelportugal und
Mittelspanien (westliche Sierra de Gredos) und in
Nordspanien, mit ‘C. seoane? = P. selliger selliger, ost-
warts bis in die Sierra de la Demanda. Für °C seoane?
wurde in der Karte Peinado’s (1990: Fig. 32) im
Osten noch ein Fundgebiet in der Region der Provinz
Lleida eingezeichnet; dies beruht jedoch auf einem
Computerfehler (Peinado mündl.). c) Peinado (1990:
Fig. 28) sieht das Verbreitungsgebiet von Callicrania
miegii auf Mittelspanien beschränkt und grenzt °C.
miegi lusitanica (Mittelportugal) deutlich davon ab.
P. miegii konnte jedoch auch in Portugal (Guarda)
aufgefunden werden. Ansonsten werden für P. miegi
in der Literatur nur relativ wenige, weit auseinander-
liegende ältere Funde erwähnt, die hier grob zu einem
quer durch Mittelspanien bis weit in den Osten rei-
chenden Gesamtareal zusammengefaßt wurden (vgl.
Peinado & Mateos 1986 b). d) P. lusitanicus ist, wie
die neuen Funde in Portugal (Aviz) und v.a. Spanien
(El Castillo de las Guardas) zeigen, weiter verbreitet
als bei Peinado (1990: °C. miegi lusitanica’, Fig. 28)
dargestellt. Auch bei dieser Art ist offen, ob in den
Bereichen zwischen den wenigen, weit auseinander-
liegenden Fundstellen noch Vorkommen existieren.
Zur Klärung der Verbreitung von P. lusitanicus und P.
serratus sind weitere Untersuchungen notwendig, da bisher
nur einzelne Fundstellen ermittelt werden konnten. Eine
besondere Schwierigkeit besteht allerdings darin, daß es
selbst bei relativ Individuen-reichen Beständen — wie z.B.
bei Aviz oder Sagres — wegen der leisen Gesänge und langen
Gesangspausen außerordentlich schwierig ist, die Tiere zu
fangen.
Obwohl die Verbreitungsgebiete der Platystolus-
Arten zur Zeit nur grob-qualitativ umrissen werden
können, soll hier geprüft werden, ob sich aus der
Artspaltungs-Abfolge (siehe Abschnitt ‘Phylogenie’;
Abb. 18) und der Verbreitung (Abb. 22) ein kongru-
entes Bild der Ausbreitungsgeschichte ergibt.
Da P. faberi und P. bolivarii besonders ursprüngli-
che Arten darstellen, kann geschlossen werden, daß
der Lebensraum der hypothetischen Stammart ‘A
beider Untergattungen im Norden Spaniens, wahr-
scheinlich im westlichen Kantabrischen Gebirge, ge-
legen hat. Anscheinend wurde bereits bei der ersten
Artspaltung eine westliche Art, die Stammart ‘B’ von
P.(N.) bolivarii
P.(P.) faberi
P.(N.) selliger
selliger
P.(N.) selliger << - dI
meridionalis
‘P.(P.) martinezii *
P.(N.) serratus
"P.(P.) surcularius ;°
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
P.(P.) ramburii
FILATO
(Ta 5
j P. Pò) obviu:
venne dn
P.(N.) miegii,. =~
DT
wore = ZL en,
Press
a
Abb. 22. Verbreitung der Arten von Platystolus (Neocallicrania) und Platystolus (Platystolus) auf der Iberischen Halbinsel (nach
Peinado & Mateos 1986 a, b, Peinado 1990 und eigenen Funden).
Platystolus (Neocallicrania), von einer östlichen Art,
der Stammart ‘C° von Platystolus (Platystolus), ge-
trennt.
Im Westen spaltete sich die Stammart ‘B’ der
Untergattung Neocallicrania dann zunächst in P. bo-
livarii und die Stammart ‘D’ auf. Daß P. selliger, der
Abkömmling der folgenden Spaltung der Stammart
‘D’, sich möglicherweise erst sekundär nach Osten
ausgedehnt hat, geht daraus hervor, daß die
Populationen von P. selliger im Osten einen stärker
abgeleiteten Initialgesang zeigen. Für die Stammart
‘D’ muß aber ein Initialgesang angenommen werden,
der sich sowohl in den Gesang von P. selliger als auch
den Gesang der Schwesterart ‘E’ (die den Teil I des
Initialgesanges reduzierte) transformieren läßt. Dafür
sind Gesänge ähnlich den nord-östlichen Gesängen
von P. selliger jedoch ungeeignet, da sie einen beson-
ders langen Teil I aufweisen. Initialgesänge ähnlich
denen der westlichen P. selliger, in welchen der Teil I
kurz ist, würden dagegen eine Ableitung zulassen: sie
könnten von P. selliger (zunächst) weitgehend unver-
ändert übernommen worden sein — wohingegen die
Stammart ‘E’ den (kurzen) Teil I vollends reduzierte.
Eine andere Denkmöglichkeit ist, daß die Stammart
‘D’ einen Gesangs-cline bereits entwickelt hatte — lan-
ge Teile I im Nordosten und kürzere nach Westen zu
— und daf? die Tochterart ‘E’ sich im Südwesten
‘knospenartig’ von dem nun als P. selliger zu bezeich-
nenden Rest abtrennte.
Auch für P. miegii, den einen der beiden Abköm-
mlinge der Stammart ‘E’, kann man annehmen (in
diesem Fall aufgrund der Verbreitung der nah ver-
wandten Arten P. lusitanicus und P. serratus), daß er
wahrscheinlich primär im Westen der Iberischen
Halbinsel gelebt hat und sein Gebiet erst sekundär in
den Osten ausdehnte. Der zweite Abkömmling der
Art ‘E’, die Stammart ‘F’, wurde wohl nach Süd-
westen abgegliedert und spaltete sich dann in eine
nördliche Art, P. /usitanicus, und eine südliche Art, ?.
serratus, auf. Anscheinend wurden alle Areale
nachträglich beträchtlich erweitert, so daß es wieder
zu Überschneidungen kam.
Während der westliche Artenkomplex (Neocal-
licrania) eine relativ gut rekonstruierbare Ausbrei-
67
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
tungsgeschichte zeigt, liegen die Anfänge der östli-
chen Arten (Untergattung Platystolus) mehr im
Dunkeln. Wahrscheinlich hat P. faberi, der eine
Abkömmling der hypothetischen Stammart C° der
Untergattung, sein Verbreitungsgebiet im Norden
der Iberischen Halbinsel weitgehend beibehalten,
während sein Schwestertaxon, die Stammart ‘G’, eine
stärkere Ausdehnungstendenz nach Osten entwickel-
te. Die Art ‘G’ wurde dann in die Stammart ‘H’ und
P. ramburii (der als einzige Art sogar bis nach
Frankreich vordrang) aufgespalten. Die Stammart
‘H’ gliederte nach Norden P. obvius ab, der sich nach
Nordosten weiter ausdehnte, und nach Süden die
Stammart ‘I’. Aufgrund der Verbreitung von P. obvi-
us ist es wahrscheinlich, daf die Schwesterart ‘I aus
einem relativ weit im Osten liegenden Bereich nach
Zentralspanien einwanderte. Das urspriingliche Areal
der Stammart ‘T scheint außerdem bereits relativ weit
im Siiden gelegen zu haben, da die extremer nördli-
chen Bereiche wohl erst spät, von P. martinezii, besie-
delt wurden - also nach der Aufspaltung von ‘T in P.
martinezii und P. surcularius, d.h. nach der
Entwicklung autapomorpher Merkmale bei den bei-
den Tochterarten.
Aus der Verbreitung der Arten und dem phyloge-
netischen System ergibt sich demnach ein kongruen-
tes Bild des Ablaufes der geographischen Evolution
der Gattung Platystolus. Es zeigt eine vom nordwestli-
chen Spanien ausgehende Besiedlung weiter Bereiche
der Iberischen Halbinsel. Die Untergattung
Neocallicrania dehnte sich nach Westen aus und er-
reichte mit P. selliger und P. miegii Mittelportugal
und das westliche Mittelspanien; P. selliger besiedelte
Spanien auch im mittleren Norden, P. lusitanicus
Südportugal und Südwestspanien und P. serratus so-
gar den äußersten Südwesten der Iberischen
Halbinsel. Nur mit P. miegii drang Neocallicrania
auch bis weit in den Osten Zentralspaniens vor. Die
östliche Untergattung Platystolus dehnte sich mit zwei
Arten, P. ramburii und P. obvius, nach Nordosten
aus; die beiden jüngsten Arten der Untergattung, P.
martinezii und P. surcularius, besiedelten Zentral-
spanien und auch (P. martinezii) östliche, westliche
und nördliche Teile der Iberischen Halbinsel — der
Süden Spaniens und Portugals wurde von Platystolus
(Platystolus) nicht erreicht (siehe dagegen die auffal-
lend abweichende Ausbreitungsgeschichte der
Gattung Pycnogaster Graells, 1851 — genauer ihrer
Untergattung Bradygaster Bolívar, 1926 — entlang der
östlichen und südlichen Gebirgsketten Spaniens;
Pfau 1988).
DISKUSSION
Über den Initialgesang-Antwort-Typ der Kommu-
nikation der Orthopteren (I-A-Typ) existieren neuere
68
experimentelle Untersuchungen an Phaneropterinen
(siehe z.B. Heller & v. Helversen 1986; Robinson et
al. 1986). Nach Robinson et al. (1986) stellen die be-
sonders schnellen Duette zwischen den Männchen
und Weibchen verschiedener Arten dieser Gruppe ei-
ne seltene Strategie der Kommunikation dar. Die
Weibchen reagieren innerhalb eines sehr engen
Zeitfensters (20 - 50 ms) auf den kurzen männlichen
Gesang mit einer Antwort; das Intervall zwischen
Gesang und Antwort stellt ein wesentliches artspezifi-
sches Charakteristikum dar. Bei Arten mit komplexe-
ren männlichen Stridulationen signalisieren spezielle
Zeigersilben (‘Marker’) das Ende des männlichen
Verses (Heller & v. Helversen 1986).
Die bisherigen Untersuchungen an Platystolus-
Wechselgesängen (I-A-RA-Kommunikationstyp) las-
sen nicht auf entsprechend enge, konstante
Zeitfenster schließen (siehe dazu auch Hartley et al.
1974 für Steropleurus stal. Beobachtungen im
Freiland deuten auf eine stärkere Abhängigkeit der
Reaktionszeiten von der Motivation der Tiere, ihrer
Entfernung voneinander (und wohl auch der
Körperausrichtung zueinander) und ihrer Körper-
temperatur hin. Anscheinend werden am Ende der
(meist relativ langen, komplexen!) Initialgesänge kei-
ne Markersilben erzeugt, an denen sich das Weibchen
orientieren kann. Die Intervalle zwischen Initial-
gesang und Antwort sind dementsprechend beträcht-
lich variabel. Möglicherweise reagierten Männchen
von P. ramburii auf nach besonders großen
Zeitabständen erfolgende Antworten von Weibchen
deswegen nicht mehr mit Rückantworten, weil in
diesen Fällen das Intervall, in dem die Antwort erwar-
tet wurde, überschritten wurde (siehe Abb. 5 c). Daß
es auf nicht zu große Intervalle zwischen Initialgesang
und Antwort ankommt, zeigt auch eine andere
Beobachtung: Ältere Männchen, die sich durch art-
fremde Gesänge oder künstliche Geräusche
(Stuhlknarren, Schlüsselbund-Klirren, Papierknistern
etc.) zu Rückantworten anregen ließen, reagierten bei
einer Vergrößerung des Zeitabstandes zwischen
Initialgesang und künstlicher ‘Antwort’ ab einem be-
stimmten Intervall nicht mehr mit Rückantworten.
Bemerkenswert ist, daß die Weibchen und Männchen
nach längerer Haltung auch auf artfremde Stridulationen
reagierten. So beantwortete ein Weibchen von P. faberi fa-
beri regelmäßig den Initialgesang eines P. bolivarii-
Männchens. Dabei kam es allerdings öfters zu Zeitfehlern —
die Antworten erfolgten viel zu früh. Bei älteren Männchen
kam es manchmal zu einem Respondieren zwischen ver-
schiedenen Arten, so etwa wieder zwischen P. (P.) faberi fa-
beri und P. (N.) bolivarii, den besonders ursprünglichen
Vertretern der beiden Untergattungen.
Den komplizierteren, drei-teiligen Duetten zwi-
schen Männchen und Weibchen bei Orthopteren
wurde bisher nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Robin-
son (1990: Fig. 5 c) stellt zwar für Callicrania monti-
cola (= P. ramburii) einen kompletten Wechselgesang,
incl. Rückantwort (‘further male call’), dar, geht je-
doch nicht näher darauf ein. Hartley (1993: Fig. 4B)
dokumentiert ebenfalls eine Rückantwort-ähnliche
Stridulation für Steropleurus asturiensis (‘secondary
song ), vermerkt jedoch nur kurz, daf sie aufgrund ih-
rer zeitlichen Beziehung zur Antwort für die
Identifizierung der Männchen durch die Weibchen
von Bedeutung sein könnte. Beobachtungen von
Spooner (1964: p. 241) an Scudderia texensis (Saussure
& Pictet, 1897) deuten darauf hin, daß auch bei den
Phaneropterinae funktionell der Rückantwort ent
sprechende akustische Reaktionen der Mannchen vor-
kommen könnten (Serien lauter ‘ticks nach den
Antworten der Weibchen); Heller (1990: p. 148) er-
wähnt etwas ganz Âhnliches für Männchen von
Isophya rossica Bey-Bienko, 1954 (‘isolated pulses
exactly at the time when the male expects to hear the
response of the female’).
Auch für andere Insektengruppen mit akustischer
Kommunikation existieren Beschreibungen von
komplexeren Wechselgesängen, die den Duetten von
Platystolus in bestimmten Merkmalen entsprechen.
Gogala (1969) berichtet für die Wanze Tritomegas
bicolor (Cydnidae), daß die Männchen nach dem er-
sten Werbegesang und der weiblichen Antwort
(‘Einwilligungsgesang’) oft mit einem ‘zweiten
Werbegesang reagieren (der lauter ist als der erste —
dies steht im Gegensatz zu den meisten hier beschrie-
benen Rückantworten!). Die Duette dienen nach
Gogala der Partner-Erkennung, -Stimulierung und -
Koordinierung. Sie entsprechen in ihrer Funktion da-
her zumindest teilweise den Wechselgesängen von
Platystolus. Ein wesentlicher Unterschied besteht je-
doch darin, daß sie erst bei einer sehr geringen
Entfernung zwischen den Männchen und Weibchen
vollständig erzeugt werden, oft sogar erst bei direktem
körperlichem Kontakt.
Rupprecht (1982) beschreibt für Plecopteren
(Capnia bifrons, Taeniopteryx nebulosa) einfache
Trommelduette (Substratschallerzeugung mit Hilfe
des Abdomen), bei denen die Männchen nach einer
Antwort des Weibchens mit einem weiteren
Trommeln ‘rück-antworten’. Die Signale sind unter-
einander sehr ähnlich. Es wäre interessant zu erfah-
ren, wie sich die Tiere verhalten, ob die Männchen
sich z.B. sofort nach ihrem 'Rückantwort- Trommeln’
in Bewegung setzen, und ob sich beide Geschlechter
aufeinander zubewegen.
DANKSAGUNG
Vor allem danke ich meiner Frau, Dr. Beate Pfau
(geb. Schroeter), für ihre wertvolle Mitarbeit und
Geduld — beim Fang der im Gelände oft sehr schwer
aufzuspürenden Tiere, bei der Beschaffung von deli-
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
katen Futterpflanzen und bei vielen Diskussionen.
Weiter sei folgenden Personen gedankt: Frau Dr.
Maria Victoria Peinado de Diego und ihrem Mann
Dr. Julián Mateos Martin (Madrid), die u.a. wichtige
Hinweise über mögliche Fundorte von P. surcularius
gaben, Frau Dr. V. Llorente und Frau Dr. 1.
Izquierdo (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,
Madrid), die bei der Suche nach älterer Literatur und
Museumstieren behilflich waren, Frau Dr. L.
Desutter-Grandcolas (Museum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris), die nach dem Typenmaterial von
Callicrania monticola fahndete, Herrn Dr. K.-G.
Heller (Universität Erlangen), der durch zahlreiche
kritische Einwände und Literaturhinweise das
Manuskript sehr zu verbessern half, Herrn Dr. W.
Schneider (Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt),
der taxonomische Ungenauigkeiten im Text ausmerz-
te und weitere wertvolle Ratschläge gab, sowie Herrn
Dr. K. K. Günther (Museum für Naturkunde
Berlin), der den Holotypus von P. selliger auffand
und zur Bearbeitung auslieh.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Bioakustik. — Die Männchen und Weibchen nahe-
zu aller Arten der Gattung Platystolus (incl. der Arten
der Gattung Callicrania, die mit Platystolus synonym-
isiert wird) kommunizieren über einen komplexen
Wechselgesang: Nach einem Gesangsvers des
Männchens (Initialgesang), der im ursprünglichen
Fall aus vielen Silben besteht, antwortet das
Weibchen. Die Antwort des Weibchens wird vom
Männchen mit einem weiteren, kürzeren Gesang ‘be-
stitigt (Rückantwort’; Pfau & Schroeter 1988). Nur
bei P. surcularius, dessen Männchen sekundär repeti-
tiv singen, sind weibliche Antwort und männliche
Rückantwort reduziert.
Das akustische Repertoire der Arten von Platystolus
ist groß. Neben zwei- bis mehrsilbigen Initial- bzw.
Spontangesängen (Männchen, Weibchen), und den
weiblichen Antworten und männlichen Rückant-
worten, werden kurzsilbige, leise Nahbalz-Gesänge
(Männchen, Weibchen), Abschreck-Stridulationen
(Männchen, Weibchen) sowie ‘Kopulationsgesänge’
erzeugt (letztere sind bei Männchen von P. selliger be-
sonders laut und lang).
Systematik, Phylogenie und Gesangsevolution. —
Der systematische Status verschiedener Taxa wird re-
vidiert: Die Gattung Callicrania wird mit Platystolus
synonymisiert; der Holotypus von P. selliger, der bis-
her als verschollen galt, wird neu beschrieben; P. seo-
anei wird mit P. selliger synonymisiert; P. selliger me-
ridionalis subsp. n. wird beschrieben; P. lusitanicus
wird als gute Art betrachtet und ein Neotypus desi-
gniert.
Aufgrund von morphologischen und bioakusti-
69
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
schen Merkmalen werden die Stammbäume zweier
Untergattungen, Platystolus ((((P. martinezii & P.
surcularius) P. obvius) P. ramburi) P. faberi) und
Neocallicrania subgen. n. (((P. serratus & P. lusitani-
cus) P. miegii) P. selliger) P. bolivarii), rekonstruiert
(die Klammern schließen jeweils monophyletische
Gruppen ein); die beiden Untergattungen stellen ver-
mutlich Schwestergruppen dar.
Die Analyse der Bioakustik ermöglicht im
Vergleich mit dem Kladogramm Rückschlüsse auf die
Evolution der Gesänge. Der ursprüngliche Vers des
Initialgesangs der Gattung Platystolus ist zweigeteilt.
Er besteht aus einem kurz-silbigen Crescendo-
Abschnitt (Teil I), auf den ein zweiter Abschnitt mit
längeren, lauteren Silben folgt (Teil II). Innerhalb
beider Untergattungen wurde dieser ursprüngliche
Gesangsvers (v.a. durch Reduktion) stark verändert:
entweder wurde der Teil I reduziert (2. obvius, P.
miegii, P. lusitanicus, P. serratus) oder der Teil II (P.
surcularius, P. martinezii); bei P. obvius kam es zu-
sätzlich zu einer starken Reduktion der Silbenanzahl.
Die ursprünglichen Arten P. faberi und P. bolivarii
lassen Rückschlüsse auf die Entstehung der Rück-
antwort zu: Bei beiden Arten ist die Rückantwort
dem Initialgesang noch ähnlich; sie kann daher als ein
zweiter Gesangsvers interpretiert werden, der ur-
sprünglich noch dem ersten Vers entsprach, bei den
meisten Arten jedoch durch Reduktion stark modifi-
ziert wurde. Für P. martinezii ergibt sich, daß Gesang
und Rückantwort zusammen nur scheinbar einen
kompletten, zwei-teiligen ‘Vers’ bilden, da im Initial-
gesang der Teil II reduziert ist, in der Rückantwort
(die erst nach der Antwort des Weibchens gesungen
wird) dagegen der Teil I.
Der Ursprung der Rückantwort liegt möglicher-
weise unterhalb der Wurzel der Gattung Platystolus:
Steropleurus aff. stali zeigt z.B. ebenfalls einen voll-
ständigen drei-teiligen Wechselgesang, der (bei 24
°C) insgesamt nur 0.6 sec lang ist.
Adaptive Bedeutung der Rückantwort. — Drei ver-
schiedene Kommunikationstypen der Orthopteren
werden verglichen: Initialgesang-Typ, Initialgesang-
Antwort-Typ und Initialgesang-Antwort-Rückant-
wort-Typ. Der komplexe Initialgesang-Antwort-
Rückantwort-Typ hat den Vorteil, daß das Weibchen
eine Information darüber erhält, daß seine Antwort
von einem Männchen registriert wurde. Da der aku-
stische Kontakt zwischen bestimmten Tieren über die
egweiterten Duette wahrscheinlich besser aufrechter-
halten werden kann, wird die Annäherung der (sich
aufeinander zubewegenden) Geschlechter gesichert
und beschleunigt; verglichen mit dem ursprüngliche-
ren Initialgesang-Antwort-Typ der Kommunikation
erscheinen Energieaufwand und Risiko vermindert.
Die Evolution der Rückantwort wird mit den dreidi-
mensional-komplexen Lebensräumen der Arten in
70
Zusammenhang gebracht. Nur P. surcularius ist — mit
der Besiedlung strukturarmer Offenlandschaften
Mittelspaniens — sekundär wieder zum einfachsten
Kommunikationstyp, dem Initialgesang-Typ,
zurückgekehrt.
Ausbreitungsgeschichte. — Die Verbreitung der
Arten wird mit Hilfe der Literatur und eigener Funde
dokumentiert. Die bisher bekannten Verbreitungs-
areale werden durch die neuen Fundorte zum Teil er-
heblich erweitert: P. selliger z.B. wurde in Mittel-
portugal und in der westlichen Sierra de Gredos
gefunden, wo er eine südliche Unterart, P. selliger me-
ridionalis subspec. n. (mit abweichender Cercus-
form), darstellt; P. /usitanicus konnte auch in Spa-
nien, in der westlichen Sierra Morena, nachgewiesen
werden.
Die erste Artspaltung, die zur Trennung der
Untergattungen Neocallicrania und Platystolus führte,
fand vermutlich im Kantabrischen Gebirge statt. Die
Abfolge der folgenden Aufspaltungen zeigt, daß
Neocallicrania sich im Westen der Iberischen Halb-
insel südwärts ausgebreitet hat (und mit P. (N.) mie-
gii auch weit nach Osten vorgedrungen ist), während
die Ausdehnung der Untergattung Platystolus mehr
im Osten stattfand. Die aus den letzten
Artspaltungen hervorgegangenen Arten — P. (P.)
martinezii und P. (P.) surcularius sowie vor allem P.
(N.) lusitanicus und P. (N.) serratus — sind am weite-
sten in den Süden der Iberischen Halbinsel einge-
wandert.
SUMMARY
Bioacoustics. — Males and females in nearly all spe-
cies of Platystolus (including the species of Callicrania
which is placed in synonymy with Platystolus) com-
municate with each other using a complex antiphony
(as already described by Pfau & Schroeter 1988 for P.
martinezii): after a male verse (initial song) consisting
in the primitive character state of many syllables, the
female responds; this response (‘Antwort’) is ‘confir-
med’ by the male with a shorter, third type of song,
the ‘confirmatory response’ (‘Riickantwort’). Only in
P. surcularius, songs of which are secondarily reitera-
tive, the female response is reduced, and the male
confirmatory response is lost.
The song repertoire is large in the genus Platystolus.
Besides male and female ‘normal’ songs, consisting of
two to several syllables, and female response and ma-
le confirmatory response songs, there are relatively
low intensity songs of nearby-display with very short
syllables (males, females), deterrent stridulations (ma-
les, females) and ‘copulation-songs’ (which are very
loud and extremely long in males of P. selliger).
Systematics, phylogeny and evolution of songs. —
The systematic status of different taxa is revised: the
genus Callicrania is placed in synonymy with
Platystolus, the holotype of P. selliger, so far thought
to be lost, is redescribed; P. seoanei is synonymized
with P. selliger, P. selliger meridionalis subsp. n. is de-
scribed; P. lusitanicus is raised to specific level and its
neotype is designated.
The phylogenetic trees of two subgenera,
Platystolus ((((P. martinezii & P. surcularius) P. obvi-
us) P. ramburii) P. faberi) and Neocallicrania subgen.
n. ((((P. serratus & P. lusitanicus) P. miegir) P. selliger)
P. bolivarii), are reconstructed on account of mor-
phological and bioacoustic characters (parentheses
enclose different monophyla); presumably the subge-
nera represent sister groups.
The analysis of bioacoustics compared with the cla-
dogram allows conclusions on the evolution of songs.
The primitive verse of the initial song of the genus
Platystolus is two-parted. It consists of a crescendo
containing short syllables (part I), followed by a se-
cond part containing louder and longer syllables (part
II). In both subgenera, however, this primitive song
structure has been strongly modified (in particular by
reduction): in some species part I has been reduced
(P. obvius, P. miegii, P. lusitanicus, P. serratus), in
others part II (P. surcularius, P. martinezit); additio-
nally, in P. obvius the number of syllables has been re-
markably reduced.
The structure of the confirmatory response in the
primitive species P. faberi and P. bolivarii allows con-
clusions on its origin: in both species the confirma-
tory response is similar to the initial song verse; so the
confirmatory response can be traced back to a second
song verse, which was originally similar to the first
verse, but has been strongly modified by reduction in
most species. Accordingly, the combination of initial
song and confirmatory response of P. martinezii re-
sembles only accidentally a complete (two-parted)
‘verse’, since in this species in the initial song it is part
II which has been reduced, whereas in the confirma-
tory response (which follows the female response) it is
part I.
The origin of the confirmatory response can possi-
bly be traced below the root of the genus Platystolus:
Steropleurus aff. stali for instance also shows the exi-
stence of a complete antiphony - with a male initial
song, female response and male confirmatory respon-
se — which lasts as a whole only for about 0.6 seconds
(at 24 °C).
Adaptive significance of the confirmatory response.
— Three different types of communication in
Orthoptera are compared: initial song type, initial
song-response type and initial song-response-confir-
matory response type. The complex third type has the
advantage that the female gets the information that its
response has been noticed by a male. Using these ex-
tended duets, acoustic contact between distinct ani-
PFAU: Bioakustik und Evolution
mals presumably can be better maintained and ap-
proach of sexes (both moving towards each other) is
ensured and accelerated. Compared to the precedent
initial song-response type, energy expenditure and
risks seem to be reduced. The evolution of the confir-
matory response presumably correlates with the com-
plex three-dimensional environments of most species.
Only P. surcularius, living in open landscapes of cen-
tral Spain which are less complex in structure, has se-
condarily simplified its communication by transfor-
ming it into the initial song type.
History of distribution of species. — The distribuu-
on ranges of species are described, using published
data and own records. Recent data enlarge the known
distribution of different species considerably. P. selli-
ger, for instance, was found in mid Portugal and in
the west of the Sierra de Gredos; morphological diffe-
rences (especially in the form of the male cerci) make
it possible to describe a southern subspecies, P. selli-
ger meridionalis subsp. n. P. lusitanicus was discovered
in the western part of the Sierra Morena, Spain.
The first splitting of species, which led to the divi-
sion into the two subgenera Neocallicrania and
Platystolus presumably occurred in the Cantabrian
Mountains. The sequence of further splittings indica-
tes a southward expansion of Neocallicrania in the we-
stern part of the Iberian Peninsula (2. (N.) miegii also
spreading far eastwards). In contrast, the subgenus
Platystolus expanded more in the eastern parts of
Spain. The species which have derived from the last
phylogenetic dichotomic splittings of species - P. (P.)
martinezii + P. (P.) surcularius and, even more, P.
(N.) lusitanicus + P. (N.) serratus - have reached the
most southern parts on the Iberian Peninsula.
LITERATUR
Aires, B. & H. P. Menano, 1916. Catalogo sinóptico dos
Ortópteros de Portugal. — Revista da Universidade de
Coimbra, 58 pp.
Bailey, W. J., 1991. Acoustic behaviour of insects. An evo-
lutionary perspective. — Chapman & Hall, London,
225pp.
Bolivar, I., 1873. Ortópteros de España nuevos o poco co-
nocidos. — Anales de la Sociedad Espafiola de Historia
Natural 2: 213-237.
Bolivar, I., 1876. Sinópsis de los Ortópteros de Espana y
Portugal. — Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia
Natural 5: 79-372.
Bolivar, I., 1877. Sinópsis de los Ortópteros de Espana y
Portugal. — Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia
Natural 6: 249-348.
Bolivar, I., 1878. Analecta Orthopterologica. — Anales de la
Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 7: 423-470.
Bolivar, I., 1885. Diagnoses d’Orthopéres nouveaux. — Le
Naturaliste 15: 116-117.
Bolivar, I., 1898. Catalogo sinéptico de los Ortópteros de la
Fauna Ibérica. — Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes, Porto 5:
1-48, 121-152.
71
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Bolívar, I., 1907. Revision des Ephippigerinae. — Annales
des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie Paris (9) 5: 38-59.
Charpentier, T. de, 1825. Horae Entomologicae. —
Wratislaviae, 255 pp.
Chopard, L., 1951. Orthoptéroides. Faune de France 56. —
P. Lechevalier, Paris, 359pp.
Ewing, A. W., 1989. Arthropod Bioacoustics: Neurobiology
and Behaviour. — Edinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh, 260pp.
Gogala, M., 1969. Die akustische Kommunikation bei der
Wanze Tritomegas bicolor (L.) (Heteroptera, Cydnidae). —
Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 63: 379-391.
Hartley, J. C., 1993. Acoustic behaviour and phonotaxis in
the duetting ephippigerines, Steropleurus nobrei and
Steropleurus stali (Tettigoniidae). — Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society 107: 155-167.
Hartley, J. C., D. J. Robinson & A. C. Warne, 1974.
Female response song in the Ephippigerines Steropleurus
stali and P. obvius (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). — Animal
Behaviour 22: 382-389.
Harz, K., 1969. Die Orthopteren Europas. Bd. I. — Dr. W.
Junk, The Hague, 749 pp.
Harz, K., 1975. Eine neue Platystolus-Art aus Spanien. —
Articulata 1: 17-18.
Heller, K.-G., 1984. Zur Bioakustik und Phylogenie der
Gattung Poecilimon (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae,
Phaneropterinae). — Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung
Systematik 111: 69-117.
Heller, K.-G., 1988. Bioakustik der europäischen
Laubheuschrecken. — Josef Margraf, Weikersheim,
358pp.
Heller, K.-G., 1990. Evolution of song pattern in east medi-
terranean phaneropterinae: constraints by the communi-
cation system. — In: W. J. Bailey & D. C. F. Rentz (eds)
The Tettigoniidae: Biology, Systematics and Evolution,
Springer Verlag, Berlin. pp. 130-151.
Heller, K.-G., 1992. Risk shift between males and females in
the pair-forming behavior of bushcrickets. —
Naturwissenschaften 79: 89-91.
Heller, K.-G. & D. v. Helversen, 1986. Acoustic communi-
cation in phaneropterid bushcrickets: species-specific de-
lay of female stridulatory response and matching male
sensory time window. — Behavioral ecology and sociobio-
logy 18: 189-198.
Helversen, O. v., 1979. Angeborenes Erkennen akustischer
Schlüsselreize. — Verhandlungen der Deutschen
Zoologischen Gesellschaft 79: 42-59.
Herrera, L., 1979. Ortópteros Ensiferos de la provincia de
Navarra. — Boletin de la Real Sociedad Española de
Historia Natural (Sección Biológica) 77: 393-408.
Huber, F., T. E. Moore & W. Loher, 1989. Cricket
Behavior and Neurobiology. — Cornell University Press,
Ithaca, 565 pp.
Navas, L., 1904. Notas zoologicas. — Boletin de la Sociedad
Aragonesa de Ciencias Naturales 3: 196-206.
Peinado, M. V., 1990. Tettigonioideos
(Ephippigerinae). — Tesis Doctoral,
Complutense, Madrid, 411 pp.
Peinado, M. V., 1992. Inventario preliminar de los
Ephippigerinae paleärticos. Generos Baetica Bol.,
Callicrania Bol., Ephippiger Berth., Ephippigerida Bol.,
espanoles
Universidad
72
Platystolus Bol, y Praephippigera Bol. (Orthoptera,
Tettigoniidae). — Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de
Historia Natural (Sección Biológica) 88 (1-4): 49-61.
Peinado, M. V. & J. Mateos, 1986 a. El género Platystolus
Bolivar en la Peninsula Iberica (Orthoptera,
Ephippigerinae). — Eos 62: 175-186.
Peinado, M. V. & J. Mateos, 1986 b. La colección de efipi-
gerinos del Museo Nacionál de Ciencias Naturales
(Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). I. — Actas VIII Jornadas À e
E Sevilla: 342-352.
Pfau, H. K., 1988. Untersuchungen zur Stridulation und
Phylogenie der Gattung Pycnogaster Graells, 1851
(Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pycnogastrinae). -
Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen
Gesellschaft 61: 167-183.
Pfau, H. K., 1991. Contributions of functional morphology
to the phylogenetic systematics of Odonata. — Advances
in Odonatology 5: 109-141.
Pfau, H. K. & U. T. Koch, 1994. The functional morpho-
logy of singing in the cricket. — Journal of experimental
Biology 195: 147-167.
Pfau, H. K. & B. Pfau, 1995. Zur Bioakustik und Evolution
der Pycnogastrinae (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae):
Pycnogaster valentini Pinedo & Llorente, 1986 und
Pycnogaster cucullata (Charpentier, 1825). — Mitteilungen
der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft 68:
465-478.
Pfau, H. K. & B. Schroeter, 1988. Die akustische
Kommunikation von Platystolus martinezi (Bolívar) - ein
schnelles Antwort-Rückantwort-System (Orthoptera,
Tettigoniidae, Ephippigerinae). — Bonner zoologische
Beiträge 39: 29-41.
Robinson, D., 1990. Acoustic communication between the
sexes in bushcrickets. — In: W. J. Bailey & D. C. F. Rentz
(eds) The Tettigoniidae: Biology, Systematics and
Evolution, Springer Verlag, Berlin. pp. 112-129.
Robinson, D., J. Rheinlaender & J. C. Hartley, 1986.
Temporal parameters of male-female sound communica-
tion in Leptophyes punctatissima. — Physiological
Entomology 11: 317-323.
Rupprecht, R., 1982. Drumming signals of Danish
Plecoptera. — Aquatic Insects 4: 93-103.
Schroeter, B. & H. K. Pfau, 1987. Bemerkenswerte
Sattelschrecken (Orthoptera, Ephippigerinae) aus
Spanien und Portugal. — Articulata 3: 41-50.
Seoane, V. L., 1878. Ephippiger du Nord de Espagne. —
Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique 21.
Spooner, J. D., 1964. The Texas bush katydid - its sounds
and their significance. — Animal Behaviour 12: 235-244.
Spooner, J. D., 1968. Pair-forming acoustic systems of pha-
neropterine katydids (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). —
Animal Behaviour 16: 197-212.
Zhantiev, R. D. & O. S. Korsunovskaya, 1986. Sound com-
munication in bush crickets (Tettigoniidae,
Phaneropterinae) of the European part of the USSR. —
Zoologicheskij Zhurnal. 65: 1151-1163.
Received: 6 November 1994
Accepted: 5 January 1996
JRIAROLEEMUS#SARAS COPELAND?
"Colorado Entomological Museum, Englewood
° USAMRU — Kenya, and Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
A NEW GENUS OF MICROVELIINAE FROM
TREEHOLES IN KENYA (HETEROPTERA: VELIIDAE)
Polhemus, J. T. & R. S. Copeland, 1996. A new genus of Microveliinae from treeholes in
Kenya (Heteroptera: Veliidae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 73-77, figs. 1-10. [ISSN
0040-7496]. Published 15 October 1996.
Cylicovelia kenyana gen. n., sp. n. is described from water-filled treeholes in Kenya.
Correspondence: J. T. Polhemus, Colorado Entomological Museum, Englewood, U.S.A.
Key words. — Heteroptera, Veliidae, Cylicovelia, taxonomy, new genus, new species, phytotel-
mata, Kenya.
Although a number of veliid species are known
from container habitats in the New World, few have
been recorded from the Old World. Throughout the
American tropics terrestrial and arboreal bromeliads
with water pockets harbor a guild of veliid species en-
demic to them (reviewed by Polhemus & Polhemus
1991), belonging to the genera Paravelia Breddin and
Microvelia Westwood. In addition, Paravelia myersi
(Hungerford) is known from treeholes in Trinidad
(Hungerford 1931) and Panama (Polhemus & Yano-
viak in prep.), an undescribed species of Microvelia
from treeholes in Panama (Polhemus & Yanoviak in
prep.), and two species of Microvelia from crabholes
in Costa Rica (Polhemus & Hogue 1972). Of these
two genera only Microvelia occurs in the Old World.
Microvelia sp. was reported by Laird (1956: 166)
from a treehole on Guadalcanal and one undescribed
species of this genus occurs in treeholes in Ceylon (P.
B. Karunaratne, personal communication to J. T.
Polhemus 1981), the first veliids reported from small
container habitats in the Old World. Yang & Kovac
(1995) recorded species of Baptista and Lathriovelia
(Microveliinae) from Bamboo internodes in West
Malaysia.
The new veliid genus and species described here
was discovered by the junior author in the Kakemega
Forest in western Kenya, living in treeholes formed by
adjoining root buttresses of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (see
Biology notes below).
Cylicovelia gen. n.
(figs. 1-9)
Description
Size. — Macropterous form, elongate (fig. 1), length
of males 4.88 to 5.22 mm, females 4.44 to 4.94 mm,
general body characteristics and size not sexually di-
morphic, males and females very similar although
males average slightly larger in size.
Colour. — Ground colour blackish brown, tinged
with orange brown; anterior pronotal lobe brownish
yellow on either side of median carina. Each heme-
lytron blackish brown, with five bright white marks,
one basal, four distal, and one sordid yellowish stripe
on inner basal cell (fig. 1). Apterous form without
light markings.
Structural characters. — Apterous and macropterous
forms known. Eyes globose, exserted, just reaching
anterolateral pronotal angles, separated by about three
times the width of an eye, appressed to anterior
pronotal margin, with short ocular setae. Head decli-
vant anteriorly, recessed into pronotum, posterior
margin sloping caudo-dorsally, with usual three pairs
of facial trichobothria; gular region very short, barely
visible, rostral cavity closed posteriorly. Rostrum
reaching to middle of mesosternum, segment I short,
enclosed in rostral cavity, I and IV subequal in length
and about three times longer than II, segment III
about 8 times as long as II. Antennae slender, very
long, almost 1/2 of body length (fig. 5). Pronotum
raised medially, with weak median longitudinal cari-
na, prominent at junction with anterior lobe, absent
from latter except in apterous form; collar weakly
formed, visible only dorso-laterally, terminating un-
der eyes laterally; anterior and posterior lobes set off
by a transverse row of large deep foveae, evanescent
medially; both lobes set with short stiff erect dark se-
tae; posterior lobe with numerous small foveae,
humeri prominent, but less so in apterous form,
broadly rounded posteriorly. Thoracic venter not di-
agnostic, with weakly formed tubercles on either side
of mesosternal midline on posterior margin opposing
an unmodified metasternum. Metasternal scent gland
opening (omphalium) small but visible, marked by a
78
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
small tubercle; scent channels prominent, curving
slightly anterad to base of metacetabulae.
Abdomen of macropters with prominent paired lon-
gitudinal carinae on tergite II (fig. 6), lacking in apter-
ous form. Abdominal sternites set off from laterostern-
ites by hair-free glabrous oval lacunae. Hemelytra and
flight wings of macropters fully formed, reaching tip of
abdomen, with four closed cells (fig. 1).
Legs stout, of moderate length; anterior femur
thickly set beneath with dark setae, unmodified; ante-
rior tibia of both sexes with a very narrow comb of
closely set minute black denticles occupying almost
entire tibial length in males (fig. 2), basal 7/8 in fe-
males; middle and hind femora of both sexes modi-
fied, tumid ventrally, set ventrally with short dark se-
tae (figs. 3, 4); all tarsi long, claws moderately long,
barely preapical; both up- and down curving arolia
large, evident.
Male genital segments moderately large, protrud-
ing, not modified (figs. 7, 8); proctiger unmodified;
parameres small, elongate, oval (fig. 9).
Female tergite VIII on same plane as VII, truncate
posteriorly; first gonocoxae small, barely exposed,
plate-like; tergite IX of both sexes rounded, protrud-
ing posteriorly.
Type-species. — Cylicovelia kenyana sp. n.
Remarks
Comparative notes. — The venation of both fore
and hind wing is typical of the Microveliinae (see
Andersen 1982, figs. 312, 313). We have compared
Cylicovelia to all known microveliine genera, and find
that it is closest to Millotella Poisson. In Andersen’s
(loc. cit.) key to the genera of Microveliinae,
Cylicovelia keys to Millotella (couplet 7) but is clearly
not this genus. Linnavuori (1977) provided the latest
revision of African Microveliinae. In his key,
Cylicovelia fails to resolve at couplet 5, because of the
large size, yet short second antennal segment; ignor-
ing size, at couplet 11 Cylicovelia is separated from
Millotella because of the lack of stout black denticles
ventrally on the mid-femur, and beyond that is clear-
ly not closely allied to any of the three genera con-
taining only small species, i. e. Xiphoveloidea,
Pseudovelia and Microvelia. In comparison to
Millotella , Cylicovelia has only a small distal nub on
the fore tibia but with an extremely long tibial comb
in both males and females (vs. a pronounced distal
fore tibial pad and short comb restricted to males),
the mid and hind femora are modified in both males
and females (vs. only male mid femur in Millotella;
M. fontinalis Linnavuori is not modified, but this
species probably does not belong in Millotella), and
males lack the bizarre abdominal modifications of
Millotella. Cylicovelia is predominantly macropter-
ous, rarely apterous (vs. predominantly apterous in
74
Millotella), the fore wing cells are of a different shape,
and have a slightly different pattern of maculation.
Etymology. — The generic name Cylicovelia is de-
rived from kylicos (Gr.), f., cup, referring to the con-
tainer habitat, and Vela, the nominate genus of the
family. Gender feminine.
Distribution. — Kenya.
Cylicovelia kenyana sp. n.
(figs. 1-9)
Type material. — Holotype, macropterous male,
Kenya: Kakemega Forest, nr. Kakemega Forest
Station, 0°14 N, 34°52’ E, El. 1676m, treehole
KKTH-AMI, height 1.7 m, 29.x.1993, R. Copeland
(National Museum of Kenya). — Paratypes: (all ma-
cropterous unless noted, all collected by R. Copeland
and assistants, all same data as holotype, all in J. T.
Polhemus collection, R. S. Copeland collection, U. S.
National Museum and National Museum of Kenya,
except dates and height of treeholes as follows):
KKTH-A, height 3.9 m; 6 females, 5.1.1993. KKTH-AM-
1, height 1.7 m; 7 males, 10 females, 29.x.1993; 2 fe-
males, 13.x.1992; 1 female, 6.ix.1992; 3 females,
4.xii.1992. KKGTH-A, height 4.3 m; 1 male, 2 females,
6.1x.1992; 1 male, 19.1.1993; 1 female, 28.x.1993.
KK6TH-C, height 3.8 m; 1 male, 1 female, 19.1.1993;
1 apterous male, 1.iii.1993. KK6TH-G, height 4.3 m; 1
male, 1 female, 28.viii.1993. KKTH-AV, height 5.3 m;
1 apterous female, 29.x.1993. KKTH-AB, height 0.3 m;
1 male, 3.111.1993.
Description
Size. — Apterous male, length 4.66 mm (n = 1);
width 1.78 mm (n = 1). Apterous female, length 4.66
mm (n = 1); width 1.83 mm (n = 1). Macropterous
male, length 4.88 - 5.22 mm (mean = 5.02 mm, n =
10); width 1.78 - 2.05 mm (mean = 1.93 mm, n =
10). Macropterous female, length 4.44 - 4.94 mm
(mean = 4.72 mm, n = 10); width 1.78 - 1.94 mm
(mean = 1.86 mm, n = 10).
Colour. — Ground colour black, venter, tinged
with brown. Head black, often tinged with orange
brown, brown ventrally; rostrum luteous on basal
three segments, piceous distally. Pronotum with ante-
rior lobe broadly yellowish brown on either side of
midline, forming two transverse bands; disc, collar
blackish brown. Hemelytra blackish brown, veins
lighter, set with bright white markings (fig. 1) and
one sordid yellowish streak in inner basal cell. Legs,
antennae luteous to brown; antennal segment II
lighter, segment IV mostly luteous.
Structural characters. — Macropterous male: Head
of moderate length, declivant anteriorly; length 0.61;
width of eye/interocular space, 0.18/0.54. Pronotum
length : width, 1.62 : 1.80. Abdominal sternites II-VI
subequal in length, VII longer.
POLHEMUS & COPELAND: A new genus of Microveliinae
Figs. 1-9. Cylicovelia kenyana gen. n. , sp. n. — 1, Macropterous female, dorsal habitus; 2-4, Male legs; 2, anterior tibia and
tarsus, ventral view; 3, middle; 4, hind; 5, antennae; 6, abdominal tergites, macropterous male, showing depressed regions
(textured) and carinae on tergite II (arrow); 7-9, male genitalia; 7, ventral view; 8, lateral view; 9, pygophore, proctiger, para-
mere (arrow). All scale bars = 1/2 mm.
Abdominal venter set with short appressed setae;
ventrite VII unmodified, almost straight postero-medi-
ally and set with posteriorly directed fringe of long de-
cumbent setae. Legs clothed with short setae, all femo-
ra beneath thickly set with very fine moderately long
setae; antennae set with short setae and scattered longer
setae. Legs unarmed, but slightly modified; all femora
tumid on basal 2/3, middle and hind femora abruptly
narrowing distally (figs. 3, 4); all tibia straight, anterior
tibia with very long ventral comb (fig. 2).
Antennal formula I: II: III: IV; 0.40 : 0.50 : 0.83
: 0.61.
Proportions of legs as follows: Femur, tibia, tarsal
1, tarsal 2 of fore leg, 1.33 : 1.12 : 0.56 : 0.0; of mid-
dle leg, 1.66 : 1.44 : 0.36 : 0.40; of hind leg, 2.09 :
2.09 : 0.36 : 0.40.
Abdominal terminalia as shown in figs. 7-9; first
genital segment medially slightly depressed. Paramere
small, elongate oval (fig. 9).
Apterous male: Very similar to macropterous male
in most respects, but abdominal tergites lacking longi-
tudinal carinae basally, and depressed areas restricted
to tergal sutures. Pronotum with humeri less pro-
nounced, median carinae more evident, posterior
margin more rounded, feebly angulate, and slightly
raised.
Macropterous female: Very similar to male in most
respects; fore tibial comb terminating at distal 7/8.
Apterous female: Very similar to apterous male,
but slightly more robust.
Remarks
Comparative notes. — See generic description.
Biological and collection notes. — All specimens
were collected in treeholes west of the Kakemega
Forest Station, mostly formed in the root buttresses
of fig trees (Ficus exasperata Vahl). All but one tree-
hole (KKTH-Av) are in trees in the stand of forest im-
mediately abutting the Forest Station, and are within
500 m of it. KKTH-AV is located in a stand of forest
75
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
which is separated from the closer stand by a large
area of open field. KKTH-AV is ca 1500 m from the
forest sation.
Etymology. — The name kenyana refers to Kenya,
the country of origin.
Distribution. — Kenya.
Biology and habitat notes
Cylicovelia kenyana was discovered in water-filled
treeholes in the Kakemega Forest, western Kenya, by
the junior author. All of the treeholes in which veliids
were found were within 1500 meters of the
Kakemega Forest Station, which is located at 0°14
N, 34°52’ E, at an altitude of 1676 m above sea level.
Kakemega Forest is the easternmost relic of African
equatorial rain forest (Kokwaro 1988), and contains
flora and fauna common to West as well as East
Africa (Garnham et al. 1946). The first veliids were
found in July of 1992 during a search of treeholes for
larvae of the libellulid dragonfly, Hadrothemis ca-
marensis (Kirby), a common inhabitant of treeholes
in this forest (Copeland et al. 1996). The treehole was
formed by adjoining root buttresses of Ficus exaspera-
ta. This type of hole is a pan as defined by Kitching
(1971). Thereafter, searches of treeholes for veliids
were done on an approximately monthly basis
through July 1994. The water surface and inside bark
of treeholes were searched with a flashlight , and veli-
ids were captured by aspiration.
Veliids were collected from 9 of 40 different tree-
holes. Some treeholes were examined more than once,
and veliids were found in 22 of the 196 examinations.
Adults and immatures were found on the water sur-
face and on the bark above the water. A total of 98 in-
dividuals were collected, with numbers in individual
collections ranging from 1 to 40, median = 3 (five
0.4
U)
Ke,
© 03!
>
[=
=
3 02
Fig. 10. Monthly proportions cS
of treehole samples which ©
contained veliids during the =
study period, July 1992-July O 01
1994. The number of Q.
monthly samples is indicated O
above each bar. Fifty-two Oo.
year mean monthly rainfall 0.0
for the study site is shown in 7 J F
the inset (Kenya Metereo-
logical Department).
76
Rainfall (mm)
adults and the immatures are not included in the type
material). All treeholes that were positive for veliids,
except one, were pans found in F. exasperata. The sole
exception (KKTH-AB) was a pan formed where a F. ex-
asperata grew against a Trilepisium madagascariense
DC. It appeared that positive treeholes received inso-
lation during the day, or at least were well lighted;
veliids were not found in well shaded treeholes.
We examined the effect of treehole height and wa-
ter volume on veliid distribution. For treeholes for
which height was recorded, Veliidae were found in 9
(median = 3.78 m , range 0.3 to 5.3 m) and were ab-
sent from 27 (median = 1.35 m , range 0.25 to 6.4
m). Veliids were collected from 39% (n = 18) of tree-
holes higher than the overall median height (1.76 m)
and from 11% (n = 18) of those lower than the medi-
an height. This difference was marginally significant
(x’ = 3.70, p = 0.054). Veliid distribution was inde-
pendent of trechole water volume. For treeholes for
which water volume was recorded, veliids were found
in 9 (median water volume = 2.68 L; range 0.60 to
24.0 L) and were absent from 12 (median water vol-
ume = 2.58 L; range 0.50 to 6.0 L). Veliids were col-
lected from 40% (n = 10) of holes with volumes
greater than the overall median (2.68 L), and from
40% (n = 10) of holes with volumes below the overall
median (p = 1.0; two-tailed Fisher's Exact Test).
The monthly distribution of positive treehole col-
lections is shown in figure 10, along with monthly
rainfall at the Kakemega Forest Station. Treehole
samples positive for veliids were not distributed uni-
formly over the sampling period. Treeholes were
more likely to contain veliids during the drier months
from October to March (19 of 107 samples) than
they were during the wet season from April to
September (3 of 89 samples) (x = 10.09, p < 0.01).
The opposite was true for the distribution of treehole
samples positive for larvae of the dragonfly, H. ca-
marensis. Larvae of this species were significantly
more likely to be found in treeholes during the wetter
months than during the drier months of the year
(Copeland et al. 1996). It is possible that these differ-
ent temporal distributions are determined in part by
biotic interactions between the two predators. Veliids
may be important predators on culicid eggs and lar-
vae (Frick 1949; Polhemus & Chapman 1979), and
may have significant impact on the density of larval
odonate prey in trecholes. Alternatively, veliid dis-
tribtution may be influenced by predation by
odonate larvae. Abiotic factors may also be impor-
tant. Veliids may utilize other small bodies of water
during the rainy season which become limited during
the drier months, forcing a rainfall-related habitat
switch into the more permanently wet treeholes.
Odonates, on the other hand, may be limited to a
range of treehole volumes that are most likely to exist
during the rainy season. Odonate distribution was
non-uniform with respect to treehole volume, and
odonate-positive treeholes contained significantly
greater water volumes than negative holes (Copeland
et al. 1996).
It is interesting to note that in an intensive study of
treehole mosquitoes Garnham et al. (1946) failed to
report the presence of either veliids or odonates in
treeholes in Kaimosi Forest which, at the time of their
study, was contiguous with the Kakamega Forest. It is
possible that trecholes of the type found in £. exasper-
ata are specific habitats for both taxa. This tree species
is near its maximum recorded altitude in the
Kakamega Forest (Beentje 1994), and is very com-
mon around the Forest Station. It is not recorded by
Garnham et al. (1946) as being one of the common
species in the Kaimosi Forest, most of which is at a
higher elevation than that of the Kakamega Forest.
Recent searches in remnant stands of Kaimosi Forest
failed to reveal the presence of F. exasperata there (M.
Rotich, personal communication).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Wilberforce Okeka for his assistance of in col-
lecting the specimens. We also thank Mr. Athanas Ajuka,
Forester, Kakamega Forest Station, for his cooperation, par-
ticularly for providing logistical and manpower support.
Dorothy Coil, Biological Sciences Library, University of
Notre Dame, U. S. A. went to great effort to secure impor-
tant literature for us.
This paper is published with the permission of the
Directors of the Kenya Medical Research institute and the
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. The views of the
authors do not reflect the position of the United States
Department of the Army or the Department of Defense or
the Government of Kenya.
POLHEMUS & COPELAND: A new genus of Microveliinae
JTP carried out this research as a faculty affiliate of the
Entomology Department, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins.
REFERENCES
Andersen, N. M., 1982. The semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera,
Gerromorpha). Phylogeny, adaptations, biogeography
and classification. — Entomonograph 3, 455 pp (Scan-
dinavian Science Press, Klampenborg, Denmark).
Beentje, H. J., 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs, and lianas. —
National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 722 pp.
Copeland, R. S., W. Okeka & P. S. Corbet, 1996. Treeholes
as larval habitat of the dragonfly Hadrothemis camarensis
(Odonata: Libellulidae) in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. —
Aquatic Insects 18, in press.
Frick, K. E., 1949. The biology of Microvelia capitata
Guerin, 1857, in the Panama Canal Zone and its role as
a predator on anopheline larvae (Veliidae: Hemiptera). —
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 42: 77-
100.
Garnham, P. C. C., J. O. Harper & R. B. Highton, 1946.
The mosquitos of the Kaimosi Forest, Kenya Colony,
with special reference to yellow fever. — Bulletin of
Entomological Research 36 : 473-496.
Hungerford, H. B., 1931. A new Velia from Trinidad
(Hemiptera, Veliidae). — Annals and Magazine of Natural
History (10) 7: 172-175.
Kitching, R. L., 1971. An ecological study of water-filled
treeholes and their position in the woodland ecosystem. —
Journal of Animal Ecology 40: 281-302.
Kokwaro, J. O., 1988. Conservation status of the Kakamega
Forest in Kenya: the easternmost relic of the equatorial
rain forests of Africa. — Monographs in Systematic
Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 25: 471-
489.
Laird, M. 1956. Studies of mosquitoes and freshwater ecol-
ogy in the South Pacific. — Royal Society of New Zealand,
Bulletin No. 6: 1-213.
Linnavuori, R. 1977. On the taxonomy of the subfamily
Microveliinae (Heteroptera, Veliidae) of West and
Central Africa. — Annales Entomologici Fennici 43: 41-
61.
Polhemus, J. T. & H. C. Chapman, 1979. Veliidae. p. 49-
57. — In: A. S. Menke (ed.), The semiaquatic and aquatic
Hemiptera of California. — Bulletin of the California
Insect Survey 21: 1-166.
Polhemus, J. T. & C. L. Hogue, 1972. Two new Microvelia
from crabholes in Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Veliidae). —
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History,
Contributions in Science, No. 224: 1-6.
Polhemus, J. T. & D. A. Polhemus, 1991. A review of the
veliid fauna of bromeliads, with a key and description of
a new species (Heteroptera: Veliidae). — Journal of the
New York Entomological Society 99: 204-216.
Yang, C. M. & D. Kovac, 1995. A collection of aquatic and
semi-aquatic bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Gerromorpha
and Nepomorpha) from Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu
Perak, Malaysia. — Malayan Nature Journal 48: 287-295.
Received: 28 August 1995
Accepted: 18 March 1996
UY.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
78
GEIR E. E. SOLI
Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen
CHALASTONEPSIA ORIENTALIS GEN. N., SP NI,
A SECOND GENUS IN THE TRIBE METANEPSIINI
(DIPTERA, MYCETOPHILIDAE)
Soli, G. E. E., 1996. Chalastonepsia orientalis gen. n., sp. n., a second genus in the tribe
Metanepsiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 79-83, figs. 1-8.
[ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 15 October 1996.
The genus Chalastonepsia is erected for a new species from Malaysia, C. orientalis. The genus
has numerous characters in common with Metanepsia Edwards, and the two are likely sister-
groups. The new genus differs most markedly from Meranepsia in having a complete radial sec-
tor, a well developed Sc, and a relatively short stem of the median fork; further, the male ter-
minalia are very different in the two genera. Awaiting a phylogenetic analysis of the family the
tribe Metanepsiini is maintained, and an emended diagnosis is given in order to include
Chalastonepsia. The sistergroup of the tribe is likely to be found among genera in the tribe
Gnoristini.
Geir E. E. Söli, Present address: Zoological Museum, Sars gate 1, N-0562 Oslo, Norway.
Key words. — Mycetophilidae, Metanepsiini, new genus, new species, Malaysia.
The Metanepsiini is usually regarded to represent
one of five tribes in the subfamily Sciophilinae in the
family Mycetophilidae (e.g. Matile 1971, Hutson et al.
1980, Vockeroth 1981). Some authors, however, pre-
fer to rank these tribes at the level of subfamilies (e. g.
Tuomikoski 1966, Hennig 1973, Väisänen 1984,
1986, Matile 1989). Metanepsiini hitherto included a
single genus, Metanepsia Edwards, 1927, erected for
the Javanese species, M. javana Edwards, 1927. Later
seven more species were described from the
Afrotropical region (Matile 1971, 1972, 1975, 1980).
In the collection of the Natural History Museum
in London a peculiar looking specimen was found
among the pinned, unidentified Oriental material of
Mycetophilidae. The specimen, a male, had long-
stalked, strongly setose flagellomeres, and reduced
mouthparts. The species must be attributed to the
tribe Metanepsiini, but could not be ascribed to the
genus Metanepsia.
METHODS AND TERMINOLOGY
The pinned specimen was cleared and slide mount-
ed in Canada balsam. In addition, slide mounted ma-
terial of three Afrotropical species of Metanepsia was
studied. The terminology used in the description fol-
lows Vockeroth (1981) and McAlpine (1981).
Chalastonepsia gen. n.
Type species. — Chalastonepsia orientalis sp. n., by
present designation.
Diagnostic characters. — Reduced mouthparts,
one-segmented palpus and bead-like flagellum, each
flagellomere bulbous with a long stalk-like apical por-
tion, basal part with numerous long setae.
Etymology. — From Greek, chalaston, a chain, re-
ferring to the outlining of the male flagellum, and
Metanepsia, a related genus.
Description
Head. — Antennae inserted below middle of head.
Scape and pedicel with numerous small, erect setae.
Fourteen flagellomeres, 1-13 with bulbous basal part
with circle of very long curved setae and distinctly
prolonged, stalk-like apical part; last flagellomere
conical. Three ocelli, of equal size, situated along
straight transverse line. Lateral ocelli well separated
from eye margin. Eyes large, median margin evenly
rounded with very shallow incision above antennal
socket. Eyes with few small hair-like setae. Back of
head with numerous, evenly dispersed setae.
Postgenae well developed, with median convexity be-
low occipital foramen. Frons with broad suture be-
tween median ocellus and frontal tubercle. Frontal
tubercle distinct, bilobate. Face subquadrate, shorter
than wide, setose. Clypeus rounded, bare. Cibarial
pump well developed. Prementum strongly reduced.
Labrum not traceable. Labella small. Stipes weak, ap-
parently fused, bare. Lacinia absent. Palpi strongly re-
duced, only one visible segment, palpomere 3, with
some erect setae, and distinct sensory pit, forming a
hollow depression dorsally.
19)
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-5. Chalastonepsia orientalis gen. n., sp. n.. — 1, head, frontal view; 2, flagellomeres 7-11; 3, wing; 4, thorax (outline of
anepisternum uncertain, see text); 5, anteroapical depressed area of fore tibia.
80
Thorax. — Scutum with rather short acrostichal and
dorsocentral setae, and somewhat longer lateral setae;
areas in-between bare. Prescutal suture distinct.
Scutellum with transverse row of small
Antepronotum about twice as large as proepisternum,
both setose. Proepimeron large, triangular and bare.
Basisternum with some small setae. Anepisternum
bare. Katepisternum partly covering basal portion of
mid-coxa, bare. Basalare with large, triangular, interi-
or apodeme. Pleural suture complete, curved.
Anepimeron well sclerotized with distinct cleft dor-
sally. Laterotergite ovate, not protruding, setose.
Mediotergite bare. Metakatepisternum with some se-
tae.
Wings. — Wing surface on both sides densely
clothed with irregularly arranged microtrichia. Costa
well produced beyond tip of R,,,. Sc long, bare, apical
portion weaker and bent towards R,. Crossvein Sc-r
absent. R, and R,,, with dorsal setae only. Rs distinct,
oblique. Median and cubital fork both complete, M,
falling short of wing margin. Point of furcation of
CuA slightly before crossvein r-m; CuP short and
fold-like. Anal vein well developed.
Legs. — Tibial trichia all irregularly arranged. Some
larger apical setae on tibia 1 to 3, and several much
smaller setae dispersed along entire length. First tar-
somere on mid and hind leg with some distinct setae
on ventral half. Fore tibia with anteroapical depressed
area very shallow, with some erect trichia. Spurs well
developed, shaggy; spur formula 1: 2: 2. Empodium
well developed. Tarsal claws with two larger and one
smaller ventral tooth.
Abdomen. — Segments 1-8 with well developed
sternites and tergites, all setose. Male segment 7 and 8
both reduced, basally narrowed, segment 8 about
twice as long as segment 7.
Male terminalia (figs. 6-8). — Tergite 9 very large,
entirely covering gonocoxites dorsally, with numer-
ous dorsal and ventral setae. Cerci large, rounded; hy-
poproct well developed. Gonocoxites small, entirely
fused ventrally, each with one long gonocoxal
apodeme. Gonostylus small. Aedeagus wide and
short. Paramere apparently vestigial.
Remarks. — Due to damage caused by pinning, the
exact outline of the anepisternum, anapleural suture
and basalares remains uncertain.
setae.
SYSTEMATICS
From the number of shared characters with
Metanepsia, the two genera are likely sistergroups.
Among characters supporting such an arrangement
are the reduced mouthparts, the one-segmented palpi
and the poorly developed anteroapical depressed area
of the fore tibia. In addition the two genera both have
a bilobate and distinct frontal tubercle, a nearly bare
SOLI: Chalastonepsia orientalis
frons, a costa produced beyond tip of R,,,, and the
tibial setae poorly developed. Chalastonepsia differs
from Metanepsia in having a complete radial sector, a
well developed Sc, a relatively short stem of the medi-
an fork, point of furcation of CuA close to wing base,
gonocoxites fused for most of their length, and male
tergite 9 very large and covering proctiger.
Chalastonepsia orientalis sp. n.
(figs. 1-8)
Type. — Holotype d : Malaysia, Malay peninsula,
Pahang, Fraser’s Hill, 4000 ft., 29.v.1932, H. M.
Pendlebury (BMNH)
Description
Male (n=1). Total length 2.60 mm. Flagellum 1.22
mm, or 1.4 times as long as scutum and scutellum to-
gether.
Coloration. — Unicoloured, yellowish brown,
wings somewhat lighter.
Head (figs. 1, 2). — Each flagellomere with curved
setae longer than entire flagellomere; all trichia and
setae situated in small, rounded depressions. Lateral
ocelli separated from eye margin for distance about
2.1 times, and from median ocellus by about 2.4
times their diameter. Weak, interrupted suture pre-
sent between lateral ocellus and eye. Frons with 1 seta
in front of median ocellus. Face 0.4 times as long as
broad, with 53 setae. Clypeus ovate, about 0.9 times
as long as broad.
Thorax (fig. 4). — Medially divided basisternum
with 5 setae. Scutellum with 14 small setae.
Laterotergite with 23 setae. Metakatepisternum with
4-5 setae.
Wings (fig. 3). — Wing length 2.11 mm, measured
from distal median plate. Length to width 2.1. Sc
0.24 times wing length. M-petiole 2.7 times as long
as r-m. Length of M, and M, to the length of M-peti-
ole 2.94 and 2.06, respectively. M-basis about as long
as CuA-petiole. Length of CuA, and CuA, to the
length of CuA-petiole 1.67 and 1.11, respectively.
Anal vein well developed, 1.30 times as long as CuA-
petiole. All branches posteriorly of radius bare, except
for 0-3 dorsal setae near the wing margin on each of
M, and CuA,.
Legs (fig. 5). — Setae on tibiae with weakly devel-
oped alveoli. Anteroapical depressed area with 8 erect
trichia. Ratio femur to tibia for legs 1 to 3: 0.98; 1.04;
0.88. Ratio tibia to tarsus for legs 1 to 3: 1.71; 1.68;
2.10. Spur lengths in relation to tibial diameter, mea-
suredfapicallyalk9 ORE ADD ND
Abdomen. — Abdominal sternites 2 and 3 seeming-
ly with two longitudinal fold lines.
Terminalia (figs. 6-8). — Gonocoxites small, entire-
ly fused ventrally, produced in two heavily sclerotized
median lobes. Dorsal portion of gonocoxite poorly
81
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
N)
Figs. 6-8. Male terminalia of Chalastonepsia orientalis gen. n., sp. n. — 6, dorsal view, tergite 9 and proctiger removed; 7,
ventral view; 8, tergite 9 and proctiger (left, ventral view; right, dorsal view).
developed, setose. Two very long gonocoxal
apodemes, fused by transverse bridge where gonocox-
ites meet dorsally. Gonostylus small, attached posteri-
orly, bearing 2-3 small median setae. Aedeagus broad,
subtriangular. Tergite 9 very large with several erect
setae dorsally, and numerous curved setae ventrally.
Proctiger situated ventrobasally of tergite 9 and at-
tached to this by strong membranes. Cercus rounded,
with several erect setae apically. Hypoproct more or
less triangular with 2 submedian, erect setae.
DISCUSSION
The systematical position of the tribe Metanepsiini
in the family Mycetophilidae is uncertain. According
to Matile (1971) Metanepsia can not be ascribed the
tribe Mycomyini as it does not have the tibial trichia
arranged in definite lines; neither can it be ascribed the
tribe Sciophilini due to the absence of macrotrichia
(or setae) on the wing membrane. These characters are
commonly regarded as good synapomorphies for the
species in each of the two tribes. Furthermore, Matile
(1971) rejects the inclusion of Metanepsta in the Leiini
as it lacks an empodium, and has a reduced seventh
abdominal segment, a long R, and a very short, and
incomplete Rs. Due to the very long stem of the me-
dian fork and the reduced Rs, Matile also rejects a pos-
sible inclusion in the Gnoristini.
82
As the new genus invalidates some of the last state-
ments, the possible relationship to the Gnoristini and
Leiini demands a closer examination.
Metanepsia and Chalastonepsia both feature several
other characters found among the Gnoristini, all pre-
sent in Palaeodocosia Meunier, 1904 and Syntemna
Winnertz, 1863, most of them also in Dziedzickia
Johannsen, 1909: anepimeron with a distinct cleft,
presence of one or more erect setae behind basis of
halter, Sc ending in R, frontal tubercle protruding
and bilobate, scutum with bare stripes, and
metakatepisternum setose. Another character typical
for the Gnoristini is the reduction of abdominal seg-
ments 7 and 8.
Except for the anepimeral cleft, these characters are
also present in some genera outside the Gnoristini,
and thus do not form a basis for any conclusive re-
marks. When present in the Leiini, this often applies
to either of the two closely related genera
Ectrepesthoneura Enderlein 1911 and Tetragoneura
Winnertz, 1846. These two genera take a rather iso-
lated position within the tribe, and were both tenta-
tively included in the Gnoristini by Väisänen (1986)
in his delimitation of the tribe. An additional charac-
ter indicating a possible relationship between
Chalastonepsia, Ectrepesthoneura and Tetragoneura is
the absence of ventral setae on the radial veins.
The discrimination between the Gnoristini and
Leiini is still far from satisfactory, and the monophy-
ly of each of the two tribes are highly questionable.
Most likely, the sistergroup of the Metanepsiini will
be found among genera included in the Gnoristini,
above all indicated by the presence of a distinct and
deep anepimeral cleft.
In having several characters in common with the
Gnoristini it seems justified to ask whether
Metanepsiini should be maintained as a separate
tribe, or its two genera should be include in the
Gnoristini. In several respects the current classifica-
tion of the Mycetophilidae is unsatisfactory, and
principally based on Holarctic representatives. How-
ever, awaiting a more thorough assessment of its phy-
logeny, including representatives from other bio-
geographical regions, the tribe Metanepsiini is
maintained. In doing so, a revised diagnosis based on
Matile (1971) is presented.
Revised diagnosis of the Metanepsiini
Three ocelli. Frons bare or with a few small setae;
frontal tubercle weakly or distinctly bilobate.
Mouthparts reduced; palpus with one visible seg-
ment. Tibia with trichia irregularly arranged, without
strong setae except for a few apicals. Anteroapical de-
pressed area of fore tibia absent or weakly developed.
Wing membrane without macrotrichia or setae. Sc
long, faint towards apex. Rs well developed, about as
long as crossvein r-m, or very short and incomplete;
R, long. Crossvein r-m relatively short, oblique.
Petiole of median fork 0.3 to 1.0 times as long as M;
M, reaching wing margin or falling short of this.
Point of furcation of cubital fork slightly before
crossvein r-m or close to wing margin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My best thanks to Brian Pitkin, Natural History
Museum, London, for his assistance during my stay
in April 1995, and to Loic Matile, Muséum national
d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; Trond Andersen, Museum
of Zoology, Bergen; and to Paul Beuk, Zoölogisch
Museum, Amsterdam, for commenting upon the
manuscript.
SOLI: Chalastonepsia orientalis
This study was funded by the Research Council of
Norway (NFR), grant no. 107171/720.
REFERENCES
Edwards, F. W., 1927. Diptera Nematocera from the Dutch
East Indies (III-IV). — Treubia 9: 352-370.
Hennig, W., 1973. Diptera (Zweiflügler). — Handbuch der
Zoologie 4(2) 2/31: 1-337. Berlin.
Hutson, A. M., D. M. Ackland & L. N. Kidd, 1980.
Mycetophilidae (Bolitophilinae, Ditomyiinae, Diadocid-
iinae, Keroplatinae, Sciophilinae and Manotinae). —
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 11 (3):
1-112.
Matile, L., 1971. Une nouvelle tribu de Mycetophilidae: les
Metanepsiini (Dipt.). — Bulletin de la Société Entomolo-
gique de France 76: 91-97.
Matile, L., 1972. Un Metanepsia nouveau du Kénya (Dipt.
Mycetophilidae). — Bulletin de la Société Entomologique
de France 76: 271-272.
Matile, L., 1975. Deux Metanepsia nouveaux d'Afrique ori-
entale (Dipt. Mycetophilidae). — Bulletin de la Société
Entomologique de France 79: 216-218.
Matile, L., 1980. Nouvelles données sur les Metanepsia
afrotropicaux (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). — Revue Fran-
gaise d’Entomologie (N. S.) 2: 119-122.
Matile, L., 1989. Superfamily Sciaroidea. p. 123-145. — In:
N. L. Evenhuis (ed), Catalog of the Diptera of the
Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Honolulu & Leiden.
McAlpine, J. F., 1981. Morphology and terminology.
Adults. p. 9-63. — In: J. F. McAlpine et al. (eds), Manual
of the Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Monograph Research
Branch Agriculture Canada. Ottawa. No. 27.
Tuomikoski, R., 1966. On the subfamily Manotinae Edw.
(Dipt., Mycetophilidae). — Annales entomologici Fennici
3222112225;
Väisänen, R., 1984. À monograph of the genus Mycomya
Rondani in the Holarctic region (Diptera, Myceto-
philidae). — Acta zoologica Fennica 177: 1-346.
Väisänen, R., 1986. The delimitation of the Gnoristinae:
criteria for the classification of recent European genera
(Diptera, Mycetophilidae). — Annales zoologici Fennici
23: 197-206.
Vockeroth, J. R., 1981. Mycetophilidae. p. 223-246. — In: J.
F. McAlpine et al. (eds), Manual of the Nearctic Diptera.
Vol. 1. Monograph Research Branch Agriculture Canada.
Ottawa, Ontario. No. 27.
Received: 24 July 1995
Accepted: 12 March 1996
83
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
BOOK REVIEWS
C. Gielis, 1996. Microlepidoptera of Europe.
Volume 1. Pterophoridae. Edited by P. Huemer,
O. Karsholt & L. Lyneborg. — Apollo Books
Denmark. 222 pp., 16 colour-plates, 287 figs. [ISBN
87-88757-36-6]. Price DKK 350 excl postage;
subscribers to the series receive 10% discount.
Distributed by Apollo Books, Kirkeby Sand 19,
DK-5771-Stenstrup, Denmark. Fax +4562263780.
The Pterophoridae is the first family to be pub-
lished in the new series: The Microlepidoptera of
Europe. This volume covers all the species occurring
in Europe (excluding the former Soviet Union) and
the Canary Islands.
The introduction briefly discusses the taxonomical
history of the family, the characters and their phylo-
genetic implications, the biology of the adults and lar-
vae. Very useful are the suggestions where and how to
collect Pterophoridae. The chapter dealing with the
preparation of slides may seem superfluous, but the
audience which the editors intend to reach goes be-
yond the specialists in Lepidoptera. A key to the gen-
era facilitates the identification also provided by the
diagnoses, colour-plates and drawings of genitalia.
The checklist of the species offers a few new syn-
onymies, but generally confirms the opinion of
Arenberger’s recent changes in synonymy of this fam-
ily.
The set—up of the book is practical, offering con-
cise chapters for each species with differential diagno-
sis, male and female genitalia, and distribution. Also,
the biology of the species is worked out. At the end of
the book an index to the hostplants is given. This sub-
ject tends to be somewhat forgotten by many authors
working on Lepidoptera.
The distributional catalogue provides a nice
overview of the ranges of the different species, al-
though the layout is rather inconvenient. A major
point of criticism is the layout and enlargement of the
colour-photographs of the adults. All specimens are
shown 2.5 times their natural size. This gives a good
indication of the size differences between the species,
but makes it impossible to see the diagnostic charac-
ters for the smaller species given in the text.
84
Fortunately the descriptions in the text and the fig-
ures of the genitalia still make the identification of the
species easy.
In conclusion: An important, well printed, nicely
hardbacked book, filling the gap between the exten-
sive treatment of species in the series of ‘Micro-
lepidoptera Palaearctica’ and the regional identifica-
tion guides. It offers very good value for your money.
The next volumes of the series are eagerly awaited for.
[R.T.A. Schouten]
D. T. Goodger & A. Watson, 1995. The
Afrotropical Tiger-Moths. An illustrated catalogue,
with generic diagnoses and species distribution, of
the Afrotropical Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). —
Apollo Books, Denmark. 65 pp, 4 colour-plates, 198
figs. [ISBN 87-88757-32-3]. Price DKK 200 excl
postage. Distributed by Apollo Books, Kirkeby Sand
19, DK-5771 Stenstrup, Denmark. Fax
+4562263780.
The Afrotropical Arctiinae comprises 411 species,
the total number of Afrotropical Arctiidae being
2600. Four superb colour plates illustrate the type
species of all Afrotropical genera, except two. For
many genera additional species are depicted. The
male genitalia are clearly photographed in half-tone.
A list of larval hostplants of 72 species of moths is
included, indicating the amount of work still to be
done. The catalogue establishes many synonyms, new
combinations and also transfers a considerable
amount of genera outside the Arctiidae, albeit with-
out much argumentation. The diagnostic characters
for each genus are given. For all species label data of
the types are presented, but the museums in which
the types are kept are not mentioned. The distribu-
tion of the species is indicated by citing the countries
from which the species have been recorded.
This work provides a very valuable catalogue of the
Arctiinae, but it is much more. The plates, the data
on distribution and the diagnostic notes for each
genus add much value and make it a generic identifi-
cation guide as well.
[R. T. A. Schouten]
A. WELLS' & T. ANDERSEN’
' Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra
° Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen
TWO NEW CATOXYETHIRA SPECIES FROM
TANZANIA GRICHORTERA, EMDROPHIERDAE) AND
A REVISED KEY TO TANZANIAN HYDROPTILIDS
Wells, A. & T. Andersen, 1996. Two new Catoxyethira species from Tanzania (Trichoptera,
Hydroptilidae) and a revised key to Tanzanian hydroptilids. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
139: 85-89, figs. 1-5. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 15 October 1996.
Catoxyethira giboni sp. n. and C. stolzei sp. n. from Tanzania are described and a new record is
given for C. crinita Wells & Andersen, 1995. Species groups in Catoxyethira are discussed
briefly, and a revised version of a recently published key to Tanzanian Hydroptilidae is given.
Correspondence: A. Wells, Australian Biological Resources Study, GPO 636, Canberra, ACT
2601, Australia.
Key words. — Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Catoxyethira, new species, Tanzania.
In a recent paper (Wells & Andersen 1995), we de-
scribed nine species of Catoxyethira from Tanzania.
Since that study went to press we have recognised two
further Tanzanian Catoxyethira species amongst new-
ly available material and these are described here. In
addition, C. crinita Wells & Andersen, 1995 is
recorded from the Uzungwa Mountains in south-
western Tanzania.
Catoxyethira is remarkably diverse in the Afrotropi-
cal Region, totalling with the two new species de-
scribed here, 42 species. Indeed, the genus may be en-
demic to the region, as the identities of the only
non-African species, C. formosae (Iwata, 1928), from
Taiwan and C. vedonga Olah, 1989, from Vietnam,
are questionable (see Gibon 1985; Wells & Andersen
1995). At least the Vietnamese species, distinguished
by Olah from species of Chrysotrichia Schmid, 1958
mainly on the basis of tibial spur formula, is more
probably referable to Chrysotrichia, which has been
shown to have variable spur formulae (see Wells &
Huisman 1993).
Among the Afrotropical Catoxyethira species three
groups were defined by Gibon (1993), based on male
genitalic features, including the shape of abdominal
segment VIII and the arrangement of spines. A vari-
ety of spiny structures, the nature of which has not al-
ways been interpreted accurately either in text or fig-
ures, occur in the male genitalia. Some are clearly
specialised stout sclerotised setae, since they are sock-
eted, while others appear to be produced from the
margins of abdominal sternite VII and are, therefore,
true spines. Only with hindsight, have we fully appre-
ciated the distinctions between the modified setae
and true spines of Catoxyethira species.
Gibon’s veruta-group has a ventro-medial structure
produced posteriorly from the apical border of stern-
ite VIII, and is accompanied by a pair of lateral
spines. The medial structure may be a single sharply
tapered spine or be divided to form a pair of such
spines. The second group, the mali-group, has the
distal margin of segment VII unmodified, and has
one or more stout, black, (modified) setae distally on
sternite VIII, generally at the apico-lateral angles, but
no true spines. The hougardi-group has the apico-lat-
eral angles or some more medial section of the apical
margin of sternite VIII produced into spines which
are usually darkly sclerotised and often are accompa-
nied by black setae inserted near the distal border of
the sclerite. Gibon was unable to place seven of the 22
species he listed.
Only one of the Tanzanian species, C. crenulata
Wells & Andersen, 1995 is placed in the veruta-group.
Two mali-group species are known from Tanzania, C.
ruvuensis Wells & Andersen, 1995, and C. ocellata
Statzner, 1977. The latter closely resembles C. pinheyi
Kimmins, 1958 which was not placed in any group by
Gibon (1993). If these two species are included in this
group, as we believe is appropriate, then the group is
probably more properly referred to as the pinheyr-
group. Most of the Tanzanian species have true spines
and are thus members of the hougardi-group — €.
apicospinosa Wells & Andersen, 1995, C. lanceolata
Wells & Andersen, 1995, C. elongata Wells &
Andersen, 1995, C. crinita Wells & Andersen, 1995
85
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-5.— 1-3. Catoxyethira giboni sp. n., male terminalia: 1, ventral view; 2, dorsal view; 3, lateral view. — 4, 5. Catoxyethira
stolzei sp. n., male terminalia: 4, ventral view; 5, lateral view. — Abbreviations. VIII: abdominal segment VIII; sp.: spine; st.:
seta.
86
and C. ciliata Wells & Andersen, 1995, and the two
new species, C. giboni sp. n. and C. stolzei sp. n.
A fourth group of species, here designated the
1mprocera-group for Statzner’s (1977) species from
Zaire, have quite simple genitalia, lacking completely
the spiny armature of others. This group also includes
C. incompta Wells & Andersen, 1995 and C. bom-
bolensis Wells & Andersen, 1995 from Tanzania.
At this stage these species groups are simply cate-
gories of convenience as they are not all supported by
synapomorphies.
Wells & Andersen (1995) listed 29 species of
Trichoptera in the Tanzanian Hydroptilidae, 24
newly described. Our key to the hydroptilids of
Tanzania included species in Ugandatrichia Mosely,
1939, Hydroptila Dalman, 1819, Dhatrichia Mosely,
1948, Tangatrichia Wells & Andersen, 1995,
Orthotrichia Eaton, 1873, Stactobia McLachlan,
1880, Scelotrichia Ulmer, 1951, and Catoxyethira
Ulmer, 1912. Unfortunately, the key was distorted
during publication and we therefore include an
amended and updated key to the Tanzanian
Hydroptilidae in the present paper.
MATERIAL
The material examined in this study forms part of
a Trichoptera collection taken in several of the
Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania by M. Stolze and
N. Scharff (see Stolze 1989). Holotypes are lodged in
the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen,
Denmark (ZMUC), and paratypes in ZMUC and in the
Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Norway
(ZMBN).
Catoxyethira giboni sp. n.
(Figs. 1-3)
Type material. — Holotype male, Tanzania,
Uluguru Mts, Morogoro River, 600 m, 3.ix.1982, M.
Stolze & N. Scharff, ZMUC. Paratypes: 5 males, data
as for holotype; 2 males, 3 females (1 male, 1 female
on slide), Tanzania, Uzungwa Mts, Mwanihana
Forest, Sanje River, 300-400 m, 24.viii.1982, loc. 9,
M. Stolze & N. Scharff.
Description
Anterior wing length 2.6-2.7 mm. Terminalia as in
figs. 1-3. Sternite VIII with a row of strong black se-
tae apically, the row interupted midventrally; dorsally
a pair of straight elongate spines. Tergite X covered
with tiny spinules, rounded apically. Inferior ap-
pendages more than 2 times as long as wide, more or
less conical in ventral view. Subgenital plate not evi-
dent in ventral view but possibly represented by the
short, curved spiny structures visible in lateral view.
Aedeagus simple, straight.
WELLS & ANDERSEN: Two new Catoxyethira species
Etymology. — Named for François-Marie Gibon
who has described so many Catoxyethira species from
tropical Africa.
Remarks. — This species most closely resembles C.
cavallyi Gibon, 1985 from the Ivory Coast, but differs
in having more setae posteriorly on segment IX and
the spines without serrations on their margins.
Catoxyethira stolzei sp. n.
(Figs. 4-5)
Type material. — Holotype male, Tanzania, Uzung-
wa Mts, Mwanihana Forest, Sanje River, 300-400 m,
24.viii.1982, loc. 9, M. Stolze & N. Scharff, ZMUC.
Paratype, 1 male (on slide), data as for holotype.
Description
Anterior wing length 2.1-2.3 mm. Terminalia as in
figs. 4,5. Sternite VIII with a pair of strong dark setae
at each apico-lateral angle, a pair of slender straight
spines more medially on the dorsum. Segment IX
with a pair of short, apically rounded lateral lobes.
Tergite X membranous, without spinules. Inferior
appendages stout basally, tapered towards apex, a tuft
of setae near base. Subgenital plate with a sclerotised
band apically. Aedeagus slender, elongate.
Etymology. — Named for M. Stolze who, with N.
Scharff, collected the specimens.
Remarks. — In overall form, the genitalia of this
species closely resemble those of C. ciliata Wells &
Andersen, 1995. Catoxyethira stolzei, however, is
readily distinguished by its shorter, regularly curved
spines.
Catoxyethira crinita Wells & Andersen
Catoxyethira crinita Wells & Andersen, 1995
Biology and distribution. — Catoxyethira crinita has
been collected from beside a large slow-flowing
stream, with a sandy and stony substrate. The new
record extends the distribution from northeastern
Tanzania to the southwestern part of the country.
Remarks. — The two new specimens referred to this
species, show some slight differences from the type
material. The bundle of dark setae midventrally is
denser and the tips of all setae are turned inwards, and
the inferior appendages are separated throughout
their length.
Material examined. — 2 males (on slides),
Tanzania, Uzungwa Mts, Mwanihana Forest, Sanje
River, 300-400 m, 24.viii.1982, loc. 9, M. Stolze &
N. Scharff, ZMUC.
Key to males of the Tanzanian Hydroptilidae
This is a revised and modified key after Wells &
Andersen (1995). Only figures indicated with an as-
terisk relate to this paper, all other figure numbers, un-
87
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
less otherwise indicated, refer to figures provided by
Wells & Andersen (1995).
I
Il
12%
On thorax, mesoscutellum with a transverse su-
ture
On thorax, mesoscutellum without a transverse
suture
übialspuntormulang oy Horn AE. 3
Tibial spur formula 0, 3, 4
AE Scelotrichia glandulosa Wells & Andersen
Tibial spur formula 1, 3, 4 (Catoxyethira Ulmer)
Tibial spur formula 1, 2, 4
meet Stactobia kaputensis Wells & Andersen
@niheadsocellifab senti 5
On head, ocelli present
Forewing with a jugal lobe, tibial spur formula
0,2,4 (Hydroptila Dalman)
Forewing without jugal lobe, tibial spur formula
ORAM (Orthotrichia Eaton) E 24
Wings slender, attenuate apically, venation
reduced (Gas itty BZD 7
Wings broad, forewing rounded apically, venation
complete (fig. 26) Ugandatrichia Mosely … … 29
On head, antennal flagellar segments with scat-
tered clothing hair; metascutellum triangular,
truncate anteriorly (fig. 50)
Tangatrichia gracilenta Wells & Andersen
Antennal flagellar segments with clothing hair in a
basal whorl; on thorax, metascutellum rounded
anteriorly (Dhatrichia Mosely) … … 30
Abdominal sternite VIII with a pair of true spines
or with strong dark setae or both on apical margin
(figs. 12-25)
Abdominal sternite VIII with no stout spines or
strong setae on apical margin (figs. 8-10) … … 16
Abdominal sternite VIII with 14-16 strong dark
setae posteriorly (figs. ES EE ee
ia cnc ilo PE enke Catoxyethira giboni sp.n.
Abdominal sternite VIII with no more than 4
strong dark setae posteriorly or lacking such setae
. Abdominal sternite VIII with a tuft of long dark
Setaehmiı d ven tral ya
Be: Catoxyethira crinita Wells & Andersen
Abdominal sternite VIII without a tuft of long
datkssetaeimid ventral lysemeees ene en 11
Abdominal segment VIII with a pair of stout
spines, or three spines meso-ventrally (figs. 12-21)
Abdominal segment VIII without spines meso-
ventrally (figs. 24-25, “fig. 4)
Abdominal sternite VIII with a shorter third spine
bérween the paired) spines) (tig 2)l) MARNE.
EEN Catoxyethira crenulata Wells & Andersen
Abdominal sternite VIII with one pair of spines
88
13%
14.
16.
DIR
CIA VATI RIE en 13
Paired spines on abdominal sternite VIII about
equal in length to inferior appendages (fig. 13) …
A Catoxyethira ruvuensis Wells & Andersen
Paired spines on abdominal sternite VIII almost
2 Xlength of inferior appendages, or longer .....14
Length of paired spines on abdominal sternite
VIII 2.5 to 3Xlength of inferior appendages (fig.
18) Catoxyethira elongata Wells & Andersen
Length of paired spines on abdominal sternite
VIII no more than 2X length of inferior ap-
pendages (e.g. figs. 14, 16)
. Paired spines on abdominal sternite VIII straight
in lateral view (fig. 16), curved inwards in ventral
view (fig. 17)
MEA Catoxyethira lanceolata Wells & Andersen
Paired spines on abdominal sternite VIII curved
upwards in lateral view (fig. 14), more or less
Straiohtinhventrall view EE Re
Catoxyethira apicospinosa Wells & Andersen
Inferior appendages positioned mid-ventrally in a
deep excision in abdominal sternite VIII (see
Statzner 11977, iew? A) EEE
NT EN Catoxyethira ocellata Statzner
Abdominal sternite VIII without a deep excision
midventrally{(fie42 507) PRE 17
. Spines on abdominal sternite VIII stout, twisted
(fig 25) .... Catoxyethira ciliata Wells & Andersen
Spines on abdominal sternite VIII slender, slight-
lyicurved, motitwistedi@ ties tenne
RR II Catoxyethira stolzei sp. n.
. Subgenital plate and inferior appendages elongate,
subequal in length; inferior appendages cylindri-
Cal (es 9 MIO) sven oenen.
Catoxyethira bombolensis Wells & Andersen
Subgenital plate about 2X length of inferior ap-
pendages; inferior appendages broader basally
than distally (fig. 8)
Catoxyethira incompta Wells & Andersen
. With pair of sclerotised strap-like structures above
inferiorappendages dig. 49) Renee 20
Without pair of strap-like structures above inferi-
or appendages (figs. 39, 42, 43, 46) ............... 21
. Inferior appendages in ventral view slender,
curved, narrowed slightly towards apex, without a
black spine apically (see Mosely 1948, fig. 48) …
RL EEE Hydroptila cruciata Ulmer
Inferior appendages in ventral view stout basally,
apically bifid, with strong, black spine ventrally
and a pale slender spine dorsally (fig. 48)
HA Hydroptila bumbulensis Wells & Andersen
Inferior appendages short, sub-globose in ventral
view, irregular in shape (fig. 46)
zal pete Hydroptila tannerorum Wells & Andersen
Inferior appendages elongate, cylindrical or some-
what sinuous, with length at least 3X width … 22
24.
26.
Dik
28.
29;
30.
. Inferior appendages symmetrical (fig. 57)
. Aedeagus greatly dilated distally, a single small
spine sub-apically (fig. 39)
ae Hydroptila usambarensis Wells & Andersen
Aedeagus slender or weakly dilated distally, with
oneontwolspinestapicallyg e 23
3. Inferior appendages in ventral view dilated in
basal half, tapered and out-turned apically; aedea-
gus with a small spine apically (figs. 41, 42)
En Hydroptila morogoroensis Wells & Andersen
Inferior appendages in ventral view sub-cylindri-
cal; aedeagus divided distally to form a pair of
spines in series (figs. 43, 44)
ven Hydroptila mazumbaiensis Wells & Andersen
Abdominal segment IX laterally with paired
membranous, digitate processes with 1 or 2 apical
setae (e.g. figs. 55-57)
Abdominal segment IX without paired processes
laterallyl(eeshıes998- 03) nn een. 26
RN LE ria Orthotrichia barnardi Scott
Inferior appendages asymmetrical (fig. 55)
ee Orthotrichia biserula Wells & Andersen
Tibial spurs 0,2,4
Bes Orthotrichia hydroptiloides Wells & Andersen
Msi bialispiinsiO; 354s hess. EE vate. DF,
Inferior appendages fused, in ventral view rectan-
Sulla io Dent ot oe ok ER ren
eA thet oe Orthotrichia scutellata Wells & Andersen
Inferior appendages discrete or partially fused, in
form of two unequal lobes
Inferior appendages rounded, asymmetrical, the
left apically with a small sclerotised knob; an elon-
gate process extending distally into a spine at right
apico-lateral angle of segment IX (fig. 61)
and Orthotrichia nigrovillosa Wells & Andersen
Inferior appendages tapered distally, the right one
twisted; a simple apically rounded process at
right apico-lateral angle of segment IX (see
Jacquemart 1956, fig. 2)
Bink ke Orthotrichia straeleni Jacquemart
Inferior appendages set into deep excision in ab-
dominal sternite IX, irregular in shape, with small
inner spur subapically (fig. 28)
… Ugandatrichia tanzaniensis Wells & Andersen
Abdominal sternite IX with shallow, ventral exci-
sion; inferior appendages stout, with inner spur at
basei(ies 82730) ren nee:
Ugandatrichia dentata Wells & Andersen
Length of inferior appendages in ventral view
POULE use.
Patins Dhatrichia divergenta Wells & Andersen
Length of inferior appendages in ventral view 3 to
LOSANNA) one Rene EE AE
ke OR es Dhatrichia cinyra Wells & Andersen
WELLS & ANDERSEN: Two new Catoxyethira species
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr Michael Stolze loaned us the new Tanzanian material.
A. Wells used facilities provided by the Australian Biological
Resources Study (ABRS) and CSIRO Division of Entomology,
Canberra, Australia for word processing and laboratory
work.
REFERENCES
Dalman, J. W., 1819. Nagra nya insekt-genera, beskrifna. —
Kungliga Svenska vetenskapsakedamiens handlingar 40:
117227
Eaton, E. A., 1873. On the Hydroptilidae, a family of the
Trichoptera. — Transactions of the Entomological Society
of London 1873: 141.
Gibon, F.-M., 1985. Recherches sur les Trichoptères
d'Afrique occidentale, 2: Stactobiini (Hydroptilidae) de
Côte-d'Ivoire. — Revue française d’Entomologie (N.S.) 7:
4921998
Gibon, F.-M., 1993. Trichopteres du Cameroun. Un nouv-
el exemple de la richesse des Catoxyethira (Hydroptilidae).
— Revue Hydrobiologie tropicales 26(3): 199-211.
Iwata, M., 1928. Five new species of trichopterous larvae
from Formosa. — Annotationes zoologicae japonenses,
Tokyo 11: 341-343.
Kimmins, D. E., 1958. On some Trichoptera from S.
Rhodesia and Portuguese East Africa. — Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Series 7:
559-568.
McLachlan, R., 1880. A monographic revision and synopsis
of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna. Part IX, pp.
501-523, with supplement, pp. xiii-Ixxxiv. — London.
Mosely, M. E. 1939. Trichoptera. — Ruenzori Expedition
1934-35(3): 1-39.
Mosely, M. E. 1948. Trichoptera. — Expedition to South-
West Arabia 1937-38(1): 67-85.
Oläh, J., 1989. Thirty-five new hydroptilid species from
Vietnam (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). — Acta Zoologica
Hungarica 35: 255-293.
Schmid, F., 1958. Trichoptères de Ceylon. — Archiv für
Hydrobiologie 54: 1-173.
Statzner, B., 1977. Taxonomische Studien an den
Hydroptilidae-Imagines aus dem zentralafrikanischen
Bergbach Kalengo. — Deutsche entomologische
Zeitschrift, (Neue Folge) 25: 393-405.
Stolze, M., 1989. The Afrotropical caddisfly family
Pisuliidae. Systematics, zoogeography, and biology
(Trichoptera: Pisuliidae). — Steenstrupia 15(1): 1-49
Ulmer, G., 1912. Trichoptera aus äequatorial-Afrika. —
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-
Afrika Expedition (1907-08) 4: 81-125.
Ulmer, G., 1951. Köcherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den
Sunda-Inseln (Teil I). — Archiv für Hydrobiologie,
Supplement 19: 1-528.
Wells, A. & T. Andersen, 1995. Tanzanian micro-caddis-
flies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). — Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie 138: 143-167.
Wells, A. & J. Huisman, 1993. Malaysian and Bruneian mi-
cro-caddisflies in the tribes Stactobiini and Orthotrichiini
(Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Hydroptilinae). -
Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 67: 91-125.
Received: 29 December 1995
Accepted: 18 March 1996
89
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
90
ZHI-QIANG ZHANG! & NOWZAR RASTEGARI
‘International Institute of Entomology, London, UK &
“Agricultural Research Center, Zarghan, Pars, Iran
LARVAL MITES (ACARI: TROMBIDIIDAE) PARASITIC
ON APHIDS IN IRAN: KEY, A NEW SPECIES AND
NEW RECORD
Zhang, Z.-Q. & N. Rastegari, 1996. Larval mites (Acari: Trombidiidae) parasitic on aphids in
Iran: key, a new species and new record. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 91-96, figs. 1-6.
[ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 15 October 1996.
A key to larvae of Trombidiidae (Acari: Prostigmata) found ectoparasitic on aphids in Iran is
presented. Allothrombium shirazicum Zhang sp. n. is described and illustrated from larvae par-
asitic on Forda marginata Koch (Pemphigidae) and unidentified aphids in Shiraz, Iran.
Monotrombium simplicium Zhang is newly recorded from larvae parasitic on aphids in wheat
fields in Shiraz, Iran.
Z.-Q. Zhang, International Institute of Entomology, 56 Queen's Gate, London SW7 5JR, UK.
Key words. — Acari; Trombidiidae; classification; larvae; key; ectoparasites; aphids;
Pemphigidae; Monotrombium; Allothrombium; Iran.
Larvae of the genus Allothrombium and Podothrom-
bium are common ectoparasites of aphids and are ex-
pected to have potential for use as biocontrol agents
against aphids (Eickwort 1983, Welbourn 1983,
Zhang 1991a, Zhang & Xin 1992). Discovery and
accurate description of these parasitic mites are pre-
requisites for any research toward their potential use
in pest control programs (Eickwort 1983, Welbourn
1983).
Recently, H. Norbakhsh of Shahid Chamran
University, Ahwaz, Iran sent to the senior author
some larval trombidiid mites which were found ec-
toparasitic on various wheat aphids in Shiraz, Iran. A
study of these mites revealed a new species
(Allothrombium shirazicum Zhang sp. n.) and a new
record (Monotrombium simplicium Zhang) from
Shiraz, Iran. The purpose of this paper is to describe
the new species and to present a key to larvae of
Trombidiidae parasitic on aphids in Iran.
The terminology and abbreviations used in this pa-
per are adapted from Robaux (1974) and Welbourn
& Young (1988). All the measurements of length are
in micrometers.
Key to larvae of Trombidiidae parasitic on aphids
in Iran
1. Coxa II with one seta; genu II and genu II each
WILNNONEISO Le NICO MB ee ee esses
ARSA Monotrombium (M. simplicium Zhang)
— Coxa Il with two setae; genu II and III each with
two solennidia (Allothrombium) … Di
2. Tarsus III with two normal claws and an empodi-
UM ee A. pulvinum Ewing
— Tarsus HI with one normal claw and empodium;
innerclawsvestigialfa nn ee een eh 3
3. Idiosoma with more than 20 dorsal setae and
more than 10 ventral setae ......... A. mossi Zhang
— Idiosoma with 20 dorsal setae and less than 10
ventralisetae re A ae 4
4. Legs short; tarsi I-III < 60 p … A. triticium Zang
cos long; trs ET ONU NEEN ne
Re A. shirazicum Zhang sp. n.
Allothrombium shirazicum Zhang sp. n.
(figs. 1-6)
Type material. — Holotype larva (ZQZ 96-0128-3a)
parasitic on an aphid, collected by N. Rastagari (No.
14, 58-19), on 20.iv.1992 in Shiraz, IRAN. — Paratype
larva (ZQZ 93-0128-3b), same data as holotype.
Paratype larvae (ZQZ 930128-2c, d) parasitic on
Forda marginata Koch (Pemphigidae), collected by
N. R. Nowband (No. 1-19), on 14.vi.1992 in Shiraz,
IRAN. All types deposited in the The Natural History
Museum (BMNH), London.
Description
Larvae with the following features: fD = 4(+2)-6-4-
4-2 = 18(+2); fV = 2-2-2u-2 = 8; fnTr = 1-1-1; fnFe =
5-4-4; fnGe = 4-3-3; fnTi = 5-5-5; fnTa = 17-14-13;
fSol = I(0-2-2-1), II(0-2-2-1), III(0-2-0-0); f x = I(1-
1), II(1-0), III(0-0); f & = 2-0-0; fe = 1-1-0; fPp = 0-0-
0-BNN2-BBNNNo; IP = 1298 (1280-1320).
9
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-3. Allothrombium shirazicum Zhang sp. n. Holotype larva. — 1, Idiosoma, dorsal view; 2, Idiosoma, ventral view; 3,
Gnathosoma.
Larva. — Measurements are means of four speci-
mens, with range in parentheses. Idiosoma engorged,
holotype 750 long, 450 wide. Idiosoma dorsally with
a scutum, a scutellum, a pair of ocular sclerites, and
24-26 dorsal setae. Scutum pentagonal in shape,
widest at postero-lateral angles, with convex posterior
side; small punctation on scutum denser on posterior
92
part than on anterior part; AM setae barbed, near an-
tero-lateral angles of scutum; PL setae barbed, at pos-
tero-lateral angles; AL setae barbed, between AM and
PL setae; S barbed only in distal half, between AL and
PL setae. Scutellum with two barbed setae; wider
than long, with small punctation throughout.
Standard measurements of scutum and scutellum as
follows: AM 39 (29-45); AA 60 (53-66); AL 44 (43-
47); AW 87 (78-90); MA 42 (41-44); PL 72 (70-73);
PW 104 (100-114); AP 46 (38-53); S 84 (79-90); SB
68 (64-70); ASB 94 (90-99); PSB 56 (55-59); SD
151 (145-158); W 124 (119-130); HS 37 (33-38);
LSS 86 (79-93); SL 68 (65-72); SS 36 (29-43).
Ocular sclerite, 37 (34-40) long, lateral to postero-
lateral angles of scutum; with 2 eyes, the anterior eye
(13-15 in diameter) larger than the posterior one (9-
11 in diameter). All dorsal setae barbed, arising from
small setal sclerites; dorsal setal formula fD = 4(+2)-6-
4-4-2 = 18(+2).
Idiosoma ventrally with three pairs of coxae, 1 pair
of intercoxal setae, eight pairs of ventral setae, and an
anus. All setae on ventral idiosoma with barbs. Coxa I
82 (75-88) long, with two barbed setae. Coxa II 84
(81-88) long, with two barbed setae. Coxa III 74 (69-
75) long, with a single barbed seta. Intercoxal setae
between coxa III. Ventral setae with small setal scle-
rites; ventral setal formula fV = 2-2-2u-2 = 8.
Gnathosoma truncate posteriorly. Palpal setal for-
mula fPp = 0-0-0-BNN2-BBNNNw. A pair of adoral
setae nude, 8 (6-9) long. A pair of subcapitular setae
thick, branched distally, 11 (11-12) long, 119 (18-
20) apart at base. Cheliceral base 65 (62-68) long;
cheliceral blade 26 (23-30) long, curved with a single
tooth distally.
Leg segmentation formula fSp = 6-6-6. IP = 1298
(1280-1320). Leg I 448 (431-456); trochanter 53
(50-55), with 1B; femur 83 (80-84), with 5B; genu
49 (47-50), with 4B, two solenidia 0, and a microse-
ta K; tibia 78 (75-80), with 5B, two solenidia db, and
a microseta K; tarsus 104 (96-108), with 17B, one
solenidion ©, one dorsal eupathidum {, one terminal
eupathidum &, one famulus €; claw-like empodium
20 (19-21), two lateral claws 32 (32-34) each. Leg II
414 (406-419); trochanter 52 (49-55), with 1B; fe-
mur 74 (71-75), with 4 B; genu 40 (38-42), with 3B,
two solenidia o and one microseta x; tibia 71 (70-
72), with 5B and two solenidia ©; tarsus 95 (92-96),
with 14B, one solenidion ©, and one famulus e; claw-
like empodium 22 (21-23), two lateral claws 31 (25-
37) each. Leg III 436 (423-451); trochanter 57 (55-
64), with 1B; femur 77 (75-79) with 4B; genu 42
(38-46), with 3B and two solenidia 0; tibia 83 (80-
86), with 5B; tarsus 102 (100-107), with 13B; claw-
like empodium 26 (25-27), one lateral claw 37 (30-
40).
Remarks
Larvae of 13 Allothrombium species have been rec-
ognized worldwide (Zhang and Xin 1992; Zhang &
Norbakhsh 1995). Four species are known only from
Europe: A. fuliginosum (Hermann), A. recki Feider &
Agekian, A. neapolitanum Oudemans, and A. mon-
ZHANG & RASTEGARI: Trombidiidae in Iran
spessulanum Robaux & Aeschlimann (Feider 1951,
Feider & Agekian 1967, Henking 1882, Hirst 1926,
Robaux 1972, 1974, Robaux & Aeschlimann 1987,
Oudemans 1910, 1912, Thor & Willmann 1947,
Turk & Turk 1952). Six species have been recorded
only from Asia: A. ovatum Zhang & Xin, A. kekko
(Southcott), A. epiphyllus Shiba, and A. chanaanense
Feider, A. triticium Zhang, and A. mossi Zhang
(Feider 1977, Shiba 1976, Southcott 1986, Zhang &
Xin 1992, Zhang & Norbakhsh 1995). Two species
are known only from North America: A. lerouxi Moss
and A. mali (Childers & Vercammen-Grandjean
1980; Moss 1962). A. pulvinum Ewing appears to be
a cosmopolitan species and has been reported from
Europe, Asia (China and Iran), and North America
(Howard 1918, Miller 1925, Minks & Harrewijn
1988, Zhang 1988, 1991b, Zhang & Faraji 1994,
Zhang & Xin 1989a, b, 1992), although its presence
in Europe needs to be confirmed. The new species, A.
shirazicum, is related to A. triticium, but can be dis-
tinguished from the latter from its long legs: leg
lengths of I-II-III are 448-414-436 for A. shirazicum,
but 335-328-367 for A. triticium.
Monotrombium simplicium Zhang
Description
Larvae with the following features: fD = 2-2-6-4-4-
2=20; fV = 2-2-2u-2 = 8; fcx = 2-1-1; fnTr = 1-1-1;
fnFe = 5-4-4; fnGe = 4-3-3; fnTi = 5-5-5; fnTa = 17-
14-13; fSol = I(0-2-2-1), II(0-1-2-1), III(0-1-0-0); fx
= I(1-1), II(1-0), III(0-0); f{ = 2-0-0; fe = 1-1-0; fPp
= 0-0-0-BNN2-BBNNNo; IP = 805; tarsus III with
reduced inner claw. IP = 785 (754-814).
Larva. — Measurements are means of four speci-
mens, with range in parentheses. Idiosoma 492-530
long, 280-300 wide. Standard measurements of scu-
tum and scutellum as follows: AM 36 (35-38); AA 51
(48-54); AL 33 (25-39); AW 62 (59-65); MA 32 (31-
34); PL 47 (45-47); PW 79 (74-83); AP 35 (34-35);
S 48 (43-52); SB 50 (49-50); ASB 66 (63-68); PSB
43 (36-49); SD 109 (99-117); W 94 (81-104); HS 32
(25-36); LSS 68 (59-81); SL 42 (39-45); SS 25 (23-
26). Ocular sclerite, 23 (22-25) long and 13 (11-13)
wide; the anterior eye (diameter 9-11) larger than the
posterior one (diameter 5-7). Palpal 52 (51-54) long.
Adoral seta 6 long. Subcapitular setae 7 (6-7) long, 12
(11-12) apart at base. Cheliceral base 44 (42-45)
long; cheliceral blade 12 (11-14) long. IP = 785 (754-
814). Leg I 258 (250-262) long; coxa I 51 (45-57)
long; trochanter 33 (32-34) long; femur 48 (47-49)
long; genu 29 (27-31) long; tibia 42 (38-47) long;
tarsus 57 (51-61) long; claw-like empodium 21 (19-
22) long, two lateral claws 15 (13-16) long each. Leg
II 253 (243-268) long; coxa II 58 (54-61); trochanter
32 (31-32) long; femur 45 (43-45) long; genu 24 (22-
93
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 4-6. Allothrombium shirazicum Zhang sp. n. Holotype larva. — 4, first leg; 5, second leg; 6, third leg.
94
25) long; tibia 40 (36-43) long; tarsus 53 (49-58)
long; claw-like empodium 23(21-23) long, two later-
al claws 16 (14-17) each. Leg III 275 long; coxa II 55
(54-56) long; trochanter 35 (34-36) long; femur 49
(43-52) long; genu 28 (25-31) long; tibia 46 (42-50)
long; tarsus 61 (53-68); claw-like empodium 25 (23-
28), one lateral claw 17 (16-18).
Material. — Larvae (ZQZ 93-0128-2a, b, and e), IRAN,
Shiraz, on wheat aphids,14.iv.1992, N. Rastegari.
Remarks
This species was first decribed from larvae parasitic
on aphids in Shahrkord, Iran (Zhang & Norbakhsh
1995). This is a new record of this species from
Shiraz, Iran. The Shiraz specimens are almost identi-
cal to those from Shahrkord. A minor exception is
that the subcapitular setae are longer and more nar-
rowly spaced at base in the former than in the latter;
7 long, 12 apart at base in Shiraz specimens but 5.3
long, 13 apart at base in specimens from Shahrkord.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Mr. Graham duHeaume of the
International Institute of Entomology for drawing
the six figures in the paper. Space and facilities during
this study were kindly provided by the Department of
Entomology, The Natural History Museum,
London.
REFERENCES
Childers, C. C. & P. H. Vercammen-Grandjean, 1980.
Aphithrombium mali, a new genus and species in the fam-
ily Trombidiidae (Acari: Parasitengonae) parasitic on
Aphis pomi De Geer. — Journal of the Kansas Entomolo-
gical Society 53: 720-726.
Eickwort, G. C., 1983. Potential use of mites as biological
control agents of leaf-feeding insects. /nM. A. Hoy, G. L.
Cunningham & L. Knutson (eds), Biological control of
pests by mites: 41-52. University of California Press/
ANR Publishing Co., Oakland.
Feider, Z., 1951. Un trombidiid dusman al puricilor de
plante. — Academia Republicii Populare Romine Filialia
Iasi Studii si Cercetari Stiintifice Biologie si Stiinte
Agricole 2: 481-497.
Feider, Z., 1977. Contribution à la connaissance des larves
d’acariens du bassin oriental de la Mediterranée. — Israel
Journal of Zoology 26: 100-113.
Feider, Z. & H. Agekian, 1967. Un nouvel acarien parasite
des pucerons. — Travaux de Museum d'Histoire Naturelle
‘Grigore Antipa 7: 71-80.
Henking, H., 1882. Beiträge zur Anatomie, Entwicklungs-
geschichte und Biologie von 7rombidium fuliginosum
Hermann. — Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie
37: 533-663.
Hirst, S., 1926. Note on the development of Allothrombium
fuliginosum Hermann. — Journal of the Royal Microsco-
ZHANG & RASTEGARI: Trombidiidae in Iran
pical Society 1926: 274-276.
Howard, C. W., 1918. A preliminary report on the Trombi-
diidae of Minnesota. — Report State Entomologist of
Minnesota 17: 111-144.
Miller, E. A., 1925. An introductory study of the Acarina or
mites of Ohio. — Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station
Bulletin 386: 82-172.
Minks, A. K. & P. Harrewijn, 1988. Aphids. Their biology,
natural enemies and control. Vol. B. — Elsevier, Amster-
dam, 364 pp.
Moss. W. W., 1962. The immature stages of the red velvet
mite Allothrombium lerouxi (Acari: Trombidiidae). —
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55: 295-
303.
Oudemans, A. C., 1910. Acarologische aanteekeningen
XXXI. — Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam 3: 47-
Sle
Oudemans, A. C., 1912. Die bis jetzt bekannte Larven von
Trombidiidae und Erythraeidae mit besonderer Be-
rücksichtigung der für den Menschen schädlichen Arten.
— Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Supplement) 14 (1) 230 pp.
Robaux, P., 1972. Etude des larves de Thrombidiidae; IV.
Redescription des larvaires formes d’Allothrombium
neapolitum Oudemans, 1910, Neothrombium neglectum
(Bruyant), 1908 et Microthrombium fasciatum (Koch),
1836. — Acarologia 14: 612-630.
Robaux, P., 1974. Recherches sur le développement et la bi-
ologie des acariens “Thrombidiidae‘. — Memoires du
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Serie A Zoologie
85: 1-186.
Robaux, P. & J. P. Aeschlimann, 1987. Allothrom-
bium monspessulanum nov. spec. (Acari: Trombidiidae),
un important enemi naturel des arthropodes inféodés a la
luzerne cultivée (Medicago sativa Linnaeus) en region
mediterranéenne. — Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen
Entomologischen Gesellschaft 60: 43-50.
Shiba, M., 1976. Taxonomic investigation on free-living
Prostigmata from the Malay Peninsula. — Nature and life
in Southeast Asia 7: 83-299.
Southcott, R. V., 1986. Studies on the taxonomy and biolo-
gy of the subfamily Trombidiidae (Acarina: Trombi-
diidae) with a critical revision of the genera. — Australian
Journal of Zoology (Supplementary Series) No. 123: 1-
116.
Thor, S. & C. Willmann, 1947. Acarina. Trombidiidae. —
Das Tierreich 71b: 187-541.
Turk, F. A. & S. M. Turk, 1952. Studies on Acari - 7th
Series. Records and descriptions of mites new to the
British fauna together with short notes on the biology of
sundry species. — Annals and Magazine of Natural
History (12) 5: 497-500.
Welbourn, W. C., 1983. Potential use of trombidioid and
erythraeoid mites as biological control agents of insect
pests. Jn M. A. Hoy, G. L. Cunningham & L. Knutson
(eds), Biological control of pests by mites. Agricultural
Experiment Station. Division of Agriculture and Natural
Resources. Special Publication 3304: 103-140. Universi-
ty of California.
Welbourn, W. C. & O. P. Young, 1988. Mites parasitic on
spiders, with a description of a new species of Eutrom-
bidium (Acari: Eutrombidiidae). — Journal of Arachno-
logy 16: 373-385.
Zhang, Z.-Q., 1988. Two common mites of Allothrombium
Berlese in China. — Kunchong Zhishi 25: 172-174 [in
Chinese].
95
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Zhang, Z.-Q., 1991a. Biology of mites of Allochrombiinae
(Acari: Trombidiidae) and their potential role in pest
control. /n F. Dusbabek & V. Bukva (eds), Modern ac-
arology Vol.II.: 513-520. Academia, Prague.
Zhang, Z.-Q., 1991b. Parasitism of Acyrthosiphon pisum
(Harris) by Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acarifor-
mes: Trombidiidae): Host attachment site, host size se-
lection, superparasitism, and impact on host. —
Experimental and Applied Acarology 11: 137-147.
Zhang, Z.-Q. & F. Faraji, 1994. Notes on Allothrombium
pulvinum Ewing (Acari: Trombidiidae) new to the fauna
of Iran. — Acarologia 35: 357-360.
Zhang, Z.-Q. & H. Norbakhsh, 1995. A new genus and
three new species of mites (Acari: Trombidiidae) de-
scribed from larvae ectoparasitic on aphids from Iran. —
European Journal of Entomology 92: 705-718.
96
Zhang, Z.-Q. & J.-L. Xin, 1989a. Biology of Allothrombium
pulvinum Ewing (Acari: Trombidiidae), a potential bio-
logical agent of aphids in China. — Experimental and
Applied Acarology 6: 101-108.
Zhang, Z-Q. & J.-L. Xin, 1989b. Studies on the morphol-
ogy and life history of Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing
(Acariformes: Trombidiidae). — Acta Entomologica
Sinica 32: 192-199 [in Chinese with English abstract].
Zhang, Z-Q. & J.-L. Xin, 1992. A review of larval
Allothrombium (Acari: Trombidiidae), with description
of a new species ectoparasitic on aphids in China. —
Journal of Natural History 26: 383-393.
Received 30 June 1995
Accepted 6 October 1995
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
Volume 139, no. I
Articles
| P. J. Den Boer & Th. S. Van Dijk
Life-history patterns among carabid species.
17 |. Lansbury
Notes on the marine veliid genera Haloveloides, Halovelia and Xenobates
(Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Veliidae) of Papua New Guinea.
29 J. C. Michalski
Description of Hylaeargia magnifica Michalski, a damselfly from Papua New
Guinea (Odonata: Zygoptera).
33 H.K. Pfau
Untersuchungen zur Bioakustik und Evolution der Gattung Platystolus Bolivar
(Ensifera, Tettigoniidae).
73 J.T. Polhemus & R.S. Copeland
A new genus of Microveliinae from treeholes in Kenya (Heteroptera:
Veliidae).
79 G.E.E. Soli
Chalastonepsia orientalis gen. n., sp. n., a second genus in the tribe Metanepsiini
(Diptera, Mycetophilidae).
85 A. Wells & T. Andersen
Two new Catoxyethira species from Tanzania (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) and
a revised key to Tanzanian hydroptilids.
91 Z.-Q. Zhang & N. Rastegari
Larval mites (Acari: Trombidiidae) parasitic on aphids in Iran: key, a new
species and new record.
Announcements and book reviews
84 C. Gielis, Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume |. Pterophoridae. [R.T.A.
Schouten] @ D.T. Goodger & A. Watson, The Afrotropical Tiger-Moths. An
illustrated catalogue, with generic diagnoses and species distribution, of the
Afrotropical Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). [R.T.A. Schouten].
© Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, Amsterdam
Published 15 October 1996 ISSN 0040-7496
volume 157, no. 4, 1776
Tijdschrift
voor —
Entomologie
A journal of systematic and evolutionary
entomology since 1858
Netherlands Journal of Entomology ~
Published by the Netherlands Entomological Society
ISSN 0040-7496
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
A journal of systematic and evolutionary entomology since 1858
Scope
The ‘Tijdschrift voor Entomologie’ (Netherlands Journal of Entomology) has a long
tradition in the publication of original papers on insect taxonomy and systematics.
The editors particularly invite papers on the insect fauna of the Palaearctic and
Indo-Australian regions, especially those including evolutionary aspects e.g.
phylogeny and biogeography, or ethology and ecology as far as meaningful for
insect taxonomy. Authors wishing to submit papers on disciplines related to
taxonomy, e.g. descriptive aspects of morphology, ethology, ecology and applied
entomology, are requested to contact the editorial board before submitting.
Usually, such papers will only be published when space allows.
Editors
E. J. van Nieukerken (elected 1986) and J. van Tol (1985)
Co-editors
A. W. M. Mol (1990) and R. T. A. Schouten (1990)
Advisory board
M. Brancucci (Basel), N. E. Stork (London) and M. R. Wilson (Cardiff).
The ‘Tijdschrift voor Entomologie’ is published in two issues annually by the
‘Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging’ (Netherlands Entomological Society),
Amsterdam.
Editorial address
c/o National Museum of Natural History,
Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Correspondence regarding membership of the society, subscriptions and
possibilities for exchange of this journal should be addressed to:
Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging
c/o Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie
Plantage Middenlaan 64
1018 DH Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Subscription price per volume Hfl. 300,— (postage included).
Special rate for members of the society. Please enquire.
Instructions to authors
Published with index of volume 139 (1996).
Graphic design
Ontwerpers B.V., Aad Derwort, ’s-Gravenhage
Giorgio BALDIZZONE
Asti, Italy
A TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF THE COLEOPHORIDAE
WEEPIDOPTERAPOE AUSTRALIA
Contribution to the knowledge of the Coleophoridae, LXXXV
Baldizzone, G., 1996. A taxonomic review of the Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera) of Australia.
Contribution to the knowledge of the Coleophoridae, LXXXV. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
139: 97-144, figs. 1-158. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
The present taxonomic knowledge of the Coleophoridae of Australia is reviewed. Fifteen
species are recorded here, of which nine are described as new: Corythangela fimbriata,
Coleophora leucocephala, C. nielseni, C. horakae, C. fuscosquamata, C. frustrata, C. rustica, C. al-
biradiata, C. consumpta. The genitalia of Corythangela galeata Meyrick, Coleophora crypsineura
(Lower), C. tremefacta Meyrick, as well as the larval case of C. seminalis Meyrick, are illustrated
for the first time. Two new synonymies are established: Plutella ochroneura Lower, 1897 and
Coleophora pudica Lower, 1905 are junior subjective synonyms of C. serinipennella Christoph,
1872. After examination of the external morphology and the genital structures, the genus
Corythangela is transferred to the family Batrachedridae.
Dr. G.Baldizzone, Via Manzoni, 24, I-14100 Asti, Italy.
Key words. — Coleophoridae; Batrachedridae; Australia; taxonomy; new species.
The present paper is the first in a series of revisions
of ‘non-palaearctic’ Coleophoridae. It will be fol-
lowed by revisions of species of the Afrotropical re-
gion, of South America, and of the Indian subconti-
nent. As a matter of fact, when studying all the
palaearctic species described so far, I have also paid a
lot of attention to the species outside the palaearctic
region; their number is considerably smaller than
those described from the Palaearctic; nevertheless
they are essential for my aim to reach a satisfactory
systematic organisation in the light of modern
methodology. I have not examined the species of
North America, a region that is seriously studied by
my friend Dr. Jean-François Landry, of Ottawa, but
at the moment I can affirm that I have revised all the
type series of all the other species of the world. This
will enable me to present a complete revision and a
general survey of the distribution of the family of
Coleophoridae. The present knowledge of Australian
Coleophoridae is very poor and based only on publi-
cations by Lower (1897, 1905, 1917) and Meyrick
(1897, 1921 a and b, 1922). In recent years Common
(1970, 1990) has given a survey of what is known up
till now. For that reason Dr. Ebbe Schmidt-Nielsen
has rearranged all the material that he found in the
museums of Australia, i.e. in Canberra and Adelaide,
comprising the original material of the Lower collec-
tion as well as all the specimens received later on. I
have received for study the types kept in the BMNH.
All this has enabled me to give a survey of the
Australian fauna of Coleophoridae as complete as
possible at this moment.
Abbreviations for museums
ANIC: Australian National Insect Collection,
Canberra, Australia. — BMNH: Natural History
Museum, London, U.K. — RMNH: Rijksmuseum van
Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands. — MNHN:
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. — sama
South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia. —
usNM: U.S. National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington
Checklist of the Coleophoridae of Australia
Corythangela Meyrick, 1897
galeata Meyrick, 1897
fimbriata sp. n.
Coleophora Hübner, 1822
serinipennella Christoph, 1872
ochroneura (Lower, 1897) syn. n.
pudica Lower, 1905 syn. n.
alcyonipennella (Kollar, 1832)
seminalis Meyrick, 1921
leucocephala sp. n.
97
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
crypsineura (Lower, 1900)
tremefacta Meyrick, 1921
nielseni sp. n.
horakae sp. n.
fuscosquamata sp. n.
frustrata sp. n.
rustica sp. n.
albiradiata sp. n.
consumpta sp. n.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am indebted to Dr. Ebbe Schmidt-Nielsen and to
Dr. Marianne Horak (anic), who have entrusted me
with all the material found in the collections of
Australia, and who have generously helped me with
photocopies, information etc. I also express my ap-
preciation to Dr. Klaus Sattler and to Dr. Kevin Tuck
(BMNH) for the loan of types, for information and ad-
vice, and to an anonymous referee for valuable sug-
gestions to improve this paper. A special word of
thanks for my Dutch friends Erik van Nieukerken
(RMNH) and Hugo van der Wolf (Nuenen) for help
with the realisation of this publication and for the
translation into English.
SYSTEMATIC PART
Corythangela galeata Meyrick
(figs. 1, 2, 18, 34-44)
Corythangela galeata Meyrick, 1897: 300. — Lectotype ? ,
‘Sydney N.S. Wales, 3/12/84, ‘Lectotype 9,
Corythangela galeata Meyr., 1897, I.F.B.Common,
1966’, ‘Corythangela galeata Meyr., 1/9, E. Meyrick det.
in Meyrick Coll, ‘Meyrick Coll., B.M. 1938-290’,
BMNH [examined].
Corythangella galeata, sensu Capuse, 1973, typographical er-
ror.
Material examined. — 1d (slide BMNH 24450), Sydney,
N.S. Wales, 9.XIL.[18]77, paralectotype 4/9 (BMNH); 19
(slide BMNH 24463), Sydney, N.S.Wales, bred 3.11.[19]18,
paralectotype 6/9 (BMNH); 16 (slide anıc 2328), Black Mt.,
ACT, Light Trap, 12. Dec.1963, I. F. B. Common (anic);.
16 (slide anıc 2317, wing slide), Rous, Richmond River,
N.S.W., Sept. 1925, V. J. Robinson (ANIC).
Description. — The original description is exact and
also corresponds to the specimens collected after the
type series.
Male genitalia (figs. 34-36, 41-42). — Terminal
part of gnathos (fig. 41) two transverse plates with
lamellae stellate. Tegumen constricted medially with
two short pedunculi. Transtilla broad and short, sub-
oval, joined medially. Valvula weakly delineated.
Cucullus short, well sclerotized, narrower at base.
Sacculus narrow and long, rather oblique, with heavy
98
lateral margin, with protrusion in form of sclerified
wedge directed inwards, extended to base of cucullus;
also with extension in distal part in form of wedge,
exceeding cucullus in length. Juxta rounded, suboval,
shield-like. Aedeagus (fig. 35) attenuate, very long,
containing two series of cornuti (fig. 42): one, typical
of Coleophoridae, formed by ten needle-like cornuti
of varying lengths in long row; the other formed by a
great number of very small spines in distal third part
of aedeagus.
Structure of abdominal supports (fig. 37). — No
posterior lateral struts; transverse strut arched, thicker
in middle. Tergal disks (fig. 44) very long and nar-
row, with short conical spines similar to those of
Batrachedridae. Female with less convex transverse
strut and shorter tergal disks (fig. 40).
Female genitalia (fig. 38). — Papillae anales long,
oval, with short bristles. Apophyses posteriores about
0.3 times length of apophyses anteriores. Sterigma
(fig. 39) narrow, rather long, sclerotized, rounded at
distal margin, with some bristles. Ostium bursae
small, oval. Colliculum chaliced, transparent, except
for two reinforcements at margins of extension that
connects to ductus bursae. Ductus bursae long, about
12 times longer than sterigma, with lining (fig. 43) of
very small rounded spines all along its surface; ductus
narrow in distal part, widened progressively in central
part and narrowed again in proximal part; bursa cop-
ulatrix oval; signum absent.
Biology. — According to the original description,
also reported by Common (1990: 241) ‘the larvae
construct a slender, elongate case from small pieces of
the twigs of Casuarina (Casuarinaceae) on which they
feed.’ Unfortunately the original series kept in the
BMNH as well as the specimens in ANIC are without
larval cases so that it is impossible to illustrate the cas-
es.
Distribution. — Coast and tablelands of New South
Wales.
Corythangela fimbriata sp.n.
(figs. 3, 19, 45-48)
Type material. — Holotype d (slide anıc 2341), 15
miles N of Northampton, WA, 18 April 1968, I. F.
B. Common & M. S. Upton (ANIC).
Description. — Wingspan 10 mm. Head (fig. 3)
light brown with brilliant sheen, laterally suffused
with white. Labial palp white on inner surface and al-
most completely brown with bronzy sheen on outer
surface; second segment almost as long as third. Basal
segment of antenna white, dorsally suffused with
beige and ventrally with brown, with thick tuft of
short brown scales. Flagellum ringed white and very
light beige, except for distal segments (about 30)
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Fig. 1. Corythangela galeata Meyrick. Wing venation.
ringed white and dark brown. Thorax light brown
with brown tegulae, suffused with white on internal
border. Abdomen beige. Forewing with brilliant
sheen, white, suffused with beige from costa towards
dorsum; bronzy brown narrow streaks along median
part, anal vein and dorsum, with incomplete line
along internal margin of white costal line. Fringes
beige, except for costal portion light brown with
white base. Hindwing light brown, with beige fringes.
Male genitalia (fig. 45). — Terminal part of gnathos
globular, with long lamellae stellate. Tegumen long,
with very short pedunculi. Transtilla sclerotized, sub-
triangular, little developed. Valvula suboval, heavily
sclerotized, poorly delineated. Cucullus short and
stout, heavily sclerotized, curved distally. Sacculus
very narrow and long, ended in narrow and long
point, slightly curved; base with large and rounded
protuberance folded towards base of cucullus. Juxta
‘V’-shaped. Aedeagus (fig. 46) without cornuti, small
and curved, shaped like sharp thorn, with small
spines in ventral part of distal half.
Structure of abdominal supports (fig. 48). —
Posterior lateral struts only slightly pronounced,
transverse strut big, slightly convex, thicker in mid-
dle. Tergal disks wich short conical spines, resembling
those of Coleophoridae more than those of
Batrachedridae; disks of third tergite about 4.5 times
longer than wide.
Diagnosis. — The new species can easily be distin-
guished from C. galeata by its external habitus as well
as by the male genitalia (the female is not known). In
the genitalia the most obvious structures are the
transtilla and the aedeagus: in galeata the transtilla is
compact, whereas in fimbriata it carries two long ex-
tensions; the aedeagus in galeata is rather long and
straight, with many cornuti, whereas in fimbriata it is
short and curved, without cornuti.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — 45 km. north of Geraldton.
Remarks on the genus Corythangela Meyrick,
1897. — When examining the two known species of
Corythangela one is struck first of all by the fact that
the antennae are about as long as the forewings,
whereas they are much shorter in Coleophoridae. The
forewings are slightly narrower and longer than those
of Coleophoridae. The head is narrower and longer.
As to the structure of the genitalia it can be said
that those of the male generally resemble those of the
Coleophoridae, however with obvious differences:
the terminal part of the gnathos has thick lamellae
arranged in a stellate form, whereas normally in the
Coleophoridae the lamellae are thin and short,
arranged in transverse rows. The valvula and cucullus
have shapes that do not occur in Coleophoridae. The
aedeagus is completely different, in galeata as well as
in fimbriata, which also differ completely from each
other. In any case, neither of them resembles the in-
tromittent organ of the Coleophoridae, which was
the object of study of Razowski (1989, 1990), who
introduced the term ‘phallotheca’ for the organ in
Coleophoridae. Moreover, in the two species of the
genus Corythangela a separate juxta is present, where-
as in Coleophoridae the juxta is fused with the aedea-
gus and has a prolongation in two rods, either sepa-
rate or joined together (Landry 1993). This juxta
configuration causes problems when lifting the ‘phal-
lus complex’ from the rest of the genitalia during
preparation, whereas that operation is rather simple
in Corythangela. The female genitalia, only known for
galeata, are similar to those of Batrachedridae.
The structures of abdominal support are similar to
those of Batrachedridae in galeata, whereas in fimbri-
ata they resemble more those of the Coleophoridae:
99
“TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
the tergal disks are shorter and wider than in galeata,
and the spines are thicker and more firmly attached to
the tergal disks.
In spite of the fact that I have not been able to
study the larval case of galeata, which was not kept
with the type series, the biology, as described by
Meyrick is typical of Batrachedridae (Hodges 1978).
In view of this I transfer the genus Corythangela to
the family Batrachedridae.
Coleophora serinipennella Christoph
(figs. 7, 20-23, 49-65)
Coleophora serinipennella Christoph, 1872: 31.
Plutella ochroneura Lower, 1897: 59 syn.n. — Holotype d of
Plutella ochroneura Lower: ‘Semaphore, S.A.’, genitalia
slide Bldz 9186 (sama) [examined].
Corythangela ochroneura, sensu Vives, 1988.
Coleophora stefanii de Joannis, 1899: 331.
Coleophora pudica Lower, 1905: 111, syn.n. Lectotype d
(here designated) of Coleophora pudica Lower: ‘3224,
Broken Hill genitalia slide Bldz 9187 (sama) [examined];
paralectotypes: 24 ‘Broken Hill, 4.4.99 (slides Bldz
9188, 9189) (sama).
Corythangela pudica, sensu Vives, 1988.
Coleophora novella Chrétien, 1926: 9
Coleophora caliacraella Caradja, 1931: 331.
Coleophora caliacraella lucidella Caradja, 1932: 43
Coleophora jerichoella Amsel, 1935: 306.
Coleophora jordanella Amsel, 1935: 306.
Coleophora sosisperma Meyrick, 1936: 621.
Coleophora deserticola Toll, 1944: 292.
Coleophora soffneri Toll, 1944: 292.
Material examined. — 1d, Grey Range, 5 miles W of
Tickalara, south-west Qld, 14. Nov. 1949, I. F. B.
Common; 1d (slide anıc 2300), Mungadal Sation, NSW,
7.11.1985; 8d (slide anıc 2308), 10 mi NE by E of Iron
Knob, SA, 23 Oct. 1968, Britton, Upton, Balderson; 36 , 6
miles W of Iron Knob, SA, 16 Mar. 1968, I. F. B. Common
& M. S. Upton; 11d, 2 mi. SSE of Ceduna, SA, 30 Oct.
1969, Key & Upton; 6d, 31.22S 131.47E, 14 km NNW of
Yalata Mission, SA, 9 Apr. 1983, 10 May 1983, E. S.
Nielsen, E. D. Edwards; 1d, 40 miles E of Nullarbor, SA,
18 Mar. 1968, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton; 26,
31.235 131.24 E, 48 km E by N Nullarbor, SA, 13 Oct.
19815 JR (E. Cardale; 38, 31.258 131.07E, 13) mi E of
Nullarbor HS, SA, 31 Oct. 1969, Key & Upton; 1d, 23 mi
W of Nullarbor HS, SA, 5 Oct.1968, Key, Upton,
Balderson; 44 (slide anıc 2306), 25 miles E of Eucla, WA,
19 Mar. 1968, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton; 1d, 5
miles E of Eucla, WA, 6 Jan. 1967, M. S. Upton; 1d, 6 mi
E of Madura, WA, 15 Oct. 1968, Britton, Upton,
Balderson; 26, Madura, WA, 20 Mar. 1968, I. F. B.
Common & M. S. Upton (slide anıc 2305); 34, Madura,
WA, 7 Oct. 1968, Key, Upton, Balderson; 14,7 mi E by N
of Balladonia HS, WA, 13 Oct. 1968, Britton, Upton,
Balderson; 19 (slide anic 2307), Kalgoorlie, WA,
19.x.1963, V. J. Robinson; 46, Drummond Cove, 11 km
N of Geraldton, WA, 13 Apr., 17 Apr., 23 Apr., 26 Apr.
1973, N. McFarland; 14 (slide anıc 2298), 107 miles S of
Carnarvon, WA, 21 Apr. 1968, I. F. B. Common & M. S.
Upton; 35 (slides anic 2304, 2297), 8 miles E of
100
Carnarvon, WA, 20 Apr. 1968, I. F. B. Common & M. S.
Upton (ANIC).
Male genitalia (fig. 49). — Spinose part of gnathos
big, globular. Tegumen constricted medially, with
widened subtriangular pedunculi.Transtilla long, tri-
angular, weakly joined in middle. Valvula large,
rounded, irregularly sclerotized, covered with short
bristles. Cucullus oblique, sometimes narrower medi-
ally, rather variable. Sacculus simple, characterized by
thick ventral margin and by a process on lateral mar-
gin: outline variable (figs. 51-54, 55-62), rounded,
conical, subtriangular, or truncate. Phallotheca coni-
cal, slightly curved, short, sclerotized only at base and
on dorsal surface. Vesica, without cornuti, pro-
nounced along the entire ventral lamina.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 50, 65). —
Posterior lateral struts 1/3 of length of anterior ones.
Transverse strut very thick, in the male convex on dis-
tal margin, in the female wider and slightly arched.
Tergal disks with many small conical spines; disks of
third tergite 5 times longer than wide.
Female genitalia (fig. 63). — Papilles anales small,
suboval, with short bristles. Apophyses posteriores
about 0.4 longer than anterior ones. Sterigma (fig.
64) trapezoid, weakly sclerotized, with long bristles
on distal margin. Ostium bursae narrow, ogival.
Colliculum chaliced. Ductus bursae with distal sec-
tion as long as sterigma, narrow, with two parallel
sclerotized bands; anterior section of ductus bursae
membranous, gradually widened towards bursa copu-
latrix. Bursa long, bag-shaped, with a big leaf-like
signum, with a long pedunculus.
Diagnosis. — Coleophora serinipennella is the only
representative species of its group in Australia (the
8th of Toll's system). The variation of the forewing
colour pattern occurs scatteringly throughout the
wide area of distribution of the species, but reaches its
most extreme forms in Australia, particularly the dark
form caused by the brown colour of the scales along
the veins, which is known only from Australia: that
variability has undoubtedly induced Lower to de-
scribe the same species twice. Also noteworthy is the
variability of the sacculus in the male genitalia: al-
though a common phenomenon in specimens of
serinipennella, it has reached extreme forms in
Australian specimens.
Biology. — The species mines the stems of various
species of Chenopodiaceae. Common (1990: 241)
writes: ‘at least one endemic species produces galls in
the stems of Chenopodiaceae in inland New South
Wales’.
Distribution. — From Japan to North Africa, and in
Europe where it has been collected in Bulgaria,
Rumania, Greece, Sicily, southern Italy (Calabria),
southern France, Spain (Baldizzone 1994: 55). In
Australia: South-western Queensland, South
Australia and arid areas of Western Australia south of
Carnarvon.
Coleophora alcyonipennella (Kollar)
(figs. 5, 66-72)
Ornix alcyonipennella Kollar, 1832: 99.
Coleophora cuprariella Zeller, 1847: 36.
Coleophora cuprifulgella Toll, 1962: 652.
Material examined. — 1d, 27.35S 151.59E, Prince
Henry Heights, 620 m, Toowoomba, Q., 4 Jan. 1983, I. F.
B. Common; 4d, N. Tamborine, Q, 23 Aug. 1965, M. S.
Upton; 1d (slide H 17), Tooloom Scrub, 20.1.36, W. B.
Barnard; 19 (slide anıc 2327), 26 mls S of Singleton,
NSW, 7 Nov. 1960, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton; 19,
1 spec., Mt Tomah, NSW, 3000 ft, 18 Dec. 1967, M. S.
Upton; 1d, 19 (slide anıc 2375), Mt Keira, NSW,
23.xii.1963, 8.xii.1972, V. J. Robinson; 1d, 19, 1 spec,
CSIRO Experimental Farm Wilton, NSW, 2.1.1973,
29.ix.1980, V. J. Robinson; 1d, 19, George's Basin, NSW,
28 & 30.viii.1965, V. J. Robinson; 16, 25 km NNW of
Barellan, NSW, 23.11.1974, E. D. Edwards & M. Story; 1d,
Mittagong, NSW, 28.1.36, [A. J. Turner]; 1 spec. (slide H
52), Goulburn District, NSW, 24.1.1963, R. W. Shelley;
16 (slide H 15), Canberra, ACT, 22.11.1948, I. F. B.
Common; 14, 19 (slide anıc 2376), Canberra, ACT,
10.x11.1948, 26 Nov. 1948, I. F. B. Common; 116 (slide
ANIC 2323, wing slide W 56), 1 spec., Black Mt, ACT,
Light Trap, 17 Jan. 1961, 30 Feb. 1954, 21 Mar. 1963, 20
Oet. 1959, 15 Nov. 1956, 21 Nov. 1962, 10 Dec. 1963, I.
F. B. Common; 3 spec, 2d (slide anıc 2325), Broulee,
NSW, 24 Feb. 1962, 13 Oct. 1962, M. S. Upton; 16, Mt
Dromedary, NSW, 1000 ft, 24 Nov. 1965, I. F. B.
Common & M. S. Upton; 5d (slide anıc 2326), Mt
Kosciusko, NSW, 5500 ft., 17 Feb. 1968, M. S. Upton; 14,
37.43S 145.48E, 10 km ENE of Warburton, Vic., 210 m,
17 Jan. 1979, I. F. B. Common, E. D. Edwards; 14, 1
spec., Gisborne, 16.xi.25, 29.xii.23, G. Lyell; 26, Little
Desert, 13 miles S of Kiata, Vic., 7 Nov. 1966, I. F. B.
Common & M. S. Upton; 3d (slide H 18), St Helens, Tas.,
241.38, [A. J. Turner]; 18, Cradle Mt., Tas., 3000 ft,
8.111.24, [A. J. Turner]; 16, Ispec., Burnie, Tas., 10.11.25,
[A. J. Turner]; 16, Strahan, Tas., 6.11.25, [A. J. Turner];
12, Wilmot, Tas., 1.11.25, [A. J. Turner); 18, 8 mls SW
Waratah, 1800 ft, T., 16 Feb. 1963, I. F. B. Common & M.
S. Upton; 2d, 19 (slide anıc 2324), Hobart, Tas., 2.11.36,
[A. J. Turner]; 12, Mt Wellington, Tas., 2500 ft, 6.ii.36,
[A. J. Turner] (ANIC).
Male genitalia (fig. 66). — Spinose part of gnathos
narrow, pear-shaped. Tegumen subtriangular, nar-
rower at base of gnathos arms, widened with two
long, moderately wide, pedunculi on external lateral
margin. Transtilla short, triangular, weakly joined in
middle. Valvula big, irregularly oval. Cucullus of av-
erage length, narrower at the base. Sacculus curved
and thick on lateral margin ended dorsally in short
triangular thorn-like process. Phallotheca conical,
sclerotized only at base and on dorsum, the latter with
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
a long fold. Cornuti (fig. 68) 6-7 spines of different
lengths, united into a curved row.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 69, 72). —
No posterior lateral struts. Transverse strut with al-
most straight dorsal margin and biconvex distal one.
Tergal disks with short conical spines, almost twice
longer than wide (third tergite).
Female genitalia (fig. 70). — Papilles anales pointed,
with small needle-like bristles. Apophyses posteriores
twice length of anterior ones. Sterigma (fig. 71) trape-
zoid, curved on distal margin, which has small, nee-
dle-like bristles. Ostium bursae small, oval.
Colliculum chaliced, traversed by median lamina of
ductus bursae, extended to middle of ductus. Ductus
with spinose section about half length of ductus with
small conical spines. Central part of ductus curved,
almost transparent, faintly speckled, anterior part
transparent, widened gradually towards bursa copula-
trix. The latter bag-shaped with big leaf-like signum.
Diagnosis. — In Australia C. alcyonipennella is the
only representative of the group of green-metallic
Coleophoridae, so there is no possibility of mistaking
it for another species. It was imported from Europe
with animal fodder and it shows no differences with
specimens from the countries of origin.
Biology. - Common (1990: 241, 242) has given a
good description of the species, together with some
information on the biology, and two drawings of the
pupa. He indicates that in Australia C. alcyonipennel-
la larvae feed on Trifolium repens, T. fragiferum and
Medicago sp.
Distribution. — Europe, Asia Minor, Irak, Iran,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Japan (Baldizzone 1994:18);
the more humid areas of southern Queensland to
‘Tasmania; New Zealand (Common 1990).
Coleophora seminalis Meyrick
(figs. 4, 17, 73-79)
Coleophora seminalis Meyrick, 1921a: 189.
Coleophora immortalis Meyrick, 1922: 556.
Coleophora inmortalis sensu Vives, 1988: 84, typographical
error.
Material examined. — 2d (slides ANIC 2354, 2353),
Bamaga, Cape York, Q., 26 & 28 Mar 1964, I. F. B.
Common & M. S. Upton; 1d (slide anıc 2331), 9 miles W
of Paluma, 2500 ft., Q., 15 Apr. 1969, I. F. B. Common &
M. S. Upton; 19 (slide anıc 2332), Yeppoon, Q, 18 Dec.
1964, I. F. B. Common (antic). Type material studied in
Baldizzone (1989).
Male genitalia (fig. 73). — (Baldizzone, 1989: 205,
figs. 66, 68, 69). Terminal part of gnathos big, oval.
Tegumen trapezoid, considerably constricted towards
three quarters, with two long pedunculi. Transtilla
broad and flattened, irregularly oval. Sacculus broad,
characterized by two triangular points at the angles:
101
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
the point at the dorso-ventral angle longer than that
at the dorso-caudal angle. Phallotheca narrow and
long, consisting of two sclerotized bands, one thinner
and sharp at apex, the other thicker with a curved
tooth at apex. Cornuti (fig. 75) 6-7, of different
lengths, united into irregular row.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 76, 79). —
(Baldizzone 1989: fig. 67) No posterior lateral struts.
Transverse strut straight, its proximal edge thicker
than distal one. Tergal disks (3rd tergite) about twice
longer than broad.
Female genitalia (fig. 77). — (Baldizzone 1989:
205, figs. 70-73). Papilles anales narrow and long.
Apophyses posteriores about twice length of anterior
ones. Sterigma (fig. 78) trapezoid, distal margin con-
vex with some bristles; with two folds parallel with
sides of ostium bursae. Ostium bursae oval, opening
at three quarters of sterigma. Colliculum tube-
shaped, medially expanded. Ductus bursae with me-
dian line in its first half as far as the central curve;
spiculate section of ductus about twice length of
sterigma. Remainder of ductus almost transparent.
Bursa oval, signum a small irregular oval plate with a
longitudinal ridge. This signum varies considerably
and can also have numerous rounded spines.
Diagnosis. — (Baldizzone 1989: 205). The species
belongs to the 30th group of Toll’s system and might
be placed in the section of C. glaucicolella Wood.
Biology. — (Baldizzone 1989: 205). The species
lives on various species of Amaranthus (paniculatus
and viridis), according to the original description of
C. immortalis Meyrick. The larval case (fig. 17), looks
like that of C. versurella Zeller, 1849, which also lives
on Amaranthaceae. In the description of C. immortal-
is, Meyrick had placed it near C. amaranthella Braun,
1919, a synonym of C. lineapulvella Chambers, 1878.
Distribution. — Fiji Islands, Java, eastern China,
Australia, New Guinea, Sumatra (Baldizzone 1989:
205). In Australia: moist areas of Queensland north
of Yeppoon.
Coleophora leucocephala sp.n.
(figs. 8, 24, 80-90)
Type material. — Holotype: à, 31.328 137.14E, nr
Lake Eyre South, SA, 18 Sept. 1978, E. D. Edwards;
slide anıc 2345 (ANIC). Paratypes: 19 (slide anıc
2370), 29.37S 138.06E, The Frome River, 5 km NE
of Maree, SA, 15 Sept. 1972, M. S. Upton; 2d (slides
ANIC 2349, 2340), 1£ (slide anıc 2350), 30.04S
138.17E, Farina, 48 km NbyW of Leigh Creek, SA,
17 Sept. 1978, E. D. Edwards; 1 d (slide anıc 2346),
as holotype (ANIC).
Description. — Wingspan 9-10 mm. Head (fig. 8)
white, dorsally suffused with beige. Labial palps
102
white: second segment about 2.5 times longer than
third, with wide area of brown scales on external lat-
eral margin. Antennae white, with tuft of short,
brown scales at root of the basal segments; flagellum
ringed white and beige. Thorax and abdomen beige.
Forewings greyish white, sprinkled with long, brown
scales, mainly in dorsal half, from anal vein onwards.
Fringes grey. Hindwings light beige; fringes grey.
Male genitalia (fig. 80). — Spinose part of gnathos
large, globular. Tegumen constricted at base of
gnathos arms and reinforced by sclerotized ‘Y, with
two long and wide pedunculi on external margin.
Transtilla irregularly oval, more or less almond-
shaped. Valvula small, with narrow and long ventral
margin. Cucullus large, ear-shaped, compact.
Sacculus narrow, characterized by thick and serrated
lateral margin, with rounded tooth at ventral angle
and sharper tooth at dorsal angle. Phallotheca formed
by two slender and curved rods, one rod slightly
longer than the other ended in curved point, other
rod sharp. Cornuti about 10 (fig. 82), of different
lengths, united into long formation. The male geni-
talia show a certain amount of variation, as can be
seen in figs. 81, 84-87.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 83, 90). —
No posterior lateral struts; transverse strut with thick
and somewhat convex proximal margin, and almost
straight distal one, more slender. Tergal disks, cov-
ered with conical spines with wide bases, are about 3
times longer than wide. (3rd tergite)
Female genitalia (fig. 88). — Papilles anales narrow
and long. Apophyses posteriores about 2.2 times
longer than anterior ones. Sterigma (fig. 89) sub-
trapezoid, with arched proximal margin and convex
distal margin with some slender and long bristles.
Ostium bursae oval, colliculum chaliced, long, nar-
rowing into ductus bursae. Ductus medial line about
3/5 of length of ductus; spinose part as long as sterig-
ma, covered with very small spines; anterior half of
ductus transparent and widened into round bursa
copulatrix. Signum a small, oval, sclerotized patch
covered with rounded spines.
Diagnosis. — The new species belongs to the 30th
group of Toll's system and according to the genitalia
structure is close to C. versurella, a species so far not
known from Australia. The most obvious differences
are: in the male genitalia of leucocephala the cucullus
is shorter and more compact; the sacculus is shorter,
and serrated on the lateral margin; the phallotheca
rods are more slender, without teeth at the apex as in
versurella; the cornuti are more numerous, not divid-
ed into two sections. In the female genitalia of leuco-
cephala both the sterigma and the colliculum are nar-
rower; the spinose part of the ductus is rather shorter;
and in the bursa the signum is a single, chitinous
patch covered with spines.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Dry areas of South Australia.
Coleophora crypsineura (Lower) comb.n.
(figs. 9, 25, 91-106)
Batrachedra crypsineura Lower, 1900: 419. Lectotype d
(here designated) ‘Broken Hill’, slide Bldz 9191 (sama)
[examined]. Paralectotype © (slide Bldz 9192) same label
as lectotype; one specimen without abdomen, same label
as lectotype, 2 (slide Bldz 9190) Broken Hill, 19.10.08’,
‘types 3466’ [collected after the name was published]
(SAMA).
Material examined. — 16, Bourke, NSW, 25 Oct. 1949,
I. F. B. Common (slide anıc 2339); 1d (slide ANIC
2329),1 (slide anıc 2315), 149.11E 31.17S, 9 km W of
Coonabarabran, NSW, 533 m, 2 Dec. 1974, I. F. B.
Common & E. D. Edwards; 19, Wyperfeld National Park,
Vic., 5 Nov. 1966, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton (slide
ANIC 2338); 2d (slide anıc 2358), 19 (slide anıc 2359), 6
miles W of Iron Knob, SA, 16 Mar. 1968, I. F. B. Common
& M. S. Upton; 19, 31.22S 131.47E, 14 km NNW of
Yalata Mission, SA, 9 Apr. 1983, E. S. Nielsen, E. D.
Edwards (slide anıc 2369); 12, 13 mi. NE by E of Caiguna,
WA, 14 Oct. 1968, Britton, Upton, Balderson (slide anıc
2334)(ANIC).
Redescription. — Wingspan 9-19 mm. Head (fig.
9) white, dorsally suffused with beige. Labial palps
white: second segment about 1.5 times longer than
third, with brown scales on distal half of lateral mar-
gin, third segment white, except for brown ventral
margin. Antennae white, basal segment with tuft of
short, brown scales on ventral margin; flagellum
ringed white and beige. Forewings greyish white,
sprinkled with brown and ochreous scales, which
form two longitudinal lines, one almost in middle of
wing, the other between anal vein and dorsum.
Fringes grey-beige. Hindwings and fringes grey-
beige.
Male genitalia (fig. 91). — Spinose part of gnathos
globular, long. Tegumen strongly constricted at base
of gnathos arms, pedunculi arched. Transtilla narrow,
long, irregularly oval. Valvula wide, compact, ear-
shaped. Sacculus with rounded ventral margin, apical
portion dentate. Phallotheca with two slender distally
arched rods, longer rod with slightly curved and
broadened apex. Cornuti (fig. 92) numerous (more
than 20), of different lengths, united into narrow and
long formation almost as long as vesica.
The male genitalia show some slight individual
variation (figs. 96-99), mainly in the shape of the
transtilla, the teeth on the lateral margin of the saccu-
lus, and the apex of the phallotheca.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 93, 102). —
No posterior lateral struts; transverse strut in male
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
with slender and curved proximal margin, distal mar-
gin straighter and more sclerotized at base of disks of
2nd tergite. Tergal disks with short conical spines
with wide bases, about 3 times longer than wide (3rd
tergite).
Female genitalia (fig. 100). — Papilles anales narrow
and long. Apophyses posteriores about twice length
of anterior ones. Sterigma subtrapezoid with proxi-
mal margin almost straight or slightly arched, distal
margin covered with some bristles, also present
around ostium bursae. Ostium oval. Colliculum
long, chaliced. Ductus bursae with in distal part me-
dial line as long as half the ductus, and small spinose
section about as long as half the sterigma; anterior
part of ductus transparent, coiled. Bursa copulatrix
round, signum a small, elongate patch covered with
round spines (fig. 95).
The female genitalia also show some slight individ-
ual variation, mainly in the shape of the sterigma and
of the colliculum (figs. 101, 103-106).
Diagnosis. — C. crypsineura belongs to the 30th
group of Toll's system, and is close to C. leucocephala,
from which it can be distinguished by the following
characteristics: in the male of crypsineura the ventral
margin of the sacculus is more curved, while the lat-
eral margin is wider, oblique and less serrated. The
cornuti are more numerous, united into a longer for-
mation. In the female genitalia of crypsineura the
sterigma is shorter with a wider base, the colliculum is
shorter as well as the spinose segment of the ductus
bursae, which has a shorter and weaker medial line.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Dry and semidry southern
Australia from Coonabarabran, New South Wales, to
Caiguna, western Australia.
Coleophora tremefacta Meyrick
(figs. 6, 26, 107-113)
Coleophora tremefacta Meyrick, 1921b: 472. Holotype 3
‘Adelaide, Largs Bay, O.L., 2.20’ (sama) [not examined].
— Paratype © ‘Largs Bay, S.Australia, OL. 2.20’, ‘treme-
facta Meyr.', ‘Paratype Coleophora tremefacta Meyr. 1921,
det.I.F.B.Common’, ‘Coleophora tremefacta Meyr.,
E.Meyrick det, in Meyrick coll”, ‘B.M. Genitalia Slide
2 24462’ (BMNH) [examined].
Material examined. — 1d, ‘Queensland, T.P.L./95’, det.
E.Meyrick, (slide BMNH 24466) (BMNH). This specimen was
determined by Meyrick after the description of tremefacta.
The external features resemble those of the paratype ®
which is kept in the BMNH, but, since both specimens are in
poor condition (wings with few scales) characterization of
the species is thus tentative.
According to the original description the holotype is in
the Lower Collection, which is kept at the sAMA; unfortu-
nately I have not been able to study that specimen, for in the
Museum of Adelaide there is, at the moment, no profession-
103
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
al lepidopterist who can look for the types among the mate-
rial in the collection.
Description. — The original description by Meyrick
is clear. When examining the two specimens kept in
the BMNH I could ascertain that the description fits
them well; however, these are worn specimens and
better material will be needed for a more comprehen-
sive description.
Male genitalia of the specimen kept in the BMNH
(slide BMNH 24466) (fig. 107). — Spinose part of
gnathos big, globular. Tegumen constricted at base of
gnathos arms, with sclerotized ‘Y’; pedunculi long
and curved. Transtilla wide and oval. Valvula small,
with rounded sclerotized ventral margin. Cucullus
large, compact, ear-shaped. Sacculus, curved and
oblique, ventrally with narrow lateral margin, apex
dentate. Phallotheca with two arched rods, shorter
one ended acutely, longer one with small apical tooth.
Cornuti (fig. 109) 3-4, of different lengths, one much
longer than the others, curved, and almost the full
length of the vesica, other cornuti positioned at base
of long one.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 110, 113). —
No posterior lateral struts. Transverse strut slender,
somewhat convex. Tergal disks about 3 times longer
than wide (3rd tergite) covered with short conical
spines.
Female genitalia (fig. 111). —Papilles anales very
narrow and long, heavily sclerotized. Apophyses pos-
teriores about twice length of anterior ones. Sterigma
(fig. 112) heavily chitinized, subtrapezoid, with both
margins concave. Ostium small, ogival. Colliculum
narrow, chaliced. Distal part of ductus bursae about
twice length of sterigma, almost transparent except
for lateral reinforcement; spinose section about 3.5
times longer than sterigma, recurved with medial line
extended into coiled portion of ductus, proximal por-
tion of ductus speckled with chitine and coiled. Bursa
copulatrix almost rounded, with leaf-shaped signum
and smaller suboval signum covered with small
spines.
Diagnosis. — C. tremefacta belongs to the 30th
group of Toll's system in the section of versurella. The
differences in the genitalia are: in the male of treme-
facta (specimen BMNH 24466) the transtilla is shorter
and more oval, the cucullus is shorter and more com-
pact; the cornuti are different because they are not di-
vided into two formations. In the female the papilles
anales are more sclerotized, just like the sterigma,
which is much broader; the colliculum is narrower
and longer; and the spinose section of the ductus bur-
sae begins closer to the colliculum than in versurella.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Coastal regions of South Australia,
north of Adelaide.
104
Coleophora nielseni sp. n.
(figs. 15, 30, 114-117)
Type material. — Holotype: 9 , Brisbane, 3.11.02,
(A. J. Turner], slide anıc 2372 (anic). Paratypes 3
specimens, all without abdomen before dissection : 1
ex., Brisbane, 23.11.02, [A. J. Turner]; 1 ex, Brisbane,
21.x1.02, [A. J. Turner]; 1 ex., Brisbane; Batrachedra
hypoxutha Meyr. (ANIC).
Note. — All specimens were mixed in the type series
of Batrachedra hypoxutha Meyrick, 1897 (ANIC),
which, according to the original description, consist-
ed of three specimens. Actually the type series of hy-
poxutha comprises two specimens of the true hypox-
utha, from which Schmidt-Nielsen has selected a
lectotype.
Description. — The original description by Meyrick
of his Batrachedra hypoxutha might have been based
upon the specimen that is now the object of the de-
scription of C. nielseni sp. n., for they correspond very
well. In any case I give here a new description.
Wingspan 11 mm. Head (fig. 15), thorax and ab-
domen light ochreous. Head white laterally and dor-
sally of the eyes. Palpi almost completely covered with
ochreous scales, darker at external margin: second
segment about 1.5 times longer than third. Antennae:
basal segment without scale-tuft, ochreous except for
white upper surface, flagellum ringed white and
ochreous. Forewings glossy ochreous, gradually varie-
gated from dorsum to costa, the latter white. Fringes
grey-beige. Hindwings light grey; fringes beige.
Female genitalia (fig. 114). — Papilles anales oval,
very small. Apophyses posteriores about 2.5 times
longer than anterior ones. Sterigma narrow (fig. 115),
subtrapezoid, anterior margin arched, posterior mar-
gin convex, with some short bristles, excavated in
middle at ostium bursae. Ostium ogival. Colliculum
well sclerotized, in the form of deep cup. Ductus bur-
sae: distal section to colliculum transparent except for
two symmetrical reinforcements along external mar-
gin, and with medial line extended to half length of
ductus. Spinose section about 1.5 times longer than
sterigma, section cephalad curved and transparent
with medial line; in the central section the ductus is
curved, speckled with chitine; bursa copulatrix oval,
signum narrow, elongate, covered with triangular
spines.
Structure of abdominal supports (fig. 117). — No
posterior lateral struts; transverse strut slender, slight-
ly convex. Tergal disks covered with small spines, nar-
rower base. Disks of 3rd tergite about 3.5 times
longer than wide.
Diagnosis. — C. nielseni belongs to the 30th group
of Toll's system, perhaps to the versurella section;
more precise placement is not possible because the
male is unknown. The female genitalia can easily be
distinguished from those of versurella by the sterigma,
which is narrow and long; the spinose section of the
ductus bursae, which is shorter; and the signa, be-
cause nielseni is without a leaf-like signum.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Southern Queensland.
Derivation of name. — The species is dedicated to
Dr. Ebbe Schmidt-Nielsen, with thanks for the op-
portunity he has given me to realize this paper.
Coleophora horakae sp.n.
(figs. 11, 31, 118-129)
Type material. — Holotype: 4, Toowoomba, Q,
1.iv.16, [A. J. Turner]; slide anıc 2314 (ANIC);
Paratypes: 19 (slide anıc 2379), Goodna, Q,
25.1.49, I. F. B. Common; 1% (slide anıc 2373),
Glen Innes, NSW, 25.iii.13, [A. J. Turner]; 19 (slide
ANIC 2319), Black Mt., ACT, Light Trap, 22 Jan.
1961, I. F. B. Common; 19 (slide ANIC 2309),
23.385 133.53E, Todd River, 9 km NbyE of Alice
Springs, NT, 10 Oct. 1978 (ANrc).
Description. - Wingspan 10 mm. Head (fig. 11)
light brown, except for sides above eyes. Labial palps
almost completely white on inside and light brown
on outside, except base and dorsal part of second seg-
ment white, second segment about 1.5 times shorter
than first. Antennae: basal segment uniformly ochre-
ous, without scales tuft; flagellum ringed ochreous
and greyish-white. Thorax and abdomen light brown.
Forewings pearly ochreous, with slender greyish-
white line along costa, gradated, terminated before
fringes. Fringes beige. Hindwings light brown;
fringes beige.
Male genitalia (fig. 118). — Spinose part of gnathos
big, globular. Tegumen constricted at base of gnathos
arms, pedunculi laterally prominent. Transtilla short,
rounded and dorsally widened. Valvula small, oblique
and ventrally long. Cucullus compact, ear-shaped.
Sacculus narrow, with external margin rounded and
strongly curved, ended apically with two obtuse teeth
of irregular shape. Phallotheca rods symmetrical, dis-
tally tapered, with apices rounded and curved. About
10 cornuti, of different lengths, united into a cluster
about as long as vesica.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 121, 125). —
No posterior lateral struts. Transverse strut, slightly
convex, with complete proximal margin, distal mar-
gin not sclerotized in middle. Tergal disks about 4
times longer than wide (3rd tergite) with small coni-
cal spines.
Female genitalia (fig. 122). — Papilles anales small,
narrow and long. Apophyses posteriores about twice
length of anterior ones. Sterigma (figs. 126-129) ir-
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
regularly trapezoid, with proximal margin almost
straight and distal margin convex, with some bristles;
distal margin excavated in middle at ostium bursae.
Ostium ogival. Colliculum amphora-shaped. Ductus
bursae with medial line in distal half, spinose section
about as long as sterigma; proximal half of ductus
speckled with chitine, and with a few coils. Signum a
small elongate plate covered with triangular spines
(figs. 123, 124).
Diagnosis. — C. horakae belongs to group 30 of
Toll's system and may be placed in the section of C.
therinella Tngstr. The male genitalia can be distin-
guished mainly by the structure of the lateral margin
of the sacculus, which does not end in a big, sharp
process as in therinella, and by the completely differ-
ent phallotheca, which is simpler and symmetrical.
The female genitalia differ from all others in the
group, mainly by the shape of the colliculum, which
is amphora-shaped, and by the presence of a single
signum, irregular and not of the usual leaf-like shape.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Southern Queensland, tablelands
of New South Wales to central Australia.
Derivation of name. — The species is dedicated to
Dr. Marianne Horak, with thanks for all the help she
has given me with the realisation of this paper.
Coleophora fuscosquamata sp.n.
(figs. 10, 28, 130-132)
Type material. - Holotype: 9, 26.035 127.14E, 66
km EbyN of Warburton, WA, 15 Nov. 1977, M. S.
Upton; slide anıc 2356 (anc). Paratypes: 29 (slide
ANIC 2357), as holotype; 19 (slide anıc 2348),
24.585 129.23E, Hull River 33 km ESE of Docker
River, NT, 17 Nov. 1977, M. S. Upton (ANIC).
Description. - Wingspan 8-9 mm. Head (fig. 10)
white, dorsally covered with ochreous scales. Labial
palps white on inner side; second segment about 1.5
times longer than third, outside traversed by brown
longitudinal band; third segment ventrally brown.
Antennae: basal segment ochreous, dorsally white;
flagellum ringed white and brown. Thorax and ab-
domen ochreous. Forewings ground colour white,
with longitudinal streak of ochreous and dark brown
scales below costa from base to apex. Fringes beige.
Hindwings and fringes beige. It should be noted that
the tibiae of this species are unusually coloured for a
Coleophoridae: they are white, on the outside tra-
versed by a central longitudinal line, slender, brown.
Female genitalia (fig. 130). — Papilles anales small,
oval. Apophyses posteriores about twice length of an-
terior ones. Sterigma (fig. 131) rather sclerotized,
strongly convex on proximal margin and slightly less
on distal one; ostium small, oval, little pronounced.
105
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Colliculum large, shaped like elongated funnel.
Ductus bursae with medial line along about 2/3rd of
its length; distal section of ductus, about 1/3rd of its
total length, covered with spines, proximal section,
gradually widened into bursa copulatrix. Bursa large,
oval, signum a small oval chitinous plate speckled
with small spines.
Structure of abdominal supports (fig. 132). — No
posterior lateral struts; transverse strut, slightly con-
vex, with complete proximal margin, distal margin
more slender in middle part. Tergal disks, wich short
conical spines, 2.5 times longer than wide (3rd ter-
gite).
Diagnosis. — The species belongs to the 30th group
of Toll's system; only the female is known, so present
ly it is not possible to give a more precise placement
in the system. The very characteristic shape of the
sterigma enables it to be distinguished easily.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Central Australia near border be-
tween Western Australia and Northern Territory.
Coleophora frustrata sp. n.
(figs. 13, 32, 133-136)
Type material. — Holotype: d, 2.7 km NE of
Queanbeyan, NSW, 670 m, 3 Oct. 1972, I. F. B.
Common; slide ANIC 2342 (ANIC).
Description. — Wingspan 8 mm. Head (fig. 13),
thorax and abdomen ochreous. Labial palps white:
second segment about twice length of third, covered
with ochreous scales on outer side over much of its
surface, third segment ochreous on inner side only.
Antennae: basal segment with a short tuft of brown
scales brown, except for dorsal side white; flagellum
ringed white and brown, except for first basal seg-
ments ventrally brown and dorsally white. Forewings
pearly ochreous; a thin white line along costa, gradu-
ally narrowing. Fringes beige. Hindwings and fringes
beige.
Male genitalia (fig. 133). — Spinose part of gnathos
big, globular. Tegumen constricted at base of gnathos
arms. Transtilla oval, elongated. Valvula small, nar-
row, teardrop-like shaped. Cucullus ear-shaped,
slightly elongated. Sacculus with vertical lateral mar-
gin, ended in triangular point at ventral angle, and
sharper point at dorsal angle. Phallotheca slightly
curved and long, consisting of two rods, longer rod
tapered to acute apex, shorter rod 2/3rd of length of
other with wider beak-like apex. About ten needle-
like cornuti, united into long cluster (fig. 135).
Structure of abdominal supports (fig. 136). — No
posterior lateral struts; transverse strut with curved
proximal margin, distal margin straight, not sclero-
tized in middle. Tergal disks wich small conical
106
spines, about 2.5 times longer than wide (3rd tergite).
Diagnosis. — The new species belongs to the 30th
group of Toll's system; however, the female is un-
known, so it is difficult to relate it to another species.
In coloration it resembles C. horakae sp. n. very
much, but the male genitalia are markedly different.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Southern tablelands of New South
Wales.
Coleophora rustica sp. n.
(figs. 12, 33, 137-140)
Type material. — Holotype: d, 23.59S 133.56E,
32 km SbyE of Alice Springs, NT, 23 Sept. 1978, E.
D. Edwards; slide anıc 2351 (ANIC).
Description. — Wingspan 11 mm. Head (fig. 12),
thorax and abdomen pearly ochreous. Labial palps
ochreous; ventral part of second segment about twice
length of third. Antennae: basal segment without
scales tuft ochreous, dorsal surface white; flagellum
ringed white and ochreous, except for basal segments
entirely ochreous. Forewing almost uniformly ochre-
ous, slightly variegated, with brilliant sheen, with
some brown scales. Fringes greyish ochreous.
Hindwings greyish beige; fringes beige.
Male genitalia (fig. 137). — Spinose part of gnathos
globular. Tegumen constricted medially, with wide
and rounded pedunculi. Transtilla elongated, oval.
Valvula narrow, elongated, teardrop-shaped, oblique
on external margin. Valva compact, ear-shaped.
Sacculus rounded on ventral margin, ended in subtri-
angular, obtuse point at ventral angle; lateral margin
straight, ended in acute tooth at dorsal angle.
Phallotheca slightly arched and long, with two rods,
longer rod curved, acute at apex, beak-shaped, short-
er rod ended in triangular point. Cornuti 4-5 (fig.
139), needle-like, of different lengths, united into
long cluster.
Structure of abdominal supports (fig. 140). — No
posterior lateral struts; transverse strut characterized
by convex proximal margin, thicker in middle, distal
margin almost straight. Tergal disks with short, coni-
cal spines on wide base, about 3 times longer than
wide (3rd tergite).
Diagnosis. — C. rustica belongs to the 30th group of
Toll's system, and as the female is not known it is dif-
ficult to give a more precise placement in the system.
As far as the Australian fauna is concerned, it is close
to C. frustrata, from which it can be distinguished by
the following characteristics of the male genitalia: in
rustica the pedunculi as well as the cucullus are wider;
the ventral margin of the sacculus is more curved,
while the lateral margin is not concave, but slightly
convex; the processes at the two angles are different;
the phallotheca rods are wider and the longer one
ends in a beak, which is absent in C. frustrata.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — Central Australia.
Coleophora albiradiata sp. n.
(figs. 16, 27, 141-154)
Coleophora ochroneura.— sensu Common 1990.
Type material. — Holotype: d (slide anıc 2363),
Black Mt, ACT, Light Trap, 17 Jan. 1961, I. F. B.
Common (Anıc). Paratypes: 1d (slide anıc 8769)
same label as holotype, 2. Nov.1959 [the photograph
of this specimen was reproduced in the volume by
Common 1990, with the name of C. ochroneura
Lower] ; 12 (slide anıc 2343), Rockhampton,
2.5.48, I. F. B. Common; 16 (slide H 53), Brisbane,
AVION AS) une FISM (slidetanie 2355);
Brisbane, 10.iii.16; 16 (slide anıc 2333), Warwick,
Q, Oct; 12 (slide anıc 2310), Milmerran, Q.,
20.ix.31; 16 (slide anıc 2336), 85 miles W of
Wanaaring, NSW, emg. 5 Nov. 1949, I. F. B.
Common; Larva on Rutidosis _helichrysoides
[Asteraceae]; 26 (slide anıc 2361), 19 (slide anıc
2362), Depot Beach, 10 miles NE of Bateman's Bay,
NSW, 13 Mar 1970, 21 Mar. 1969, I. F. B.
Common; 19 (slide anıc 2335), 2.7 km NE of
Queanbeyan, NSW, 670 m, 18 Apr.1974, I. F. B.
Common; 6d (slides anıc 2371, 2322, 2321, 2365,
2318), 39 (slides anıc 2366, 2320, 2364), as holo-
type but 9 Apr. 1963, 29 Oct. 1959, 6 Nov. 1959, 3
APrR19 63:88] an196124Nov.#1959) 17, Dee:
1963, 18 Oct. 1959, 18 Sept. 1963; 14 (slide ANIC
2337), 1 km SSE of Srivener Dam, ACT, 13.iii.1985,
E. D. Edwards; 19 (slide anıc 2330), 24.15S
133.26E, James Ranges, NT, 22 Sept. 1978, E. D.
Edwards; 29 (slides anıc 2312, 2311), 24.11S
134.01E, 56 km SbyE of Alice Springs, NT, 3 Oct.
1978, E. D. Edwards; 16 (slide anıc 2352), 23.415
134.15E, 39 km E of Alice Springs, NT, 25 Sept.
1978, E. D. Edwards (ANIC).
Description. — Wingspan 9.5-10.5 mm. Head (fig.
16) light brown. Labial palps white; second segment,
about twice length of third, almost completely brown
on outer side, third segment brown only on ventral
side. Antennae: basal segment brown with scale tuft;
flagellum ringed white and brown. Thorax brown
with white and brown tegulae. Abdomen beige.
Forewings ochreous with white streaks along costa,
dorsum and main veins. Fringes beige. Hindwings
and fringes beige. The colour of the wings and the
width of the streaks is variable, and in the female the
colour is usually lighter.
Male genitalia (fig. 141). — Spinose part of gnathos
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
oval. Tegumen constricted medially, pedunculi of av-
erage length. Transtilla narrow, elongated, rounded
at apex. Valvula small, subtriangular, covered with
bristles. Cucullus big, compact, ear-shaped. Sacculus
with curved ventral margin, with long process in
shape of curved and sharp horn at dorsal angle ex-
tended to middle of cucullus. Phallotheca with two
long and symmetrical rods, rounded at apex, more
sclerotized on dorsal side. Cornuti 2-3 (fig. 139)
rather small, united into needle-like cluster.
Structure of abdominal supports (figs. 140, 154). —
No posterior lateral struts; transverse strut with prox-
imal margin thicker than distal one. Tergal disks with
small conical spines; those of 3rd tergite about 6 times
longer than wide.
Female genitalia (fig. 150). — Papilles anales small,
oval, speckled with chitine. Apophyses posteriores
about 2.5 times longer than anterior ones. Sterigma
(fig. 151) irregularly trapezoid, uniformly sclerotized,
with convex proximal margin and curved distal mar-
gin, with some bristles, excavated medially at ostium
bursae. Ostium small, ogival. Colliculum chaliced,
completely transparent, except for well-sclerotized
section lining ostium bursae. Ductus bursae entirely
transparent, except for sclerotized disk with small
spines (figs. 152, 153) at insertion of ductus semi-
nalis. Bursa copulatrix small, oval, without signa.
Diagnosis. — C. albiradiata belongs to the 30th
group of Toll's system, and according to its genital
structures could be placed in the section of C. chrysan-
themi Hofmann (fig. 149), together with C. ab-
sinthivora Baldizzone, C. kurokoi Oku (fig. 148) and
C. yomogiella Oku (fig. 147), species that use
Asteraceae for hostplants. The most closely related
species is C. yomogiella Oku, distributed in Japan,
China and Korea. The most obvious differences in
the genitalia are: in the male of albiradiata the cucul-
lus is wider, the sacculus ends in the dorsal angle in a
more acute process without a tooth at the base. In the
female genitalia of albiradiata the distal margin of the
sterigma is more rounded; the ductus bursae is short-
er, completely transparent, also without the medial
line which is present in yomogiella; the bursa has no
signum, while yomogiella has a small one.
Note. - Common (1990) treated this species under
the name of C. ochroneura (Lower), also presenting a
photograph of a specimen (fig. 24.10) and a drawing
of the male genitalia (fig. 83.3, 4). Evidently he had
not studied the type of ochroneura.
Biology. — One of the specimens that I studied had
been bred from Rutidosis helychrysoides DC: this
species belongs to an endemic genus in the tribe
Inuleae of the Asteraceae. Rutidosis is a plant of drier
habitats. Unfortunately the larval case has not been
preserved and there is no other biological information
associated with the specimen. It should be noted that
107
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
owing to the fact that the species has also been col-
lected in Java it must also live on another plant
species.
Distribution. — Southern Queensland, coastal New
South Wales to central Australia.
Coleophora consumpta sp. n.
(figs. 14, 29, 155-158)
Type material. — Holotype: 1d, 31.22S 131.47E,
14 km NNW of Yalata Mission, SA, 9 Apr. 1983, E.
S. Nielsen, E. D. Edwards; slide anıc 2360 (ANIC).
Description. — Wingspan 9 mm. Head (fig. 14),
thorax and abdomen beige. Labial palps white: sec-
ond segment about twice length of third, with wide
brown band on outer side, third variegated white and
beige. Forewings weakly and uniformly ochreous,
with some brown scales. Fringes beige. Hindwings
light brown; fringes beige.
Male genitalia (fig. 155). — Spinose part of gnathos
globular. Tegumen constricted at base of gnathos
arms, pedunculi widened laterally. Transtilla narrow
and elongate, slightly widened and rounded at apex.
Valvula irregularly shaped, rounded on ventral mar-
gin. Cucullus shaped like elongate ear, not extended
beyond sacculus. Sacculus narrow, elongate, with
long and rounded process laterally, ended dorsal an-
gle with triangular tooth. Phallotheca long and al-
most straight with two rods, apex of longer rod slight-
ly curved and sharp, beak-like, apex of shorter rod
divided into two asymmetrical sharp points. Two
needle-like cornuti of different lengths (fig. 157).
Structure of abdominal supports (fig. 158). — No
posterior lateral struts; transverse strut almost
straight, proximal margin thicker. Tergal disks with
short conical spines, about 2.5 times longer than wide
(3rd tergite).
Diagnosis. — C. consumpta belongs to the 30th
group of Toll's system; its precise placement is uncer-
tain, as the female is not known. The male genitalia
show no resemblance to any Australian species.
Biology. — Unknown.
Distribution. — East of Nullarbor Plain.
CONCLUSIONS
The study of the Coleophoridae of Australia has re-
sulted in rather interesting information, and above
all, it can give indications leading to an understand-
ing of the evolution of this extensive family; so far no
cladistic work has been produced on this family. First
of all one is struck by the small number of specimens
in Australia, compared with what we know of the
Palaearctic region (more than 1000 species, of which
about 400 for Europe (Baldizzone 1995). The genus
108
Corythangela is transferred from the
Coleophoridae to the Batrachedridae.
Of the 14 Australian species of the genus
Coleophora only C. alcyonipennella can be considered
a species introduced by man. C. serinipennella was
thought to be an indigenous species (Common
1990), however, its very wide distribution can only be
explained by accepting accidental transport. The phe-
notypical variation of this species that occurs in
Australia (a form with brown streaks) could be ex-
plained by a very rapid reaction to the environment.
C. serinipennella is the only representative of its group
(Toll's 8th) in Australia, while the other species (ex-
cept alcyonipennella) belong to Toll's 30th group: C.
seminalis, C. leucocephala, C. crypsineura, C. tremefac-
ta, C. nielseni, C. horakae, C. fuscosquamata, C. frus-
trata, C. rustica, C. consumpta, C. albiradiata. When
examining the habitus of these species, the uniformi-
ty of their dimensions is striking, for all specimens
have a wingspan of 8 to 11 mm; a similar uniformity
can be found in the colour of the forewings, which is
always limited to ochreous, white, brown etc. Based
on the wing markings the species can be divided into
two groups: one characterized by almost uniformly
ochreous forewings, with an indistinct white line
along the costa and sometimes some brown scales ( C.
nielseni, C. horakae, C. rustica, C. frustrata, C. con-
sumpta, C. tremefacta); the other with white or beige
wings, streaked more or less regularly with brown or
ochre ( C. seminalis, C. albiradiata, C. leucocephala, C.
crypsineura, C. fuscosquamata). Another very interest-
ing feature in species whose female is known is the ab-
sence of a leaf-like or anchor-shaped signum, so char-
acteristic for Coleophoridae. Only C. tremefacta has
one, small, leaf-like signum, together with another
signum which is elongate, irregular, speckled with
small spines; that signum is also present in €. leuco-
cephala, C. nielseni, C. horakae, C. fuscosquamata,
whereas C. albiradiata has no signa. This signum is
typical of a group of species that includes, for exam-
ple, C. versurella, which in addition has a typical
Coleophorid signum. Another interesting feature is
the structure of the phallus complex, which is, in all
species except C. serinipennella, characterized by two
‘juxta rods’, according to the nomenclature of Landry
(1993); the presence of two rods might represent a
primitive characteristic (Landry in litt.), while the fu-
sion of the rods, which can be observed in numerous
Palaearctic species (also in alcyonipennella), could rep-
resent an advanced feature. The structure of the geni-
talia of most of the species, all belonging to the group
of C. versurella (which is not known from Australia)
could indicate that C versurella and the Australian
species have a common ancestor, which has given rise
to a significant subdivision in Australia. Moreover,
the phallotheca of C. serinipennella is rather simple
family
and the ‘juxta rods’ are very different: one rod is al-
most atrophic, while the other shows all the chitinous
reinforcement of the ‘phallus complex’; this could in-
dicate a different line of evolution. If the view that
this species has been imported accidentally into
Australia is accepted, the consequence is that all in-
digenous Australian species so far known have two
juxta rods.
REFERENCES
Amsel, H. G., 1935. Neue palästinensische Lepidopteren. —
Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin
20: 271-319.
Baldizzone, G., 1989. A taxonomic review of the
Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera) of China. Contribution to
the knowledge of the Coleophoridae, LIT. — Tijdschrift
voor Entomologie 132: 199-240.
Baldizzone, G., 1994. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei
Coleophoridae. LXXV. Coleophoridae dell'Area Irano-
Anatolica e regioni limitrofe (Lepidoptera). — Memorie
Associazione Naturalistica Piemontese 3: 424 pp.
Baldizzone G., L. Gozmany, P. Huemer, O. Karsholt, A.
Lvovsky, U. Parenti, P. Passerin d’Entreves, T. Riedl, P.
G. Varalda & S. Zangheri, 1995. Lepidoptera
Gelechioidea. — In: A. Minelli, S. Ruffo & S. La Posta
(eds), Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana 83.
Calderini, Bologna.
Braun, A. F., 1919. Descriptions of new species of
Coleophora. — Entomological News 30: 108-131.
Capuse, I., 1973. Sur la taxonomie de la famille des
Coleophoridae. (Clés de détermination des taxa super-
specifiques). — Bucarest: 1-24.
Caradja, A., 1931. Beiträge zur Lepidopterenfauna
Grossrumäniens für das Jahr 1930. — Memoriile Sectiunii
stiintifice. Academia Romana (3), 7 (8): 1-52.
Caradja, A., 1932. Beiträge zur Lepidopteren-Fauna
Grossrumäniens für das Jahr 1931. — Bulletin de la
Section scientifique de l'Académie roumaine 15: 35-46.
Chrétien, P., 1926. Coleophora novella n. sp. — Amateur de
Papillons 3 (1): 4-11.
Christoph, H., 1872. Neue Lepidoptera des Europäischen
Faunengebietes. — Horae Societatis Entomologicae
Rossicae 9: 3-39.
Common, I. F. B., 1970. Lepidoptera (Moths and butter-
flies). — In Mackerras, I. M. (ed.). The Insects of
Australia: xii + 1029 pp. 8 pls. Univ. Press., Carlton,
Melbourne.
Common, I. F. B., 1990. Moths of Australia. — Melbourne
University Press, 535 pp.
Dugdale, J.S., 1988. Lepidoptera — annotated catalogue,
and keys to family group taxa. — Fauna of New Zealand
14: 262 pp.
Hodges, R. W., 1978. Gelechioidea, Cosmopterigidae. — In
R. B. Dominick, R.B. et. al. The moths of America north
of Mexico 6 (1). E. W. Classey, London.
Joannis, J. de, 1899. Note sur une espéce nouvelle de
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Coleophora provenant de Sicilie. — Bulletin de la Société
Entomologique de France 1899: 331.
Kollar, V., 1832. Systematisches Verzeichnis der Schmet-
terlinge im Erzherzogthum Österreich. — Beitrag zur
Landeskunde Oesterreichs unter der Enns 2: 1-101.
Landry, J. —F., 1993. Systematics of the nearctic species of
metallic-green Coleophora (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae).
— Canadian Entomologist 125: 549-618.
Lower, O.B., 1897. Descriptions of new species of
Australian Lepidoptera with notes on synonymi. —
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
2210-32:
Lower, O.B., 1900. Descriptions of new Australian
Lepidoptera. — Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
New South Wales 25: 29-51, 403-423.
Lower, O.B., 1905. New Australian Lepidoptera, no. 22. —
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 29:
103-115.
Lower, O.B., 1917. Lepidoptera of Broken Hill. Pr. 3.
Adelaide. — Transactions of the Royal Society of South
Australia 41: 369-377.
Meyrick, E., 1897. Descriptions of Australian
Microlepidoptera, XVII, Elachistidae. — Proceedings of
the Linnean Society of New South Wales 22: 297-435.
Meyrick, E., 1921a. New Microlepidoptera. — Zoölogische
Mededeelingen, Leiden 6:145-202.
Meyrick, E., 1921b. Exotic Microlepidoptera 2 (13/15):
385-480.
Meyrick, E., 1922. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 2 (16/19):
481-608.
Meyrick, E., 1936. Exotic Microlepidoptera 4 (20): 609-
642.
Razowski, J., 1989. Genitalia terminology in the
Coleophoridae. — Nota lepidopterologica 12: 192-197.
Razowski, J., 1990. Morphology of the intromittent organ
and distal male genital duct in Coleophoridae
(Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea). — Nota lepidopterologica 13
(4): 221-228.
Suire, J., 1961. Contribution à l'étude des premiers états du
genre Eupista — Annales de l'Ecole Nationale
d'Agriculture de Montpellier 30: 1-186.
Toll, S., 1944. Studien über die Genitalien einiger
Coleophoriden VI. — Zeitschrift der Wiener
Entomologischen Gesellschaft 29: 242-247; 268- 275.
Toll, S., 1962. Materialien zur Kenntnis der paläarktischen
Arten der Familie Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera). — Acta
zoologica Cracoviensia 7 (16): 577-720.
Vives Moreno, A., 1988. Catalogo mundial sistematico y de
distribucion de la Familia Coleophoridae Hübner,
[1825] (Insecta, Lepidoptera). — Boletin de Sanidad
Vegetal 12: 196 pp.
Zeller, P. C., 1847. Bemerkungen iiber die auf einer Reise
nach Italien und Sicilien gesammelten Schmetter-
lingsarten. — Isis von Oken 1847: 881-914.
Received: 17 June 1996
Accepted: 25 September 1996
109
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
DES 1), =
DANA
DN
110
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 10-16. Heads of Coleophora. 10, C. fuscosquamata sp. n., 11, C. horakae sp. n., 12, C. rustica sp. n., 13, C. frustrata sp.
n., 14, C. consumpta sp. n., 15, C. nielseni sp. n., 16, C. albiradiata sp. n. — Fig. 17. Larval case of C. seminalis Meyrick.
Left
Figs. 2-3. Heads of Corythangela. 2, C. galeata Meyrick, 3, C. fimbriata sp. n. — Figs. 4-9. Heads of Coleophora. 4, C. seminalis
Meyrick, 5, C. aleyonipennella (Kollar), 6, C. tremefacta Meyrick, 7, C. serinipennella Christoph, 8, C. leucocephala sp. n., 9,
C. crypsineura (Lower).
111
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
ee ell
BR
a
Figs. 18-19. Corythangela spp. 18, C. galeata Meyrick, ‘Sydney, N.S.Wales, 9/12/77’, Paralectotype 4/9, 19, C. fimbriata sp.
n., holotype. — Figs. 20-25. Coleophora spp. 20, C. serinipennella Christoph, ‘Australia, 25 miles E of Eucla, W.A., 19
Mar.1968, I.F.B.Common & M.S.Upton’, 21, idem, ‘10 mi. NE by E of Iron Knob, S.A., 23 Oct.1968, Britton, Upton,
Balderson’, 22, idem, ‘Madura, W.A., 20 Mar. 1968, I.F.B.Common & M.S.Upton’, 23, idem, “Australia, Drummond
Cove, 11 km N of Geraldton, W.A., 26 Apr.1973, N.Mc Farland’, 24, C. leucocephala sp. n., holotype, 25, C. crypsineura
(Lower). se
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 26-33. Coleophora spp. 26, C. tremefacta Meyrick, paratype,27, C. albiradiata sp. n., holotype, 28, C. fuscosquamata sp.
n., paratype, 29, C. consumpta sp. n., holotype, 30, C. nielseni sp. n holotype, 31, C. horakae sp. n., paratype, 32, C. frustra-
ta n. sp., holotype, 33, C. rustica n. sp., holotype.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 34-37. Corythangela galeata Meyrick, slide anıc 2317. 34, male genitalia, 35, aedeagus, 36, detail of genitalia at high
magnification, 37, abdomen.
114
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
EE - È
Fe
n
—
ee
RTE
Comes Eeten
»
>
Figs. 38-40. C. galeata Meyrick, slide BMNH 24463, 38, female genitalia, 39, sterigma at high magnification, 40, abdomen.
115
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 41-44. C.galeata Meyrick, 41, male genitalia, detail of distal part of the gnathos, at high magnification, slide BMNH
24450, 42, male genitalia, detail of cornuti at high magnification, slide anıc 2317, 43, female genitalia, detail of ductus bur-
sae at high magnification, slide BMNH 24463, 44, abdomen, detail at high magnification of tergal disk, slide BMNH 24450.
116
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
46 eN
Figs. 45-48. C. fimbriata sp. n., holotype, slide anıc 2341, 45, male genitalia, 46, aedeagus, 47, detail of genitalia at high mag-
nification, 48, abdomen.
IL
TiJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 49-54. Ciserinipennella Cristoph, male genitalia, 49, slide anıc 2296, 50, abdomen, 51, detail of genitalia at high mag-
nification, 52, detail, slide anıc 2304, 53, detail, slide anıc 2306, 54 slide Bldz 9187, lectotype of C. pudica Lower.
118
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 55-62. C. serinipennella Christoph, male genitalia, detail at high magnification, 55, slide anıc 2300, 56, slide anıc 2308,
57, slide Bldz 9186, holotype of C.ochroneura Lower, 58, slide anıc 2297, 59, slide Bldz 9188, paralectotype of C. pudica
Lower, 60, slide Bldz 9189, paralectotype of C. pudica Lower, 61, slide Bldz 6811 ‘Japan, Kyûshû-Wakamatsu (Chikuzen),
20.VI.1932, I. Tateishi’, coll. usum, 62, slide Bldz 1837 ‘Algeria, Biskra, 29.V.1907, leg. Chrétien’, coll. MNHN.
119
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
igma at high magnification, 65, ab-
64, ster
la,
ide ANIC 2298, 63, female genitali
sl
nipennella Christoph,
Ca
65
Figs. 63-
domen.
120
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 66-69. C. alcyonipennella (Kollar), slide anıc 2325, 66, male genitalia, 67, detail of genitalia at high magnification, 68,
cornuti at high magnification, 69, abdomen.
121
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 70-72. C. alcyonipennella (Kollar), slide anıc 2376, 70, female genitalia, 71, sterigma at high magnification, 72, ab-
domen.
122
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 73-76. C. seminalis Meyrick, slide anıc 2331, 73, male genitalia, 74, detail of genitalia at high magnification, 75, cor-
nuti at high magnification, 76, abdomen.
123
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 77-79. C. seminalis Meyrick, slide anıc 2332, 77, female genitalia, 78, sterigma at high magnification, 79, abdomen.
124
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 80-83. C. leucocephala sp. n., slide anıc 2346, 80, male genitalia, 81, detail of genitalia at high magnification, 82, cor-
nuti at high magnification, 83, abdomen.
125
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 84-87. C. leucocephala sp. n., detail of male genitalia at high magnification, 84, slide anıc 2370, 85, slide anıc 2349, 86,
slide anıc 2345, 87, slide anıc 2340.
126
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 88-90. C. leucocephala sp. n., slide anıc 2350, 88, female genitalia, 89, sterigma at high magnification, 90, abdomen.
127
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 91-93. C. crypsineura Lower, slide anıc 2334, 91, male genitalia, 92, cornuti at high magnification , 93, abdomen.
Figs. 94-95. C. crypsineura Lower, female genitalia, 94, slide Bldz 9190, lectotype, signum at high magnification, 95, slide
Bldz 9192, paralectotype, signum at high magnification.
128
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
129
Figs. 96-99. C. crypsineura Lower, detail of male genitalia at high magnification, 96, slide anıc 2334,
97, slide anıc 2358, 98, slide anıc 2329, 99, slide anıc 2339.
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 100-102. C. crypsineura Lower, slide anıc 2359, 100, female genitalia, 101, sterigma at high magnification, 102, ab-
domen.
130
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 103-106. C. crypsineura Lower, female genitalia, sterigma at high magnification, 103, slide Bldz 9190, 104, slide anıc
2369, 105, slide anıc 2315, 106, slide anıc 2338.
151
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 107-110. C. tremefacta Meyrick ?, slide BMNH 24466 ‘Queensland, T.P.L./95’, coll. BMNH, 107, male genitalia, 108,
detail of male genitalia at high magnification, 109, cornuti at high magnification, 110, abdomen.
132
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 111-113. C. tremefacta Meyrick, slide BMNH 24462, 111, female genitalia, 112, sterigma at high magnification, 113,
abdomen.
155
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 114-117. C. nielseni sp. n., slide anıc 2372, holotype, 114, female genitalia, 115, sterigma at high magnification, 116,
signum at high magnification, 117, abdomen.
134
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 118-121. C. horakae sp. n., slide anıc 2314, holotype, 118, male genitalia, 119, detail of male genitalia at high magni-
fication, 120, detail of cornuti at high magnification, 121, abdomen.
185
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 122-125. C. horakae sp. n., slide ANIC 2319, 122, female genitalia, 123, signum at high magnification, 124, signum
high magnification, slide anıc 2309, 125, abdomen.
136
at
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
slide anıc 2319,
>
127
sterigma at high magnification, 126, slide anıc 2373,
, 129, slide ANIC 2309.
Figs. 126-129. C. horakae sp. n., female genitalia,
slide anıc 2379
128,
197
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 130-132. C. fuscosquamata sp. n., slide anıc 2356, holotype, 130, female genitalia, 131, sterigma at high magnification,
132, abdomen.
138
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 133-136. C. frustrata sp. n., slide anıc 2342, holotype, 133, male genitalia, 134, detail of male genitalia at high magni-
fication, 135, cornuti at high magnification, 136, abdomen.
139
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 137-140. C. rustica sp. n., slide 2351, holotype, 137, male genitalia, 138, detail of male genitalia at high magnification,
139, cornuti at high magnification, 140, abdomen.
140
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 141-145. C. albiradiata sp. n., slide anıc 2361, 141, male genitalia, 142, detail of male genitalia at high magnification,
143, cornuti at high magnification, 144, cornuti at high magnification, slide anıc 2321, 145, abdomen.
141
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
> à { Ma fr u
Figs. 146-149. Coleophora spp., detail of male genitalia at high magnification, 146, C. albiradiata sp. n., slide anıc 2337, 147,
C. yomogiella Oku, slide Bldz 6923, paratype ‘Japan, Morioka, Iwate, Honshu, 21.V1.1973, e.l. Artemisia princeps, leg. Oku’,
coll. Baldizzone, 148, C. kurokoi Oku, slide Bldz 6920, paratype ‘Japan, Sakai, 24. -30.V.1971, V. Arita leg”, coll.
Baldizzone, 149, C. chrysanthemi Hofman, slide Bldz 5937 ‘Italia, Piemonte, Asti, Boschi di Valmanera, 15.V.1982, leg.
Baldizzone’, coll.Baldizzone.
142
BALDIZZONE: Coleophoridae of Australia
Figs. 150-154. C. albiradiata sp. n., slide anıc 2335, 150, female genitalia, 151, sterigma at high magnification, 152, detail
of ductus bursae at high magnification, slide anıc 2320, 153, same detail, slide anıc 2335, 154, abdomen.
143
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
e
Figs. 155-158. C. consumpta sp. n., slide anıc 2360, holotype, 155, male genitalia, 156, detail of male genitalia at high mag-
nification, 157, cornuti at high magnification, 158, abdomen.
144
DPA La DAVIES) 6a Bine YANG
‘ Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, England.
° Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Yunnan, P.R. China.
NEW SPECIES OF BAYADERA SELYS AND
SCHMID TIPHAEA ASAHINA FROM CHINA
(ODONATA, EUPHAEIDAE)
Davies, D. A. L. & B. Yang,1996. New species of Bayadera Selys and Schmidtiphaea Asahina
from China (Odonata, Euphaeidae). -Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 145-155, figs.1-32,
tab. 1. [rss 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
Three new species of Bayadera, B. serrata (holotype male: Dali, Yunnan, 4 July 1991), B. stri-
gata (holotype male, allotype female: Dali, Yunnan, 4 July 1991) and B. nephelopennis (holo-
type male, allotype female: Omeishan, Sichuan, 8 June 1992) are described. A new species of
Schmidtiphaea, S. yunnanensis is described (holotype male, allotype female: Jiangcheng, S.
Yunnan, 26 May 1993) and first description of the female of $. schmidi Asahina (Doi Suthep,
NW Thailand, 28 June 1990) is presented. A key and a guide to the literature is provided for
the 13 species and 2 subspecies now known in Bayadera.
Correspondence: D. A. L. Davies, 23 Cedar Court, Hills Road, Cambridge, cB2 207, England.
Key words. — Bayadera, Schmidtiphaea; key; new species.
Bayadera Selys 1853, was established for B. indica,
which was originally described by de Selys Long-
champs (1853) in the same paper as Euphaea
(Epallage) indica. Vhis species is not uncommon in
north India and Nepal and in this paper we give data
for its distribution as far east as Yunnan. All other
species (now 13 species and two subspecies ) are in
this geographic range with extension to east and
south to accommodate species or subspecies in
Vietnam and the SE Asia offshore islands Taiwan and
the Ryukyus. These damselflies are medium sized,
slim, blackish, retiring insects. The principal charac-
ters are wings petiolated only to about half way from
base to arc and to the level of the first antenodal
nervure; Rii in contact with R+M at its origin and for
some distance; nodus slightly distal to centre of wing;
only one cubital nervure in all wings; Riii not in line
with subnodus; abdomen longer than wings; terminal
appendages considerably longer than segment 10.
The appendages are very similar in style throughout
the genus and figures given by early authors are inad-
equate in detail. References are given here for ade-
quate figures of all species other than those depicted
in this paper.
The closely related genus Schmidtiphaea Asahina
known only by a male from Burma and males from
NW Thailand of S. schmidi Asahina is included here
for description of its hitherto unknown female and of
a new species from Yunnan.
SYSTEMATIC PART
Descriptions of new species
Bayadera serrata sp. n.
(figs. 1-5).
Type material. — Holotype 1 male, Dali, Yunnan, 4
July 1991, leg. vB. (in 1zas).
Male. — Abdomen plus appendages 44.0 mm;
hindwing 39.0 mm.
Head. — Labium black with the lateral lobes bluish-
yellow; this bright colour on the labrum extending
upward over the anterior quarter of frons and lateral-
ly along the inner margin of each eye to the level of
the lateral ocelli; the frons not projecting, so that
when seen from above, the surface of frons almost on
the level of surface of genae, the frons sparsely beset
with pale yellow hairs; vertex and occiput matt black,
the latter with its ridge straight and turned forwards
so that its rear can be seen in dorsal view, the rear
black with a small geminate yellow spot at the center
145
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-5. Bayadera serrata sp. n., male. 1, markings of head,
thorax and basal abdominal segments; 2-3, penile organ; 4-
5, anal appendages.
behind the ridge. Eyes dark brown above, lower half
olivaceous.
Thorax. — Prothorax black with a tiny pale yellow
spot and a moderate blue spot on each side of anteri-
or and median lobe respectively. Thorax matt black
with two bright bluish-yellow stripes, one ante-
humeral and another diagonally across the humeral
suture, confluent below forming a U-shaped mark on
each side in front; laterally a small wedge-shaped blue
spot at the antero-dorsal angle of the metepisternum;
interpleural suture pruinose; greater part of
metepimeron bluish yellow; a large pale yellow area
beneath the metathorax. Beneath prothorax, thorax
and coxae pruinose, as also dorsum and wingbase of
thorax. Wings entirely hyaline; pterostigma dark
brown, covering 4-5 cells, Riii begins 1 to 2 cells dis-
tal to the subnodus, nodal index forewing 16 : 20 | 20
: 15, hind wing 16 : 16 | 17 : 15. Legs black, femora
pruinose internally.
Abdomen. — Black, segment 1 pruinose, segment 2
only dorsally so, marked with blue as follows: seg-
ment 2 with a lateral stripe; 3-6 with a baso-lateral
spot and a lateral stripe, the latter diminishing poste-
riorly, almost obsolete in 6; 7-8 with only the baso-
lateral spot; 9-10 unmarked. Anal appendages black,
the superiors curling strongly downwards, about the
length of segment 9 and twice the length of segment
10; interiorly near base a robust spine directed mesad
and upward, projecting about 0.5 mm; in dorsal view
146
the area between the dorsal and latero-ventral ridge
convex (save the apical expansion), studded basally
with minute tubercles, apically with small teeth; the
area between the dorsal and internal ridge slightly
concave, smooth; in lateral view the apex expanded
with the inferior margin minutely serrate and posteri-
or margin smooth, these two margins curling inwards
apically. Inferior appendages in lateral view nearly
reaching to the tips of superiors, subcylindrical, ta-
pered, the pointed apices directed slightly mesad and
dorsad. Penile organ as shown in figs 2-3.
Female. — Unknown.
Differential diagnosis. — Pterothoracic pattern (fig.
1) very different from that of B. strigata (fig. 6) and
from that of B. nephelopennis (fig. 12); the pattern is
also different in style from that which is most charac-
teristic of the Euphaeidae (see Discussion ). The male
abdominal appendages (figs. 4-5) are very different in
shape from those of B. strigata (fig. 7-8) and those of
B.nephelopennis (figs. 13-15).
Etymology. — serrata, Latin serrule = a saw, adjec-
tive serrated, referring to the inferior margins of the
apices of the superior anal appendages. “The serrated
Bayadera .
Bayadera strigata sp. n.
(figs. 6-11).
Type material. — Holotype male, 4 July 1991,
DALD leg. (in 1zas); allotype female, 4 July 1991, vB
leg.; paratypes, 18 males and 10 females, 4-7 July
1991, paLD & ys leg, all from Dali, Yunnan.
Male. — Abdomen plus appendages 42 mm; hw. 35
mm.
Head. — Labium black, pruinose in the middle,
bright yellow on the sides with anterior tips black;
labrum, bases of mandibles and genae pale blue, this
colour expanding upward along the inner margins of
the eyes to about the level of the lateral ocelli; ante-
clypeus black, postclypeus black with a blue spot in
the middle; frons black, slightly protruding and beset
with a tuft of black hairs on each side; vertex black
with a small blue spot on each side against the base of
antenna which is black; occiput entirely black. Eyes
dark brown above, lower half olivaceous.
Thorax. — Prothorax black, marked with brownish-
yellow as follows: a twin spot in the mid-dorsum and
a small ventro-lateral spot on each side of the anterior
lobe; a large lateral spot beset with silvery hairs on
each side of the middle lobe and a tiny spot on each
side and one in the centre of the posterior lobe.
Pterothorax black, marked with pale yellow as fol-
lows: — a fine antehumeral stripe curving out above
and below; a similar but broad stripe diagonally
across the humeral (mesopleural) suture curving for-
DAVIES & YANG: New Euphaeidae
Figs. 6-11. Bayadera strigata sp. n. — male: 6, markings of head, thorax and basal abdominal segments; 7-8, anal appendages;
9-10, penile organ; female: 11, markings of head, thorax and basal segments of abdomen.
Figs. 12-17. Bayadera nephelopennis sp. n. — female: 12, markings of head, thorax and basal abdominal segments; male: 13-
15, anal appendages; 16-17, penile organ.
147
‘TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
ward below and nearly in touch with the antehumer-
al stripe; laterally three broad stripes, one on each su-
ture (interpleural and metapleural), the third over the
greater part of the metepimeron, the first and second
confluent below, the latter and the third confluent
above; a large area beneath the metathorax. Beneath,
prothorax, thorax, coxae, basal segments of abdomen
and dorsum of thorax including wingbase, pruinose.
Legs black, femora pruinose interiorly, the anterior
femora with a baso-inner pale yellow band, this band
longer posteriorly, almost the whole length of the
posterior femora. Wings hyaline, a faint tinge of red-
dish-brown at base and extending as far as the distal
end of the quadrilateral and along the costal area to
the nodus; Riii slightly proximal to the subnodus;
pterostigma black, covering 5-7 cells; nodal index
forewing 16: 20 1 20: 15, hind wing 16: 16117: 15.
Abdomen black, segment 1 with large lateral spot
on each side; segments 2-3 with a lateral streak; seg-
ments 3-7 with a small blue baso-lateral spot on each
side; segments 3-4 with a weakly metallic reflection
on dorsum; segments 2-10 with obscure mid-dorsal
line, obvious at each end on segments 2-6 and clear
to see on segments 7-8. Appendages black, the supe-
riors forcipate, about the length of segment 9, twice
the length of segment 10, interiorly a robust spine
near base and directed mesad and ventrad beyond the
internal margin, the anterior margin continuing from
the spine as an internal concave ridge running into
the dorsal ridge at its apex. Posterior and exterior to
the spine, a vertical tubercle continuing as a ridge
which ends as a minutely serrated anterior margin of
the apex; the apex slightly dilated, flattened and
somewhat hollowed out beneath. Inferiors from later-
al view not reaching half the length of the superiors,
subcylindrical, tapered, the pointed apices directed
slightly mesad and dorsad. Penile organ as shown in
figs. 9-10.
Female. — Abdomen plus appendages 38.4 mm;
hindwing 37.6 mm.
Head almost the same as that of the male but
brownish yellow. These coloured markings on the
prothorax and thorax a little more developed than in
the male, with antehumeral and humeral stripes con-
fluent below. Wings as in the male. The same colour
makes a fine mid-dorsal line on the abdomen from
segments 3-8, more substantial than in the male, wich
a larger lateral spot on segment 1, lateral stripe on 2,
a basal spot and lateral stripe on 3-6, only basal spot
on 7, a large latero-apical oval spot on segment 9, 10
unmarked. Anal appendages conical, acutely pointed,
slightly longer than segment 10.
Differential diagnosis. — Pterothorax with 5 stripes
in the pattern of the style of Bayadera (and many
Euphaeidae) forming ellipses (fig. 6); especially differ-
ent from the patterns of B. serrata (fig. 1) and of B.
148
nephelopennis (fig 12). Anal appendages distinctive
(figs. 7-8, 4-5 and 13-15).
Etymology. — Latin, strigus = a furrow or stripe,
hence strigata, = striped; adjective describing the
striped pattern of the pterothorax as seen laterally (fig,
6); especially different from that of B. serrata (fig. 1)
and B. nephelopennis (fig. 12). Anal appendages dis-
tinctive (figs. 7-8); ‘The striped Bayadera’.
Bayadera nephelopennis sp. n.
(figs. 12-17).
Type material. — Holotype male, allotype female, 8
June 1992, in 1zAs; paratypes 1 male and 2 females, 8
June 1993, 4 males and 3 females, 8 June 1992, vB
leg., all taken at Omeishan, Sichuan.
Male. — Abdomen plus appendages 43.2 mm;
hindwing 36.0 mm.
Head. — Labium black; labrum, bases of mandibles
and genae pale blue, and the colour extending up-
ward along the inner margin of the eyes to the top of
the head; the rest of the head matt black; frons slight
ly projecting and beset with a tuft of black hairs on
each side; eyes dark brown.
Thorax. — Prothorax entirely black, the pleuron
and the greater part of the median lobe laterally pru-
inose. Pterothorax black, interpleural and metapleur-
al suture pruinose, greater part of metepimeron ob-
scurely brownish yellow. Beneath, prothorax,
pterothorax and coxae, as also dorsum and wingbase
of pterothorax pruinose. Legs black, femora pruinose
internally. Wings with about distal one third hyaline,
basal two thirds cloudy light brown; stigma dark, cov-
ering 6-7 cells; Riii slightly proximal to subnodus;
nodal index forewing 17 : 19 | 20 : 17, hindwing 17:
LONMIGENS:
Abdomen entirely black; segment 1 pruinose, 2
dorsally so and beset with silvery hairs laterally at
basal two-thirds; segment 3 with basal two-thirds and
4 with only one-third metallic reflections dorsally.
Anal appendages black, the superiors forcipate, about
the length of segment 9 and twice the length of seg-
ment 10, interiorly near base a robust spine directed
mesad and ventrad; beyond the internal margin, the
anterior margin continuing from the spine as an in-
ternal concave ridge running into the dorsal ridge be-
fore the apex; slightly posterior and exterior to the
spine is a dorso-mesal tubercle, with its apex flattened
and somewhat hollowed out beneath but not dilated.
Inferior appendage small, in lateral views reaching
over half the length of the superiors, subcylindrical,
tapered, the pointed apices directed slightly mesad
and dorsad. Penile organ as shown in Figs. 16-17.
Female. — Abdomen plus appendages 37.8 mm;
hindwing 38.0 mm.
Head. — Almost the same as that of the male but
the colour is brownish-yellow.
Thorax. — Prothorax black, marked with pale yel-
low as follows: a tiny spot on each side of and one on
the centre of the posterior lobe:; a large lateral spot be-
set with silvery hairs on each side of the median lobe;
a spot on each side of the anterior lobe. Pterothorax
black, marked with pale yellow as follows: a fine ante-
humeral streak gradually widening below and tapered
above, anterior border of this streak curving out-
wards; laterally one stripe on the interpleural suture,
tapered above and confluent below with the area cov-
ering the lower part of the metapleural suture and
metepimeron; a broad bar beneath the thorax of
which the hinder area is broadly black. Beneath, pro-
thorax, thorax, coxae and basal segments of abdomen
pruinose. Legs black, femora pruinose internally.
Wings similarly patterned to that of the male.
Abdomen. — Black, marked with pale yellow as fol-
lows: — a large lateral spot and dorsal spot on segment
1; a fine mid-dorsal line on 3-8 but that on 8 obscure,
a lateral streak on segment 2; a baso-lateral spot and
lateral stripe on 3-6, the lateral stripe on 6 obscure, 7
with baso-lateral spot only; a large mid-lateral spot on
each side of segment 9, segment 10 unmarked. Anal
appendages black, conical, acutely pointed, twice the
length of segment 10.
Differential diagnosis. — Unique in Bayadera in
having most of the wing opaque, light brown in
males, slightly darker in females, but the wing-tip area
hyaline in both sexes. An unusual and characteristic
pterothoracic pattern with no humeral stripe but
metepimeron wholly yellow (fig. 12). Anal ap-
pendages distinct and characteristic (figs. 13-15).
Etymology. — Greek, nephelos = a cloud; Latin,
penne = a wing; adjectival description of the most ob-
vious features, ‘the cloudy-winged Bayadera’.
Schmidtiphaea yunnanensis sp. n.
(figs. 18-23)
Type material. — Holotype 1 male, allotype 1 fe-
male, 26 May 1993; paratypes, 1 male and 3 females,
26 May 1993, all from Jiangcheng Co., Yunnan, YB
leg. (in IZAS).
Male. — Abdomen plus appendages 47 mm; hind-
wing 33 mm; body very slender and fragile when
compared with its relatively robust congener S. schmi-
di Asahina and coloured brownish-black.
Head. — Relauvely large and wide; labium pale yel-
low with the median lobe and tips of lateral lobes
dark brown; mandibles dark brown (probably bluish-
brown when teneral); anteclypeus dark brown, post-
clypeus protruding and finely, transversely wrinkled,
brownish-black; frons shining with blue lustre; vertex
DAVIES & YANG: New Euphaeidae
matt black but shiny over area alongside the eyes.
Thorax. — Prothorax brownish-black, the anterior
lobe with a small bluish-yellow spot on each side,
middle lobe with a large wedge-shaped bluish-yellow
spot on each side. Pterothorax brownish-black,
striped as shown in fig. 18 and pale coloured as fol-
lows: two olivaceous stripes, one antehumeral diverg-
ing above and the other diagonally across the humer-
al suture, confluent below; three moderately broad
lateral stripes, one on each suture (interpleural and
metapleural), the third over the metepimeron, the
first and second confluent below, the second and
third confluent above, a large pale yellow area be-
neath the metathorax. Legs rather short, brownish-
black, coxae pale coloured and slightly pruinose, the
anterior aspect of the trochanters also pale. Wings
very narrow, maximum width of hindwing 5.8 mm,
hyaline but slightly enfumed, veins black, pterostig-
ma reddish-brown, covering 4-5 cells in the forewing,
3-4 in the hindwing; nodal index forewing 20 : 17 |
17 : 19, hindwing 20 : 16 | 15 : 17. Riii arising 2 cells
distal to subnodus in all wings; IA running parallel to
the posterior wing margin; 4 and 3-5 cross veins in
the cubital space of fore- and hindwings respectively.
Abdomen. — Long and slender, ratio of head + tho-
rax to abdomen 9:47; only very slightly inflated at
segments 1-2 and 8-10; brownish-black, but paler
than head and thorax; segments 3-6 with middle part
brown, segment 1 with a large pale spot on each side;
segments 2-3 each with a lateral pale stripe and a very
fine mid-dorsal pale line along segments 2-6, three
terminal segments slightly pruinose. Anal appendages
black, the superiors about the length of segment 9
and twice the length of segment 10, with distal half
strongly bent inwards and downwards; superiors in
dorsal view with solid straight base and rather deep
depression on inner side causing a sharp ridge dorsal-
ly with a small inwardly directed tubercle; distal quar-
ter dorso-ventrally compressed with apices slightly di-
lated and flattened; ventral side somewhat hollow as
continuation of a hollow underside starting at base;
inferiors very short, in ventral view triangular, acute
above. Penis as shown in figs. 22-23.
Female. — Abdomen plus appendages 34.8 mm,
hindwing 32.5 mm.
Head almost the same as that of the male but the
colour markedly bluish-yellow; labrum, mandibles
and genae bluish-yellow, this colour extending up-
wards past the eyes and antennae. Thorax marked
with yellow as in the male but the pattern much more
distinct. wings similar to those of the male, 3-6 cross-
veins in the cubital space; Riii arising 2-3 cells beyond
the subnodus, nodal index forewing 18 : 141 13 : 17,
hindwing 18 : 12 | 13 : 18. The abdomen more dis-
tinctly marked with bluish-yellow, lateral stripes and
the fine mid-dorsal line visible through the length of
149
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 18-23. Schmidtiphaea yunnanensis sp. n. — female: 18, markings of head, thorax and basal abdominal segments; male:
19-21, anal appendages; 22-23, penile organ.
Figs. 24-25. Schmidtiphaea schmidi Asahina. Undescribed female. — 24, markings of head; 25, prothorax-thorax, lateral aspect.
segments 2-7; ventro-lateral margins of segments 3-7
pale brown; segments 8-10 unmarked. Anal ap-
pendages slightly longer than segment 10, conical and
acutely pointed.
Differential diagnosis. — Our specimens fit well in
the hitherto monotypic genus Schmidtiphaea Asahina
1978. This new species is much smaller and more del-
icate than its congener (and genotype) S. schmidi
Asahina but with a similar ratio of abdomen to
wingspan (1.4 to 1.5) while Bayadera are in the range
of 1.1 to 1.2, except B. vietnamensis (see below). Rest of
frons shiny black, note yellow stripe here in S. schmidi.
Pterostigma subtending 3(half) to 4(half) cells.
Etymology. — Latin, ensis = adjectival suffix mean-
ing ‘from’; thus ‘the Schmidtiphaea from Yunnan’.
150
Schmidtiphaea schmidi Asahina
(figs. 24-25)
Material examined. — Unique specimen of female, Doi
Suthep, NW Thailand, 24 June 1990, parp leg. Type lo-
cality in Burma but redescription of the male (from the
same Thai locality as our female) by Asahina (1987).
Female. — Description of the female: abdomen plus
appendages 38.8 mm, hindwing 35.6 mm.
Head. — Relatively large and wide; labium pale
bluish-yellow with tips black; labrum, mandibles and
genae brownish-yellow, this colour extending upward
along the inner margins of the eyes; clypeus shiny
black, anteclypeus very narrow and postclypeus pro-
truding; frons glossy black, its crest traversed yellow;
vertex matt black, but area under antennae and along
eyes shiny; antenna black except brownish on anteri-
or side of first and second segments; a small pale spot
against each lateral ocellus outside; occiput matt
black, its rear with a yellow ‘dumbell’ shaped spot at
centre.
Thorax. — Prothorax black, marked with brownish-
yellow as follow: — a small spot on each side of anteri-
or lobe; a large wedge-shaped mark on each side of
median lobe and most of posterior lobe. Pterothoax
marked with bluish yellow as follows: antehumeral
stripe diverging above and gradually dilating posteri-
orly below with anterior in dorsal view almost parallel
wich carina, a similar stripe diagonally across the
humeral (mesopleural) suture, diverging above and
curving forward to touch the antehumeral stripe be-
low; lateral three broad stripes, one on each suture
(interpleural and metapleural), the third over the
metepimeron; the first and second confluent below,
the second and third confluent above; beneath tergite
pale yellow. Wings narrow, the greatest width of hw.
6.0 mm; wings hyaline, veins black, stigma dark
brown and situated apically, covering 5 cells; Riii aris-
ing 3-4 cells beyond subnodus; nodal index forwing
24 : 201 18 : 24, hindwing 18 : 16117 : 20; 4-5 cross
veins in cubital space; IA running parallel to the pos-
terior margin of the wing. Legs brownish-black, cox-
ae, trochanters and other sides of femora pale yellow-
ish.
Abdomen. — Dark brown, marked with pale
brownish-yellow as follows: sides of segment 1 and
apical ring; lateral stripe and a fine mid-dorsal line
through the whole length of segments 2-7, ventro-lat-
eral margins of segments 3-7; segments 8-10 un-
marked. Anal appendages slightly longer than seg-
ment 10, conical and acutely pointed.
Differential diagnosis. — A robust, strong-flying
species, approx. 1 cm greater in length and span than
S. yunnanensis. Crest of frons having a horizontal yel-
low stripe. Pterostigma subtending 5-5% cells.
Pterothoracic pattern in same style as S. yunnanensis
but antehumeral stripe narrower than humeral stripe
(the reverse in S. yunnanensis) and the yellow area be-
tween the eyes much greater than in the latter species.
Bayadera species new to China
Bayadera indica (Selys, 1853)
(figs. 26-28)
Material examined. — 1 male, 27 July 1991,
Jiangcheng Co., Yunnan, ys leg.
The present specimen, one of several seen but the
only one caught, agrees with the description by
Fraser (1934) and can easily be recognized by the api-
cal dark patch on all wings and strongly dilated apex
DAVIES & YANG: New Euphaeidae
of the superior appendages in the male. This species,
the type species of the genus, seems also to be the
most widespread and would not have been predicted
to occur as far east as China.
Other Chinese Bayadera species relevant to this
paper
There is a degree of confusion within the genus due
to the inadequate diagrams, especially of the terminal
appendages, as provided by early authors, when the
need for fine detail had not become apparent. B.
bidentata and B. melanopteryx are treated in this con-
text for discussion below.
Bayadera bidentata Needham, 1930
(figs. 29-30)
Material examined. — The type was kindly loaned
to us from Cornell University and from this the draw-
ings of the appendages as now depicted were made, to
provide detail beyond that of Neednam (1930); sub-
sequently a male specimen was studied, found as fol-
lows: 1 male, Hefeng Co. (29.8 N, 110°E), Hubei, at
altitude 855 m, 28 July 1989, Zhong Nin leg..
Bayadera melanopteryx Ris, 1912
(figs. 31-32)
Material examined. — 1 male, 26 July 1989, Xiao
N. -l. leg; 2 males, 26 July 1989, Dong D. —z. leg; 1
male, 28 July 1989, Li Y. —k. leg; 1 female, 27 July
1989, Lian X. —c. leg; all from Hefeng Co.,Hubei, at
870 m altitude.
A guide to the genus Bayadera
Many early authors relied on minutely detailed de-
scriptions (in their respective languages) of their new-
ly found species and often provided no figures or bad
ones. The artistic authors / photographers are giving
us much less trouble now. We apologise for not pro-
viding our figures by scanning electron microscope
photographs.
In the table 1 we list the species of Bayadera, with
authors, type depository, approximate known geo-
graphical area (Type locality in the case of unique
specimens) and a reference to what, in our opinion, is
a good (the best?) figure of the male terminal ap-
pendages. The species list is from Davies & Tobin
(1984), with the addition of the three new species de-
scribed here and one recently described from
Vietnam by van Tol & Rozendaal (1995). There are
now 13 species plus two subspecies of B. brevicauda.
For B. bidentata a drawing is provided, newly made
from the holotype. There was confusion over B. bre-
51
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
vicauda because Ris (1912) figured this species, unde-
scribed at the time, under B. hyalina Selys. The error
was recognised by Fraser, who provided the new
name B. brevicauda Fraser,1928. No type specimens
have been designated. It was, perhaps, unfortunate
that Sjöstedt (1932) chose to name his species B. fas-
ciata at all from a single female and with poor figures;
it is frequently found among dragonflies in many oth-
er taxa that females are often marked, e.g. banded
(latin, fasciata = banded) when the males are hyaline;
152
Figs. 26-28. Bayadera indi-
ca Selys. Anal appendages
of male specimen. Jiang-
cheng Co., Yunnan.
Figs. 29-30. Bayadera bi-
dentata Needham. Anal ap-
pendages of male holotype.
Figs. 31-32. Bayadera mela-
nopteryx Ris. Anal ap-
pendages of male. Hefeng
Co., Hubei.
identifying a male of this species, when found, may be
difficult. Ris's (1912) B. melanopteryx bas been re-
drawn from new specimens for this paper. B. melania
Navas, 1934 is assumed to be B. melanopteryx (see
Asahina 1956). Caliphaea nitens Navas 1934 was syn-
onymised with B. melanopteryx by Chao 1962, but
this is likely to be due to a printing error in the num-
bering of some of the figures in Chao’s paper and the
intention was to synonymise Caliphaea nitens with
Caliphaea consimilis McLachlan. We are grateful to
Dr Matti Hämälainen for pointing out this interest-
ing anomaly to us.
SUMMARY KEY
ile Head with yellow face (at least anterior to
frons) or two broad transverse yellow bands
- Head with labrum, bases of mandibles and
genae marked with yellow or blue
Head in front obviously with two broad trans-
verse streaks against eyes, one over frons and
the other across vetex behind lateral ocelli;
thorax with an antehumeral stripe, a stripe on
interpleural suture and a large spot on
metepimeron (only female known) . fasciata
= Head in front with labrum, base of mandible,
genae and episome, or even frons, marked
with yellow, thorax with an additional stripe
diagonally across the humeral suture, mark-
ings on interpleural suture small or absent
(only males known)
Thorax with a U-shaped yellow marking on
each side in front, and laterally with a wedge-
shaped blue spot on the metepisternum, a
large yellow spot on the metepimeron; seg-
ments 3-6 of abdomen with lateral streak in
addition to baso-lateral spot. 7-8 with a baso-
lateral spot only; superior allendages with only
Gnelspines wey ceric Heese serrata sp. N.
— The two yellow stripes on each side of thorax
in front, not confluent below, latetally with
only a large yellow spot on metepimeron; abd.
with lateral streak on segment 2-4; spot only
on 5-6; superior app. with ventral spine and a
ho
—
=
_
330)
medianstuberelen was forcipata
4. (1) Wings cloudy basically or apically ...... 5
= Wines datde Bees cet ER 7
Wings with basal two-thirds brown; male
with thorax black; mesothorax of female with
antehumeral stripe only, metathorax with
marking in interpleural suture and
metepimeron connected below ..........
DS DEN AE nephelopennis sp. n.
= Wings with apices dark brown; male with tho-
rax marked with yellow; mesothorax of female
with antehumeral and humeral stripes,
metathorax with two or three stripes not con-
nected below
Wings with about apical one-third dark
brown; apex of superior appendages of male
not dilated, with a ventral spine and no medi-
an morde socooccuccsunoe melanopteryx
- Wings with apices blackish-brown only to
midde of stigma; apex of superior app. dilated,
with a long ventral spine and a median tuber-
DAVIES & YANG: New Euphaeidae
Ce trito aeneon: cr indica
Superior appendage of male short and simple,
without spine internally .............. 8
= Superior appendage of male two or three
times the length of last segment and with one
ventral spine or an additional tubercle inter-
nally
Body-size very small with hind-wing only 23-
25 mm; two metathoracic stripes forming a V-
shaped marking .... brevicauda ishigakiana
= Body size larger with hind wing more than 28
mm; two metathoracic stripes forming a V-
shaped marking ..... brevicauda brevicauda
- Body size larger with hind wing more than 28
mm; metepisternal marking interrupted, the
upper connected with marking on
metepimeron mien brevicauda continentalis
Superior appendages of male with only one
ventral spine or only one triangular tubercle
A een ele enten Sean ee 10
- Superior appendage of male with one ventral
Spinétandionetuberciel = air Som. 11
Superior app. of male with only one ventral
spine, wing with only one cross vein in cubital
Space et ut de en bete be hyalina
- Superior app. of male with only a sharp in-
wardly directed triangular tubercle at distal
quarter; wing with 4-6 cross veins in the cu-
bitalispace eee; ete vietnamensis
Male with ventral spine of superior app. vesti-
gial, but median tubercle robust
11(9)
dest EE LAAR Gori ere longicauda
= Ventral spine robust, tubercle vestigial or
small wa era en agi 12
12(11) Body size small with hind wing 26.5 mm;
thorax black, apex of superior app. dilated
(onlyamaleiknown) us fee eee ee kali
= Hind wing 32-35 mm; male with apex of su-
pesiorappsnotidilated ee. 2. ren 13
13(12)Thorax and abdomen of male black; metatho-
rax of female marked with yellow stripe on
Dndandssrdisuture arm bidentata
= Thorax and abdomen of male marked with
yellow; metathorax of female with three irreg-
ular yellow stripes, the former two connected
below and the latter two connected above ..
Ms si tek et strigata sp. n.
DISCUSSION
Bayadera and Schmidtiphaea are two small, poorly
known genera and not often encountered. They be-
long to a ‘group’ of a dozen or more small, zygopterid
genera with similar or overlapping ranges from India
to the SE Asia offshore islands. These genera are for-
est stream dwellers (e.g. Bayadera, Schmidtiphaea,
153
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Anisopleura, Megalestes, Rhipidolestes, Philosina,
Archineura, Caliphaea, Devadatta, Philoganga, plus
others among the Argiolestinae). Most species of
Bayadera are in China, but Burma and Indochina
may be their centre. Unfortunately this area has been
closed to us since the time of the prewar explorers;
Assam is split into unfriendly factions; Burma is dan-
gerous; Bhutan is dubious; Cambodia is in strife and
Vietnam only just emerging from terrible disasters.
For lack of peaceful access this particularly rich area
has not benefited from the recent advances of air-
travel and four-wheel-drive vehicles which have pro-
vided a ‘filling in’ phase for species in many parts of
the world as we would wish for conservation purpos-
es.
The recently described species Bayadera vietnamen-
sis van Tol & Rozendaal 1995, has the facies of a
Schmidtiphaea with their characteristic length to span
ratio, but has several cubital cross veins, perhaps an
intermediate position, as the authors commented
upon. Annectant species and higher taxa must, of
course, occur; only with the failure of a species in the
struggle for survival do genera become distinct.
The distribution of large, highly successful and
widespread genera such as Erythrodiplax and Argia in
the New World and Orthetrum and Pseudagrion in
the Old World poses the question as to what their
success is due. Equally interesting is the question as to
whether the small genera already mentioned with
limited distribution are budding competitors for
dominance in a future world or, more likely, rem-
nants of diminishing groups. Losing or gaining
ground is where man has grossly interfered and the
many small genera might have given us a different
impression when the whole enormous area of south
and south-east Asia was forested. We have done them
a great dis-service but provided for the former ‘suc-
cessful’ group huge paddy-field, gravel pits, fish-farms
and reservoirs. Or are the small genera each using a
different, unique little niche that none of the others
can use?
There is a characteristic and widespread pterotho-
racic pattern in Euphaeidae where more or less biel-
liptical dark areas are formed between the antehumer-
al and humeral stripes, also between the two laterial
thoracic stripes when present and again between these
two pairs of stripes. There is much variation between
species in the extent to which these are ‘closed’ or
‘open’ at their dorsal and ventral meeting points. This
pattern is a feature of all the species mentioned in this
paper except, curiously, B. serrata and B. nephelopen-
nis. These features are useful as species characters and
are presumably recognition patterns; they are not in-
dicators of relationships however, as seen in the close-
ly similar species Antsopleura lestoides and A. sub-
platystyla where the latter has the pattern described for
154
Bayadera above while the former species has simple
straight stripes which are a feature of the majority of
both Anisoptera and Zygoptera. Almost all the eleven
genera of Euphaeidae show the theme pattern; when
the thorax is all black, the theme pattern can be seen
in the females as, for example in the common
Dysphaea dimidiata. It is food for thought that the
pattern also occurs in the Polythoridae in the New
World; at least some Polythorid genera occupy eco-
logical niches similar to those chosen by some
Euphaeidae.
Larvae of Euphaeidae have lateral abdominal gills
(all, so far as they have been studied) and it will be in-
teresting to discover why this primitive feature has
been retained, in terms of larval life-style. There is a
likely report for Bayadera, a ‘supposition’ specimen
(Needham, 1911) of Bayadera indica, with lateral ab-
dominal gills but more recently a description of a lar-
va of the same species by Kumar (1973). Schmidti-
phaea larvae have not yet been found. Does this
character provide for better access to the already high
oxygen tension in streams and waterfalls? In many
waterfall dwellers the terminal appendages have been
adapted for use as anchorage devices, e.g. in many
Argiolestinae. And why are the lovely, lake lovers liv-
ing so ‘happily’ at such low oxygen tension?
Bayadera generally favours small rivers, sometimes
filled with boulders and with almost negligible aquat-
ic vegetation, but also smaller streams. By contrast,
the related Anisopleura favours steep seepages and
streamlets. Schmidtiphaea will fly in sunshine but also
‘happily’ in rain and about shady overhangs by forest
waterfalls (where the unique female of S. schmidi de-
scribed here turned up in steady rain after a 3-day vig-
il at the spot where a few males had previously been
seen).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank the Directors of the Kunming Institute
of Zoology, Academia Sinica, for facilities made available to
the authors to travel in SW China in pursuance of this work.
We are also grateful to the Management at the Dept. of
Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York, for the loan of the Type (C.U. Type No. 959) of
Bayadera bidentata Needham.
REFERENCES
Asahina, S., 1956. Dragonflies from west Tien-Mu-shan,
central China. — Entomologiske Meddelelser
(Copenhagen) 27 (4-5): 204-228.
Asahina, S., 1964. New and little known dragonflies from
the Ryukyus (Odonata). — Kontyû 32 (1-8):1-8.
Asahina, S., 1973. Notes on chinese Odonata IV. D.C.
Graham collection from Szechuan and T.H.Cheng col-
lection from Fukien. — Kontyû 41 (4): 446-460.
Asahina, S., 1978. A remarkable new damselfly allied to
Table 1. The species of Bayadera.
DAVIES & YANG: New Euphaeidae
Species Author(s) Date: page Type dep. Distribution Apps depicted
B. bidentata Needham 1930: 218 CUIC Zhejiang, Guangxi This paper
B. b. brevicauda Fraser 1928: 51 No type Taiwan Asahina 1973: 456
B. b. continentalis Asahina 1973: 455 USNM Fujian Asahina 1973: 456
B. B. ishigakiana Asahina 1964: 1 Asahina Ryukyu Is. Asahina 1973: 457
B. fasciata Sjoestedt 1933: 14 NHRS Szechuan Male unknown
B. forcipata Needham 1930: 217 USNM Szechuan Author’s paper
B. hyalina Selys 1879: 373 IRSN Assam Fraser 1928: plate 1
B. indica Selys 1853: 49 IRSN Nepal to Yunnan Fraser 1934: 80
B. kali (male only) Cowley 1936: 477 BMNH Assam Author’s paper: 479
B. longicauda Fraser 1928: 53 BMNH Sikkim Asahina 1985: 20
B. melanopteryx Ris 1912: 49 Koningsburg Szechuan, Guandong This paper
B. nephelopennis Davies & Yang 1996 IZAS Szechuan This paper
B. serrata Davies & Yang 1996 IZAS Yunnan This paper
B. strigata Davies & Yang 1996 IZAS Yunnan This paper
B. vietnamensis Van Tol & Rz. 1994 RMNH Vietnam Authors’ paper
Bayadera (Odonata, Euphaeidae). — Proceedings of the
Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 14: 43-46.
Asahina, S., 1985. A list of the Odonata recorded from
Thailand. Part XI, Euphaeidae. -Chö Chö (The
Rhopalocerist’s Magazine of Japan) 8 (12):18-38.
Asahina, S., 1987. A revised description of Schmidtiphaea
schmidi (Odonata, Euphaeidae). — Proceedings of the
Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 36: 34-37
Chao, H-f., 1962. A study of Navasian types of chinese
dragonflies (Odonata) I. — Acta Entomologica Sinica 11
(Supplement): 25-31.
Cowley, J., 1936. A new species of Bayadera (Odonata). —
Annals of Natural History (London) (Series 10) 18 (xlvi):
477-482.
Davies, D. A. L. & P. Tobin, 1984. The Dragonflies of the
World: A systematic list of the extant species of Odonata
vol. 1, Zygoptera, Anisozygoptera. — Societas Interna-
tionalis Odonatologica Rapid Communications (Supple-
ments) No. 3: 9 + 127 pp (Bayadera on pp 22-23).
Fraser, F.C., 1928. Indian dragonflies Part 31. — Journal of
the Bombay Natural History Society 33 (1): 47-59.
Fraser, F.C., 1934. The Fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma. Odonata, vol. II, London: Taylor &
Francis. (Bayadera on pp 78-84).
Kumar, A., 1973. Descriptions of the last instar larvae of
Odonata from the Dehra Dun Valley (India) with notes
on Biology I Suborder Zygoptera. — Oriental Insects 7(1):
83-118.
Navas, R. P. Longinos, 1934. Névropteres et Insects
voisines. Chine et pays environnés, 7° series. — Notes
d’entomologie chinoise 2 (1): 1-6.
Needham, J. G., 1911. Descriptions of dragonfly nymphs of
the subfamily Calopteryginae. — Entomological News 22
(4): 145-154.
Needham, J. G.,1930. A manual of the Dragonflies of
China. -The Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Peiping,
China.
Ris, F., 1912. Neue Libellen von Formosa, Sudchina,
Tonkin und den Philippinen. — Supplementa entomolog-
ica (Berlin) 1: 44-85.
Selys-Longchamps, E. de, 1853. Synopsis des Calo-
ptérygines. —Bulletin de l’Académie royale de Belgique 20
(annexe): 1-73.
Selys-Longchamps, E. de, 1879. Quatrièmes additions au
Synopsis des Caloptérygines. — Bulletin de [Academie
royale de Belgique (2) 47: 349-409.
Sjôstedt, Y., 1932. Schwedisch-chinesische wis-
senschaftliche Expedition den nordwestlichen Provinzen
Chinas. —Archiv för Zoologi (Stockholm) 25A (5):1-22,
(3 pls excl).
Tol, J. van & F. G. Rozendaal, 1995. Records of Calo-
pterygoidea from Vietnam, with descriptions of two new
species (Zygoptera: Amphipterygidae, Calopterygidae,
Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae). — Odonatologica 24 (1):
89-107.
Received: 28 July 1995
Accepted: 9 July 1996
155
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
BOOK REVIEW
A.T. Barrion & J.A. Litsinger, 1995. Riceland spiders
of South and Southeast Asia. - CAB International,
Wallingford U.K., Tucson USA, etc. 736 pp, 16
colour-plates, 412 figs., 336 maps. [ISBN 0-85198-
967-5]. Price £ 125 excl postage outside UK (usp
225, USA only). To be ordered from CAB
International, Wallingford, Oxon ox10 8DE, UK.
Fax +44-1491-833508.
Barrion and Litsinger studied the spiders of rice-
lands at the International Rice Research Institute in
the Philippines for many years. In this large expensive
book they have brought together the taxonomy of all
the encountered 342 species (134 genera, 26 fami-
lies), of which 258 are new to science. Only seven
new species are from outside the Philippines. In only
32 out of the new 258 new species both sexes are de-
scribed. The majority of the new species is based on
single specimens only, indicating that SE Asian arach-
nology has still a long way to go.
A general introduction of less than twenty pages
covers the historical background of the study of
Philippine spiders, morphology, life history and ma-
terial and methods. The rest of the book is devoted to
taxonomy, with keys to families, genera and species,
extensive species descriptions, frequently accompa-
nied by drawings of the habitus, male and female gen-
italia, as well as other details.
Tagalog is the standard language for the new scien-
tific names. Although nothing is said about this in the
introduction, the use of Tagalog for this purpose is
taken for granted in some new species whose etymol-
ogy does not mention the Tagalog origin. Also in the
case of new species from outside the Philippines, if
not named after a person or locality, the new name is
derived from Tagalog (Misumena tapyasuka n.sp.
from Central Java). The use of Tagalog for numbers
in scientific names seems to contravene the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ar-
ticle 32b, ed. 1985). Exceptionally a latinized English
is used for new names, like in /plikeum.
There are contradictions between specific and
generic descriptions. Some characters used in the
genus diagnosis are repeated in every species descrip-
tion of that genus. A comparison with the most relat-
ed species, which they are likely to be confused with,
is lacking in the descriptions. The extensive use of ab-
solute instead of relative measurements is not so prac-
tical when comparing own specimens.
Some newly described species appear to be well-
known SE Asian species, although in some cases,
however, placed in the wrong genus. Phrurolithus
ulopatulisus n.sp., for example, is a member of the
very characteristic genus Oedignatha and probably a
156
synonym of O. scrobiculata. In several cases, speci-
mens clearly belonging to one species and collected
from one locality, are described under several new
names, to judge from the descriptions and illustra-
tions (e.g. in Clubiona and Clubionoides). On the oth-
er hand, the sexes of some species may turn out to be-
long to different species, e.g. in Cheiracanthium
ligawsolanum n.sp., where the male is 80% larger as
the female.
The keys are of limited use. They abound in objec-
tionable unreliable couplets, like the length ratio of
carapax to abdomen or subtle size differences (6.05
versus 6.45mm) derived from the only one or two
specimens seen by the authors.
One would expect a book of this size to survey all
available literature of the encountered species, but the
authors prefer to stick precisely to their own material.
When they found only one sex of a well-known wide-
spread species, they do not describe or illustrate the
other sex. Quite a number of preys have been docu-
mented for a common and conspicuous species like
Nephila maculata, including small birds, but Barrion
& Litsinger mention only the two insect species
found by them.
On the other hand the authors do not stick com-
pletely to the habitat riceland. Spiders from bordering
higher vegetation are incorporated on a large scale,
and sometimes from other crops (coffee, cotton) or
habitats (even secondary dipterocarp forest).
Moreover, a rather diverse array of riceland habitats is
dealt with. The spider fauna of inundated ricefields
will undoubtedly be more similar to that of marshes
than to that of dry upland rice.
The 92 colour photographs of 34 species are often
not sharp and usually anesthetized specimens have
been used. The drawings are of higher quality, but it
is difficult to get a clear idea of the structure of more
complicated male palps. The artist should have used
the technique of surrounding overlying structures
with a thin white line. Now is it difficult to judge
where a long embolus ends, because the embolus and
the border of the alveolus are drawn as one fused line.
Not all male palps are drawn in a uniform manner,
some in an expanded condition, making a compari-
son difficult. The drawings of genitalia should have
been accompanied by scale-bars.
Many useful writings on SE Asian spiders are lack-
ing in the references, even those of Simon, although
he is mentioned in the introduction.
Despite ail criticism: thanks to all new species and
its drawings this book will remain a standard in SE
Asian arachnology. Despite its ambiguities, it can
provide SE Asian ecological research with a stimulat-
ing taxonomical foundation.
[A. P. Noordam]
A. L. LVOVSKY' & J.C. KOSTER’
‘Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
“Callantsoog, The Netherlands
DENISIA CURLETTII SP. N. FROM TUNISIA
(LEPIDORTERA: OE CORHORIDAE)
Lvovsky, A.L. & J.C. Koster, 1996. Denisia curlettii spec. nov. from Tunisia (Lepidoptera:
Oecophoridae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 157-160, figs. 1-7. [1ssn 0040-7496].
Published 18 December 1996.
A new species of Oecophoridae is described from Tunisia: Denisia curlettii sp. n. The external
characters and genitalia are figured, and the biology is briefly discussed.
Correspondence: A. L. Lvovsky, Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaja
N 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
Key words. — Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae, Denisia, Tunisia, new species.
In the genus Denisia Hübner, 1825 (Oecopho-
ridae), 18 species are currently recognized. The genus
has its main distribution in Europe, but several
species occur in the Near-East. There are two species
known from North and Central Asia and one species
from North America. Below we describe the first
species from Africa.
Last year the junior author received three speci-
mens of an unknown Microlepidoptera species from
Mr. Traugott-Olsen, (Marbella, Spain). Mr.
Traugott-Olsen concluded on the basis of wing vena-
tion and genitalia that it could possibly belong to the
Momphidae. The scaling of the head and the struc-
ture of the male genitalia in combination with the ve-
nation identify the moths as belonging to the
Oecophoridae. Both families belong to the large and
very diverse superfamily of the Gelechioidea.
Leraut (1984) described the monotypic genus
Buvatina based on a single male specimen, Buvatina
tineiformis. Buvatina is distinguished from Denisia by
the following characters: forewing with veins R4 and
RS completely merged; the short and porrect labial
palpae and the long saccus. The species described here
has the upper margin of the valvae concave like in
Buvatina, but the venation of the forewing (fig. 5)
shows a forked position of R4 and R5. This in com-
bination with the long and upcurved labial palpae
and the short saccus led us to place the new species in
Denisia.
Checklist of Denisia Hübner, 1825
This is a provisional list compiled from literature,
since we did not have the opportunity to examine all
the species.
Type species: Phalaena Tinea stipella Linnaeus, 1758
Denisia albimaculea (Haworth, 1828)
Denisia aragonella (Chrétien, 1903)
Denisia augustella (Hübner, 1796)
Denista coeruleopicta (Christoph, 1888)
Denisia curlettii sp. n.
Denisia fiduciella (Rebel, 1935)
Denisia graslinella (Staudinger, 1871)
Denisia luctuosella (Duponchel, 1840)
9. Denisia luticiliella (Erschoff, 1877)
10. Denisia muellerrutzi (Amsel, 1939)
11. Denisia nubilosella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)
12. Denisia osthelderi (Rebel in Osthelder, 1936)
13. Denisia pyrenaica Leraut, 1989
14. Denisia ragonotella (Constant, 1885)
15. Denisia rhaetica (Frey, 1856)
16. Denisia similella (Hübner, 1796)
17. Denisia stipella (Linnaeus, 1758)
18. Denisia subaquilea (Stainton, 1849)
le SES
Denisia curlettii sp. n.
Type material. — Holotype d: Tunisia, Bou
Hedma, 18.v.1990, Curletti leg. Gen. prep.
A.23.10.92 E. Traugott-Olsen (RMNH). — Paratypes
29: Same date and locality as holotype. Gen. prep.
B.21.10.92 and B.23.10.92. E. Traugott-Olsen.
Wing prep. A.26.10.92 E. Traugott-Olsen. (coll.
Baldizzone).
Diagnosis
D. curlettii differs from all other species in Denisia
by the shape of the valva which has the upper margin
concave. In the other species the upper margin is
straight or convex (Leraut, 1989). Externally the
157
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
species resembles Denisia osthelderi (Rebel, 1936), but
it differs from it by the white basal fascia on the
forewing that does not reach the costal margin of the
wing. In D. osthelderi this fascia is complete. Further
by the dorsal and subcostal spot in the middle, in D.
osthelderi these two spots are united into one large
spot. The light yellow hindwing with the greyish-
brown apical third, is completely greyish-brown in D.
osthelderi. The light yellow hindwing of the new
species distinguishes it from all other species in the
genus. Unfortunately the holotype of D. osthelderi,
the only specimen known of this species, lacks the ab-
domen, thus making a comparison of the genitalia
impossible.
Description
Male (fig. 1). — Wingspan 8,5-9,5 mm. Head:
frons white; vertex shining brown, irrorated white;
collar shining dark brown; palpae first segment one-
third of the length of the second, white, ventrally
with apical dark brown spot, second segment one-
fifth longer than third, white, ventrally mottled dark
brown and somewhat rough-scaled beneath, third
segment dark brown with white irroration dorsally;
Scape irrorated white dorsally; ventrally shining light
grey; antennae with distinct white annulations, cili-
ate. Thorax and tegulae shining dark brown. Legs:
shining dark brown, tibiae with a white medial and
apical ring, tarsi white at joints. Forewing dark
brown, densely irrorated by yellow scales, an irrigular
white fascia before one-third, perpendicular on dor-
sum, narrowing towards costa and not reaching it, on
dorsum, between base and fascia, a white spot, a tri-
angular white spot on dorsum at halfway, a smaller
subcostal white spot just beyond the dorsal spot, al-
most forming an interrupted outward oblique fascia,
a large white costal spot at three-fourth, a small white
spot on tornus, inwardly of the costal spot, on costa,
dorsum and in the fold, also as some edging of the fas-
cia and the spots; cilia dark grey, mixed ochreous, yel-
lowish at tornal spot. Hindwing shining light yellow
with some greyish-brown irroration, especially at
base, the apical third shining greyish-brown, cilia
greyish-brown around apex, light yellow from tornus
to base. Underside: forewing shining greyish-brown,
shining yellowish on dorsum; hindwing shining yel-
lowish, irrorated greyish-brown at base and along cos-
ta, apical third shining greyish-brown. Abdomen not
examined.
Male genitalia (fig. 3). Uncus triangular, elongat-
ed distally, apex flat, slightly indented; tegumen al-
most parallel-sided, dorso-basal incision with sclero-
tized rims; gnathos broad, slightly tapering distally
with a sharp downwards bent, hook-like apex; saccus
rounded; juxta broad, juxta lobes long, narrow, taper-
ing distally into a sharp, upwards bent, apex. Valva
short, broad at base, tapering into a rounded, up-
wards bent and strongly setose cucullus, costa convex,
ampulla warty. Aedeagus tubular, both ends bent
downwards laterally, dorso-distally broadened sub-
apically, without cornuti.
Female (fig. 2). — Scape dorsally shining dark
brown with white apical spot, antennae shining dark
brown, annulated white ventrally. Forewing with
some scattered yellow scales, strongest in the basal
half, the triangular white spot on dorsum at one-half
and the smaller subcostal white spot just beyond the
dorsal spot smaller and less pronounced.
Female genitalia (fig. 4).- Apophyses posteriores
almost twice as long as apophyses anteriores. Tergite
VIII almost square, slightly narrowing basally, weakly
sclerotized. Antrum upper part bowl-shaped, lower
part funnel-shaped, gradually tapering into collicu-
lum, ventral margin almost straight, distal part sclero-
tized, dorsal wall of ostium bursae strongly spined.
Corpus bursae not visible.
Biology
The three specimens have been collected 18 May
1990 by Mr G. Curletti during his visit to Tunisia in
order to collect larvae and adults of Buprestidae
(Coleoptera). Unfortunately Mr Curletti cannot re-
member how he collected the specimens. That day he
searched for larvae of Buprestidae, which live under
the bark of dead trees and shrubs. Perhaps he acci-
dentely reared the moths from these samples of wood.
However he also collected at light (v.v. lamp) that
night. The moths were collected at the foot of Djebel
Bou Hedma (Djebel = hill). This hill, with an altitude
of 790 meter, is situated south of the road P 14,
halfway between the cities Gafsa and Sfax, several
kilometres West of Maknassy.
The collecting site has a desert-like or steppe-like
vegetation, characterized by the absence of trees and
the presence of small shrubs of Limoniastrum sp. and
Tamarix sp. (fig. 6). The smaller herbs, however, con-
sist of many species and are difficult to identify,
mainly belonging to the Chenopodiaceae (Salso-
laceae), but also some Graminaceae are found (e.g.
Aristida pungens). These plants belong to the salty
habitat of a ‘chott’, a depression in the landscape with
a salt soil.
Figs 3-4. Genitalia of Denisia curlettii. — 3, male genitalia, ventro-caudal aspect, valvae spread, aedaeagus separated, top dor-
sal aspect, bottom lateral aspect. Scale bar 0.25 mm; 4, female genitalia, ventral aspect, corpus bursae omitted. Scale bar 0.5
mm.
158
Lvovsky & KOSTER: Denisia curlettii
male. — Fig. 2 (right). Denisia
>
Fig. 1 (left). Denisia curlettii
curlettii, female.
159
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
==
è
Fig. 5.Wing venation of Denista curlettii.
First stages unknown. Larvae possibly under the
bark of Limoniastrum sp. or Tamarix sp. The species
of the genus Denisia are reported to feed on decaying
wood under dead bark of various trees and shrubs.
Distribution
Only known from the type locality.
Etymology
The species is named after its collector Mr. G.
Curletti, Carmagnola, Italy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our thanks to the follow-
ing persons: Dr. G. Baldizzone, Asti, Italy, for the
loan of the material and the permission to deposit the
holotype in the National Museum of Natural
160
History, Leiden, The Netherlands (RMNH); Mr. E.C.
Traugott-Olsen, Marbella, Spain, who brought this
species under the attention of the junior author; Mr.
G. Curletti, Carmagnola, Italy, who provided us with
extensive information on the collection site; Dr. S.Yu.
Sinev, St. Petersburg, Russia, for examining the holo-
type of Denisia osthelderi.
The Uyttenboogaart-Eliasen Foundation made the
publication of the colour plates possible.
REFERENCES
Leraut, P., 1984. Buvatina tineiformis, espèce et genre nou-
veaux pour la science decouverts en France (Lep. Oeco-
phoridae, Oecophorinae). — Entomologica gallica, 1(3):
1512153:
Leraut, P., 1989. Contribution à l'étude des Oecophoridae
(sl). I. Revision de quelques types d'espèces tradi-
tionellement associées aux genres Borhausenia Hübner et
Schiffermuelleria Hübner, et description d’une espèce et
de deux genres nouveaux. — Alexanor 16: 95-113.
Rebel, 1936. In: L. Osthelder, Lepidopteren-Fauna von
Marasch in Türkisch Nordsyrien. — Mitteilungen
Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 25 (3): 67-90.
Received: 1 March 1996
Accepted: 1 April 1996
Fig. 6. Habitat of Denisia
curlettii.
Hedma.
Tunisia: Bou
Nico NIESER' & Pinc Princ CHEN’
' Tiel, The Netherlands
° Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien
SIX NEW TAXA OF NEPOMORPHA FROM SULAWESI
AND MINDANAO
Notes on Malesian aquatic and semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera), VI.
Nieser, N. & Chen, P. P., 1996. Six new taxa of Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao.
Notes on Malesian aquatic and semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera), VI. - Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie 139: 161-174. figs. 1-32. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
Five new species: Aphelocheirus geros (Aphelocheiridae), Enithares charakia, E. ektakta, E. mar-
garethae and E. stansae (Notonectidae) from Sulawesi and a new subspecies: Ranatra sulawesii
sebui (Nepidae) from Mindanao are described and an earlier paper on the Sulawesi fauna of
these families of Nepomorpha is updated.
Correspondence: Dr. N. Nieser, Htg. Eduardstr. 16, 4001 re Tiel, The Netherlands.
Key words. — Sulawesi (Indonesia), Mindanao (Philippines), Nepomorpha, new species, key
Enithares, additional records.
Studying additional water bugs from Sulawesi col-
lected by staff members of the National Museum of
Natural History (Leiden), the Zoological Museum
(Amsterdam), and the first author, several unde-
scribed species of Enithares and one of Aphelocheirus
were encountered. In addition an undescribed form
of Ranatra was collected on Mindanao. As the final
paper with additions and corrections on the series of
Malesian aquatic Heteroptera is planned for the more
distant future, it seems useful to describe these species
here as an update to part I of the series (Nieser &
Chen 1991, 1995).
The present study, in combination with some ad-
ditions and corrections, results in the following list of
twelve species of Enithares known from Sulawesi.
Checklist of Enithares Spinola, 1837 known from
Sulawesi
E. bakeri Brooks, 1948. — E. Indonesia, N. Borneo,
Mindanao.
E. caesaries Nieser & Chen, 1991. — Sulawesi Tengah.
E. charakia sp. n. — Sulawesi Selatan.
E. ektakta sp. n. — Pulau Sangihe.
E. lansburyi Nieser & Chen, 1991. — Sulawesi
Tenggara.
E. margarethae sp. n. — Sulawesi Selatan.
E. paramegalops Lansbury, 1968. — Sulawesi Tengah,
Maluku, Irian Jaya.
E. phenakismos Nieser & Chen, 1991. — Sulawesi
Tengah.
E. producta Lansbury, 1968. — Northern part of
Sulawesi.
E. skutalis Nieser & Chen, 1991. — Pulau Buton.
E. stansae sp. n. — Sulawesi Selatan.
E. sp. near timorensis. — Eastern part of Sulawesi.
One additional species of Aphelocheirus brings the
number of Sulawesi species to four.
Checklist of Aphelocheirus Westwood, 1833 known
from Sulawesi
A. celebensis Polhemus & Polhemus, 1988. — Sulawesi
Selatan.
A. geros sp. n. — Western part of Sulawesi.
A. lorelindu Polhemus & Polhemus, 1988. — Sulawesi
Tengah.
A. robustus Nieser & Chen,
Tenggara.
Woe
— Sulawesi
Finally an undescribed form of Ranatra was col-
lected.
161
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-7. Aphelocheirus spp. — 1-4, A. geros sp. n., paratypes, scale 1 mm; 1, dorsal view of male; 2, posterior margin of ab-
dominal tergite 5, male; 3, parameres; 4, genital operculum, female. — 5-6, Aphelocheirus spp., lateroposterior spines of con-
nexivum 5, scale 0.5 mm; 5, A. celebensis 6, A. geros. — 7, À. lorelindu, parameres (redrawn after D. & J. Polhemus 1988).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Measurements are in mm and are based on five
specimens of each sex taken from the sample contain-
ing the holotype (if available). Length and width refer
to the maximum value of the specified body part ori-
ented horizontally, if not specified they refer to body
length and width. Length is measured from anterior
margin of vertex to apex of hemielytra in Enithares,
and from anterior margin of vertex to apex of ab-
domen in Aphelocheirus and Ranatra.
Short winged Aphelocheirus are called brachypter-
ous or micropterous depending on author. Within
Naucoroidea there are two main forms with reduced
wings. Specimens with hemielytra slightly reduced
(mostly the membrane and embolium) and the hind
wings usually strongly reduced. We propose to indi-
cate this form, which is common in Naucoridae, by
brachypterous. Less often there are specimens with
strongly reduced hemielytra, leaving most of ab-
domen uncovered. This form is predominant in
Aphelocheiridae and occurs in some Naucoridae no-
162
tably the S. American Cryphocricinae. We propose to
indicate this form by micropterous.
The areas in Sulawesi and Mindanao used with the
localities agree with the administrative provinces.
Pulau Sangihe is a spice island belonging to Sulawesi
Utara province. As it lies some 200 km N. of the
northern point of ‘mainland’ Sulawesi it is not on the
map used in this paper (fig. 30). Remarks between
square brackets with the data on localities contain ad-
ditional information not found on the labels.
Specimens have been deposited in the following
collections registered according to Arnett, Samuelson
& Nishida (1993): BeBM (Honolulu, U.S.A.); JTPC
(Englewood, Co. U.S.A.); MBBJ (Bogor, Indonesia);
MUDH (The Hague, The Netherlands); NHMw
(Vienna, Austria); NMSC (Singapore); RMNH (Leiden,
The Netherlands; semc (Lawrence Ka. U.S.A.); uscr
(Cebu City, Philippines); ZMAN (Amsterdam, The
Netherlands). Unlisted collection: N. Nieser collec-
tion, Tiel, The Netherlands (NcTN); G. Zimmer-
mann collection, Marburg, Federal Republic of
Germany (zc). Specimens not specified are in NCTN.
During an early phase of preparing this paper, a
number of type specimens have been distributed wich
labels giving Nieser as sole author, this should be
changed in Nieser & Chen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to Drs J. van Tol (RMNH), J. P.
Duffels (ZMAN), G. M. Nishida, D. A. Polhemus and
D.J. Preston (BPBM), J. T. Polhemus (yrec) H. Zettel
(nHMw) and G. Zimmermann (zc) for the loan of
specimens and additional data on localities.
SYSTEMATIC PART
Aphelocheiridae
Aphelocheirus geros sp. n.
(figs. 1-4)
Type material. — Holotype micropterous male
(RMNH), INDONESIA: Sulawesi Selatan, Mamasa, river
flowing through village, 2°56'S 119°22'E, c. 1050
asl, cultivated area, rather fast flowing stream, bot-
tom boulders with some coarse sand, 8 Apr. 1991,
leg. J. van Tol, sample 91JvT02. — Paratypes, same
data as holotype, 96 109 distributed as follows: 4d
69 (including allotype and 1 macr.) RMNH; 36 (1
Mach) leo NC LOIR MBB; GORM pre,
Additional paratypes: Sulawesi Tengah, Sul. 28, S.
Anow, 24. Oct. 1993 12 macr.; Sul. 53, M. 17. Nov.
1993 22 macr., leg. J. P. Duffels (zman). Micro-
pterous unless otherwise indicated.
Description. — Micropterous form (fig. 1); a large
species for this genus. Dimensions, length d 9.9 -
10.5, ® 9.5 - 10.2; width of head & 1.15-1.25, 9
1.12-1.26; width of pronotum d 4.9-5.1, 9 5.0-5.1;
maximal width (across abdomen) 3 5.9-6.1, 2 6.0-
6.1.
Colour, medium to dark castaneous, eyes shining
black. Interoculus, lateral parts of pronotum,
hemielytra, lateral angles of connexiva and genital
capsule of male usually lighter than remainder. Legs
paler than most of ventral side.
Structural characteristics. Head polished, shining,
with a few punctures, not or slightly rugulose along
midline, produced ahead of eyes for a distance equal
to 0.4 X the length of an eye; anterior/posterior inter-
oculus 1.6/1.0. Eyes length/width 1.0/0.45, outer
margin sinuate due to weakly developed anterolateral
flange. Pronotum rugose, shining, lateral part with
inconspicuous, short appressed brown setae,
width/median length 5.1/1.2, width/length through
anterolateral angles 5.1/2.0; lateral margin bearing c.
10 stout minute erect setae. Scutellum glabrous, ru-
NIESER & CHEN: Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao
gose, width/length 2.5/1.1, lateral margin hardly sin-
uate, shallow transverse sulcus present along anterior
margin. Hemielytra touching medially, reaching pos-
teriorly to or just beyond base of abdominal tergite 3,
rugose, bare, somewhat more dull than interoculus
and pronotum, embolar margin evenly curving ante-
riorly, bluntly terminated posteriorly, with inconspic-
uous, short, appressed brown setae. Abdomen rugose,
covered with sparse, fine, rather short, appressed
whitish setae, segments 2-7 exposed, paired glandular
openings present medially on posterior margin of ter-
gite 3. Lateral margin of all segments with short stout
setae, posterolateral angles of segments 3-7 spinose,
with a few rather short pale setae, which are rubbed
off in several specimens, at base of spines. Length of
antennal segments | to 4: 0.11, 0.20, 0.35 and 0.48.
Labrum glabrous, shiny, apically roundly pointed.
Rostrum glabrous, shiny, length 3.2-3.5, reaching
middle coxae. Prosternum with weak median carina,
propleura with inner projections notched; mesoster-
num glabrous except for pilose median carina which
is strongly tumescent posteriorly; metasternum
glabrous, metaxiphus short and narrowly pointed.
Abdominal sternites glabrous except for the pruinose
genital operculum in female, posterior margins of
sternites 4 and 5 with 4-6 backwardly directed stout
short setae medially. Legs very sparsely set with fine
golden setae. Fore and middle trochanter, femur, tib-
ia and tarsus with thick hair pads on inner surface.
Coxae with combs of long pale setae on distal mar-
gins. Middle femur and tibia sparsely set with short
stout reddish spines, femur bearing 5-8 long erect se-
tae on posterior margin, tibia bearing 3-4 long setae
basally on anterior margin and one row of red spines
apically. Hind leg, femur sparsely set with short stout
reddish spines, tibia with some reddish spines, most
densely placed dorsally, tibia and tarsus with long
swimming hairs on ventral surface.
Male. Posterior margin of tergite 5 asymmetrical,
with a medioposterior hump-like projection, which is
delimited more clearly on the left than on the right
(fig. 2). Genital capsule yellowish, shiny. Right para-
mere longest, widened at base, left paramere some-
what narrowed at apex (fig. 3).
Female. Genital operculum (fig. 4) somewhat
domed, triangular with a rounded tip. A pair of nar-
row tufts of long setae along lateral margin, scattered
short setae at apex.
Macropterous form. — As micropterous except:
Length 11.0, pronotum well developed, its width 4.9-
5.1. Scutellum larger and somewhat inflated,
mesosternum inflated with a dark, low median carina.
Hemielytra pale brown, membranes smoky hyaline,
reaching beyond apex of abdomen (broken off in fe-
male), leaving connexiva 2-5 uncovered.
163
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Etymology. — Geros, Greek adjective meaning sol-
id, referring to the large size of species within genus.
Comparative notes. — A. geros differs from A.
celebensis D. & J. Polhemus by having the lateropos-
terior spines of connexiva 4-5 longer (figs. 5, 6, older
specimens can have the tips of these spines worn off).
A. robustus Nieser & Chen differs in male by having
left paramere with a broad hooked apex, the female
has genital operculum short and broad with convex
caudolateral angles (Nieser & Chen 1991: 50, figs. 3,
5). The difference with A. lorelindu D. & J. Polhemus
is summarised in following couplet to be added to the
‘Key to Aphelocheirus of Sulawesi’ by Nieser & Chen
(1991):
3. Blackish brown species with strongly contrasting
pale yellowish legs. Male: Left paramere distinct-
ly hooked apically, right paramere with a wide
and shallow incision at base (fig. 7). Genital op-
ereulumtofstemaletelongate Renna
rental co vere, A. lorelindu D. & J. Polhemus
— Medium brown species with yellowish brown
legs. Male: Left paramere only faintly hooked,
right paramere with a narrower deeper incision
basally (fig. 3). Female: Genital operculum trian-
gular (fig. 4) (Sulawesi Selatan and S. Tengah) …
RATS ne hbe Paie A. geros sp. n.
Remarks. — This species belongs to the celebensis-
group, to which apart from all Sulawesi species also
belong À. australicus Usinger and A. pallens Horváth,
which are the only species known from Australia and
New Guinea respectively (D. & J. Polhemus 1988:
191). So it seems there exists a geographically separat-
ed, morphologically recognisable species group in the
area.
Notonectidae
Enithares charakia sp. n.
(figs. 8, 12-15, 30)
Type material. — Holotype male (pale form): ın-
DONESIA, Sulawesi Selatan, S. Anowah, 41 km N of
Wotu [+ 20 km S of D. Poso] 24. Oct. 1993, narrow
streams above water fall in undisturbed rain forest,
650 m asl leg. J. P. & M. J. Duffels (ZMAN), allotype
female same data as holotype (ZMAN). Additional
paratypes: Sulawesi Tengah, Salope, near [a few hun-
dred m from N. shore] Danau Poso, waterfall [550m
asl.], 29. Jan. 1995, Seifert & Greindl (46), 38 39
(28 29 nHMw, 1d 19 NCTN).
Description. — Shape (fig. 8), a rather large rela-
tively broad species, greatest width across hemielytra
about 1.5 mm caudally of humeral angles of prono-
tum. Dimensions, length d 11.7-12.8, £ 11.9-12.2;
width d 4.70-4.86, 2 4.62-4.82; humeral width of
pronotum d 4.45-4.70, ® 4.40-4.60; width of head
d 3.90-4.08, 2 3.90-4.00; anterior width of vertex
d 1.20-1.28, ® 1.20-1.31; synthlipsis & 0.79-0.88
2 0.80-0.88.
Colour. Pale form, sordid white to pale yellowish,
eyes, band in pronotal fovea, apex of rostrum and
hairs on abdominal venter dark brown to blackish.
Legs and venter with diffuse medium brown mark-
ings. Hemielytra hyaline with embolium and short
posthumeral stripe blackish. Hind wings with smoky
patches which in folded condition form an arrow-
shape like patch along claval suture, in addition a less
distinct stripe at apex of hind wings. Scutellum and
anterior part of pronotum in male, some small patch-
es medially on abdomen in female, brownish. Dark
form, dorsally generally shining blackish; interocular
space, anterior part of pronotum, posterolateral mar-
gins of scutellum, large V-shaped spot basally on
hemielytra and legs pale yellowish. Pale markings on
scutellum and hemielytra variable. Labrum and ros-
trum partly medium brown, venter pale. Hemielytra
hyaline in dark form with extensive dark brown to
blackish smoky markings; hind wings largely light
smoky brown.
Structural characteristics. Anterior margin of head
transverse with vertex hardly protruding, width of
head twice its median length (4.0/1.8). Median
length of head about one and a half times the anteri-
or width of vertex (1.8/1.25) and slightly larger than
median length of pronotum (1.8/1.6). Humeral
width of pronotum two and a half times its length
(4.55/1.8), lateral margins diverging posteriorly, hind
margin gently sinuate to nearly straight. Dorsal mar-
gin of pronotal fovea clearly diverging behind eyes,
with a distinct ridge which in female is expanded lat-
erally so that the fovea is not or hardly visible in dor-
sal view, in male fovea at least narrowly visible in dor-
sal view. Embolium only slightly expanded anteriorly.
Length of nodal furrow and its distance to mem-
branal suture subequal (about 0.65). Fore trochanter
narrow posteriorly, without ventral nodule; meso-
trochanter obtusely angulate posteriorly. Pilosity and
spinosity of legs approximately as in related species.
Sides of metaxiphus basally nearly straight, strongly
converging, apex of xiphus narrow, elongate and
acute, needle like. Connexiva of segments 1-3 with
black denticles, not ridged.
Figs. 8-12. Habitus of Enithares males. — 8, E. charakia, paratype; 9, E. stansae (paratype); 10, E. producta; 11, E. ektakta
(paratype).
164
NIESER & CHEN: Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao
INN
Uy
ARM
LOM MYL GG Lp
GE
LX VINS
\ N NN
&
Loa
165
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
166
Male. Fore tibia with a wide and deep subapical in-
cision accentuated by a dense tuft of bristles (figs. 12,
13), middle tibia with a small blunt tooth ventrally
near base (fig. 14). Genital capsule as in fig. 15.
Etymology. — Charakia, a Greek noun meaning in-
cision, referring to the anterior tibia of male.
Comparative notes (see key). — The male can be
immediately recognised by the incised fore tibia. The
female would run to £. bergrothi Montandon & £.
hebridensis Lansbury in the key by Lansbury (1968).
Both are smaller (up to 10.5 mm) and have the
metaxiphus without protracted apex; the expanded
dorsal margin of pronotal fovea is also diagnostic.
They are, moreover, restricted to the Nouv.
Calédonie and New Hebrides region. Females of sim-
ilar Sulawesi species will, as a rule, be somewhat
smaller except for £. horvathi which is reported to
have the nodal furrow less than its own length re-
moved from the membranal suture (Lansbury 1968).
Enithares ektakta sp. n.
(figs. 11, 17)
Type material. — Holotype male (ZMAN, dark
form), INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Pulau Sangihe,
Bowokulu, small mountain stream, [between large
boulders, narrow stretches with strong current alter-
nating with small, virtually stagnant pools (Enithares
in the pools)], 19 Nov. 1994, N9477, leg. N. Nieser.
Paratypes, same data as holotype, 106 119% distrib-
uted as follows: 19 (allotype, pale form) zman; 16
1® BPBM, 2d 3® prec, 1d 19 MBBJ, 16 19 RMNH.
Additional paratypes (adults only), all P. Sangihe and
Leg. N. Nieser: Desa Laine, Sungai Laine at waterfall,
[Enithares in shade under tree in pothole at foot of
waterfall, one specimen in a rock pool], 12. XI.1994,
N9463, (1d 19 nHMw); Desa Utaurano, Sungai
Apanukang, [Extthares in small rock pool (0.2x0.2m,
0.1m deep) partly hidden under vegetation], 14. XI.
1994, N9465, 1d 39, 2 IvIV; Makariahe, small
mountain stream [virtually a trickle of water between
small pools between boulders, Enithares in the pools),
19. XI. 1994, N9478, 14 119, 1 IvIV, 4 IV (19
MBBJ, 1? MUDH, 29 NMsc, 16 19 seMc, 29 uscp,
19 ZC); Sungai Limu, small mountain stream, [cas-
cades and pools between boulders], 19.XI.1994,
N9479, 3d 39.
NIESER & CHEN: Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao
Description. — Shape (fig. 11), medium sized with
greatest width across the protruding humeral angles
of pronotum. Dimensions. Length d 9.5-10.4, 9
9.5-10.5; width (= humeral width of pronotum) d
3.80-4.28, 2 3.85-4.13; width of head d 3.18-3.30,
2 3.03-3.30; anterior width of vertex d 1.03-1.30,
9 0.99-1.25; synthlipsis & 0.75-0.80, ® 0.70-0.80.
Colour. — Dark form, dorsally black, eyes dark cas-
taneous, interocular space pale, anterior half of
pronotum and scutellum variable from pale to nearly
entirely black. Venter and legs light brownish with
dark spots, pilosity and small pegs on connexiva
black. Pale form, dorsally pale, eyes castaneous;
humeral angle and costal margin of hemielytra grey.
Structural characteristics. — Anterior margin of
head transverse with vertex hardly protruding, width
of head slightly over twice its median length
(3.2/1.5). Median length of head about one and a half
times the anterior width of vertex (1.5/1.1) and sube-
qual to median length of pronotum (1.5/1.5).
Humeral width of pronotum nearly three times its
length (4.0/1.5), lateral margins strongly diverging
posteriorly, humeral angles laterally produced, hind
margin gently sinuate. Dorsal margin of pronotal
fovea anteriorly parallel or very slightly diverging be-
hind eyes, anterolateral angles of pronotum broadly
rounded in both sexes. Costal margin of hemielytra
(in closed position) in dorsal view converging gradu-
ally over their entire length (fig. 11). Embolium dis-
tinctly expanded anteriorly. Nodal furrow short, soft-
ly curved cephalad, somewhat more than its own
length removed from membranal suture (0.65/0.55).
Fore trochanter narrow posteriorly, without ventral
nodule; mesotrochanter rounded posteriorly. Pilosity
and spinosity of legs as in its nearest relatives (E. mar-
garethae & E. producta). Sides of metaxiphus convex
in basal part resulting in a elongate acute apex.
Connexiva of segments 1-3 with small dark spines,
not ridged.
Male. — Anterior tarsus, intermediate tibia and tar-
sus somewhat thicker and more pilose than in female.
Genital capsule as in fig. 17.
Etymology. — Ektaktos, a Greek adjective meaning
protruding, referring to the protruding humeral an-
gles of pronotum.
Comparative notes. — Similar to E. producta
Lansbury and £. margarethae, differences are given in
the key. See also under E. margarethae.
Figs. 12-16. Enithares male paratypes. — 12-15, E. charakia; 12, fore tibia and tarsus outer view, 13 apex of fore tibia inner
view, 14 middle tibia, 15 genital capsule; 16, £. stansae genital capsule. Scales 7-9 1mm, 10-11 0.5 mm.
Figs. 17-19. Genital capsules of Enithares 17, E. ektakta paratype, 18, E. producta (posterior lobe only), 19, E. margarethae
paratype. Scale 0.5 mm.
Fig. 20. Middle tibia of male £. margarethae, scale 1mm.
167
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 21-29. Enithares species. — 21-23, Outline of hind lobe of genital capsule; 21, E. horvathi (redrawn from Lansbury
1968); 22, E. lansburyi; 23, E. skutalis (scale for figs. 22-23, 1 mm). — 24-27, genital capsules. 24, E. paramegalops, specimen
from Sulawesi Tengah; 25, idem, specimen from Bacan; 26, idem, posterior lobe of holotype; 27, posterior lobe of E. mega-
lops (redrawn from Lansbury 1968). Scale 0.5 mm. — 28-29, Outline of hind lobe of genital capsule. 28, E. phenakismos 29,
E. caesaries. Scale 1 mm.
Figs. 31-32. Head and anterior part of pronotum of Ranatra paratypes. — 31, À. sulawesii sebui; 32, R. sulawesii sulawesii. Scale
1 mm.
168
Enithares margarethae sp. n.
(figs. 19, 20, 30)
Type material. — Holotype male (ZMAN), INDONE-
sta, Sulawesi Selatan: SW Sulawesi, Karangan ca. 30
km NE of Enrekang, 1450m, gardens, 10-11 Nov.
1993, rather sluggish stream, width 4-5 m, leg. J.P. &
M.J. Duffels. Paratypes, same data as holotype, 19
allotype ZMAN, 1d NCTN.
Description. — Shape, medium sized with greatest
width across the caudal part of scutellum.
Dimensions, length d 11.3-11.9, 9 11.2; width d
4.85-5.00, 2 4.40; width of head d 3.60-3.68, 2
3.50; anterior width of vertex 6 1.22-1.32, 9 1.32;
synthlipsis & 0.81-0.84, 2 0.80; humeral width of
pronotum d 4.43-4.46, 9 4.20.
Colour. Pale form, dorsally sordid pale yellowish,
eyes castaneous; head, pronotum and scutellum of
male paratype dark.
Structural characteristics. — Anterior margin of
head transverse with vertex hardly protruding, width
of head twice its median length (3.6/1.8). Median
length of head nearly one and a half times the anteri-
or width of vertex (1.8/1.3) and longer than median
length of pronotum (1.8/1.5). Humeral width of
pronotum nearly three times its length (4.5/1.5) in
males, slightly less in female (4.2/1.5); lateral margins
strongly diverging posteriorly, humeral angles lateral-
ly broadly produced, hind margin gently sinuate.
Dorsal margin of pronotal fovea anteriorly parallel
behind eyes, anterolateral angles of pronotum broad-
ly rounded in both sexes. Costal margin of hemielytra
(in closed position) in dorsal view convex in anterior
third (more distinct in males) converging gradually
over posterior two thirds (as in £. producta, fig. 10).
Embolium distinctly expanded anteriorly more obvi-
ously in males than in females especially in dorsal
view. Nodal furrow short, hardly curved cephalad,
about its own length removed from membranal su-
ture (0.6). Fore trochanter narrow posteriorly, with-
out ventral nodule; mesotrochanter rounded poste-
riorly. Pilosity and spinosity of legs as in its nearest
relatives (E. producta, E. ektakta). Sides of metaxiphus
convex in basal part resulting in a elongate acute apex.
Connexiva of segments 1-3 with small dark spines,
not ridged.
Male. — Anterior tarsus, intermediate tibia and tar-
sus somewhat thicker and more pilose than in female.
Intermediate tibia in outer view concave on apical
half of anterior margin (fig. 20). Genital capsule with
posterior lobe broad with a concave dorsal margin
(fig. 19).
Etymology. — The species is named after Mrs.
Greet Duffels who collected the specimens.
Comparative notes. — Similar to E. ektakta and E.
NIESER & CHEN: Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao
producta, differences are given in the key, the body
shape (base of abdomen parallel in Æ. ektakta versus
divergent or convex in the other two) is also charac-
teristic for females. In addition the concave margin of
the apical half of the middle femur of male is distinct
in E. margarethae, slight in E. producta whereas in E.
ektakta this margin is straight. Isolated females of £.
margarethae and E. producta will be difficult to iden-
tify. The female of £. margarethae is larger than those
of E. ektakta (length up to 10.5) and £. producta
(length up to 10).
Enithares stansae sp. n.
(figs. 9, 16, 30)
Type material. — Holotype male (RMNH), INDONE-
sta: Sulawesi Selatan, c. 10 NW Palopo (km 15
Palopo-Rantepao: Salo Tandung, 300-400 m asl.,
2°58'S 120°07'E; width 10m, large boulders, tor-
rents, seepage areas in open secondary forest, 27.
April, 1991, leg. S. Kofman, (91JvT15). Paratypes:
same data as holotype, 19 (allotype) (RMNH), 1d
(NC); 15 km W of Palopo, Sungai Tandung, gardens
and disturbed rain forest, 300-400m, 2°57'S
120°07'30"E, 30.X.1993, leg. J.P. Duffels & Mr.
Gala, 19 (ZMAN).
Description. — Shape (fig. 9), medium sized, in
posterior two thirds wedge-shaped species, greatest
width across pronotal humeri. Dimensions (the male
with the smaller dimensions is the holotype), length
3 9.5-9.8, 2 9.9-10.0; humeral width of pronotum
3 3.90-4.03, 2 3.91-3.92; width of head d 3.10-
3.20, 2 3.11-3.17; anterior width of vertex d 1.19-
1.21, 2 1.18-1.22; synthlipsis d 0.67 2 0.66-68.
Colour. — Dorsally generally shining blackish, due
to black abdomen visible through wings. Vertex, an-
terior part of pronotum, oblong stripes postero-later-
ally on scutellum, legs and frons pale yellowish.
Labrum and rostrum partly medium brown, apical
segment of rostrum blackish, venter laterally and cau-
dally pale, centrally grey. Hemielytra hyaline with
embolium, stripe along embolium and most of basal
part of membrane dark smoky brown. Hind wings
largely light to medium smoky brown.
Structural characteristics. — Anterior margin of
head transverse with vertex hardly protruding, width
of head nearly two and a half times its median length
(3.1/1.3). Median length of head slightly larger than
anterior width of vertex and equal to median length
of pronotum. Humeral width of pronotum three
times its length, lateral margins diverging posteriorly,
hind margin gently sinuate. Dorsal margin of prono-
tal fovea slightly diverging (nearly parallel) behind
eyes. Embolium only slightly expanded anteriorly.
Nodal furrow curved cephalad, about its own length
169
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Enithares
Fig. 30. Localities of Enithares species in Sulawesi.
170
©
O
ad
*
È
7
À
%
®
+
A
caesaries
charakia
ektakta
horvathi
lansburyi
margarethae
paramegalops
phenakismos
producta
skutalis
stansae
removed from membranal suture (slightly more in
holotype: 0.55/0.60, equal in allotype: 0.55/0.55 and
paratype d : 0.60/0.60). Fore trochanter narrow pos-
teriorly, without ventral nodule; mesotrochanter
roundly angulate posteriorly. Pilosity and spinosity of
legs roughly as in related species except for
mesotrochanter and mesofemur in male which are be-
set with a fleece of long hairs in ventral half. Sides of
metaxiphus converging, slightly convex in basal part,
accentuating somewhat the acute apex. Connexiva of
segments 1-3 with small black spines, not ridged.
Male. — Middle trochanter and proximal part of fe-
mur hairy. Genital capsule with caudal lobe incised
dorsally (fig. 16).
Etymology. — The species is named in honour of
Mrs. Stans Kofman, who collected the specimens.
Comparative notes. — The male can be separated
from most species by the thick hair cover on ventral
half of middle femur which it shares with £. caesaries
Nieser & Chen and £. alexis Lansbury. £. alexis has
middle trochanter distinctly pointed and apex of
metaxiphus obtuse. E. caesaries is slightly larger, has
its greatest width at level of apex of scutellum and has
a different genital capsule (see key). The female
would run to £. freyi quadrispinosus Lansbury, E. rip-
leyana Lansbury or E. timorensis Brooks in the key by
Lansbury (1968). All are smaller (up to 9.75 long
and 3.75 wide) and have width of head nearly to
slightly over three times anterior width of vertex (in
E. stansae 2.6). The females of E. caesaries and E. sku-
talis, which may be very similar, are not known.
Enithares bakeri Brooks
Enithares bakeri Brooks, 1948: 40.
Enithares bakeri, Nieser & Chen 1991: 59.
Material. — INDONESIA, Sulawesi Utara, Pulau
Sangihe: pond along road near bridge [see N9456a],
27.VI.1994, N9455, 2d 49; Sungai Laine (near
Naha), at third bridge [upstream from mouth, slow
current, much Hydrilla], 17.X1.1994, N9456a, 16
1®; Masalihe, pond along road, algal bloom,
16.XI.1994, N9469, 18 19. Sulawesi Utara: Du-
moga Bone N.P., Toraut, Tümpel at Labor [pools at
laboratory], 13.X.1985, 38 19, leg. G. Zimmer-
mann. — PHILIPPINES: Mindanao, Lake Sebu area,
(upstream of barangay Bakdolong valley], narrow
stream [in hilly country, shaded], pools [and quiet
bays], 10.XII.1994, N9376, 12. Leg. N. Nieser un-
less otherwise indicated.
Distribution. — Widespread in E. Indonesia, N.
Borneo and the Philippines.
Enithares martini Kirkaldy
Enithares martini Kirkaldy, 1898, Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist.
NIESER & CHEN: Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao
Nar. Paris 1898: 151.
Enithares martini. — Lansbury 1968: 432-433 (redescrip-
tion).
Material examined. — PHILIPPINES, Mindanao,
Lake Sebu area: ‘Cold River’, short narrow side chan-
nel fed by seepage [from main river, shaded], 8. XII.
1993, N9376, 2d 79 (1d 39 uscp); [upstream of
Bakdolong valley], narrow stream [in hills], pool
[alongside stream bed, shaded], 10.X11.1993, N9379
1d; same, pothole downstream of culvert, virtually
stagnant, fully exposed to sunshine, 10.XII.1993,
29. All leg. N. Nieser.
Recorded previously from Luzon, and Mindanao
(including Sulu Is.). The pale stripes at lateral mar-
gins of scutellum in dark specimens have in living
specimens a vivid somewhat fluorescent orange tinge.
Enithares paramegalops Lansbury
(figs. 24-26, 30)
Enithares paramegalops Lansbury, 1968: 406-408.
Enithares ripleyana. — Nieser & Chen 1991: 59 (not E. rip-
leyana Lansbury: misidentification).
Material examined.- INDONESIA: Sulawesi Tengah,
Ampana [Tanjung Api (=Fire Cape), + 121°35'E,
0°50'S, ca. 200m from seashore, ca. 100m asl.],
Waldtiimpel {forest pools}, 2.11.1995, leg. Seyfert &
Greindl (55) 14 (NHMw). Maluku, Bacan, Wayaua,
logged forest, 5-16. VII. 1985, leg. J. Huijbregts, 1 4
(RMNH).
Lansbury (1968) described two very similar
species, E. megalops and E. paramegalops which were
distinguished by body size and characteristics of the
male genital capsule (figs. 26, 27). The paramere of
E. paramegalops is narrowed towards its apex, while
the paramere of E. megalops is narrower at base and
broad apically. The inner margin of the hind lobe has
a projection in E. paramegalops which is lacking in £.
megalops. The present specimens are intermediate in
respect to size and to some extent in the shape of the
posterior lobe of genital capsule. The holotype of £.
megalops has a length of 7, that of £. paramegalops
7.75 mm, the present specimens have a length of 7.30
(Sul. Tengah) and 7.45 (Bacan). It is possible that E.
paramegalops will turn out to be a synonym of £.
megalops but more specimens, especially some longer
series collected at the same locality are needed to solve
this problem.
E. paramegalops was only known by its type series
from Irian Jaya, Wisselmeren, which is now called
Danau Paniai, near Enarotadi in the western part of
the central mountain range (Pegunungan Maoke).
171
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Enithares producta Lansbury
(figs. 10, 30)
Material. — Sulawesi Utara: Dumoga Bone N.P.,
Toraut, Tiimpel in Wald (puddle in woods) near
Base camp, 18.X.1985, 1 © leg. G. Zimmermann.
Remarks. — Lansbury (1974) records two females
of E. producta from Sumatera, stating that a male is
needed to confirm this. As there are at least three
closely related species, of the ‘producta-group’ in
Sulawesi, it is more probable that the Sumatera spec-
imen belongs to an undescribed species. In view of
the distribution we suppose the 29 paratypes £. pro-
ducta from Rantepao (which is some 60 km N of
Enrekang, fig. 30) cited by Lansbury (1968) are actu-
ally females of E. margarethae.
Enithares sp. near timorensis Brooks
Enithares vulgaris. — Nieser & Chen 1991: 59 (not £. vul-
garis Lansbury: misidentification).
Material. — Sulawesi Tenggara, 20 Km E. Kolaka,
N8934, 3. III. 1989, small stream in hilly woodland,
leg. N. Nieser 19 (NCTN). Sulawesi Tengah, Sul. 37,
Puncak Palopo, [puncak = summit of hill etc., narrow
river 24 km N. of Rantepao, 800m asl.], 31. X. 1993,
leg. H. Duffels 19 (zman).
Remarks. — After comparing these specimens with
some specimens of £. vulgaris Lansbury from Biak it
turned out that the Sulawesi specimens do not belong
in E. vulgaris. Apart from being slightly larger the
general shape is different, E. vulgaris has the sides of
body largely parallel behind humeral angles of prono-
tum over two thirds of the length of abdomen where-
as it is convergent over the whole length of abdomen
in the Sulawesi specimens. The apex of scutellum is
somewhat narrower and longer in £. vulgaris. It has
been compared with some specimens of E. timorensis
from Sumba (leg. Dammerman, cited by Lansbury
1968, in RMNH). Although the Sulawesi specimen is
similar to £. timorensis there are some differences: £.
timorensis makes a more robust impression as it has
the sides of body parallel over most of its length and
tapering strongly posteriorly, whereas the sides of
body are gradually converging over their entire length
in the Sulawesi specimen. In addition the distance be-
tween the anterolateral angle of the pronotal foveal
and the posterolateral angle of the eye is greater in £.
timorensis, the apex of the metaxiphus is somewhat
more solid and thus appears somewhat shorter in the
Sulawesi specimen and the ventral rim of embolium
is wider anteriorly in the Sulawesi specimens
(0.22/0.15). Probably this is an undescribed species
172
but males are needed for a definitive identification.
The key to Enithares from Sulawesi by Nieser &
Chen 1991 deals with eight species, as there are now
twelve species known it is rewritten here.
Key to males of Enithares of Sulawesi
(The females of some Sulawesi species are not yet
known, in most cases females will run to species
groups and have to be checked with descriptions and
comparative notes.)
1. Embolium in ventral view (ventral ridge of
hemielytron) greatly expanded anteriorly, prono-
tal humeral angles produced into broad knobs
(figss 1091)" Kenechiabout mme" 2
— Embolium in ventral view not greatly expanded,
pronotal humeral angles not produced ............ 4
2. Lateral margin of hemielytron in dorsal view par-
allel in basal quarter, caudal three quarters con-
verging (initially only slightly, fig. 11). Genital
capsulefastinifio A [PAS amore
A AR EME HUE OL RE VERE AU E. ektakta sp. n.
— Lateral margin of hemielytron in dorsal view di-
verging in basal quarter, caudal three quarters
converginen (io RIO) ER EEE BURN 3
3. Genital capsule as in fig. 18, ventral margin of …
middle tibia virtually straight [Sulawesi Utara,
den SAN] eee ee E. producta Lansbury
— Genital capsule as in fig. 19, ventral margin of
middle tibia shallowly but distinctly concave (fig.
20) [Sulawesi Selatan] … E. margarethae sp. n.
AMENER IUIPITO IN... PNR 5
engthtS SIMMIONMORE I 7
5. Rather slender species, length 7-7.75 mm,
humeral width of pronotum about 2.5 mm, inner
margin of hind lobe of genital capsule produced
(figs. 24-26), paramere narrowed apically [Irian
Jayay Maluku’ Sulawesi] Peete eee
AEN OMAN REE E. paramegalops Lansbury
— More robust species, humeral width of pronotum
over 2.5 mm, usually about 3mm or more ...... 6
6. Length 7.5-8.5, width of an eye slightly less than
the anterior width of vertex (0.95/1.00), nodal
furrow short, more than its own length removed
from membranal suture (0.4/0.6). genital capsule
large with a distinctly bilobed dorsal margin of
anterior lobe [Mindanao, N. Borneo, Sulawesi,
Maluku, Flores] ...................... E. bakeri Brooks
— Length 9.1 mm (®), width of an eye equal to the
anterior width of vertex (1.1), nodal furrow less
than its own length removed from the mem-
branal suture (0.55/0.45). Genital capsule un-
known [Sulawesi Tengah & Tenggara] ..............
een E. sp. near timorensis
7. Length 12.5 mm, dorsal part of posterior lobe of
genital capsule rod-like (fig. 21) [Sulawesi
Selatan are. E. horvathi Kirkaldy
— Length not over 12 mm, if apex of posterior lobe
of genital capsule rod-like, length not over 11
109000 On EE I LOTO De DU Du EE CE 8
9. Middle tibia not distinctly broadened, rod-like
apex of posterior lobe of genital capsule rather
short with small solid pegs on inner side (fig. 22)
(Sulawesigliencoaral een,
REDE ICARO E. lansburyi Nieser & Chen
— Middle tibia distinctly broadened, rod-like apex
of posterior lobe of genital capsule more elongate
without small pegs on inner side (fig. 23) [P.
Button] E. skutalis Nieser & Chen
10. Fore tibia with a distinct subapical incision ac-
centuated by an apical tuft of bristles (fig. 12),
middle tibia with a small blunt tooth ventrally
near base (fig. 14) [Sulawesi Tengah] … … … … …
LE E. charakia sp. n.
— Fore tibia without a subapical incision, middle
tibia without tooth ventrally near base ......... 11
11. Dorsal margin of posterior lobe of genital capsule
bilobed (figs. 16, 29), middle femur hirsute … 12
— Dorsal margin of posterior lobe of genital capsule
rounded (fig. 28), middle femur not particularly
birsuteg [(Sulawesülensahle. u...
seen nass, E. phenakismos Nieser & Chen
12. Lobes on dorsal margin of hind lobe of genital
capsule about equally high (fig. 29), middle fe-
mur strongly hirsute in distal half [Sulawesi
Hiensahl ea ee er. E. caesaries Nieser & Chen
— Inner lobe on dorsal margin of posterior lobe of
genital capsule lower than the posterior lobe (fig.
16), middle femur hirsute in proximal half
[(SulawesusSelatan] sa E. stansae sp. n.
Nepidae
Laccotrephes sp. n.
The specimen of ‘Laccotrephes tristis cited by
Nieser & Chen 1991: 54, belongs, according to J. T.
Polhemus (personal communication), to an unde-
scribed species to be published in the near future.
Ranatra sulawesii sebui subsp. n.
(fig. 31)
Type material. — Holotype 2 (Uscp), PHILIPPINES,
Sarangani prov. (= S. Cotabato), lake Sebu, village
pond behind market, ring-shaped shallow pond wich
NIESER & CHEN: Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao
rich vegetation, used e.g. for bathing water buffalo, 7.
Dec. 1993, leg. N. Nieser N9347. Paratypes: 19
same data as holotype, 19 same locality as holotype,
9. XII. 1993 (NCTN).
Description. — This species is identical to R. s. su-
lawesii Nieser & Chen (1991), except for being prob-
ably slightly smaller on average, length 32.5-35.2,
humeral width of pronotum 3.10-3.30. The tubercle
on head between eyes less distinct, the anteroventral
lobe of pronotum less pronounced (figs. 31, 32) and
the lateral length of pronotum equal to length of fore
femur (1.1 X in R. s. sulawesii).
Comparative notes. — T'his species is associated with
the À. gracilis-group of Lansbury (1972) in view of its
tuberculate vertex and the emarginate metasternum.
In the key by Lansbury (1972) both subspecies of À.
sulawesii run to À. parmata Mayr, a widespread species
in SE Asia which has the tubercle on vertex much
more pronounced and the siphon relatively shorter,
about one third body length (equal to slightly longer
than body length in both subspecies of À. sudawesii).
Remarks. — The differences between À. s. sebui and
R. s. sulawesii are small but as all three Mindanaoan
specimens differ in the same way from four Sulawesi
females there is strong indication for some genetic
isolation between these populations. For elucidation
of the definitive status of these taxa males from Sebu
and specimens from other populations on Sulawesi
and Minadanao are needed.
REFERENCES
Brooks, G. T., 1948. New species of Enithares (Hemiptera,
Notonectidae). — Journal of the Kansas Entomological
Society 21: 37-54, 3 plates.
Kirkaldy, G. W. 1898. Description d'une espèce nouvelle de
Notonectidae (Hemiptera) de la collection du Muséum
d'histoire naturelle de Paris. — Bulletin du Muséum
National de Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1898: 151.
Lansbury, I, 1968. The Enithares (Hemiptera -
Heteroptera: Notonectidae) of the Oriental region. —
Pacific Insects 10: 353-442.
Lansbury, I., 1974. Notes on the genus Enithares Spinola
(Hem., Notonectidae). — Entomologists Monthly
Magazine 109 (1973): 226-231.
Lansbury, I., 1972. A review of the Oriental species of
Ranatra Fabricius (Hemiptera - Heteroptera: Nepidae). —
Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of
London 124: 287-341.
Nieser, N. & P. P. Chen, 1991. Naucoridae, Nepidae and
Notonectidae, mainly from Sulawesi and Pulau Buton
(Indonesia). Notes on Malesian aquatic and semiaquatic
bugs (Heteroptera), I. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
134: 47-67.
Nieser, N. & P. P. Chen 1995. Nine new species of
Pseudovelia and a new Xiphovelia (Heteroptera: Veliidae)
from Sulawesi (Indonesia) and Mindanao (Philippines).
— Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 138:69-87.
175
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Polhemus, D. A. & J. T. Polhemus, 1988. The Aphelo-
cheirinae of tropical Asia (Heteroptera: Naucoridae). —
Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 36: 167-300.
Received: 16 September 1995
Accepted: 17 Jak 1996
174
Erik J. VAN NIEUKERKEN', Jari JUNNILAINEN’, Nrkoray SAVENKOV?
& Ivars SULCS'
“Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, ° Vantaa, Finland, * Latvian Museum of Natural
History, Riga & ' Riga, Latvia
TRIFURCULA SILVIAEVAN NIEUKERKEN:
BIOLOGY AND NEW RECORDS
(PERIDOPIRERASNERMGULIDAR)
Nieukerken, E. J. van, J. Junnilainen, N. Savenkov & I. Sulcs, 1996. Trifurcula silviae Van
Nieukerken: biology and new records (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). — Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie, 139: 175-179, figs. 1-6. [rssn 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
Trifurcula silviae van Nieukerken, 1990, previously known only from the French Alps only has
been discovered in eastern Latvia, where stem-mines and larvae have been discovered on Ono-
brychis arenaria. New records are also given for the Italian and French Alps and Spain.
Correspondence: Erik J. van Nieukerken, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Postbus 9517,
NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Key words. — Nepticulidae, Latvia, disjunct distribution, stem-mines, biology, new records.
Trifurcula silviae van Nieukerken, 1990 was de-
scribed after a small number of specimens from
Southeastern France. It was found at relatively low
and warm localities in the southern Alps up to high
alpine localities (1800 m). Although the biology was
unknown, its relationships in the Trifurcula subni-
tidella group and its occurrence in meadows without
trees or shrubs indicated that it was, most likely, feed-
ing on a leguminosous herb, with Anthyllis, Lotus and
Onobrychis as suggested possibilities (Van Nieukerken
1990). After visiting several of its localities, the senior
author had a strong suspicion that the last plant genus
was the most likely candidate, since the species
Onobrychis montana DC. occurred in all localities, of-
ten in large numbers.
In the area near Skaune, eastern Latvia, the third
author discovered an unknown Trifurcula when
sweeping plants of Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC in
1985. This was identified by R. Puplesis as Trifurcula
subnitidella (Duponchel) (at that time the only
known species in this group) and published under its
junior synonym 7: griseella Wolff by Savenkov
(1989, see also Savenkov 1994). Later the three ju-
nior authors discovered more specimens of this
species and, unhappy with the original identification,
turned to the senior author for an identification. In
August 1994 they finally discovered empty and ten-
anted stem-mines of a nepticulid in the foremen-
tioned plant.
Although the locality is far apart from the area
where the species was known, the senior author im-
mediately considered it most likely to be 7. silviae,
which he could confirm after studying some speci-
mens. The mines and larvae were also considered to
belong to this species, which is now confirmed by the
first emerging adults.
Also in 1994 the species was discovered in Spain by
A. and Z. LaStüvka and some unidentified Nepticuli-
dae from G. Bassi contained the first Italian speci
men, confirming a larger distribution than hitherto
known. Since the original description was published,
two more French specimens were found amongst
unidentified material. The species is recorded for the
first time from the area dealt with by Van Nieukerken
& Johansson (1990) and by Puplesis (1994), we
therefore provide a diagnosis and illustrations as an
addition to these works.
Trifurcula (Trifurcula) silviae Van Nieukerken
Trifurcula silviae van Nieukerken, 1990: 230. Holotype d:
France, 1 km NW Ceillac (Htes Alpes), 1800 m,
24.vii.1987, van Nieukerken & Richter (National
Museum of Natural History, Leiden, RMNH) [examined]
175
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-3. Trifurcula silviae, Latvia, Skaune area. — 1, Male genitalia, slide EJvN 2833; 2, Idem, detail gnathos; 3, Female gen-
italia, slide EJvN 2828.
Diagnosis
T. silviae male lacks the typical yellow patch of
other species of the 7. subnitidella group, but can be
relatively easily distinguished by a row of dark brown
scales along the costal fold of the forewing and a sim-
ilar row along the hindwing costa. The species is rela-
176
tively pale and small (wingspan ca 5.8-7.0 mm). It
could be confused with a small specimen of 7. im-
mundella (Zeller), with 7. serotinella Herrich-Schäffer
or perhaps with a worn T. cryptella (Stainton), but all
lack the brown scales and cryprella has a white hair-
pencil on the hindwing. Females have a relatively
Fig. 4. Tenanted and vacated stemmines of Trifurcula silvi-
ae in Onobrychis arenaria; Foto Jari Junnilainen.
blunt abdominal tip, but are otherwise very similar to
the forementioned species. The male genitalia (fig. 1)
resemble those of 7: subnitidella (Duponchel), but
the gnathos (fig. 2) lacks the asymmetrical point and
has a serrated margin. Male genitalia are hard to dis-
tinguish from 7. iberica Van Nieukerken, 1990 from
Spain, which strongly differs in secondary sexual
VAN NIEUKERKEN ET AL.: Trifurcula silviae: biology
characters of the male. Female genitalia (fig. 3) differ
from 7. subnitidella by the more truncated abdominal
tip and more numerous setae on anal papillae. For
more details see Van Nieukerken (1990).
Biology
Host plants. — Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC. and
probably O. montana DC.
Life history. — Egg on the stem of the hostplant.
The larva is about 5 mm long, yellowish. Mines can
be found on different heights in the stem, from
ground level to about 40 cm, occasionally with sever-
al mines occurring in the same stem. The mine (fig.
4) is a long gallery in the bark, typically with the lar-
va first mining downwards, changing its direction a
few times lengthwise. Total length of mine approxi-
mately 8-16 cm. The first 0.5-1.0 cm of the mine is
very narrow (less than 0.5 mm wide), reddish brown.
The remaining part of the mine is paler yellowish,
with its width increasing to 2 mm. Frass not com-
pletely in centre, but often on the lateral edge of the
mine, brown, quite well visible in the fresh mine.
Voltinism. — Larvae have been found in August, at
the same time as old mines, indicating an earlier oc-
currence. Adults from June to August, possibly as one
prolonged generation, but the existence of two gener-
ations cannot be excluded. Cocoon unknown. The
life history of 7.si/viae resembles that of T.subnitidel-
la (Duponchel).
Habitat. — Mountain pastures, dry calcareous or
sandy hills, usually with low vegetation, occasionally
with shrubs. In Spain on rocky limestone slope with
Onobrychis sp., Anthyllis vulneraria, A. montana,
Astragalus monspessulanus, Hippocrepis comosa and
others. Altitude from 200 m to 2000m. See fig. 5 for
an impression of the Latvian habitat.
Fig. 5. Habitat of 7rifur-
cula silviae in Skaune area,
with plants of Onobrychis in
foreground. Foto Jari
Junnilainen.
17
‘TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Gr Fig. 6. Distribution of
Trifurcula silviae in Europe,
of plotted on 50X50 km
squares.
Distribution (fig. 6)
Spain, French and Italian Alps and Latvia. Most
likely to occur in other localities, especially in the
Alps and southern Europe, but possibly with disjunct
distribution. See discussion.
Material examined (in addition to type series). — FRANCE:
1 d, 4 km N Eygians (Htes Alpes), 04.vii.1989-22.vii.1989,
B. À. Bengtsson (coll. Bengtsson); 1 d, Bessans: Col de la
Madeleine (Savoie), 03.viii.1977, R. Buvat (coll. Buvat). —
ITALY: 1 6, Mompantero, Mt. Rocciamelone (Piemonte),
1200 m, 18.vi.1993, G. Bassi (coll. Bassi). — LATVIA: 3 6,
Skaune (Shkyanes), 07.vi.1985, 29.vi.1986, N. V. Saven-
kov, sweeping over Onobrychis arenaria (coll. Savenkov),
idem, 07.vi.1989, at light (coll. Sulcs); 1 d, 1 9, Skaune,
14.vi.1994, flying over Onobrychis arenaria, K. Nupponen
& J. Junnilainen (coll. Nupponen, Junnilainen); 2d,
Skaune 9.vii.1994 by sweeping Onobrychis arenaria, K.
Nupponen & J. Junnilainen (Colls. Nupponen, Junnila-
inen); mines and larvae, Skaune, 18.viii.1994, adults emerg-
ing from 22.11.1995 onwards, J. Junnilainen & I. Sulcs
(RMNH, colls. Sulcs & Junnilainen). — spain: 3 4, 1 9, prov.
Teruel, Alcala de la Selva, 1400 m, 22.vi.1994, at light 1 h
after sunset, A. & L. Laötúvka.
178
DISCUSSION
The Skaune locality, also known as the nature re-
serve Greblakalns, is a sandy ridge, close to the village
Skaune in the extreme eastern part of Latvia, just a
few kilometers from the Russian border. The ridge
originated after the last glaciation, approximately
12 000 years Br. The lenght of the ridge is 6 km, ris-
ing 20-30 m above the surrounding plains. The
slopes are covered with pine forest or mixed forest
with many shrubs, such as Ewonymus, Cotoneaster and
Corylus. There are also open places, which are
thought to have originated either as gravel pits or
wood-burning places. The area has a continental and
xerotherm microclimate and is known to be an out-
post with relict elements of the Pontic flora and fau-
na, notably with plants such as Onobrychis arenaria
(Kit.) DC., Astragalus danicus Retz. and Dracocepha-
lum ruyschiana L. (see Sulcs 1975). These are thought
to be relicts from the Subboreal period and occur in
open places on slopes of the ridge.
Several Lepidoptera species in Latvia are known
from this area only, such as Heliophobus kitti (Scha-
werda). Several elements of the eastern European fau-
na occur here, such as Cryphia ereptricula (Treitsch-
ke), Lacanobia splendens (Hübner), Cabera leptogra-
pha Wehrli, Stegania cararia (Hübner) and Udea cos-
talis (Eversmann) amongst others (Savenkov 1986,
Sulcs 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978).
Most interesting, however, is a number of Lepido-
ptera associated with Onobrychis arenaria, and only
known from this locality in Latvia: Agrodiaetus damon
(Denis & Schiffermiiller) (Sulcs 1964), Zygaena car-
niolica Scopoli forma berolinensis Staudinger (Saven-
kov 1986), Cydia caecana Schlager (Sulcs 1976), and
now Trifurcula silviae. O. arenaria is a rare and very
local plant in Latvia, included in the Latvian Red List.
Most populations of this plant are adventive and oc-
cur in secondary habitats such as road verges and rail-
ways. Natural populations are scarce, and the present
one is the largest. Despite thorough search for it, A.
damon has been found nowhere else and should be re-
garded as confined to this locality. We may therefore
assume that the occurrence of 7. silviae is also ex-
tremely localized, and that its distribution in North-
eastern Europe might also be rather disjunct, compa-
rable to that of A. damon. In the Alps, however, we
expect a much larger distribution of this species than
known at present. Now its mines are known, it will
probably be found more frequently.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to Ales and Zdenek
Lastuvka for the information on the Spanish record
and to B. Bengtsson, G. Bassi and R. Buvat for the
loan of material. We thank P. A. J. Frigge and
J. B. M. Thissen (Wageningen, Netherlands) for the
permission to use their program ‘STIPT-EU' to prepare
fig. 6. S. Whitebread kindly corrected the English
languague.
VAN NIEUKERKEN ET AL.: Trifurcula silviae: biology
REFERENCES
Nieukerken, E. J. van, 1990. The Trifurcula subnitidella
group (Lepidoptera : Nepticulidae) : taxonomy, distribu-
tion and biology. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 133 :
205-238.
Nieukerken, E. J. van & Johansson, R., 1990. Tribus
Trifurculini. In Johansson, R. et al. The Nepticulidae and
Opostegidae of North West Europe. — Fauna
Entomologica Scandinavica 23 : 239-321.
Puplesis, R., 1994. The Nepticulidae of eastern Europe and
Asia : Western, Central and Eastern parts. — Backhuys
Publishers, Leiden. 291 pp., 840 figs.
Savenkov, N., 1986. New species of Lepidoptera in the fau-
na of Latvia. — Latvijas Entomologs 29 : 24-30. [In
Russian].
Savenkov, N., 1989. New and rare Lepidoptera species in
the fauna of Latvia. The report of 1987. — Latvijas Ento-
mologs 32: 86-91. [In Russian].
Savenkov, N., 1994. New and rare Lepidoptera species in
the fauna of Latvia, collected mainly in 1990-1994. —
Daba un muzejs.- Gandrs. Riga 5: in press.
Sulcs, A., 1964. Neue und wenig bekannte Arten der
Lepidopteren-Fauna Lettlands, 3. — Fauna Latvijskoj SSR
_ sopredel'nych territori) 4 : 165-202. [In Russian].
Sulcs, A., 1973. Neue und wenig bekannte Arten der
Lepidopteren-Fauna Lettlands, 5. — Annales Entomolo-
, gici Fennici 39 : 1-16.
Sulcs, A., 1975. Charakteristische Kennzeichen des
Naturschutzobjekts Greblakalns. — In: Ochrana primet-
satel nych prirodnych ob''ektov v Latvijskoj SSR : 83-99.
Riga, Zinatne.
Sulcs, A., 1976. Neue und wenig bekannte Arten der
Lepidopteren-Fauna Lettlands, 6. — Annales Entomolo-
gici Fennici 42 : 4-21.
Sulcs, A., 1978. Heliophobus texturata ssp. kitti, eine für
Lettland neue Noktuide (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). —
Notulae Entomologicae 58 : 27-31.
Received: 1 October 1996
Accepted: 21 October 1996
179
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
BOOK REVIEW
Hans-Joachim Hannemann, 1995. Kleinschmetter-
linge oder Microlepidoptera IV. Flachleibmotten
(Depressariidae). — Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 69.
192 pp., 13 plates (3 in colour), 84 text-figs., 84
maps. Gustav Fischer, Jena. Paperback. [ISBN 3-
334-60959-6]. Price DEM 148 —.
After almost 20 years the fourth volume on
Microlepidoptera is published in the series “Tierwelt
Deutschlands’, written by the same author as the for-
mer three. It deals with the 84 Central European
species of the small family Depressariidae, until re-
cently considered to belong to the Oecophoridae and
by some recent authors included in an enlarged con-
cept of Elachistidae.
The text provides keys to species, descriptions of
externals and genitalia, a short description of caterpil-
lar and biology. The distribution is very briefly sum-
marized and plotted on European maps by horizontal
hatching. The maps provide very little detail. The dis-
tribution in Central Europe is described in some
more detail. The identification is eased by accurate
drawings of male and female genitalia and by black
and white photographs of wing patterns. The colour
plates are of poor quality, the moths are shown in nat-
ural size, not in focus, and the plates show shadows of
the pins. For colour plates one should use Eivind
Palms volume on Oecophoridae in the series
‘Danmarks Dyreliv (volume 4), which are enlarged
twice and show the small details much better.
This book, however, is certainly a useful addition,
because it brings together all information on this
group from Central Europe for the first time. Most of
this was previously dispersed in papers by
Hannemann. It is also more complete than the
Danish volume. Like the latter, also here I am missing
a check-list and a hostplant catalogue or index.
Specialists tend to forget that other users often want
to have an entry on the basis of plant names rather
than insect names.
Identification of the speciose genus Agonopterix is
made easier by a split in four species groups, but iden-
tification of the groups is only possible on the basis of
the hostplants! Therefore for the identification of
non-reared specimens one must run through four
keys. For the genus Depressaria there are only keys on
the basis of the male genitalia.
This book certainly will be welcomed by lepi-
dopterists, despite the relatively high price for a pa-
perback of this size.
[Erik J. van Nieukerken]
180
R. PUPLESIS & A. DISKUS
Vilnius Pedagogical University, Lithuania
FIVE NEW MINING LEPIDOPTERA (NEPTICULIDAE,
BUCCULATRICIDAE) FROM CENTRAL ASIA
Puplesis, R. & Diskus, A., 1996. Five new mining Lepidoptera (Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae)
from Central Asia. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 181-190, figs. 1-30. [rssn 0040-7496].
Published 18 December 1996.
Three new species of Nepticulidae (Stigmella johanssoni sp. n., Fomoria flavimacula sp. n., F.
lacrimulae sp.n.) and two new Bucculatricidae (Bucculatrix multicornuta sp. n., B. macrognathos
sp. n.) are described from the mountains of Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan and southern Kazakh-
stan.
Correspondence: Department of Zoology, VPU, Studentu str. 39, Vilnius 2034, Lithuania.
Key words. — Leaf-miners, Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae, new species, Central Asia.
The growing international concern over the biodi-
versity crisis has revitalized biological systematics.
Committed efforts to the inventory the world’s major
biota have never been more needed than now. In this
light the Zoological Department of the Vilnius
Pedagogical University started in 1995 to revise the
fauna of the mining Lepidoptera of Central Asia. The
generally small primitive leaf-mining Lepidoptera
have been relatively poorly studied on a global scale,
the fauna of such vast areas as Central Asia being al-
most completely neglected until recently (Puplesis et
al. 1996c). This study comprises most taxa of lepi-
dopteran miners. The work on these groups was di-
vided among entomologists of our department as fol-
lows: Nepticulidae, Opostegidae, Tischeriidae and
Bucculatricidae by R. Puplesis and A. Diskus; Helio-
zelidae and Elachistidae by V. Sruoga; Lyonetiidae,
Gracillariidae and Phyllocnistidae by R. Noreika and
karyological studies by J. Puplesiené. Some other
families, such as Eriocraniidae, Momphidae and Co-
leophoridae, currently studied at the Zoological
Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St.
Petersburg), were not considered in our project.
Surveys on all the microlepidopteran families stud-
ied by us are now in a preparation. The present paper
includes just the report of five hitherto undescribed
species. To have their names available for an updated
check-list (Puplesis et al. 1996) we describe these
here. The combination of phylogenetically not relat-
ed taxa (Nepticulidae and Bucculatricidae) in this pa-
per was purely for practical reasons.
The Nepticulidae of Central Asia have been re-
viewed by Puplesis (1994), the Bucculatricidae by
Seksjaeva (1993). In addition, five other species of
Nepticulidae (Acalyptris argyraspis, Etainia leptog-
nathos, E. obtusa, Stigmella cerasi, S.aflatuniae) were
recently described by Puplesis & Diskus (1995,
1996a, 1996b). Some more species will be described
in forthcoming papers. Methods, terminology and
nomenclature used in the descriptions follow Seks-
jaeva (1989, 1993) and Puplesis (1994).
The genus Fomoria Beirne (Nepticulidae) is treated
here as a separate genus, not a subgenus of Ectoedemia
Busck (i.e. van Nieukerken 1986). However, as has
been stated by van Nieukerken (1986), the mono-
phyly of Fomoria is still not established. Thus any de-
cisions on rank or validity of this taxon are still to be
regarded as provisional.
Abbreviations for depositories: RMNH (Nationaal
Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Netherlands),
veu (Vilnius Pedagogical University, Lithuania), z1-
TAS (Zoological Institute of the Turkmenian
Academy of Sciences, Turkmenistan).Diskus
DESCRIPTIONS
Nepticulidae
Stigmella johanssoni sp. n.
(figs. 1, 6-9, 28)
[Stigmella salicis (Stainton); Puplesis 1994: fig. 350. mis-
identification]
181
‘TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
il Im
IN
\\
Ur
N)
n In |
Figs. 1-3. Adult Nepticulidae. — 1, Stigmella johanssoni,
male, showing variation in 2 paratypes; 2, Fomoria flavimac-
ula, right side female paratype (central Tadzhikistan), left
side male holotype; 3, F. lacrimulae, female paratype. Scales
1 mm.
i Mam INS
nn. EA
| i i (I | —
ill
Figs. 4, 5. Adult Bucculatrix spp. — 4, B. multicornuta, male
paratype; 5, B. macrognathos, male paratype (head recon-
structed). Scales 1 mm.
182
Type material. — Holotype à : Kazakhstan (western
Tyan Shan’ mountains), 90 km E Tschimkent, H -
1300 m, Aksu Dzhabagly Reserve, 11.viii.1987, leg.
R. Puplesis (veu). Paratypes: 606, 809, same data as
holotype (VPU, RMNH).
Diagnosis. — Closely resembling S. salicis, but all
cornuti are collected in one basal cluster. In contrast
to S. salicis, the vinculum of johanssoni is longer, and
the forewing colour is often distinctly paler.
Male (fig. 1). — Forewing length 2.3-2.6 mm.
Head: frontal tuft from white or pale yellow to or-
ange; eye-caps and collar white or creamy; antenna
greyish to creamy-brownish. Colour of thorax and
forewing extremely variable (fig. 1); coarsely scaled,
irrorated with brown scales. Cream costal and dorsal
spots on forewings of varying shape; an additional
large basal spot is sometimes present. Cilia cream.
Hindwing and its cilia pale brownish to almost
cream. Abdomen brown, underside cream. Anal tufts
cream.
Female. — Also variable, usually slightly paler than
male, but otherwise similar.
Male genitalia (figs. 6-8). — Valva with two short
pointed distal processes. Transtilla without sublateral
processes. Uncus with deep, square medial emargina-
tion and paramedial notches. Gnathos with long
horns, closely set at base. Vinculum comparatively
longer than in S. salicis, with wide lateral lobes.
Aedeagus (figs. 7, 8) shorter than genital capsule, with
about 9 cornuti in one basal cluster; cornuti spine-
like, rather weakly sclerotized. Further vesica with ex-
tensive group of tiny spines.
Female genitalia (fig. 9). — Apophyses long, almost
equal in length, or anteriores slightly longer than pos-
teriores. Corpus bursae with sparse pectinations and a
distinct band of scallop-shaped minute plates. Ductus
spermathecae without spines. Ovipositor slightly pro-
truding, tip almost pointed.
Biology. — Host-plant: Salix sp. All specimens have
been caught with a light trap, in a small canyon near
the Dzhabagly river. The trap was surrounded by a
dense vegetation of Salix. On these trees we found
numerous empty leaf-mines, supposedly of this
species. The mine is a broad gallery, occasionally
forming a false blotch. The black frass deposited in a
broad and irregular central line. Adults have been col-
lected in August, but probably fly in early summer as
well, because some very old empty mines were found
in August.
Distribution. — Western Tyan Shan’ mountains
(southern Kazakhstan) (fig.28).
Etymology. — This species is named in honour of
Mr. Roland Johansson (Växjö, Sweden), specialist of
Nepticulidae, and outstanding painter of these
moths.
Pupresis & Diskus: New Nepticulidae and Bucculatricidae
Figs. 6-9. Stigmella johanssoni, genitalia. — 6, Male, holotype; 7, 8, Aedeagus, two different paratypes; 9, Female, paratype.
Scales 0.1 mm.
Fomoria flavimacula sp. n.
(figs. 2, 10-15, 28)
Type material. — Holotype d: southern Tad-
zhikistan, Tigrovaya Balka Reserve (= env. of
Dzhilikul’), 26.vii.1990, leg. R. Puplesis (vru).
Paratypes: 26, 19, same locality, 26.vii-
17.viii.1990, leg. R. Puplesis; 1 ®, central Tad-
zhikistan, 30 km N Dushanbe (Kondara), larvae on
Populus sp., 17.vii.1991, N 4241, leg. R. Puplesis &
A. Diskus (vru).
Diagnosis. — The male cannot be mistaken because
of the combination of a white tornal spot at two-
thirds of the forewing and the peculiarly shaped hind-
wing with yellowish cream androconial scales. The fe-
male resembles F. septembrella (Stainton) which also
has a tornal spot, but differs by the shape of the duc-
tus spermathecae. Male genitalia easily recognizable
from all other Fomoria species by medial processes of
valva and slender posterior process of gnathos.
Male (fig. 2, left side). — Forewing length 1.6-1.8
mm. Head: frontal tuft orange to pale orange; eye-
caps densely covered or just irrorated with fuscous
black scales on upperside; collar pale brown cream to
cream; antenna varying from mixed grey with cream
to almost fuscous. Thorax and forewing blackish fus-
cous, scales with pale bases. Forewing with a white
tornal spot at two-thirds. Underside of forewing with
silver lustre and with large elongate spot of yellowish
cream androconial scales in the basal half. Cilia and
hindwing cream. Hindwing very broad at base, clear-
ly cuspidate towards tip; upper surface in basal half
with a large spot of yellowish cream or brownish
cream androconial scales. Abdomen not examined.
Female (fig. 2, right side). — Frontal tuft cream
183
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 10-13. Fomoria flavimacula, genitalia. — 10, Male, holotype; 11, Valva, paratype (southern Tadzhikistan); 12, Aedeagus,
paratype (southern Tadzhikistan); 13, Female genitalia, paratype (central Tadzhikistan). Scales 0.1 mm.
with some blackish scales distally. Underside of
forewing distinctly less silvery lustrous than in male,
without androconial spot. Hindwing greyish, not
broadened basally and without yellowish spot of an-
droconia. Otherwise as in male.
Male genitalia (figs. 10-12). — Valva triangular, ad-
ditionally with a triangular, pointed, weakly sclero-
tized basal process (fig. 11). Inner side of valva with
distinct long papillae and processes of varying shape.
Transtilla with slender, not very long sublateral
processes. Pseuduncus long, rounded distally, but
varying in width, with numerous long setae at apex.
Uncus in shape of inverted ‘v’, distally well sclerotized
184
and with numerous setae. Gnathos with very narrow,
long and pointed posterior process. Vinculum large,
distally hardly excavated. Aedeagus (fig. 12) with a
pair of slender triangular dorsal carinae and a pair of
long pointed ventral carinae. Vesica with rather small
groups of different cornuti: some of them strongly
sclerotized and irregular in shape, other less sclero-
tized, but triangular or spine-like.
Female genitalia (fig. 13). — Anterior apophyses
slightly shorter than posterior ones. Vaginal sclerite
sclerotized, with an irregular plate-like shape. Ductus
spermathecae with about 4.5 convolutions. Corpus
bursae elongate, with distinct pectinations and ex-
Figs. 14, 15. Leaf-mine of Fomoria flavimacula. — 14,
Gallery with frass; 15, Leaf of Populus sp. with leaf-mine.
Scales 1 cm.
tremely long but slender signa; they have indistinct
borders, the pectinations forming squares.
Biology. — Host-plant: Populus spp., probably in-
cluding Populus pruinosa Schrenk, which was particu-
larly common in the type-locality. Egg on upperside
of leaf. Larvae were found in July. Mine (figs. 14, 15)
starts as a slender sinuous or even contorted gallery al-
most completely filled with green, occasionally
brownish frass; further gallery gradually widening,
green or blackish frass neatly coiled; in the last part of
gallery frass linear and always black. Exit hole on leaf
upperside. Cocoon dark grey-brown. Adults fly in
June-August.
Distribution. — Tadzhikistan: mountainous region
near the Varzob river (Gissar ridge) and southern
Vakhsh river valley (tugai formation) close to
Afghanistan (type-locality, fig. 28).
Etymology. — Flavus (latin) = golden; macula
(latin) = a spot, referring to the distinct androconial
spot of yellow-cream scales on the male hindwing.
Fomoria lacrimulae sp. n.
(figs. 3, 16-19, 28-30)
Type material. — Holotype d: Turkmenistan,
western Kopet Dag, 40 km E Kara Kala (=Garrygala),
800 m, 18.v.1993, leg. R. Puplesis & A. Diskus
(vpu). Paratypes: 3 d, 129 ©, same locality, 12.v-
12.vi.1993, leg. R. Puplesis & A. Diskus (vpu, zr-
TAS).
Diagnosis. — Relatively large species with distinctive
male and female genitalia. The male can be easily dis-
tinguished from all known species by the very special-
ized valva with long curved apically process, the ex-
tremely long dorsal carinae of aedeagus and the distally
truncate uncus. The female is easily recognised by the
unusually large apophyses in comparison with the small
corpus bursae with special-shaped signa, and the very
long ductus spermathecae with 6-7 convolution.
PUPLESIS & Diskus: New Nepticulidae and Bucculatricidae
Male (fig. 3). — Forewing length 3.6-3.8 mm.
Head: frontal tuft pale brownish orange to cream;
eye-caps and collar cream; antenna pale brownish to
brown cream. Thorax cream to yellowish, occasional-
ly with some brownish scales. Forewing densely irro-
rate with brown tipped scales with golden cream (oc-
casionally whitish cream) bases. Dorsal margin of
forewing usually completely golden cream, without
brown tipped scales. Cilia of both wings golden
cream. Hindwing brownish to grey. Abdomen grey to
pale brownish cream. Forewing venation with very
long subcostal, and four radial, two medial veins, one
long (curved upwardly) cubital and an anal vein. Anal
loop on base of 2A absent or indistinct, however, the
anal vein distinctly bent at the base. Closed cell pre-
sent. Hindwing venation as in most Nepticulidae.
Female. — Very similar to male, but tends to be a
bit smaller, forewing length down to 3.2 mm in some
paratypes.
Male genitalia (figs. 16-19). — Valva slender,
broadened at base and strongly curved at apex
(fig.17), and densely covered with setae (except apex).
There are also 5-6 long setae on tip of apical process.
Transtilla with very long sublateral processes.
Pseuduncus broadly triangular. Uncus very wide,
truncate, with right angles. Gnathos with broad pos-
terior process and large central plate. Vinculum trape-
zoid, usually distinctly narrowed distally. Aedeagus
(fig.18) with two distinct closely set ventral carinae
and with unusually long dorsal carinae. Ventral cari-
nae distally with a ventrally curved, pointed hook;
dorsal carinae apically slightly curved outwards.
Cornuti almost invisible, although a great number of
weakly sclerotized spine-like cornuti is present on
vesica (fig.19).
Female genitalia (fig. 20-22). — Both pairs of
apophyses very long, almost equal in length. Vaginal
sclerite with an irregular shape, sometimes more or
less triangular (fig.21), sometimes (in other view)
more slender. Corpus bursae comparatively very
small, but elongate. Paired signa comprise numerous
well sclerotized pectinations (fig.22); borders of signa
only weakly marked by elongate pectinations. Ductus
spermathecae approximately as long as corpus bursae,
with 6.5-7 distinct convolutions. Female abdomen
with broad tip; papillae annales rather distinct.
Biology. — Adults fly in May-June (see also re-
marks).
Distribution. — Known only from the western part
of the Kopet Dag ridge in Turkmenistan, where it is
a common species (fig. 28).
Etymology. — Lacrimula (latin) = a tear-drop, re-
ferring to the relatively small distinctly brown tipped
scales which densely and uniformly irrorate forewings
like small tears.
Remarks. — The collected number of 129 females is
185
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs.16-22. Fomoria lacrimulae, genitalia. — 16, Male, holotype; 17, Left valva, holotype; 18, Aedeagus, paratype; 19, Spine-
like cornuti on everted vesica, paratype; 20, Female, paratype; 21, Vaginal sclerite, lateral view; 22, Pectinations on corpus
bursae. Scales 0.1 mm.
disproportionately high compared with the 4 males.
Normally males tend to come at light more frequent-
ly. The female abundancy might be explained by a
trap position very close to the foodplant (Van Nieu-
kerken pers. comm.). The two main sites where the
species was collected represent two small, almost par-
allel canyons (Khoshdemir and Khertou), with a
dense herbaceous vegetation and with a predomi-
nance of shrubs and trees as Crataegus, Acer, Celtis,
Paliurus, Cerasus, Rubus, Rosa, as well as Rhamnus,
Prunus, Salix, Fraxinus and Zizyphus (figs. 29,30).
Since we did not find any unidentified mines on
woody plants, we tend to believe that the hostplant of
186
F. lacrimulae might be herbaceous. Unfortunately we
did not identify the plant species of the very rich
herbaceous vegetation during the time of our collect-
ing in May and early June; upon return later the semi-
ephemeral grasses-were almost completely dried out.
Therefore a search for mines would probably best be
carried out in late April or early May.
Bucculatricidae
Bucculatrix multicornuta sp.n.
(figs. 4, 23, 24, 28, 29)
PUPLESIS & Diskus: New Nepticulidae and Bucculatricidae
Figs. 23-24. Bucculatrix spp., male genitalia. — 23, Holotype B. multicornuta, ventral view; 24, Valva idem, paratype. 25,
Holotype Bucculatrix macrognathos, ventral view; 26, Same, lateral view; 27, Aedeagus, holotype, lateral view. Scales 0.1 mm.
187
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Type material. - Holotype d : Turkmenistan, west-
ern Kopet Dag, 40 km E Kara Kala (=Garrygala), 800
m, 05.vii.1993, leg. R. Puplesis & A. Diskus (vru).
Paratypes: 7d, same locality, 18.v.-23.vii.1993, leg.
R. Puplesis & A. Diskus (vru).
Diagnosis. — The male can immediately be recog-
nized by the numerous straight cornuti. It can easily
be distinguished from the Iranian B. endospiralis
Deschka, which also has some cornuti by the relative-
ly short vinculum and the much straighter aedeagus
(compare Deschka 1981). From the similar B. abrep-
ta Seksjaeva, 1989 from East Asia, it differs by the
wide valva, and trapezoid tegumen.
Male (fig. 4). — Forewing length 2.8-3.2 mm.
Head: frontal tuft mostly whitish, with some dark
brown or greyish brown scales; eye-caps whitish; an-
tennae cream, annulate with brown. Thorax brown-
ish cream irrorated with dark brown scales. Forewing
variable, irrorated with blackish brown scales, in basal
1/3 somewhat paler, and with 6 whitish cream
streaks: three along costal margin and three along anal
margin (fig. 4). Cilia cream. Hindwing and cilia
brownish cream.
Female. Unknown.
Male genitalia (figs. 23-24). — Valva slightly
curved, with 18-20 flat setae at apex, forming a
pecten (fig. 24). Sublateral process of valva short.
Tegumen large, trapezoid with numerous setae;
tegminal lobes absent. Vinculum triangular.
Aedeagus very long, basally widening and less sclero-
tized. There are about 22-27 well sclerotized spine-
like cornuti on the vesica.
Biology. — Adults fly from May till late July.
Otherwise unknown.
Distribution. — Only known from the western part
of the Kopet Dag ridge (Turkmenistan) (figs. 28, 29).
Etymology. — Multus (latin) = numerous; cornuta
(latin) = horned, referring to a very rare feature
among the Bucculatricidae, i.e. the presence of nu-
merous cornuti on the vesica.
Bucculatrix macrognathos sp.n.
(figs. 5, 25-28)
Type material. — Holotype d: eastern Turkmeni-
stan, env. Svintsovyy Rudnik (Kugitangtau ridge),
11.viii.1989, leg. V. Sruoga (vpu). Paratype: 1 d,
same locality, 26.viii.1990, leg. R. Puplesis (veu).
Diagnosis. — A very remarkable species, immediate-
ly recognized by the presence of the large gnathos in
the male genitalia and by the pale ochreous tornal spot
on the forewing. It is easily distinguished from B. for-
mosa Puplesis & Seksjaeva (which also has a gnathos)
by the absence of tegminal lobes and the sclerite on the
vesica, the short vinculum, as well as by the distinct
forewing pattern (compare Puplesis et al. 1992).
(c) CFF 1.0 - 1995
$
®
A
— >
Fig. 28. Distribution of Stigmella johanssoni ([]), Fomoria flavimacula (®), F. lacrimulae (O), Bucculatrix multicornuta (B),
B. macrognathos (À).
188
Male (fig. 5). — Forewing length 2.6-2.8 mm. Head
unknown, broken in both specimens. Thorax ochre-
ous cream. Forewing with three cream streaks along
costal margin, one very wide anal streak and an irreg-
ularly elongate tornal spot (fig. 5); in the centre of this
tornal spot there is a distinct patch of pale ochreous
scales. Hindwing and cilia of both wings ochreous
cream.
Female. — Unknown.
Male genitalia (figs. 25-27). — Valva very slender.
Basal process of valva not developed, almost indis-
tinct. Tegumen large, without tegminal lobes.
Gnathos with large posterior process and small lateral
arms. Vinculum short, slightly bilobed anteriorly and
with two large triangular lobes posteriorly; each pos-
terior lobe bears 3 well sclerotized tooth-like process-
es. Aedeagus (fig. 27) much bulged basally, cornuti
absent.
Biology. — Adults have been caught in August.
Distribution. — Only known from the Kugitangtau
PUPLESIS & Diskus: New Nepticulidae and Bucculatricidae
Figs. 29, 30. Habitats of
Fomoria lacrimulae and Buccu-
latrix multicornuta in the
Khoshdemir canyon (western
| part of the Koper Dag moun-
tains, Turkmenistan).
30
ridge in eastern Turkmenistan (fig.28).
Etymology. — Macros (greek) = large; gnathos
(greek) = a cheek or here: gnathos, referring to the
presence of an almost unique feature among the
Bucculatricidae, i.e. the well developed gnathos.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks are expressed to our colleague Dr
Erik J. van Nieukerken (the Netherlands), who kind-
ly reviewed the manuscript and offered many helpful
comments and suggestions. We also want to express
our cordial thanks to Mr Roland Johansson (Sweden)
for his remarks on the ‘Stigmella salicis material from
the Tyan Shan, resulting in the present description of
S. johanssoni. Mrs.Biruté Noreikiené (Lithuania) has
our sincere thanks and appreciation for her fine draw-
ings of the habitus of the new species. The research
described in this publication was made possible in
189
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
part by Grant N LAO000 & LHX100 from the
International Science Foundation.
REFERENCES
Deschka, G., 1981. Blattminierende Lepidopteren aus dem
Nahen und Mittleren Osten. IV. Teil. — Zeitschrift der
Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Österreichische Entomologen
33: 33-41.
Nieukerken, E. J. van, 1986. Systematics and phylogeny of
Holarctic genera of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera, Hetero-
neura: Monotrysia). — Zoologische Verhandelingen,
Leiden 236: 1-96.
Puplesis, R., 1994. The Nepticulidae of Eastern Europe and
Asia. — Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 291 pp., 840 figs.
Puplesis, R. & A. Diskus, 1995. Acalyptris argyraspis sp. n., a
remarkable species from Tadzhikistan (Lepidoptera:
Nepticulidae). — Phegea 23: 51-54.
Puplesis, R. & A. Diskus, 1996a. First record of the genus
Etainia from Central Asia with descriptions of two new
species and some provisional notes on the world fauna
(Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). — Phegea 24: 41-48.
Puplesis, R. & A. Diskus, 1996b. A review of the Stigmella
sorbi species-group with descriptions of two new species
190
from Turkmenistan and Tadzhikistan (Lepidoptera:
Nepticulidae). — Phegea 24 (in press).
Puplesis, R., A. Diskus, R. Noreika & N. Saparmamedova,
1996c. Revised checklist of mining Lepidoptera
(Nepticuloidea, Tischerioidea & Gracillarioidea) from
Central Asia — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 191-
200.
Puplesis, R., S. Seksjaeva, J. Puplesiené, 1992. Bucculatrix
formosa sp. n., a remarkable species from the Kugitangtau
Mountains (Central Asia) (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae).
— Nota Lepidopterologica 15: 41-46.
Seksjaeva, S. V., 1989. Pervye svedeniya o miniruyushchikh
moliakh sem. Bucculatricidae (Lepidoptera) iz Yuzhnogo
Primor’ya s opisaniem 10 novykh vydov. — Entomo-
logicheskoe obozreniye 68: 620-627 [In Russian].
Seksjaeva, S. V., 1993. Obzor krivousykh krokhotok-molei
(Lepidoptera, Bucculatricidae) fauny Rossii. — Trudy
Zoologicheskogo instituta Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk
225: 99-119 [In Russian].
Received: 30 November 1995
Accepted: 1 October 1996
R. PUPLESIS, A. DISKUS, R. NOREIKA' & N. SAPARMAMEDOVA?
‘Vilnius Pedagogical University, Lithuania &°° Institute of Zoology, Ashghabat, Turkmenistan
REVISEDI@GFIECK-EISPOEMINING LEPIDOPTERA
(NEPTICULOIDEA, TISCHERIOIDEA AND
GRACILLARIOIDEA) FROM CENTRAL ASIA
Puplesis, R., Diskus, A., Noreika R. & Saparmamedova, N., 1996. Revised check-list of min-
ing Lepidoptera (Nepticuloidea, Tischerioidea and Gracillarioidea) from Central Asia. —
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 191-200. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
The mining Lepidoptera of Central Asia are listed on the basis of revised data: in total 194
species, belonging to the Opostegidae (4), Nepticulidae (87), Tischeriidae (6), Gracillariidae
(76) and Bucculatricidae (21). Nineteen species, including seven unnamed, are recorded for the
first time from Central Asia, in addition 14 new records are given for the regional faunas. The
following new synonymies are established: Opostega angulata Gerasimov, 1930 is a junior syn-
onym of O. spatulella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 and S. pimschoorli Puplesis, 1994 is a junior syn-
onym of S. kazakhstanica Puplesis, 1991. Micrurapteryx minima Noreika, 1992 is transferred to
Liocrobyla Meyrick. A check-list of host plants is also given.
Correspondence: Department of Zoology, VPU, str. Studentu 39, Vilnius 2034, Lithuania.
Keywords. — Leaf-miners, Opostegidae, Nepticulidae, Tischeriidae, Gracillariidae, Bucculatri-
cidae, Central Asia, check-list, host-plants.
The study of leaf-mining Lepidoptera of Central
Asia was initiated by Filipjev (1926) and particularly
by Gerasimov (1930, 1931, 1932, 1933). The last au-
thor noted more than 20 species from Central Asia,
including 8 new taxa. Later Danilevsky (1955) added
a few new species. Many more species, including 17
new for science were added as a result of Kuznetzov’s
investigations (1956, 1960, 1975, 1978 1979).
Furthermore, some taxonomic, faunistic and ecologi-
cal data on Nepticuloidea and Gracillarioidea were
published by Sherniyazova (1975, 1982, 1984,
1988a, 1988b), Seksjaeva (1981, 1993), Kozlov
(1985), Falkovitsh (1986) and van Nieukerken
(1990a, 1990b).
In the course of our own investigations in Turk-
menistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan and southern
Kazakhstan, from 1982 to 1995, about 106 species
were recorded for the first time in Central Asia, in-
cluding 80 previously undescribed ones (Puplesis
1984, 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1990, 1994, Puplesis &
Diskus 1995, 1996a, Noreika 1991a, 1991b,
Noreika & Puplesis 1992a, 1992b, 1992c).
The fauna of the southern areas of Central Asia is
still poorly known. Just two Nepticulidae species
were recorded from Iran (Klimesch 1979, van
Nieukerken 1985) and one Nepticulidae plus one
Opostegidae species from Afghanistan (Davis 1989,
van Nieukerken & Puplesis 1991). In the Gracillar-
lidae five species were described from Iran (Deschka
1979, Triberti 1985, 1986, 1989), five from Afghan-
istan (Deschka 1974, Triberti 1985, 1986, 1989),
and two from northern Pakistan (Triberti 1989,
Bradley 1980). Just three Bucculatricidae species were
recorded from Iran (Deschka 1981).
In the present list all records of species and host
plants are summarised: there are 33 new records for
regional faunas; 19 species are new for Central Asia,
including 7 as yet unnamed species. Two new syn-
onymies are established at the species level and one
new combination is made. In total the present list
deals with 5 families, 26 genera and 194 species.
The check-list is a part of the scientific project on
the main groups of central-asiatic mining Lepido-
ptera (see Puplesis & Diskus 1996c). However, data
on other families dealt with in this project (such as
Heliozelidae, Phyllocnistidae, Lyonetiidae and Ela-
chistidae) are still not revised and are not included
here.
The region under study comprises the southeastern
parts of Armeniya and Azerbaydzhan, southern Kaz-
akhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan,
Kirgiziya, Iran (except southern parts), the northern
parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The altitudes in
this region vary from 132 m below sea-level to about
5600 m. There is a predominantly dry climate, or
with rain mainly in winter and spring time. The habi-
tats vary from sandy or salty deserts to forests in
191
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
mountains or tugai (Puplesis 1994) in river valleys. A
characteristic floristic feature of this generally arid re-
gion is the predominance of secondary deciduous
bush formations, particularly juniper stands and shib-
liak.
CHECK-LIST
Species which at present are considered endemics
of Central Asia (see introduction) are marked with an
asterisk* behind their number. Species for which
there is a note at the end of the list are marked wich
two asterisks at the end of the text**.
Opostegidae Meyrick, 1893
Genus Opostega Zeller, 1839
1. O. spatulella Herrich-Schäffer, 1855
=O.angulata Gerasimov, 1930, syn. n.
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Gerasimov 1930, Kuznetzov
1960, Kozlov 1985).
2*. O. rezniki Kozlov, 1985
Kazakhstan (Kozlov 1985).
3*. O. afghani Davis, 1989
Afghanistan (Davis 1989).
Genus Pseudopostega Kozlov, 1985
4. P. auritella (Hübner, 1813)
Uzbekistan (Gerasimov 1930).
Nepticulidae Stainton, 1854
Genus Stigmella Schrank, 1802
S. lapponica-group
5*. S. maloidica Puplesis, 1991
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Arutyunova 1991, Puplesis
1994).
S. paliurella-group
6. S. paliurella (Klimesch, 1940)
Turkmenistan (Gerasimov 1937, 1952, Puplesis 1994).
7*. S. ficulnea Puplesis & Krasilnikova, 1994
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
8*. S. turbatrix Puplesis, 1994
Turkmenistan (new record: Kopet Dag, 1993, larvae on
Celtis caucasica, Puplesis & Diskus leg.); Tadzhikistan
(Puplesis 1994).
9*, S. abaiella Klimesch, 1979
Iran (Klimesch 1979).
S. ulmivora-group
10. S. ulmiphaga (Preissecker, 1942)
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
11*. S. kazakhstanica Puplesis, 1991
= S. pimschoorli Puplesis, 1994, syn.n.
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Puplesis et al. 1991, Puplesis
1994).
S. betulicola-group
12. S. nivenburgensis (Preissecker, 1942)
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
13. S. luteella (Stainton, 1857)
Kazakhstan (Puplesis et al. 1992, 1994).
14*. S. sp.n.
192
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Diskus, in prep.).
15*. S. sp.n.
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Diskus, in prep.).
S. ultima-group
16*. S. acerna Puplesis, 1988
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
17*. S. bicolor Puplesis, 1988
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (new record: E to Tashkent,
1992, Zolotukhin leg.), Tadzhikistan, Kirgiziya (possi-
bly) (Puplesis 1988b, 1994, Puplesis et al. 1992).
18*. S. semiaurea Puplesis, 1988
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
S. malella-group
19*. S. armeniana Puplesis, 1994
Armeniya (Puplesis 1994).
20*. S. klimeschi Puplesis, 1988
Kazakhstan, Tadzhikistan
Puplesis et al. 1992).
21*. S. kopetdagica Puplesis, 1994
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
S.anomalella-group
22. S. anomalella (Goeze, 1783)
Kazakhstan (Puplesis et al. 1992, Puplesis 1994).
23. S. spinosissimae (Waters, 1928)
Kazakhstan (new record: Alma Ata, 1938, larvae on Rosa
sp., Gerasimov leg.).
S. sanguisorbae-group
24. S. rolandi van Nieukerken, 1990
Kazakhstan (Puplesis et al. 1992, Puplesis, 1994).
25. S. muricatella (Klimesch, 1978)
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1994).
26*. S. trisyllaba Puplesis, 1992
Kazakhstan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgiziya (Puplesis et al. 1992,
Puplesis 1994).
DES SS pin
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus in prep.).
S. oxyacanthella-group
28. S. regiella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Turkmenistan (new record: the western Kopet Dag,
1993, Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
29. S. crataegella (Klimesch, 1936)
= S. indigena Puplesis, syn.n.
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994, additional material from
western Kopet Dag, 1993, larvae on Crataegus spp.,
Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
30*. S. caspica Puplesis, 1994
Azerbaydzhan (Puplesis 1994).
31*. S. crataegi Gerasimov, 1937
Kirgiziya (Gerasimov 1937).
32. S. aurora Puplesis, 1984
(Puplesis 1988b, 1994,
Tadzhikistan (new record: Nurek, 1991, Puplesis & |
Diskus leg.).
33*. S. lanceolata Puplesis, 1994
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
34*. S. hissariella Puplesis, 1994
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1994).
S. paradoxa-group
35. S. jury: Puplesis, 1991
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1991, 1994).
36*. S. montana Puplesis, 1991
Kazakhstan, Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1991, Puplesis et al.
1992).
37. S. inopinata LaStüvka & LaStuvka, 1991
Armeniya (Puplesis 1994).
38*. S. malifoliella Puplesis, 1991
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Arutyunova 1991, Puplesis 1994).
|
|
S. hybnerella-group
39. S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1796)
Azerbaydzhan, Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
S. salicis-group
40* S. johanssoni Puplesis & Diskus, 1996c
= S. salicis sensu Puplesis, 1984 partim [misidentification]
Kazakhstan (Puplesis 1994: fig.350 (right side), Puplesis
& Diskus 1996c).
41*. S. aiderensis Puplesis, 1988
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
42*. S. kondarai Puplesis, 1988
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
43*. S. juratae Puplesis, 1988
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
44*. S. flavescens Puplesis, 1994
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
S. lurida-group
45. S. lurida Puplesis, 1994
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1994).
S. sorbi-group
46*. S. subsorbi Puplesis, 1994
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1994, Puplesis & Diskus 1996b).
47*. S. cerasi Puplesis & Diskus, 1996b
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1996b).
48*. S. aflatuniae Puplesis & Diskus, 1996b
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1996b).
S. motiekaitisi-group
49*. S. motiekaitisi Puplesis, 1994
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1994).
S. marginicolella-group
50*. S. talassica Puplesis, 1992
Kazakhstan (Puplesis et al. 1992, Puplesis 1994).
S. aurella-group
51. S. aurella (Fabricius, 1775)
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
larvae on Rubus spp., Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
S. pomella-group
52*. S. fuscacalyptriella Puplesis, 1994
Azerbaydzhan (Puplesis 1994).
S. hemargyrella-group
53*. S. kuznetzovi Puplesis, 1994
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
S. longispina-group
54*. S. longispina Puplesis, 1994
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1994).
Unnamed group:
55. S. sp.n.
Turkmenistan (Puplesis, Diskus & Nieukerken, in press)
Genus Ectoedemia Busck, 1907
Subgenus Zimmermannia Hering, 1940
56. E. amani Svensson, 1966
Azerbaydzhan (Puplesis 1994).
Subgenus Ectoedemia Busck, 1907
E. populella-group
57*. E. albida Puplesis, 1994
= E. turbidella Zeller,1848 sensu van Nieukerken 1985
partim [misidentification].
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994), Iran (van Nieukerken
1985).
E. angulifasciella-group
58. E. atricollis (Stainton, 1857)
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Arutyunova 1991, Puplesis
1994).
59. E. arcuatella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Kazakhstan (new record: Alma Ata, 1938, Gerasimov leg.).
PUPLESIS ET AL.: Mining Lepidoptera of Central Asia
60. E. spinosella (Joannis, 1908)
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
61*. E. petrosa Puplesis, 1988
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
62*. E. sp.n.
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus, in prep.).
63*. E. ingloria Puplesis, 1988
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
64*. E. tadshikiella Puplesis, 1988
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988a, 1994).
65*. E. insignata Puplesis, 1988
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988b, 1994).
66*. E. rosiphila Puplesis, 1992
Kazakhstan (Puplesis et al. 1992, Puplesis 1994),
Tadzhikistan (new record, mines only).
Genus Fomoria Beirne, 1945
F. weaveri-group
67. F. septembrella (Stainton, 1849)
Azerbaydzhan, Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
F.asiatica-group
68*. F. asiatica Puplesis, 1988
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1988a, 1994).
69*. F. flavimacula Puplesis & Diskus,1996c.
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1996c).
70*. F. lacrimulae Puplesis & Diskus,1996c
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus 19960).
Genus Acalyptris Meyrick, 1921
A. repeteki-group
71*. A. repeteki (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1984, 1990, 1994).
72*. A. vittatus (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1984, 1994).
73*. À. arenosus (Falkovitsh, 1986)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Falkovitsh 1986, Puplesis
1990, 1994).
74. A. pallens (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis 1984, 1989, 1990,
1994).
75*. À. falkovitshi (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis 1984, 1989, 1990,
1994).
76. A. lvovskyi (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis 1984, 1989, 1990,
1994).
77*. A. turcomanicus (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1984, 1990, 1994).
78. A. galinae (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis 1984, 1990, 1994).
A. shafirkanus-group
79*. A. shafirkanus (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis 1984, 1990, 1994).
80*. A. desertellus (Puplesis, 1984)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis 1984, 1989, 1990,
1994).
81*. A. piculus Puplesis, 1990
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1990, 1994).
82*. A. kizilkumi (Falkovitsh, 1986)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Falkovitsh 1986, Puplesis
1989, 1990, 1994), Iran, Afghanistan (van Nieukerken
pers.comm.).
193
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
83*. A. brevis Puplesis, 1990
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1990).
84*. A. egidijui Puplesis, 1990
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Puplesis 1990, 1994).
85*. A. vannieukerkeni Puplesis, 1994
Turkmenistan (Puplesis 1994).
À. argyraspis-group
86*. A. argyraspis Puplesis & Diskus, 1995
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1995).
Genus Glaucolepis Braun, 1917
raikhonae-group
87*. G. raikhonae Puplesis, 1985
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Kirgiziya,
Afghanistan (Puplesis 1985, 1994, van Nieukerken &
Puplesis 1991).
88. G. melanoptera (van Nieukerken & Puplesis, 1991)
Armeniya, Turkmenistan (van Nieukerken & Puplesis
1991, Puplesis 1994).
Genus Trifurcula Zeller, 1848
T° subnitidella-group
89. T. puplesisi van Nieukerken, 1990a
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (van Nieukerken 19904,
Puplesis 1994).
Genus Etainia Beirne, 1945
90*. E leptognathos Puplesis & Diskus, 1996a
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1996a).
91*. E. obtusa Puplesis & Diskus, 1996a
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1996a).
Tischeriidae Spuler, 1910
Genus Tischeria Zeller, 1839
T'angusticolella-group
92. T. gaunacella Duponchel, 1843
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1960).
93. 7. marginea Haworth, 1828
Turkmenistan (new record: central and western Kopet
Dag, 1991-1993, Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
94. T. angusticolella Duponchel, 1843
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
Puplesis & Diskus).
T. longispicula-group
95*. T. rosella Gerasimov, 1937
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
larvae on Rosa sp., Puplesis & Diskus leg.); Uzbekistan
(Gerasimov 1937); Tadzhikistan (new record: Gissar
ridge, 1990-1991, Noreika, Sruoga, Puplesis & Diskus
leg).
96*. 7. longispicula Puplesis, 1988
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis 1988)**.
97*. T. sp.n.
Tadzhikistan (Puplesis & Diskus, in prep.).
Gracillariidae Stainton, 1854
Genus Parornix Spuler, 1910
98*. P. subfinitimella Kuznetzov, 1956
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1956, 1981).
194
99*. P. hastata Triberti, 1989
Afghanistan (Triberti 1989).
100*. P. compressa Triberti, 1989
Afghanistan, Pakistan (Triberti 1989).
101*. P. kugitangi Noreika, 1991a
Turkmenistan (Noreika 1991a).
102*. P. asiatica Noreika, 1991a
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Noreika 1991a, Noreika &
Puplesis 1992c).
103*. P. sp. n.
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov, in prep.)**.
104. P. petiolella (Frey, 1863)
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981).
105*. P. cotoneasterella Kuznetzov, 1978
Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov 1978, 1981, Sherniyazova
1982, 1984, Noreika & Puplesis 19920).
106*. P. turcmeniella Kuznetzov, 1956
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1956, 1981).
107. P. szoecsi Gozmany, 1952
=P. amygdalella Kuznetzov, 1978
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1978, 1981 [as amygdalella)).
108*. P. persicella Danilevsky, 1955
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan
(Danilevsky 1955, Kuznetzov 1960, 1981, Sherniyazova
1982, Noreika 1991a, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
Genus Micrurapteryx Spuler, 1910
109. M. kollariella (Zeller, 1839)
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981, Kuznetzov & Tristan
1985).
110*. M. sophorella Kuznetzov, 1979
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Kuznetzov
Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985).
111*. M. fumosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985
Kirgiziya (Kuznetzov & Tristan 1985).
112*. M. tortuosella Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985
Tadzhikistan, Kirgiziya (Kuznetzov & Tristan 1985,
Puplesis & Noreika 1990, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
113*. M. sophorivora Kuznetzov & Tristan, 1985
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov & Tristan 1985), Tadzhikistan
(new record: Gissar ridge, 1991, larvae on Sophora,
Sruoga leg.).
114*. M. bidentata Noreika, 1992
Kirgiziya (Noreika & Puplesis 1992b).
115. M. gradatella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Tadzhikistan (new record: Gissar ridge, 1991, Noreika
leg.).
1979, 1981,
Genus Liocrobyla Meyrick, 1916
116*. L. minima (Noreika, 1992) comb. n.
Turkmenistan (new record: western part of the Kopet
Dag ridge, 1993, Sruoga leg.), Tadzhikistan (Noreika &
Puplesis 1992b).
Genus Polymitia Triberti, 1986
117*. P. eximipalpella (Gerasimov, 1930)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Iran,
Afghanistan (Gerasimov 1930, Kuznetzov 1960, Triberti
1986, Noreika 199 1a, Noreika & Puplesis, 1992c).
118*. P. laristana Triberti, 1986
Iran (Triberti 1986).
|
Genus Gracillaria Haworth, 1828
119. G. loriolella Frey, 1881
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov 1960, 1981,
Sherniyazova 1982, 1984, Noreika 1991a, Noreika &
Puplesis 1992c [Misidentification as Caloptilia cuculipen-
nella (Hübner)])**.
Genus Caloptilia Hübner, 1825
120. C. stigmatella (Fabricius, 1781)
Armeniya, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Tadzhikistan, Kirgiziya (Sherniyazova 1975, 1982,
Kuznetzov, 1981, Noreika & Puplesis 1992a; 1992c).
121. C. flava (Staudinger, 1870)
= Gracillaria impictipennella Gerasimov, 1930
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Gerasimov 1930, Kuznetzov
1960, Noreika 1991b, Noreika & Puplesis 1992b).
122. C. semifascia (Haworth, 1828)
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1981), Tadzhikistan (new
record: Gissar ridge, 1991, Sruoga leg.).
123*. C. acerivorella (Kuznetzov, 1956)
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov 1956, 1960,
1981, Sherniyazova 1982, 1988b, Noreika 1991a,
Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
124*. C. acericolella Kuznetzov, 1981
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981).
125. C. fribergensis (Fritzsche, 1871)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1960,
Noreika 1991a).
126. C. populetorum (Zeller, 1839)
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981).
127. C. roscipennella (Hübner, 1796)
Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan (Gerasimov 1930, Kuznetzov
1981, Sherniyazova 1982, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
128. C. fidella Reutti, 1853
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
Sruoga leg.).
1981,
Genus Calybites Hübner, 1822
129. C. phasianipennella (Hübner, 1813)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Gerasimov
1930, Kuznetzov 1981, Noreika & Puplesis 1992a),
Tadzhikistan (new record: central Tadzhikistan, env.
Tursunzade, 1990, larvae on Polygonum, Noreika leg).
Genus Eucalybites Kumata, 1982
130. £. auroguttella (Stephens, 1835)
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1960).
Genus Aspilapteryx Spuler, 1910
131. À. tringipennella (Zeller, 1839)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan, Afghanistan
(Kuznetzov 1960, 1981, Triberti 1985, Noreika 1991a,
Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
132*. A. magna Triberti, 1985
Iran (Triberti 1985).
Genus Cupedia Klimesch et Kumata, 1973
133. C. cupediella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov
Sherniyazova 1988a, Noreika & Puplesis 1992a).
1981,
Genus Acrocercops Wallengren, 1881
134*. A. iraniana Triberti, 1989
PUPLESIS ET AL.: Mining Lepidoptera of Central Asia
Iran (Triberti 1989).
Genus Dialectica Walsingham, 1987
135. D. scalariella (Zeller, 1850)
Turkmenistan (Noreika 1991b, Noreika & Puplesis
1992a).
136. D. imperialella (Zeller, 1847)
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
Sruoga leg).
Genus Leucospilapteryx Spuler, 1910
137. L. omissella (Stainton, 1848)
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981).
Genus Cameraria Chapman, 1902
138*. C. obliquifascia (Filipjev, 1926)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan (Filipjev 1926,
Gerasimov 1932, Sherniyazova 1975, 1984, Kuznetzov
1981, Puplesis & Noreika 1990, Noreika 1991a, Noreika
& Puplesis 1992a, 1992c, Puplesiené & Noreika 1993).
139*. C. saliciphaga (Kuznetzov, 1975)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov
1975, Sherniyazova 1975, 1984, Kuznetzov, 1981,
Puplesis & Noreika 1990, Noreika 1991a, Noreika &
Puplesis 1992a, 1992c, Puplesiene& Noreika 1993).
Genus Phyllonorycter Hübner, 1822
140. Ph. schreberella (Fabricius, 1781)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov
Puplesis et al. 1991, Noreika 1991a).
141. Ph. millierella (Staudinger, 1871)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov
1960, 1981, Sherniyazova 1984, Puplesis & Noreika
1990, Noreika 1991a, Noreika & Puplesis, 1992c).
142*. Ph. caspica Noreika, 1992
Azerbaydzhan (Noreika & Puplesis 1992b).
143. Ph. emberizaepennella (Bouche, 1834)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1960,
Noreika 1991a).
144*. Ph. raikhonae Noreika, 1992
Tadzhikistan (Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
145*. Ph. montanella Bradley, 1980
Pakistan (Bradley 1980).
146*. Ph. loniceriphaga Noreika, 1992
Tadzhikistan (Noreika & Puplesis 1992b).
147*. Ph. juglandicola (Kuznetzov, 1975)
Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov 1975, 1981, Sherniyazova
1984, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
148*. Ph. infirma Deschka, 1974
Afghanistan (Deschka 1974).
149. Ph. medicaginella (Gerasimov, 1930)
Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan
(Gerasimov 1930 [Misidentified as Ph. insignitella
(Zeller)], 1932, Kuznetzov 1981, Noreika 1991a,
Puplesis & Noreika 1990, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c)**.
150*. Ph. fabaceaella (Kuznetzov, 1978)
Tadzhikistan ( Kuznetzov 1978,
Puplesis 1992c).
151. Ph. pyrifoliella (Gerasimov, 1933)
Kazakhstan (Gerasimov 1933, Kuznetzov 1981).
152. Ph. comparella (Duponchel, 1843)
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981).
153. Ph. sagitella (Bjerkander, 1790)
1960, 1981,
1981,
1981, Noreika &
195
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981), Turkmenistan (new
record: western Kopet Dag ridge, 1993, Sruoga leg).
154*. Ph. populi (Filipjev, 1926)
= Lithocolletis populiella Filipjev, 1926 (preoccupied by L.
populiella Chambers, 1878) Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan (Filipjev 1926 [as populiella),
Kuznetzov 1981, Sherniyazova 1984, Noreika & Puplesis
1992a).
155*. Ph. iranica Deschka, 1979
Iran (Deschka 1979).
156. Ph. populifoliella (Treitschke, 1833)
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Gerasimov 1932, Kuznetzov
1981, Noreika 1991a, Noreika & Puplesis 1992a).
157. Ph. pastorella (Zeller, 1846)
= Lithocolletis fainae Gerasimov
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan,
Kirgiziya (Gerasimov 1931 [as Lithocolletis fainae], 1932,
Kuznetzov 1960, 1981, Sherniyazova 1984, Noreika 199 1a,
Noreika & Puplesis, 1992a, 1992c, Puplesis et al. 1992).
158*. Ph. populicola (Kuznetzov, 1975)
Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov 1975, 1981, Sherniyazova
1975, 1984, Puplesis & Noreika 1990, Noreika &
Puplesis 1992a, 1992c).
159. Ph. apparella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981).
160*. Ph. aceriphaga (Kuznetzov, 1975)
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov 1975, 1981,
Sherniyazova 1984, 1988b, Puplesis & Noreika 1990,
Noreika 1991a, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
161. Ph. connexella (Zeller, 1846)
= Ph. asiatica Gerasimov, syn.n.
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan
(Gerasimov 1931, 1932, Sherniyazova 1975, 1984,
Kuznetzov 1981, Noreika 1991a, 1991b, Noreika &
Puplesis 1992a, 1992c [ as Ph. asiatica], Puplesiené &
Noreika 1993).
162*. Ph. dentifera Noreika, 1992
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan
1992).
163*. Ph. pruinosella (Gerasimov, 1931)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan
(Gerasimov 1931, 1932, Kuznetzov 1960, 1981, Noreika
1991a, Noreika & Puplesis 1992a, 19920).
164. Ph. platani (Staudinger, 1870)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan,
Kirgiziya (Gerasimov 1932, Kuznetzov 1960, 1981,
Sherniyazova 1984, Noreika 1991a, Noreika & Puplesis
19920).
165. Ph. acerifoliella (Zeller, 1839)
= Ph. sylvella (Haworth)
Kazakhstan (Kuznetzov 1981 [as Ph. sylvella ]),
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
166*. Ph. aceripestis (Kuznetzov, 1978)
Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan (Kuznetzov 1978, Sherniya-
zova 1984, 1988b, Puplesis & Noreika 1990, Noreika
1991a, Noreika & Puplesis 19920).
167*. Ph. turcomanicella (Kuznetzov, 1956)
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1956, 1960, 1981).
168. Ph. corylifoliella (Hübner, 1796)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan
(Kuznetzov 1960, 1981, Sherniyazova 1984, Puplesis &
Noreika 1990, Noreika 1991a, Noreika & Puplesis
19920).
169. Ph. turanica (Gerasimov, 1931)
(Noreika & Puplesis
196
Azerbaydzhan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Tadzhikistan, Kirgiziya (Gerasimov 1931, 1932,
Kuznetzov 1960, 1981, Sherniyazova 1984, Noreika
1991a, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
170*. Ph. hissarella Noreika, 1992
Tadzhikistan (Noreika & Puplesis 1992c).
171. Ph. cerasicolella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1960,
Noreika 1991a, Puplesiené & Noreika 1993).
172*. Ph. malella (Gerasimov, 1931)
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan,
Kirgiziya (Gerasimov 1931, 1932, Kuznetzov 1981,
Sherniyazova 1984, Puplesis & Noreika 1990, Noreika
1991a, Noreika & Puplesis 1992c, Puplesis et al. 1992).
173. Ph. cydoniella (Dennis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
Sruoga leg.).
1981,
Bucculatricidae Wallengren, 1881
Genus Bucculatrix Zeller, 1839
174. B. artemisiae Herrich-Schäffer, 1853
= B. artemisiella Herrich-Schäffer, 1955
Turkmenistan (Seksjaeva 1993).
175. B. ratisbonensis Stainton, 1861
Turkmenistan (Seksjaeva 1993).
176*. B. anthemidella Deschka, 1972
Kirgiziya (Seksjaeva 1993).
177. B. armeniaca Deschka, 1992
Armeniya (Deschka 1992, Seksjaeva 1993).
178. B. centaureae Deschka, 1973
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Puplesis et al. 1992, Sek-
sjaeva 1993).
179*. B. iranica Deschka, 1981
Iran (Deschka 1981).
180*. B. tianshanica Seksjaeva, 1992
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (Puplesis et al.
Seksjaeva 1993).
181. B. maritima Stainton, 1851
Kazakhstan (Puplesis et al. 1992, Seksjaeva 1993),
Tadzhikistan (new record: Gissar ridge, 1991, Sruoga,
Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
182. B. cristatella Zeller, 1839
= B. jugicola Wocke, 1876
Turkmenistan (new record: western Kopet Dag, 1993,
Puplesis & Diskus leg.).
183. 5. cidarella Zeller, 1839
Kazakhstan (Seksjaeva 1981, 1993).
184 B. paliuricola Kuznetzov, 1956
Turkmenistan (Kuznetzov 1956, 1960, Seksjaeva 1981,
1993).
185. B. ulmifoliae Hering, 1931
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgiziya (Seksjaeva 1981,
1992,
1993).
186. B. ulmicola Kuznetzov, 1962
Armeniya, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
(Kuznetzov 1962, Seksjaeva 1981, 1993), Tadzhikistan
(new record: Gissar ridge, 1990-1991, larvae on Ulmus
sp., Bajarünas leg.).
187*. B. caspica Puplesis & Sruoga, 1991
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Puplesis et al. 1991, Seksjaeva
1993), Tadzhikistan (new record: Gissar ridge, 1990-
1991, larvae on Ulmus sp., Bajarünas leg.)**.
188. B. frangutella (Goeze, 1783)
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Seksjaeva 1981, 1993).
189. B. crataegi Zeller, 1839
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan,
Kirgiziya (Seksjaeva 1981, 1993).
190*. B. endospiralis Deschka, 1981
Iran (Deschka 1981).
191*. B. multicornuta Puplesis & Diskus, 1996
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1996c).
192*. B. pectinella Deschka, 1981
Iran, Turkmenistan (Deschka 1981, Seksjaeva 1993).
193*. B. formosa Puplesis & Seksjaeva, 1992
Turkmenistan (Puplesis et al. 1992), Tadzhikistan (new
record: Nurek, 1990-1991, Bajarünas leg.).
194*. B. macrognathos Puplesis & Diskus, 1996
Turkmenistan (Puplesis & Diskus 1996c).
NOTES
(96). Tischeria longispicula Puplesis — No data from Tad-
zhikistan. Renewed study of all available Tadzhikistanian
specimens (Puplesis 1988) has shown that they are identical
with the new species cited under no. 97.
(103). Parornix sp. — There are no confirmed data of
Parornix torquilella from Central Asia. Asiatic specimens
previously identified as such (i.e. Kuznetzov 1960) belong to
this as yet unnamed species (Noreika in prep.).
(119). Gracillaria loriolella. — There are no confirmed
data of Caloptilia cuculipennella (Hübner) from Central
Asia. Asiatic specimens previously identified as such (i.e.
Kuznetzov 1960, Noreika 1991a, Noreika & Puplesis
1992c) belong to oriolella.
(149). Phyllonorycter medicaginella — There are no con-
firmed data of Ph.insignitella (Zeller) from Central Asia.
Gerasimov’s previous record (1930) for Uzbekistan is medi-
caginella.
(187). Bucculatrix caspica Puplesis & Sruoga — No data
available from Turkmenistan. The distribution data in Seks-
jaeva (1993) were incorrectly cited.
HOST PLANT RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF-MINING
LEPIDOPTERA IN CENTRAL ASIA
Mining Lepidoptera, in particular the Gracillar-
iidae and part of the Nepticulidae are for a major part
known through rearing of imagines from larvae, so
that there is a large amount of knowledge available on
hostplant relationships and bionomics. However, in
some taxa such as the Opostegidae, or in such neptic-
ulid genera as Acalyptris, Etainia and Ectoedemia,
hostplants are known for less than 20-40% of the
species.
The data on bionomics of Centralasiatic leaf-min-
ers are compiled from the works of Kuznetzov
(1981), Seksjaeva (1981, 1993), Noreika & Puplesis
(1992a, 1992c) and Puplesis (1994). Because many
more new data have become available recently, an up-
dated survey is presented below. The plant taxonomy
follows Takhtajan (1987), which is the most exhaus-
tive, frequently used and well-known classification
for plants in Central Asia.
PUPLESIS ET AL.: Mining Lepidoptera of Central Asia
In summary, leaf-miners of the families under
study are known in Central Asia from 60 plant genera
and 22 plant families.
Check-list of host plants
The numbers refer to the species in the check-list
above. Hostdata which apply to data outside Central
Asia are marked with an asterisk*. Hostdata not ob-
tained by rearing, but by indirect evidence (i.e. col-
lecting adults near host) are marked with a question-
mark (?).
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium: 129. Calybites phasianipennella
Polygonaceae
Polygonum: 129. Calybites phasianipennella
Rumex 129. Calybites phasianipennella
Platanaceae
Platanus: 164. Phyllonorycter platani
Betulaceae
Betula: 13. Stigmella luteella*, 14. sp.n. (Stigmella betulicola-
group), 15. sp.n. (Stigmella betulicola-group)
Alnus: 183. Bucculatrix cidarella*
Juglandaceae
Juglans: 127. Caloptilia roscipennella, 147. Phyllonorycter jug-
landicola
Clusiaceae (=Guttiferae)
Hypericum: 67. Fomoria septembrella*, 130. Eucalybites au-
roguttella
Primulaceae
Lysimachia: 129. Calybites phasianipennella
Salicaceae
Populus:57. Ectoedemia albida (?), 69. Fomoria flavimacula,
120. Caloptilia stigmatella, 138. Cameraria obliquifascia,
152. Phyllonorycter comparella, 153. Ph. sagitella*, 154.
Ph. populi, 156. Ph. populifoliella, 157. Ph. pastorella,
158. Ph. populicola, 159. Ph. apparella, 162. Ph. dentifera,
164. Ph. platani
Salix: 1. Opostega spatulella*, 12. Stigmella nivenburgensis,
40. S. johanssoni, 41. S. aiderensis, 42. S. kondarai (?), 43.
S. juratae (?), 44. S. flavescens, 45. S.lurida (?), 120.
Caloptilia stigmatella, 138 .Cameraria obliquifascia, 139.
C. saliciphaga, 157. Phyllonorycter pastorella, 161. Ph. con-
nexella, 163. Ph. pruinosella
Ulmaceae
Ulmus. 10. Stigmella ulmiphaga, 11. S. kazakhstanica , 56.
Ectoedemia amani*, 140. Phyllonorycter schreberella, 185.
Bucculatrix ulmifoliae, 186. B. ulmicola, 187. B. caspica
Celtis: 8. Stigmella turbatrix, 128. Caloptilia fidella, 141.
Phyllonorycter millierella
Moraceae
Ficus. 7. Stigmella ficulnea
197
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Cannabaceae
Humulus 128. Caloptilia fidella*
Rosaceae
Spiraea: 37. Stigmella inopinata*
Rubus. 51. Stigmella aurella, 93. Tischeria marginea
Rosa: 22. Stigmella anomalella, 23. S. spinosissimae, 24. S.
rolandi*, 25. S. muricatella*, 26. S. trisyllaba, 27. S. sp.n.
(S. sanguisorbae-group), 66. Ectoedemia rosiphila, 94. T.
angusticolella 95. Tischeria rosella, 96. T. longispicula,
Potentilla: 59. Ectoedemia arcuatella*
Fragaria: 59. Ectoedemia arcuatella*
Sanguisorba: 24. Stigmella rolandi*, S. muricatella*
Sorbus. 104. Parornix petiolella*, 169. Phyllonorycter turani-
ca*
Pyrus. 9. Stigmella abaiella, 168. Phyllonorycter corylifoliella,
172. Ph. malella
Malus. 5. Stigmella maloidica, 38. S.malifoliella, 58.
Ectoedemia atricollis, 104. Parornix petiolella, 151.
Phyllonorycter pyrifoliella, 155. Ph. iranica, 168. Ph.coryli-
foliella, 169. Ph. turanica, 172. Ph. malella, 189.
Bucculatrix crataegi
Amelanchier. 39. Stigmella hybnerella*
Cydonia: 169. Phyllonorycter turanica, 172. Ph. malella, 173.
Ph. cydoniella
Cotoneaster: 5. Stigmella maloidica, 39. S. hybnerella*, 46. S.
subsorbi, 105. Parornix cotoneasterella, 170. Ph. hissarella,
172. Ph. malella, 189. Bucculatrix crataegi
Crataegus: 28. Stigmella regiella, 29. S. crataegella, 31. S.
crataegi, 32. S. aurora*, 34. S. hissariella, 35. S. juryi, 39.
S. hybnerella, 98. Parornix subfinitimella, 168. Phyllono-
rycter corylifoliella, 169. Ph. turanica, 172. Ph. malella,
189. Bucculatrix crataegi
Cerasus 47. Stigmella cerasi, 60.Ectoedemia spinosella, 92.
Tischeria gaunacella, 171. Phyllonorycter cerasicolella
Prunus. 60. Ectoedemia spinosella, 92 Tischeria gaunacella,
104. Parornix petiolella , 107. P. szoecsi, 169. Phyllono-
rycter turanica, 171. Ph. cerasicolella
Amygdalus. 106 .Parornix turcmeniella (2), 107. P. szoecsi,
108. P. persicella, 169. Phyllonorycter turanica, 171. Ph.
cerasicolella
Aflatunia: 48. S. aflatuniae
Lythraceae
Lythrum: 129. Calybites phasianipennella*
Fabaceae (=Leguminosae)
Sophora: 113. Micrurapteryx sophorivora
Astragalus: 111. Micrurapteryx fumosella
Glycyrrhiza: 121. Caloptilia flava”
Vicia: 111. Micrurapteryx fumosella
Lathyrus. 112. Micrurapteryx tortuosella, 150. Phyllonorycter
fabaceaella (?)
Melilotus. 111. Micrurapteryx fumosella, 112. M. tortuosella,
149, Phyllonorycter medicaginella*
Medicago: 112. Micrurapteryx tortuosella, 149, Phyllonorycter
medicaginella, 150. P. fabaceaella
Trifolium: 111. Micrurapteryx fumosella
Cytisus: 109. Micrurapteryx kollariella*
Aceraceae
Acer. 16. Stigmella acerna, 17. S. bicolor, 18. S. semiaurea,
53. S. kuznetzovi, 90. Etainia leptognathos (?), 91. E. ob-
tusa (?), 122. Caloptilia semifascia, 123. C. acerivorella,
124. C. acericolella, 125. C. fribergensis*, 160. Phyllono-
198
rycter aceriphaga, 165. Ph. acerifoliella*, 166. Ph. aceri-
pestis, 167. Ph. turcomanicella
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia: 133. Cupedia cupediella
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus 20. Stigmella klimeschi, 21. S. kopetdagica, 188.
Bucculatrix frangutella*
Paliurus 6. Stigmella paliurella , 184. Bucculatrix paliuricola
Zizyphus. 6. Stigmella paliurella
Caprifoliaceae
Lonicera: 143. Phyllonorycter emberizaepennella, 144. Ph.
raikhonae, 145. Ph. montanella, 146. Ph. loniceriphaga
Oleaceae
Fraxinus: 119. Gracillaria loriolella
Boraginaceae
Echium: 135. Dialectica scalariella*
Pulmonaria: 136. Dialectica imperialella*
Symphytum: 136. Dialectica imperialella*
Anchusa: 135. Dialectica scalariella*
Plantaginaceae
Plantago: 131. Aspilapteryx tringipennella
*
Lamiaceae (=Labiatae)
Lycopus. 4. Pseudopostega auritella*
Asteraceae
Centaurea: 178. Bucculatrix centaureae*
Anthemis 176. Bucculatrix anthemidella*
Achillea: 182. Bucculatrix cristatella*
Artemisia: 137. Leucospilapteryx omissella, 174. Bucculatrix
artemisiae*, 175. B. ratisbonensis*
Aster. 181. Bucculatrix maritima*
The strong predominance of Rosaceae in the host
record of the fauna of Central Asia (more than 35 %)
is not surprising, since this applies also to the whole
Palaearctic fauna (van Nieukerken 1986, Puplesis
1994, Noreika & Puplesis 1992a). The tendency
within Nepticulidae and Gracillariidae to feed on
woody plants and the usual strict hostplant choice
(i.e. predominance of monophagous or oligophagous
species) was stressed before (Puplesis 1994). And, :
5 5 5 . 0
moreover, this tendency is also present in other fami- |
lies of leaf-miners involved in this survey (Tische-
riidae and partly Bucculatricidae). However, because |
biological considerations on leaf-miners of Central
Asia are still hampered by a lack of sufficient knowl-
edge, the present list of hostplants has a preliminary
character.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks are expressed to our colleague Dr.
Erik J. van Nieukerken (The Netherlands), who |
kindly reviewed the manuscript and offered many |
helpful comments and suggestions as well as added
some information on distribution of a few species.
The research described in this publication was made
possible in part by Grant No LAO000 & LHX100
from the International Science Foundation.
REFERENCES
Bradley, J. D., 1980. A new species of Phyllonorycter
(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Lonicera quinquelocularis
in northern Pakistan. — Bulletin of Entomological
Research 70: 61-63.
Danilevsky, A. S., 1955. Novye vidy nizshikh chesuekrylykh
(Lepidoptera, Microheterocera), vredyashchie drevesnym
I kustarnikovym porodam v Srednei Azii (in Russian). —
Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 34: 108-123.
Davis, D. R., 1989 Generic revision of the Opostegidae,
with a synoptic catalog of the world’s species
(Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea). — Smithsonian Contri-
butions to Zoology 478: 1-97 pp.
Deschka, G., 1974. Blattminierende Lepidopteren aus dem
Nahen und Mittleren Osten. I. — Zeitschrift der Arbeits-
gemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen 26: 41-46.
Deschka, G., 1979. Blattminierende Lepidopteren aus dem
Nahen und Mittleren Osten.III. Teil. — Zeitschrift Arbeits-
gemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen 31: 13-16.
Deschka, G., 1981. Blattminierende Lepidopteren aus dem
Nahen und Mittleren Osten. IV. Teil. —Zeitschrift Arbeits-
gemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen 33: 33-41.
Deschka, G., 1992. Blattminierende Lepidopteren aus dem
Nahen und Mittleren Osten. VI. Teil. Bucculatrix arme-
niaca sp. n. aus Russisch-Armenien (Lepidoptera,
Lyonetiidae). — Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Osterreichischer Entomologen 44: 17-20.
Falkovitsh, M. I., 1986. Chesuekrylye (Lepidoptera) os-
tankovykh gor Kuldzhunktau i podgornoi ravniny (jugo-
zapadnii Kizylkum). — Trudy Vsesoyuznogo
Entomologicheskogo Obshestva 67: 131-186.
Filipjev, N., 1926. Lepidopterologische Notizen. IV. —
Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 20: 284-29.
Gerasimov, A. M., 1930. Zur Lepidopteren-Fauna-Asiens.
I. Microheterocera aus dem District Kaschka-Darja (SO-
Buchara). — Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de
PAcademie des Sciences de l'URSS 31 (1): 21-48.
Gerasimov, A. M., 1931. Zur Lepidopteren fauna von
Mittelasien III. Neue Lithocolletis. — Entomologischen
Zeitschrift, Frankfurt am Main 45 (9): 125-132.
Gerasimov, A. M., 1932. Moli-minery. I. Sredne-Aziatskie
Lithocolletis. — \zvestiya Leningradskogo Instituta borby s
vreditelyami v Selskom i Lesnom Khozyaistve 3: 197-
248. [in Russian]
Gerasimov, A. M., 1933. Minierende Motten. III. Neue auf
Rosaceen lebende Zithocolletis-Arten (Lepidoptera,
Gracillariidae). — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
47: 119-122.
Gerasimov, A. M., 1937. Zur systematik der Raupen von
Stigmella Schrank (Nepticula Z.) und Tischeria Z. —
Entomolgische Rundschau 8: 89-90.
Gerasimov, A. M., 1952. Gusenitsy. Nasekomye chesuekry-
lye . — Fauna SSSR 1 (2), Moscow, Leningrad, 338 pp.
Klimesch, J., 1979. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Nepticuliden.
Beschreibung zweier neuer Arten [Stigmella abaiella n. sp.
und Trifurcula (Fedalmia) sanctibenedicti n. sp.
(Lepidoptera, Monotrysia). — Zeitschrift der Arbeits-
PUPLESIS ET AL.: Mining Lepidoptera of Central Asia
gemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen 31: 21-27.
Kozlov, M. V., 1985. Novye i maloizvestnye opostegidy
(Lepidoptera, Opostegidae) iz Aziatskoi chasti SSSR. —
Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR
135: 49-58. [in Russian]
Kuznetzov, V. I., 1956. Novye listovertki (Tortricidae) i
moli-pestryanki (Lithocolletoidea) iz zapadnogo Kopet-
Daga. — Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 35: 447-461.
Kuznetzov, V. I, 1960. Materialy po faune i biologii
chesuekrylykh (Lepidoptera) Zapadnogo Kopet-Daga. —
Fauna i Ekologya Nasekomykh Turkmenii 27: 11-27.
Kuznetzov, V. I., 1962. Il’movaya krivousaya mol’ —
Bucculatrix ulmicola Kuznetz. sp. n. (Lepidoptera,
Bucculatrigidae) - vreditel’ il’ mov v Zakavkaz’e i Srednei
Azii. — Doklady Akademii Nauk Armiyanskoi SSR 35
(2): 81-83. [in Russian]
Kuznetzov, V. I., 1975. Novye vidy nizshikh chesuekrylykh
(Lepidoptera, Carposinidae, Lithocolletidae) iz
Tadzhikistana. — Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 54: 415-
420. [in Russian]
Kuznetzov, V. I., 1978. Novye vidy nizshikh cheshuekry-
lykh (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Alucitidae, Pyralidae)
iz Srednei Azii. — Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta
Akademii Nauk SSSR 71: 110-119. [in Russian]
Kuznetzov, V. I., 1979. Novye miniruyushie moli-pestryan-
ki (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) Aziatskoi chasti SSSR. —
Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR
88: 77-84. [in Russian]
Kuznetzov, V. I, 1981. Semeistvo Gracillariidae
(Lithocolletidae) - moli-pestryanki. — Opredelitel’ Nase-
komykh Evropeiskoi Chasti SSSR 4 (2): 149-311.
Kuznetzov, V. I. & N. I. Tristan, 1985. Obzor
miniruyushikh molei roda Micrurapteryx Spuler
(Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) Palearkticheskoi fauny. —
Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 64: 177-199. [in Russian]
Nieukerken, J. van, 1985. A taxonomic revision of the west-
ern palaearctic species of the subgenera Zimmermannia
Hering and Ectoedemia Busck s.str. (Lepidoptera,
Nepticulidae), with notes on their phylogeny. —
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 128:1-164.
Nieukerken, E, J. van, 1986. Systematics and phylogeny of
Holarctic genera of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera,
Heteroneura: Monotrysia). — Zoölogische Verhan-
delingen, Leiden 236: 1-96.
Nieukerken, E. J. van, 1990a. The Trifurcula subnitidella
group (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): taxonomy, distribu-
tion and biology. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 133:
205-238.
Nieukerken, E. J. van, 1990b. Opostegidae. — /n Johansson,
R. et al. The Nepticulidae and Opostegidae (Lepidoptera)
of North West Europe. — Fauna Entomologica
Scandinavica 23:357-372.
Nieukerken, E. J. van & R. Puplesis, 1991. Taxonomy and
distribution of the Trifurcula (Glaucolepis) raikhonae
group (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). — Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie 134: 201-210.
Noreika, R. V., 1991a. Obzor fauny molei-pestryanok
(Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) Turkmenii (in Russian). —
Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 70: 429-443.
Noreika, R. V., 1991b. Vidurines Azijos Gracillariidae
(Lepidoptera) fauna ir trofiniai rySiai. — Respublikines bi-
ologinés krypties auk$tyjy mokykly studenty mokslinés
konferencijos praneSimy tezes, Kaunas, Miskininkystés
Akademija: 10-12. [in Lithuanian]
Noreika, R. & R. Puplesis, 1992a. Salicaceae feeding
199
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) of Central Asia. — Tijdschrift
voor Entomologie 135: 27-41.
Noreika, R. V. & R. K. Puplesis, 1992b. Opisanie novykh
vidov chesuekrylykh sem. Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) iz
Azerbayidzhana i Srednei Azii s sinonimizaciei Gracillaria
impictipennella Grsm. — Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie
71: 414-421. [in Russian]
Noreika, R. & R. Puplesis, 1992c. Review of the
Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) of the Gissarskiy Ridge
(Central Asia, Tajikistan) with the descriptions of two
new species of Phyllonorycter. — Nota Lepidopterologica
15: 123-147.
Puplesiené, J. & R. Noreika, 1993. A brief karyological
rewiew of the Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). — Phegea 21:
55-63.
Puplesis, R., 1984. Obzor vidov roda Microcalyptris (Lepi-
doptera, Nepticulidae) s opisaniem novykh vidov iz pustyn’
Mongolii I SSSR. — Nasekomye Mongolii 9: 484-507.
Puplesis, R., 1985. Novye vidy molei-malyutok
(Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) s yuga Dal’nego Vostoka i
Tadzhikistana (in Russian). — Trudy Zoologicheskogo
Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 134: 59-72.
Puplesis, R., 1988a Tri novykh vida neptikulid
(Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) iz aziatskoi chasti SSSR. —
Nauchnye Trudy Vysshikh Uchebnych Zavedenii
Litovskoi SSR, Biologiya 26: 24-29. [in Russian]
Puplesis, R., 1988b. New species of plant mining
Lepidoptera (Nepticulidae, Tischeriidae) from Central
Asia. — Stapfia 16: 273-290.
Puplesis, R., 1989. Opisanie samok 5 vidov roda Acalyptris
Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae). — Nasekomye
Mongolii 10: 506-511. [in Russian]
Puplesis, R. 1990. The genus Acalyptris Meyrick
(Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) in the USSR: distribution
and taxonomy. — Nota Lepidopterologica 13: 62-88.
Puplesis, R., 1991. The Stigmella paradoxa species-group
(Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae) in the USSR. -
Entomologica Scandinavica 22: 13-127.
Puplesis, R., 1994. The Nepticulidae of East Europe and
Asia. — Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 291 pp., 840 figs.
Puplesis, R. & N. V. Arutyunova, 1991. Dva novykh vida
molei-malyutok (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae),
miniruyushchikh list'ya yabloni, iz Tadzhikistana. —
Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye 70: 571-573.
Puplesis, R. & A. Diskus, 1995. Acalyptris argyrapsis sp. n., a
remarkable species from Tadzhikistan (Lepidoptera:
Nepticulidae). — Phegea 23: 51-54.
Puplesis, R. & A. Diskus, 1996a. First record of the genus
Etainia from Central Asia with descriptions of two new
species and some provisional notes on the world fauna
(Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). — Phegea 24: 41-48.
Puplesis, R. & A. Diskus, 1996b. A review of the Sigmella
sorbi species-group with descriptions of two new species
from Turkmenistan and Tadzhikistan (Lepidoptera:
Nepticulidae).-Phegea 24 (3) (in press).
Puplesis, R. & A. Diskus, 1996c. Five new mining
Lepidoptera (Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae) from
Central Asia. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 181-
190.
Puplesis, R.& R. Noreika, 1990. K faune molei-pestryanok
(Gracillariidae) Yuzhnogo sklona Gissarskogo khrebta. —
Uspekhi Entomologii v SSSR: nasekomye pereponcha-
tokrylye i cheshuekrylye: 201-202.[in Russian]
Puplesis, R., S. Seksjaeva, R. Noreika & J. Puplesiené, 1992.
200
Some leaf-mining Lepidoptera from the Aksu Dzabagly
Reserve (western Tian Shan’) with the descriptions of
four new species (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae,
Bucculatricidae). — Nota Lepidopterologica 15: 47-64.
Puplesis, R., S. Seksjaeva & J. Puplesiené, 1992. Bucculatrix
formosa sp. n., a remarkable species from the Kugitangtau
Mountains (Central Asia) (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae).
— Nota Lepidopterologica 15: 41-46.
Puplesis, R., S. Seksjaeva & V. Sruoga, 1991. Leaf-mining
Lepidoptera (Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae,
Gracillariidae) from Ulmus in northern Caspiya (Kaspia).
— Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 134: 69-73.
Seksjaeva S. V., 1981. Bucculatricidae - krivousye krokhot-
ki-moli. — Opredelitel’ Nasekomykh Evropeiskoi Chasti
SSSR 4(2): 136-148. [in Russian]
Seksjaeva, S. V., 1993. Obzor krivousykh krokhotok-molei
(Lepidoptera, Bucculatricidae) fauny Rossii. — Trudy
Zoologicheskogo Instituta Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk
225: 99-119. [in Russian]
Sherniyazova, R. M., 1975. K faune i ekologii nizshikh
chesuekrylykh ivovykh yuzhnogo sklona Gissarskogo
khrebta. — Entomologiya Tadzhikistana 1: 187-190. [in
Russian]
Sherniyazova, R. M., 1982. K poznaniyu nizshikh
chesuekrylykh (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) svyazannykh
s drevesno-kustarnikovymi rasteniyami yuzhnogo sklona
Gissarskogo khrebta i Gissarskoi doliny. — Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR 3: 38-43. [in Russian]
Sherniyazova, R. M., 1984. Moli-pestryanki (Lepidoptera,
Gracillariidae) obitayushchie na drevesno-kus-
tarnikovykh rasteniyakh na yuzhnom sklone Gissarskogo
khrebta i Gissarskoi doliny. — Izvestiya Akademii Nauk
Tadzhikskoi SSR, Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk 3
(112): 33-37. [in Russian]
Sherniyazova, R. M. 1988a. Nizshie chesuekrylye,
sviyazanye s fistashkoi na yuzhnom sklone Gissarskogo
khrebta. — Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR,
Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk 2: 25-28. [in Russian]
Sherniyazova, R. M. , 1988b. Ekologo-faunisticheskii obzor
nizchikh chesuekrylykh, svyazannykh s klenom Regelya i
klenom turkestanskim na yuzhnom sklone Gissarskogo |
khrebta. — Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR,
Otdelenie Biologicheskikh Nauk 3 (112): 77-79. [in |
Russian]
Takhtajan, A. L.,
Publishers, Leningrad, 439 pp. [in Russian]
Triberti, P., 1985. A revision of the genus Aspilapteryx
Spuler (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). — Zeitschrift der |
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 37: |
1-16.
Triberti, P., 1986. Note su Leucospilapteryx dorsiliniella |
Amsel e Acrocercops eximipalpella Gerasimov, con de-
1987. Sistema magnoliofitov. — Nauka |
|
{
|
|
|
scrizione di due nuovi generi ed una specie (Lepidoptera, !
Gracillariidae). — Bolletina del Museo Civico di Storia !
Naturale di Verona 13: 249-264.
Triberti, P., 1989. Three new Palaearctic species of the sub
family Cone (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).
Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichische
Entomologen 41: 65-70.
Received: 30 November 1995
Accepted: 1 October 1996
|
|
|
Louis M. ROTH
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
NEW SPECIES OF SIGMELLA HEBARD (BLAT TARIA:
BEADTEBEIDAESBEARDELEEINAE)
Roth, L.M. 1996. New species of Sigmella Hebard (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Blattellinae). —
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 201-213, figs. 1-43. assn 0040-7496]. Published 18
December 1996.
Seven new species of the cockroach genus Sigmella Hebard are described; six are from Sabah
and one is from Kalimantan. A key is given to distinguish males of the eight species known
from Borneo.
Dr. L.M. Roth, 81 Brush Hill Road, P.O. Box 540, Sherborn, MA 01770, U.S.A.
Key words. Sigmella, cockroaches, Blattellidae, new species, taxonomy, Borneo.
Five of the seven new species on which this paper
is based were sent to me by Dr. J. van Tol of the
National Museum of Natural History (formerly
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie), Leiden, The
Netherlands, (RMNH). One or two others came from
Dr. Roy Danielsson of the Zoological Institut, Lund,
Sweden (zits), and Mr. Willem Hogenes, Zoological
Museum Amsterdam (ZMAN). A few specimens have
been retained in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,
U.S.A. (Mczc).
SYSTEMATIC PART
Sigmella Hebard
Sigmella Hebard, 1940: 236; Roth, 1991: 1 (revision).
Diagnosis (Borneo species). — Tegmina and wings
fully developed, the former with longitudinal dis-
coidal sectors. Hind wing with narrow costal field,
costal veins usually simple, radial vein simple, media
and cubitus veins strongly curved (often referred to as
sigmoid shaped), the latter with two or three com-
plete and one to three (rarely none, fig. 7) incomplete
branches, apical triangle small (figs. 3, 12, 19, 28).
Front femur Type B,, with three to five large proxi-
mal spines; pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres,
tarsal claws symmetrical, simple. Male: First abdomi-
nal tergum always specialized; seventh segment rarely
specialized. Supraanal plate symmetrical, intercercal
processes absent, right and left paraprocts dissimilar
(fig. 4). Subgenital plate asymmetrical, with a pair of
styles; a variably developed process arises on the dor-
sal surface of the plate, usually associated with the left
style (fig. 5; the process often is not visible in the
pinned specimen and slides have to be prepared to re-
veal them). Genital hook on the left side (fig. 5).
Remarks. — The genus Sigmella is very close to
Scalida Hebard, and the two have been considered
synonyms (Bruijning 1948: 67, Princis 1969: 800).
However, I (Roth 1991: 1) have treated them as dis-
tinct taxa. There are 17 known species of Sigmella
arranged in two species groups. The seven new species
described below belong in the adversa group (Roth
1991: 7).
Key to males of Sigmella species from Borneo
Roth (1991: 7) presented a key to 13 known males
of Sigmella from Burma, China, Java, Kalimantan,
Philippines, Sumatra, and Taiwan. The following is a
key to the known species from Borneo (I have includ-
ed Sigmella charon (Hanitsch) from Pajau River, East
Borneo, although it is not discussed in this paper.)
1. First and seventh abdominal terga specialized . 2
— Only the first abdominal tergum specialized … 3
2. Pronotal disk yellowish, with a U-shaped, reddish
brown macula, lateral and anterior borders
opaque yellowish (fig. 33). Subgenital plate and
Stylestas IN IPS 37 Se balikpapanensis
— Pronotum light reddish brown, lateral areas light
yellowish (fig. 20). Subgenital plate as in figs. 22,
23. Styles slender, the right one longer (fig. 22) .
SOEP 505 Eos 000A TESS RER sipitanga
3. Hind margin of supraanal plate with a pair of
small lobes (fig. 8). Pronotum dark brown with a
pair of hyaline areas on the posterior half (fig. 10)
NEE AI RA AI MAIRE ce kinasaba
— Hind margin of supraanal plate and pronotum
TOL ASA DOVE) AE RL RE TR 4
4. Hind margin of supraanal plate with a pair of ...
201
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 1-6. Sigmella achterbergi sp. n., males from Sabah: 1, 2, holotype, head and pronotum; 3-6, paratypes: 3, hind wing; 4,
supraanal plate and paraprocts (ventral); 5, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal); 6, tip of hind margin of the subgenital plate
showing the styles and process near the base of the left style (ventral). Abbreviations: a, supraanal plate; b, left paraproct; c,
right paraproct; d, subgenital plate; e, left phallomere (hook); f, median phallomere; g, right phallomere; h, process at base of
left style; i, right style.
202
widely separated papillae, each capped by a small
spine fis 5417) NAE ON huismanae
— Hind margin of supraanal plate not as above … 5
5. Styles elongated and contiguous (figs. 41,43).
Supraanal plate hindmargin undulate, ventrally
incrassate on each side of the midline, che thick-
ened areas setose (fig. 42) … … … …. mendolonga
— Styles more widely separated. Supraanal plate not
AS ADON CIRE Lee RO LNE 6
6. Right style huge, much larger than left one (fig.
26); the process at base of left style greatly re-
dUcE (fe 2) eno barrafordae
— Styles and process at base of left style not as above
B eo RS ini PRIMI MURS PE ei MNT loi Page rt 7
7. Supraanal plate with sides of hind margin
oblique, the narrow apex weakly indented (fig.
4). Median genital phallomere not forked apical-
ly (fig. 5). Pronotum with a dark U-shaped mac-
GIE (COR ER ee a achterbergi
— Supraanal plate convexly rounded, apex rounded,
entire. Median genital phallomere apically bifur-
cate. Pronotum reddish brown, posterior region
blackish (figs. 9B, E‚ F, in Roth 1991) … charon
Sigmella achterbergi sp. n.
Meee 186)
Type specimens. — Holotype, d, E. Sabah, Lahad
Datu, 60 km W. of: Danum Valley Field Centre, at
junction Sg Segama and Sg Palum Tambun, 4.58N
117.48E, 150 m, at light, 18.30-21.00 h., Palum
Tambun, edge of untouched evergreen lowl. rainfor-
est, 17, 18. iii.1987, van Tol & Huisman; in RMNH. —
Paratypes: Sabah. RMNH: same data as holotype, 14,
Malaysia-SE. Sabah, nr. Danum Valley Field C., c.
150 m: Mal. trap 6, 16 (terminalia slide 160), 15-
19.11.1987, C. v. Achterberg; same locality as previ-
ous specimens, WO. Mal. trap 5, 2d, 19 (abdomen
missing), 19.iv.-5.v.1987, 26 (1 with terminalia slide
161), 20.vi-12.vii.1987, 18, 26.v.-20.vi.1987, 13
(terminalia slide 178), 26.x.-22.xi.1987, Mal. trap
11, 19, 20-26.iii.1987, Achterberg & D. Kennedy.
Four specimens retained in the mczc.
Description. — Male: Head exposed, sometimes
only slightly beyond margin of pronotum, interocular
space about the same as distance between ocellar spots
and antennal sockets (fig. 1). Pronotum suboval,
widest behind the middle (fig. 2). Tegmina and wings
fully developed extending beyond end of abdomen,
the former with simple radial vein, and longitudinal
discoidal sectors. Hind wing with proximal costal
veins thickened (not clubbed), radial vein weakly
curved, simple, media and cubitus veins distinctly sig-
moid, the former simple, the latter with two or three
ROTH: New species of Sigmella
complete and two incomplete branches, apical trian-
gle small (fig. 3). Front femur Type B, with four large
proximal spines; pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres
of all legs, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia pre-
sent. First abdominal tergum specialized with a deep
median depression. Seventh abdominal tergum ap-
parently unspecialized. Supraanal plate symmetrical,
with sides of hind margin oblique, narrowly and shal-
lowly concave apically, corners rounded; paraprocts
strongly asymmetrical, the left one with a single large
process that terminates with a spine (there may be an
additional smaller, preapical spine), the right one
with three curved processes (one has a terminal
spine), these arising from a plate whose inner margin
is spined; between the cerci, arising from the ventral
surface of the plate, are one or two small spines below
each of the paraprocts (when viewed ventrally) (fig.
4). Subgenital plate with a pair of stout setose styles,
the right one longer; arising well within the margin of
the plate near the base of the left style is a large
process about the length of the left style, its distal
margin bordered with setae (figs. 5, 6). Genitalia as in
fig. 5: hook on the left side with a preapical incision;
median phallomere a slender rod, its acute apex with
one or two slender setae; right phallomere a greatly re-
duced cleft, and in addition on the right side is a se-
tose structure.
Female: Supraanal plate trigonal, apex rounded.
Front femur Type B, with three large proximal
spines. Cubitus vein of hind wing with two or three
complete and two incomplete branches, apical trian-
gle practically absent. Subgenital plate hind margin,
not crimped.
Colour. — Head yellowish, without distinct mark-
ings, labrum brown (fig. 1); maxillary palpomeres
four and five light brown, segments two and three
paler. Pronotal disk yellowish, laterally margined
with a reddish brown u-shaped band, posteriorly hya-
line but the band appears darker because the underly-
ing dark bases of the tegmina are visible through the
clear area (fig. 2). Tegmina dark brown, anterior bor-
der pale, a continuation of the pale lateral zone of the
pronotum. Hind wing infuscated (fig. 3). Abdominal
terga dark brown, lateral borders lighter. Abdominal
sterna tan. Cerci brown on both surfaces. Legs uni-
formly pale.
Measurements (mm) (9 in parentheses). Length,
9.0-12.0 (9.5); 2.6-2.8 X 3.2-3.7 (2.7-2.8 X 3.4-
3.6); tegmen length, 10.5-11.5 (10.4-10.6); interocu-
lar space, 0.6-0.7 (0.8).
Etymology. — The species is named after the collec-
tor of most of the specimens, Dr. C. van Achterberg,
hymenopterist in the Leiden Museum.
203
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 7-11. Sigmella kinasaba sp. n., male holotype: 7, hind wing; 8, supraanal plate and paraprocts (ventral); 9, head; 10,
pronotum; 11, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal).
Sigmella kinasaba sp. n.
(figs. 7-11)
Type specimens. — Holotype, dg, N. Sabah,
Kinabalu Park H. Q., c. 1600 m, Mal. trap 1, 8-
11.11.1987, C. v. Achterberg; in RMNH: Paratype:
Sabah. RMNH: same locality, date, and collector as
holotype, 1675 m, Mal. trap 3, 16 (terminalia slide
179):
Description. — Male: Head slightly exposed, inter-
ocular space greater than the distance between anten-
nal sockets; eyes reach slightly below the level of an-
tennal sockets (fig. 9). Pronotum subparabolic, sides
204
strongly deflexed (fig. 10). Tegmina and wings ex-
tending well beyond end of abdomen, the former
with longitudinal discoidal sectors. Hind wing with
proximal costal veins thickened, radial vein simple,
media and cubitus veins sigmoid, the former simple,
the latter with three complete and no incomplete
branches, apical triangle small (fig. 7). Front femur
Type B, with five large proximal spines, pulvilli on
four proximal tarsomeres of all legs, tarsal claws sim-
ple, symmetrical, arolia small. First abdominal ter-
gum specialized with numerous long setae on each
side of a fossa. Seventh abdominal tergum unspecial-
ized. Supraanal plate transverse, practically symmetri-
cal, hind margin with a pair of deflexed, setose, medi-
al lobes; paraprocts dissimilar, the left one simpler the
right one with three processes two of which are api-
cally acute (one terminates with a spine), and the
third, apically blunt (fig. 8). Subgenital plate with a
pair of large, cylindrical, apically rounded setose
styles, the right one slightly longer, the left style wich
a process, similar in length, originating near its base
(fig. 11). Genitalia as in fig. 11: hook on the left side,
with a preapical incision; median phallomere a simple
rod with two spines at the apex; right phallomere a
greatly reduced cleft, and with a couple of setose
membranes.
Female: Unknown.
Colour. — Head with occiput and face reddish
brown, cheeks, clypeus, and mandibles yellowish,
labrum darker (fig. 9). Pronotum dark brown with a
pair of hyaline spots on the posterior half through
which the pale underlying tissue is visible, the dark
zone is surrounded by yellowish (fig. 10). Tegmina
hyaline reddish brown with a narrow pale line along
the anterior margin (a continuation of the lateral
colour of the pronotum). Abdominal terga dark
brown, the depressed glandular zone on the first seg-
ment, whitish. Abdominal sterna and legs pale, with-
out markings. Cerci pale dorsally, slightly darker ven-
trally. Legs pale.
Measurements (mm). Length, 9.3-10.0; pronotum
length X width, 2.4-2.6 x 3.1; tegmen length, 10.9-
11.1; interocular space, 0.8-0.9.
Etymology. — The specific name is a combination
of Kinabalu and Sabah.
Remarks. — The bilobed hind margin of the
supraanal plate of male S. kinasaba is distinctive. Its
styles and process near the base of the left style are
similar to those of S. achterbergi.
Sigmella huismanae sp. n.
(figs. 12-17)
Type specimens. — Holotype, d (terminalia slide
180), N. Borneo, Sabah, 24 km on rd. Keningau-
Kimanis (N. side), 116.03E 5.27N, 1350 m, al,
19.xi.1987, J. Huisman & R. de Jong; in RMNH. —
Paratypes: Sabah. RMNH: same data as holotype, 29.
Description. — Male: Interocular space the same as
distance between ocellar spots and antennal sockets
(fig. 14). Pronotum subelliptical, widest behind the
middle (fig. 15). Tegmina and wings extending well
beyond end of abdomen, discoidal sectors of former
longitudinal. Hind wing with most costal veins thick-
ened, radial vein weakly curved, simple, media and
cubitus veins sigmoid, former simple, the cubitus
with three complete and three small incomplete
branches, apical triangle small (as in @, fig. 12).
ROTH: New species of Sigmella
Front femur Type B, with five stout proximal spines;
pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres of all legs, tarsal
claws simple, symmetrical, arolia small. Abdominal
terga one to eight, hairy. First abdominal tergum with
an arch in a medial hairless pale zone, and anteriorly
on each side of this region is a dense group of setae.
Seventh abdominal tergum unspecialized. Supraanal
plate with a distinct transverse groove across the mid-
dle, sides of the hind margin rounded, leading into
the distal margin delineated at each corner by a small,
spine capped papilla (figs. 13, 17); paraprocts strong-
ly dissimilar, the left one with a large, stout, straight
spinelike process that lies dorsad (not shown in the il-
lustration but is indicated by a dark sclerotized
blotch); the right paraproct with four processes, of
which two are large, curved, and terminate in a spine,
the third one is much shorter, straight, also with a
spine at the tip, and the apically rounded tip of the
fourth lies under the left paraproct (fig. 17).
Subgenital plate asymmetrical with most of the stylar
region located to the left of center; styles asymmetri-
cal, cylindrical, densely setose, the right one much
larger; a broad, apically rounded structure originates
near the base of the left style (fig. 16). Genitalia as in
fig. 16: hook on the left side with a preapical incision,
apex of the rodlike median phallomere with a spine;
right phallomere consisting of a small cleft sclerite
that is narrowly attached to an uneven plate, this sep-
arated from a few small sclerites under which (viewed
ventrally) is a small group of setae.
Colour. — Head in part hyaline, yellowish, labrum
light brown (fig. 14); maxillary palpomeres four and
five, light brown, the third segment lighter. Pronotal
disk yellowish, with a pair of reddish brown lateral
bands, the hind border hyaline but darker than the
lateral bands because the underlying dark bases of the
tegmina are visible (fig. 15). Tegmina light brown,
hyaline, humeral vein yellowish. Hind wing infuscat-
ed. Abdominal terga brown, supraanal plate and lat-
eral parts of segment nine yellow, the median trans-
verse groove on the former, dark (fig. 13). Abdominal
sterna yellowish, without markings. Cerci brownish
on both surfaces. Legs pale.
Female: Front femur Type B, with four or five
heavy proximal spines. Cubitus vein of hind wing
with three complete and two incomplete branches
(fig. 12). Supraanal plate shallowly trigonal, brown
with a pale anteromedial zone, or mostly pale with a
narrow, dark, transverse stripe near the hind margin.
Measurements (mm) ( in parentheses). — Length,
11.0 (9.1-1153); pronotum length x width, 2.6 X 3.6
(2.6 X 3.6); tegmen length, 12 (10.3-11.7); interoc-
ular space, 0.7 (0.8).
Etymology. — The species is named after Mrs.
Jolanda Huisman who spent more than a year collect-
ing in Sabah.
205
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 12-17. Sigmella huismanae sp. n., from Keningau-Kimanis, Sabah: 12, female paratype, hind wing; 13-17, male holo-
type: 13, supraanal plate (dorsal); 14, head; 15, pronotum; 16, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal); 17, supraanal plate and
paraprocts (ventral).
206 |
ROTH: New species of Sigmella
1 mm
Figs. 18-23. Sigmella sipitanga sp. n., male holotype: 18, head; 19, hind wing; 20, pronotum; 21, supraanal plate and para-
procts (ventral); 22, subgenital plate (ventral); 23, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal; the styles arise on the ventral surface
of the plate and are shown by broken lines).
Sigmella sipitanga sp. n.
(figs. 18-23) T1B/W4, 19, 14.iii.1989.
Type specimens. — Holotype, d (terminalia slide Description. — Male: Head slightly exposed, inte-
435), Malaysia, Sabah, Sipitang, Mendolong, T5/R, rocular space about the same as the distance between
3.v.1988, S. Adebratt; in zits. — Paratype. Sabah. antennal sockets (fig. 18); fifth maxillary palpal seg-
ZILS: same locality and collector as holotype, ment distinctly swollen. Pronotum subparabolic,
207
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
1 mm 0.5 mm
1 mm
Figs. 24-31. Sigmella barrafordae sp. n., from Sabah: 24-29, males, 26, from holotype, others from paratype: 24, head; 25, !
pronotum; 26, subgenital plate (ventral); 27, supraanal plate and paraprocts (ventral); 28, hind wing; 29, subgenital plate and !
genitalia (dorsal). 30-31, female paratype from same locality as holotype: 30, subgenital and supraanal plates (ventral); 31,
subgenital plate (lateral). |
208
hind margin weakly produced (fig. 20). Tegmina and
wings fully developed extending beyond the end of
the abdomen, the former with longitudinal discoidal
sectors. Hind wing with narrow costal area, all veins
simple except for a branched preterminal one, radial
vein straight, simple, media and cubitus veins deeply
curved, the latter with three complete and one small
incomplete branches, apical triangle small (fig. 19).
Front femur Type B, with four large proximal spines;
pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres, tarsal claws sym-
metrical, simple, arolia well developed. First abdomi-
nal tergum with a large, rectangular, gland anterome-
dially. Seventh abdominal tergum medially with a
pair of distinct fossae separated by a longitudinal
ridge. Supraanal plate (segment ten) with a straight,
transverse impression medially not extending the full
width of the segment (segment ten appears to be two
segments, but terga seven to nine are distinct, and the
slide preparation shows that the groove does not di-
vide the supraanal plate into two segments); hind
margin convexly rounded, entire; right and left para-
procts dissimilar (fig. 21). Subgenital plate asymmet-
rical, hind margin with left side excavated and bear-
ing a foot-shaped process, its toe directed to the right;
a pair of small styles arise on the ventral surface on ei-
ther side of the excavation, the right one longer and
more slender (figs. 22, 23). Genitalia as in fig. 23:
hook on the left side with a preapical incision; medi-
an phallomere a slender, curved, apically acute rod;
right phallomere reduced to the cleft remnant of a
sclerite; a large group of setae is also present on the
right side.
Colour. — Head with yellowish occiput, vertex and
face light reddish brown, the clypeus, labrum and
genae lighter (fig. 18); terminal segment of maxillary
palpi darker than segments three and four; first two
segments of the antennae yellowish, remainder dark.
Pronotum opaque, light reddish brown, lateral areas
light, yellowish (fig. 20). Tegmina reddish brown,
subcostal area yellowish. Hind wing infuscated, costal
vein area darker. Abdominal terga a mixture of light
and dark brown areas, lateral margins pale; tergal
gland on first segment, white; supraanal plate with a
transverse dark line along the medial transverse
groove (similar to the line in huismanae, fig. 13). Legs
yellowish. Cerci yellowish dorsally, brownish ventral-
ly.
Female: Cubitus vein of hind wing with two com-
plete and three small incomplete branches, apical tri-
angle small. Front femur Type B,, with three large
proximal spines. Supraanal plate transverse, hind
Margin convex, entire. Colour lighter than the male:
Head yellowish, unicolorous; maxillary palpi and an-
tennae pale. Pronotum yellowish opaque with a short,
transverse, dark line medially near the hind margin.
Tegmina brownish yellow-hyaline. Hind wing lightly
ROTH: New species of Sigmella
infuscated, costal vein area darker. Abdominal terga
light brown, lateral edges yellowish. Abdominal ster-
na and legs yellow. Cerci dorsally yellow, ventrally
darker.
Measurements (mm) ( in parentheses). — Length,
10.0 (11.0); pronotum length x width, 2.6 X 3.3
(2.4 X 3.2); tegmen length, 10.9 (10.5); interocular
width, 0.7 (0.7).
Remarks. — The male subgenital plate, styles, and
genitalia of sipitanga are similar to those of Sigmella
emarginata (Bruijning) from Sumatra (see fig. 11G,
in Roth, 1991), and suggest a close relationship be-
tween these two species. However, the supraanal
plates and paraprocts clearly differ between these two
taxa.
Sigmella barrafordae sp. n.
(figs. 24-31)
Type specimens. — Holotype, d, Malaysia, SE.
Sabah nr. Danum Valley Field C., WO, c. 150 m,
Mal. trap 11, 14-20.iii.1987, C. v. Achterberg; in
RMNH. — Paratypes: Sabah. RMNH: same data as holo-
type, 1 9; S. Sabah, Beaufort, 105 km S. of Long Pa
Sia area, confluence Sg Pa Sia, Mega., 1210 m, along
S. Mega., 4.26N 115.40E; at light, undisturbed trop-
ical rainforest, 16 (terminalia slide 181), 4.iv.1987,
J. van Tol & J. Huisman; SW. Sabah, nr. Long Pa Sia
(East), c. 1000 m, Mal. trap 5, 19 (abdomen miss-
ing), 1-13.iv.1987, C.v. Achterberg. The following
were collected by C.v. Achterberg & D. Kennedy: SE.
Sabah nr. Danum Valley Field C., c. 150 m, WO,
Mal. Trap 5, 19 (abdomen missing), 26.v.-
20.vi.1987; same locality data, 19 (abdomen miss-
ing), 26.x.-22.xi.1987. One specimen retained in the
MCZC. ZMAN: Sabah, Danum Valley, Sungai Segama,
70 km W. Lahad Datu, W. side suspension bridge,
150 m, Sample Sab. 49, understory, secondary
growth/canopy, riverine rainforest, at light, 1d,
30.xi.1989, M.J. & J.P. Duffels.
Description. — Male: Head slightly exposed; inter-
ocular space about the same as the distance between
ocellar spots (fig. 24). Pronotum suboval (when sides
are not deflexed) (fig. 25). Tegmina and wings fully
developed extending beyond end of abdomen, the
former with simple radial vein and longitudinal dis-
coidal sectors. Hind wing with unbranched costal
veins, most of them thickened, radial vein almost
straight, simple, media and cubitus veins sigmoid, the
former simple, the latter with two complete and one
or two incomplete branches, apical triangle small (fig.
28). Front femur Type B,, with four or five large
proximal spines; pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres
of all legs, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia well
developed. First abdominal tergum specialized, medi-
209
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
33
1 mm 1 mm
Figs. 32-38. Sigmella balikpapanensis sp. n., male holotype: 32, head; 33, pronotum; 34, hind wing; 35, supraanal plate and |
paraprocts (ventral); 36, supraanal plate (dorsal); 37, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal); 38, subgenital plate and styles
(ventral).
210
ally with a depression and small arch, and numerous
setae anterior and to the sides of the fossa. Seventh ab-
dominal tergum unspecialized. Supraanal plate with
hind margin convexly rounded (in the holotype, the
distal part of the plate is curled under so that the ac-
tual shape cannot be seen); paraprocts dissimilar, the
right one with two terminally acute processes, the left
paraproct with a small terminal spine (fig. 27).
Subgenital plate asymmetrical with a pair of setose
styles, che right one much larger; at the base of the
dorsal surface of the left style is a small setose process
(hidden in the pinned specimen, fig. 26) and on the
right side the subgenital plate forms a shelflike exten-
sion above the right style (fig. 29). Genitalia as in fig.
29: hook on left side; distal end of median phallom-
ere curved, apex acute, and with a small preapical ex-
tension; on the right side is a dark setose structure and
a small cleft sclerite.
Colour. — Head yellow without markings, labrum
slightly darker, ocellar spots white (fig. 24). Pronotal
disk yellowish with broad poorly defined light brown
lateral bands, hind border region hyaline but very
dark due to the visible bases of the underlying tegmi-
na, lateral border regions yellowish (fig. 25). Tegmina
hyaline, reddish brown, part of the basal costal vein
margin yellowish. Hind wing darkly infuscated in the
costal vein region, lighter on the rest of the wing with
large clear zones in the anterior field (fig. 28).
Abdominal terga dark brown, depressed glandular
area on the first segment, white. Abdominal sterna
yellowish. Cerci yellowish dorsally, ventrally brown
except for three pale terminal segments. Legs pale.
Female: Hind margin of supraanal plate with a
shallow medial excavation (fig. 30). Subgenital plate
with distal region curved upwards, its margin
crimped forming a basketlike structure (fig. 31). The
pronotal disk is yellowish without dark lateral bor-
ders, but the hyaline hind border is very dark, as in
the male. The base colour of the subgenital plate is
yellow, but a large area is hyaline and dark (greyish)
because of an underlying U-shaped structure (fig.
30).
Measurements (mm) (® in parentheses). — Length,
9.1-10.0 (9.0-10.0); pronotum length X width, 2.5 X
3.0-3.2 (2.4-2.7 X 3.1 [deflexed]-3.6); tegmen length,
10.3-10.6 (10.0-10.5); interocular space, 0.7 (0.8).
Etymology. — The species is dedicated to Dr. Nora
M. Barraford, artist, writer, poet, editor, emeritus
English Professor, and dear friend.
Remarks. — The female's subgenital plate is unusu-
al and unique for species of Sigmella.
Sigmella balikpapanensis sp. n.
(figs. 32-38)
Type specimens. — Holotype, d (terminalia slide
ROTH: New species of Sigmella
182), E. Borneo, Balikpapan, Wain River, 50 m,
Noy.1950, A.M.R. Wegner; in RMNH.
Description. — Male: Interocular space the same as
distance between the antennal sockets and ocellar
spots (fig. 32). Pronotum suboval (fig. 33). Tegmina
and wings fully developed extending beyond end of
abdomen the former with simple radial vein, and lon-
gitudinal discoidal sectors. Hind wing with simple
costal veins, radial vein almost straight, simple, media
and cubitus veins sigmoid, the former simple, the lat-
ter with two complete and two incomplete branches,
apical triangle small (fig. 34). Front femur Type B,
with three or four stout spines; pulvilli on four proxi-
mal tarsomeres of all legs, tarsal claws simple, sym-
metrical, arolia small. First abdominal tergum special-
ized, with a small posteromedial arch. Seventh
abdominal tergum with a pair of large, shallow de-
pressions separated by a low longitudinal ridge, small
setae not concentrated in the fossae but uniformly
distributed over the whole segment. Supraanal plate
with a transverse, curved groove that doesn't reach
the sides of the plate, hind margin unevenly, convex-
ly rounded, (fig. 36); paraprocts strongly dissimilar,
the right one larger with a setose plate and spined
sclerite (fig. 35). Subgenital plate asymmetrical, with
a pair of setose styles, the right one larger; originating
on the dorsal surface at the base of the left style is a
small, apically rounded rod (fig. 37) (in ventral view
hidden in the pinned specimen, fig. 38). Genitalia as
in fig. 37: hook on the left side, curved distal portion
slender, with a preapical incision; median phallomere
rodlike its distal margin with a row of large, closely
spaced spines; right phallomere a reduced cleft scle-
rite.
Female: Unknown.
Colour. — Head, hyaline, mostly yellowish, clypeus
and mandibles whitish (fig. 32). Pronotal disk yel-
lowish, with a reddish brown U-shaped macula, later-
al and anterior borders opaque yellowish (fig. 33).
Tegmina hyaline, reddish brown. Hind wing infus-
cated, darkest in the costal vein area, pale clear areas
in the anterior field, posterior field uniformly dark
(fig. 34). Abdominal terga dark reddish brown, glan-
dular area on the first segment whitish, the longitudi-
nal ridge separating the fossae on the seventh abdom-
inal tergum pale. Abdominal sterna yellowish brown.
Cerci dark brown on both surfaces.
Measurements (mm). Length, 9.0; pronotum
length X width, 2.5 3.2; tegmen length, 10.4; in-
terocular space, 0.7.
Remarks. — The supraanal plate of balikpapanensis
(fig. 36) is similar to that of S. charon (Hanitsch)
(Roth, 1991: fig. 9G). Their paraprocts and median
genital phallomere are strikingly different (cp. figs.
35, 37, with figs. 9E, F in Roth 1991).
211
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 39-43. Sigmella mendolonga sp. n., male holotype: 39, head; 40, pronotum; 41, subgenital plate (ventral; the large setose
process that arises on the dorsal surface of the plate anterior to the styles is not visible in the pinned specimen); 42, supraanal
plate and paraprocts (ventral); 43, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal; the broken line indicates that part of the left style that
is hidden by the large setose plate).
212
Sigmella mendolonga sp. n.
(figs. 39-43)
Type specimens. — Holotype, d (terminalia slide
436), Malaysia, Sabah, Sipitang, Mendolong,
T1B/W4, 17.11.1989, S. Adebratt; in zits. —
Paratype. Sabah. zits: same locality and collector as
holotype, T5/R, 19, 29.iv.1988.
Description. — Male: Head with interocular space
slightly greater than the distance between antennal
sockets (fig. 39). Pronotum subparabolic, hind mar-
gin weakly curved (fig. 40). Tegmina and wings fully
developed extgending well beyond end of abdomen,
the former with longitudinal discoidal sectors. Hind
wing with simple costal veins, costal field narrow, ra-
dial vein simple, weakly curved, media and cubitus
veins deeply curved, the latter with two complete and
one small incomplete branches, apical triangle small.
Front femur Type B, with four large proximal spines;
pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres, tarsal claws sym-
metrical, simple, arolia present. Anteromedial region
of first abdominal tergum with a deep, square depres-
sion containing a raised mound. Seventh abdominal
tergum apparently unspecialized. Supraanal plate
hind margin undulate, ventrally incrassate on each
side of the midline, the thickened areas bearing a row
of setae (in the pinned specimen the hind margin is
curled ventrad and its true shape is not seen until a
slide is made); right and left paraprocts dissimilar,
complex, bearing large, curved spinelike processes
(fig. 42). Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical, hind
margin bearing a long pair of contiguous, cylindrical
styles (figs. 41, 43); in dorsal view there is a large, ir-
regular, setose plate arising anterior to the left style
[this is not seen in the pinned specimen but is strik-
ingly shown in the slide preparation (fig. 43)].
Genitalia as in fig. 43: hook on the left side, with a
preapical incision; median phallomere a filamentous,
apically rounded rod; right phallomere consisting of
three sclerites, a cleft apparently absent; a group of se-
tae is present on the right side.
Female: Cubitus vein of hind wing with one forked
complete and one incomplete branches, apical trian-
ROTH: New species of Sigmella
gle small. Supraanal plate hind margin convexly
rounded, entire.
Colour. — Head (including occiput and vertex)
dark reddish brown, except for the yellow clypeus,
labrum, and mandibles (fig. 39). Pronotum dark red-
dish brown, the lateral regions opaque yellow (fig.
40). Tegmina dark reddish brown, subcostal field yel-
low. Hind wing darkly infuscated, costal vein area
darker. Abdominal terga brown. Abdominal sterna
and legs brownish yellow. Cerci dorsally light brown,
ventrally darker.
Measurements (mm) ( in parentheses). — Length,
9.0 (9.0); pronotum length x width, 2.6 X 3.3 (2.6 X
3.1); tegmen length, 9.9 (10.0); interocular width,
0.8 (0.9).
Remarks. — The long, contiguous styles distinguish
this species from all other known species of Sigmella.
The colour pattern of the pronotum of mendolonga is
similar to that of Sigmella fragilis Hebard from
Sumatra (see fig. 7A in Roth 1991).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank the Australian Biological Resources Survey
(ABRS) for partial support, and the museums, cura-
tors, and collection managers indicated in the intro-
duction, who loaned me specimens.
REFERENCES
Bruijning, C.F.A., 1948. Studies on Malayan Blattidae. —
Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 29: 1-174.
Hebard, M., 1940. New generic name to replace Sigmoidella
Hebard, not of Cushman and Ozana (Orthoptera:
Blattidae). — Entomological News 51: 236.
Princis, K., 1969. Blattariae: Subordo Epilamproidea, Fam.:
Blattellidae. — In Beier (ed.): Orthopterorum Catalogus
13: 711-1038. 's-Gravenhage.
Roth, L.M., 1991. The cockroach genera Sigmella Hebard
and Scalida Hebard (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blattellidae).
— Entomologica Scandinavica 22: 1-29.
Received: 1 July 1996
Accepted: 5 October 1996
213
TIJDSCHRIET VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
BOOK REVIEW
Eivind Palm, 1996. Nordeuropas Snudebiller. 1. De
kortsnudede arter (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -
med saerligt henblik pà den danske fauna. —
Danmarks Dyreliv 7, 356 pp. 8 colour plates, 491
text figs. In Danish with English summary.
Hardback. [1sBN 87-88757-38-2]. Price DKK
400.-.
The series Danmarks Dyreliv (‘Fauna of
Denmark’) is a nicely made series, usually with colour
plates, dealing up till now with insects only. Sofar
most volumes were on Lepidoptera, two dealt with
Syrphidae, and this is the first volume on beetles
(Coleoptera). As in most previous volumes, the book
treats the fauna of a large part of northern Europe. In
this case 177 species belonging to the subfamilies
Brachycerinae and Otiorhynchinae are dealt with.
The remaining (sub)families of weevils will be cov-
ered in another two or three volumes.
Despite the fact that the book is written in Danish,
which might pose a problem to those not familiar
with scandinavian languages, it is a very good addi-
tion to the existing keys for curculionid beetles. This
is particularly so because of the superb colour-plates
made by Geert Brovad. Existing keys (Faune de
France, Kafer Mitteleuropas) only have simple line-
drawings. Although the many very similar species cer-
tainly cannot be identified by the colour-plates alone,
it is of a great help compared with previous keys. The
natural size of the beetles is shown in black contours
facing the plates, which are enlarged about 2 to 4
times.
214
After a short introduction, all species are treated in
detail, with keys for each subfamily and genus. Many
text-figures provide details for identification; some
species are shown in enlarged habitus drawings (most-
ly from Victor Hansen's Danmarks Fauna volume) or
black and white photographs. The descriptions are
lengthy, with much detail on faunistics and biology.
There is always a map of northern Europe, with dots
for each district where the species was recorded. For
Denmark and southeastern Sweden a detailed urm
map (10 km grid) is shown when relevant. The biolo-
gy is frequently illustrated with a sketch of the damage
pattern. In some cases the habitat is shown in a photo-
graph. The English summary for each species covers
distribution and biology. References are cited by num-
ber. There is a list of 1044 literature references and
165 references to letters or personal communications.
The use of the number system has as a consequence
that the list of references is not completely alphabeti-
cal. After the 'Z' follow still almost 20 references out
of alphabetic order.
It is a pity that there is no index or catalogue to
hostplants; it is to be hoped that it will be added in the
coming volumes. Also a check-list is missing. Another
minor point of criticism is that the recent faunistic lit-
erature for The Netherlands was missed.
Eivind Palm has made a remarkable contribution
to entomology. Within the last ten years he has writ-
ten three volumes in the series Danmarks Dyreliv, the
previous two ones on Microlepidoptera, and now he
is only beginning with this new series on weevils.
[Erik J. van Nieukerken]
Louis M. ROTH
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
THE COCKROACH GENERA SUNDABLAT TA
HEBARD, PSEUDOPHYLLODROMIA BRUNNER, AND
ALLACTA SAUSSURE & ZEHNTNER (BLAT TARIA:
BLATTELLIDAE, PSEUDOPHYLLODROMIINAE)
Roth, L. M., 1996. The cockroach genera Sundablatta Hebard, Pseudophyllodromia Brunner,
and Allacta Saussure & Zehntner (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Pseudophyllodromiinae). —
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 215-242, figs. 1-77. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 18
December 1996.
The known species of Sundablatta and Pseudophyllodromia are redescribed. Two new species of
Pseudophyllodromia are described. Keys are presented to distinguish the adults in both genera.
Euhanitschia Princis and Compsosilpha Princis are synonymized with Allacta, and their type
species are redescribed. Allacta figurata (Walker) and A. diluta (Saussure) are distinct species.
Dr. L.M. Roth, 81 Brush Hill Road, Sherborn, MA 01770, U.S.A.
Key words. — Sundablatta, Pseudophyllodromia, Allacta, Blattaria, Blattellidae, cockroaches, tax-
onomy, redescriptions, new species, synonymies.
Princis (1969: 931) listed two species under
Sundablatta, namely sexpunctata and pulcherrima, and
a third, Margattea inermis Bey-Bienko with a query.
Bey-Bienko's (1938: 121) description of inermis does
not agree with the diagnostic characters of the genus.
Excluding inermis which I have not seen, I added a
third species, namely Allacta raapi Hanitsch, as a new
combination, based on the original description and il-
lustration (Roth 1993: 387). I also describe below, a
strikingly coloured nymph which may prove to be a
new species when the adults are found.
Princis (1969: 932) listed five species and one sub-
species of Pseudophyllodromia. These are redescribed,
and the previously unknown or undescribed males of
ornata and laticeps are described. Two new species,
simalurensis and aronsoni are described, and poiensis
laeta Hanitsch is raised to species rank.
Two of Princis's genera (1950: 178, 180), namely
Euhanitschia and Compsosilpha are synonymized with
Allacta Saussure and Zehntner.
The following museums and their collection man-
agers or curators kindly loaned me specimens:
ANSP — The Academy of Natural Science of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia. PA, U.S.A.; Mr. Donald
Azuma; Heco — Hope Entomological Collections,
University of Oxford, England; Dr. George C.
McGavin & Mr. I. Lansbury; mczc — Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA, U.S.A; RMNH — National Museum
of Natural History (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke
Historie), Leiden, The Netherlands; Mr. J. van Tol;
zits — Zoological Institute, Lund, Sweden; Dr. Roy
Danielsson.
SYSTEMATIC PART
Subfamilial placement and affinities
Sundablatta, Pseudophyllodromia, and Allacta Saus-
sure and Zehntner are closely related by reason of
strong similarities in their wing venation and male
genital phallomeres, subgenital plate, and styles (cf. il-
lustrations in this paper with those in Roth 1991,
1993, 1995). Their male genital hook is on the right
side placing them in the Pseudophyllodromiinae (=
Plectopterinae of McKittrick, 1964). Wing venation
is similar.
Princis (1950: 180) included four genera in the
Pseudophyllodromiae group, namely Pseudophyllo-
dromia, Sundablatta, Euhanitschia Princis, and
Compsosilpha Princis. After examining the type
species of the last two genera I am redescribing them
(below) and synonymizing them with Allacta.
Princis listed Allacta (genus 114) near the above
four genera (genera 115 to 118) in his Catalogus sug-
gesting that he was aware of their close relationship.
Princis presented a key to distinguish the four genera
(omitting Allacta) in his Pseudophyllodromiae group.
The following key replaces his key (it is understood
215
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
that his Pseudophyllodromiae group may include
other genera not studied here).
1. Front femur Type C; pulvilli only on the fourth
proximal tarsomere of all legs. Eyes not extending
below the level of the antennal sockets (e.g., fig.
Ee Sundablatta
= Eronetemur usuallyaliypeiB ne. 2
2. Pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres of the front
and midtarsi, and only on the fourth tarsomere of
the hind legs. Eyes do not extend below the level
of the antennal sockets (e.g., fig. 13)
TESTER Pseudophyllodromia
— Pulvilli only on the fourth proximal tarsomere of
all legs. Eyes usually extend below the level of the
antennal sockets (e.g., fig. 60; see also figs. in
Roth 1991, 1993, 1995); if the eyes do not ex-
tend below the sockets then the head and prono-
tum have markings as in figs. 65 and 66 … Allacta
(= Euhanitschia and Compsosilpha)
Genus Sundablatta Hebard
Sundablatta Hebard, 1929: 76. — Type species: Pseudo-
phyllodromia sexpunctata Hanitsch. — Hebard 1929: 76,
by selection.
Diagnosis (after Hebard). — Head very broad pro-
jecting beyond pronotum, interocular space very
wide. Pronotum symmetrically transverse trapezoidal
with rounded angles. Tegmina and wings moderately
reduced, discoidal sectors of former oblique, area of
costal veins of latter very broad. Front femora very
heavy, anteroventral margin armed with a row of pil-
iform spinules, terminating in two long distal spines
[Type C,]; median tarsi with a small pulvillus on the
fourth segment only. Male abdominal terga unspe-
cialized. Subgenital plate of the Balta [= Mareta] type.
To the above can be added the following: The in-
terocular space is about the same or greater than the
distance between the antennal sockets; eyes do not ex-
tend below the antennal sockets (figs. 3, 11). The
shape of the adult pronotum is more oval than trape-
zoidal (figs. 1, 7). Hind wing with simple radial and
media vein, the cubitus vein straight with complete
and with or without an incomplete branch, apical tri-
angle subobsolete or absent (figs. 6, 10). Fourth tar-
somere of all legs (not just the median tarsus) with a
pulvillus, tarsal claws simple, symmetrical, arolia pre-
sent. Genital hook on the right side; distal end of me-
dian phallomere with setal brushes.
The habitus of the three known species are similar
and readily identifies the genus: the head is black with
a narrow white band between the eyes above the an-
tennae (figs. 3-11; the pronotum is black with a nar-
row white or white and yellowish band partially or
completely surrounding the border, and the tegmina
216
are black with white, white and yellowish, or orangish
maculae (figs. 1, 7).
Key to adults of Sundablatta
1. Pale band around the pronotal macula horseshoe
shaped, following the lateral and anterior margins
but not extending along the hind border
(Flanitsc 1952 2:11 28) raapi
— Pale band completely or almost completely sur-
rounds the lateral, anterior, and posterior mar-
PINS CONTRE MACUIAN. TTT 2
2. Pale band is complete around the edge of the
pronotum (e.g., fig. 1). Tegmina with two pale
maculae (exclusive of the pale subcostal area) … 3
— Pale band on pronotum is interrupted in the
middle of the hind margin (fig. 7). Tegmen with
three elongated, separated maculae, one in the
center, another in the apical part of the marginal
field, and a third in the middle of the wing cover
(fig. 7). Male interstylar margin as in fig. 8
2 Pia EAN MAR EEEN EERE ee ER sexpunctata
3. Tegmina with the anterior pale macula an invert-
ed V-shape (fig. 1). Male interstylar margin as in
AL TO AI ER A LS pulcherrima
— Tegmina with the anterior pale macula an
oblique stripe, not V-shaped (®) …
Sundablatta pulcherrima (Shelford)
(figs. 1-6)
Pseudophyllodromia pulcherrima Shelford, 1906: 266, pl. 14,
fig. 3 (male and female). — Shelford 1908: 17; Hanitsch
1915: 59, pl.3, fig. 15; 1923a: 464; 1925: 89; 1933a:
314; 1933b: 232.
Sundablatta pulcherrima. — Hebard 1929: 76; Bruijning
1948: 89; Princis 1969: 931.
Material examined. — Lectotype (here designated), 3,
N.W. Borneo, Kuching [sarawak], capt. 9.x.1899 by Dyak
coll, pres. 1900 by R. Shelford; Type 108 ‘/,, in HECO.
SARAWAK. Paralectotypes: HECO: same locality and collector
data as for the lectotype, with different capture dates and
type numbers as follows: 18, 108'/,,, 14.viii.1899, 1 d,
108°/,,, 13.vii.1899, 19, 108°/,,, 5.viii.1899, 19, 108‘/,, |
9.x.1899, 19, 108°/,, 7.iii.1900, 18, 108%/,,, 26.x.1899,
13, 108/,, 27.vii.1900. Additional material: BORNEO.
ANSP: Kuching, N.W. Borneo, 1 9 (only head and prono- |
tum intact), flowering tree, 17.ix.1900, 19, 9.viii.1899,
Dyak coll, pres. 1900 by R. Shelford. Additional material. —
Sarawak. zits: Bako National Park, 19,
16 (terminalia slide 166), 19, 22.11.1987, 29, 20.1.1987,
J. Huisman. ansp: 1d, 1911-178, CJ. Brooks (det. |
Hebard, 1927, and Uvarov). Two females retained in mczc.
Sabah. zis: Malaysia, Sabah, Sipitang, Mendolong, |
T1B/W4, 19, 14.iii.1989, S. Adebratt. RMNH: SE. Sabah, |
1-9.1.1979, |
Gärdenfors, Hall, Hansson, Samuelsson. Heco: 12, Mount |
Poi, 200 ft; retained in mczc. Borneo. RMNH: 16 km N. of |
Bario, Long Rapun, Sg. Dapur, 115.35°E 3.53°N, 1200 m, |
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
Figs. 1-6. Sundablatta pulcherrima (Shelford). — 1, 3, 6, female paralectotype from Kuching, Sarawak, habitus, head, and hind
wing respectively; 2, 4, 5, male from 16 km north of Bario, Long Rapun, Sarawak: 2, supraanal plate and paraprocts (ventral);
4, subgenital plate (dorsal); 5, genitalia (dorsal).
Malaysia, Danum Valley Field C., c. 150 m, Malaise trap
10, 12, 20-26.iii.1987, C. v. Achterberg. ansp: Sandakan,
Borneo, 29 (det. Hebard, 1927), Baker. BRUNEI. ZILS:
Brunei, Borneo, 1 9, Staudinger, coll. Br. v. W.
Redescription. — Male: Head projecting beyond
edge of pronotum. Interocular distance the same as
the space between the antennal sockets (fig. 3). Pro-
notum suboval (fig. 1). Tegmina and wings reaching
slightly beyond end of abdomen, discoidal sectors of
former oblique. Hind wing with subcostal vein reach-
ing to about middle of the costa, costal veins thick-
ened on distal halves, radial vein straight, simple or
with a small apical branch; cubitus vein straight with
three or four complete and no, or one small incom-
IMI
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
plete branch, apical triangle absent (fig. 6). [in one
specimen, the left hind wing is abnormal with the po-
sitions of the media and cubitus veins apparently re-
versed; the media vein is straight with three complete
branches, cubitus vein oblique at distal end with one
small branch, apical triangle absent]. Front femur
with a row of closely spaced piliform spinules, distal-
ly there may be two to four more widely spaced and
thicker ‘spinules’ of similar length (Type C,); fourth
tarsomere of all legs with pulvilli, tarsal claws simple,
symmetrical, arolia small. Abdominal terga unspecial-
ized. Supraanal plate strongly transverse, very narrow,
hind margin convexly rounded; right and left para-
procts similar, large sclerotized plates (fig. 2). Sub-
genital plate symmetrical, hind margin with a deep,
narrow excision medially, forming a pair of acute
lobes, which (in pinned specimen) are contiguous
forming a longitudinal keel-like ridge; styles similar,
small, each located to the side of the lobes (fig. 4).
Genitalia as in fig. 4: hook on the right side with a
preapical incision; median phallomere with a large se-
tal brush near its apex, and arising near the middle is
a branch whose distal half is enlarged and setose; a
narrow, curved, accessory median phallomere, lies
under the median sclerotization; left phallomere con-
sisting of several sclerites, one with some setae.
Female: Supraanal plate transverse, hind margin
with a shallow indentation mesad, not reaching hind
margin of the trigonal subgenital plate whose sides are
upturned. Tegmina and wings fully developed, but
reaching only slightly beyond end of abdomen.
Colour. — Head black with a narrow, transverse,
yellowish white line between the eyes, just above the
antennal sockets; lower half of clypeus and distal half
of mandibles pale (fig. 3). Pronotum black bordered
by a partly hyaline, whitish band which extends
around the anterior and posterior margins, but later-
ally is submarginal (fig. 1). Tegmina with the humer-
al region whitish, and an inverted V-shaped yellowish
white, sometimes partly hyaline macula, one arm
whitish the other often yellowish; posterior to the V
shaped macula is a whitish mark (with yellowish tinge
along the margins) that usually does not extend to the
wing margin (fig. 1). Wings infuscated, darker in the
proximal half of the costal area just before a whitish,
hyaline macula, and in the distal region of the anteri-
or field (fig. 6). Abdominal terga black with small tri-
angular white spots on the lateral margins of three or
four medial segments. Abdominal sterna black with
reddish spots (hyaline areas through which the under-
lying tissue is visible), basomedially on the subgenital
plate and two of the preterminal segments. Coxae
black, their apexes, and trochanters yellowish, femora
and tibiae black, metatarsi brown, remaining tar-
someres similar or slightly darker. Cerci dorsally black
with three terminal segments white, the acute apex
218
dark; ventrally dark except for a pale preterminal
spot. The hind margin of the female's supraanal plate
has a small white dot at the median invagination.
Measurements (mm) (2 in parentheses). Length,
7.0-8.0 (7.0-9.0); pronotum length X width,2.2-2.3
X 3.3-3.5 (2.2-2.4 X 3.3-3.6); tegmen length, 6.8-
7.5 (6.5-7.2); interocular width, 0.9-1.0 (0.9-1.0).
Remarks. — According to Shelford (1906: 267) this
species is abundant in decayed wood. He also stated
that the almost cylindrical ootheca is carried by the
female, with the keel uppermost (not rotated). This
plus the fact that the male's genital hook is on the
right side places the genus in the Pseudophyllo-
dromiinae.
Sundablatta sexpunctata (Hanitsch)
(figs. 7-10)
Pseudophyllodromia sex-punctata Hanitsch, 1923a: 418, fig.
15 (male and female).
Sundablatta sexpunctata. — Hebard 1929: 76; Bruijning
1948: 89; Princis 1969: 932.
Material examined. — Lectotype (here designated), 6,
MALAYSIA, Selangor, collected 1907 and presented 1908 by
H. C. Pratt; Type Orth. 267'/,, in Heco. Paralectotype.
MALAYSIA. HECO: Type Orth, 267°/,, same locality as lecto-
type, d (not 9, as published) (terminalia slide 241), capt.
22.11.1908 and pres. 1908 by G. Meade-Waldo. Additional
material. — ANSP: Perak Hills, 2300-4000 ft, 1 9, 1903-
229, H.N. Ridley (det. Hebard, 1927, and Uvarov). MCZC:
Selan. Lima Blas Est., 1 ®, 5.1.1975, J. Fleagle.
Redescription. — Male: Head exposed, interocular
space about the same as the distance between anten-
nal sockets. Pronotum suboval, widest behind the
middle (fig. 7). Tegmina and wings reaching to end
of abdomen, the former with oblique discoidal sec-
tors. Hind wing with subcosta reaching to about mid-
dle of the costa, most costal veins thickened, radial
vein straight, simple, media vein straight with one
long and one short branch at distal end (left wing), or
with one branch only (right wing of same specimen);
cubitus vein straight with four or five complete (dif-
fers on the right and left wings of same specimen) and
no incomplete branches, apical triangle absent (fig.
10). Front femur Type C,; pulvilli only on the fourth
tarsomere of all legs, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple,
arolia small. Abdominal terga unspecialized. Supra-
anal plate transverse, convexly rounded, right and left
paraprocts similar, simple plates. Subgenital plate
symmetrical, styles small, similar, cylindrical, inter-
stylar margin with a small V shaped medial excision
(fig. 8). Genitalia as in fig. 9: hook on the right side
with a preapical incision; in addition there is a large
setal brush on the right side; median phallomere
broad proximally, becoming narrow, and with about
the distal third modified with setal brushes; left phal-
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
Figs. 7-12. Sundablatta spp.
7-10, Sundablatta sexpunc-
tata (Hanitsch) males from
Selangor, Malay Peninsula:
7, lectotype, habitus; 8-10,
paralectotype: 8, subgenital
plate (dorsal); 9, genitalia
(dorsal); 10, hind wing. —
11, 12, Sundablatta sp.
male nymph from Sabah,
head and habitus respec-
tively.
219
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
lomere consisting of several nonsetose sclerites.
Female (not seen): Hanitsch claimed to have de-
scribed both the male and female, but the two type
specimens are males. Hanitsch (1923a: 419) stated
that he collected males and females on Bukit Kutu,
Selangor, Gunong Kledang, Perak, and Penang Hill.
The female apparently is undescribed, but its habitus
is probably similar to the male.
Colour. — Shining black. Head black with a nar-
row, transverse, whitish line above the antennal sock-
ets between the eyes. Pronotum shiny black bordered
with a white, yellowish tinged encircling band which
is submarginal laterally, and reaches the anterior and
posterior margins, the latter narrowly interrupted me-
dially (fig. 7). Tegmina black each with three macu-
lae: the most anterior one (white and orangish) in the
center of the marginal field, the second (white) elon-
gate, in the middle, and the most posterior one (hya-
line, through which a white macula in the costal vein
region of the hind wing is visible) reaches the wing
margin (fig. 7). Hind wing infuscated, with a white
macula on the thickened parts of the costal veins (fig.
10). Coxae, femora, and tibiae black, tarsi reddish
brown. Cerci dorsally with apical segment black,
penultimate segment white, the preceding one with
white laterally on one side, remaining cercomeres
black, ventral surface black.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 6.8-7.5; prono-
tum length X width, 2.2 X 3.4-3.5; tegmen length,
5.5-5.9; interocular width, 0.9-1.0.
Sundablatta raapi (Hanitsch)
Allacta raapi Hanitsch, 1932a: 66, fig. 8 (2); Princis, 1969:
1013 (sp. incertae sedis). — Holotype [not examined]: 2,
Batu Island, W. Sumatra, 1896-7, H. Raap; in the
Genova Museum, Italy.
? Pseudoceratinoptera raapi (Hanitsch). — Bruijning 1948: 88.
Sundablatta raapi (Hanitsch). — Roth 1993: 387.
Description (after Hanitsch). — Female: Head
freely exposed. Pronotum subparabolic. Tegmina and
wings not quite reaching end of abdomen, discoidal
sector of former oblique. Hind wing with simple ra-
dial and media veins, cubitus with four branches.
Front femur unarmed.
Colour. — Head deep amber, with a transverse
white line between the eyes and antennal sockets.
Pronotum deep amber with a broad, horseshoe
shaped white line that extends from the posterior cor-
ners, submarginally along the lateral and marginally
around the anterior margins; the white line is absent
from along the hind margin of the pronotum.
Tegmina amber with two lighter patches, one in the
center, the other near the distal end of the anterior
border. Wings dull orange, costal area with a large
whitish patch. Abdomen light castaneous to dark am-
220
ber. Cerci brownish with whitish tips. Legs dark am-
ber.
Total length, 9.0 mm.
Remarks. — Hanitsch's habitus drawing, and de-
scription of the head and pronotal colour pattern, the
reduced tegmina (with its pale markings) and wings,
convinces me that this species belongs in Sundablatta.
Although Hanitsch claimed the front femur is un-
armed he may not have seen the piliform spinules
(which are difficult to detect along the black femur),
or he did not consider the spinules as ‘armament’.
Sundablatta sp.
(figs. 11, 12)
Material examined. — SABAH. RMNH: Malaysia, Sabah,
LPS-L, Semado trail nr. Borden, 115.40°E 4.20°N, 1520 m,
1 & nymph, 22-24.x. 1986, J. Huisman.
Description. — Nymph (male; habitus, fig. 12):
Head exposed, interocular space greater than the dis-
tance between antennal sockets (fig. 11). Pronotum
parabolic, hind margin almost straight (fig. 12).
Tegmina and wings absent (fig. 12). Front femur
with a row of piliform spinules, terminating in one
large spine (Type C,); pulvillus on fourth tarsomere
of all legs, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia pre-
sent. Supraanal plate strongly transverse, very narrow,
hind margin convexly rounded, entire.
Colour . — Head black with a fine white line be-
tween the eyes, distal part of clypeus pale, labrum
dark (fig. 11); antennae yellowish, maxillary palps
pale. Thorax and abdominal terga black with the fol-
lowing markings: pronotum with a yellowish (and
whitish tinge) horseshoe shaped band, hind margin
with a very fine, partly incomplete, whitish line; the
yellow band of the pronotum continues along the lat-
eral margins of the meso and metanotum, the latter
with a pair of large, slightly irregular, round, medial
yellow maculae. Abdominal terga two to four with a
narrow yellow marginal stripe; abdominal tergum
four with a pair of broad yellow maculae which are
connected on the hind margin of the segment, the
yellow colour narrowly overlapping the posterior
margin of segment three and the anterior margin of
segment four; distal half of supraanal plate yellow
(fig. 12). Abdominal sterna dark brown. Femora and
tibiae dark brown, tarsi pale. Cerci yellow on both
surfaces, their acute apexes dark.
Adults. — Unknown.
Measurements (mm). — Length 4.8; pronotum
length X width, 1.3 X 2.2.
Remarks. — This species is either the immature of
one of the known species of Sundablatta, or it may
prove to be a new taxon when the adult is found.
Sundablatta sp.
Sundablatta pulcherrima. — Princis 1950: 178 (female) (not
Shelford).
Material examined. — SUMATRA. ZILS: Sumatra,
Tandjong, Sakti, 1 2, Mrs. M.E. Walsh (det. as pulcherrima
by Princis).
Description. — Head with interocular width the
same as the distance between antennal sockets; fifth
maxillary palpomere swollen, longer than the fourth
segment; antennae filamentous. Tegmina and wings
equally developed but somewhat reduced reach to
about the supraanal plate. Pronotum flattened, subel-
liptical, widest near the hind margin. Front femur
Type C,, pulvilli on fourth tarsomere of all legs, tarsal
claws symmetrical, simple, arolia present. Hind wings
with simple radial vein, median vein apparently ab-
sent, cubitus vein with one or two complete and no
incomplete branches, apical triangle absent.
Supraanal plate transverse, hind margin convexly
rounded with a distinct medial excavation.
Colour. — Head and pronotal markings as in pul-
cherrima (figs. 1, 3). Mesonotum black, metanotum
brown. Tegmina black proximally becoming brown
distally and with some clear areas apically and with
two narrow yellowish stripes, one near the subcostal
area and the other shorter one to its left and partly
posterior to it. Hind wings darkly infuscated, and
with a white macula in the costal area (as in fig. 6).
Abdominal terga on distal half of the abdomen
brown, only two of these segments with yellowish
spots on their lateral margins, segments on posterior
half of abdomen blackish. Abdominal sterna blackish
brown. Coxae dark brown, trochanter yellowish,
femora dark brown, tibiae lighter brown, tarsal seg-
ments lighter.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 8.5; pronotum
length X width, 2.4 X 3.7; tegmen length, 5.4;
interocular width, 1.0.
Remarks. — Princis identified this specimen as S.
pulcherrima. However, the tegminal markings
markedly differ (the anterior tegminal macula is not
an inverted V-shape), whereas more than 20 speci-
mens of pulcherrima that I have examined have mark-
ings similar to that shown in fig. 1. Abdominal terga
and sterna, and legs also differ in colour. The tegmi-
nal and pronotal markings of this specimen differ
from those of sexpunctata (fig. 7) and raapi (see de-
scription).
Pseudophyllodromia Brunner
Pseudophyllodromia Brunner, 1865: 111. — Hebard 1929:
76.
Type species: Pseudophyllodromia ornata Brunner, by
monotypy.
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
Diagnosis (after Hebard). — Head broad, project-
ing beyond the pronotum. Interocular space narrow.
Pronotum transverse trapezoidal with rounded an-
gles. Tegmina and wings fully developed, discoidal
sectors of former longitudinal. Costal vein area of
hind wing broad. Anteroventral margin of front fe-
mur with proximal heavy spines, succeeded by a row
of piliform spines, terminating in three elongate distal
spines (Type B,); median tarsi with small pulvilli on
four proximal tarsomeres. Male abdominal terga un-
specialized. Subgenital plate of the Mareta [= Balta]
type.
To the above can be added the following:
Interocular space distinctly less than the distance be-
tween the antennal sockets, and the eyes do not ex-
tend below them (fig. 13). The pronotum usually is
more subelliptical than trapezoidal (fig. 15).
Discoidal sectors of the tegmina may be longitudinal,
oblique, or intermediate between the two (i.e., sub-
longitudinal); the veins may be longitudinal on one
tegmen and oblique on the other, in the same speci-
men. The cubitus vein of the hind wing with three to
five complete rami (figs. 38, 51), and rarely with an
incomplete branch (fig. 48), apical triangle absent.
The front and mid tarsi with pulvilli on four proximal
tarsomeres, hind tarsus with a pulvillus on the fourth
tarsomere only; tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, aro-
lia present. The subgenital plate usually is not Balta-
like. Male genital hook on the right side; median gen-
ital phallomere with setal modifications at the distal
end.
Key to adults of Pseudophyllodromia
Il Face without pale markings (exclusive of a
pale band on the clypeus) (figs. 22, 25)...... D
= Eaceswichipaleimarkang gesessen 5
2(1) Last maxillary palpomere white. Pronotal
disk macula subtrapezoidal, the oblique mar-
gins highlighted with a narrow yellowish
band (fig. 23) (d & ?); male genitalia as in
RAMO O bone laticeps
- Last maxillary palpomere dark brown.
Pronotal disk macula not as above … … …. 3
3(2) Anterior margin of pronotal disk macula sud-
denly narrowed and reaching the anterior
margin of the pronotum, broad lateral zones
yellowish white (fig. 26) … … … mentawiensis
= Pronotal disk macula not as above … … …. 4
4(3) Pronotal disk macula reaching the hind mar-
gin of the pronotum, lateral and anterior
zones subhyaline yellowish (fig. 30). Male
genitaliaasiniti sa ZN simalurensis
= Pronotal disk macula trapezoidal, completely
surrounded by opaque yellowish (fig. 42) …
SEES EE ee ee ae aronsoni
5(1) Face blackish brown with a very narrow … …
221
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 13-17. Pseudophyllodromia ornata Brunner from Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippine Islands. 13-16 males: 13, head; 14,
supraanal plate and paraprocts (ventral); 15, pronotum; 16, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal); 17, female, subgenital plate
(ventral).
transverse, yellow stripe between the eyes
above the antennal sockets, and a broader
band on the frons (fig. 13). Pronotal disk
macula black, completely surrounded by a
yellow band (fig. 15) (6 & ®). Male inter-
stylar margin with a symmetrical V-shaped
excision (fig. 16). Female subgenital plate
with a large, inverted U shaped yellow macu-
lafanteromedialiy((fi MM) ME eten ornata
Facial markings, female subgenital plate
colour pattern, and male interstylar margin
(known) notasaboyes nno
Face with variable patterns of yellow, and
[eN
222
7(6)
light and dark brown maculae (e.g. fig. 35).
Pronotal disk macula black, its anterior bor-
der margined with white, sometimes with
pale margined posteriorly, and incompletely
laterally (fig. 37) (6 & 9). Male interstylar
margin with a deep, asymmetrical, curved ex-
CAVATONU (GIS) enne laticaput
Region above the antennal sockets with a
curved, whitish band above the antennal
sockets. Male interstylar margin not as above
Curved whitish band on head poorly delin-
eated, blending into the yellowish orange face
(fig. 46). Pronotal disk macula not clearly de-
lineated, blending into yellowish anterior and
posterior margins (fig. 47) (4 & 9). Male
interstylar margin with a broad, asymmetri-
cal, V-shaped excision (fig. 49). Female sub-
genital plate without distinct dark maculae
(ETS) AA laeta
- Curved whitish band on head more sharply
delineated (fig. 53). Pronotal disk macula
black, sharply delineated, completely sur-
rounded by yellow (fig. 54). Female subgeni-
tal plate with dark maculae (fig. 55 ) .poiensis
Pseudophyllodromia ornata Brunner
(figs. 13-17)
Pseudophyllodromia ornata Brunner, 1865: 112, pl. 3, fig. 9.
Holotype [not examined]: 2, Philippines (coll. Dohrn.);
according to Ulrike Aspöck (personal communication) it
isin Dohrn Mus. f. Naturk., Stettin (=Sczcecin), Poland.
— Walker, 1869: 144; Kirby, 1904: 97; Shelford, 1908:
16.
Material examined. — PHILIPPINES. HECO: Zamboanga,
Mindanao, 1d (terminalia slide 242), 12, Baker. ansp:
Port Banga, 36, 5.1.1915, 18, 8.1.1915, 19, 14.1.1915,
29, 13.1.1911, W. Boettcher (all labelled ornata by Princis,
1960); Todaya Plateau, Mt. Apo, Mindanao, 4000 ft., 19,
8.x.1930, C.F. Clegg; Davao, Mindanao, 1 ? (labelled topo-
type by Hebard), Baker; Mumungan, Lanao, Mindanao,
19, 21.11.1915, W. Boettcher; Surigao, Mindanao, 14 (la-
belled topotype by Hebard). Two specimens retained in the
MCZC.
Description. — Male (previously undescribed):
Head exposed, interocular space distinctly less than
the distance between antennal sockets, eyes do not ex-
tend below small antennal sockets (fig. 13).
Pronotum subelliptical (fig. 15). Tegmina and wings
fully developed extending well beyond end of ab-
domen (glued together and could not be spread).
Front femur Type B, with two large proximal spines;
pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres of front and mid
legs, only on fourth tarsomere of hind leg, tarsal claws
symmetrical, simple, arolia present. Supraanal plate
strongly transverse, hind margin narrowly truncate at
apex; paraprocts simple plates (fig. 14). Subgenital
plate symmetrical with a pair of widely separated
small styles, the right one larger, interstylar margin
with a symmetrical V-shaped emargination (fig. 16).
Genitalia as in fig. 16: hook on the right side; apex of
median phallomere modified with small setal brushes;
left phallomere composed of several sclerites and
some setal brushes.
Colour. — Head with occiput dark reddish, remain-
der blackish brown with three transverse yellow
stripes as follows: a narrow one between the ocellar
spots, a broader one across the middle of the frons,
and a third on the distal half of the clypeus (fig. 13);
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
basal parts of maxillary palpomeres three and four
dark, remainder pale, last segment black. Pronotal
disk with a subrectangular black macula which is
completely surrounded by a yellow band, remaining
lateral portions subhyaline (fig. 15). Tegmina dark
reddish brown, narrowing beyond the anal veins to
the rounded apex; the yellow from the pronotum
continues as a narrow margin along the dark reddish
brown region, with the humeral area and distal region
of the costal veins hyaline. Abdominal terga dark
brown. Abdominal sterna mostly brown, mottled
with light areas. Front femur with dark basal and api-
cal maculae, mid and hind coxae mostly dark brown,
rest of legs a mixture of light and dark brown. Cerci
dorsally with six basal segments dark brown succeed-
ed by four partly yellowish and brown cercomeres,
the remaining two segments brown, ventrally dark
brown with a pale apical spot.
Female: Supraanal plate strongly transverse with a
medial V- shaped emargination, the margins on ei-
ther side of the V, thickened, yellow. Subgenital plate
laterally yellow, with a broad medial, dark brown
macula containing an inverted U-shaped yellow mark
on the anterior half (fig. 17). Front femur blackish
brown on anterior surface, mid femur dark brown on
upper half, remainder pale.
Measurements (mm) (® in parentheses). Length,
9.0-10.0 (8.5-10.6); pronotum length X width, 2.3-
2.6 X 4.0-4.3 (2.2-2.6 X 4.1-4.5); tegmen length,
10.0-10.2 (8.1-10.1); interocular space, 0.6 (0.7).
Remarks. — Princis (1950: 180, fig. 27) described
what he believed to be ornata (from Borneo), but the
specimen was laticaput (fig. 39) (cp. with ornata, fig.
16).
Pseudophyllodromia laticeps (Walker)
(figs. 18-24)
Blatta laticeps Walker, 1869: 142 (9).
Phyllodromia laticeps (Walker). — Kirby 1904: 91; Hanitsch
1919: 67.
Pseudophyllodromia laticeps (Walker). — Shelford (1906)
1907: 495; 1908: 17, pl. 1, fig. 8 (exclusive of syn-
onymy); Hanitsch 1915: 60, syn. excl. /aticaput (the male
is laticapuò); 1919: 72; 1923a: 417, 464; 1925: 77, 89;
1928: 29, 42 (in part; misidentification of mentawiensis);
1931: 42, 45; 1932b: 51, 64; 1933a: 312, 313, fig. 6:
Hebard 1929: 77; Bruijning 1948: 89; Princis 1969: 932.
Material examined. — Holotype, 2, Singapore, Wallace,
E. coll. (1830-73), W.W. Saunders, purchased and pres.
'73, by Mrs. F. W. Hope; Type Orth. 110, in Heco.
Additional material. — SINGAPORE: ZiLs: Singapore, forest
near Macritchie reservoir; slow moving on foliage at lift,
Pseudophyllodromia sp., 12, 2.1.1968, D.H. Murphy.
MALAYSIA. ANSP: Kuala Teku, Pahang, 500-700 ft, 1d,
4.xii. 1921, F.N. Chasen. mczc: The following were collect-
ed by D. Furth: Kuala Lompat, 1d, 26.viii.1992; Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, campus, 2d, 19, 30.viii.1992.
225
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 18-21. Pseudophyllodromia laticeps (Walker) male from Kuching, Sarawak: 18, subgenital plate (dorsal); 19, supraanal |
plate and paraprocts (ventral); 20, hind wing; 21, genitalia (dorsal).
Sarawak. ansp: Kuching, N.W. Borneo, 1d (terminalia
slide 429), 29.1.1900, 14, 6.ix.1900, 1d, 19.ix.1899, Dyak
coll, pres. 1900 by R. Shelford, 1d, Cornell U., lot 466; no
exact locality, 19 (labelled P. laticeps by Hebard, 1928, and
Uvarov). Most of these specimens were reported by Hebard
(1929: 77). One male retained in MCzc.
Description. — Male (previously undescribed):
Head partly or completely exposed, eyes do not ex-
tend below the antennal sockets; interocular space less
than the distance between antennal sockets (as in 9,
fig. 22). Pronotum transverse, subelliptical, widest
about the middle. Tegmina and wings fully devel-
oped extending beyond the end of the abdomen, the
former with sublongitudinal discoidal sectors. Hind
wing with most costal veins distinctly clubbed, radial
vein straight, simple, media and cubitus veins
224
straight, the former simple, cubitus with four com-
plete and no incomplete branches, apical triangle ab-
sent (fig. 20). Front femur Type B, with two large
proximal spines; pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres
of front and mid legs, hind tarsus with a pulvillus on
the fourth tarsomere only, tarsal claws simple, sym-
metrical, arolia small. Abdominal terga unspecialized. |
Supraanal plate transverse, hind margin convexly |
rounded, right and left paraprocts similar, simple |
plates (fig. 19). Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical, |
hind margin with a median excavation and a pair of |
small dissimilar styles of equal length, the right one |
round, bulbous, the left one curved, tapering to an |
acute apex (fig. 18). Genitalia as in fig. 21: hook
small, on right side, with a preapical incision; distal
half of median phallomere strongly modified with se- |
|
I
i
il
i
tose and sclerotized structures; left phallomere con-
sisting of several sclerites; a narrow sclerite modified
at both ends lies transversely across the median phal-
lomere.
Colour. — Head yellowish brown or reddish brown,
labrum blackish brown or black; third maxillary
palpomere dark basad and along dorsal margin, the
remainder and segments four and five white; labial
palpi blackish. Pronotal disk with a broad macula that
usually extends to both the anterior and posterior
margins, laterally highlighted by a narrow whitish
stripe, lateral border region hyaline (see female, fig.
23). Tegmina hyaline, light to dark brown, anterior
border region whitish. Hind wing with clubbed re-
gion of costal veins yellow, remainder unevenly infus-
cated, darkest (sometimes black) at the posterior re-
gion of the anterior field. Abdominal terga dark
brown, lateral edges yellowish. Abdominal sterna yel-
lowish brown, with some dark lateral infuscation,
their hind margins with a narrow, medially interrupt-
ed white line. Cerci dorsally with basal four segments
dark brown, remaining cercomeres in part or com-
pletely whitish, ventrally dark. Legs pale.
Female: Head completely exposed beyond prono-
tum (fig. 23); interocular space distinctly less than the
distance between ocellar spots and antennal sockets
both of which are very small (fig. 22). Pronotum
subelliptical (fig. 23). Tegmina and wings fully devel-
oped, reaching beyond end of abdomen, discoidal
sectors of former sublongitudinal. Anteroventral mar-
gin of front femur with three heavy proximal spines,
succeeded by a row of piliform spinules, terminating
in three large spines (Type B,); pulvilli present on
four proximal tarsomeres of front and mid tarsi (hind
tarsi missing), tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia
present. Supraanal plate strongly transverse, narrow,
hind margin with a small, median excavation.
Colour. — Head reddish, without markings,
labrum dark brown (fig. 22); third maxillary
palpomere dark brown dorsad, remainder pale, seg-
ments four and five white; labial palpi black. Pronotal
disk with a dark reddish brown, subtrapezoidal mac-
ula extending from the anterior to the posterior mar-
gins, the weakly oblique lateral margins highlighted
by a narrow yellowish-white or white stripe, the re-
maining narrow lateral region hyaline (fig. 23).
Colour of tegmina the same as the pronotal disk, with
the yellowish white stripe continuing along the ante-
rior border of the wing cover. Abdominal terga dark
brown, the lateral margins narrowly pale. Abdominal
sterna with a brownish macula laterally, the interme-
diate zones yellowish brown, the hind margins nar-
rowly white as in the male; subgenital plate yellowish
on basal half, the distal half and anterolateral corners
dark brown to black (fig. 24). Coxae infuscated on
basal halves, femora pale with a dark brown macula
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
apically.
Measurements (mm) (9 in parentheses). Length,
7.6-10.1 (8.4-9.4); pronotum length X width, 2.2-
2.3 X 3.7-3.9 (2.0-2.4 X 3.5-3.9); tegmen length,
9.8-10.5 (8.0-8.8); interocular width, 0.5 (0.5-0.6).
Pseudophyllodromia sp.
Material examined. — SINGAPORE. ZILS: Nee Soon Swamp
Forest, 22 (1 carrying an ootheca in the vertical position al-
most completely surrounded by the intersternal fold),
3.iv.1968, D.H. Murphy; Bukit Timah Nat. Res,
Singapore, 1 9, pitfall A, Eth. Glycol, 3.iv.1967.
Description. Female: Head with interocular space
less than the distance between antennal sockets.
Pronotum subelliptical. Tegmina and wings fully de-
veloped reaching beyond the end of the abdomen, the
former with almost longitudinal discoidal sectors.
Hind wing with five proximal costal veins clubbed,
radial and media veins simple, straight, cubitus vein
with five complete and no incomplete branches, api-
cal triangle subobsolete. Front femur Type B, with
three large proximal spines; fore and mid legs with
pulvilli on tarsomeres two to four (absent on segment
one), hind tarsus with a pulvillus on the fourth seg-
ment only.
Colour. — Head occiput with four dark narrow lon-
gitudinal stripes separated by lighter narrow bands, a
narrow zone of the vertex pale, rest of head dark with
variable number (and size) of small yellowish mark-
ings. Pronotal disk black, completely surrounded by
whitish zone. Tegmina reddish hyaline, anterior bor-
der region whitish, subcostal vein dark. Hind wing
infuscated, the distal region of the anterior field
somewhat darker. Legs with coxae and femora (more
so on anterior surface) dark brown. Dorsal surface of
the cerci with proximal segments dark, remainder
pale, ventrally dark.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 8.2-8.3; prono-
tum length X width, 2.1-2.2 X 3.6-3.8; tegmen
length, 7.7-8.0; interocular width, 0.4.
Remarks. — These specimens were sent to me iden-
tified as P. laticeps. The pale markings on the face, dif-
ferences in number of pulvilli, and the slight differ-
ence in interocular width, suggest that it is a different
species or a colour morph of laticeps. The discovery of
males may help solve this problem.
Pseudophyllodromia mentawiensis Hanitsch
(figs. 25-28)
Pseudophyllodromia mentawiensis Hanitsch, 1933a: 313 (9).
— Bruijning 1948: 90.
Pseudophyllodromia laticeps (nec Walker, 1868). — Hanitsch
1928: 29 (in part); Princis 1969: 933.
225
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 22-28. Pseudophyllodromia spp. 22-24, P. laticeps (Walker), female holotype: 22, head; 23, pronotum; 24, terminal ab-
dominal sterna. — 25-28, P. mentawiensis Hanitsch, females: 25, head; 26, pronotum; 27, subgenital plate, 28, hind wing.
226
Material examined. — Lectotype (here designated): 9,
MENTAWE[alr, Siberoet, 13.ix.1924, H.H. Karny; Type
Orth. 343 /,, in HECO. Paralectotypes. HECO: same locality
and collector as lectotype, with different type numbers and
dates: 2 , 343°/, (carrying ootheca in the vertical position),
20.ix.1924, 9, 343°/,, 20.ix.1924, 2, 343°/,, 15.ix.1924.
Description. — Female: Head exposed, interocular
space decidedly less than the distance between minute
ocellar spots, and small antennal sockets; eyes do not
extend below the antennal sockets (fig. 25).
Pronotum subelliptical, widest at about the middle
(fig. 26). Tegmina and wings fully developed extend-
ing well beyond end of abdomen, the former with
longitudinal discoidal sectors. Hind wing with the
proximal six costal veins clubbed, radial and media
veins simple, straight, cubitus vein weakly concave
with five complete and no incomplete branches, api-
cal triangle absent (fig. 28). Front femur Type B,
with two large proximal spines; pulvilli on four prox-
imal tarsomeres of front and mid legs, only on fourth
tarsomere of hind leg, tarsal claws symmetrical, sim-
ple, arolia present. Supraanal plate strongly trans-
verse, very narrow, hind margin with a shallow medi-
al indentation. Subgenital plate extending well
beyond hind margin of supraanal plate.
Colour. — Head very dark reddish brown, distal
half of clypeus yellowish (fig. 25); third maxillary
palpomere with pale and brown zones, segment four
pale, terminal segment dark brown. Pronotal disk
very dark reddish brown extending narrowly from the
anterior margin, to broadly at the hind margin, later-
al regions yellowish white (fig. 26). Tegmina the same
colour as the pronotum with the yellowish white por-
tion continuing but becoming narrower along the an-
terior margin of the wing cover. Hind wing with api-
cal region of the costal veins whitish, distal region of
anterior field darkly infuscated, posterior field lighter
(fig. 28). Abdominal terga dark reddish brown, ex-
posed dorsal surface of the subgenital plate yellow.
Abdominal sterna dark brown with lateral and hind
margins narrowly yellow, or with the medial region
yellow with broad lateral zones brown (resembling
fig. 24); subgenital plate with about basal third yel-
low, distal two thirds and anterolateral corners dark
brown (fig. 27; the extent of dark brown is variable).
Coxae infuscated, femora light to dark brown, tibiae
and tarsi light brown.
Male: Unknown.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 9.0-9.5; prono-
tum length X width, 2.2-2.5 X 4.0-4.2; tegmen
length, 9.0; interocular space 0.6.
Pseudophyllodromia simalurensis sp. n.
(figs. 29-34)
| Pseudophyllodromia laticeps (not Walker, 1869). — Hebard,
1929: 77 (misidentification).
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
Type material. — Holotype, d (terminalia slide
430), Lasikin, Simalur Island, Sumatra, iv.1913, E.
Jacobson; in ANSP.
Description. — Male: Head with interocular space
considerably less than the space between the antennal
sockets; eyes do not extend below the antennal sock-
ets (fig. 29). Pronotum subtrapezoidal, widest behind
the middle (fig. 30). Tegmina and wings fully devel-
oped extending beyond end of abdomen, the former
with oblique discoidal sectors. Hind wings with costal
veins not distinctly clubbed (several may be slightly
thickened on distal halves); radial and media veins
straight, simple, cubitus vein weakly curved with four
complete and no incomplete branches, apical triangle
absent (fig. 33). Front femur Type B3 with two large
proximal spines; pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres
of front and mid legs, only on the fourth tarsomere of
the hind legs, tarsal claws simple, symmetrical, arolia
small. Abdominal terga unspecialized. Supraanal
plate transverse, hind margin convexly rounded, right
and left paraprocts simple plates (fig. 34). Subgenital
plate asymmetrical, styles cylindrical, dissimilar, the
right one slightly larger, interstylar margin asymmet-
rically excavated (fig. 31; the subgenital plate shown
in the figure was flattened in the slide preparation so
that the styles are wide apart; in the pinned specimen
the interstylar margin looks like a narrow slit with the
styles closer together). Genitalia as in fig. 32: genital
hook on the right side with a preapical incision and
very narrow neck; distal region of median phallomere
with two branches, one terminating in a setal brush,
the main rod apically rounded and darkly sclerotized
and with a membrane covered with minute spicules; a
slender transverse bar lies transversely under the me-
dian phallomere; left phallomere consisting of several
nonsetose sclerites.
Female: Unknown.
Colour. — Vertex light reddish, rest of face dark
red, distal half of clypeus pale, labrum dark (fig. 29);
maxillary palpomeres three and four yellowish, fifth
segment dark brown. Pronotal disk with a large sub-
trapezoidal, blackish macula which does not reach the
front margin of the pronotum whose lateral and nar-
rower anterior zones are semihyaline, yellowish (fig.
30). Tegmina reddish brown hyaline, anterior mar-
gins whitish. Hind wing unevenly infuscated, darkest
along the distal halves of the costal veins and the api-
cal region of the anterior field, remaining part of the
field colourless, posterior field comparatively lightly,
evenly darkened (fig. 33). Abdominal terga dark
brown, lateral edges yellowish. Abdominal sterna
brown laterally, hyaline and yellowish (due to visibil-
ity of underlying tissue) medially. Basal halves of cox-
ae dark brown, remaining parts of legs yellowish
brown.
227]
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
1 mm
Figs. 29-34. Pseudophyllodromia simalurensis sp. n., male holotype: 29, head; 30, pronotum; 31, subgenital plate (dorsal); 32,
genitalia (dorsal); 33, hind wing; 34, supraanal plate and paraprocts (ventral).
228
Measurements (mm). — Length, 9.5; pronotum
length X width, 2.6 X 4.1; tegmen length, 9.8;
interocular space, 0.5.
Etymology. — The specific name refers to the island
on which the species was collected.
Remarks. — The modification of the distal region of
the median genitalia phallomere of simalurensis sug-
gests a close relationship with laticeps and laticaput.
Pseudophyllodromia laticaput (Brunner)
(figs. 35-40)
Phyllodromia laticaput Brunner, 1898: 205, pl. 16, fig. 8
(3). Syntypes (not examined): d, Borneo, Brunei;
Baram stream; ‘Banguei’ Island; in nmwa.- Kirby 1904:
93; Shelford 1906: 267 (incorrectly synonymized under
laticeps); 1908: 17 (incorrectly synonymized under /ati-
ceps).
Pseudophyllodromia laticaput Brunner). — Hanitsch 1933a:
311, fig. 5; 1933b: 232; Bruijning 1948: 90; Princis
1969: 933.
Pseudophyllodromia ornata (not Brunner, 1865):. — Princis
1950: 180, fig. 27 (8).
Material examined. — SABAH. RMNH: Malaysia SE. Sabah,
Danum Valley Field C, E3, c. 175 m, Mal. trap, 16 (termi-
nalia slide 159), 15-25.iii.1987, C. v. Achterberg; Keningau
area, Nabawan (Site C), podzol forest, 2 human excrement
traps, alt. 0450 m, 1d, 14-17.xi.1987, Krikken &
Rombaut. KALIMANTAN. RMNH: Biv. Long Hoet, M.O.
Borneo Exp., 1d, 16-20.viii.1925, H.C. Siebers. The fol-
lowing were collected by A.M.R. Wegner: E. Borneo,
Tabang, Bengen River, 125 m, 1d, 19, 25.ix.1956, 19,
2.x.1956; E. Borneo, Gunungsari, 95 m, 19, 14.viii. 1956.
Two specimens retained in the mczc. zits: The following
were collected by Mrs. M.E. Walsh: O. Borneo, Samarinda,
19, vi.1938; O. Borneo, Pelawan Basir, 14, vi.1937.
Redescription. — Male: Head completely exposed
(fig. 37), interocular space less than distance between
antennal sockets (fig. 35). Pronotum with anterior
margin straight, laterally convex, hind margin convex
(fig. 37). Tegmina and wings fully developed, extend-
ing well beyond end of abdomen, the former with
longitudinal discoidal sectors. Hind wing with proxi-
mal costal veins thickened distad, radial and media
veins simple, cubitus vein weakly curved, with four to
five complete and no incomplete branches, apical tri-
angle absent (fig. 38). Front femur Type B,, with
three large proximal spines; front and mid tarsi with
pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres, hind tarsus with
a pulvillus on the fourth tarsomere only, tarsal claws
symmetrical, simple, arolia small. Abdominal terga
unspecialized. Supraanal plate transverse, distal part
of hind margin truncate; right and left paraprocts
similar, broad, sclerotized plates (fig. 36). Subgenital
plate asymmetrical, styles short, right one slightly
stouter, interstylar margin with a deep, curved exci-
sion to the left of the midline (fig. 39). Genitalia as in
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
fig. 39: small hook on the right side, without a dis-
tinct preapical incision; median phallomere broad,
distally modified with setal brushes, and with an api-
cally setose branch arising beyond the middle; a
curved accessory median phallomere terminates in a
setal brush; left phallomere composed of nonsetose
sclerites.
Colour. — Head with reddish occiput, face with
highly variable patterns of yellow, and light and dark
brown markings (fig. 35); maxillary palpomeres three
and four white with a small, dark, basal spot, terminal
segment black. Pronotal disk black, usually with ante-
rior and posterior margins narrowly whitish (some-
times only anteriorly: fig. 37), broad lateral areas hya-
line, rarely opaque whitish, sometimes partially
bordered with white. Tegmina dark reddish brown,
humeral region and anterior border hyaline, sprinkled
with white along the dark brown area. Hind wing
with the regions at the apexes of the thickened costal
veins white, the distal area of the anterior field darkly
infuscated, posterior field distinctly lighter (fig. 38).
Abdominal terga dark brown. Abdominal sterna light
or mottled dark brown. Cerci with three basal seg-
ments blackish brown, fourth cercomere a mixture of
brown and white, segments five to nine white, termi-
nal two segments yellowish; ventrally brown except
for the two pale terminal segments. Legs pale, dorsal
margins of femora dark brown.
Female: Supraanal plate strongly transverse, nar-
row, hind margin rounded with a small V-shaped ex-
cision medially. Subgenital plate with a narrow yel-
low area anteriorly, a broad dark brown medial
macula reaching to the posterior margin, and a small-
er mark in the anterolateral corners (fig. 40).
Measurements (mm) (2 in parentheses). — Length,
9.0-10.0 (8.6-9.6); pronotum length X width, 2.4-
2.5 X 3.8-4.2 (2.4-2.5 X 4.0-4.2); tegmen length,
10.0-10.5 (9.2-9.6); interocular space, 0.5 (0.5).
Remarks. — Princis (1950: 179, fig. 27) recorded
Pseudophyllodromia ornata from Pelawan besar, East
Borneo. I have seen his specimen and the males
asymmetrical subgenital plate (see his fig. 27) is simi-
lar to that of laticaput (fig. 39), and I consider it to be
a misidentification. The type of ornata is from the
Philippines, and its facial markings (fig. 13) are dis-
tinctly different from laticaput (cf. fig. 35).
Pseudophyllodromia sp.
Material examined. — SARAWAK. HECO: 19, Miri, E.
Mjöberg (labelled Pseudophyllodromia laticaput Brunner;
this may be the specimen reported by Hanitsch, 1925: 89, as
Pseudophyllodromia laticeps Walker).
Remarks. — This specimen does not agree with the
characteristics of either laticaput or laticeps. Its head
colour is reddish without distinct markings, and its
229
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 35-40. Pseudophyllodromia laticaput (Brunner). 35-39, male from Sabah: 35, head; 36, supraanal plate and paraproct,
(ventral); 37, pronotum; 38, hind wing; 39, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal); 40, female from Tabang, Bengen River,
E. Borneo, subgenital plate (ventral). |
230
subgenital plate has a large yellow macula on the basal
half, the distal half and anterolateral corners dark
brown to black, patterns similar to laticeps (figs. 22,
24); however, the fourth palpomere has a brown spot
on the distal half, and the basal half of the fifth palpal
segment is dark brown, the remaining portions of
both segments white, whereas in laticeps, both fourth
and fifth palpomeres are completely white. The head
of laticaput is variegated with dark brown and yellow
(fig. 35).
Measurements (mm): Length, 9.0; pronotum
length X width, 2.5 X 4.0; tegmen length, 9.4;
interocular width, 0.5.
Pseudophyllodromia aronsoni sp. n.
(figs. 41-45)
Type material. — Holotype, d, Malaysia, SABAH,
Sipitang, Mendolong, T4/R, 6.v.1988, S. Adebratt;
in ZILS. — Paratype. Sabah. zis: 16 (terminalia slide
429), same data as for holotype.
Description. — Male: Head exposed, ocellar spots
very small, interocular space less than the distance be-
tween antennal sockets; the eyes do not extend below
the antennal sockets (fig. 41). Pronotum subelliptical,
widest behind the middle (fig. 42). Tegmina and
wings fully developed extending beyond end of ab-
domen, the former with longitudinal discoidal sec-
tors. Hind wing with costal veins thickened distad,
radial and media veins simple, straight, cubitus vein
with four complete and no incomplete branches, api-
cal triangle absent (fig. 45). Front femur Type B,
with three or four large proximal spines; pulvilli on
four proximal tarsomeres of front and mid tarsi, only
on the fourth tarsomere of the hind tarsus. Ab-
dominal terga unspecialized. Supraanal plate strongly
transverse, hind margin convexly rounded, paraprocts
similar plates. Subgenital plate asymmetrical, hind
margin with a U-shaped excavation, and with a pair
of small styli, the right one stouter than the left (figs.
43, 44). Genitalia as in fig. 44: genital hook on the
right side, very small, with a preapical incision; medi-
an phallomere with dark sclerotizations and setal
brushes apically (in both specimens, the median phal-
lomere protruded beyond the hind margin of the sub-
genital plate, as in fig. 43); the right phallomere ap-
parently consists of several sclerites that are
distributed to the left and right sides of the median
phallomere.
Colour. — Head reddish brown without markings,
labrum blackish (fig. 41); maxillary palpomeres three
and four pale with large black stripes, fifth segment
black, apex pale; antennae black, about the proximal
ten antennomeres on one side pale. Pronotum with a
large blackish brown, trapezoidal macula completely
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
surrounded by opaque yellowish (fig. 42). Tegmina
dark reddish brown, anterior border pale. Hind wing
anterior field with pale costal margin, the posterior
part and apical region dark, remainder lighter, poste-
rior field lightly infuscated (fig. 45). Abdominal ter-
ga, and meso- and metanotum very dark brown,
edges pale. Abdominal sterna yellowish brown, later-
ally dark, styles very dark. Coxae dark brown basad,
rest of legs brownish yellow. Dorsal surface of the cer-
ci with cercomeres one to five black, segments six to
eleven pale, ventrally all segments dark.
Female: Unknown.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 8.5; pronotum
length X width, 2.3 X 3.5-3.7; tegmen length, 9.8-
10.0; interocular width, 0.4.
Etymology. — The species is dedicated to my friend
Melvin P. Aronson, Dr. of Pharmacy and prostheses
expert.
Remarks. — The subgenital plate and styles of aron-
soni are similar to those of laticaput, but the genital
phallomeres are strikingly different in the two species
(cf. figs. 39 and 44).
Pseudophyllodromia laeta Hanitsch stat. nov.
(figs. 46-52)
Pseudophyllodromia poiensis laeta Hanitsch, 1933a: 313 (3
& 2). — Princis, 1969: 933.
Material examined. — Lectotype (here designated): d
(terminalia slide 243), Mt. Poi [Sarawak], 5450 ft.
Mjöberg; in Heco. Paralectotype: Sarawak. HECO: same data
as lectotype, 1® (terminalia slide 246). — Additional mater-
ial, SARAWAK. HECO: same data as lectotype, 14 (terminalia
slide 244) (head missing; labelled Pseudophyllodromia latica-
put Brunner, by Hanitsch).
Redescription. — Male: Head exposed, ocellar spots
absent; interocular space less than the distance be-
tween small antennal sockets; eyes do not extend be-
low the antennal sockets (fig. 46). Pronotum with an-
terior margin straight, hind margin weakly curved,
lateral margins convexly rounded (fig. 47). Tegmina
and wings fully developed, extending beyond end of
abdomen, discoidal sectors of the former, oblique.
Hind wing with six proximal costal veins clubbed, ra-
dial and media veins straight, simple, cubitus vein al-
most straight, with four or five complete and zero to
one incomplete branches, apical triangle absent (fig.
48). Front femur Type B,, with one to three large
proximal spines; pulvilli on four proximal tarsomeres
of front and mid legs, only on the fourth segment of
the hind leg, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia
present. Abdominal terga unspecialized. Supraanal
plate strongly transverse, narrow, hind margin shal-
lowly convexly rounded; paraprocts similar simple
plates (fig. 50). Hind margin of subgenital plate with
a median, asymmetrical, wide V-shaped excavation,
231
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
CE
EDE
Figs. 41-45. Pseudophyllodromia aronsoni sp. n., male paratype: 41, head; 42, pronotum; 43, subgenital plate and protruding
median genital phallomere (ventral); 44, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal); 45, hind wing.
232
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
Figs. 46-52. Pseudophyllodromia laeta Hanitsch. 46-48, male lectotype, 49, 50, male paralectotype: 46, head; 47, pronotum;
48, hind wing; 49, subgenital plate and genitalia (dorsal); 50, supraanal plate and paraprocts (ventral); 51, 52, female para-
lectotype, anterior field of hind wing, and subgenital plate (ventral), respectively.
and a pair of small asymmetrical styles, the right one
shorter (fig. 49). Genitalia as in fig. 49: hook on the
right side wich a preapical incision; median phallom-
ere with a spur and two unequal rods arising before
the middle, the shorter one lightly sclerotized and
arising on the ventral surface (therefore may be hid-
den), the longer one darkly sclerotized and oblique;
distal end of the phallomere is enlarged and setose;
left phallomere consisting of several dark and light
| sclerites.
Colour. — Head occiput brownish with a pair of
narrow longitudinal orangish stripes; region above
the antennal sockets, with a poorly defined curved,
whitish band which blends into the yellowish orange
face, labrum brownish (fig. 46); third maxillary
palpomere with dorsal margin dark, remainder pale,
fourth segment whitish, terminal segment black.
Pronotal disk macula reddish brown, the margins not
sharply defined, with a broad yellowish margin ante-
riorly and a narrower one posteriorly; laterally the
dark macula is incompletely margined with yellow,
remaining lateral zones hyaline (fig. 47). Tegmina
hyaline, light brown, this colour laterally delineated
by a yellowish stripe which is a continuation of the
pronotal yellow, but which begins a short distance
from the hind margin of the pronotum. Hind wing
235
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
1 mm
2 mm
Figs. 53-57. Pseudophyllodromia poiensis Hanitsch, females. 54, 55 from lectotype, all others from paralectotype: 53, head; 54,
pronotum; 55, subgenital plate (ventral); 56, hind wing; 57, supraanal plate, paraprocts and genitalia (ventral); a, supraanal
plate; b, right paraproct; c, intercalary sclerite; d, first valve; ? spermathecal plate; f, ? laterosternal shelf.
with costal region yellowish, distal region of anterior
field darkly infuscated, cubitus veins and its branches
dark, posterior field more lightly infuscated (fig. 48).
Abdominal terga yellow. Abdominal sterna lightly in-
fuscated. Cerci dorsally with three basal segments
brown, remaining cercomeres pale, ventrally dark, the
penultimate segment pale.
Female: Legs as in male with a pulvillus only on the
fourth tarsomere of the hind leg, but present on all
proximal tarsomeres of the front and mid legs.
Cubitus vein of hind wing with three complete and
no incomplete branches, apical triangle absent (fig.
51). Supraanal plate strongly transverse, narrow, hind
234
margin and paraprocts similar to pozensis (see fig. 57).
Genitalia similar to pozensis (see fig. 57). Head with
occiput reddish brown, narrow longitudinal stripes
absent. Abdominal terga yellowish with some lateral
infuscation, terminal segments darker, the supraanal
plate with a lateral hyaline, pale spot, partly hidden
under the ninth segment. Abdominal sterna lightly
infuscated, subgenital plate yellowish without distinct
dark markings (fig. 52).
Measurements (mm) (® in parentheses). Length,
7.0-8.7 (8.5); pronotum length X width, 2.3-2.4
x 3.7-4.1 (2.5 X 3.7); tegmen length, 8.7-8.8 (8.4);
interocular width, 0.6 (0.6).
Remarks. — Although Hanitsch considered this tax-
on to be a subspecies of poiensis, I believe that the dif-
ferences in the pronotal, and subgenital plate mark-
ings warrant its being raised to specific rank in spite of
the similarity of the female genitalia in both taxa. It is
unfortunate that the male of pozensis is unknown for
an examination of this sex, when it is found, may
show whether or not my interpretation of these
species is correct.
Pseudophyllodromia poiensis Hanitsch
(figs. 53-57)
Pseudophyllodromia poiensis potensis Hanitsch, 1933a: 313,
fig. 7 (2); Bruijning, 1948: 90; Princis, 1969: 933.
Material examined. — Lectotype (here designated): 9,
Mt. Poi [Sarawak], 4500 ft, E. Mjöberg, 1924; in HECO.
Paralectotype: Sarawak. HEco: 2 (terminalia slide 245),
same locality and collector as lectotype, 5350 ft.
Redescription. — Female: Head exposed, interocu-
lar space less than distance between very small anten-
nal sockets, ocellar spots absent; eyes do not extend
below the antennal sockets (fig. 53). Pronotum with
anterior margin straight, hind margin rounded, later-
al margins convex, widest about the middle (fig. 54).
Tegmina and wings fully developed, extending be-
yond end of abdomen, discoidal sectors of former
oblique. Hind wing with radial and media veins sim-
ple, cubitus vein weakly curved, with four complete
and no incomplete branches, apical triangle absent
(fig. 56). Legs badly damaged or missing. Supraanal
plate transverse, hind margin with a small medial ex-
cision (fig. 57). Genitalia as in fig. 57: not seen are a
pair of slender, apically rounded, colourless sper-
mathecae (visible under the compound microscope).
Colour. — Head with occiput reddish brown, and
only a weak indication of three light red longitudinal
stripes; a distinctly defined yellowish band curves be-
tween the eyes above the antennal sockets, rest of face
dark reddish to the clypeus, or somewhat lighter from
below the antennal sockets to the clypeus, labrum
dark brown (fig. 53); fourth maxillary palpomere
pale, segment five black. Pronotal disk with a sharply
delineated, suboval, black macula, completely sur-
rounded by a yellow band, outer lateral zones subhya-
line yellowish (fig. 54). Tegmina reddish brown,
humeral, and most of costal vein area yellow (contin-
uation of pronotal yellow). Abdominal sterna black
with a yellow medial area on the penultimate seg-
ment; subgenital plate with a large, black, medial area
and smaller ones laterally on basal half (fig. 55).
Male: Unknown.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 8.4-9.2; prono-
tum length X width, 2.4-2.6 X 4.0-4.2; tegmen
length, 8.3-8.7; interocular space, 0.6-0.7.
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
Remarks. — See remarks under /zeta.
Allacta Saussure & Zehntner
Allacta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895: 45. — Roth 1991: 996
(diagnosis and synonymy); 1993: 361; 1995: 51. — Type
species: Abrodiaeta modesta Brunner, by selection by
Hebard.
Euhanitschia Princis, 1950: 178. — Type species:
Phyllodromia diagrammatica Hanitsch, by monotypy.
syn. n.
Compsosilpha Princis, 1950: 180. — Type species:
Chorisoblatta karnyi Hanitsch, by monotypy. syn. n.
Remarks. — Recently, most of the known taxa of
Allacta have been redescribed and new species have
been added (Roth 1991: 996; 1993: 361; 1995: 51).
Allacta diagrammatica (Hanitsch) comb. n.
(figs. 58-64)
Phyllodromia diagrammatica Hanitsch, 1923b: 198, figs. 1-3
(2). — 1923a: 404, figs. 6-8 (d); Hebard 1929: 11;
Bruijning 1948: 38, fig. 44.
Chorisoblatta diagrammatica (Hanitsch). — Hanitsch 1928:
DROP ONS
Euhanitschia diagrammatica (Hanitsch). — Princis 1950:
180.
Material examined. — Lectotype, d (terminalia slide
301), Selangor F.M.S., Kuala Lumpur, i.1918, C. Boden
Kloss (with written label Cretographa diagrammatica Han.
(3); Type Orth. 278% in Hceo. Paralectotype. HCEO: 16,
same data as lectotype, Type Orth. 278°/, (the specimen is
badly fragmented and parts are mounted on cardboard). —
Additional material. — JAVA. zits: Soekaboemi, 19,
xii. 1937, Mrs. M.E. Walsh (this specimen was reported by
Princis when he described Euhanitschia).
Redescription. — Male: Head with eyes extending
below the antennal sockets, interocular space less than
the distance between the sockets (fig. 60). Pronotum
subparabolic, hind margin curved (fig. 58). Tegmina
and wings fully developed, the former with oblique
discoidal sectors. Hind wing with costal margin al-
most straight (see remarks), radial and media veins
simple, cubitus vein with four or five complete (one
may be forked), and no incomplete branches, apical
triangle small (figs. 61-63). Front femur Type B, with
two or three large proximal spines (lectotype; see re-
marks); pulvilli present only on the fourth proximal
tarsomere, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia
present. Abdominal terga unspecialized; supraanal
plate transverse, hind margin convex, intercercal
processes absent, right and left paraprocts similar scle-
rotized plates. First abdominal sternum with lateral
thickenings in the shape of tegmina-like lobes (fig.
64). Subgenital plate symmetrical with a pair of very
small, similar styles, interstylar margin shallowly in-
cised (fig. 59; in the drawing, coverslip pressure
spread the styles wider apart than they are in the
235
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
0.5 mm
el
Figs. 58-64. Allacta diagrammatica (Hanitsch): 58, 59, male holotype, habitus (from Hanitsch, 1923b: fig. 1), and subgeni- |
tal plate and genitalia (dorsal); 60, female (from Java), head; 61, right hind wing of male paralectotype (from Hanitsch, |
1923b: fig. 2); 62, anterior field of right hind wing of male paralectotype (camera lucida drawing of same specimen shown in |
fig. 61); 63, female (from Java), right hind wing; 64, male holotype, first abdominal sternum showing the lateral swellings |
(slide preparation). |
236
pinned specimen). Genitalia as in fig. 59: hook on the
right side, with a preapical incision; median phallo-
mere with distal region enlarged, apex with some
small setae; lying under the median phallomere is a
curved rod that terminates in a setal modification on
the left side; left phallomere very large consisting of
several nonsetose sclerites.
Female: Habitus similar to male. Head as in fig. 60.
Cubitus vein of hind wing with four complete and no
incomplete branches, apical triangle subobsolete (fig.
63). Right front femur with two large proximal spines
succeeded by a row of piliform spinules (Type B), left
front femur apparently without large proximal spines
(Type C); pulvilli only on the fourth proximal tar-
somere, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia pre-
sent. First abdominal sternum without lateral
swellings (i.e., not as in male). Supraanal plate trans-
verse, hind margin convex with a medial excavation
(similar to that shown in fig. 67).
Colour. — Head with region anterior to the anten-
nal sockets red, remainder black (fig. 60). Pronotum
with the outer margin narrowly white, the disk black
narrowly edged with white, and with two large curved
and two small oblique white lines (fig. 58). Tegmina
black proximally, becoming brownish distad, veins
white (fig. 58). Hind wing clear, or weakly infuscat-
ed, transparent, the costal vein area darker (Figs. 61-
63). Abdomen brown with dark areas laterally.
Coxae, femora, and tibiae black, tarsi pale.
Measurements (mm) (® in parentheses). — Length,
8.5-9.2 (10.5); pronotum length X width, 2.1-2.3
X3.2-3.3 (2.5 X 3.6); tegmen length, 9.8-10.0
(10.5); interocular width, 0.7 (1.0).
Remarks. — Hanitsch had five specimens, one with-
out locality data from the Buitenzorg Museum, two
from Singapore (one in the Raffles Museum, the oth-
er in HCEO), and two from Kuala Lumpur (the syn-
types). His description was based on one of the spec-
imens from Kuala Lumpur.
Hanitsch's drawings of the right and left wings of
the paralectotype exaggerates the curvature of the
costal vein which is no different from species whose
costal veins are straight (cf. figs. 61 and 62). Based on
Hanitsch's description and drawing, Princis de-
scribed the anterior margin of the wing as strongly
sigmoid and made it a distinguishing character of his
genus Euhanitschia. Princis apparently did not exam-
ine the syntypes, or at least did not indicate that he
had seen them. He listed one specimen in his descrip-
tion but didn't make a slide of the hind wing. I have
examined that specimen and the wing, after mount-
ing (fig. 63) shows that the shape of the costal vein is
not unusual as described by Hanitsch.
Hanitsch was correct in describing the front femur
of his specimens as Type B2. Princis (1950: 179) dis-
agreed and stated that the stout proximal spines were
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
nothing but slender setae and the femur is Type C;
however his specimen apparently had a Type C right
femur, but the left femur had two stout proximal
spines (Type B) that were adpressed to the very dark
femur and were difficult to see.
The subgenital plate, styles and genitalia of
Euhanitschia clearly show that it is an Allacta, having
all the important characters of that genus. The lateral
tegmina-like pads on the first abdominal sternum in
the male (absent in the female) seems to be unique for
the species, and in addition to the striking colour pat-
terns of the pronotum and tegmina readily identifies
it.
The colour pattern of the head (fig. 60) is charac-
teristic of some members of the funebris species group
(Roth 1995: 53). However, the pronotum of the
species in this group do not have colour patterns and
usually are entirely dark or with lateral regions or pos-
terolateral corners narrowly yellowish or yellowish
white. The genitalia of diagrammatica strongly resem-
ble those species in the funebris group.
Hanitsch (1928: 27) recorded diagrammatica from
Singapore, Sumatra (Pakan Baroe, and Medan), and
Indonesia (Siberut Island). He had one female from
Siberut that was carrying an ootheca in the vertical
position, which is characteristic of the Pseudo-
phyllodromiinae.
Allacta karnyi (Hanitsch) comb. n.
(figs. 65-70)
Chorisoblatta karnyi Hanitsch, 1928: 27, pl. I, fig. 8 (2).
? Pseudochorisoblatta karnyi (Hanitsch). — Bruijning 1948:
92.
Compsosilpha karnyi (Hanitsch). — Princis 1950: 180; 1969:
931.
Material examined. — Holotype ©, Mentawelali,
Siberoet, 25.ix.1924 with a handwritten label, genotype:
Maculoblatta karnyi Han); Type Orth. 336 in Hceo.
Additional material. — sumatra. zits: Benkoelen, Boekit
Itam, 1800 ft., 22, v.1935, Mrs. M.E. Walsh [these two
specimens were reported by Princis 1950: 180, in his de-
scription of Compsosilpha].
Redescription. — Female: Head with eyes not ex-
tending below the antennal sockets, interocular space
less than the distance between the antennal sockets
(figs. 65, 70). Pronotum subelliptical, anterior mar-
gin straight (fig. 66). Tegmina and wings fully devel-
oped extending beyond the end of the abdomen, the
former with oblique discoidal sectors. Hind wing
with simple radial and median veins, cubitus vein
with four to six complete (one or two may be forked)
and no incomplete branches, apical triangle subobso-
lete (Fig. 69). Front femur Type B, with one, two
(Type B), or no (Type C) small stout proximal spines
(see remarks); pulvilli on the fourth proximal tar-
237
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 65-70. Allacta karnyi (Hanitsch), females. 65-69, holotype: 65, 66, head and pronotum; 67, abdominal terga 8 to 10,
and subgenital plate; 68, subgenital plate (ventral); 69, right hind wing; 70, female from Sumatra, head.
238
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
Figs. 71-77. Allacta spp., males from Sri Lanka. 71-73, A. figurata (Walker): A, pronotum; B, subgenital plate (ventral;
pinned specimen); C, genitalia and distal end of subgenital plate (dorsal; the styles are wider apart than seen in the pinned
specimen, because of pressure of the coverslip). 74-77, A. diluta (Saussure): 74, pronotum; 75, head; 76, genitalia (dorsal);
77, hind wing.
239
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
somere only, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple, arolia
small. Supraanal plate strongly transverse, hind mar-
gin convexly rounded, with a shallow indentation
medially (fig. 67).
Male: Unknown.
Colour. — Head brownish yellow, the occiput with
a longitudinal black uneven stripe that is interrupted
between the antennal sockets, continuing to the
clypeus, labrum dark (fig. 65), or the longitudinal
stripe is not distinctly separated between the antennal
sockets (fig. 70); maxillary palpi pale; antennae red-
dish. Pronotal disk base colour brownish yellow with
black picturing, broad lateral borders whitish-hyaline
without dark dots (fig. 66). Tegmina with subcostal
area and most of the anterior field whitish-hyaline, re-
mainder with dark brown irregular blotches, veins
white. Hind wing practically uniformly infuscated
(fig. 69). Abdominal terga shiny, dark brown to
black, with lateral brownish-yelllow spots.
Abdominal sterna black with sublateral yellowish
maculae, subgenital plate with a large, dark macula
surrounded by yellow, the anterior lateral corners
black (fig. 68). Cerci dorsally dark basally and partial-
ly dark on the inner halves, the remainder yellowish;
ventrally with middle segments pale on their outer
halves, the remainder dark. Coxae brownish-yellow,
femora dark along the dorsal margin, pale on the ven-
tral halves; tibiae pale with dark bands.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 13.5-15.6; prono-
tum length X width, 3.3-3.7 X 5.7-5.9; tegmen
length, 14.3-14.8; interocular width, 0.9.
Remarks. — Hanitsch was correct in stating that
the front femur is Type B, whereas Princis claimed it
is Type C. They apparently are both correct. The
holotype has one minute stout proximal spine suc-
ceeded by a row of piliform spinules (Type B). Princis
had two specimens which I have examined: the front
femora of one of them has two minute stout proximal
spines, and the second specimen has two small stout
proximal spines on the right femur (Type B) and zero
stout spines succeeded by piliform spinules (Type C)
on the left femur. The stout proximal spines are very
small (about the same length as the piliform spinules,
but stouter).
Hanitsch correctly stated that this species is relat-
ed to Blatta polygrapha Walker and Blatta megaspila
Walker which he placed under Chorisoblatta, and
which I am here synonymizing with Allacta. Hanitsch
pointed out that megaspila and polygrapha, show a
striking similarity to karny in the markings both of
the pronotum and of the tegmina [in Roth 1993, figs.
8B, C, and 10B, D}; polygrapha is distinguished by
the markings of its head which run transverse [see
fig.8A, in Roth 1993), not longitudinal as in karnyi,
whilst in megaspila there are two narrow longitudinal
lines on the occiput which join on the vertex and are
240
continued down the face as a broad chestnut band
[see fig. 10A, in Roth 1993].
The longitudinal facial markings and pronotal pic-
turing place karnyi in the polygrapha species group.
Allacta figurata (Walker)
(figs. 71-73)
Blatta figurata Walker, 1871: 24 (male).
Allacta figurata (Walker). — Roth 1993: 370, figs. 5A-D
(male, redescription, synonymy).
Material examined. — SRI LANKA. ZILs: Ceylon, N. Centr.
Prov. Willpattu, N.P., Maradan Maduwa, 23 miles W. of
Anurhadapura, under bark, 1d (terminalia slide 430),
2.11.1962, Loc. 48, Lund Univ. Ceylon Exped. 1962,
Brinck, Andersson, & Cederholm.
Remarks. — I (Roth 1993: 370) redescribed this
species from the holotype from Bombay, India.
However, the specimen was badly damaged and a pin
had been pushed through the abdomen so that a gen-
italia slide could not be made. The following can be
added to my earlier description, based on the male
specimen from Sri Lanka: Abdominal terga unspe-
cialized. Supraanal plate transverse, hind margin con-
vexly rounded, entire. Subgenital plate symmetrical
with a shallow incision medially, the margins of the
excision forming a small keel on each side of which is
a small style (figs. 72, 73). Genitalia as in fig. 73. The
phallomeres are very similar to those of Allacta inter-
rupa (Hanitsch) from Java (cf. fig.73 with fig. 4E in
Roth 1993) and show that these two species are very
close to one another; the habitus (color patterns) of
interrupta also is similar to figurata. Princis (1965:
151) treated figurata as a synonym of Allacta diluta
(Saussure), which is also from Sri Lanka. Although I
have not seen the type of diluta, a specimen which I
believe is that species, described below, shows that the
two species are distinct.
Allacta diluta (Saussure)
(figs. 74-77)
Blatta diluta Saussure, 1863: 153 (female). — Walker 1868:
89; Saussure & Zehntner 1895: 31.
Phyllodromia diluta (Saussure). — Kirby 1904: 91; Shelford
1908: 12;
Pseudochorisoblatta diluta (Saussure). — Princis 1951: 90;
1959: 132.
Allacta diluta (Saussure). — Princis 1965: 151; Roth 1993:
371.
Material examined. — SRI LANKA. ZILS: Ceylon, W. Prov.
Yakkala, 18 miles NE. of Colombo, at light, 16 (terminalia
slide 431), 1-28.11.1962, loc. 10, Brinck-Andersson-
Cederholm, Lund Univ. Ceylon Expedition, 1962. |
Description. — Male (previously undescribed): |
Head with interocular space considerably less than |
the distance between the antennal sockets, eyes ex-
tending well below the sockets, almost reaching the
mandibles (fig. 75). Pronotum suboval, widest be-
hind the middle (fig. 74). Tegmina and wings fully
developed extending beyond the end of the abdomen,
the former with oblique discoidal sectors. Hind wing
with radial and media veins simple, cubitus vein with
six simple, complete branches, apical triangle small
(fig. 77). Front femur Type B,, with five large proxi-
mal spines; pulvilli only on the fourth proximal tar-
somere of all legs, tarsal claws symmetrical, simple,
arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized;
supraanal plate transverse, hind margin convex, en-
tire, paraprocts simple, similar plates. Subgenital
plate symmetrical, medially incised, the margins of
the excision forming a keel, on each side of which is a
small style (similar to fig. 72; the styles were broken
off and lost in slide preparation). Genitalia as in fig.
76: hook on the right side with a preapical incision;
median phallomere modified apically; left phallomere
large consisting of several sclerites, at least two of
them with setal brushes.
Colour. — Head reddish-brown with a weak dark
spot on the vertex, a pair of more distinct spots be-
tween the darkly-ringed antennal sockets and a medi-
ally interrupted dark line on the anterior margin of
the clypeus, posterior half of the clypeus lighter (fig.
75); maxillary palpi pale; antennae light brown.
Pronotum with a dark reddish-brown-blackish macu-
la, its bottle-shaped center, and lateral borders yel-
lowish (fig. 74). Tegmina light reddish with darkened
regions in the anal area and mid region. Hind wing
lightly infuscated. Abdominal terga brown, the later-
al edges yellowish. Abdominal sterna brownish yel-
low, lateral regions dark. Cerci dorsally with a brown
longitudinal stripe, ventrally all dark.
Female: Not seen.
Measurements (mm). — Length, 12.0; pronotum
length X width, 3.0 X 4.0; tegmen length, 12.0; in-
terocular width, 0.3.
Remarks. — Princis considered figurata a synonym
of diluta. I (Roth 1933: 370, 371) treated both
species as distinct, based on Saussure's description of
the latter; he described the head as brownish and the
pronotal disk with a testaceous, longitudinal macula
(in figurata, the pale macula is oval, fig. 71). In the
present specimen, the colour is close to Saussure's de-
scription, and the macula in the center of the prono-
tum is longitudional (fig. 74). If my identification of
diluta is correct, then there is no doubt that these two
species are distinct, and closely related.
ROTH: Pseudophyllodromiinae
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank the Australian Biological Resources Survey
(ABRS) for partial support, and the museums,
curators, and collection managers indicated in the
introduction, who loaned me specimens.
REFERENCES
Bey-Bienko, G.Y., 1938. Blattodea and Dermaptera collect
ed by Mr. R.J.H. Kaulback's expedition to Tibet. —
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
Series B7: 121-125.
Bruijning, C.F.A., 1948. Studies on Malayan Blattidae. —
Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 29: 1-174.
Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1865. Nouveau Système des
Blattaires. — G. Braumiiller: Vienna, 426 pp.
Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1898. Orthopteren des
Malayischen Archipels, gesammelt von Prof. Dr. W.
Kükenthal in den Jahren 1893 und 1894. — Abhand-
lungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 24: 193-288.
Hanitsch, R., 1915. Malayan Blattidae. — Journal of the
Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society 69: 17-178.
Hanitsch, R., 1919. Blattidae. collected in Korinchi, West
Sumatra by Messrs. H.C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss.
— Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums 8: 67-
728
Hanitsch, R., 1923a. Malayan Blattidae. Part II. — Journal
ofthe Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society 1: 393-474.
Hanitsch, R., 1923b. On a collection of Blattidae from the
Buitenzorg Museum. — Treubia 3: 197-221.
Hanitsch, R., 1925. On a collection of Blattidae from
northern Sarawak, chiefly Mt. Murud and Mt. Dulit. —
Sarawak Museum Journal 3 (1): 75-106.
Hanitsch, R., 1928. Spolia Mentawiensia. Blattidae. —
Bulletin of the Raffles Museum Singapore, Straits
Settlements 1: 1-44.
Hanitsch, R., 1929. Dr. E. Mjöberg's zoological collections
from Sumatra. — Arkiv för Zoologi 21A (2): 1-20.
Hanitsch, R., 1931. Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux
Indes Orientales Neerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince
et la Princesse Léopold de Belgique. Blattidae. —
Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de
Belgique IV (1): 39-63.
Hanitsch, R., 1932a. Beccari and Modigliani's collection of
Sumatran Blattidae in the Museo Civico, Genoa. —
Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova 56:
48-92.
Hanitsch, R., 1932b. On a collection of blattids from the
east coast of Sumatra. — Miscellanea Zoologica Su-
matrana 62: 1-8.
Hanitsch, R., 1933a. The Blattidae of Mt. Kinabalu, British
North Borneo. — Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museums, Singapore 17: 297-337.
Hanitsch, R., 1933b. On a collection of Bornean and other
oriental Blattidae from the Stockholm Museum. —
Entomologisk Tidskrift 54: 230-245.
Hebard, M., 1929. Studies in Malayan Blattidae (Ortho-
ptera). — Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia 81: 1-109.
Kirby, W.F., 1904. A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera.
Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gressoria. (For-
ficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae,
241
“TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Phasmidae). — British Museum: London 1, 501 pp.
Princis, K., 1950. Indomalaiische und australische
Blattarien aus dem Entomologischen Museum der
Universitat in Lund. — Opuscula Entomologica 15: 161-
188.
Princis, K., 1951. Kleine Beiträge zur Kenntnis der
Blattarien und ihrer Verbreitung. IV. — Opuscula Ento-
mologica 16: 89-93.
Princis, K., 1959. Revision der Walkerschen und
Kirbyschen Blattarientypen im British Museum of
Natural History, London. III. — Opuscula Entomologica
24: 125-150.
Princis, K., 1965. Kleine Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Blatta-
rien und ihrer Verbreitung. VIII. (Orthoptera). — Eos,
Madrid 41: 135-156.
Princis, K., 1969. Blattariae: Subordo Epilamproidea, Fam.:
Blattellidae. — in Beier (ed.), Orthopterorum Catalogus.
13: 711-1038, 's-Gravenhage.
Roth, L.M., 1991. New combinations, synonymies, re-
descriptions, and new species of cockroaches, mostly
Indo-Australian Blattellidae. — Invertebrate Taxonomy 5:
953-1021.
Roth, L.M., 1993. The cockroach genus Allacta Saussure &
Zehntner (Blattaria, Blattellidae: Pseudophyllo-
dromiinae). — Entomologica Scandinavica 23 (1992):
361-389.
Roth, L.M., 1995. New species of Allacta Saussure and
Zehntner from Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya and
Sarawak (Blattaria, Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae).
— Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries 38: 51-71.
242
Saussure, H. de, 1863. Mélanges orthoptérologiques,
Première Fascicule. Blattides. - Mémoires de la Société de
Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Genève 17: 129-172.
Saussure, H. de & L. Zehntner, 1895. Histoire naturelle des
Orthoptères. Blattides et Mantides. — In: A. Grandidier,
Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar.
Paris: 23 + 244 pp.
Shelford, R., 1906. Studies of the Blattidae. — Transactions
of the Entomological Society of London 1906 (Part II):
231-280.
Shelford, R., 1907. Studies of the Blattidae (continued). —
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London
(1906): 487-519.
Shelford, R., 1908. Orthoptera. Fam. Blattidae, Subfam.
Phyllodromiinae. — In Wytsman (ed.): Genera Insec-
torum 73: 1-28.
Walker, F., 1868. Catalogue of the specimens of Blattariae
in the collection of the British Museum, London, 239 pp.
Walker, F., 1869. Catalogue of the specimens of
Dermaptera Saltatoria and supplement to the Blattariae
in the collection of the British Museum. I. Supplement to
the catalogue of Blattariae, London, pp. 119-156.
Walker, F., 1871. Catalogue of the specimens of
Dermaptera Saltatoria and supplement to the Blattariae
in the collection of the British Museum. V. Supplement
to the catalogue of the Blattariae. pp. 1-43. London.
Received: 1 May 1996
Accepted: 9 August 1996
Ore A. SETHER & Tronp ANDERSEN
Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen
FIRST AFROTROPICAL RECORDS OF
DOITHRIXAND GEORTHOCLADIUS, WITH NOTES
ON THE PSEUDORTHOCLADIUS GROUP
(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Sæther, O. A. & Andersen, T., 1996. First Afrotropical records of Doithrixand Georthocladius,
with notes on the Pseudorthocladius group (Diptera: Chironomidae). - Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie 139: 243-256, figs 1-29 [1ssn 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
The diagnoses of the genera Doithrix Sæther et Sublette and Georthocladius Strenzke are
emended. Toyamayusurika Sasa et Kawai is shown to be a junior synonym of Georthocladius.
The male imagines of the new species Doithrix longipes, Doithrix amegabei, Georthociadius long-
icalcaneum, and Georthocladius amakyei, all from Ghana, are described. Eight new combina-
tions are given: Doithrix fujiseptimus (Sasa) comb. n., Doithrix togateformis (Sasa, Watanabe et
Arakawa) comb. n., Georthocladius asamasextus (Sasa et Hirabayashi) comb. n., Georthocladius
fujiquinta (Sasa) comb. n., Georthocladius shiotanii (Sasa et Kawai) comb. n., Pseudorthocladius
amamikonaseus (Sasa et Suzuki ) comb. n., Pseudorthocladius kurobesugoidus (Sasa et Okazawa)
comb. n., and Pseudorthocladius togakuroidus (Sasa, Watanabe et Arakawa) comb. n.
The morphological expressions of adaptations by chironomid male imagines to tropical areas
are discussed. These adaptations often, but not always, consist in considerably smaller size and
associated lower number of setae, reduction of eye elongation, considerably shorter antennal ra-
tio, loss or reduction of the anal lobe of the wing, loss of setae on squama, longer costal exten-
sion, longer front metatarsus resulting in higher front leg ratio and, at least in orthoclads, re-
duction of the inferior volsella.
O. A. Sether & T. Andersen, Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Muséplass 3, N-5007
Bergen, Norway.
Keywords. - Chironomidae, Afrotropical, new species, Doithrix, Georthocladius, adaptations.
The Pseudorthocladius group consists of the four
closely related genera Parachaetocladius Wiilker,
Doithrix Sæther et Sublette, Georthocladius Strenzke,
and Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer. While the imma-
tures of the first of these genera, Parachaetocladius,
live in springs, streams and rivers, the other three gen-
era all are semiterrestrial to semiaquatic living in a va-
riety of damp habitats including mosses, hygropetric
regions, seepages and floodplains along stream banks
(Strenzke 1950, Sather & Sublette 1983, Cranston et
al. 1989).
The genus group was revised by Sæther & Sublette
(1983) showing that it forms a well delineated mono-
phyletic group with Metriocnemus v.d. Wulp plus
Thienemannia Kieffer as the likely sister group. The
genus Doithrix was emended slightly by Cranston &
Oliver (1988). Within the Pseudorthocladius group
Doithrix plus Georthocladius apparently form the sis-
ter group of Pseudorthocladius plus Parachaetocladius.
The presence of well developed pulvilli, naked eyes,
an apical antennal seta, acrostichals absent or long
and beginning near the antepronotum, curved Cu,
and an anal point with strong setae and microtrichiae
to apex or nearly to apex will separate the
Pseudorthocladius group from other orthoclad genera.
In connection with a project in Ghana supported
by the Norwegian Universities’ Commitee for
Development, Research and Education (NUFU), four
new species belonging to the Pseudorthocladius group
were found. These finds are interesting not only be-
cause they represent the first Afrotropical finds of the
genera Doithrix and Georthocladius, but also because
their morphology indicate some common trends of
adaptations to tropical rain forests.
Methods and morphology
The mounting procedure used is outlined by
Sether (1969). Morphological nomenclature follows
Sæther (1980). The measurements are given as ranges
followed by a mean when four or more measurements
are made, followed by the number measured in
parentheses (n).
243
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
The holotypes of the new species are deposited at
the Museum of Zoology (ZMBN), University of
Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Doithrix Sæther et Sublette
Doithrix Sæther et Sublette, 1983: 6.
Type species. — Doithrix villosa Sæther et Sublette,
198339:
Diagnosis of male imago. — As in Sæther &
Sublette (1983: 6) and Cranston et al. (1989: 191)
with the following emendations: Minute to moder-
ately small species, wing length 0.7-2.0 mm.
Antennal ratio between 0.2 and 2.0. Eyes without or
with very slight eye elongation. Antepronotum mod-
erately to well developed. Dorsocentrals extending
well forward, single to triple in front; acrostichals ex-
tending to one third to half the length of scutum
from antepronotum; prealars few to numerous, when
few in anterior and posterior group. Scutellum with
setae in uni - biserial transverse row. Anal lobe of
wing well developed to very weak, usually protruding.
Virga consisting of at most about 6 very fine spines or
occasionally absent. Gonocoxite with strong, posteri-
orly directed, apically pointed or rounded inferior
volsella or occasionally inferior volsella broad based,
relatively low and subtriangular or reduced. Gono-
stylus with or without expanded base, apically strong-
ly attenuate to truncate or slender and approximately
evenly wide for its full length; with a few to numerous
long setae on inner margin.
Included species. — In addition to the four species
described by Sæther & Sublette (1983) and Doithrix
dillonae Cranston et Oliver described by Cranston &
Oliver (1988), Wang (1994) described Doithrix
emeiensis Wang from China (examined by the senior
author), and two species described from Japan in oth-
er genera clearly belong to Doithrix, namely Doithrix
fujiseptimus (Sasa), comb. n. described as Pseudortho-
cladius fujiseptimus in Sasa (1985: 126); and Doithrix
togateformis (Sasa, Watanabe et Arakawa) comb. n.
described as Zoyamayusurika togateformis in Sasa,
Watanabe et Arakawa (1992: 235). Both are typical
Doithrix, the first nearly identical to D. emeiensis and
possibly close to D. hamiltoni Sæther et Sublette and
D. barberi Sæther et Sublette, all four sharing synapo-
morphies in the hook-like inferior volsellae and other
details; and the second probably close to D. ensifer
Sæther et Sublette sharing a synapomorphy in the
basal swelling of the gonostylus. Ueno & Iwakuma
(1996) recorded D. villosa Sæther et Sublette from
the Miyatoko mire in Japan.
Doithrix longipes sp. n.
(figs. 1-7)
Type material. — Holotype ®, Ghana: Western re-
gion, Ankasa Game Production Reserve, 6-
12.x11.1993, NUFU project (ZMBN No. 173). —
Paratypes: 3 ® as holotype.
Diagnostic characters. — The small size (wing
length 0.7-0.8 mm), extremely long metatarsus giv-
ing an LR, of 1.01-1.04, the very long costal exten-
sion, absence of setae on squama and the evenly wide
gonostylus will separate the species from all other
Doithrix except D. amegabei sp. n. described below.
The short antennal ratio (0.2-0.3), the subtriangular
inferior volsella, and the shorter and less sclerotized
phallapodeme will separate D. longipes from D.
amegabei.
Male imago (n = 4 except when otherwise stated).
— Total length 1.41-1.54, 1.47 mm. Wing length
0.73-0.77, 0.74 mm. Total length / wing length
1.90-2.01, 1.98. Wing length / length of profemur
2.62-2.75, 2.68. Coloration pale brown with vittae,
median anepisternum II, ventral part of preepister-
num and postnotum dark brown.
Head (figs. 1-3). AR 0.23-0.27, 0.25. Ultimate fla-
gellomere 77-109, 87 pm long; apical seta 30-45, 37
um long. Flagellomere 2 with 1 sensilla chaetica, 29-
36 pm long; flagellomere 3 with 2 sensilla chaetica,
28-36 and 33-38 pm long, the longest about 3 um
wide. Temporal setae 8-19, 9; including 3-4, 4 inner
verticals; 2-3, 3 outer verticals; and 2-4, 3 postor-
bitals. Clypeus with 6 setae. Tentorium 77-86, 84 um
long; 8-13, 10 pm wide. Stipes 60-71, 66 pm long,
15-23, 19 pm wide. Palp with 5 palpomeres, lengths
(in pm): 15-23, 18; 23-30, 25; 45-49, 47; 56-71, 62;
75-94, 82. Third palpomere with about 6-7 sensilla
clavata in 2-3 groups; fourth palpomere with 0-1 api-
cal sensillum clavatum.
Thorax (fig. 4). Antepronotum with 4 setae.
Dorsocentrals 8-11, 10; acrostichals about 6-8; pre-
alars 4-5, 5, including 2-3, 3 posterior and 1-3, 2 an-
terior prealars. Scutellum with 4 setae.
Figs 1-8. Doithrix longipes sp. n., male imago. - 1, Cibarial pump, tentorium and stipes; 2, Third palpomere; 3, Flagellomere
1 to 5, showing the sensilla chaetica on flagellomeres 2 and 3; 4, Thorax; 5, Wing; 6, Anal point and dorsal aspect of left gono-
coxite and gonostylus; 7, Hypopygium with anal point and laterosternite IX removed, left dorsal aspect, right ventral aspect;
8, Gonostylus, ventral aspect.
244
SÆTHER & ANDERSEN: Doithrix & Georthocladius
BN UN
Ny K VOE
Q \ ree NE UCU
À SN hice ea Z
wa or N: ” NT
= WE INN > ZG
| = <a
©
& a Oe
©
245
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
N
N
N
N
N
ZLD
246
SÆTHER & ANDERSEN: Doithrix & Georthocladius
Table 1. Lengths (in pm) and proportions of legs of male imago of Doithrix longipes sp. n.
fe ti ta, ta,
Pi 274-278, 277 255-263, 258 259-266, 264 113-120, 117
P: 281-285, 283 283-295, 292 112-114, 113 53-60, 56
Ps 274-285, 280 315-319, 317 182-184, 183 83-84, 84
ta, ta, tas LR
P 77-84, 81 49-51, 50 34-39, 37 1.01-1.04, 1.02
P; 41-43, 42 24-30, 27 24-28, 26 0.38-0.39, 0.39
P; 86-90, 88 34-38, 36 30-38, 33 0.56-0.58, 0.57
BV SV BR
Pi 2.78-287, 2.82 1.99-2.06, 2.02 2.1-3.0, 2.6
P; 4.31-4.70, 4.56 207-513; 3.11 2.3-3.1, 2.8
Ps 3.12-3.34, 3.24 3.20-3.40, 3.29 2.9-3.7, 3.4
Wing (fig. 5). VR 1.36-1.50 (3). Anal lobe weak,
not projecting. C extension 83-101, 91 um long.
Brachiolum with 1 seta; R with 3-4, 4 setae; other
veins bare. Squama bare.
Legs. Spur of front tibia 34 pm long; spurs of mid-
dle tibia 23-26, 24 pm and 15-19, 18 pm long; of
hind tibia 38-41, 39 um and 17-19, 19 um long.
Width at apex of front tibia 21-23, 23 pm; of middle
tibia 21-23, 22 um; of hind tibia 28-30, 29 pm. Hind
tibial comb with 11 setae; shortest setae 19-26, 24 pm
long; longest setae 32-34, 34 pm long. Lengths and
proportions of legs as in table 1.
Hypopygium (figs. 6-8). Anal point 34-43, 40 pm
long; with 12-15, 14 lamellate setae; longest setae 17-
21, 20 pm long. Laterosternite IX with 2 setae.
Phallapodeme 38-49, 45 pm long; transverse ster-
napodeme 36-41, 39 um long. Virga absent or per-
haps minute virga indicated in some specimens.
Gonocoxite 98-100, 99 um long; inferior volsella rel-
atively low, subtriangular, without posterior projec-
tion. Gonostylus 51-53, 52 pm long; evenly wide;
with about 3 strong preapical setae on inner margin;
megaseta 6-9, 7 pm long. HR 1.86-1.93, 1.90; HV
2.76-2.91, 2.82.
Etymology. — From Latin, longus, long, and pes,
gen. pedis, foot, referring to the extremely long
metatarsus of the front leg.
Remarks. — D. longipes sp. n. and D. amegabei sp.
n. differ in very many aspects from the previously de-
scribed members of the genus and may eventually de-
serve their own subgenus or even a separate genus.
However, most of these differences can be seen as a
result of the tiny size and of adaptations to a life in
tropical rain forests. Similar adaptations seem to oc-
cur also in other tropical chironomids including those
described below.
Distribution. — The species is known only from a
rain forest in western Ghana close to the border with
the Ivory Coast.
Doithrix amegabei sp. n.
(figs. 9-15)
Type material. — Holotype d, Ghana: Western re-
gion, Ankasa Game Production Reserve, 6-
12.x11.1993, NUFU project (ZMBN No. 174).
Diagnostic characters. — The species differs from
D. longipes sp. n. by having a higher AR (0.47), re-
duced inferior volsella of the hypopygium and a
longer and more sclerotized phallapodeme. It also ap-
pears to have some rudiments of a virga.
Male imago (n = 1). — Total length 1.50 mm.
Wing length 0.77 mm. Total length / wing length
1.95. Wing length / length of profemur 2.70.
Coloration pale brown with vittae, median anepister-
num II, ventral part of preepisternum and postnotum
blackish brown.
Head (figs. 9-11). AR 0.47. Ultimate flagellomere
154 pm long, apical seta 38 um long. Flagellomere 2
with 1 sensilla chaetica, 22 pm long; flagellomere 3
Figs 9-15. Doithrix amegabei sp. n., male imago. - 9, Head; 10, Third palpomere; 11, Flagellomere 1 to 5, showing the sen-
silla chaetica on flagellomeres 2 and 3; 12, Thorax; 13, Wing; 14, Anal point and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonos-
tylus; 15, Hypopygium with anal point and laterosternite IX removed, left dorsal aspect, right ventral aspect.
247
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
248
RS A
SETHER & ANDERSEN: Doithrix & Georthocladius
Table 2. Lengths (in um) and proportions of legs of male imago of Doithrix amegabei sp. n.
fe ti ta, ta, ta, ta, ta.
Pi DD HN) ars 1 RNI ONE 41
P: 293 296 126 68 45 28 30
P, 295) SO HON USE NO BY)
32
with 2 sensilla chaetica, 21 and 25 um long, the
longest less than 2 pm wide. Temporal setae 8, in-
cluding 3 inner verticals, 2 outer verticals, and 3 pos-
torbitals. Clypeus with 6 setae. Tentorium 71 pm
long, 8 pm wide. Stipes 64 pm long, 15 pm wide.
Palp with 5 palpomeres, lengths (in pm): 19, 23, 41,
45, 84. Third palpomere with about 6 sensilla clavata
in 2 groups, fourth palpomere apparently without
apical sensillum clavatum.
Thorax (fig. 12). Antepronotum with 3 setae.
Dorsocentrals 8; acrostichals about 6; prealars 4, in-
cluding 3 posterior and 1 anterior prealar. Scutellum
with 4 setae.
Wing (fig. 13). VR 1.40. Anal lobe reduced, not
projecting. C extension 83 pm long. Brachiolum with
1 seta, R with 2 setae, other veins bare. Squama bare.
Legs. Spur of front tibia 41 pm long, spurs of mid-
dle tibia 17 um and 23 pm long, of hind tibia 38 pm
and 21 pm long. Width at apex of front tibia 19 pm,
of middle tibia 21 pm, of hind tibia 24 pm. Comb
with 11 setae, 23-30 um long. Lengths and propor-
tions of legs as in table 2.
Hypopygium (figs. 14, 15). Anal point 38 um
long; with 9 lamellate setae, setae about 24 um long;
laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Phallapodeme 56 pm
long, aedeagal lobe well sclerotized; transverse ster-
napodeme 43 pm long. Virga apparently indicated by
2 very weak spines. Gonocoxite 98 pm long; inferior
volsella very weak and low. Gonostylus 53 pm long,
megaseta 11 pm long. HR 1.86, HV 2.84.
Etymology. — Named in honour of Godwin
Amegabe, technician at Institute of Aquatic Biology,
Achimota, Ghana, who participated in the collection
of these new species.
Remarks. — D. amegabei sp. n. is very similar to D.
longipes sp. n. described above. It has, however, a
higher antennal ratio, stronger phallapodeme, and a
more reduced inferior volsella. Since it also occurs to-
gether with D. longipes the two species are unlikely to
be conspecific.
Distribution. — The species is known only from a
LR BV SV BR
1.03 2.10 2.00 3.0
0.42 419 4.69 -
OSE ZI HO 33
rain forest in western Ghana close to the border with
the Ivory Coast.
Georthocladius Strenzke
Georthocladius Strenzke, 1941: 185.
Orthocladius Goetghebuer in Strenzke, 1941: 177, nec v. d.
Wulp.
Georthocladius subgen. Atelopodella Sæther, 1982: 488.
Toyamayusurika Sasa et Kawai, 1987: 62, syn. n.
Type species
Georthocladius luteicornis (Goetghebuer in Strenzke
1941: 177) by monotypy.
Diagnosis of male imago
As in Sæther & Sublette (1983: 23) and Cranston
et al. (1989: 198) with the following emendations:
Minute to moderately sized species; wing length 0.7-
2.6 mm. Antennal ratio between 0.3 and 2.0.
Antepronotum moderately to well developed. Anal
lobe of wing reduced, nearly absent; squama fully
fringed to bare; costa moderately to strongly extend-
ed. Gonostylus with bluntly pointed to rounded
more or less pronounced outer corner; with sharply
pointed, triangular outer heel; or with a very long
pointed, slightly curved outer heel.
Included species. — In addition to the six species in-
cluded in the key in Sether & Sublette (1983) three
species described from Japan in other genera clearly
belong to Georthocladius, namely Georthocladius
asamasextus (Sasa et Hirabayashi), comb. n. described
as Toyamayusurika asamasexta by Sasa & Hirabayashi
(1991: 125); Georthocladius fujiquintus (Sasa) comb.
n. described as Orthosmittia fujiquinta by Sasa (1985:
125) and as Toyamayusurika fujiquinta by Sasa (1989:
133); and Georthocladius shiotanii (Sasa et Kawai),
comb. n. described as Toyamayusurika shiotanii by
Sasa & Kawai (1987: 62). G. fujiquintus is, in the
original description, said to be lacking apical seta on
the antenna as well as pulvilli. However, the similari-
ties between G. asamasextus and G. fujiquintus are too
Figs 16-22. Georthocladius longicalcaneum sp. n., male imago. - 16, Cibarial pump, tentorium and stipes; 17, Third
palpomere; 18, Thorax; 19, Wing; 20, Anal point and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus; 21, Hypopygium with
anal point and laterosternite IX removed, left dorsal aspect, right ventral aspect; 22, Gonostylus, ventral aspect.
249
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
great to be coincidental and the two species may be
conspecific. G. shiotanii is very similar to G. longical-
caneum sp. n. described below, sharing for instance a
unique synapomorphy in the triangular and curved
outer heel of the gonostylus, and appear to form its
sister species; while G. fujiquintus (asamasextus) is
close to G. amakyei sp. n., the other Georthocladius
described here. The two species described here as well
as the Japanese species all differ from previously de-
scribed species in the male hypopygium. They could
represent the unknown males of the subgenus
Atelopodella, but without knowledge of the imma-
tures such a subgeneric placement is premature.
Georthocladius longicalcaneum sp. n.
(figs. 16-22)
Type material. — Holotype d, Ghana: Western re-
gion, Ankasa Game Production Reserve, 6-
12.xii.1993, NUFU project (ZMBN No. 220).-
Paratypes: 3 d, as holotype.
Diagnostic characters. — The small size (wing
length 0.7-0.8 mm), absence of setae on squama, low
antennal ratio (0.3-0.4), and the extremely long out-
er heel of the gonostylus will separate the species from
all other Dozthrix.
Male imago (n = 4 except when otherwise stated).
— Total length 1.54-1.64, 1.61 mm. Wing length
0.71-0.76, 0.73 mm. Total length / wing length
2.15-2.25, 2.19. Wing length / length of profemur
2.34-2.43, 2.37. Coloration pale brown with vittae,
median anepisternum II, ventral part of preepister-
num and postnotum dark brown.
Head (figs. 16, 17). AR 0.36-0.44, 0.40. Ultimate
flagellomere 105-150, 126 pm long; apical seta 26-
34, 29 pm long. Temporal setae 7-12, 10; including
3-6, 5 inner verticals; 2-4, 3 outer verticals; and 2
postorbitals. Clypeus with 4-5, 5 setae. Tentorium
75-94, 85 um long; 15-17, 16 pm wide. Stipes 64-75,
71 pm long; 15-19, 17 pm wide. Palp with 5
palpomeres, lengths (in pm): 15-21, 19; 21-30, 25;
53-58, 54; 68-83, 73; 64-83, 72. Third palpomere
apically swollen, with about 6-7 sensilla clavata in 2-
3 groups; fourth palpomere without apical sensillum
clavatum.
Thorax (fig. 18). Antepronotum with 2-4, 3 setae.
Dorsocentrals 11-13, 12; acrostichals about 6-8; pre-
alars 5-6, 6, including 2-3, 3 posterior and 2-4, 3 an-
terior prealars. Scutellum with 4 setae.
Wing (fig. 19). VR 1.33-1.46 (3). Anal lobe re-
duced, not projecting. C extension 79-90, 86 pm
long. Brachiolum with 1 seta; R with 2-4, 3 setae;
other veins bare. Squama bare.
Legs. Spur of front tibia 26-30, 29 pm long; spurs
of middle tibia 19-26, 21 pm and 17-19, 18 pm long;
250
of hind tibia 34-41, 38 pm and 17-19, 19 pm long.
Width at apex of front tibia 21-23, 23 um; of middle
tibia 21-23, 23 pm; of hind tibia 26-28, 27 um. Hind
tibial comb of 10-11, 11 setae; shortest setae 19-23,
22 pm long; longest setae 30-34, 32 um long.
Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3.
Hypopygium (figs. 20-22). Anal point 15-21, 19
uum long; with 9-12, 10 strong setae; laterosternite IX
with 2-3, 3 setae. Phallapodeme 45-51, 49 pm long;
transverse sternapodeme 26-34, 29 um long.
Gonocoxite 109-120, 116 pm long; inferior volsella
triangular, with strong anteriomedially directed mi-
crotrichiae along median margin. Gonostylus 54-75,
66 um long; with long, slightly curved outer heel; dis-
tance from base to apex of heel 56-75, 68 pm; to out-
er furcation between gonostylus and heel 36-41, 40
um from base; gonostylus beyond heel tapering to
apex; megaseta 8-11, 9 pm long. HR 1.60-2.00, 1.76;
HV 2.19-2.98, 2.46.
Etymology. — From Latin, /ongus, long, and calca-
neum, the heel, as a noun in apposition, referring to
the long outer heel of the male gonostylus.
Remarks. — G. longicalcaneum sp. n. is very similar
to G. shiotanii from Japan in the male hypopygium
and appear to form its sister species. It is, however,
only about half the size, have much lower chaetotaxy,
lower antennal ratio, higher LR, and VR etc., all pos-
sible adaptations to a tropical climate.
Distribution. — The species is known only from a
rain forest in western Ghana close to the border with
the Ivory Coast.
Georthocladius amakyei sp. n.
(figs. 23-29)
Type material. — Holotype 4 , Ghana: Western re-
gion, Ankasa Game Production Reserve, 6-12. xii.
1993, NUFU project (ZMBN No. 219).
Diagnostic characters. — The species is similar to
the preceding species in the small size, lack of setae on
squama, and the low antennal ratio, but differ in hav-
ing a shorter, triangular outer heel of the gonostylus.
Male imago (n = 1). — Total length 1.67 mm.
Wing length 0.79 mm. Total length / wing length
2.11. Wing length / length of profemur 2.23. Color-
ation pale brown with vittae, median anepisternum
II, ventral part of preepisternum and postnotum
blackish brown.
Head (figs. 23, 24). AR 0.46. Ultimate flagellom-
ere 154 pm long, apical seta 26 pm long. Temporal
setae 7, including 4 inner verticals, 2 outer verticals,
and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 7 setae. Tentorium
79 um long, 17 pm wide. Stipes 77 um long, 26 pm
wide. Palp with 5 palpomeres, lengths (in pm): 19,
26, 54, 81, 86. Third palpomere apically swollen,
SÆTHER & ANDERSEN: Doithrix & Georthocladius
Table 3. Lengths (in pm) and proportions of legs of male imago of Georthocladius longicalcaneum sp. n.
fe ti
p, 293-323, 310 315-338, 332
p, 278-300, 289 285-308, 300
Ps 278-293, 286 304-347, 328
ta, tay
P, 105-120, 111 64-71, 67
p. 47-56, 51 30-34, 33
p, 64-105, 87 34-43, 38
BV SV
p, 2.29-2.57, 2.44 2.73-2.82, 2.79
p> 3.80-4.28, 4.03 5.00-5.25, 5.09
P; DDS) 3.28-3.41, 3.35
wich about 8 sensilla clavata in 2-3 groups; fourth
palpomere without apical sensillum clavatum.
Thorax (fig. 25). Antepronotum with 3 setae.
Dorsocentrals 11, acrostichals about 4, prealars 5, in-
cluding 3 posterior and 2 anterior prealars. Scutellum
with 4 setae.
Wing (fig. 26). VR 1.40. Anal lobe reduced, not
projecting. C extension 83 pm long. Brachiolum with
1 seta, R with 2 setae, other veins bare. Squama bare.
Legs. Spur of front tibia 38 pm long, spurs of mid-
dle tibia 19 pm and 23 pm long, of hind tibia 41 pm
and 19 pm long. Width at apex of front tibia 21 pm,
of middle tibia 23 pm, of hind tibia 30 pm. Comb
with 9 setae, 23-34 um long. Lengths and propor-
tions of legs as in Table 4.
Hypopygium (figs. 27-29). Anal point 19 pm long,
with 14 strong setae, laterosternite IX with 3 setae.
Phallapodeme 41 pm long, transverse sternapodeme
68 pm long. Gonocoxite 113 pm long; inferior
volsella weak and low, rounded. Gonostylus 60 um
long; with short, sharply triangular outer heel; dis-
tance from base to apex of heel 38 pm; to outer fur-
cation between gonostylus and heel 36 pm from base;
gonostylus beyond heel tapering to apex; megaseta 8
pm long. HR 1.91; HV 2.79.
ta,
221-236, 230
113-120, 116
171-195, 184
tas
41-45, 42
26-30, 29
32-38, 35
BR
2.0-3.0, 2.4
20257255
DSD
ta}
139-158, 146
60-71, 63
79-98, 88
LR
0.69-0.70, 0.69
0.39
0.55-0.56, 0.56
Etymology. — Named in honour of Joseph Somua
Amakye, Senior research officer, Institute of Aquatic
Biology, Achiomota, Ghana, who participated in the
collection of these new species and is the liaison be-
tween the NUFU project and the Institute of Aquatic
Biology.
Remarks. — G. amakyei sp. n. is similar to G. fu-
jiquintus and G. asamasextus from Japan in the male
hypopygium and may form their sister species. It is,
however, only about half the size, have much lower
chaetotaxy, lower antennal ratio, higher LR, and VR
etc., all possible adaptations to a tropical climate.
Distribution. — The species is known only from a
rain forest in western Ghana close to the border with
the Ivory Coast.
Notes on Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer
In addition to the 22 species mentioned in Sæther
& Sublette (1983); including the Afrotropical P.
nigerrimus Kieffer (Kieffer 1918), P. similis Freeman
(Freeman 1953), and P. bernadetti Lehmann
(Lehmann 1979), the following species have been de-
scribed since the revision: P. akanseptimus Sasa et
Kamimura, 1987, Japan; P. amamikonaseus (Sasa et
Suzuki, 1993 as Psectrocladius) comb. n., Japan; P.
Table 4. Lengths (in pm) and proportions of legs of male imago of Georthocladius amakyei sp. n.
av ti m ta, ta, ta, ta,
Pi 356 341 268 173 122 79
P: 285 304 113 64 53 30
P; 315 368 214 105 109 45
at RS Vale BR
3 Of A7 HD 27
32 037 393 523 23
Ae 058 265 Bi) iL8
251
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
252
barthelemyi Mobayed, 1989, Bulgaria, France, Spain,
Turkey, Morocco; P. fujioctavus Sasa, 1985, Japan; P.
kurobesugoidus (Sasa et Okazawa, 1992 as
Psectrocladius) comb. n., Japan; P. matusecundus Sasa
et Kawai, 1987, Japan; P. rectangilobus Caspers &
Siebert, 1980, Germany, Norway; and P. to-
gakuroidus (Sasa, Watanabe et Arakawa, 1992 as
Trissocladius) comb. n., Japan.
As mentioned by Sæther & Sublette (1983) the
Afrotropical species are in need of revision and may
not belong in the genus. P. bernadetti is stated to lack
acrostichals and to have tiny pulvilli. If this is correct
the species does not even belong in the
Pseudorthocladius group. Sether (1996) transferred
nigerrimus to the genus Mesosmittia Brundin.
Pseudorthocladius similis Freeman undoubtedly be-
longs in Pseudorthocladius. However, the redescrip-
tion by Freeman (1956) may contain more than one
species.
Adaptations of chironomids to tropical areas
Chironomid wing length was used by McLachlan
(1985) to describe habitat characteristics. He suggest-
ed a negative relationship between wing length of
most abundant species and duration or predictability
of its habitat. This hypothesis was criticized by
Vepsäläinen (1986) who argued that extrapolation of
concepts on wing length and dispersal ability from in-
traspecific to the interspecific level was not valid.
When studying terrestrial orthoclads inhabiting
heathlands in Brittany in France Delettre (1988)
found that two species which populations are
strengthened or re-established by immigrants each
year, did not have longer wings than two species with
permanent larval populations. However, of the two
former species migrant specimens had longer wings
than resident specimens.
Sether (1981) noted the small size, including the
wing length, and the reduction of the anal lobe of the
wing of the orthoclads from the West Indies com-
pared with their closest relatives. Other apparent
adaptations of tropical chironomids are loss of setae
on squama, elongation of the costal extension, reduc-
tion of dorsomedian eye extension, narrowing of the
tentorium, generally lower chaetotaxy, increased
length of the front metatarsus resulting in a higher leg
ratio, and often a reduction of the volsellae. However,
not all these changes appear to take place in all species
and certainly not always concurrently. Several of the
characters in which changes take place are important
SÆTHER & ANDERSEN: Doithrix & Georthocladius
in keys and phylogenies, and it is necessary to take the
climatic conditions of where the species were collect-
ed into consideration when judging whether a charac-
ter shows homoplasy or not. In order to judge
whether a character is caused by such adaptation to a
tropical climate or a tropical rain forest it is necessary
to compare a species with its closest relative or rela-
tives from more temperate areas. This is possible for
the species described here and for a few other chi-
ronomids. Some comparisons are given in Table 5,
where the bold characters indicate apparent adapta-
tions to tropical areas, while those in italics show the
inverse. Only comparison between species where the
phylogenetic relationships has been elucidated, or
clearly monophyletic genera where one species is
from a tropical region, all the rest from the temperate
region, are included.
As it will appear from table 5 tropical chironomids
are smaller or of the same size as their closest relatives
in temperate areas. Likewise the anal lobe is more re-
duced or of the same size, there are fewer or the same
number of setae on the squama, the VR is higher or
the same, the costal extension is longer or of the same
length, the antennal ratio is lower or the same, the
front leg ratio is higher or the same, and the inferior
volsella is more reduced or equally developed. There
are just two minor exceptions to this. In Tokyobrillia
anderseni Sæther et Wang the antennal ratio is slight-
ly higher than in 7. tamamegaseta Kobayashi et Sasa,
and in Antillocladius zhengi Wang et Sether the an-
tennal ratio is higher and the leg ratio lower than in
A. scalpellatus Wang et Sether. However, both these
genera probably are of Gondwanian origin and pri-
marily subtropical to tropical.
Coloration, size, and sometimes setal counts varies
with temperature. When there are several generations
a year the summer generations nearly always are
smaller. As recently shown by Matena (1995) at in-
creased development temperature an emerged adult is
brighter and paler, and with variation in setal count
and other morphometric features. But that is within
the same species. The morphological features that go
together with variation in development temperature
(and therefore larval development temperature) cou-
pled with isolation of populations through different
phenology of cohorts could be (and probably is) the
mechanism with which the tropical chironomids dif-
ferentiated from their closest related more temperate
species in the first place. On Madeira, for instance,
the variation of nearly all the species also present on
Figs 23-29. Georthocladius amakyei sp. n., male imago. — 23, Head; 24, Third palpomere; 25, Thorax; 26, Wing; 27, Anal
point and dorsal aspect of left gonocoxite and gonostylus; 28, Hypopygium with anal point and laterosternite IX removed,
left dorsal aspect, right ventral aspect; 29, Gonostylus, ventral aspect.
253
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Table 5. Comparison between some tropical orthoclads (Trop.) and their closest related temperate or subtropical (Temp.)
species or species groups. (Data from Hirvenoja 1973; Kobayashi & Sasa 1991; Oliver 1977; Sæther 1981, 1982, 1985a,
1985b, 1988; Sether & Wang 1992, 1995; Wang & Sæther 1993) (abs= absent, flag.= flagellomeres, mod= moderately de-
veloped, red= reduced, str= strong, w= weak).
Name Area Wing Anal Squamal VR C exten- AR LR, Inferior
length lobe setae sion, pm volsellae
(mm)
Doithrix longipes sp.n. Trop. 1.3-2.0 red 0 1.4-1.5 83-110 0.2-0.3 1.01-1.04 low
D. amegabei sp.n. Trop. 0.8 red 0 1.5 83 0.5 1.03 red
Doithrix spp. Temp 1.3-2.0 w-str 0-14 1.1-1.2 32-78 0.6-1.8 0.53-0.67 str
Georthocladius longicalcanus sp.n. Trop. 0.7-0.8 red 0 1.3-1.5 79-90 04 0.69-0.70 mod
G. amakyei sp.n. Trop. 0.8 red 0 1.4 83 0.5 0.79 red
Georthocladius spp. Temp 1.5-2.6 str 1-37 1.1-1.2 33-75 1.5-2.3 0.50-0.71 mod-str
Cricotopus nudisquamus Sæther Trop. 0.9 red 0 1.1 43 - 0.50 str
C. mackenziensis Oliver Temp. 1.1-1.6 str 4-9 EME 1.1-1.4 0.53-0.62 str
C. canditibia Sæther Trop. 1.4 - 1 hl 59 - 0.64 str
C. festivellus gr. Temp. 1.2-2.5 mod 5-10 1.0-1.4 shorter 1.0-1.6 0.52-0.66 str
Tokyobrillia anderseni Sæther et Wang Trop. 1.4-1.9 w 3-6 1.5-1.8 71-113 1.4-1.8 0.85-0.86 str
T. tamamegaseta Kobayashi et Sasa Temp 1.321. w 4-10 RÓ LER 1.2-1.6 0.48-0.52 str
Lipurometriocnemus glabalus Sæther Trop. 0.9-1.3 mod 8-15 1.3-1.5 31-55 - 0.59-0.62 abs
L. vixlobatus Sether Temp 1.2-1.6 mod 12-15 1.3-1.4 41-53 1.6-1.8 0.62 low
Mesosmittia truncata Sæther Trop. 0.9 w 4 1.4 116 0.8 - w
Mesosmittia spp. Temp 0.9-1.8 w 1-10 1.2-1.4 0-50 1.2-1.8 0.43-0.51 W-Str
Diplosmittia harrisoni Sether Trop. 0.8-1.1 mod 0 1.3-1.4 0 0.6 0.31-0.34 red
D. recisus Sæther Trop. 0.79 red 0 1.4 68 9 flag. 0.36 red
D. carinata Sæther Temp 1.1-1.3 mod 0 1.3-1.4 0 0.8 0.35-0.37 red
Antillocladius zhengi Wang et Sæther Trop. 1.3 str 9 1.3 51 Hay 0.68 str
A. scalpellatus Wang et Sether Temp 1.3-1.6 str 8-13 1.2-1.3 23-44 1.2-1.6 0.75-0.85 str
A. antecalvus Sæther Trop. 0.9-1.1 w 1-3 1.4-1.5 47-61 - 0.74-0.77 str
A. arcuatus Sæther Temp 1.1-1.3 str 2-3 1.4 38-45 1.0-1.2 0.65-0.71 str
Paraphaenocladius
impensus albusalatus Sæther et Wang Trop. 1.2-1.6 w 4-6 1.1-1.2 34-68 0.4-0.5 0.78-0.81 str
P. impensus (Walker) s.str. Temp. 1.3-1.9 w 7-10 1.1-1.2 38-81 0.8-1.0 0.68-0.72 str
P. exagitans longipes Sæther et Wang Trop. 1.1-1.2 abs 3-7 2 45-60 0.4-0.6 0.90-0.98 str
P. exagitans (Johannsen) s.str. Temp 1.0-1.8 w 2-7 1.1-1.2 30-70 0.4-0.9 0.76-0.86 str
P. cuneipennis (Freeman) Trop. 0.8-0.9 abs 2 11 44-56 0.5 0.72-0.73 str
P. dewulfi (Goetghebuer) Trop. 0.9-1.2 red 1-3 1.1-1.2 56-81 0.5-0.6 0.74 str
P. crassicaudatus Sæther et Wang Trop. 1.1-1.2 w 3-4 1 81-88 0.7 - str
P. irritus group Temp. 1.1-2.0 w-str 2-15 1.1-1.3 41-96 0.7-1.2 0.52-0.72 str
the European continent are within the total variation,
but within a narrow range at the lower end of varia-
tion. They appear to be incipient species.
However, temperature alone cannot explain the
difference between tropical species and their closest
related temperate species. Rain forest populations of
cosmopolitan or nearly cosmopolitan species such as
Limnophyes natalensis (Kieffer) and Harnischia curtil-
amellata (Malloch), both present in the Ghanaian
rain forest, although at the lower end of the range of
morphological variation do not fall outside the total
254
range of variation in temperate populations. In L. na-
talensis two populations differ in being smaller in
nearly all measurements from other populations, one
is from the rain forest of Zaïre, the other from Central
Norway! Also in the comparisons made by us the
temperate species often are from an equally hot cli-
mate as that found at least in the Ghanaian rain for-
est.
Certainly the habitat predictability of semiaquatic
chironomids is high in a tropical rain forest with
available habitats permanently present. This habitat
predictability appears to be reflected in the smaller
range of variation in morphological features in tropi-
cal species when compared to the very variable popu-
lations of the same species or to the sister species in
temperate areas. When comparing species within a
monophyletic group MacLachlan's theory thus ap-
pear to hold.
The table above includes orthoclads only.
However, the adaptations to tropical areas are the
same for other subfamilies perhaps with the exception
of the reduction of volsellae. Preliminary examina-
tions of several new species from Ghana of the genus
Rheotanytarsus Thienemann et Bause, each with close
European sister species, show that the reduction in
size and antennal ratio here may be at least as pro-
nounced.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project in Ghana is funded by The Norwegian
Universities' Committee for Development, Research and
Education (nuru). Thanks are due to Joseph S. Amakye and
the staff at the Institute of Aquatic Biology, C.S.I.R., Accra,
Ghana for field assistance and to the Ghana Wildlife
Department, Accra, Ghana for permission to collect in
Ankasa Game Production Reserve. Gladys Raminez made
the slide preparations.
REFERENCES
Caspers, N. & M. Siebert, 1980. Pseudorthocladius rec-
tangilobus sp. n. cine neue Chironomide aus dem
Hunsrück (Deutschland) (Diptera: Chironomidae). —
Mitteilungen der Schweizerische entomologischen
Gesellschaft 53: 181-183.
Cranston, P. S. & D. R. Oliver, 1988. Additions and cor-
rections to the Nearctic Orthocladiinae (Diptera:
Chironomidae). — Canadian Entomologist 120: 425-
462.
Cranston, P. S., D. R. Oliver & O. A. Sether, 1989. The
adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae)
of the Holarctic region — Keys and diagnoses. Pp. 165-
352 In: Wiederholm, T. (ed.): Chironomidae of the
Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult
males. — Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 34,
532 pp.
Delettre, Y. R., 1988. Chironomid wing length, dispersal
ability and habitat predictability. — Holarctic Ecology
11: 166-170.
Freeman, P., 1953. Chironomidae (Diptera) from Western
Cape Province I. — Proceedings of the Royal entomologi-
cal Society of London 22: 127-135.
Freeman, P., 1956. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera)
of Africa south of the Sahara. Part II. — Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 4: 287-
368.
Hirvenoja, M., 1973. Revision der Gattung Cricotopus van
der Wulp und ihrer Verwandten (Diptera, Chiro-
nomidae). — Annales zoologici fennici 10: 1-363.
Kieffer, J. J., 1918. Chironomides d’Afrique et d’Asie con-
servé au Muséum National Hongrois de Budapest. —
SÆTHER & ANDERSEN: Doithrix & Georthocladius
Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis Hungarici
16: 31-136.
Kobayashi, T. & M. Sasa, 1991. Description of two new
species of the chironomid midges collected from the
Tama River, Tokyo (Diptera, Chironomidae). — Japanese
Journal of sanitary Zoology 42: 71-75.
Lehmann, J., 1979. Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Fliess-
gewässern Zentralafrikas (Systematik, Ökologie, Ver-
breitung und Produktionsbiologie). Teil I: Kivu-Gebier,
Ostzaire. — Spixiana, Supplement 3, 144 pp.
Matena, J. 1995. Polymorphism of Chironomus plumosus
(L.) (Diptera: Chironomidae) males from a temperate
fish-pond population. — European Journal of entomolo-
gy 92: 699-703.
McLachlan, A., 1985. The relationship between habitat pre-
dictability and wing length in midges (Chironomidae). —
Oikos 44: 391-397.
Mobayed, Z., 1989. Description de Pseudorthocladius
(Pseudorthocladius) berthelemyi n. sp. (Dipt. Chirono-
midae, Orthocladiinae). — Bulletin de la Société
d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse 125: 27-29.
Oliver, D. R., 1977. Bicinctus - group of the genus
Cricotopus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the
Nearctic with a description of a new species. — Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34: 98-104.
Sæther, O. A., 1969. Some Nearctic Podonominae,
Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chiro-
nomidae). — Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada 170, 154 pp.
Sæther, O. A., 1980. Glossary of chironomid morphology
terminology (Chironomidae: Diptera). — Entomologica
scandinavica, Supplement 14, 51 pp.
Sæther, ©. A. 1981. Orthocladiinae (Diptera:
Chironomidae) from the British West Indies, with de-
scriptions of Antillocladius n. gen., Lipurometriocnemus n.
gen., Compterosmittia n. gen. and Diplosmittia n. gen. —
Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 16, 46 pp.
Sether, O. A., 1982. Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chiro-
nomidae) from S.E. USA, with descriptions of Plhud-
sonia, Unniella, Platysmittia n. genera and Atelopodella n.
subgen. — Entomologica scandinavica 13: 465-510.
Sether, O. A., 1985a. The imagines of Mesosmittia Brundin,
1956, with the description of seven new species (Diptera,
Chironomidae). — Spixiana, Supplement 11: 37-54.
Sether, O. A., 1985b. Diplosmittia carinata spec. nov. from
Michigan (Diptera, Chironomidae). — Spixiana, Sup-
plement 11: 55-57.
Sæther, O. A., 1988. Diplosmittia recisus spec. nov. from
Peru (Diptera, Chironomidae). — Spixiana, Supplement
14: 45-47.
Sæther, O. A., 1996. Afrotropical records of the orthoclad
genus Mesosmittia Brundin (Diptera: Chironomidae). —
Spixiana (in press).
Sether, O. A. & J. E. Sublette, 1983. A review of the genera
Doithrix n. gen, Georthocladius Strenzke, Para-
chaetocladius Wülker and Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer
(Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). — Entomo-
logica scandinavica, Supplement 20, 100 pp.
Sether, O. A. & X. Wang, 1992. Euryhapsis fuscipropes sp. n.
from China and Tokyobrillia anderseni sp. n. from
Tanzania, with a review of genera near Zrisobrillia Oliver
(Diptera: Chironomidae). — Annales de Limnologie 28:
209-223.
Sæther, O. A. & X. Wang, 1995. Revision of the genus
Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 (Diptera: Chiro-
255
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
nomidae). — Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 48,
69 pp.
Sasa, M. 1985. Studies on the chironomids collected from
lakes in the Mount Fuji area. — Research Report from
the National Institute for environmental Studies 83:
101-160.
Sasa, M., 1989. Chironomidae of Japan: Checklist of species
recorded, key to males and taxonomic notes. — Research
Report from the National Institute for environmental
Studies 125: 1-177.
Sasa, M. & K. Hirabayashi, 1991. Studies on the chirono-
mid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected at
Kamikochi and Asama-Onsen, Nagano Prefecture. —
Japanese Journal of sanitary Zoology 42: 109-128.
Sasa, M. & K. Kamimura, 1987. Chironomid midges col-
lected on the shore of lakes in the Akan National Park,
Hokkaido (Diptera, Chironomidae). — Research Report
from the National Institute for environmental Studies
104: 9-61.
Sasa, M. & K. Kawai, 1987. Studies on the chironomid
midges of the stream Itachigawa, Toyama. — Bulletin of
Toyama Science Museum 10: 25-72.
Sasa, M. & T. Okazawa, 1992. Studies on the chironomid
midges (yusurika) of Kurobe River. — Research Report
from the Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution
Research Center 1992: 40-91.
Sasa, M. & H. Suzuki, 1993. Additional records of
Chironomidae from Amami Island. — Research Report
from the Toyama Prefectural environmental Pollution
Research Center 1993: 110-124.
256
Sasa, M., M. Watanabe & R. Arakawa, 1992. Additional
records of Chironomidae from Toga-Mura, 1992. —
Research Report from the Toyama Prefectural environ-
mental Pollution Research Center 1992: 231-246.
Strenzke, K. 1941. Terrestrische Chironomiden X:
Georthocladius luteicornis Goetgh. — Zoologischer Anzei-
ger 135: 177-185.
Strenzke, K., 1950. Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie
der terrestrischen Chironomiden. — Archiv für Hydro-
biologie, Supplement 18: 209-414.
Ueno, R. & T. Iwakuma, 1996. Chironomid fauna of the
Miyatoko mire. — Pp. 59-62. In: T. Iwakuma (ed.), Mires
of Japan. Ecosystems and monitoring of Miyatoko,
Akaiyachi and Kushiro mires. — National Institute for
Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 127 pp.
Vepsäläinen, K., 1986. Chironomid wing length: a measure
of habitat duration and predictability? - Oikos 46: 269-
Dl.
Wang, X., 1994. Doithrix emeiensis sp. nov. from China
(Diptera: Chironomidae). — Acta scientarum naturalium
Universitatis Nankaiensis 1: 68-70.
Wang, X. & O. A. Sether, 1993. First Palaearctic and
Oriental records of the orthoclad genus Antillocladius
Sæther (Diptera: Chironomidae). — Entomologica scan-
dinavica. 24: 227-230.
Received: 25 October 1995
Accepted 21 May 1996
Gary M. STONEDAHL' & Luis M. HERNANDEZ TRIANA’
International Institute of Entomology, London
"Instituto de Ecologia y Systemätica, Cuba
TWO NEW GENERA OF ECCRITOTARSINI
(HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: BRYOCORINAE)
FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA
Stonedahl, G. M. & L. M. Hernandez Triana, 1996. Two new genera of Eccritotarsini
(Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) from Southeast Asia. — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139:
257-266, figs. 1-25. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
The new genera Diocleroides and Gressittiana are described to accommodate three new species
of eccritotarsine Miridae from southeast Asia. Diocleroides sulawesi and D. philippinensis are de-
scribed from material collected in Sulawesi, Indonesia and the Philippines, respectively, and
Gressittiana kuchingensis is described from specimens collected in Sabah and Sarawak, East
Malaysia. The structures of the male genitalia are illustrated for all species, and dorsal habitus
views are given for type species, D. sulawesiand G. kuchingensis. Scanning electron micrographs
of the head and pronotum, metathoracic scent efferent system, and the pretarsus also are pro-
vided for the type species. The relationships of Diocleroides and Gressittiana to other genera of
Old World Eccritotarsini are discussed.
G. M. Stonedahl, International Institute of Entomology, 56 Queen's Gate, London sw7 SIR,
United Kingdom.
Key words. — Heteroptera; Miridae; Bryocorinae; Eccritotarsini; Diocleroides Gressittiana, new
genera; new species; Philippines; Indonesia; East Malaysia.
Continuing studies of the Eccritotarsini of the Old
World by the senior author have revealed three unde-
scribed species that cannot be placed in any known
genus of the tribe. The new genera Diocleroides and
Gressittiana are here described to accommodate these
species and to make the generic names and character
information available for an ensuing paper on the
cladistic relationships of the Old World genera of the
tribe.
Terminology for external characters and structures
of the male genitalia follows that of Stonedahl
(1988). References to position regarding the vesica of
the male genitalia (e.g., left versus right, basal versus
distal) are made from dissected preparations with the
inner (anterodorsal relative to its position within the
genital capsule) surface of the vesica facing upward
and the apex orientated away from the observer (figs.
11, 15). All measurements are given in millimeters.
Body length is measured from the tip of the tylus to
apex of the hemelytral membrane. Abbreviations used
in the locality data to denote specimen depositories
correspond to the institutions listed in the acknowl-
edgments.
SYSTEMATIC PART
Diocleroides gen. n.
Diagnosis. — Similar to Dioclerus Distant but dis-
tinguished by the more elongate body; strongly con-
cave posterior margin of head; narrower anterior col-
lar of pronotum; entire anterolateral margins of
hemelytra, without strong serrations; and by the
structure of the male genitalia, especially the strongly
produced sensory lobe of the left paramere (figs. 7, 8,
13) and more extensively sclerotized vesica (figs. 11,
15)
Description of male. — Macropterous, length 3.45-
3.60; pale grayish white ground colour, sometimes
with brown to fuscous markings on pronotum,
scutellum, hemelytra and venter; pronotum, scutel-
lum and hemelytra, except embolium and outer half
of cuneus, punctate; dorsum with moderately dense
covering of pale, suberect, simple setae, length of se-
tae 1.0-1.5 times greatest diameter of antennal seg-
ment I. Head: Much broader than long in dorsal
view; posterodorsal margin strongly concave, carinate
between eyes; vertex slightly depressed anterior to ca-
257
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Fig. 1. Diocleroides sulawesi, dorsal habitus male.
rina; frons moderately convex, only slightly produced
anterior to antennal fossae, meeting tylus along broad
depression; maxillary and mandibular plates weakly
swollen; genae broadly developed; bucculae short;
buccal cavity small, subspherical; gula elongate,
slightly convex; labium reaching between mesocoxae,
segment I much thicker than remaining segments;
eyes prominent, projecting laterally beyond and
slightly behind anterolateral angles of pronotum,
weakly elevated above dorsal surface of head, posteri-
or margin conforming to posterior curvature of head,
occupying approximately half of head height in later-
al view; antennal fossa nearly contiguous with anteri-
258
or margin of eye. Antennae: Cylindrical, linear, in-
serted slightly below middle of eye in lateral view (fig.
2); segment I weakly bowed; segments II and III
slightly narrower than I; segment IV slightly narrow-
er than III; all segments with pale, reclining, simple
setae of length 1.0-1.5 times diameter of correspond-
ing segment; segment I also with series of heavier,
pale, bristlelike setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces.
Pronotum: Trapeziform, posterior width of disk
about 1.5 times anterior width; anterior margin with
well-developed, weakly convex collar, width of collar
equal to or slightly greater than diameter of antennal
segment I; calli moderately convex, rising abruptly
STONEDAHL & HERNANDEZ: New genera of Eccritotarsini
+
* A
Figs. 2-5. Scanning electron micrographs of Diocleroides sulawesi. — 2, lateral view of head and pronotum; 3, peritreme and
evaporative area of metathoracic scent efferent system; 4, apex of genital capsule, left lateral view; 5, pretarsus.
from collar, occupying most of anterior lobe of disk
and reaching its lateral margins, confluent medially,
posterior borders weakly defined; lateral margins of
disk straight or slightly concave, posterior margin
straight or very weakly concave medially.
Mesoscutum: Narrowly exposed. Scutellum: Weakly
elevated; dorsal surface flattened anteromedially, oth-
erwise very weakly convex. Metathoracic scent effer-
ent system: Evaporative area well-developed; per-
itreme bulbous, mostly smooth (fig. 3). Hemelytra:
Parallel-sided with lateral margins slightly convex, or
sometimes weakly concave medially; embolium cylin-
drical, similar in thickness to antennal segment L
cuneus 1.5-2.0 times as long as broad; cuneal incisure
shallow, fracture strongly oblique; membrane with
two distinct cells, primary cell elongate, narrowed
apically, secondary cell narrowly triangular. Legs:
Femora narrowly elongate; metafemora with points
of insertion of trichobothria 2-4 not noticeably
swollen; tibiae cylindrical, with pale spines and sever-
al rows of minute, dark spinules; tarsi elongate, linear
or with segment III very slightly swollen distally; pre-
259
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 6-15. Male genitalia of Diocleroides species. — 6-12. Diocleroides sulawesi. — 6, genital capsule, dorsal view; 7, left para-
mere, dorsal view; 8, left paramere, dorsal view, variation; 9, right paramere, lateral view; 10, right paramere, lateral view, vari-
ation; 11, vesica, anterodorsal view; 12, phallotheca. — 13-15. Diocleroides philippinensis. — 13, left paramere, dorsal view; 14,
right paramere, lateral view; 15, vesica, anterodorsal view.
260
tarsus as in figure 5; pulvillus wichout comblike row
of trichia on posteroventral margin. Genitalia:
Genital capsule (fig. 6): Longer than broad, slightly
narrowed and rounded to apex; aperture subovate,
primarily dorsal in orientation; right margin of aper-
ture distal to paramere socket elevated, flangelike,
weakly reflexed; left distal margin of aperture deeply
excavated; right paramere socket well below left sock-
et in posterior view; inner margins of paramere sock-
ets produced. Left paramere (figs. 7, 8, 13): Sensory
lobe greatly expanded; angle broadly curved; shaft as
long as or longer than arm, dorsoventrally flattened
especially apically, sometimes with broad acute pro-
tuberance on dorsal surface and smaller notch on in-
ner distal margin; apex rounded or truncate, some-
times broadly spatulate in dorsal view; sensory lobe
and outer surface of arm with long, stout setae. Right
paramere (figs. 9, 10, 14): Elongate, gradually nar-
rowed distally, sometimes more strongly narrowed
preapically, with rounded or blunt apex. Phallobase:
Large, dorsoventrally flattened, strongly produced
posteriorly. Phallotheca (fig. 12): Stongly sclerotized,
with distinct basolateral notches; slightly compressed
distally with weakly concave innerdistal surface and
narrow elongate opening apically. Vesica (figs. 11,
15): Mostly membranous, with elongate sclerite
along left basal margin and smaller, narrower sclerite
apically; membranous regions weakly sclerotized in
part medially and distally, and with patches of small
spines posteriorly; ductus seminis sclerotized, weakly
expanded distally.
Female. — Macropterous, length 3.45-4.05; similar
to male in colour, structure and vestiture except as
noted in species descriptions.
Etymology. — Named for its similarity of appear-
ance to Dioclerus Distant.
Type species. — Diocleroides sulawesi sp. n.
Distribution. — Philippine Islands and Sulawesi.
Discussion. — Within the Eccritotarsini,
Diocleroides belongs to a group of genera recognized
by the following diagnostic features: posterior margin
of head strongly carinate; calli inflated and medially
confluent; embolium broadly explanate; hemelytral
membrane with two well-developed cells; metatho-
racic scent efferent system with bulbous peritreme
and well-developed evaporative area; pretarsal pulvilli
without comblike row of trichia on posteroventral
margin; and male genitalia with large flattened phal-
lobase, heavily sclerotized phallotheca, and extensive-
ly membranous vesica. The genera placed in this
group by Stonedahl (1988) are Bunsua Carvalho
(tropical Africa), Bryocorellisca Carvalho, Carinimiris
Carvalho, and Crassiembolius Carvalho (all New
Guinea), and Dioclerus (Sri Lanka, India, Indochina,
East and West Malaysia). Diocleroides is easily distin-
guished from these genera by its elongate body form,
STONEDAHL & HERNANDEZ: New genera of Eccritotarsini
thickened embolium, strongly concave posterior mar-
gin of the head, and by the structure of the male gen-
italia. The condition of the costal margin in
Diocleroides is atypical of the group. Since a broad,
flattened embolium appears to be synapomorphic for
the Dioclerus complex, its narrow, thickened condi-
tion in Diocleroides most likely represents a reversal to
the plesiomorphic character state.
Diocleroides sulawesi sp. n.
(figs. 1-12)
Type material. — Holotype d, Indonesia, Sulawesi
Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, 8.11.1985 (Plot
B, Fog 3, 315 m), Project Wallace Expedition
(BMNH). — Paratypes: 4d and 49, same data as holo-
type (AMNH, BISH, BMNH).
Additional specimens. — 4d and 19, same data as
holotype (BMNH).
Diagnosis. — Distinguished from D. philippinensis
by the extensively darkened body (fig. 1), antennal
segment II much longer than width of head across
eyes, elongate right paramere of male genitalia (figs.
9, 10), and left paramere with prominent notch on
dorsal surface of arm and distinct subquadrate apex
(figs. 7, 8).
Description of male (n=4). — Length 3.45-3.60;
dark brown and dirty white general coloration. Head:
Length 0.15; width across eyes 0.72-0.76; width of
vertex 0.29-0.31; brown dorsally, paler yellowish
brown ventrad of antennal fossae; antennal segment I
pale yellow, segments I-IV dark brown; length of an-
tennal segment I 0.60, II 1.20, HI 0.30, IV 0.60-
0.75; labium pale yellowish brown, apex of segment
IV fuscous, length 0.77-1.02. Pronotum: Median
length 0.75; posterior width 0.90-1.05; brown to
dark brown; humeral angles and median stripe be-
hind calli pale grayish white; lateral margins weakly
concave; posterior margin nearly straight. Scutellum:
Length 0.30; dark brown to nearly black. Hemelytra:
Clavus, inner portion of corium mostly distal to apex
of clavus, embolium, and inner margin and apex of
cuneus brown or dark brown; remaining portions of
corium and cuneus pale grayish white; membrane
strongly suffused with fuscous, veins dark. Legs:
Dirty white to pale brownish yellow. Venter: Mostly
dark brown. Genitalia: As in figures 6-12.
Female (n=4). — Similar to male in colour and
structure, except darkened portions of hemelytra
nearly black. Total length 3.50-4.05. Head: Length
0.15; width across eyes 0.75; width of vertex 0.30;
length of antennal segments I 0.60, II 1.20, III 0.30,
IV 0.60-0.75. Pronotum: Median length 0.76, poste-
rior width 0.90-1.05. Scutellum: Length 0.30.
Etymology. — Named for its occurrence in
261
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Sulawesi; a noun in apposition.
Distribution. — Indonesia, Sulawesi.
Discussion. — Five specimens were examined from
che type locality that differ from the holotype in the
colour of the second antennal segment (basal one-
third pale, distal two-thirds dark brown), darkened
humeral angles of the pronotum, and more extensive-
ly darkened corium. Two males from this group also
had the left paramere of the genitalia with a more
pronounced, subquadrate sensory lobe, and the shaft
with a broader apex and deeper notch on the inner
distal margin (fig. 7). The genitalic structures of the
other males were found to be intermediate in form.
Since the external differences in colour are not sup-
ported by consistent differences in either external
morphology or the structure of the male genitalia, we
are treating all five specimens as conspecific with the
holotype, but are not included them as paratypes.
Diocleroides philippinensis sp. n.
(figs. 13-15)
Type material. — Holotype d, Philippine Islands,
Negros Island, Camp Lookout, Dumaguete, 1600 ft,
7.1V.1961, Schneirla and Reyes (AMNH). — Paratype
9, same data as holotype, except 15.11-15.1V.1961
(AMNH).
Diagnosis. — Recognized by the uniform pale gray-
ish white colour, antennal segment II only slightly
longer than width of head across eyes, and by the
structure of the parameres of the male genitalia (figs.
13, 14).
Description of male (n=1). — Length 3.45; grayish
white general coloration. Head: Length 0.15, width
across eyes 0.80; vertex pale yellow, width 0.30; an-
tennal segment I pale yellow, slightly darker distally,
length 0.60; segment II light brown, length 0.88; seg-
ments II and IV missing; labium pale yellowish
brown, apex of segment IV brown; length 0.97.
Pronotum: Median length 0.75, posterior width
0.90; pale grayish white; center of disk tinged with
brown; lateral margins straight; posterior margin very
weakly concave medially. Scutellum: Short, pale yel-
low, length 0.37. Hemelytra: Pale grayish white;
commissure slightly more than twice as long as scutel-
lum; membrane lightly suffused with fuscous along
outer margin, veins pale. Legs: Uniformly pale yel-
low; pretarsal claws brown. Venter: Pale, abdominal
segment IX fuscous. Genitalia: As in figures 13-15.
Female (n=1). — Similar to male in colour and
structure, except antennal segment I more broadly
suffused with fuscous dorsally. Total length 3.45.
Head: Length 0.18; width across eyes 0.85; width of
vertex 0.39; antennal segment I mostly brown dorsal-
ly, length 0.55; segment II uniformly dark brown,
262
length 0.80; segment III brown, length 0.44; segment
IV missing. Pronotum: Median length 0.75; posteri-
or width 0.90. Scutellum: Length 0.37. Venter:
Abdominal segments VII and IX fuscous.
Etymology. — Named for its occurrence in the
Philippine Islands.
Distribution. — Philippine Islands, Negros Island.
Gressittiana gen. n.
Diagnosis. — Recognized by the elongate body
form (fig. 16); prominent eyes with weakly concave
posterior margin; coarsely punctate pronotal disk
with broad, flattened anterior collar, and deep notch
anterolaterally (fig. 16); posterior lobe of pronotal
disk projecting over base of scutellum; hemelytra with
sinuate lateral margins, poorly defined cuneal frac-
ture, and elongate cuneus; broad right paramere (lat-
eral view) with bifurcate apex (figs. 21, 22); and vesi-
ca with single, elongate membranous sac apically (fig.
25).
Description of male. — Macropterous, length 3.15-
3.30; dark brown general coloration; legs and anten-
nae mostly pale yellow; pronotum coarsely punctate;
scutellum and hemelytra with shallow, irregular
punctures producing a roughened appearance; dor-
sum with moderately dense covering of pale,
suberect, simple setae, length of setae 1.0-1.5 times
greatest diameter of antennal segment I. Head: Short,
weakly produced and nearly vertical anterior to an-
tennal fossae; posterior margin, excluding eyes,
straight; vertex weakly convex, twice as broad as eye
in dorsal view; frons moderately convex, meeting ty-
lus along distinct depression; tylus moderately pro-
duced; maxillary and mandibular plates weakly con-
vex; genae and gula well-developed; bucculae short;
buccal cavity small, subspherical; labium reaching be-
tween mesocoxae, segment I much thicker than re-
maining segments; eyes prominent, projecting lateral-
ly beyond and slightly behind anterolateral angles of
pronotum in dorsal view, weakly elevated above dor-
sal surface of head, posterodorsal margin weakly con-
cave and conforming to anterior margin of prono-
tum, occupying about half of head height and
strongly narrowed posteriorly in lateral view; anten-
nal fossa nearly contiguous with anterior margin of
eye. Antennae: Cylindrical, linear, inserted slightly
below level of dorsal margin of eye in lateral view (fig.
17); segment I slightly thicker subbasally, about as
long as width of vertex; segment II weakly enlarged
apically, slightly more than twice as long as segment I;
segment III broken or missing; segment IV missing;
all observed segments with pale, reclining, simple se-
tae of length 1.0-1.5 times diameter of corresponding
segment. Pronotum: Trapeziform, slightly broader
than long, posterior width of disk about twice anteri-
Fig. 16. Gressittiana kuchingensis, dorsal habitus 6.
or width; anterior margin with broad, flattened collar
of width more than twice the diameter of antennal
segment I; calli weakly convex, with poorly defined
anterior and posterior borders, reaching to lateral
margins of disk, separated anteromedially by deep
subspherical depression; lateral margin of disk with
prominent notch at level of posterior margin of calli
corresponding to deep propleural excavation; posteri-
or lobe of disk weakly swollen, projecting over base of
scutellum; posterior margin of disk weakly concave
medially. Propleuron: Coarsely punctate; proepister-
num broadly developed; propleural and tergopleural
sutures strongly depressed, meeting in a deep excava-
tion. Mesoscutum: Concealed by overlaying pronotal
disk. Scutellum: Weakly elevated; compressed mid-
laterally; distinctly flattened anteromedially.
Metathoracic scent efferent system: Peritreme nar-
rowly tonguelike, with series of stout setae along pos-
terior margin; evaporative area narrowly developed
RTS, )
SIRIA
EON |
A
Ni
di AP,
MILE |
$ Ai D
07
STONEDAHL & HERNANDEZ: New genera of Eccritotarsini
AN V Ay) ;
RSR ail}
anterior to peritreme (fig. 18). Hemelytra: Elongate;
costal margin sinuate; embolium cylindrical, of near
uniform width throughout; cuneus three times longer
than broad, less heavily sclerotized than corium with
inner margin weakly differentiated from membrane;
cuneal incisure shallow, fracture strongly angled ante-
riorly; membrane with single, elongate primary cell,
secondary cell obsolete. Legs: Femora narrow, elon-
gate, nearly cylindrical; metafemora with points of in-
sertion of trichobothria 2-4 swollen; tibiae cylindri-
cal, with pale spines and several rows of minute, pale
spinules; tarsi dilated distally; pretarsus as in figure
19; all legs with pale, reclining or semierect, simple
setae. Genitalia: Genital capsule (fig. 20): Slightly
broader than long, slightly narrowed distally, with
broadly rounded apex; aperture broad, subovate, pos-
terodorsal in orientation; paramere sockets close set,
left socket slightly below right socket in posterior
view; inner margins of paramere sockets enlarged,
263
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
264
platelike; aperture anterior to paramere insertions
spanned by irregular sclerite. Left paramere (figs. 23,
24): Sensory lobe broad, weakly elevated; angle even-
ly curved; shaft shorter than arm, gradually narrowed
distally, slightly expanded before apex; outer surface
of arm with several stout setae; apex narrowly round-
ed. Right paramere (figs. 21, 22): Relatively short and
broad; outer surface with long, stout setae; apex bi-
furcate. Phallobase: Small, compact. Phallotheca:
Entirely membranous. Vesica (fig. 25): Tubular,
weakly curved, extensively sclerotized; posterodistal
surface membranous; posterobasal surface with field
of small spines; apex of tubular sclerite with single,
elongate membranous sac.
Female. — Macropterous, length 3.37-3.45; similar
to male in colour, structure and vestiture except as
noted in species description.
Etymology. — Named in honour of G. L. Gressitt,
collector of many new species of Miridae and other
insects throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Islands.
Type species. — Gressittiana kuchingensis sp. n.
Discussion. — Characters of the external morpholo-
gy and male genitalia support the placement of
Gressittiana in a group of genera recognized by the
following diagnostic features: (1) small body size,
length 2.5-4.6 mm; (2) moderately to strongly inflat-
ed posterior lobe of pronotal disk that projects over
base of scutellum; (3) paramere sockets with promi-
nent, sometimes inflated, processes on inner margins;
and (4) right paramere short and broad. The genera
placed in this group by Stonedahl (1986, 1988) are
Eofurius Poppius, Ernestinus Distant, Microbryocoris
Poppius, Myiocapsus Poppius, Palaeofurius Poppius,
and Stylopomiris Stonedahl. Gressittiana is easily dis-
tinguished from these genera by the broad, flattened
pronotal collar, hemelytra with sinuate lateral mar-
gins and obsolete cuneus, and by the structure of the
vesica.
Gressittiana kuchingensis sp. n.
(figs. 16-25)
Type material. — Holotype d, Borneo, Sarawak,
Kuching, Matang, 450-894 m, 15.1X.1958, ex
Alpinia, J. L. Gressitt (Bist). — Paratypes: Sabah: 16,
12, Gomantong Caves, 22-26.X1.1958, T. C. Maa
(BIsH); 14, Sandakan Bay (SW), Sapagaya Lumber
Figs. 17-19. Scanning electron micrographs of Gressittiana
kuchingensis. — 17, lateral view of head and pronotum; 18,
peritreme and evaporative area of metathoracic scent effer-
ent system; 19, pretarsus.
STONEDAHL & HERNANDEZ: New genera of Eccritotarsini
Figs. 20-25. Male genitalia of Gressittiana kuchingensis. — 20, genital capsule, posterodorsal view; 21, right paramere, dorsal
view; 22, right paramere, ventral view; 23, left paramere, dorsal view; 24, left paramere, dorsolateral view; 25, vesica, right lat-
eral view.
Camp, 2-20 m, 6.X1.1957, ex Alpinia, J. L. Gressitt
(BISH). Sarawak: 1d, 19, same data as holotype
(AMNH, BISH); 1d, Kuching, J. Hewitt (BMNH).
Diagnosis. — Recognized by the characters given in
the generic diagnosis.
Description of male (n=3). — Length 3.15-3.30;
general coloration, surface texture and dorsal vestiture
as in generic description. Head: Length 0.15; width
acrosss eyes 0.75; width of vertex 0.30, dark yellowish
brown; clypeus dirty white; maxillary plate, mandibu-
lar plate and gula pale yellow; antennal segment I pale
yellow, length 0.45-0.55; segment II pale yellow, api-
cal one-fourth brown; segments III and IV missing;
labium pale yellow, segment IV narrowly darkened
apically, length 0.77-0.91. Pronotum. Median length
0.90; posterior width 0.90-0.97, uniformly dark
brown. Scutellum: Length 0.30, dark brown.
Hemelytra: Basal half of clavus dark brown, distal
half of clavus and all of corium lighter brown; em-
bolium pale yellowish brown; cuneus brown or pale
grayish brown, outer margin weakly convex; mem-
brane strongly suffused with fuscous, veins dark.
Legs: Uniformly pale yellow. Venter: Dark brown.
Genitalia: As is figures 20-25.
Female (n=2). — Similar to male in colour and
structure, except hemelytra darker brown distally.
Total length 3.37-3.45. Head: Length 0.18-0.22;
width across eyes 0.60; width of vertex 0.60; antennal
segments III and IV linear, slightly thinner than seg-
ment II, uniformly pale yellow; length of antennal
segments I 0.37-0.45, II 0.86, II 0.74, IV 0.55.
Pronotum: Median length 0.90; posterior width
0.90. Scutellum: Length 0.30.
Etymology. — Named for the type locality,
Kuching, Sarawak.
Distribution. — East Malaysia.
Discussion. — Four specimens of the type series
were collected on a species of Alpinia Roxb. (Zingi-
beraceae). Several species of this plant genus are used
as food condiments and/or for medicinal purposes in
parts of Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the following individuals and their re-
spective institutions for providing specimens for
study: Randall T. Schuh, American Museum of
Natural History, New York (AMNH); Gordon M.
Nishida, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu
(Bis); and Michael D. Webb, Natural History
Museum, London (BMNH). Graham J. duHeaume,
International Institute of Entomology, London, pre-
265
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
pared the dorsal habitus illustration of Diocleroides su-
lawesi and Gressittiana kuchingensis. Assistance with
preparation of the scanning electron micrographs was
received from Louisa Jones, Natural History
Museum, London.
This research was supported in part by the
Kalbfleisch Fund, Postdoctoral Fellowship Program,
American Museum of Natural History, New York.
REFERENCES
Stonedahl, G. M., 1986. Stylopomiris, a new genus and three
266
species of Eccritotarsini (Heteroptera: Miridae:
Bryocorinae) from Viet Nam and Malaya. — Journal of
New York Entomological Society 94: 226-234
Stonedahl, G. M., 1988. Revisions of Dioclerus, Harpedona,
Mertila, Myiocapsus, Prodromus, and Thaumastomiris
(Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae: Eccritotarsini). —
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
187: 1-99.
Received: January 1996
Accepted: 17 June 1996
ToMoHIDE YASUNAGA
Biological Laboratory, Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo, Japan
REVIEW OF LYGOCORIDES YASUNAGA
(HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) "
Yasunaga, T., 1996. Review of Lygocorides Yasunaga (Heteroptera: Miridae). — Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie 139: 267-275, figs. 1-23. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 18 December 1996.
Lygocorides Yasunaga, 1991, proposed as a subgenus of the genus Lygocoris Reuter, is upgraded
to the generic level, and redefined as a distinctive monophyletic group, based on the conspicu-
ously elongate interramal lobes of the female genitalia. Two additional species, L. izjaslavi from
the Primorskij Kraj, Russia and Z. rubricans from Taiwan and the Ryukyus, Japan, are de-
scribed. A new subgenus, Ryukyulygus, is proposed to accommodate rubricans. Lygocorides
rubronasutus (Linnavuori) is transferred from Lygocoris, and diagnosed with description of the
last-instar nymph. The zoogeography and phylogeny of the genus are discussed, based on the
distributional records and host preference of each species.
T. Yasunaga, Biological Laboratory, Hokkaido University of Education, Ainosato 5-3-1,
Sapporo, 002 Japan.
Key words. - Heteroptera; Miridae; Lygocorides; new subgenus; new species; Japan; Taiwan;
Russian Far East.
* Contribution from the Russia/Japan Cooperative East Asian Entomological Program, No. 46.
Linnavuori (1961) described Lygus rubronasutus
from Hokkaido, northern Japan. Subsequently,
Miyamoto (1965) placed it in the subgenus Neolygus
of the genus Lygus (= Lygocoris Reuter, 1875, not
Lygus Hahn sensu stricto; see Carvalho et al. 1961
and China 1963). Kerzhner (1988a, b) recorded this
species as Lygocoris (Neolygus) rubronasutus from the
southern Primorskij Kraj of the Continental Russian
Far East, while Yasunaga (1991) proposed a new sub-
genus, Lygocorides, to accommodate it, because the
male genital structure significantly differs from those
exhibited in Neolygus and other known subgenera of
Lygocoris.
However, I recently examined both male and fe-
male genitalia more closely, and became aware that
Lygocorides had better be regarded as a distinctive
genus. I also had an opportunity to examine several
specimens from the Primorskij Kraj, identified as
rubronasutus by Kerzhner, and recognized that they
are not conspecific with Japanese ones. In addition, a
third, undescribed species, which in general appear-
ance resembles rubronasutus, has been found in good
number in the Ryukyus, southern Japan and Taiwan.
In the present paper, Lygocorides is redefined as a
monophyletic genus. The type species of the genus, L.
rubronasutus, is also diagnosed, and its last-instar
nymph is described and figured. Two additional
species, L. izjaslavi and L. rubricans, are described.
Since rubricans is found to differ sufficiently from
rubronasutus in the structure of the male and female
genitalia, a new subgenus, Ryukyulygus, is proposed to
accommodate it properly. The zoogeography and
phylogeny of the genus are discussed.
All measurements in the text are given in millime-
ters. Terminology of the male and female genitalia
mainly follows Kelton (1955) and Yasunaga (1991).
Depositories of specimens examined are abbreviated
as follows: Biological Laboratory, Hokkaido
University of Education, Sapporo: (HUES); Mr.
Ichita's personal collection, Kuroishi, Aomori: (rc);
Dr. Miyamoto's personal collection, Fukuoka: (Mc);
Department of Zoology, National Science Museum,
Tokyo: (Nsmt); Zoological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: (ZMAS).
SYSTEMATIC PART
Lygocorides Yasunaga stat. n.
Lygocoris (Lygocorides) Yasunaga, 1991: 446. Type species:
Lygus rubronasutus Linnavuori, 1961, monotypic. —
Yasunaga 1992a: 528; 1992b: 18, 20.
Lygocoris (Lygocoroides) [sic!]. - Schuh 1995: 793.
267
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Redescription
Body subovate, moderate in size, brownish or red-
dish in general coloration; dorsal surface shining,
clothed with silky pubescence. Head vertical, sparsely
with erect, short, silky hairs; eye almost contiguous to
pronotal collar; vertex smooth, lacking basal trans-
verse carina. Antenna slender; segment I shorter than
width of head including eyes; segment II longer than
basal width of pronotum, slightly incrassate toward
apex; segments III and IV filiform. Rostrum reaching
hind coxa.
Pronotum shining, sparsely and minutely punc-
tate, covered with suberect silky pubescence; collar
comparatively thick, about as broad as apex of anten-
nal segment II. Scutellum rather flat, weakly sha-
greened, clothed with suberect silky pubescence.
Hemelytra irregularly and finely punctate, densely
clothed with silky pubescence, obliquely declivous at
cuneal fracture. Hind femur with several long tri-
chobothria; tibial spines pale; tarsomere I shortest;
tarsomere II about as long as tarsomere III.
Male genitalia (figs. 3-13). — Right paramere
straight, with broad sensory lobe and small pointed
hypophysis. Sensory lobe of left paramere noticeably
widened, with subbasal protuberance; hypophysis
rather short. Vesica with two apical elongate sclerites
(= apical sclerites I and II), ventrally hooked gonopo-
ral sclerite and spinulate basal selerite; gonopore thick
rimmed; ejaculatory duct somewhat expanded apical-
ly.
Female genitalia (figs. 14-19). — Selerotized rings
subovate, removed mesally one another. Posterior
wall of bursa copulatrix with considerably elongate
and minutely spinulate interramal lobes; interramal
scterite v-shaped, divided mesad; dorsal structure
projected and curved.
Discussion
Lygocorides and Lygocoris exhibit similarity in exter-
nal appearance, but the former is sufficiently different
from the latter in the structure of the male and female
genitalia, such as the remarkably widened sensory
lobe of the left paramere, two noticeable apical scle-
rites and developed gonoporal selerite presenting on
the vesica, smaller selerotized rings, that are not con-
tiguous mesally, and very long interramal lobe and
projected dorsal structure of the posterior wall of bur-
sa copulatrix. Especially, the extremely long interra-
mal lobes of the female genitalia, that is considered as
a distinct autapomorphy of Lygocorides, is never
found in any subgenera of Lygocoris and any related
genera (see figs. 17-19). Thus, Lygocorides should be
regarded as a distinctive monophyletic genus.
Lygocorides is known by three oak-inhabiting
species occurring in the eastern Asia.
Figs. 1-2. Lygocorides rubronasutus on the host plant, Quercus dentata. — 1, male adult sucking on a lepidopteran larva; 2, last-
instar nymph.
268
YASUNAGA: Review of Lygocorides
Figs. 3-8. Parameres of Lygocorides spp. — 3-4, L. rubronasutus 5-6, L. izjaslavi; 7-8, L. rubricans. —3, 5 & 7, right paramere;
4, 6 & 8, left paramere. Scales: 0.2 mm.
Lygocorides rubronasutus (Linnavuori) comb. n.
(figs. 1-4, 9, 14, 17, 23)
Lygus rubronasutus Linnavuori, 1961: 158.
Lygus (Neolygus) rubronasutus. — Miyamoto 1965: 100, pl.
50; Miyamoto & Yasunaga 1989: 160.
Lygocoris (Lygocorides) rubronasutus. — Yasunaga 1991: 446;
1992b: 20; Yasunaga et al. 1993: 152, pl. 12.
Lygocoris (Lygocoroides) rubronasutus [sic !]. — Schuh 1995:
803.
Diagnosis of adult (fig. 1).
Recognized by the shiny brownish general col-
oration with reddish tinge, dark reddish brown tylus
and apex of the cuneus, and characters as mentioned
in generic redescription. Detailed redescription in-
cluding male genital structure was provided by
Yasunaga (1991).
Male genitalia. — Parameres as in figures 3-4.
Vesical basal sclerite weak, not strongly sclerotized;
ventral projection of gonoporal sclerite weak; apical
sclerite II with hooked apex(fig. 9).
Female genitalia. — Sclerotized ring comparatively
small (fig. 14). Posterior wall of bursa copulatrix rela-
tively narrow, with rather widened interramal scle-
rites (fig. 17).
Dimensions. — d (9): Body length 4.85-5.75
(5.90-6.40), head width 1.09-1.18 (1.18-1.20),
length of antennal segment I 0.75-0.95 (0.85-0.95),
II 1.95-2.40 (2.25-2.35), III 1.08-1.23 (1.18-1.25),
IV 0.74-0.75 (0.75-0.85), rostral length 2.25-2.43
(2.33-2.45), mesal pronotal length incl. collar 1.08-
1.25 (1.25-1.28), basal pronotal width 1.83-2.00
(2.03-2.05), length of hind femur 2.20-2.25 (2.20-
269
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
Figs. 9-13. Vesicae of Lygocorides spp. — 9, L. rubronasutus 10-11, L. izjaslavi; 12-13, L. rubricans. —9, 11 & 13, ventral view;
10 & 12, dorsal view. Scales: 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: as / = apical sclerite I; as // = apical sclerite II; bs = basal sclerite; gs =
gonoporal sclerite; # = theca.
2.25), tibia 3.03-3.37 (3.30-3.33), tarsus 0.58-0.68
(0.68-0.70) and width across hemelytra 2.30-2.50
(2.68-2.70).
Material examined. — japan: [Hokkaido] 16,
Ikeda, Tokachi, on Quercus dentata, 2.vii.1958, S.
Miyamoto (paratype, MC); 16, Bannaguro, Ishikari
T., nr. Ishikari Bay, on Q. dentata, 25.v.1996 (first-
instar nymph when collected and emerging on 8.vi.),
A. Hiranuma (murs); 16, 29, same locality, on Q.
dentata, 4.vii.1996, T. Yasunaga (Hugs). [Honshu]
16, 19, Hiratakinuma, Kizukuri-machi, Aomori
Pref., 16.vii.1988, T. Ichita (ic); 26, 39, Mt.
Kakezu, Geihoku, Hiroshima Pref., on Q. dentata, T.
Yasunaga (HUES); 1d, Chojabaru, Geihoku T.,
Hiroshima Pref., 10-11.vii.1994, light trap, S.
Yoshizawa (HUES).
270
Description of last-instar nymph
(fig. 2)
Body oblong-oval; dorsal surface brownish, shin-
ing, with sparse vestiture. Head shiny pale brown,
partly sanguineous, with reddish brown inner margin
of eye, sparsely clothed with erect setae; vertex and
frons widely and symmetrically reddish chestnut
brown; tylus entirely shiny chestnut brown. Antenna
yellowish brown, generally covered with brown
suberect setae; segment I provided with several dark
erect bristles; apical 1/3 of segment II, apical half of
segment III and segment IV except extreme base dark
reddish brown; lengths of segments I-IV: 0.54, 1.29,
0.98 and 0.75. Rostrum pale brown, reaching middle
coxa; apical half of segment IV darkened.
Pronotum chestnut brown, shining, with yellowish
anterior margin and longitudinal mesal stripe, sparse-
ly clothed with suberect short setae, anterolateral and
posterolateral angles each with a dark erect spine; tho-
racic side pale brown, except reddish or brownish
ventral half; wing pads shiny dark brown, with pale
mesoscutal part, sparsely clothed with short hairs.
Legs pale brown, generally clothed with suberect
brownish setae; apical part of femur with irregular
sanguineous ring and bearing a few dark suberect
spines; tibial spines pale brown; apical 1/3 of tarsus
darkened; lengths of hind femur, tibia and tarsus:
1.50, 2.25 and 0.52. Abdomen pale red or san-
guineous, except pale posterior margin of each seg-
ment and darkened segments IX and X, sparsely
clothed with indistinct short hairs; dorsal scent gland
opening infuscate; apical segments bearing brown se-
tac.
Dimensions. — Body length 4.30, head width 0.98,
vertex width 0.48, total rostral length 1.75, pronotal
width 1.03, width across wing pads 1.78 and maxi-
mum abdominal width 1.95.
Material examined. — | 4, Bannaguro, Ishikari T.,
nr. Ishikari Bay, Hokkaido, on flower of Quercus den-
tata, first-instar when collected on 25.v. 1996, last-in-
star on 3.vi., A. Hiranuma (HUES).
Distribution. — Japan (restricted areas of Hokkaido
and Honshu, where Quercus dentata grows).
Remarks. — It seems to be associated strictly with
Quercus dentata (Fagaceae), because no specimens
have been collected from any other species of the de-
ciduous Quercus (e.g., Q. mongolica var. grosserrata,
Q. serrata). Predation on an unidentified lepidopter-
an larva was observed in the laboratory (fig. 1).
Although the last-instar nymph of this species ex-
hibits reddish or brownish coloration as described
above, more immature nymphs (up to 2nd-instar) are
almost uniformly pale green.
Lygocorides izjaslavi sp. n.
(figs. 5-6, 10-11, 15, 18, 23)
Lygocoris (Neolygus?) rubronasutus. — Kerzhner 1988a: 68.
Lygocoris (Neolygus) rubronasutus. — Kerzhner 1988b: 804.
Lygocoris (Lygocorides) rubronasutus. — Miyamoto et al. 1994:
248.
Type material. — Holotype: d, Rjazanovka, 10 km
NE of Sukhanovka, Khasanskij Dist, S. Primorskij
Kraj, Russia, 7.vii.1982, I.M. Kerzhner (the data
written in Russian, ZMAS). — Paratypes: 16,19, same
data as for holotype (zmas); 48, 29, same locality,
light trap, 26-27 .vii.1993, T. Yasunaga (HUES).
Description
Body generally brownish, partly tinged with red,
oblong-oval in dorsal view; dorsal surface shining,
clothed with silky decumbent or suberect pubescence.
YASUNAGA: Review of Lygocorides
Head pale reddish brown, shining, sparsely wich silky
erect short pubescence; vertex 0.37-0.38 times as
wide as head including eyes in d, 0.39-0.42 in 9,
lacking basal transverse carina; tylus chestnut brown,
with darker apex. Antenna dark brown; segment I
pale brown; segment II sometimes pale basally, slight
ly thickened toward apex; bases of segments III and
IV pale, filiform; segment III longer than pronotum
including collar; length of segments HIV: 1.00-1.13,
2.50-2.75, 1.25-1.43 and 0.80-0.88 in d, 0.95-1.08,
2.38-2.73, 1.25-1.48 and 0.83-0.93 in 2. Rostrum
pale brown, reaching hind coxa; apical half of seg-
ment IV darkened.
Pronotum shiny pale brown, with reddish calli,
shallowly and finely punctate, uniformly clothed with
silky suberect pubescence, basal margin narrowly car-
inate; collar yellowish, about as broad as apex of an-
tennal segment II, bearing several brownish erect se-
tae. Scutellum flat, weakly rugose. Ostiolar peritreme
yellow. Hemelytra pale brown, somewhat tinged with
red, shallowly and irregularly punctate, densely cov-
ered with silky decumbent pubescence, not strongly
declivous at cuneal fracture; anal ridge and apical 1/3
of cuneus darkened. Leg pale brown; hind femur with
one or two obscure rings apically; tibial spines brown;
tarsomere III infuscate; length of hind femur, tibia
and tarsus: 2.30-2.43, 3.45-3.50 and 0.69-0.75 in d,
2:27-2:53, 3.45-3.73 and 0.70-0.75 in 2; that of
hind tarsomeres I-III: 0.21-0.25, 0.31-0.36 and 0.29-
0.33 in 6, 0.24-0.25, 0.33-0.39 and 0.31-0.36 in ©.
Abdomen pale brown to brown, in d with darkened
parameres.
Male genitalia. — Parameres as in figures 5-6. Right
paramere with ventromedially and triangularly pro-
duced sensory lobe and tapered, small hypophysis
(fig. 5); left paramere with a strongly projected apical
protuberance and rather long hypophysis (fig. 6).
Vesical basal sclerite distinct; gonoporal sclerite with
a noticeable ventral hook; apical sclerite II with broad
base, gradually tapered apically (figs. 10-11).
Female genitalia. — Selerotized ring oval (fig. 15).
Posterior wall of bursa copulatrix wide, with elongate
interramal lobes and narrow interramal selerite (fig.
18).
Dimensions. & (2): Body length 5.60-6.45 (6.00-
6.70), head width 1.14-1.19 (1.15-1.21), rostral
length 2.40-2.50 (2.50-2.68), mesal pronotal length
incl. collar 1.25-1.30 (1.23-1.32), basal pronotal
width 2.00-2.09 (2.01-2.20), and width across heme-
lytra 2.50-2.63 (2.49-2.83).
Etymology. — Named after Dr. Izjaslav M.
Kerzhner, who first collected this species.
Distribution. — Continental Russian Far East
(southern Primorskij District).
Remarks. — Kerzhner (1988a, b) and Miyamoto et
al. (1994) regarded the specimens from the
27
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
N
IE Don
u INNS
NN VG
Mina 08
Abo
Figs. 14-21. Female genitalia of Lygocorides spp. (14-19) and Lygocoris pabulinus (type species of Lygocoris, 20-21). - 14 & 17,
L. rubronasutus, 15 & 18, L. izjaslavi, 16 & 19, L. rubricans. — 14-16 & 20, sclerotized ring; 17-19 & 21, posterior wall of
bursa copulatrix. Scales: 0.2 mm.
Continental Russian Far East to be conspecific with
rubronasutus of Japan. But they have the following
features different from Japanese rubronasutus the
generally larger size, wider vertex, longer antennal
segment III that is longer than the mesal pronotum
including collar, and different structure of the male
and female genitalia.
Kerzhner (1988b) recognized Quercus dentata as its
host plant.
DIR.
Ryukyulygus subgen. n.
Type species. — Lygocorides rubricans Yasunaga,
new species.
Description
Almost similar in general appearance to Lygocorides
s. str., but differing in the following characters: body
more oval; vertex with weak, but visible basal trans-
verse carina; antenna generally shorter; hemelytra
strongly declivous at cuneal fracture; hind tarsomere
III longer than I or II; right paramere with long and
basally broadened hypophysis (fig. 7); left paramere
not strongly widened, wich basally produced sensory
lobe; vesica with a distinct spiculum, developed basal
sclerite, not ventrally projected gonoporal sclerite and
shorter apical selerites (figs. 12-13); theca slender and
elongate apicad (fig. 13); female selerotized ring en-
larged, elongate-oval (fig. 16); posterior wall of bursa
copulatrix with large dorsal structure and widened in-
terramal lobes that are each accompanied with a
pointed process at inner base (fig. 19).
Etymology. — Named after the type locality, the
Ryukyus, in combination with the generic name
Lygus Hahn; gender masculine.
Discussion
The present new subgenus and nominotypical sub-
genus share such characters in the genitalia as the
basal sclerite and two apical selerites on the vesica,
and spinulate, extremely projected interramal lobes
and V-shaped interramal selerite of the posterior wall.
But Ryukyulygus is readily distinguished by the struc-
tures as described above.
Ryukyulygus is represented by a single subtropical
species.
Lygocorides (Ryukyulygus) rubricans sp. n.
(figs. 7-8, 12-13, 16, 19, 22-23)
Type material. — Holotype: &, Mt. Yuwan-dake,
Uken vl., Amami-Oshima Is., the Ryukyus, Japan,
29-30.v.1993, T. Yasunaga (HUES). — Paratypes:
JAPAN: [Amami-Oshima Is.] 14, Nishinakama,
Sumiyo vl., 29.v.1993, T. Yasunaga (HUES); 18d,
59, same data as for holotype (HuEs); 28, 39, same
locality, 30.v.1993, S. Yoshizawa (HUES); 1d, same
locality and collector, 21.iv.1996 (murs); 14, 29,
same locality and collector, 22.iv.1996 (murs); 24,
29, same locality, 27.v.1996, M. Takai(HuEs); 14,
Akaoki, Tatsugo T., 1.vi.1993, T. Yasunaga (HUES);
16, Mt. Yuidake, Setouchi T., 22.iv.1996, S.
Yoshizawa (nues). [Okinawa Is.] 16, 19, Yona,
Kunigami vl., light trap, 20-25.v.1993, T. Yasunaga
(nues). [Ishigaki Is.] 68, 39, Mt. Banna-dake,
18.11.1991, M. Owada (nsMT); 16, 19, Omoto-
Takeda, on flowers of evergreen Quercus sp.
24.1.1996, M. Takai (Hugs). [Iriomote Is.] 1d,
Maryudo Waterfall, Urauchi River, 12.iv.1986, T.
Yasunaga (HUES); 16, Funaura, at light, 11.v.1993,
M. Hayashi (nues); 164, 19, Mt. Komidake,
23.iv.1981, K. Baba (NsMT); 19, Monbanare, nr.
Otomi, on flower of Schima wallichii, 13.v.1993, T.
Yasunaga (HUES). — TAIWAN: 19, Sanping, nr. Liu-
kuei, S. Taiwan, 21-23.vi.1985, M. Miyazaki (NSMT).
Description
Body pale brown to reddish brown, oval; dorsal
YASUNAGA: Review of Lygocorides
Fig. 22. Female of Lygocorides rubricans.
surface shining, uniformly with silky pubescence.
Head pale brown, somewhat tinged with red, vertical,
with erect pubescence; vertex 0.32-0.35 times as wide
as head including eyes in d , 0.34-0.37 in 9, with vis-
ible basal transverse carina that is obsolete mesally; ty-
lus dark brown. Antennal segment I pale brown; seg-
ment II pale brown, with darkened apical part,
somewhat incrassate toward apex; segments II and
IV dark brown, filiform; basal 3/4 of segment II and
extreme base of IV pale brown; length of segments I-
IV: 0.78-0.83, 1.96-2.18, 1.02-1.19 and 0.63-0.78 in
3, 0.78-0.88, 2.06-2.33, 1.15-1.38 and 0.73-0.75 in
9. Rostrum reddish pale brown, reaching hind coxa;
apical half of segment IV infuscate.
Pronotum shiny pale brown or reddish brown,
finely and sparsely punctate, uniformly clothed with
silky suberect pubescence; collar narrower than apex
of antennal segment II. Scutellum flat, very weakly
shagreened and wrinkled. Hemelytra concolorously
pale brown to reddish brown, shallowly and irregular-
ly punctate, uniformly covered with silky pubescence,
declivous at cuneal fracture; membrane pale grayish
brown, with partly reddish veins. Leg pale reddish
brown; hind femur with two sanguineous rings api-
cally; tibial spines pale reddish brown; apex of tar-
somere III darkened; length of hind femur, tibia and
tarsus: 1.98-2.25, 2.58-3.08 and 0.59-0.65 in 6,
2.05-2.35, 2.83-3.23 and 0.63-0.73 in ®; that of
hind tarsomere I-III: 0.16-0.19, 0.24-0.28 and 0.26-
0.31 in d, 0.20-0.24, 0.26 and 0.29-0.31 in 9.
273
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
RUSSIA
on
BEE
Ag
TAIWAN X.
Abdomen pale reddish brown; ventromedian part of
male genital segment (pygophore) and parameres
widely dark chestnut brown.
Male and female genitalia as mentioned in sub-
generic description.
Dimensions. — 8 (9): Body length 5.60-6.45
(6.00-6.70), head width 1.14-1.19 (1.15-1.21), ros-
tral length 2.40-2.50 (2.50-2.68), mesal pronotal
length incl. collar 1.25-1.30 (1.23-1.32), basal
pronotal width 2.00-2.09 (2.01-2.20), and width
across hemelytra 2.50-2.63 (2.49-2.83).
Etymology. — From the Latin, referring to the red-
dish general coloration.
Distribution. — Japan (the Ryukyus: Amami-
Oshima, Okinawa, Ishigaki and Iriomote Isles);
Taiwan.
Remarks. — This new species has been found on
several evergreen broadleaved trees and flowers of the
Saxifragaceae and Theaceae. It is occasionally attract-
ed to light. The only confirmed host plant is ever-
green species of Quercus (subgen. Lepidobalanus),
from which several teneral adults were collected.
ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND PHYLOGENY
(fig. 23)
Aut- and synapomorphies shown in figure 23 are as
follows: 1, the interramal lobe conspicuously project-
ed; 2, vesica with a pair of apical sclerites (I and II); 3,
left paramere with noticeably widened sensory lobe;
4, gonoporal sclerite with a ventral process; 5, ventral
274
Fig. 23. Distribution map
and phylogenetic rela-
tionships of Zygocorides
spp. Numbers of the aut-
and synapomorphies corre-
sponding with those men-
tioned in the text.
izjaslavi
rubronasutus
6 7 8 9
rubricans
process of gonoporal sclerite distinct and strongly
hooked; 6, vesica with a distinct, long spiculum; 7,
basal sclerite of vesica well developed; 8, sclerotized
ring enlarged; 9, basal part of interramal lobe with an
inner pointed process.
As mentioned in the generic discussion, presence of
the extremely projected interramal lobes in the female
genitalia is considered as an autapomorphy of the
genus Lygocorides (1). In addition, all the species of
this genus exhibit great similarity in external appear-
ance and, without exception, are oak-inhabitants.
Two species of the nominotypical subgenus are re-
stricted to deciduous Quercus dentata, and L. rubri-
cans is confirmed to be associated with evergreen
Quercus. Although Lygocorides is similar to Lygocoris, I
conclude that any relationships between the two gen-
era are superficial. For example, the shiny, finely
punctate dorsum uniformly provided with a simple
vestiture and reduced basal transverse carina of the
vertex are not unique to Lygocoris and Lygocorides, but
are frequently found in other groups of the tribe
Mirini. Any mirine genera confidently related to
Lygocorides have not been determined yet. The mirine
plant bug fauna of the eastern Eurasia is said to be still
in great need of investigation, and a much broader
survey on taxa and characters is required to establish
the phylogenetic relationships of Lygocorides and oth-
er superficially similar mirine genera. I herein discuss
only the zoogeography and ingroup phylogeny.
Lygocorides rubronasutus and L. izjaslavi are more
closely related one another, and are included in the
nominotypical subgenus, sharing the characters 3-4.
They are considered to be derived from a common
ancestor occurring in the eastern part of Continental
Eurasia. In the Quaternary Ice Age, its population in-
vaded to Japan through the landbridges that connect-
ed Japan with the continent. They have been al-
lopatrically speciated from one another since the
Japan Archipelago was isolated by the Straits from the
Continental Eurasia at the end of the Würm
Glaciation. Similar zoogeographical distribution and
speciation patterns were indicated in the lycaenid
butterflies, Japonica spp., that are also associated with
deciduous Quercus (Saigusa 1993).
On the other hand, L. rubricans seems to have been
speciated in the eastern Continental Eurasia earlier
than rubronasutus and izjaslavi, becoming associated
with evergreen species of Quercus, presumably before
the Quaternary Ice Age when the climate was even
warmer. Then, rubricans spread in the continent, but
only the population that invaded the Ryukyu Islands
via Taiwan through a landbridge during the Würm
Glaciation has survived on evergreen Quercus of these
areas. The placement of rubricans in the subgenus
Ryukyulygus is supported by the apomorphic states of
characters 6-9.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I greatly acknowledge Dr. S. Miyamoto (Fukuoka
City, Japan) for his constant advice and encourage-
ment. I also thank Dr. N. Kurzenko, Dr. A. Lelej, Dr.
Y. Tsuistjakov, Dr. V. Makarkin, Dr. A. Egorov, Dr.
E. Kanyukova and Dr. V. Sidrenko (Institute of
Biology and Pedology, Far East Branch of Russian
Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok), Dr. Y. Sawada
(Museum of Nature and Human Activity, Hyogo,
Japan), and Mr. D. Nakamura (Biosystematics
Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) for
their kind help during my expedition in the Russian
Far East. I am much indebted to the following indi-
viduals for offering invaluable material: Dr. S.
Miyamoto, Dr. I. M. Kerzhner (zmas), Mr. M. Takai
(Nankoku City, Kochi, Japan), Dr. M. Tomokuni
(NsMT), Dr. M. Hayashi and his students (Saitama
University, Urawa, Japan), Mr. T. Ichita (Kuroishi
City, Aomori, Japan), Mr. Y. Nakatani (University of
Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Japan), Mr. S. Yoshizawa
(Biosystematics Laboratory, Kyushu University).
REFERENCES
Carvalho, J. C. M., H. H. Knight, & R. L. Usinger, 1961.
Lygus Hahn, 1833 (Insecta: Hemiptera); proposed desig-
YASUNAGA: Review of Lygocorides
nation under plenary powers of a type species in harmony
with accustomed usage. — Bulletin of zoological
Nomenclature 18: 281-284.
China, W. E., 1963. Opinion 667. Lygus Hahn, 1833
(Insecta: Hemiptera): Designation of a type species under
the plenary powers. — Bulletin of zoological Nomen-
clature 20: 270-271.
Kerzhner, 1. M., 1988a (1987). Novye i maloizvestnye
poluzhestkokrylye Nasekomye s Dal nego Vostoka SSSR
[New and little known heteropterous insects from the
Soviet Far East]. — p. 1-83. Akademija Nauk SSSR,
Vladivostok. [In Russian].
Kerzhner, I. M., 1988b. Sem. Miridae (Capsidae) -
Slepnjaki. — Opredelitel' Nasekomykh Dal'nego Vostoka
SSSR [Keys to the Insects of the Soviet Far East] 2: 778-
857. Nauka, Leningrad. [In Russian].
Kelton, L. A., 1955. Genera and subgenera of the Lygus
complex (Hemiptera: Miridae). — Canadian Entomol-
ogist, 87: 277-301.
Linnavuori, R., 1961. Contributions to the Miridae fauna of
the Far East. — Annales entomologici Fennici 27: 155-
169.
Miyamoto, S., 1965. Heteroptera. — In Asahina, S. et al.
(eds.), Iconographia Insectorum Japonicorum Colore
naturali Edita. Vol. II. pp. 75-100, pls. 38-50.
Hokuryukan, Tokyo. [In Japanese].
Miyamoto, S., & T. Yasunaga, 1989. Hemiptera,
Heteroptera. — In Hirashima, Y. (ed.), A Check List of
Japanese Insects. pp. 151-188. Entomological
Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka.
Miyamoto, S., T. Yasunaga, & T. Salgusa, 1994.
Heteroptera from the Russian Far East collected by T.
Saigusa in 1990, with descriptions of two new mirine
species. — Japanese Journal of Entomology 62: 243-251.
Saigusa, T., 1993. A study on new subspecies of the tribe
Theclini from Eastern Asia (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). —
Zephyrus Researches, Fukuoka, 1: 12-22.
Schuh, R. T., 1995. Plant bugs of the world (Insecta:
Heteroptera: Miridae). Systematic catalog, distributions,
host list and bibliography. xii+1329 pp. The New York
Entomological Society.
Yasunaga, T., 1991. A revision of the plant bug genus
Lygocoris Reuter from Japan, Part 1 (Heteroptera,
Miridae, Lygus-complex). — Japanese Journal of
Entomology 59: 435-448.
Yasunaga, T., 1992a. A revision of the plant bug genus
Lygocoris Reuter from Japan, Part VI (Heteroptera,
Miridae, Lygus-complex). — Japanese Joumal of
Entomology 60: 521-538.
Yasunaga, T., 1992b. Proposition of the Japanese names of
Lygocoris spp. (Miridae), with a note of each species (1).
On the subgenera Lygocoris, Lygocorides and Neolygus. —
Rostria (42): 17-25. [In Japanese with English summary].
Yasunaga, T., M. Takai, I. Yamashita, M. Kawamura, & T.
Kawasawa, 1993. A field guide to Japanese Bugs.
Terrestrial Heteropterans (Tomokuni, M., ed.). 380 pp.
Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo. [In Japanese].
Received: 13 July 1996
Accepted: 25 September 1996
275
ll 4 vati
ir etai ti iby ‘Ady gare, A ger
LUI à DATE È mid ba toh au Luis fol
en rard i È
N SR | f la bed ta) ITA oa si
ZI Fs Leh Aa A i 4 tT ora ik hr AT BIT RL um rà 9 RARA I Den i
| = 7 i LOGE
v Sa) teo tk Hi 1 } ARR MAMIE ra Tah a are Bar ana cu
% \ x la Beret ee
LE |
Ì a à j rig 11297 sf
A | sità note vante) Gele
|
=
(oe
1
u ì
He
j
Ly
di
2
N
1p
LE Ti
{ 1
)
4
ae
nn En
w va
t >
u Ya è
DA Tijdschrift
»
| \ + \ #
ne
_ ()) voor
| Entomologie
peu Tha ' tritomati ati Pel TAS NET Y
Holey «ine 1028
volume 127 1770
Tijdschrift 4 -
voor
Entomologie
A journal of systematic and evolutionary
entomology since 1858
Netherlands Journal of Entomology
Published by the Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
A journal of systematic and evolutionary entomology since 1858
Scope
The ‘Tijdschrift voor Entomologie’ (Netherlands Journal of Entomology) has a long
tradition in the publication of original papers on insect taxonomy and systematics.
The editors particularly invite papers on the insect fauna of the Palaearctic and
Indo-Australian regions, especially those including evolutionary aspects e.g.
phylogeny and biogeography, or ethology and ecology as far as meaningful for
insect taxonomy. Authors wishing to submit papers on disciplines related to
taxonomy, e.g. descriptive aspects of morphology, ethology, ecology and applied
entomology, are requested to contact the editorial board before submitting.
Usually, such papers will only be published when space allows.
Editors
E. J. van Nieukerken (elected 1986) and J. van Tol (1985)
Co-editors
A. W. M. Mol (1990) and R. T. A. Schouten (1990)
Advisory board
M. Brancucci (Basel), N. E. Stork (London) and M. R. Wilson (Cardiff).
The ‘Tijdschrift voor Entomologie’ is published in two issues annually by the
‘Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging’ (Netherlands Entomological Society),
Amsterdam.
Editorial address
c/o National Museum of Natural History,
Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Correspondence regarding membership of the society, subscriptions and
possibilities for exchange of this journal should be addressed to:
Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging
c/o Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie
Plantage Middenlaan 64
1018 DH Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Subscription price per volume Hfl. 300,— (postage included).
Special rate for members of the society. Please enquire.
Instructions to authors
Published with index of volume 139 (1996).
Graphic design
Ontwerpers B.V., Aad Derwort, ’s-Gravenhage
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
Contents of volume 139
Articles
97
145
157
29
lél
175
33
Baldizzone, G.
A taxonomic review of the Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera) of Australia. Contribution to the
knowledge of the Coleophoridae, LXXXV.
Boer, P. J. den & Th. S. van Dijk
Life-history patterns among carabid species.
Chen, P. P.: see Nieser
Copeland, R. S.: see Polhemus
Davies, D. A. L. & B. Yang
New species of Bayadera Selys and Schmidtiphaea Asahina from China (Odonata,
Euphaeidae).
Dijk, Th. S. van: see Boer
Diskus, A.: see Puplesis & Diskus; see Puplesis et al.
Hernández Triana, L. M.: see Stonedahl
Junnilainen, J.: see Nieukerken
Koster, J. C.: see Lvovsky
Lansbury, I.
Notes on the marine veliid genera Haloveloides, Halovelia and Xenobates (Hemiptera-
Heteroptera, Veliidae) of Papua New Guinea.
Lvovsky, A. L. & J. C. Koster
Denisia curlettii sp. n. from Tunisia (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae).
Michalski, J. C.
Description of Hylaeargia magnifica Michalski, a damselfly from Papua New Guinea
(Odonata: Zygoptera).
Nieser, N. & P. P. Chen
Six new taxa of Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao. Notes on Malesian aquatic and
semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera), VI.
Nieukerken, E. J. van, J. Junnilainen, N. Savenkov & I. Sulcs
Trifurcula silviae Van Nieukerken: biology and new records (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae).
Noreika, R.: see Puplesis et al.
Pfau, H. K.
Untersuchungen zur Bioakustik und Evolution der Gattung Platystolus Bolivar (Ensifer,
Tettigoniidae).
ili
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
73
181
191
201
215
243
79
2577,
85
267
91
Book reviews
84
Polhemus, J. T. & R. S. Copeland
A new genus of Microveliinae from treeholes in Kenya (Heteroptera: Veliidae).
Puplesis, R. & A. DiSkus
Five new mining Lepidoptera (Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae) from Central Asia.
Puplesis, R., A. Diskus, R. Noreika & N. Saparmamedova
Revised check-list of mining Lepidoptera (Nepticuloidea, Tischerioidea and Gracilla-
rioidea) from Central Asia.
Rastegari, N.: see Zhang
Roth, L. M.
New species of Sigmella Hebard (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Blattellinae).
Roth, L. M.
The cockroach genera Sundablatta Hebard, Pseudophyllodromia Brunner, and Allacta
Saussure & Zehnter (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Pseudophyllodromiinae).
Sæther, O. A. & T. Andersen
First Afrotropical records of Doithrix and Georthocladius, with notes on the Pseud-
orthocladius group (Diptera: Chironomidae).
Saparmamedova, N.: see Puplesis et al.
Savenkov, N.: see Nieukerken
Soli, G. E. E.
Chalastonepsa orientalis gen. n., sp. n., a second genus in the tribe Metanepsiini (Diptera,
Mycetophilidae).
Stonedahl, G. M. & L. M. Hernández Triana
Two new genera of Eccritotarsini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) from Southeast
Asia.
Sulcs, |: see Nieukerken
Wells, A. & T. Andersen
Two new Catoxyethira species from Tanzania (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) and a revised
key to Tanzanian hydroptilids.
Yasunaga, T.
Review of Lygocorides Yasunaga (Heteroptera: Miridae).
Yang, B.: see Davies
Zhang, Z.-Q. & N. Rastegari
Larval mites (Acari: Trombidiidae) parasitic on aphids in Iran: key, a new species and new
record.
C. Gielis, Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume |. Pterophoridae [R. T. A. Schouten] © D.
T. Goodger & A. Watson, The Afrotropical Tiger-Moths. An illustrated catalogue, with
generic diagnoses and species distribution, of the Afrotropical Arctinae (Lepidoptera:
Arctiidae) [R. T. A. Schouten].
156 AT. Barrion & J.A. Litsinger, 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. - CAB
International [A. Noordam].
180 H.-J. Hannemann, 1995. Kleinschmetterlinge oder Microlepidoptera IV. Flachleibmotten
(Depressariidae). — Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 69. [E. J. van Nieukerken].
214 Eivind Palm, 1996. Nordeuropas Snudebiller. |. De kortsnudede arter (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) - med saerligt henblik pà den danske fauna. — Danmarks Dyreliv 7 [E. J. van
Nieukerken].
Reviewers for volume 139
B. Aukema (Wageningen), D. B. Baker (Ewell, U.K.), P. Beuk (Amsterdam), H. Bohn (München), H. R.
Bolland (Amsterdam), P. S. Cranston (Canberra), K. G. Heller (Erlangen), D. A. Roff (Montreal), M.
Hämäläinen (Espoo, Finland), I. M. Kerzhner (St. Petersburg), J. F. Landry (Ottawa), R. E. Linnavuori
(Raisio, Finland), N. Moller Andersen (Copenhagen), E. S. Nielsen (Canberra), |. Togashi (Japan), T.
Yasunaga (Sapporo), H. Wolda (Seattle)
Dates of Publication
Volume 139 (1), pages 1-96, 15 October 1996
Volume 139 (2), pages 97-276, i-viii, 18 December |996
© Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, Amsterdam ISSN 0040-7496
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139, 1996
NEW TAXA DESCRIBED IN
TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 139
ACARI
Allthrombium shirazicum Zhang... 91
BLATTARIA
Pseudophyllodromia aransoni Roth … 231
Pseudophyllodromia simalurensis Roth … 29/7
Sigmella achterbergi Roth... 203
Sigmella balikpapanensis Roth ........... eneen DAR]
Sigmella barrafordae Roth... 209
Sigmella huismanae Roth... 205
Siomellaseinasd bajo chen 204
Sigmella mendolonga Roth... 213
SIMCA SIDA ga Rou eenen 207
DIPTERA
Chalastonepsia SO ne Ra 79
Che ones CREER nn 81
Doithrix amegabei Sæther & Andersen ............... DATI
Doithrix longipes Sæther & Andersen.................. 244
Georthocladius amakyei Sæther & Andersen........ 250
Georthocladius longicalcaneum Sæther & Andersen …
CE, FE Le ON die. LIN 250
HEMIPTERA
Aphelocheirus geros Nieser & Chen ..................... 163
Cylicovelia Polhemus & Copeland … 73)
Cylicovelia kenyana Polhemus & Copeland .......... 74
Diocleroides Stonedahl & Hernández Triana...... DS
Diocleroides philippinensis Stonedahl & Hernández
AME eee da 262
Diocleroides sulawesi Stonedahl & Hernández Triana
EEEN EIA MD iii 261
Enithares charakia Nieser & Chen...................... 164
Enithares ektakta Nieser & Chen........................ 167
Enithares margarethae Nieser & Chen … 167
Enithares stansae Nieser & Chen … … 169
Gressittiana Stonedahl & Hernández Triana … … 262
Gressittiana kuchingensis Stonedahl & Hernández
TANI TEA 264
Halovelia anderseni Lansbuty ......... iii 18
Lygocorides izjaslavi Yasunaga ............. 271
Lygocorides (Ryukyulygus) Yasunaga..................... DD
Lygocorides (Ryukyulygus) rubricans Yasunaga......273
Ranatra sulawesii sebui Nieser & Chen … … … … 173
Xenobates pilosellus Lansbury … nnen ee DI
vi
LEPIDOPTERA
Bucculatrix multicornuta Puplesis & Diskus ...... 186
Bucculatrix macrognathos Puplesis & Diskus .....188
Coleophora albiradiata Baldizzone ...................... 107
Coleophora consumpta Baldizzone ....................... 108
Coleophora fuscosquamata Baldizzone ................. 105
Coleophora frustrata Baldizzone .......................... 106
Coleophora horakae Baldizzone ........................... 105
Coleophora leucocephala Baldizzone .................... 102
Coleophora nielseni Baldizzone............................ 104
Coleophora rustica Baldizzone ........................- 106
Corythangela fimbriata Baldizzone........................ 98
Denisia curlettii Lvovsky & Koster ..................... 157
Fomoria flavimacula Puplesis & Diskus.............. 183
Fomoria lacrimulae Puplesis & Diskus ............... 185
Stigmella johanssoni Puplesis & Didkus............... 181
ODONATA
Bayadera nephelopennis Davies & Yang............... 148
Bayadera serrata Davies & Yang... 145
Bayadera strigata Davies & Yang... 146
Hylaeargia magnifica Michalski, 1995 .................. 29
Schmidtiphaea yunnanensis Davies & Yang......... 149
ORTHOPTERA
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) Pfau................ 42
Platystolus (Neocallicrania) selliger meridionalis Pfau...
BILI e e 52
TRICHOPTERA
Catoxyethira giboni Wells & Andersen ................. 87
Catoxyethira stolzei Wells & Andersen... 87
TIJDSCHRIET VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 138, 1995
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
The Tijdschrift voor Entomologie publishes original
papers dealing with systematic and evolutionary ento-
mology. The editors particularly invite papers on the
insect fauna of the Palaearctic and Indo-Australian re-
gions, especially those including evolutionary aspects
e.g. phylogeny and biogeography, or ethology and
ecology as far as meaningful for insect taxonomy.
Authors wishing to submit papers on disciplines relat-
ed to taxonomy, e.g. descriptive aspects of morpholo-
gy, ethology, ecology and applied entomology, are re-
quested to contact the editorial board before
submitting. Usually such papers will only be accepted
when space allows.
Papers in English are preferred, but papers written
in French or German will also be considered. It is our
policy that papers are reviewed by an external referee.
Authors will generally be notified of acceptance with-
in two months.
For the first submission two printed copies are re-
quired, including photocopies of figures, reduced to
A4 format. Diskette and original artwork should not
be sent until the paper is accepted. Manuscripts
should preferably be printed on A4 size paper, on one
side only, double spaced, with a left margin of at least
4 cm. After acceptance of a paper, authors are re-
quested to prepare a manuscript according to stan-
dards given in a separate style-sheet. These instruc-
tions include e.g. the wordprocessing programs we
can handle and the codes that should be included or
are allowed in your files. The editors can handle the
most common wordprocessing programs for
Windows, MS-DOS and Macintosh systems, but prefer
Wordperfect (any version) or MS-Word. It is also
possible to submit papers via e-mail, preferably as
UUENCODED wordprocessing file.
Lengthy papers (more than 40 pages in print) are
only accepted when space allows. Publication can be
speeded up by paying a page-charge of NLG 50.
Otherwise no page-charge is asked. Membership of
the ‘Netherlands Entomological Society is not oblig-
atory.
Text preparation
A cover page should provide the names of the au-
thors and a proposal for a running title. The second
page starts with author names (in all capitals), use &
for ‘and’, on a new line the name of institute (as short
as possible), with multiple authors using superscript '
“etc. The title is brief and informative, typed in all
capitals, with order and family of the taxon treated in
parentheses.
The abstract starts with a bibliographical reference
(authors, year, title), see recent issues for layout. Then
the abstract follows, without the word ‘abstract’ and
vii
without indentation. The abstract, written in
English, should be concise, yet cover the main results
of the paper, including new taxa and nomenclatorial
changes. The name and address of one and only one
of the authors follows, if needed preceded by the
word ‘Correspondence:’. This should also be the ad-
dress for the galley proofs. The abstract ends with a
list of key-words.
The text proper starts on a new page, the introduc-
tion (if any) starts without heading. Use a maximum
of three categories of headings, all to be typed left,
and using capitals and lower-case letters. The first
type may also be typed in small capitals, the second
and third type may be typed in bold. After the head-
ing the paragraph follows without blank. A fourth
category may be used in descriptions of species, etc. It
is separated from the following paragraph by a long
dash (+) to be typed as double dash.
New paragraphs should „ot be indented in word-
processors. Scientific names of genera and species
should be typed in #talics or underlined. No underlin-
ing or italics are allowed for any other text.
Abbreviations of museums (‘codens’), computer pro-
grams etc. should be typed in SMALL CAPS, if available.
References
In the text they are given as Lopes (1982a), (Lopes
1982) or (Brown & White 1975: 24). All cited papers
should be listed alphabetically at the end of the paper
under the heading ‘References’, papers not cited in
the text should be omitted from the list of references.
Examples for format:
Boer, P. J. den, 1970. On the significance of dispersal pow-
er for populations of carabid-beetles (Coleoptera, Carabi-
dae). — Oecologia 4: 1-28.
Karsholt, O. & E. S. Nielsen, 1976. Systematisk fortegnelse
over Danmarks sommerfugle. — Scandinavian Science
press, Klampenborg, 128 pp.
Johansson, R. & E. S. Nielsen, 1990. Tribus Nepticulini. —
In: Johansson, R. et al. The Nepticulidae and Opostegi-
dae (Lepidoptera) of NW Europe. — Fauna entomologica
scandinavica 23: 111-238, pls.
Titles of journals should not be abbreviated. Type
long dashes as double dash ‘- -’, or in WordPerfect use
‘en dash (4,33). Do not try to type indentation, just
end each reference with a hard return.
Nomenclature
The latest edition of the ICZN Code should be fol-
lowed. The composition of new names should prefer-
ably be explained in a paragraph ‘Etymology’, includ-
ing indication of gender of generic names and kind of
specific name (adjective, noun in apposition, etc.).
Use standard abbreviations: Sp. n., gen. n., comb. n.,
syn. n., sp. rev., nom. n., etc. For all genus and
species-group names the authority (preferably with
year of description) should be mentioned once.
Authors names are not abbreviated.
In new taxa the type material should be listed im-
mediately after the name. Only holotype, lectotype,
neotype, paratype and paralectotype are allowed.
Label data should not be quoted literally (except for
primary types), but arranged in a standardized se-
quence. Material should be listed alphabetically or
chronologically under the present day countries or
other geographical units. Long lists of non-type mate-
rial should be summarized. Geographical names
should be written according to present day spelling,
original spelling or label names may be given in
brackets. Use standard transcription for non-latin
scripts (e.g. Pinyin for chinese, BSI for cyrillic, etc.)
or refer to recent editions of the ‘Times Atlas of the
World’.
Abbreviations (Codens) for depositories preferably
follow Arnett & Samuelson (1986: The insect and
spider collections of the world. E.J. Brill/Flora &
Fauna publications, Gainesville). Otherwise, they
should be listed under ‘Material and methods’ or in
the introduction.
Data for primary types of previously described
species follow directly the reference to the original de-
scription as:
Elachista subnitidella Duponchel, [1843]: 326, pl. 77: 8.
Lectotype d [designated by van Nieukerken & Johans-
son 1987: 471]: [Austria, Vienna region], Duponchel
coll., Genitalia slide EvN 2522 (MNHN) [examined].
Illustrations
All illustrations, including photographs, graphs,
maps, etc. should be serially numbered as figures. No
subdivision with letters is recommended. Illustrations
are to be reduced to column width (65 mm), 1.5 X
column width (102.5 mm) or text width (135 mm).
Line figures should be mounted in blocks, or are
printed singly. When all figures are mounted in full-
page blocks (after reduction: 135 X 195 mm includ-
ing caption), they may be printed after the text,
otherwise the approximate place in the text should be
indicated with pencil in the margin of the manu-
script. Line-drawings are numbered with pre-sten-
cilled or pre-printed figures, which should not be too
large after reduction, preferably using a font like
‘Garamond’ or ‘Times’. Photographs should be un-
mounted glossy prints. Numbering of photos should
be left to the discretion of the editors. Captions
should be typed on a separate sheet (or in a separate
file), consult a recent issue for style. Colour plates will
only be printed at the author’s expense. It is possible
to submit line illustrations as computer files, using
well known formats, such as TIFF.
Tables
Tables should be typed in separate files [or on sep-
arate sheets], starting with the captions. When using
a wordprocessor: start with a practical TAB setting,
and use only one [TAB] code for each next column.
No formatting with spaces is allowed. No lines
should be added. Extensive and long tables should be
avoided.
Proofs, reprints
Authors receive one proof only, which should be
corrected and returned immediately. When correc-
tions are few, sending per telefax or e-mail is recom-
mended.
Authors receive 50 reprints free of charge. Additio-
nal reprints can be ordered when proofs are returned.
Members of the Netherlands Entomological Society
receive a considerable discount. Covers can be or-
dered at extra cost.
All correspondence should be addressed to:
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, editors
attn. E. J. van Nieukerken / J. van Tol
National Museum of Natural History
Postbus 9517
NL-2300 RA Leiden
Netherlands
Phone +31-71-5162606 (van Tol) +31-71-5162682
(van Nieukerken)
Telefax +31-71-5133344
Vili
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
Volume 139, no. 2
Articles
97
145
157
161
175
181
191
201
215
243
257
267
G. Baldizzone
A taxonomic review of the Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera) of Australia. Contribution to the
knowledge of the Coleophoridae, LXXXV.
D. A. L. Davies & B. Yang
New species of Bayadera Selys and Schmidtiphaea Asahina from China (Odonata, Euphaeidae).
A. L. Lvovsky & J. C. Koster
Denisia curlettii sp. n. from Tunisia (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae).
N. Nieser & P. P. Chen
Six new taxa of Nepomorpha from Sulawesi and Mindanao. Notes on Malesian aquatic and
semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera), VI.
E. J. van Nieukerken, J. Junnilainen, N. Savenkov & I. Sulcs
Trifurcula silviae Van Nieukerken: biology and new records (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae).
R. Puplesis & A. Diskus
Five new mining Lepidoptera (Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae) from Central Asia.
R. Puplesis, A. Diskus, R. Noreika & N. Saparmamedova
Revised check-list of mining Lepidoptera (Nepticuloidea, Tischerioidea and Gracillarioidea)
from Central Asia.
L. M. Roth
New species of Sigmella Hebard (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Blattellinae).
L. M. Roth
The cockroach genera Sundablatta Hebard, Pseudophyllodromia Brunner, and Allacta Saussure &
Zehnter (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Pseudophyllodromiinae).
©. A. Sæther & T. Andersen
First Afrotropical records of Doithrix and Georthocladius, with notes on the Pseudorthocladius
group (Diptera: Chironomidae).
G. M. Stonedahl & L. M. Hernández Triana
Two new genera of Eccritotarsini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) from Southeast Asia.
T. Yasunaga
Review of Lygocorides Yasunaga (Heteroptera: Miridae).
Announcements and book reviews
156
180
214
A.T. Barrion & J.A. Litsinger, 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. - CAB
International. [A. Noordam]
H.-J. Hannemann, 1995. Kleinschmetterlinge oder Microlepidoptera IV. Flachleibmotten
(Depressariidae). — Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 69. [E. J. van Nieukerken].
Eivind Palm, 1996. Nordeuropas Snudebiller. |. De kortsnudede arter (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) - med saerligt henblik pà den danske fauna. — Danmarks Dyreliv 7 [E. J. van
Nieukerken].
© Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, Amsterdam
Published 18 December 1996 _ _ WI pa ISSN 0040-7496
a
\
ke
. t
EN
ERNST MAYR LIBRARY
3 2044 114 196 363
uns,
LEE
de
PAL
HE arate NN
EU È 4 ARE
HERE R i co) 2 HE OS
NEIL BER ER È
PENSE
PEN ait
CORAN
Rebs Mets E ae
DM i RATA DE
EEEN tot
RES RUE MW
HALLEN
SE
PR ONCS EREN
gou vel OPS Gg
SUR
MESTOLO
PARA
PEER
LÉO h i
1 È HAT
MDN
LUTTE
nas
er
wer
x Halle Py
stori satin HIER
ho
IS Ÿ EN
ya, AUDE
DETENTE
war ja à
1
TN
ONE) à
TEEN 4 Wate Solyan DEN
hun
teeta}
Lil
EERE
MENU
LRT VS
NONE EUR
ER At CSI,
à PANNE ARRE mache
HRE [Mg E UNERESA
Rens
wit
DOES "
DONATION
i STREITEN He
FAUNE HTS Wasi oe 4) i
DEEE H
fuit
de
Nesters ses
tri,
Thurs
3 Da
Bi Mines; Sy VOTES
Ati TREES CE RENTIS]
be EA
Were, (DO
hotly
a \
N ENEN
MTS
RENE)
dit
Maia
Panes
KEEN
kenne
a Saure
PME
1 N Ù VAI
OON Uhre PR TE
(PAIN ONE